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Sample records for bunyaviridae phlebovirus transmitidos

  1. RNA Encapsidation and Packaging in the Phleboviruses

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    Katherine E. Hornak

    2016-07-01

    Full Text Available The Bunyaviridae represents the largest family of segmented RNA viruses, which infect a staggering diversity of plants, animals, and insects. Within the family Bunyaviridae, the Phlebovirus genus includes several important human and animal pathogens, including Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV, Uukuniemi virus (UUKV, and the sandfly fever viruses. The phleboviruses have small tripartite RNA genomes that encode a repertoire of 5–7 proteins. These few proteins accomplish the daunting task of recognizing and specifically packaging a tri-segment complement of viral genomic RNA in the midst of an abundance of host components. The critical nucleation events that eventually lead to virion production begin early on in the host cytoplasm as the first strands of nascent viral RNA (vRNA are synthesized. The interaction between the vRNA and the viral nucleocapsid (N protein effectively protects and masks the RNA from the host, and also forms the ribonucleoprotein (RNP architecture that mediates downstream interactions and drives virion formation. Although the mechanism by which all three genomic counterparts are selectively co-packaged is not completely understood, we are beginning to understand the hierarchy of interactions that begins with N-RNA packaging and culminates in RNP packaging into new virus particles. In this review we focus on recent progress that highlights the molecular basis of RNA genome packaging in the phleboviruses.

  2. Structures of phlebovirus glycoprotein Gn and identification of a neutralizing antibody epitope.

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    Wu, Yan; Zhu, Yaohua; Gao, Feng; Jiao, Yongjun; Oladejo, Babayemi O; Chai, Yan; Bi, Yuhai; Lu, Shan; Dong, Mengqiu; Zhang, Chang; Huang, Guangmei; Wong, Gary; Li, Na; Zhang, Yanfang; Li, Yan; Feng, Wen-Hai; Shi, Yi; Liang, Mifang; Zhang, Rongguang; Qi, Jianxun; Gao, George F

    2017-09-05

    Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) are two arthropod-borne phleboviruses in the Bunyaviridae family, which cause severe illness in humans and animals. Glycoprotein N (Gn) is one of the envelope proteins on the virus surface and is a major antigenic component. Despite its importance for virus entry and fusion, the molecular features of the phleboviruse Gn were unknown. Here, we present the crystal structures of the Gn head domain from both SFTSV and RVFV, which display a similar compact triangular shape overall, while the three subdomains (domains I, II, and III) making up the Gn head display different arrangements. Ten cysteines in the Gn stem region are conserved among phleboviruses, four of which are responsible for Gn dimerization, as revealed in this study, and they are highly conserved for all members in Bunyaviridae Therefore, we propose an anchoring mode on the viral surface. The complex structure of the SFTSV Gn head and human neutralizing antibody MAb 4-5 reveals that helices α6 in subdomain III is the key component for neutralization. Importantly, the structure indicates that domain III is an ideal region recognized by specific neutralizing antibodies, while domain II is probably recognized by broadly neutralizing antibodies. Collectively, Gn is a desirable vaccine target, and our data provide a molecular basis for the rational design of vaccines against the diseases caused by phleboviruses and a model for bunyavirus Gn embedding on the viral surface.

  3. Bunyaviridae and Their Replication. Part 2. Replication of Bunyaviridae

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    1990-01-01

    8217 idae, and Rhabdoviridae ), viruses in the BunyaviridaeI I have no internal matrix proteins (see Chapters 31, 34, U and 39). No enzymatic activity...segment mRNA of SSH (45) all have been shown as the Orthomyxoviridae (10), Rhabdoviridae (94). and to be truncated at their 3’ termini by about 100 nu

  4. Novel and emergent sandfly-borne phleboviruses in Asia Minor: a systematic review.

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    Ergunay, Koray; Ayhan, Nazli; Charrel, Remi N

    2017-03-01

    Sandfly-transmitted phleboviruses are globally spread agents causing febrile diseases and central nervous system infections. The activity of pathogenic phleboviruses, as well as several novel strains, has been reported from Turkey, a transboundary country connecting Asia, Europe, and Africa with suitable habitats for sandflies. This study overviews all published data on phleboviruses from Turkey and evaluates the impact from the virological, epidemiological, and public health perspectives. A systematic review of Web-based global and local resources was performed. Comparison and phylogenetic analyses of particular phlebovirus sequences were also undertaken. Through the evaluation of 1693 international and regional entries, 31 manuscripts providing data on case reports or outbreaks, serological surveillance, animal infections and exposure, virus characterization, vector surveillance, and/or diagnostics were accessed. Detailed information on 5 novel phleboviruses completely or partially characterized during 2008-2015 as well as on clinical and epidemiological features of major phleboviruses established as human pathogens such as Toscana virus and sandfly fever Sicilian virus has been compiled. The ongoing activity of these agents, as indicated by consistently reported symptomatic cases and confirmed exposure in vertebrates including humans, was noted. The circulation in the Anatolian peninsula of phleboviruses with surprising diversity as well as distinct virus species is documented. Specific phlebovirus strains constitute a public health threat for local populations and travelers and must be considered in the diagnostic workup of clinically compatible cases. Human health impact and epidemiological aspects of certain viruses require further investigation via intensive surveillance. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  5. Identification of phlebovirus and arenavirus RNA sequences that stall and repress the exoribonuclease XRN1.

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    Charley, Phillida A; Wilusz, Carol J; Wilusz, Jeffrey

    2018-01-05

    Regulated mRNA decay plays a vital role in determining both the level and quality of cellular gene expression. Viral RNAs must successfully evade this host RNA decay machinery to establish a productive infection. One way for RNA viruses to accomplish this is to target the cellular exoribonuclease XRN1, because this enzyme is accessible in the cytoplasm and plays a major role in mRNA decay. Members of the Flaviviridae use RNA structures in their 5'- or 3'-untranslated regions to stall and repress XRN1, effectively stabilizing viral RNAs while also causing significant dysregulation of host cell mRNA stability. Here, we use a series of biochemical assays to demonstrate that the 3'-terminal portion of the nucleocapsid (N) mRNA of Rift Valley fever virus, a phlebovirus of the Bunyaviridae family, also can effectively stall and repress XRN1. The region responsible for impeding XRN1 includes a G-rich portion that likely forms a G-quadruplex structure. The 3'-terminal portions of ambisense-derived transcripts of multiple arenaviruses also stalled XRN1. Therefore, we conclude that RNAs from two additional families of mammalian RNA viruses stall and repress XRN1. This observation. emphasizes the importance and commonality of this viral strategy to interfere with the 5'-to-3'-exoribonuclease component of the cytoplasmic RNA decay machinery. © 2018 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

  6. Four-segmented Rift Valley fever virus-based vaccines can be applied safely in ewes during pregnancy

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    Wichgers Schreur, Paul J.; Keulen, van Lucien; Kant-Eenbergen, Jet; Kortekaas, Jeroen

    2017-01-01

    Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) causes severe and recurrent outbreaks on the African continent and the Arabian Peninsula and continues to expand its habitat. This mosquito-borne virus, belonging to the genus Phlebovirus of the family Bunyaviridae contains a tri-segmented negative-strand RNA

  7. The VirusBanker database uses a Java program to allow flexible searching through Bunyaviridae sequences.

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    Fourment, Mathieu; Gibbs, Mark J

    2008-02-05

    Viruses of the Bunyaviridae have segmented negative-stranded RNA genomes and several of them cause significant disease. Many partial sequences have been obtained from the segments so that GenBank searches give complex results. Sequence databases usually use HTML pages to mediate remote sorting, but this approach can be limiting and may discourage a user from exploring a database. The VirusBanker database contains Bunyaviridae sequences and alignments and is presented as two spreadsheets generated by a Java program that interacts with a MySQL database on a server. Sequences are displayed in rows and may be sorted using information that is displayed in columns and includes data relating to the segment, gene, protein, species, strain, sequence length, terminal sequence and date and country of isolation. Bunyaviridae sequences and alignments may be downloaded from the second spreadsheet with titles defined by the user from the columns, or viewed when passed directly to the sequence editor, Jalview. VirusBanker allows large datasets of aligned nucleotide and protein sequences from the Bunyaviridae to be compiled and winnowed rapidly using criteria that are formulated heuristically.

  8. The VirusBanker database uses a Java program to allow flexible searching through Bunyaviridae sequences

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Gibbs Mark J

    2008-02-01

    Full Text Available Abstract Background Viruses of the Bunyaviridae have segmented negative-stranded RNA genomes and several of them cause significant disease. Many partial sequences have been obtained from the segments so that GenBank searches give complex results. Sequence databases usually use HTML pages to mediate remote sorting, but this approach can be limiting and may discourage a user from exploring a database. Results The VirusBanker database contains Bunyaviridae sequences and alignments and is presented as two spreadsheets generated by a Java program that interacts with a MySQL database on a server. Sequences are displayed in rows and may be sorted using information that is displayed in columns and includes data relating to the segment, gene, protein, species, strain, sequence length, terminal sequence and date and country of isolation. Bunyaviridae sequences and alignments may be downloaded from the second spreadsheet with titles defined by the user from the columns, or viewed when passed directly to the sequence editor, Jalview. Conclusion VirusBanker allows large datasets of aligned nucleotide and protein sequences from the Bunyaviridae to be compiled and winnowed rapidly using criteria that are formulated heuristically.

  9. Anticuerpos frente a virus West nile y otros virus transmitidos por artropodos en la poblacion del Delta del Ebro

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    Lozano Alvaro

    1998-01-01

    Full Text Available FUNDAMENTOS: El virus West Nile (VWN es un Flavivirus que se transmite al hombre a través de distintas especies de mosquitos y produce brotes y casos esporádicos de enfermedad en distintas regiones del Viejo Mundo, incluída la Cuenca Mediterránea. Las zonas húmedas europeas que acogen aves migratorias procedentes de África constituyen áreas de alto riesgo para esta infección, así como para otras infecciones víricas transmitidas por artrópodos. MÉTODOS: Con objeto de investigar la prevalencia de la infección por el VWN y otros virus de transmisión similar en la población humana del Delta del Ebro, se estudiaron 1037 muestras de suero, obtenidas en 10 localidades de la zona, para presencia de anticuerpos frente a VWN y otros 12 virus transmitidos por artrópodos (3 Alfavirus, 8 Flaviviridae y 1 Bunyaviridae mediante titulación por inhibición de la hemaglutinación (IHA. En algunos casos se estudió la presencia de IgM específica por IHA tras fraccionar el suero por centrifugación en gradientes de sacarosa. RESULTADOS: En total, se encontró reactividad significativa frente a alguno de los virus probados en 130 casos (12.5%; 4.1% frente a Alfavirus, 8.0% frente a Flaviviridae y 0.4% frente a Bunyaviridae. El análisis de los títulos de anticuerpos reveló porcentajes significativos de muestras con títulos elevados frente a antígenos de VWN y otros. La distribución de la seroprevalencia fue muy desigual, concentrándose fundamentalmente en 3 localidades del interior del Delta (Ampolla, San Jaime y Montells, donde la prevalencia de anticuerpos frente a Flaviviridae llegó a alcanzar el 30% y se observaron niveles residuales de IgM frente a VWN en algunos sueros. CONCLUSIONES: Estos resultados y los obtenidos previamente en otras regiones de la Península Ibérica sugieren que el VWN circula en la población humana de las zonas de riesgo y produce brotes epidémicos periódicos. Habida cuenta del alto porcentaje de

  10. Phleboviruses detection in Phlebotomus perniciosus from a human leishmaniasis focus in South-West Madrid region, Spain.

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    Remoli, Maria Elena; Jiménez, Maribel; Fortuna, Claudia; Benedetti, Eleonora; Marchi, Antonella; Genovese, Domenico; Gramiccia, Marina; Molina, Ricardo; Ciufolini, Maria Grazia

    2016-04-13

    Phlebotomus-borne (PhB-) viruses are distributed in large areas of the Old World and are widespread throughout the Mediterranean basin, where recent investigations have indicated that virus diversity is higher than initially suspected. Some of these viruses are causes of meningitis, encephalitis and febrile illnesses. In order to monitor the viral presence and the infection rate of PhB-viruses in a recently identified and well characterized human zoonotic leishmaniasis focus in southwestern Madrid, Spain, a sand fly collection was carried out. Sand fly insects were collected in four stations using CDC light traps during 2012-2013 summer seasons. Screening for Phlebovirus presence both via isolation on Vero cells and via polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using degenerated primers targeting a portion of the L segment, was performed. The serological identity and phylogenetic relationships on the three genomic segments of the viral isolates were carried out. Six viral isolates belonging to different serological complexes of the genus Phlebovirus were obtained from fifty pools on a total of 963 P. perniciosus (202 females). Phylogenetic analysis and serological assays allowed the identification of two isolates of Toscana virus (TOSV) B genotype, three isolates strongly related to Italian Arbia virus (ARBV), and one isolate of a novel putative Phlebovirus related to the recently characterized Arrabida virus in South Portugal, tentatively named Arrabida-like virus. Positive male sand fly pools suggested that transovarial or venereal transmission could occur under natural conditions. Our findings highlighted the presence of different Phlebovirus species in the South-West area of the Madrid Autonomous Community where an outbreak of cutaneous and visceral human leishmaniasis has been recently described. The evidence of viral species never identified before in Spain, as ARBV and Arrabida-like virus, and TOSV B genotype focus stability was demonstrated. Environmental aspects

  11. Sandfly-Borne Phlebovirus Isolations from Turkey: New Insight into the Sandfly fever Sicilian and Sandfly fever Naples Species.

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    Cigdem Alkan

    2016-03-01

    Full Text Available Many studies have presented virus sequences which suggest the existence of a variety of putative new phleboviruses transmitted by sandflies in the Old World. However, in most of these studies, only partial sequences in the polymerase or the nucleoprotein genes were characterised. Therefore to further our understand of the presence and potential medical importance of sandfly-borne phleboviruses that circulate in southern Anatolia, we initiated field campaigns in 2012 and 2013 designed to identify, isolate and characterise phleboviruses in sandflies in this region.An entomological investigation encompassing 8 villages in Adana, Mediterranean Turkey was performed in August and September 2012 and 2013. A total of 11,302 sandflies were collected and grouped into 797 pools which were tested for the presence of phleboviruses using specific primers for RT-PCR analysis and also cell culture methods for virus isolation. Seven pools were PCR positive, and viruses were isolated from three pools of sandflies, resulting in the identification of two new viruses that we named Zerdali virus and Toros virus. Phylogenetic analysis based on full-length genomic sequence showed that Zerdali virus was most closely related with Tehran virus (and belongs to the Sandfly fever Naples species, whereas Toros virus was closest to Corfou virus.The results indicate that a variety of phleboviruses are co-circulating in this region of southern Anatolia. Based on our studies, these new viruses clearly belong to genetic groups that include several human pathogens. However, whether or not Toros and Zerdali viruses can infect humans and cause diseases such as sandfly fever remains to be investigated.

  12. Bunyavirus-Vector Interactions

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    Kate McElroy Horne

    2014-11-01

    Full Text Available The Bunyaviridae family is comprised of more than 350 viruses, of which many within the Hantavirus, Orthobunyavirus, Nairovirus, Tospovirus, and Phlebovirus genera are significant human or agricultural pathogens. The viruses within the Orthobunyavirus, Nairovirus, and Phlebovirus genera are transmitted by hematophagous arthropods, such as mosquitoes, midges, flies, and ticks, and their associated arthropods not only serve as vectors but also as virus reservoirs in many cases. This review presents an overview of several important emerging or re-emerging bunyaviruses and describes what is known about bunyavirus-vector interactions based on epidemiological, ultrastructural, and genetic studies of members of this virus family.

  13. Detection and identification of Toscana and other phleboviruses by RT-nested-PCR assays with degenerated primers.

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    Sánchez-Seco, María-Paz; Echevarría, José-Manuel; Hernández, Lourdes; Estévez, Domingo; Navarro-Marí, José-María; Tenorio, Antonio

    2003-09-01

    Phleboviruses are a large and widespread group of viruses that are transmitted by arthropods. Toscana virus is one of the principal agents that causes meningitis in humans during the summer in Italy and, possibly, in other Mediterranean countries. Rift Valley Fever virus can cause serious illness in both animals and humans, leading to high morbidity and mortality, and is considered to be a potential agent for epizootics and human epidemics. Since information on this group of viruses is still scant, reliable laboratory tools for diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance must be developed, in order to ascertain their real impact on Public Health. Sequence data obtained from Spanish isolates of Toscana virus and other phleboviruses confirmed that natural genome variability may hamper the diagnosis of these agents by molecular methods, so this must be borne in mind when developing reliable assays. In view of the above, a novel and useful protocol has been developed for the detection and specific identification of every member of the phlebovirus genus present in a sample, including Toscana virus, based on a generic RT-nested-PCR, followed by sequencing of the amplified fragment. A change in this method also allowed specific direct detection and identification of wild isolates of Toscana virus of different geographical origin, using newly designed primers. Testing clinical samples with these assays confirmed the role of Toscana virus as an agent that causes acute aseptic meningitis in the central region of Spain. Copyright 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

  14. Single-particle cryo-electron microscopy of Rift Valley fever virus

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Sherman, Michael B.; Freiberg, Alexander N.; Holbrook, Michael R.; Watowich, Stanley J.

    2009-01-01

    Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV; Bunyaviridae; Phlebovirus) is an emerging human and veterinary pathogen causing acute hepatitis in ruminants and has the potential to cause hemorrhagic fever in humans. We report a three-dimensional reconstruction of RVFV vaccine strain MP-12 (RVFV MP-12) by cryo-electron microcopy using icosahedral symmetry of individual virions. Although the genomic core of RVFV MP-12 is apparently poorly ordered, the glycoproteins on the virus surface are highly symmetric and arranged on a T = 12 icosahedral lattice. Our RVFV MP-12 structure allowed clear identification of inter-capsomer contacts and definition of possible glycoprotein arrangements within capsomers. This structure provides a detailed model for phleboviruses, opens new avenues for high-resolution structural studies of the bunyavirus family, and aids the design of antiviral diagnostics and effective subunit vaccines.

  15. Single-particle cryo-electron microscopy of Rift Valley fever virus.

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    Sherman, Michael B; Freiberg, Alexander N; Holbrook, Michael R; Watowich, Stanley J

    2009-04-25

    Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV; Bunyaviridae; Phlebovirus) is an emerging human and veterinary pathogen causing acute hepatitis in ruminants and has the potential to cause hemorrhagic fever in humans. We report a three-dimensional reconstruction of RVFV vaccine strain MP-12 (RVFV MP-12) by cryo-electron microcopy using icosahedral symmetry of individual virions. Although the genomic core of RVFV MP-12 is apparently poorly ordered, the glycoproteins on the virus surface are highly symmetric and arranged on a T=12 icosahedral lattice. Our RVFV MP-12 structure allowed clear identification of inter-capsomer contacts and definition of possible glycoprotein arrangements within capsomers. This structure provides a detailed model for phleboviruses, opens new avenues for high-resolution structural studies of the bunyavirus family, and aids the design of antiviral diagnostics and effective subunit vaccines.

  16. Single-particle cryo-electron microscopy of Rift Valley fever virus

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    Sherman, Michael B.; Freiberg, Alexander N.; Holbrook, Michael R.; Watowich, Stanley J.

    2009-01-01

    Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV; Bunyaviridae; Phlebovirus) is an emerging human veterinary pathogen causing acute hepatitis in ruminants and has the potential to Single-particle cryo-EM reconstruction of RVFV MP-12 hemorrhagic fever in humans. We report a three-dimensional reconstruction of RVFV vaccine strain MP-12 (RVFV MP-12) by cryo-electron microcopy using icosahedral symmetry of individual virions. Although the genomic core of RVFV MP-12 is apparently poorly ordered, the glycoproteins on...

  17. EFECTO ANTIMICROBIANO DEL ACEITE ESENCIAL DE Salvia officinalis L. SOBRE MICROORGANISMOS PÁTOGENOS TRANSMITIDOS POR ALIMENTOS

    OpenAIRE

    López-De Ávila, Lina M.; Castaño-Peláez, Hader I.; Mejía-Gómez, Carlos E.

    2013-01-01

    El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial de Salvia officinalis L. sobre microorganismos transmitidos por alimentos con alto potencial patogénico en humanos. Para determinar su efectividad como alternativa en la conservación de alimentos se comparó con la actividad antimicrobiana de compuestos químicos utilizados ampliamente en la industria de alimentos. El aceite esencial de S. officinalis demostró un amplio espectro de inhibición microbiana sobr...

  18. Attenuation of pathogenic Rift Valley fever virus strain through the chimeric S-segment encoding sandfly fever phlebovirus NSs or a dominant-negative PKR.

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    Nishiyama, Shoko; Slack, Olga A L; Lokugamage, Nandadeva; Hill, Terence E; Juelich, Terry L; Zhang, Lihong; Smith, Jennifer K; Perez, David; Gong, Bin; Freiberg, Alexander N; Ikegami, Tetsuro

    2016-11-16

    Rift Valley fever is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease affecting ruminants and humans. Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV: family Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus) causes abortions and fetal malformations in ruminants, and hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, or retinitis in humans. The live-attenuated MP-12 vaccine is conditionally licensed for veterinary use in the US. However, this vaccine lacks a marker for the differentiation of vaccinated from infected animals (DIVA). NSs gene is dispensable for RVFV replication, and thus, rMP-12 strains lacking NSs gene is applicable to monitor vaccinated animals. However, the immunogenicity of MP-12 lacking NSs was not as high as parental MP-12. Thus, chimeric MP-12 strains encoding NSs from either Toscana virus (TOSV), sandfly fever Sicilian virus (SFSV) or Punta Toro virus Adames strain (PTA) were characterized previously. Although chimeric MP-12 strains are highly immunogenic, the attenuation through the S-segment remains unknown. Using pathogenic ZH501 strain, we aimed to demonstrate the attenuation of ZH501 strain through chimeric S-segment encoding either the NSs of TOSV, SFSV, PTA, or Punta Toro virus Balliet strain (PTB). In addition, we characterized rZH501 encoding a human dominant-negative PKR (PKRΔE7), which also enhances the immunogenicity of MP-12. Study done on mice revealed that attenuation of rZH501 occurred through the S-segment encoding either PKRΔE7 or SFSV NSs. However, rZH501 encoding either TOSV, PTA, or PTB NSs in the S-segment uniformly caused lethal encephalitis. Our results indicated that the S-segments encoding PKRΔE7 or SFSV NSs are attenuated and thus applicable toward next generation MP-12 vaccine candidates that encode a DIVA marker.

  19. Generation of mutant Uukuniemi viruses lacking the nonstructural protein NSs by reverse genetics indicates that NSs is a weak interferon antagonist.

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    Rezelj, Veronica V; Överby, Anna K; Elliott, Richard M

    2015-05-01

    Uukuniemi virus (UUKV) is a tick-borne member of the Phlebovirus genus (family Bunyaviridae) and has been widely used as a safe laboratory model to study aspects of bunyavirus replication. Recently, a number of new tick-borne phleboviruses have been discovered, some of which, like severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus and Heartland virus, are highly pathogenic in humans. UUKV could now serve as a useful comparator to understand the molecular basis for the different pathogenicities of these related viruses. We established a reverse-genetics system to recover UUKV entirely from cDNA clones. We generated two recombinant viruses, one in which the nonstructural protein NSs open reading frame was deleted from the S segment and one in which the NSs gene was replaced with green fluorescent protein (GFP), allowing convenient visualization of viral infection. We show that the UUKV NSs protein acts as a weak interferon antagonist in human cells but that it is unable to completely counteract the interferon response, which could serve as an explanation for its inability to cause disease in humans. Uukuniemi virus (UUKV) is a tick-borne phlebovirus that is apathogenic for humans and has been used as a convenient model to investigate aspects of phlebovirus replication. Recently, new tick-borne phleboviruses have emerged, such as severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in China and Heartland virus in the United States, that are highly pathogenic, and UUKV will now serve as a comparator to aid in the understanding of the molecular basis for the virulence of these new viruses. To help such investigations, we have developed a reverse-genetics system for UUKV that permits manipulation of the viral genome. We generated viruses lacking the nonstructural protein NSs and show that UUKV NSs is a weak interferon antagonist. In addition, we created a virus that expresses GFP and thus allows convenient monitoring of virus replication. These new tools represent a

  20. Tula hantavirus NSs protein accumulates in the perinuclear area in infected and transfected cells.

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    Virtanen, Jussi Oskari; Jääskeläinen, Kirsi Maria; Djupsjöbacka, Janica; Vaheri, Antti; Plyusnin, Alexander

    2010-01-01

    The small RNA segment of some hantaviruses (family Bunyaviridae) encodes two proteins: the nucleocapsid protein and, in an overlapping reading frame, a non-structural (NSs) protein. The hantavirus NSs protein, like those of orthobunya- and phleboviruses, counteracts host innate immunity. Here, for the first time, the NSs protein of a hantavirus (Tula virus) has been observed in infected cells and shown to localize in the perinuclear area. Transiently expressed NSs protein showed similar localization, although the kinetics was slightly different, suggesting that to reach its proper location in the infected cell, the NSs protein does not have to cooperate with other viral proteins.

  1. Toscana virus NSs protein promotes degradation of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase.

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    Kalveram, Birte; Ikegami, Tetsuro

    2013-04-01

    Toscana virus (TOSV), which is transmitted by Phlebotomus spp. sandflies, is a major etiologic agent of aseptic meningitis and encephalitis in the Mediterranean. Like other members of the genus Phlebovirus of the family Bunyaviridae, TOSV encodes a nonstructural protein (NSs) in its small RNA segment. Although the NSs of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) has been identified as an important virulence factor, which suppresses host general transcription, inhibits transcription from the beta interferon promoter, and promotes the proteasomal degradation of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR), little is known about the functions of NSs proteins encoded by less-pathogenic members of this genus. In this study we report that TOSV is able to downregulate PKR with similar efficiency as RVFV, while infection with the other phleboviruses-i.e., Punta Toro virus, sandfly fever Sicilian virus, or Frijoles virus-has no effect on cellular PKR levels. In contrast to RVFV, however, cellular transcription remains unaffected during TOSV infection. TOSV NSs protein promotes the proteasome-dependent downregulation of PKR and is able to interact with kinase-inactive PKR in infected cells.

  2. Genomic Characterization of the Genus Nairovirus (Family Bunyaviridae).

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    Kuhn, Jens H; Wiley, Michael R; Rodriguez, Sergio E; Bào, Yīmíng; Prieto, Karla; Travassos da Rosa, Amelia P A; Guzman, Hilda; Savji, Nazir; Ladner, Jason T; Tesh, Robert B; Wada, Jiro; Jahrling, Peter B; Bente, Dennis A; Palacios, Gustavo

    2016-06-10

    Nairovirus, one of five bunyaviral genera, includes seven species. Genomic sequence information is limited for members of the Dera Ghazi Khan, Hughes, Qalyub, Sakhalin, and Thiafora nairovirus species. We used next-generation sequencing and historical virus-culture samples to determine 14 complete and nine coding-complete nairoviral genome sequences to further characterize these species. Previously unsequenced viruses include Abu Mina, Clo Mor, Great Saltee, Hughes, Raza, Sakhalin, Soldado, and Tillamook viruses. In addition, we present genomic sequence information on additional isolates of previously sequenced Avalon, Dugbe, Sapphire II, and Zirqa viruses. Finally, we identify Tunis virus, previously thought to be a phlebovirus, as an isolate of Abu Hammad virus. Phylogenetic analyses indicate the need for reassignment of Sapphire II virus to Dera Ghazi Khan nairovirus and reassignment of Hazara, Tofla, and Nairobi sheep disease viruses to novel species. We also propose new species for the Kasokero group (Kasokero, Leopards Hill, Yogue viruses), the Ketarah group (Gossas, Issyk-kul, Keterah/soft tick viruses) and the Burana group (Wēnzhōu tick virus, Huángpí tick virus 1, Tǎchéng tick virus 1). Our analyses emphasize the sister relationship of nairoviruses and arenaviruses, and indicate that several nairo-like viruses (Shāyáng spider virus 1, Xīnzhōu spider virus, Sānxiá water strider virus 1, South Bay virus, Wǔhàn millipede virus 2) require establishment of novel genera in a larger nairovirus-arenavirus supergroup.

  3. Countermeasure development for Rift Valley fever: deletion, modification or targeting of major virulence factor NSs.

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    Lihoradova, Olga; Ikegami, Tetsuro

    2014-01-01

    Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease characterized by a high rate of abortion in ruminants, and febrile illness, hemorrhagic fever, retinitis and encephalitis in humans. RVF is caused by the RVF virus (RVFV), belonging to the genus Phlebovirus of the family Bunyaviridae . RVFV encodes a major virulence factor, NSs , which is dispensable for viral replication, yet required for evasion of host innate immune responses. RVFV NSs inhibits host gene upregulation at the transcriptional level, while promoting viral translation in the cytoplasm. In this article, we summarize the virology and pathology of RVF, and countermeasure development for RVF, with emphasis on NSs function and applications.

  4. Genomic Characterization of the Genus Nairovirus (Family Bunyaviridae

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jens H. Kuhn

    2016-06-01

    Full Text Available Nairovirus, one of five bunyaviral genera, includes seven species. Genomic sequence information is limited for members of the Dera Ghazi Khan, Hughes, Qalyub, Sakhalin, and Thiafora nairovirus species. We used next-generation sequencing and historical virus-culture samples to determine 14 complete and nine coding-complete nairoviral genome sequences to further characterize these species. Previously unsequenced viruses include Abu Mina, Clo Mor, Great Saltee, Hughes, Raza, Sakhalin, Soldado, and Tillamook viruses. In addition, we present genomic sequence information on additional isolates of previously sequenced Avalon, Dugbe, Sapphire II, and Zirqa viruses. Finally, we identify Tunis virus, previously thought to be a phlebovirus, as an isolate of Abu Hammad virus. Phylogenetic analyses indicate the need for reassignment of Sapphire II virus to Dera Ghazi Khan nairovirus and reassignment of Hazara, Tofla, and Nairobi sheep disease viruses to novel species. We also propose new species for the Kasokero group (Kasokero, Leopards Hill, Yogue viruses, the Ketarah group (Gossas, Issyk-kul, Keterah/soft tick viruses and the Burana group (Wēnzhōu tick virus, Huángpí tick virus 1, Tǎchéng tick virus 1. Our analyses emphasize the sister relationship of nairoviruses and arenaviruses, and indicate that several nairo-like viruses (Shāyáng spider virus 1, Xīnzhōu spider virus, Sānxiá water strider virus 1, South Bay virus, Wǔhàn millipede virus 2 require establishment of novel genera in a larger nairovirus-arenavirus supergroup.

  5. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, an emerging tick-borne zoonosis.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Liu, Quan; He, Biao; Huang, Si-Yang; Wei, Feng; Zhu, Xing-Quan

    2014-08-01

    Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging haemorrhagic fever that was first described in rural areas of China. The causative agent, SFTS virus (SFTSV), is a novel phlebovirus in the Bunyaviridae family. Since the first report in 2010, SFTS has been found in 11 provinces of China, with about 2500 reported cases, and an average case-fatality rate of 7·3%. The disease was also reported in Japan and Korea in 2012; Heartland virus, another phlebovirus genetically closely related to SFTSV, was isolated from two patients in the USA. The disease has become a substantial risk to public health, not only in China, but also in other parts of the world. The virus could undergo rapid evolution by gene mutation, reassortment, and homologous recombination in tick vectors and vertebrate reservoir hosts. No specific treatment of SFTS is available, and avoiding tick bites is an important measure to prevent the infection and transmission of SFTSV. This Review provides information on the molecular characteristics and ecology of this emerging tick-borne virus and describes the epidemiology, clinical signs, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of human infection with SFTSV. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  6. Risk analysis of inter-species reassortment through a Rift Valley fever phlebovirus MP-12 vaccine strain.

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    Hoai J Ly

    Full Text Available Rift Valley fever (RVF is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease endemic to Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. The causative agent, Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV, belongs to the genus Phlebovirus in the family Phenuiviridae and causes high rates of abortions in ruminants, and hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, or blindness in humans. Viral maintenance by mosquito vectors has led to sporadic RVF outbreaks in ruminants and humans in endemic countries, and effective vaccination of animals and humans may minimize the impact of this disease. A live-attenuated MP-12 vaccine strain is one of the best characterized RVFV strains, and was conditionally approved as a veterinary vaccine in the U.S. Live-attenuated RVF vaccines including MP-12 strain may form reassortant strains with other bunyavirus species. This study thus aimed to characterize the occurrence of genetic reassortment between the MP-12 strain and bunyavirus species closely related to RVFV. The Arumowot virus (AMTV and Gouleako goukovirus (GOLV, are transmitted by mosquitoes in Africa. The results of this study showed that GOLV does not form detectable reassortant strains with the MP-12 strain in co-infected C6/36 cells. The AMTV also did not form any reassortant strains with MP-12 strain in co-infected C6/36 cells, due to the incompatibility among N, L, and Gn/Gc proteins. A lack of reassortant formation could be due to a functional incompatibility of N and L proteins derived from heterologous species, and due to a lack of packaging via heterologous Gn/Gc proteins. The MP-12 strain did, however, randomly exchange L-, M-, and S-segments with a genetic variant strain, rMP12-GM50, in culture cells. The MP-12 strain is thus unlikely to form any reassortant strains with AMTV or GOLV in nature.

  7. Development of FGI-106 as a broad-spectrum therapeutic with activity against members of the family Bunyaviridae

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    Darci R Smith

    2010-02-01

    Full Text Available Darci R Smith1, Monica Ogg1, Aura Garrison1, Abdul Yunus2, Anna Honko1, Josh Johnson1, Gene Olinger1, Lisa E Hensley1, Michael S Kinch1United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRII D, Fort Detrick, MD, USA; 2Functional Genetics, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, USAAbstract: The family Bunyaviridae is a diverse group of negative-strand RNA viruses that infect a wide range of arthropod vectors and animal hosts. Based on the continuing need for new therapeutics to treat bunyavirus infections, we evaluated the potential efficacy of FGI-106, a small-molecular compound that previously demonstrated activity against different RNA viruses. FGI-106 displayed substantial antiviral activity in cell-based assays of different bunyavirus family members, including Asian and South American hantaviruses (Hantaan virus and Andes virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, La Crosse virus, and Rift Valley fever virus. The pharmacokinetic profile of FGI-106 revealed sufficient exposure of the drug to critical target organs (lung, liver, kidney, and spleen, which are frequently the sites of bunyavirus replication. Consistent with these findings, FGI-106 treatment delivered via intraperitoneal injection prior to virus exposure was sufficient to delay the onset of Rift Valley fever virus infection in mouse-based models and to enhance survival in the face of an otherwise lethal infection. Altogether, these results suggest a potential opportunity for the use of FGI-106 to treat infections by members of the family Bunyaviridae.Keywords: Rift Valley fever virus, bunyavirus, hantavirus, antiviral, therapeutic

  8. Rift Valley fever phlebovirus NSs protein core domain structure suggests molecular basis for nuclear filaments.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Barski, Michal; Brennan, Benjamin; Miller, Ona K; Potter, Jane A; Vijayakrishnan, Swetha; Bhella, David; Naismith, James H; Elliott, Richard M; Schwarz-Linek, Ulrich

    2017-09-15

    Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) is a clinically and economically important pathogen increasingly likely to cause widespread epidemics. RVFV virulence depends on the interferon antagonist non-structural protein (NSs), which remains poorly characterized. We identified a stable core domain of RVFV NSs (residues 83-248), and solved its crystal structure, a novel all-helical fold organized into highly ordered fibrils. A hallmark of RVFV pathology is NSs filament formation in infected cell nuclei. Recombinant virus encoding the NSs core domain induced intranuclear filaments, suggesting it contains all essential determinants for nuclear translocation and filament formation. Mutations of key crystal fibril interface residues in viruses encoding full-length NSs completely abrogated intranuclear filament formation in infected cells. We propose the fibrillar arrangement of the NSs core domain in crystals reveals the molecular basis of assembly of this key virulence factor in cell nuclei. Our findings have important implications for fundamental understanding of RVFV virulence.

  9. Diagnóstico virológico y molecular de virus transmitidos por roedores. Hantavirus y arenavirus

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    Silvana Levis

    2010-04-01

    Full Text Available Los hantavirus (familia Bunyaviridae y arenavirus (familia Arenaviridae son virus de roedores; cada uno de ellos parece estar estrictamente asociado con una especie de roedor en la que causa una infección persistente y asintomática. En las Américas tienen como reservorios primarios a roedores de la sub-familia Sigmodontinae, y son causantes de síndrome pulmonar por Hantavirus (SPH y fiebres hemorrágicas, respectivamente (1,2. El número de estos virus identificados en los últimos años ha aumentado significativamente; actualmente, el género Hantavirus está compuesto por más de 28 tipos diferentes, mientras que al menos 23 arenavirus conforman el género Arenavirus. Entre los hantavirus asociados con SPH se destacan el virus Sin Nombre en Norteamérica, y los virus Andes, Laguna Negra, Caño Delgadito, Araraquara y Juquitiba, en el cono sur de América, entre otros (2. Los arenavirus asociados a fiebres hemorrágicas reconocidos en Sud América al presente son: Junín (Argentina, Guanarito (Venezuela, Sabiá (Brasil, y Machupo y Chapare (Bolivia (3.

  10. Mapping of Transcription Termination within the S Segment of SFTS Phlebovirus Facilitated Generation of NSs Deletant Viruses.

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    Brennan, Benjamin; Rezelj, Veronica V; Elliott, Richard M

    2017-08-15

    SFTS phlebovirus (SFTSV) is an emerging tick-borne bunyavirus that was first reported in China in 2009. Here we report the generation of a recombinant SFTSV (rHB29NSsKO) that cannot express the viral nonstructural protein (NSs) upon infection of cells in culture. We show that rHB29NSsKO replication kinetics are greater in interferon (IFN)-incompetent cells and that the virus is unable to suppress IFN induced in response to viral replication. The data confirm for the first time in the context of virus infection that NSs acts as a virally encoded IFN antagonist and that NSs is dispensable for virus replication. Using 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), we mapped the 3' end of the N and NSs mRNAs, showing that the mRNAs terminate within the coding region of the opposite open reading frame. We show that the 3' end of the N mRNA terminates upstream of a 5'-GCCAGCC-3' motif present in the viral genomic RNA. With this knowledge, and using virus-like particles, we could demonstrate that the last 36 nucleotides of the NSs open reading frame (ORF) were needed to ensure the efficient termination of the N mRNA and were required for recombinant virus rescue. We demonstrate that it is possible to recover viruses lacking NSs (expressing just a 12-amino-acid NSs peptide or encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein [eGFP]) or an NSs-eGFP fusion protein in the NSs locus. This opens the possibility for further studies of NSs and potentially the design of attenuated viruses for vaccination studies. IMPORTANCE SFTS phlebovirus (SFTSV) and related tick-borne viruses have emerged globally since 2009. SFTSV has been shown to cause severe disease in humans. For bunyaviruses, it has been well documented that the nonstructural protein (NSs) enables the virus to counteract the human innate antiviral defenses and that NSs is one of the major determinants of virulence in infection. Therefore, the use of reverse genetics systems to engineer viruses lacking NSs is an attractive strategy

  11. Dual functions of Rift Valley fever virus NSs protein: inhibition of host mRNA transcription and post-transcriptional downregulation of protein kinase PKR.

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    Ikegami, Tetsuro; Narayanan, Krishna; Won, Sungyong; Kamitani, Wataru; Peters, C J; Makino, Shinji

    2009-09-01

    Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), which belongs to the genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae, is a negative-stranded RNA virus carrying a single-stranded, tripartite RNA genome. RVFV is an important zoonotic pathogen transmitted by mosquitoes and causes large outbreaks among ruminants and humans in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Human patients develop an acute febrile illness, followed by a fatal hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, or ocular diseases. A viral nonstructural protein, NSs, is a major viral virulence factor. Past studies showed that NSs suppresses the transcription of host mRNAs, including interferon-beta mRNAs. Here we demonstrated that the NSs protein induced post-transcriptional downregulation of dsRNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR), to prevent phosphorylation of eIF2alpha and promoted viral translation in infected cells. These two biological activities of the NSs most probably have a synergistic effect in suppressing host innate immune functions and facilitate efficient viral replication in infected mammalian hosts.

  12. Temperature-sensitive mutations for live-attenuated Rift Valley fever vaccines: Implications from other RNA viruses

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    Shoko eNishiyama

    2015-08-01

    Full Text Available Rift Valley fever (RVF is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease endemic to the African continent. RVF is characterized by high rate of abortions in ruminants and hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis or blindness in humans. RVF is caused by the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. Vaccination is the only known effective strategy to prevent the disease, but there are no licensed RVF vaccines available for humans. A live-attenuated vaccine candidate derived from the wild-type pathogenic Egyptian ZH548 strain, MP-12, has been conditionally licensed for veterinary use in the United States. MP-12 displays a temperature-sensitive (ts phenotype and does not replicate at 41oC. The ts mutation limits viral replication at a specific body temperature and may lead to an attenuation of the virus. Here we will review well-characterized ts mutations for RNA viruses, and further discuss the potential in designing novel live-attenuated vaccines for RVF.

  13. Caracterização e relacionamento antigênico de três novos Bunyavirus no grupo Anopheles A (Bunyaviridae dos arbovirus Characterization and antigenic relationship of three new Bunyavirus in the Anopheles A serogroup (Bunyaviridae of arboviruses

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    Jorge Fernando Soares Travassos da Rosa

    1992-06-01

    Full Text Available São descritos o isolamento e a caracterização de três novos arbovirus isolados na região da Usina Hidro-Elétrica de Tucuruí (UHE-TUC. Os três novos arbovirus pertencem ao grupo Anopheles A(ANA, gênero Bunyavirus (família Bunyaviridae. Os vírus Tucuruí (TUC, Caraipé (CPE e Arumateua (ART são relacionados entre si e com o vírus Trombetas (TBT, formando dentro do grupo ANA um complexo chamado Trombetas. Os arbovirus TUC, CPE e ART foram obtidos a partir de lotes de mosquitos Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus sp capturados em Tucuruí, nas proximidades da usina hidrelétrica de Tucuruí, Estado do Pará, nos meses de fevereiro, agosto e outubro de 1984, respectivamente. Até o final de 1990 os vírus TUC, CPE e ART foram isolados 12, 32 e 28 vezes respectivamente, sempre na região da UHE-TUC, exceção feita ao vírus TUC, do qual se obteve uma amostra procedente de Balbina, onde também foi construída uma hidroelétrica. Até o presente, esses vírus só foram isolados a partir de mosquitos do grupo An. (Nys. principalmente, a partir das espécies An. (Nys. nuneztovari e An. (Nys. triannulatus também consideradas vetores secundários da malária na Amazônia Brasileira. Testes sorológicos executados com soros humanos e de diversas espécies de animais silvestres foram negativos, com exceção de um soro de um carnívoro de espécie Nasua nasua que neutralizou a amostra TUC em títulos de 2.6 índice logaritmico de neutralização (ILN.The isolation and characterization of three new viruses obtained from the Tucuruí hydroelectric dam region is repeated. These three agents belong to the Anopheles A serogroup, genus Bunyavirus, Bunyaviridae. The Tucuruí (TUC, Caraipe (CPE and Arumateua (ART viruses have close relationships with each other and with Trombetas (TBT virus, an Anopheles A virus previously isolated in the Amazon Region of Brazil. These viruses form the "Trombetas complex". TUC, CPE and ART viruses were obtained from pools of

  14. Rift valley fever virus nonstructural protein NSs promotes viral RNA replication and transcription in a minigenome system.

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    Ikegami, Tetsuro; Peters, C J; Makino, Shinji

    2005-05-01

    Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), which belongs to the genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae, has a tripartite negative-strand genome (S, M, and L segments) and is an important mosquito-borne pathogen for domestic animals and humans. We established an RVFV T7 RNA polymerase-driven minigenome system in which T7 RNA polymerase from an expression plasmid drove expression of RNA transcripts for viral proteins and minigenome RNA transcripts carrying a reporter gene between both termini of the M RNA segment in 293T cells. Like other viruses of the Bunyaviridae family, replication and transcription of the RVFV minigenome required expression of viral N and L proteins. Unexpectedly, the coexpression of an RVFV nonstructural protein, NSs, with N and L proteins resulted in a significant enhancement of minigenome RNA replication. Coexpression of NSs protein with N and L proteins also enhanced minigenome mRNA transcription in the cells expressing viral-sense minigenome RNA transcripts. NSs protein expression increased the RNA replication of minigenomes that originated from S and L RNA segments. Enhancement of minigenome RNA synthesis by NSs protein occurred in cells lacking alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) genes, indicating that the effect of NSs protein on minigenome RNA replication was unrelated to a putative NSs protein-induced inhibition of IFN-alpha/beta production. Our finding that RVFV NSs protein augmented minigenome RNA synthesis was in sharp contrast to reports that Bunyamwera virus (genus Bunyavirus) NSs protein inhibits viral minigenome RNA synthesis, suggesting that RVFV NSs protein and Bunyamwera virus NSs protein have distinctly different biological roles in viral RNA synthesis.

  15. Nuclear relocalization of polyadenylate binding protein during rift valley fever virus infection involves expression of the NSs gene.

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    Copeland, Anna Maria; Altamura, Louis A; Van Deusen, Nicole M; Schmaljohn, Connie S

    2013-11-01

    Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), an ambisense member of the family Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus, is the causative agent of Rift Valley fever, an important zoonotic infection in Africa and the Middle East. Phlebovirus proteins are translated from virally transcribed mRNAs that, like host mRNA, are capped but, unlike host mRNAs, are not polyadenylated. Here, we investigated the role of PABP1 during RVFV infection of HeLa cells. Immunofluorescence studies of infected cells demonstrated a gross relocalization of PABP1 to the nucleus late in infection. Immunofluorescence microscopy studies of nuclear proteins revealed costaining between PABP1 and markers of nuclear speckles. PABP1 relocalization was sharply decreased in cells infected with a strain of RVFV lacking the gene encoding the RVFV nonstructural protein S (NSs). To determine whether PABP1 was required for RVFV infection, we measured the production of nucleocapsid protein (N) in cells transfected with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting PABP1. We found that the overall percentage of RVFV N-positive cells was not changed by siRNA treatment, indicating that PABP1 was not required for RVFV infection. However, when we analyzed populations of cells producing high versus low levels of PABP1, we found that the percentage of RVFV N-positive cells was decreased in cell populations producing physiologic levels of PABP1 and increased in cells with reduced levels of PABP1. Together, these results suggest that production of the NSs protein during RVFV infection leads to sequestration of PABP1 in the nuclear speckles, creating a state within the cell that favors viral protein production.

  16. Rescue of infectious rift valley fever virus entirely from cDNA, analysis of virus lacking the NSs gene, and expression of a foreign gene.

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    Ikegami, Tetsuro; Won, Sungyong; Peters, C J; Makino, Shinji

    2006-03-01

    Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) (genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae) has a tripartite negative-strand genome, causes a mosquito-borne disease that is endemic in sub-Saharan African countries and that also causes large epidemics among humans and livestock. Furthermore, it is a bioterrorist threat and poses a risk for introduction to other areas. In spite of its danger, neither veterinary nor human vaccines are available. We established a T7 RNA polymerase-driven reverse genetics system to rescue infectious clones of RVFV MP-12 strain entirely from cDNA, the first for any phlebovirus. Expression of viral structural proteins from the protein expression plasmids was not required for virus rescue, whereas NSs protein expression abolished virus rescue. Mutants of MP-12 partially or completely lacking the NSs open reading frame were viable. These NSs deletion mutants replicated efficiently in Vero and 293 cells, but not in MRC-5 cells. In the latter cell line, accumulation of beta interferon mRNA occurred after infection by these NSs deletion mutants, but not after infection by MP-12. The NSs deletion mutants formed larger plaques than MP-12 did in Vero E6 cells and failed to shut off host protein synthesis in Vero cells. An MP-12 mutant carrying a luciferase gene in place of the NSs gene replicated as efficiently as MP-12 did, produced enzymatically active luciferase during replication, and stably retained the luciferase gene after 10 virus passages, representing the first demonstration of foreign gene expression in any bunyavirus. This reverse genetics system can be used to study the molecular virology of RVFV, assess current vaccine candidates, produce new vaccines, and incorporate marker genes into animal vaccines.

  17. Viral RNA Silencing Suppression: The Enigma of Bunyavirus NSs Proteins

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    Marcio Hedil

    2016-07-01

    Full Text Available The Bunyaviridae is a family of arboviruses including both plant- and vertebrate-infecting representatives. The Tospovirus genus accommodates plant-infecting bunyaviruses, which not only replicate in their plant host, but also in their insect thrips vector during persistent propagative transmission. For this reason, they are generally assumed to encounter antiviral RNA silencing in plants and insects. Here we present an overview on how tospovirus nonstructural NSs protein counteracts antiviral RNA silencing in plants and what is known so far in insects. Like tospoviruses, members of the related vertebrate-infecting bunyaviruses classified in the genera Orthobunyavirus, Hantavirus and Phlebovirus also code for a NSs protein. However, for none of them RNA silencing suppressor activity has been unambiguously demonstrated in neither vertebrate host nor arthropod vector. The second part of this review will briefly describe the role of these NSs proteins in modulation of innate immune responses in mammals and elaborate on a hypothetical scenario to explain if and how NSs proteins from vertebrate-infecting bunyaviruses affect RNA silencing. If so, why this discovery has been hampered so far.

  18. Viral RNA Silencing Suppression: The Enigma of Bunyavirus NSs Proteins.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hedil, Marcio; Kormelink, Richard

    2016-07-23

    The Bunyaviridae is a family of arboviruses including both plant- and vertebrate-infecting representatives. The Tospovirus genus accommodates plant-infecting bunyaviruses, which not only replicate in their plant host, but also in their insect thrips vector during persistent propagative transmission. For this reason, they are generally assumed to encounter antiviral RNA silencing in plants and insects. Here we present an overview on how tospovirus nonstructural NSs protein counteracts antiviral RNA silencing in plants and what is known so far in insects. Like tospoviruses, members of the related vertebrate-infecting bunyaviruses classified in the genera Orthobunyavirus, Hantavirus and Phlebovirus also code for a NSs protein. However, for none of them RNA silencing suppressor activity has been unambiguously demonstrated in neither vertebrate host nor arthropod vector. The second part of this review will briefly describe the role of these NSs proteins in modulation of innate immune responses in mammals and elaborate on a hypothetical scenario to explain if and how NSs proteins from vertebrate-infecting bunyaviruses affect RNA silencing. If so, why this discovery has been hampered so far.

  19. [Inclusion Bodies are Formed in SFTSV-infected Human Macrophages].

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    Jin, Cong; Song, Jingdong; Han, Ying; Li, Chuan; Qiu, Peihong; Liang, Mifang

    2016-01-01

    The severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is a new member in the genus Phlebovirus of the family Bunyaviridae identified in China. The SFTSV is also the causative pathogen of an emerging infectious disease: severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. Using immunofluorescent staining and confocal microscopy, the intracellular distribution of nucleocapsid protein (NP) in SFTSV-infected THP-1 cells was investigated with serial doses of SFTSV at different times after infection. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the ultrafine intracellular structure of SFTSV-infected THP-1 cells at different times after infection. SFTSV NP could form intracellular inclusion bodies in infected THP-1 cells. The association between NP-formed inclusion bodies and virus production was analyzed: the size of the inclusion body formed 3 days after infection was correlated with the viral load in supernatants collected 7 days after infection. These findings suggest that the inclusion bodies formed in SFTSV-infected THP-1 cells could be where the SFTSV uses host-cell proteins and intracellular organelles to produce new viral particles.

  20. Epidemiologic relationship between Toscana virus infection and Leishmania infantum due to common exposure to Phlebotomus perniciosus sandfly vector.

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    Bichaud, Laurence; Souris, Marc; Mary, Charles; Ninove, Laëtitia; Thirion, Laurence; Piarroux, Raphaël P; Piarroux, Renaud; De Lamballerie, Xavier; Charrel, Rémi N

    2011-09-01

    Sand flies are recognised vectors of parasites in the genus Leishmania and a number of arthropod-borne viruses, in particular viruses within the genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. In southern France, Toscana phlebovirus (TOSV) is recognized as a prominent cause of summer meningitis. Since Leishmania and TOSV have a common vector (Phlebotomus perniciosus), an epidemiologic link has been assumed for a long time. However, there is no scientific evidence of such a link between human leishmaniosis and phleboviral infections. To identify a possible link, we investigated the presence and distribution of antibodies against these two microorganisms (i) in individuals and (ii) at a spatial level in the city of Marseille (south-eastern France). Five hundred sera were selected randomly in the biobank of the Department of Parasitology of the Public Hospitals of Marseille. All sera were previously tested for IgG against Leishmania by Western Blotting, and TOSV IgG were detected by indirect immunofluorescence. The seropositivity rates were 21.4% for TOSV and 28% for Leishmania. Statistical analysis demonstrated that seropositivity for one pathogen was significantly associated with seropositivity to the other pathogen. This result provided the first robust evidence for the existence of an epidemiological relationship between Leishmania infantum and TOSV. Addresses of tested patients were geolocalized and integrated into Geographical Information System software, in order to test spatial relationship between the two pathogens. Spatial analysis did not allow to identify (i) specific patterns for the spatial distribution of positive serological results for TOSV or Leishmania, and (ii) a spatial relationship between Leishmania and TOSV positive serological results. This may reflect the fact that the sample studied was not powerful enough to demonstrate either a spatial clustering or co-location, i.e. that the actual risk exposure area is smaller than the mean of distance between

  1. Epidemiologic relationship between Toscana virus infection and Leishmania infantum due to common exposure to Phlebotomus perniciosus sandfly vector.

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    Laurence Bichaud

    2011-09-01

    Full Text Available Sand flies are recognised vectors of parasites in the genus Leishmania and a number of arthropod-borne viruses, in particular viruses within the genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. In southern France, Toscana phlebovirus (TOSV is recognized as a prominent cause of summer meningitis. Since Leishmania and TOSV have a common vector (Phlebotomus perniciosus, an epidemiologic link has been assumed for a long time. However, there is no scientific evidence of such a link between human leishmaniosis and phleboviral infections. To identify a possible link, we investigated the presence and distribution of antibodies against these two microorganisms (i in individuals and (ii at a spatial level in the city of Marseille (south-eastern France. Five hundred sera were selected randomly in the biobank of the Department of Parasitology of the Public Hospitals of Marseille. All sera were previously tested for IgG against Leishmania by Western Blotting, and TOSV IgG were detected by indirect immunofluorescence. The seropositivity rates were 21.4% for TOSV and 28% for Leishmania. Statistical analysis demonstrated that seropositivity for one pathogen was significantly associated with seropositivity to the other pathogen. This result provided the first robust evidence for the existence of an epidemiological relationship between Leishmania infantum and TOSV. Addresses of tested patients were geolocalized and integrated into Geographical Information System software, in order to test spatial relationship between the two pathogens. Spatial analysis did not allow to identify (i specific patterns for the spatial distribution of positive serological results for TOSV or Leishmania, and (ii a spatial relationship between Leishmania and TOSV positive serological results. This may reflect the fact that the sample studied was not powerful enough to demonstrate either a spatial clustering or co-location, i.e. that the actual risk exposure area is smaller than the mean of

  2. Multi-gene detection and identification of mosquito-borne RNA viruses using an oligonucleotide microarray.

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    Nathan D Grubaugh

    Full Text Available BACKGROUND: Arthropod-borne viruses are important emerging pathogens world-wide. Viruses transmitted by mosquitoes, such as dengue, yellow fever, and Japanese encephalitis viruses, infect hundreds of millions of people and animals each year. Global surveillance of these viruses in mosquito vectors using molecular based assays is critical for prevention and control of the associated diseases. Here, we report an oligonucleotide DNA microarray design, termed ArboChip5.1, for multi-gene detection and identification of mosquito-borne RNA viruses from the genera Flavivirus (family Flaviviridae, Alphavirus (Togaviridae, Orthobunyavirus (Bunyaviridae, and Phlebovirus (Bunyaviridae. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The assay utilizes targeted PCR amplification of three genes from each virus genus for electrochemical detection on a portable, field-tested microarray platform. Fifty-two viruses propagated in cell-culture were used to evaluate the specificity of the PCR primer sets and the ArboChip5.1 microarray capture probes. The microarray detected all of the tested viruses and differentiated between many closely related viruses such as members of the dengue, Japanese encephalitis, and Semliki Forest virus clades. Laboratory infected mosquitoes were used to simulate field samples and to determine the limits of detection. Additionally, we identified dengue virus type 3, Japanese encephalitis virus, Tembusu virus, Culex flavivirus, and a Quang Binh-like virus from mosquitoes collected in Thailand in 2011 and 2012. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We demonstrated that the described assay can be utilized in a comprehensive field surveillance program by the broad-range amplification and specific identification of arboviruses from infected mosquitoes. Furthermore, the microarray platform can be deployed in the field and viral RNA extraction to data analysis can occur in as little as 12 h. The information derived from the ArboChip5.1 microarray can help to establish

  3. Development and characterization of a Rift Valley fever virus cell-cell fusion assay using alphavirus replicon vectors

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Filone, Claire Marie; Heise, Mark; Doms, Robert W.; Bertolotti-Ciarlet, Andrea

    2006-01-01

    Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), a member of the Phlebovirus genus in the Bunyaviridae family, is transmitted by mosquitoes and infects both humans and domestic animals, particularly cattle and sheep. Since primary RVFV strains must be handled in BSL-3+ or BSL-4 facilities, a RVFV cell-cell fusion assay will facilitate the investigation of RVFV glycoprotein function under BSL-2 conditions. As for other members of the Bunyaviridae family, RVFV glycoproteins are targeted to the Golgi, where the virus buds, and are not efficiently delivered to the cell surface. However, overexpression of RVFV glycoproteins using an alphavirus replicon vector resulted in the expression of the glycoproteins on the surface of multiple cell types. Brief treatment of RVFV glycoprotein expressing cells with mildly acidic media (pH 6.2 and below) resulted in rapid and efficient syncytia formation, which we quantified by β-galactosidase α-complementation. Fusion was observed with several cell types, suggesting that the receptor(s) for RVFV is widely expressed or that this acid-dependent virus does not require a specific receptor to mediate cell-cell fusion. Fusion occurred over a broad temperature range, as expected for a virus with both mosquito and mammalian hosts. In contrast to cell fusion mediated by the VSV-G glycoprotein, RVFV glycoprotein-dependent cell fusion could be prevented by treating target cells with trypsin, indicating that one or more proteins (or protein-associated carbohydrate) on the host cell surface are needed to support membrane fusion. The cell-cell fusion assay reported here will make it possible to study the membrane fusion activity of RVFV glycoproteins in a high-throughput format and to screen small molecule inhibitors for the ability to block virus-specific membrane fusion

  4. Distinct virulence of Rift Valley fever phlebovirus strains from different genetic lineages in a mouse model.

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    Tetsuro Ikegami

    Full Text Available Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV causes high rates of abortions and fetal malformations in ruminants, and hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, or blindness in humans. Viral transmission occurs via mosquito vectors in endemic areas, which necessitates regular vaccination of susceptible livestock animals to prevent the RVF outbreaks. Although ZH501 strain has been used as a challenge strain for past vaccine efficacy studies, further characterization of other RVFV strains is important to optimize ruminant and nonhuman primate RVFV challenge models. This study aimed to characterize the virulence of wild-type RVFV strains belonging to different genetic lineages in outbred CD1 mice. Mice were intraperitoneally infected with 1x103 PFU of wild-type ZH501, Kenya 9800523, Kenya 90058, Saudi Arabia 200010911, OS1, OS7, SA75, Entebbe, or SA51 strains. Among them, mice infected with SA51, Entebbe, or OS7 strain showed rapid dissemination of virus in livers and peracute necrotic hepatitis at 2-3 dpi. Recombinant SA51 (rSA51 and Zinga (rZinga strains were recovered by reverse genetics, and their virulence was also tested in CD1 mice. The rSA51 strain reproduced peracute RVF disease in mice, whereas the rZinga strain showed a similar virulence with that of rZH501 strain. This study showed that RVFV strains in different genetic lineages display distinct virulence in outbred mice. Importantly, since wild-type RVFV strains contain defective-interfering RNA or various genetic subpopulations during passage from original viral isolations, recombinant RVFV strains generated by reverse genetics will be better suitable for reproducible challenge studies for vaccine development as well as pathological studies.

  5. Evaluación e influencia de un programa de formación orientado a la mejora del clima motivacional transmitido por entrenadores de baloncesto

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    C. Conde

    2010-12-01

    Full Text Available

    El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar y comparar la influencia de un programa de formación indagativo sobre el clima motivacional transmitido por entrenadores de baloncesto. La muestra estuvo compuesta por cinco entrenadores de baloncesto con edades comprendidas entre 26 y 32 años, dos de los cuales se sometieron a un programa de formación indagativo. El comportamiento del entrenador fue analizado a través de una adaptación del Coaching Behavior Assessment System (Smith, Smoll, y Hunt, 1977. Se llevaron a cabo seis observaciones a lo largo de tres meses y se aplicó a dos entrenadores un programa de formación  que abordaba las premisas establecidas por Ames (1992 bajo las siglas TARGET. Los resultados de las observaciones mostraron cómo éstos progresaron en un aumento de transmisión de clima tarea, mientras que dos de los entrenadores del grupo control no mejoraron. Para concluir, destacar la necesidad de fomentar un clima motivacional de implicación a la tarea, además de la importancia de los programas de formación, puesto que las recomendaciones que se dan en ellos pueden ayudar a que los entrenadores hagan del entrenamiento una experiencia agradable y positiva.
    Palabras clave:Intervención, motivación, programa formación, entrenadores

  6. The Rift Valley fever: could re-emerge in Egypt again?

    Science.gov (United States)

    El-Bahnasawy, Mamdouh; Megahed, Laila Abdel-Mawla; Abdalla Saleh, Hala Ahmed; Morsy, Tosson A

    2013-04-01

    The Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a neglected, emerging, mosquito-borne disease with severe negative impact on human and animal health and economy. RVF is caused by RVF virus of the family of Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus. RVF is an acute, febrile disease affecting humans and a wide range of animals. The virus is trans-mitted through the bites from mosquitoes and exposure to viremic blood, body fluids, or contact with tissues of infected animals or by inhaling natural virus aerosols, also possibly by consumption of infected unpasteurized milk. The RVF-virus replicate at the site introduction and in local lymphatic followed by viremia and spread to other organs as the liver and central nervous system, causing the hepatic necrosis and eosinophilia cytoplasmic degeneration. The main signs and symptoms are fever, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, photophobia, bradycardia, conjunctivitis and flushing face. Main complications include jaundice, hemorrhagic, meningoencephalitis and retinal lesions. Generally speaking, in the 21st Century, the vector-borne infectious diseases, was accepted as the disaster issues with the considerable significant morbidity and mortality. These facts should be considered by the public health, veterinary and agricultural authorities

  7. Role of the NSs protein in the zoonotic capacity of Orthobunyaviruses.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hart, T J; Kohl, A; Elliott, R M

    2009-08-01

    The family Bunyaviridae contains over 350 named isolates, classified into five genera: Orthobunyavirus, Hantavirus, Nairovirus, Phlebovirus and Tospovirus. The Orthobunyavirus genus contains some 170 isolates that are mainly transmitted by mosquitoes and are responsible for a range of disease syndromes in humans including self-limiting febrile illness, encephalitis and haemorrhagic fever. The viruses have a tripartite, negative-sense RNA genome. Analyses of viruses in four serogroups (Bunyamwera, California, Group C and Simbu) showed that the smallest (S) RNA segment encodes the nucleocapsid protein (N) and a non-structural protein called (NSs). The NSs protein of Bunyamwera virus (BUNV) has been shown to play a role in shut-off of host cell protein synthesis in mammalian cells, but no protein shut-off is observed in BUNVinfected mosquito cells (Aedes albopictus C6/36 cells). Protein shut-off in infected mammalian cells is achieved by global inhibition of RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription and enables the virus to overcome the host innate immune response. As innate defence mechanisms constitute a significant barrier to virus infection of different hosts, NSs would appear to play a key role in determining the zoonotic capacity of orthobunyaviruses.

  8. Uso de células de Aedes albopictus C6/36 na propagação e classificação de arbovírus das famílias Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Bunyaviridae e Rhabdoviridae

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    Luiz Tadeu Moraes Figueiredo

    1990-03-01

    Full Text Available Colônias de células de mosquito Aedes albopictus C6/36 foram infectadas com 23 arbovirus, sendo 19 destes existentes no Brasil, pertencentes às famílias Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Bunyaviridae e Rhabdoviridae. A Replicação virai foi detectada por imunofluorescência indireta com todos os vírus estudados enquanto que o efeito citopático foi observado durante a infecção por alguns destes. No teste de imunofluorescência indireta utilizou-se fluidos ascíticos imunes de camundongos, específicos para os vírus estudados. A replicação virai caracterizada por grande produção de antígeno recomenda a utilização de células C6/36 na propagação e em tentativas de isolamento desses arbovirus. A técnica de imunofluorescência ofereceu importantes subsídios na classificação e identificação de vírus que replicam nestas células.C6/36 Aedes albopictus cells were infected w ith Brazilian arbovirus from the families Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Bunyaviridae and Rhabdoviridae. Replication was obtained with all the studied viruses and cytopathic effect was observed with some. Viral antigen was assayed in C6/36 cell cultures for antigen was assayed in C6/36 cells by an indirect immunofluorescence test using specific mouse immune ascitic fluid. Antigen production was detected in C6/36 cells infected with all the studied viruses. The author recommends the inoculation of C6/36 cell cultures for isolation of virus from the four studied families. The immunofluorescence technique is an important tool for classification and identification of virus growing in C6/36 cells.

  9. Risk assessment of human infection with a novel bunyavirus in China

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    Tamano Matsui

    2012-11-01

    Full Text Available Objective: To assess the public health risk of human infection from a novel bunyavirus – severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV – in China.Methods: The likelihood of disease spread and the magnitude of public health impact were assessed to clarify overall risk. Literature about hazard, exposure and contextual factors associated with SFTSV infection was collected and reviewed. Information on SFTSV cases and the population in six provinces under surveillance was compared.Results: SFTSV is a member of the Phlebovirus genus of the Bunyaviridae family. A widely distributed tick species, Haemaphysalis longicornis, can act as the vector; thus the disease is likely to spread in China. Symptoms of SFTSV infection are nonspecific, but have led to multiorgan dysfunction in severe cases. High-risk populations include farmers and older females. Evidence of human-to-human transmission within family and hospital has been reported. The capacity for treatment and diagnosis of SFTSV are adequate in rural communities in China, and community awareness of the disease should be high. Discussion: There is a low to moderate public health risk related to SFTSV human infection in China. There is potential for an increase in the number of cases reported as awareness increases and when surveillance is expanded.

  10. Eficacia del Albendazol en dosis única sobre las infecciones por helmintos transmitidos por el suelo en escolares de una comunidad de Iquitos, Perú

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    Theresa W Gyorkos

    Full Text Available Objetivos. Determinar la eficacia en dosis única del albendazol sobre las infecciones por helmintos transmitidos por el suelo (HTS en escolares de una comunidad de la ciudad de Iquitos en Perú. Materiales y métodos. Dentro del contexto de un ensayo controlado aleatorizado realizado en una comunidad periurbana de escasos recursos, situada en Iquitos, en la Amazonía de Perú, se obtuvieron muestras de heces de escolares del quinto grado de primaria en 18 escuelas y se analizó la prevalencia y la intensidad de HTS. Un total de 1193 escolares fueron desparasitados con albendazol en dosis única (400 mg. De los 909 escolares que fueron encontrados positivos con al menos una infección por HTS, una muestra aleatoria de 385 fue seguida dos semanas más tarde, cuando se recolectó y analizó una segunda muestra de heces. Resultados. La eficacia del albendazol fue satisfactoria para las infecciones por Ascaris lumbricoides con una tasa de reducción de huevos (TRH de 99,8%; IC 95: 99,3-100 y por anquilostomideos con una TRH de 93,6%, IC 95%: 88,2-96,6 y por Trichuris trichiura con una TRH de 72,7%, IC 95: 58,5-79,1. Conclusiones. Estos resultados son indicativos de niveles satisfactorios de eficacia y son congruentes con datos publicados sobre la eficacia del albendazol y directivas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Futuras investigaciones deben centrarse en mejorar la eficacia de las estrategias de tratamiento para la infección por Trichuris trichiura.

  11. Transcriptome markers of viral persistence in naturally-infected andes virus (bunyaviridae seropositive long-tailed pygmy rice rats.

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    Corey L Campbell

    Full Text Available Long-tailed pygmy rice rats (Oligoryzomys longicaudatus are principal reservoir hosts of Andes virus (ANDV (Bunyaviridae, which causes most hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome cases in the Americas. To develop tools for the study of the ANDV-host interactions, we used RNA-Seq to generate a de novo transcriptome assembly. Splenic RNA from five rice rats captured in Chile, three of which were ANDV-infected, was used to generate an assembly of 66,173 annotated transcripts, including noncoding RNAs. Phylogenetic analysis of selected predicted proteins showed similarities to those of the North American deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus, the principal reservoir of Sin Nombre virus (SNV. One of the infected rice rats had about 50-fold more viral burden than the others, suggesting acute infection, whereas the remaining two had levels consistent with persistence. Differential expression analysis revealed distinct signatures among the infected rodents. The differences could be due to 1 variations in viral load, 2 dimorphic or reproductive differences in splenic homing of immune cells, or 3 factors of unknown etiology. In the two persistently infected rice rats, suppression of the JAK-STAT pathway at Stat5b and Ccnot1, elevation of Casp1, RIG-I pathway factors Ppp1cc and Mff, and increased FC receptor-like transcripts occurred. Caspase-1 and Stat5b activation pathways have been shown to stimulate T helper follicular cell (TFH development in other species. These data are also consistent with reports suggestive of TFH stimulation in deer mice experimentally infected with hantaviruses. In the remaining acutely infected rice rat, the apoptotic pathway marker Cox6a1 was elevated, and putative anti-viral factors Abcb1a, Fam46c, Spp1, Rxra, Rxrb, Trmp2 and Trim58 were modulated. Transcripts for preproenkephalin (Prenk were reduced, which may be predictive of an increased T cell activation threshold. Taken together, this transcriptome dataset will permit rigorous

  12. Viruses in the Anopheles A, Anopheles B, and Tete serogroups in the Orthobunyavirus genus (family Bunyaviridae) do not encode an NSs protein.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Mohamed, Maizan; McLees, Angela; Elliott, Richard M

    2009-08-01

    Viruses in the genus Orthobunyavirus, family Bunyaviridae, have a genome comprising three segments (called L, M, and S) of negative-sense RNA. Serological studies have classified the >170 named virus isolates into 18 serogroups, with a few additional as yet ungrouped viruses. Until now, molecular studies and full-length S-segment nucleotide sequences were available for representatives of eight serogroups; in all cases, the S segment encodes two proteins, N (nucleocapsid) and NSs (nonstructural), in overlapping open reading frames (ORFs) that are translated from the same mRNA. The NSs proteins of Bunyamwera virus (BUNV) and California serogroup viruses have been shown to play a role in inhibiting host cell mRNA and protein synthesis, thereby preventing induction of interferon (IFN). We have determined full-length sequences of the S segments of representative viruses in the Anopheles A, Anopheles B, and Tete serogroups, and we report here that these viruses do not show evidence of having an NSs ORF. In addition, these viruses have rather longer N proteins than those in the other serogroups. Most of the naturally occurring viruses that lack the NSs protein behaved like a recombinant BUNV with the NSs gene deleted in that they failed to prevent induction of IFN-beta mRNA. However, Tacaiuma virus (TCMV) in the Anopheles A serogroup inhibited IFN induction in a manner similar to that of wild-type BUNV, suggesting that TCMV has evolved an alternative mechanism, not involving a typical NSs protein, to antagonize the host innate immune response.

  13. Caracterização e relacionamento antigênico de três novos Bunyavirus no grupo Anopheles A (Bunyaviridae dos arbovirus

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    Jorge Fernando Soares Travassos da Rosa

    1992-06-01

    Full Text Available São descritos o isolamento e a caracterização de três novos arbovirus isolados na região da Usina Hidro-Elétrica de Tucuruí (UHE-TUC. Os três novos arbovirus pertencem ao grupo Anopheles A(ANA, gênero Bunyavirus (família Bunyaviridae. Os vírus Tucuruí (TUC, Caraipé (CPE e Arumateua (ART são relacionados entre si e com o vírus Trombetas (TBT, formando dentro do grupo ANA um complexo chamado Trombetas. Os arbovirus TUC, CPE e ART foram obtidos a partir de lotes de mosquitos Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus sp capturados em Tucuruí, nas proximidades da usina hidrelétrica de Tucuruí, Estado do Pará, nos meses de fevereiro, agosto e outubro de 1984, respectivamente. Até o final de 1990 os vírus TUC, CPE e ART foram isolados 12, 32 e 28 vezes respectivamente, sempre na região da UHE-TUC, exceção feita ao vírus TUC, do qual se obteve uma amostra procedente de Balbina, onde também foi construída uma hidroelétrica. Até o presente, esses vírus só foram isolados a partir de mosquitos do grupo An. (Nys. principalmente, a partir das espécies An. (Nys. nuneztovari e An. (Nys. triannulatus também consideradas vetores secundários da malária na Amazônia Brasileira. Testes sorológicos executados com soros humanos e de diversas espécies de animais silvestres foram negativos, com exceção de um soro de um carnívoro de espécie Nasua nasua que neutralizou a amostra TUC em títulos de 2.6 índice logaritmico de neutralização (ILN.

  14. Caracterização e relacionamento antigênico de três novos Bunyavirus no grupo Anopheles A (Bunyaviridae dos arbovirus

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    Rosa Jorge Fernando Soares Travassos da

    1992-01-01

    Full Text Available São descritos o isolamento e a caracterização de três novos arbovirus isolados na região da Usina Hidro-Elétrica de Tucuruí (UHE-TUC. Os três novos arbovirus pertencem ao grupo Anopheles A(ANA, gênero Bunyavirus (família Bunyaviridae. Os vírus Tucuruí (TUC, Caraipé (CPE e Arumateua (ART são relacionados entre si e com o vírus Trombetas (TBT, formando dentro do grupo ANA um complexo chamado Trombetas. Os arbovirus TUC, CPE e ART foram obtidos a partir de lotes de mosquitos Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus sp capturados em Tucuruí, nas proximidades da usina hidrelétrica de Tucuruí, Estado do Pará, nos meses de fevereiro, agosto e outubro de 1984, respectivamente. Até o final de 1990 os vírus TUC, CPE e ART foram isolados 12, 32 e 28 vezes respectivamente, sempre na região da UHE-TUC, exceção feita ao vírus TUC, do qual se obteve uma amostra procedente de Balbina, onde também foi construída uma hidroelétrica. Até o presente, esses vírus só foram isolados a partir de mosquitos do grupo An. (Nys. principalmente, a partir das espécies An. (Nys. nuneztovari e An. (Nys. triannulatus também consideradas vetores secundários da malária na Amazônia Brasileira. Testes sorológicos executados com soros humanos e de diversas espécies de animais silvestres foram negativos, com exceção de um soro de um carnívoro de espécie Nasua nasua que neutralizou a amostra TUC em títulos de 2.6 índice logaritmico de neutralização (ILN.

  15. Formes hémorragiques graves de la fièvre de la vallée du Rift: à propos de 5 cas

    Science.gov (United States)

    Salem, Mohamed Lemine Ould; Baba, Sidi El Wafi Ould; Fall-Malick, Fatimetou Zahra; Boushab, Boushab Mohamed; Ghaber, Sidi Mohamed; Mokhtar, Abdelwedoud

    2016-01-01

    La fièvre de la vallée du Rift (FVR) est une arbovirose due à un virus à ARN appartenant à la famille de Bunyaviridae (genre phlebovirus). C'est une zoonose touchant principalement les animaux mais pouvant aussi contaminer l'homme, soit directement par la manipulation des viandes ou avortons d'animaux malades ou indirectement par la piqure de moustiques infectées (Aèdes sp, anophèles sp, Culex sp). Dans la majorité des cas, l'infection humaine à FVR est asymptomatique, mais elle peut également se manifester par un syndrome fébrile modérée d’évolution favorable. Néanmoins, certains patients peuvent développer un syndrome hémorragique et/ou des lésions neurologiques d’évolution mortelle. Nous décrivons l’évolution de cinq cas de patients atteints de la FVR, admis dans le service de médecine interne du Centre Hospitalier National de Nouakchott (Mauritanie), le mois d'Octobre 2015 et présentant tous, un syndrome hémorragique dans un contexte fébrile. L’évolution n’était favorable que pour 2 des cinq patients. Les 3 autres sont décédés, deux dans un tableau de choc hémorragique et dans un état de choc septique. PMID:27642413

  16. Rift Valley fever virus MP-12 vaccine encoding Toscana virus NSs retains neuroinvasiveness in mice.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Indran, Sabarish V; Lihoradova, Olga A; Phoenix, Inaia; Lokugamage, Nandadeva; Kalveram, Birte; Head, Jennifer A; Tigabu, Bersabeh; Smith, Jennifer K; Zhang, Lihong; Juelich, Terry L; Gong, Bin; Freiberg, Alexander N; Ikegami, Tetsuro

    2013-07-01

    Rift Valley fever is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease endemic to sub-Saharan Africa. Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV; genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae) causes high rates of abortion and fetal malformation in pregnant ruminants, and haemorrhagic fever, neurological disorders or blindness in humans. The MP-12 strain is a highly efficacious and safe live-attenuated vaccine candidate for both humans and ruminants. However, MP-12 lacks a marker to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals. In this study, we originally aimed to characterize the efficacy of a recombinant RVFV MP-12 strain encoding Toscana virus (TOSV) NSs gene in place of MP-12 NSs (rMP12-TOSNSs). TOSV NSs promotes the degradation of dsRNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) and inhibits interferon-β gene up-regulation without suppressing host general transcription. Unexpectedly, rMP12-TOSNSs increased death in vaccinated outbred mice and inbred BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice. Immunohistochemistry showed diffusely positive viral antigens in the thalamus, hypothalamus and brainstem, including the medulla. No viral antigens were detected in spleen or liver, which is similar to the antigen distribution of moribund mice infected with MP-12. These results suggest that rMP12-TOSNSs retains neuroinvasiveness in mice. Our findings demonstrate that rMP12-TOSNSs causes neuroinvasion without any hepatic disease and will be useful for studying the neuroinvasion mechanism of RVFV and TOSV.

  17. Toscana virus NSs protein inhibits the induction of type I interferon by interacting with RIG-I.

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    Gori-Savellini, Gianni; Valentini, Melissa; Cusi, Maria Grazia

    2013-06-01

    Toscana virus (TOSV) is a phlebovirus, of the Bunyaviridae family, that is responsible for central nervous system (CNS) injury in humans. Previous data have shown that the TOSV NSs protein is a gamma interferon (IFN-β) antagonist when transiently overexpressed in mammalian cells, inhibiting IRF-3 induction (G. Gori Savellini, F. Weber, C. Terrosi, M. Habjan, B. Martorelli, and M. G. Cusi, J. Gen. Virol. 92:71-79, 2011). In this study, we investigated whether an upstream sensor, which has a role in the signaling cascade leading to the production of type I IFN, was involved. We found a significant decrease in RIG-I protein levels in cells overexpressing TOSV NSs, suggesting that the nonstructural protein interacts with RIG-I and targets it for proteasomal degradation. In fact, the MG-132 proteasome inhibitor was able to restore IFN-β promoter activation in cells expressing NSs, demonstrating the existence of an evasion mechanism based on inhibition of the RIG-I sensor. Furthermore, a C-terminal truncated NSs protein (ΔNSs), although able to interact with RIG-I, did not affect the RIG-I-mediated IFN-β promoter activation, suggesting that the NSs domains responsible for RIG-I-mediated signaling and interaction with RIG-I are mapped on different regions. These results contribute to identify a novel mechanism for bunyaviruses by which TOSV NSs counteracts the early IFN response.

  18. NSs protein of rift valley fever virus promotes posttranslational downregulation of the TFIIH subunit p62.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kalveram, Birte; Lihoradova, Olga; Ikegami, Tetsuro

    2011-07-01

    Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV; family Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus) is an important emerging pathogen of humans and ruminants. Its NSs protein has previously been identified as a major virulence factor that suppresses host defense through three distinct mechanisms: it directly inhibits beta interferon (IFN-β) promoter activity, it promotes the degradation of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR), and it suppresses host transcription by disrupting the assembly of the basal transcription factor TFIIH through sequestration of its p44 subunit. Here, we report that in addition to PKR, NSs also promotes the degradation of the TFIIH subunit p62. Infection of cells with the RVFV MP-12 vaccine strain reduced p62 protein levels to below the detection limit early in the course of infection. This NSs-mediated downregulation of p62 was posttranslational, as it was unaffected by pharmacological inhibition of transcription or translation and MP-12 infection had no effect on p62 mRNA levels. Treatment of cells with proteasome inhibitors but not inhibition of lysosomal acidification or nuclear export resulted in a stabilization of p62 in the presence of NSs. Furthermore, p62 could be coprecipitated with NSs from lysates of infected cells. These data suggest that the RVFV NSs protein is able to interact with the TFIIH subunit p62 inside infected cells and promotes its degradation, which can occur directly in the nucleus.

  19. The nonstructural protein NSs induces a variable antibody response in domestic ruminants naturally infected with Rift Valley fever virus.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Fernandez, José-Carlos; Billecocq, Agnès; Durand, Jean Paul; Cêtre-Sossah, Catherine; Cardinale, Eric; Marianneau, Philippe; Pépin, Michel; Tordo, Noël; Bouloy, Michèle

    2012-01-01

    Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an emerging zoonosis in Africa which has spread to Egypt, the Arabian Peninsula, Madagascar, and Comoros. RVF virus (RVFV) (Bunyaviridae family, Phlebovirus genus) causes a wide range of symptoms in humans, from benign fever to fatal hemorrhagic fever. Ruminants are severely affected by the disease, which leads to a high rate of mortality in young animals and to abortions and teratogenesis in pregnant females. Diagnostic tests include virus isolation and genome or antibody detection. During RVFV infection, the nucleoprotein encapsidating the tripartite RNA genome is expressed in large amounts and raises a robust antibody response, while the envelope glycoproteins elicit neutralizing antibodies which play a major role in protection. Much less is known about the antigenicity/immunogenicity of the nonstructural protein NSs, which is a major virulence factor. Here we have developed a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) enabling detection of low levels of NSs-specific antibodies in naturally infected or vaccinated ruminants. Detection of the NSs antibodies was validated by Western blotting. Altogether, our data showed that the NSs antibodies were detected in only 55% of animals naturally infected by RVFV, indicating that NSs does not induce a consistently high immune response. These results are discussed in light of differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA) tests distinguishing naturally infected animals and those vaccinated with NSs-defective vaccines.

  20. Caracterização de um vírus baciliforme isolado de Solanum violaefolium transmitido pelos ácaros Brevipalpus phoenicis e Brevipalpus obovatus (Acari: Tenuipalpidae Characterization of a bacilliform virus isolated from Solanum violaefolium transmitted by the tenuipalpid mites Brevipalpus phoenicis and Brevipalpus obovatus

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Paulo de Tarso Oliveira Ferreira

    2007-09-01

    Full Text Available Solano-violeta (Solanum violaefolium é uma planta ornamental rasteira usada para cobrir solos de áreas sombreadas. Um vírus que induz manchas anelares nas folhas desta planta, tentativamente designado Solanum violaefolium ringspot virus - SvRSV, transmitido pelo ácaro Brevipalpus phoenicis (Acari: Tenuipalpidae foi encontrado em Piracicaba, SP. Trata-se de um vírus baciliforme que se assemelha a outros vírus do tipo citoplasmático transmitidos por Brevipalpus sp. Este trabalho teve como objetivo relatar propriedades biológicas e estabelecer uma caracterização molecular parcial do SvRSV. O vírus pode ser transmitido mecanicamente a várias outras espécies botânicas, causando lesões localizadas. Entre as espécies avaliadas, Datura stramonium mostrou-se a melhor hospedeira experimental. Observou-se também a manifestação de sintomas nestas plantas após infestação das mesmas por B. obovatus previamente alimentado em lesões de SvRSV, confirmando esta outra espécie de ácaro como vetor do vírus. Suas propriedades físicas in vitro foram: temperatura de inativação 40-45 ºC; ponto final de diluição 10-3-10-4; longevidade in vitro 12 dias. Em secções ultrafinas, as partículas do SvRSV mostraram-se levemente mais delgadas e mais longas que as de outros vírus do mesmo grupo. A partir do dsRNA do SvRSV foi construída uma biblioteca de cDNA e foram identificadas duas possíveis regiões codificadoras das proteínas de movimento e replicase viral. Baseado nestas regiões foram desenhados "primers" para amplificação do RNA do SvRSV por RT-PCR. Sondas baseadas nas seqüências obtidas hibridizaram com ss- e dsRNA de D. stramonium infectadas pelo vírus. Ensaios preliminares de RT-PCR e hibridização não resultaram em reação com o vírus da leprose dos citros, tipo citoplasmático (CiLV-C.Solanum violaefolium is an ornamental plant, with prostrate, trailing growth habit and is cultivated in shaded areas. A virus that causes

  1. NSs Protein of Rift Valley Fever Virus Promotes Posttranslational Downregulation of the TFIIH Subunit p62▿

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kalveram, Birte; Lihoradova, Olga; Ikegami, Tetsuro

    2011-01-01

    Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV; family Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus) is an important emerging pathogen of humans and ruminants. Its NSs protein has previously been identified as a major virulence factor that suppresses host defense through three distinct mechanisms: it directly inhibits beta interferon (IFN-β) promoter activity, it promotes the degradation of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR), and it suppresses host transcription by disrupting the assembly of the basal transcription factor TFIIH through sequestration of its p44 subunit. Here, we report that in addition to PKR, NSs also promotes the degradation of the TFIIH subunit p62. Infection of cells with the RVFV MP-12 vaccine strain reduced p62 protein levels to below the detection limit early in the course of infection. This NSs-mediated downregulation of p62 was posttranslational, as it was unaffected by pharmacological inhibition of transcription or translation and MP-12 infection had no effect on p62 mRNA levels. Treatment of cells with proteasome inhibitors but not inhibition of lysosomal acidification or nuclear export resulted in a stabilization of p62 in the presence of NSs. Furthermore, p62 could be coprecipitated with NSs from lysates of infected cells. These data suggest that the RVFV NSs protein is able to interact with the TFIIH subunit p62 inside infected cells and promotes its degradation, which can occur directly in the nucleus. PMID:21543505

  2. Evaluation of positive Rift Valley fever virus formalin-fixed paraffin embedded samples as a source of sequence data for retrospective phylogenetic analysis.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Mubemba, B; Thompson, P N; Odendaal, L; Coetzee, P; Venter, E H

    2017-05-01

    Rift Valley fever (RVF), caused by an arthropod borne Phlebovirus in the family Bunyaviridae, is a haemorrhagic disease that affects ruminants and humans. Due to the zoonotic nature of the virus, a biosafety level 3 laboratory is required for isolation of the virus. Fresh and frozen samples are the preferred sample type for isolation and acquisition of sequence data. However, these samples are scarce in addition to posing a health risk to laboratory personnel. Archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples are safe and readily available, however FFPE derived RNA is in most cases degraded and cross-linked in peptide bonds and it is unknown whether the sample type would be suitable as reference material for retrospective phylogenetic studies. A RT-PCR assay targeting a 490 nt portion of the structural G N glycoprotein encoding gene of the RVFV M-segment was applied to total RNA extracted from archived RVFV positive FFPE samples. Several attempts to obtain target amplicons were unsuccessful. FFPE samples were then analysed using next generation sequencing (NGS), i.e. Truseq ® (Illumina) and sequenced on the Miseq ® genome analyser (Illumina). Using reference mapping, gapped virus sequence data of varying degrees of shallow depth was aligned to a reference sequence. However, the NGS did not yield long enough contigs that consistently covered the same genome regions in all samples to allow phylogenetic analysis. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  3. Uso de células de Aedes albopictus C6/36 na propagação e classificação de arbovírus das famílias Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Bunyaviridae e Rhabdoviridae

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    Luiz Tadeu Moraes Figueiredo

    1990-03-01

    Full Text Available Colônias de células de mosquito Aedes albopictus C6/36 foram infectadas com 23 arbovirus, sendo 19 destes existentes no Brasil, pertencentes às famílias Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Bunyaviridae e Rhabdoviridae. A Replicação virai foi detectada por imunofluorescência indireta com todos os vírus estudados enquanto que o efeito citopático foi observado durante a infecção por alguns destes. No teste de imunofluorescência indireta utilizou-se fluidos ascíticos imunes de camundongos, específicos para os vírus estudados. A replicação virai caracterizada por grande produção de antígeno recomenda a utilização de células C6/36 na propagação e em tentativas de isolamento desses arbovirus. A técnica de imunofluorescência ofereceu importantes subsídios na classificação e identificação de vírus que replicam nestas células.

  4. Nonmuscle myosin heavy chain IIA is a critical factor contributing to the efficiency of early infection of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Sun, Yinyan; Qi, Yonghe; Liu, Chenxuan; Gao, Wenqing; Chen, Pan; Fu, Liran; Peng, Bo; Wang, Haimin; Jing, Zhiyi; Zhong, Guocai; Li, Wenhui

    2014-01-01

    Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is a novel phlebovirus in the Bunyaviridae family. Most patients infected by SFTSV present with fever and thrombocytopenia, and up to 30% die due to multiple-organ dysfunction. The mechanisms by which SFTSV enters multiple cell types are unknown. SFTSV contains two species of envelope glycoproteins, Gn (44.2 kDa) and Gc (56 kDa), both of which are encoded by the M segment and are cleaved from a precursor polypeptide (about 116 kDa) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Gn fused with an immunoglobulin Fc tag at its C terminus (Gn-Fc) bound to multiple cells susceptible to the infection of SFTSV and blocked viral infection of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Immunoprecipitation assays following mass spectrometry analysis showed that Gn binds to nonmuscle myosin heavy chain IIA (NMMHC-IIA), a cellular protein with surface expression in multiple cell types. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of NMMHC-IIA, but not the closely related NMMHC-IIB or NMMHC-IIC, reduced SFTSV infection, and NMMHC-IIA specific antibody blocked infection by SFTSV but not other control viruses. Overexpression of NMMHC-IIA in HeLa cells, which show limited susceptivity to SFTSV, markedly enhanced SFTSV infection of the cells. These results show that NMMHC-IIA is critical for the cellular entry of SFTSV. As NMMHC-IIA is essential for the normal functions of platelets and human vascular endothelial cells, it is conceivable that NMMHC-IIA directly contributes to the pathogenesis of SFTSV and may be a useful target for antiviral interventions against the viral infection.

  5. Planning for Rift Valley fever virus: use of geographical information systems to estimate the human health threat of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus-related transmission

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    Sravan Kakani

    2010-11-01

    Full Text Available Rift Valley fever (RVF virus is a mosquito-borne phlebovirus of the Bunyaviridae family that causes frequent outbreaks of severe animal and human disease in sub-Saharan Africa, Egypt and the Arabian Peninsula. Based on its many known competent vectors, its potential for transmission via aerosolization, and its progressive spread from East Africa to neighbouring regions, RVF is considered a high-priority, emerging health threat for humans, livestock and wildlife in all parts of the world. Introduction of West Nile virus to North America has shown the potential for “exotic” viral pathogens to become embedded in local ecological systems. While RVF is known to infect and amplify within domestic livestock, such as taurine cattle, sheep and goats, if RVF virus is accidentally or intentionally introduced into North America, an important unknown factor will be the role of local wildlife in the maintenance or propagation of virus transmission. We examined the potential impact of RVF transmission via white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus in a typical north-eastern United States urban-suburban landscape, where livestock are rare but where these potentially susceptible, ungulate wildlife are highly abundant. Model results, based on overlap of mosquito, human and projected deer densities, indicate that a significant proportion (497/1186 km2, i.e. 42% of the urban and peri-urban landscape could be affected by RVF transmission during the late summer months. Deer population losses, either by intervention for herd reduction or by RVF-related mortality, would substantially reduce these likely transmission zones to 53.1 km2, i.e. by 89%.

  6. Synaptogyrin-2 Promotes Replication of a Novel Tick-borne Bunyavirus through Interacting with Viral Nonstructural Protein NSs*

    Science.gov (United States)

    Sun, Qiyu; Qi, Xian; Zhang, Yan; Wu, Xiaodong; Liang, Mifang; Li, Chuan; Li, Dexin; Cardona, Carol J.; Xing, Zheng

    2016-01-01

    Synaptogyrin-2 is a non-neuronal member of the synaptogyrin family involved in synaptic vesicle biogenesis and trafficking. Little is known about the function of synaptogyrin-2. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease characterized by high fever, thrombocytopenia, and leukocytopenia with high mortality, caused by a novel tick-borne phlebovirus in the family Bunyaviridae. Our previous studies have shown that the viral nonstructural protein NSs forms inclusion bodies (IBs) that are involved in viral immune evasion, as well as viral RNA replication. In this study, we sought to elucidate the mechanism by which NSs formed the IBs, a lipid droplet-based structure confirmed by NSs co-localization with perilipin A and adipose differentiation-related protein (ADRP). Through a high throughput screening, we identified synaptogyrin-2 to be highly up-regulated in response to SFTS bunyavirus (SFTSV) infection and to be a promoter of viral replication. We demonstrated that synaptogyrin-2 interacted with NSs and was translocated into the IBs, which were reconstructed from lipid droplets into large structures in infection. Viral RNA replication decreased, and infectious virus titers were lowered significantly when synaptogyrin-2 was silenced in specific shRNA-expressing cells, which correlated with the reduced number of the large IBs restructured from regular lipid droplets. We hypothesize that synaptogyrin-2 is essential to promoting the formation of the IBs to become virus factories for viral RNA replication through its interaction with NSs. These findings unveil the function of synaptogyrin-2 as an enhancer in viral infection. PMID:27226560

  7. Development of a novel, single-cycle replicable rift valley Fever vaccine.

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    Shin Murakami

    2014-03-01

    Full Text Available Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV (genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae is an arbovirus that causes severe disease in humans and livestock in sub-Saharan African countries. Although the MP-12 strain of RVFV is a live attenuated vaccine candidate, neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence of MP-12 in mice may be a concern when vaccinating certain individuals, especially those that are immunocompromised. We have developed a novel, single-cycle replicable MP-12 (scMP-12, which carries an L RNA, M RNA mutant encoding a mutant envelope protein lacking an endoplasmic reticulum retrieval signal and defective for membrane fusion function, and S RNA encoding N protein and green fluorescent protein. The scMP-12 underwent efficient amplification, then formed plaques and retained the introduced mutation after serial passages in a cell line stably expressing viral envelope proteins. However, inoculation of the scMP-12 into naïve cells resulted in a single round of viral replication, and production of low levels of noninfectious virus-like particles. Intracranial inoculation of scMP-12 into suckling mice did not cause clinical signs or death, a finding which demonstrated that the scMP-12 lacked neurovirulence. Mice immunized with a single dose of scMP-12 produced neutralizing antibodies, whose titers were higher than in mice immunized with replicon particles carrying L RNA and S RNA encoding N protein and green fluorescent protein. Moreover, 90% of the scMP-12-immunized mice were protected from wild-type RVFV challenge by efficiently suppressing viremia and replication of the challenge virus in the liver and the spleen. These data demonstrated that scMP-12 is a safe and immunogenic RVFV vaccine candidate.

  8. Synaptogyrin-2 Promotes Replication of a Novel Tick-borne Bunyavirus through Interacting with Viral Nonstructural Protein NSs.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Sun, Qiyu; Qi, Xian; Zhang, Yan; Wu, Xiaodong; Liang, Mifang; Li, Chuan; Li, Dexin; Cardona, Carol J; Xing, Zheng

    2016-07-29

    Synaptogyrin-2 is a non-neuronal member of the synaptogyrin family involved in synaptic vesicle biogenesis and trafficking. Little is known about the function of synaptogyrin-2. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease characterized by high fever, thrombocytopenia, and leukocytopenia with high mortality, caused by a novel tick-borne phlebovirus in the family Bunyaviridae. Our previous studies have shown that the viral nonstructural protein NSs forms inclusion bodies (IBs) that are involved in viral immune evasion, as well as viral RNA replication. In this study, we sought to elucidate the mechanism by which NSs formed the IBs, a lipid droplet-based structure confirmed by NSs co-localization with perilipin A and adipose differentiation-related protein (ADRP). Through a high throughput screening, we identified synaptogyrin-2 to be highly up-regulated in response to SFTS bunyavirus (SFTSV) infection and to be a promoter of viral replication. We demonstrated that synaptogyrin-2 interacted with NSs and was translocated into the IBs, which were reconstructed from lipid droplets into large structures in infection. Viral RNA replication decreased, and infectious virus titers were lowered significantly when synaptogyrin-2 was silenced in specific shRNA-expressing cells, which correlated with the reduced number of the large IBs restructured from regular lipid droplets. We hypothesize that synaptogyrin-2 is essential to promoting the formation of the IBs to become virus factories for viral RNA replication through its interaction with NSs. These findings unveil the function of synaptogyrin-2 as an enhancer in viral infection. © 2016 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

  9. Rift Valley fever virus NSs protein promotes post-transcriptional downregulation of protein kinase PKR and inhibits eIF2alpha phosphorylation.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ikegami, Tetsuro; Narayanan, Krishna; Won, Sungyong; Kamitani, Wataru; Peters, C J; Makino, Shinji

    2009-02-01

    Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) (genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae) is a negative-stranded RNA virus with a tripartite genome. RVFV is transmitted by mosquitoes and causes fever and severe hemorrhagic illness among humans, and fever and high rates of abortions in livestock. A nonstructural RVFV NSs protein inhibits the transcription of host mRNAs, including interferon-beta mRNA, and is a major virulence factor. The present study explored a novel function of the RVFV NSs protein by testing the replication of RVFV lacking the NSs gene in the presence of actinomycin D (ActD) or alpha-amanitin, both of which served as a surrogate of the host mRNA synthesis suppression function of the NSs. In the presence of the host-transcriptional inhibitors, the replication of RVFV lacking the NSs protein, but not that carrying NSs, induced double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR)-mediated eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)2alpha phosphorylation, leading to the suppression of host and viral protein translation. RVFV NSs promoted post-transcriptional downregulation of PKR early in the course of the infection and suppressed the phosphorylated eIF2alpha accumulation. These data suggested that a combination of RVFV replication and NSs-induced host transcriptional suppression induces PKR-mediated eIF2alpha phosphorylation, while the NSs facilitates efficient viral translation by downregulating PKR and inhibiting PKR-mediated eIF2alpha phosphorylation. Thus, the two distinct functions of the NSs, i.e., the suppression of host transcription, including that of type I interferon mRNAs, and the downregulation of PKR, work together to prevent host innate antiviral functions, allowing efficient replication and survival of RVFV in infected mammalian hosts.

  10. Seroprevalence of Sandfly-Borne Phleboviruses Belonging to Three Serocomplexes (Sandfly fever Naples, Sandfly fever Sicilian and Salehabad in Dogs from Greece and Cyprus Using Neutralization Test.

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    Sulaf Alwassouf

    2016-10-01

    Full Text Available Phleboviruses transmitted by sandflies are endemic in the Mediterranean area. The last decade has witnessed the description of an accumulating number of novel viruses. Although, the risk of exposure of vertebrates is globally assessed, detailed geographic knowledge is poor even in Greece and Cyprus where sandfly fever has been recognized for a long time and repeatedly. A total of 1,250 dogs from mainland Greece and Greek archipelago on one hand and 422 dogs from Cyprus on the other hand have been sampled and tested for neutralising antibodies against Toscana virus (TOSV, Sandfly fever Sicilian virus (SFSV, Arbia virus, and Adana virus i.e. four viruses belonging to the 3 sandfly-borne serocomplexes known to circulate actively in the Mediterranean area. Our results showed that (i SFSV is highly prevalent with 71.9% (50.7-84.9% depending on the region in Greece and 60.2% (40.0-72.6% in Cyprus; (ii TOSV ranked second with 4.4% (0-15.4% in Greece and 8.4% (0-11.4% in Cyprus; (iii Salehabad viruses (Arbia and Adana displayed also substantial prevalence rates in both countries with values ranging from 0-22.6% depending on the region and on the virus strain used in the test. These results demonstrate that circulation of viruses transmitted by sand flies can be estimated qualitatively using dog sera. As reported in other regions of the Mediterranean, these results indicate that it is time to shift these viruses from the "neglected" status to the "priority" status in order to stimulate studies aiming at defining and quantifying their medical and veterinary importance and possible public health impact. Specifically, viruses belonging to the Sandfly fever Sicilian complex should be given careful consideration. This calls for implementation of direct and indirect diagnosis in National reference centers and in hospital microbiology laboratories and systematic testing of unelucidated febrile illness and central and peripheral nervous system febrile

  11. Chlorotic spots on Clerodendrum, a disease caused by a nuclear type of Brevipalpus (Acari:Tenuipalpidae transmitted virus Mancha clorótica do Clerodendrum, uma enfermidade causada por um vírus do tipo nuclear, transmitido pelo ácaro Brevipalpus phoenicis (Acari:Tenuipalpidae

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    Elliot Watanabe Kitajima

    2008-02-01

    Full Text Available Chlorotic spots have been observed in plants of Clerodendrum x speciosum growing in residential gardens and parks in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. Thin sections of diseased tissues revealed characteristic cytopathic effects of the nuclear type of the Brevipalpus (Acari: Tenuipalpidae mite-transmitted viruses (BTrV. Brevipalpus mites, identified as B. phoenicis, infesting symptomatic C. x speciosum plants transmitted the pathogen to healthy C. x speciosum and to C. thomsonae, Gomphrena globosa, Hibiscus cannabinus, H. coccineus, H. schizopetalus, Salvia leucantha, Spathiphyllum wallasi and Tetragonia expansa causing chlorotic spots on their leaves. Mechanical inoculation using leaf extracts from infected C. x speciosum resulted in chlorotic spots on inoculated C. x speciosum, Chenopodium quinoa, C. amaranticolor, G. globosa, H. cannabinus, H. coccineus and T. expansa leaves. C. amaranticolor and C. quinoa kept at 28 - 30°C became systemically infected. The same cytopathic effects caused by the nuclear type of BTrV were seen in tissues from all infected test plants by electron microscopy. The virus was purified from systemically infected leaves of C. amaranticolor and C. quinoa. A polyclonal antiserum obtained from an immunized rabbit presented a strong reaction with the homologous antigen in ELISA tests. The results suggest that this chlorotic spot disease of C. x speciosum is caused by a new species of the nuclear type of BTrV, tentatively named Clerodendrum chlorotic spot virus (ClCSV.Manchas cloróticas e necróticas foram observadas em folhas de várias plantas de coração-sangrento (Clerodendrum x speciosum cultivadas em parques e jardins em Piracicaba, SP, associadas à infestação pelo ácaro tenuipalpídeo Brevipalpus phoenicis. Exames preliminares de secções de tecido das manchas cloróticas ao microscópio eletrônico revelaram a ocorrência de efeitos citopáticos característicos dos induzidos pelos vírus do tipo nuclear, transmitido

  12. Genetic Evidence for an Interferon-Antagonistic Function of Rift Valley Fever Virus Nonstructural Protein NSs

    Science.gov (United States)

    Bouloy, Michèle; Janzen, Christian; Vialat, Pierre; Khun, Huot; Pavlovic, Jovan; Huerre, Michel; Haller, Otto

    2001-01-01

    Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), a phlebovirus of the family Bunyaviridae, is a major public health threat in Egypt and sub-Saharan Africa. The viral and host cellular factors that contribute to RVFV virulence and pathogenicity are still poorly understood. All pathogenic RVFV strains direct the synthesis of a nonstructural phosphoprotein (NSs) that is encoded by the smallest (S) segment of the tripartite genome and has an undefined accessory function. In this report, we show that MP12 and clone 13, two attenuated RVFV strains with mutations in the NSs gene, were highly virulent in IFNAR−/− mice lacking the alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β) receptor but remained attenuated in IFN-γ receptor-deficient mice. Both attenuated strains proved to be excellent inducers of early IFN-α/β production. In contrast, the virulent strain ZH548 failed to induce detectable amounts of IFN-α/β and replicated extensively in both IFN-competent and IFN-deficient mice. Clone 13 has a defective NSs gene with a large in-frame deletion. This defect in the NSs gene results in expression of a truncated protein which is rapidly degraded. To investigate whether the presence of the wild-type NSs gene correlated with inhibition of IFN-α/β production, we infected susceptible IFNAR−/− mice with S gene reassortant viruses. When the S segment of ZH548 was replaced by that of clone 13, the resulting reassortants became strong IFN inducers. When the defective S segment of clone 13 was exchanged with the wild-type S segment of ZH548, the reassortant virus lost the capacity to stimulate IFN-α/β production. These results demonstrate that the ability of RVFV to inhibit IFN-α/β production correlates with viral virulence and suggest that the accessory protein NSs is an IFN antagonist. PMID:11152510

  13. Rift Valley fever virus NSs protein promotes post-transcriptional downregulation of protein kinase PKR and inhibits eIF2alpha phosphorylation.

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    Tetsuro Ikegami

    2009-02-01

    Full Text Available Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV (genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae is a negative-stranded RNA virus with a tripartite genome. RVFV is transmitted by mosquitoes and causes fever and severe hemorrhagic illness among humans, and fever and high rates of abortions in livestock. A nonstructural RVFV NSs protein inhibits the transcription of host mRNAs, including interferon-beta mRNA, and is a major virulence factor. The present study explored a novel function of the RVFV NSs protein by testing the replication of RVFV lacking the NSs gene in the presence of actinomycin D (ActD or alpha-amanitin, both of which served as a surrogate of the host mRNA synthesis suppression function of the NSs. In the presence of the host-transcriptional inhibitors, the replication of RVFV lacking the NSs protein, but not that carrying NSs, induced double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR-mediated eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF2alpha phosphorylation, leading to the suppression of host and viral protein translation. RVFV NSs promoted post-transcriptional downregulation of PKR early in the course of the infection and suppressed the phosphorylated eIF2alpha accumulation. These data suggested that a combination of RVFV replication and NSs-induced host transcriptional suppression induces PKR-mediated eIF2alpha phosphorylation, while the NSs facilitates efficient viral translation by downregulating PKR and inhibiting PKR-mediated eIF2alpha phosphorylation. Thus, the two distinct functions of the NSs, i.e., the suppression of host transcription, including that of type I interferon mRNAs, and the downregulation of PKR, work together to prevent host innate antiviral functions, allowing efficient replication and survival of RVFV in infected mammalian hosts.

  14. Immunization with recombinant SFTSV/NSs protein does not promote virus clearance in SFTSV-infected C57BL/6J mice.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Liu, Rong; Huang, Dou-Dou; Bai, Jie-Ying; Zhuang, Lu; Lu, Qing-Bin; Zhang, Xiao-Ai; Liu, Wei; Wang, Jing-Yu; Cao, Wu-Chun

    2015-03-01

    The severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), caused by a novel Phlebovirus in the Bunyaviridae family named SFTS virus (SFTSV), is an emerging hemorrhagic fever with a wide distribution and high case-fatality rate. Neither effective treatment nor vaccines are available to treat and prevent this disease to date. It was recently reported that SFTSV nonstructural protein in S segment (SFTSV/NSs) functioned as the interferon (IFN) antagonist targeting for suppressing host's innate immunity. This study was designed to investigate the potential of recombinant SFTSV (rSFTSV)/NSs protein for inducing anti-NSs antibodies by pre-exposure vaccination to block SFTSV/NSs in the SFTSV-infected C57BL/6J mice. All mice in the rSFTSV/NSs-vaccinated group, negative control group, and blank control group survived with no visible clinical abnormities throughout the experiment, except for their sacrifice for sampling at each observation point. However, unexpectedly, a negative effect on the bodyweight of rSFTSV/NSs-vaccinated mice was observed after 21 days postinoculation. Pre-exposure vaccination with rSFTSV/NSs did not accelerate virus removal in mice though high titer of anti-NSs antibodies and elevated IFN-γ were detected in sera. Before virus challenge, the rSFTSV/NSs-vaccinated mice and negative control mice had a larger amount of platelets (PLT) than the blank control mice, which indicated that Freund's adjuvants could stimulate PLT production. In the aspect of cytokines, the rSFTSV/NSs-vaccinated mice had a 5- to 10-fold increase in interleukin (IL)-2, IL-5, IL-6, IFN-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α, which probably just had a negative effect on the bodyweight of mice. In general, therefore, previous vaccination with rSFTSV/NSs did not accelerate virus clearance in the SFTSV-infected mice.

  15. Ticks associated with macquarie island penguins carry arboviruses from four genera.

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    Lee Major

    Full Text Available Macquarie Island, a small subantarctic island, is home to rockhopper, royal and king penguins, which are often infested with the globally distributed seabird tick, Ixodes uriae. A flavivirus, an orbivirus, a phlebovirus, and a nairovirus were isolated from these ticks and partial sequences obtained. The flavivirus was nearly identical to Gadgets Gully virus, isolated some 30 year previously, illustrating the remarkable genetic stability of this virus. The nearest relative to the orbivirus (for which we propose the name Sandy Bay virus was the Scottish Broadhaven virus, and provided only the second available sequences from the Great Island orbivirus serogroup. The phlebovirus (for which we propose the name Catch-me-cave virus and the previously isolated Precarious Point virus were distinct but related, with both showing homology with the Finnish Uukuniemi virus. These penguin viruses provided the second and third available sequences for the Uukuniemi group of phleboviruses. The nairovirus (for which we propose the name Finch Creek virus was shown to be related to the North American Tillamook virus, the Asian Hazara virus and Nairobi sheep disease virus. Macquarie Island penguins thus harbour arboviruses from at least four of the seven arbovirus-containing genera, with related viruses often found in the northern hemisphere.

  16. Uukuniemi virus, Czech Republic.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Papa, Anna; Zelená, Hana; Papadopoulou, Elpida; Mrázek, Jakub

    2018-04-20

    Following the identification of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome and Heartland viruses, the interest on tick-borne phleboviruses has increased rapidly. Uukuniemi virus has been proposed as a model for tick-borne phleboviruses. However, the number of available sequences is limited. In the current study we performed whole-genome sequencing on two Uukuniemi viral strains isolated in 2000 and 2004 from Ixodes ricinus ticks in the Czech Republic. Both strains cluster together with Potepli63 strain isolated in the country in 1963. Although the Czech strains were isolated many years apart, a high identity was seen at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, suggesting that UUKV has a relatively stable genome. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

  17. The Andes hantavirus NSs protein is expressed from the viral small mRNA by a leaky scanning mechanism.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Vera-Otarola, Jorge; Solis, Loretto; Soto-Rifo, Ricardo; Ricci, Emiliano P; Pino, Karla; Tischler, Nicole D; Ohlmann, Théophile; Darlix, Jean-Luc; López-Lastra, Marcelo

    2012-02-01

    The small mRNA (SmRNA) of all Bunyaviridae encodes the nucleocapsid (N) protein. In 4 out of 5 genera in the Bunyaviridae, the smRNA encodes an additional nonstructural protein denominated NSs. In this study, we show that Andes hantavirus (ANDV) SmRNA encodes an NSs protein. Data show that the NSs protein is expressed in the context of an ANDV infection. Additionally, our results suggest that translation initiation from the NSs initiation codon is mediated by ribosomal subunits that have bypassed the upstream N protein initiation codon through a leaky scanning mechanism.

  18. An unexpected recurrent transmission of Rift Valley fever virus in cattle in a temperate and mountainous area of Madagascar.

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    Veronique Chevalier

    2011-12-01

    Full Text Available Rift Valley fever is an acute, zoonotic viral disease of domestic ruminants, caused by a phlebovirus (Bunyaviridae family. A large outbreak occurred in Madagascar in 2008-2009. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the point prevalence of antibodies against Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV in cattle in the Anjozorobe district, located in the wet and temperate highland region of Madagascar and yet heavily affected by the disease, and analyse environmental and trade factors potentially linked to RVFV transmission. A serological study was performed in 2009 in 894 bovines. For each bovine, the following variables were recorded: age, location of the night pen, minimum distance from the pen to the nearest water point and the forest, nearest water point type, and herd replacement practices. The serological data were analyzed using a generalized linear mixed model. The overall anti-RVFV IgG seroprevalence rate was 28% [CI95% 25-31]. Age was statistically linked to prevalence (p = 10(-4, being consistent with a recurrent RVFV circulation. Distance from the night pen to the nearest water point was a protective factor (p = 5.10(-3, which would be compatible with a substantial part of the virus transmission being carried out by nocturnal mosquito vectors. However, water point type did not influence the risk of infection: several mosquito species are probably involved. Cattle belonging to owners who purchase animals to renew the herd were significantly more likely to have seroconverted than others (p = 0.04: cattle trade may contribute to the introduction of the virus in this area. The minimum distance of the night pen to the forest was not linked to the prevalence. This is the first evidence of a recurrent transmission of RVFV in such an ecosystem that associates a wet, temperate climate, high altitude, paddy fields, and vicinity to a dense rain forest. Persistence mechanisms need to be further investigated.

  19. Laboratory safe detection of nucleocapsid protein of Rift Valley fever virus in human and animal specimens by a sandwich ELISA.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Jansen van Vuren, P; Paweska, J T

    2009-04-01

    A safe laboratory procedure, based on a sandwich ELISA (sAg-ELISA), was developed and evaluated for the detection of nucleocapsid protein (NP) of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) in specimens inactivated at 56 degrees C for 1h in the presence of 0.5% Tween-20 (v/v) before testing. Polyclonal capture and detection immune sera were generated respectively in sheep and rabbits immunized with recombinant NP antigen. The assay was highly repeatable and specific; it detected strains of RVFV from the entire distributional range of the disease, isolated over a period of 53 years; no cross-reactivity with genetically related African phleboviruses or other members of the family Bunyaviridae was observed. In specimens spiked with RVFV, including human and animal sera, homogenates of liver and spleen tissues of domestic ruminants, and Anopheles mosquito homogenates, the sAg-ELISA detection limit ranged from log(10)10(2.2) to 10(3.2) TCID(50)/reaction volume. The ELISA detected NP antigen in spiked bovine and sheep liver homogenates up to at least 8 days of incubation at 37 degrees C whereas infectious virus could not be detected at 48h incubation in these adverse conditions. Compared to virus isolation from sera from RVF patients and sheep infected experimentally, the ELISA had 67.7% and 70% sensitivity, and 97.97% and 100% specificity, respectively. The assay was 100% accurate when testing tissues of various organs from mice infected experimentally and buffalo foetuses infected naturally. The assay was able to detect NP antigen in infective culture supernatants 16-24h before cytopathic effects were observed microscopically and as early as 8h after inoculation with 10(5.8) TCID(50)/ml of RVFV. This ability renders the assay for rapid identification of the virus when its primary isolation is attempted in vitro. As a highly specific, safe and simple assay format, the sAg-ELISA represents a valuable diagnostic tool for use in less equipped laboratories in Africa, and for routine

  20. Mechanistic Insight into the Host Transcription Inhibition Function of Rift Valley Fever Virus NSs and Its Importance in Virulence.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Terasaki, Kaori; Ramirez, Sydney I; Makino, Shinji

    2016-10-01

    Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), a member of the genus Phlebovirus within the family Bunyaviridae, causes periodic outbreaks in livestocks and humans in countries of the African continent and Middle East. RVFV NSs protein, a nonstructural protein, is a major virulence factor that exhibits several important biological properties. These include suppression of general transcription, inhibition of IFN-β promoter induction and degradation of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase R. Although each of these biological functions of NSs are considered important for countering the antiviral response in the host, the individual contributions of these functions towards RVFV virulence remains unclear. To examine this, we generated two RVFV MP-12 strain-derived mutant viruses. Each carried mutations in NSs that specifically targeted its general transcription inhibition function without affecting its ability to degrade PKR and inhibit IFN-β promoter induction, through its interaction with Sin3-associated protein 30, a part of the repressor complex at the IFN-β promoter. Using these mutant viruses, we have dissected the transcription inhibition function of NSs and examined its importance in RVFV virulence. Both NSs mutant viruses exhibited a differentially impaired ability to inhibit host transcription when compared with MP-12. It has been reported that NSs suppresses general transcription by interfering with the formation of the transcription factor IIH complex, through the degradation of the p62 subunit and sequestration of the p44 subunit. Our study results lead us to suggest that the ability of NSs to induce p62 degradation is the major contributor to its general transcription inhibition property, whereas its interaction with p44 may not play a significant role in this function. Importantly, RVFV MP-12-NSs mutant viruses with an impaired general transcription inhibition function showed a reduced cytotoxicity in cell culture and attenuated virulence in young mice

  1. MP-12 virus containing the clone 13 deletion in the NSs gene prevents lethal disease when administered after Rift Valley fever virus infection in hamsters.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Gowen, Brian B; Westover, Jonna B; Sefing, Eric J; Bailey, Kevin W; Nishiyama, Shoko; Wandersee, Luci; Scharton, Dionna; Jung, Kie-Hoon; Ikegami, Tetsuro

    2015-01-01

    Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV; Bunyaviridae, Phlebovirus) causes a range of illnesses that include retinitis, fulminant hepatitis, neurologic disease, and hemorrhagic fever. In hospitalized individuals, case fatality rates can be as high as 10-20%. There are no vaccines or antivirals approved for human use to prevent or treat severe RVFV infections. We previously tested the efficacy of the MP-12 vaccine strain and related variants with NSs truncations as a post-exposure prophylaxis in mice infected with wild-type pathogenic RVFV strain ZH501. Post-exposure efficacy of the rMP12-C13type, a recombinant MP-12 vaccine virus which encodes an in-frame truncation removing 69% of the NSs protein, resulted in 30% survival when administering the virus within 30 min of subcutaneous ZH501 challenge in mice, while the parental MP-12 virus conferred no protection by post-exposure vaccination. Here, we demonstrate uniform protection of hamsters by post-exposure vaccination with rMP12-C13type administered 6 h post-ZH501 infection while no efficacy was observed with the parental MP-12 virus. Notably, both the MP-12 and rMP12-C13type viruses were highly effective (100% protection) when administered 21 days prior to challenge. In a subsequent study delaying vaccination until 8, 12, and 24 h post-RVFV exposure, we observed 80, 70, and 30% survival, respectively. Our findings indicate that the rapid protective innate immune response elicited by rMP12-C13type may be due to the truncated NSs protein, suggesting that the resulting functional inactivation of NSs plays an important role in the observed post-exposure efficacy. Taken together, the data demonstrate that post-exposure vaccination with rMP12-C13type is effective in limiting ZH501 replication and associated disease in standard pre-exposure vaccination and post-challenge treatment models of RVFV infection, and suggest an extended post-exposure prophylaxis window beyond that initially observed in mice.

  2. Virulence factor NSs of rift valley fever virus recruits the F-box protein FBXO3 to degrade subunit p62 of general transcription factor TFIIH.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kainulainen, Markus; Habjan, Matthias; Hubel, Philipp; Busch, Laura; Lau, Simone; Colinge, Jacques; Superti-Furga, Giulio; Pichlmair, Andreas; Weber, Friedemann

    2014-03-01

    The nonstructural protein NSs is the main virulence factor of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV; family Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus), a serious pathogen of livestock and humans in Africa. RVFV NSs blocks transcriptional upregulation of antiviral type I interferons (IFN) and destroys the general transcription factor TFIIH subunit p62 via the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway. Here, we identified a subunit of E3 ubiquitin ligases, F-box protein FBXO3, as a host cell interactor of NSs. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated depletion of FBXO3 rescued p62 protein levels in RVFV-infected cells and elevated IFN transcription by 1 order of magnitude. NSs interacts with the full-length FBXO3 protein as well as with a truncated isoform that lacks the C-terminal acidic and poly(R)-rich domains. These isoforms are present in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. NSs exclusively removes the nuclear pool of full-length FBXO3, likely due to consumption during the degradation process. F-box proteins form the variable substrate recognition subunit of the so-called SCF ubiquitin ligases, which also contain the constant components Skp1, cullin 1 (or cullin 7), and Rbx1. siRNA knockdown of Skp1 also protected p62 from degradation, suggesting involvement in NSs action. However, knockdown of cullin 1, cullin 7, or Rbx1 could not rescue p62 degradation by NSs. Our data show that the enzymatic removal of p62 via the host cell factor FBXO3 is a major mechanism of IFN suppression by RVFV. Rift Valley fever virus is a serious emerging pathogen of animals and humans. Its main virulence factor, NSs, enables unhindered virus replication by suppressing the antiviral innate immune system. We identified the E3 ubiquitin ligase FBXO3 as a novel host cell interactor of NSs. NSs recruits FBXO3 to destroy the general host cell transcription factor TFIIH-p62, resulting in suppression of the transcriptional upregulation of innate immunity.

  3. Functional analysis of Rift Valley fever virus NSs encoding a partial truncation.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Head, Jennifer A; Kalveram, Birte; Ikegami, Tetsuro

    2012-01-01

    Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), belongs to genus Phlebovirus of the family Bunyaviridae, causes high rates of abortion and fetal malformation in infected ruminants as well as causing neurological disorders, blindness, or lethal hemorrhagic fever in humans. RVFV is classified as a category A priority pathogen and a select agent in the U.S., and currently there are no therapeutics available for RVF patients. NSs protein, a major virulence factor of RVFV, inhibits host transcription including interferon (IFN)-β mRNA synthesis and promotes degradation of dsRNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR). NSs self-associates at the C-terminus 17 aa., while NSs at aa.210-230 binds to Sin3A-associated protein (SAP30) to inhibit the activation of IFN-β promoter. Thus, we hypothesize that NSs function(s) can be abolished by truncation of specific domains, and co-expression of nonfunctional NSs with intact NSs will result in the attenuation of NSs function by dominant-negative effect. Unexpectedly, we found that RVFV NSs truncated at aa. 6-30, 31-55, 56-80, 81-105, 106-130, 131-155, 156-180, 181-205, 206-230, 231-248 or 249-265 lack functions of IFN-β mRNA synthesis inhibition and degradation of PKR. Truncated NSs were less stable in infected cells, while nuclear localization was inhibited in NSs lacking either of aa.81-105, 106-130, 131-155, 156-180, 181-205, 206-230 or 231-248. Furthermore, none of truncated NSs had exhibited significant dominant-negative functions for NSs-mediated IFN-β suppression or PKR degradation upon co-expression in cells infected with RVFV. We also found that any of truncated NSs except for intact NSs does not interact with RVFV NSs even in the presence of intact C-terminus self-association domain. Our results suggest that conformational integrity of NSs is important for the stability, cellular localization and biological functions of RVFV NSs, and the co-expression of truncated NSs does not exhibit dominant-negative phenotype.

  4. Functional analysis of Rift Valley fever virus NSs encoding a partial truncation.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jennifer A Head

    Full Text Available Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV, belongs to genus Phlebovirus of the family Bunyaviridae, causes high rates of abortion and fetal malformation in infected ruminants as well as causing neurological disorders, blindness, or lethal hemorrhagic fever in humans. RVFV is classified as a category A priority pathogen and a select agent in the U.S., and currently there are no therapeutics available for RVF patients. NSs protein, a major virulence factor of RVFV, inhibits host transcription including interferon (IFN-β mRNA synthesis and promotes degradation of dsRNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR. NSs self-associates at the C-terminus 17 aa., while NSs at aa.210-230 binds to Sin3A-associated protein (SAP30 to inhibit the activation of IFN-β promoter. Thus, we hypothesize that NSs function(s can be abolished by truncation of specific domains, and co-expression of nonfunctional NSs with intact NSs will result in the attenuation of NSs function by dominant-negative effect. Unexpectedly, we found that RVFV NSs truncated at aa. 6-30, 31-55, 56-80, 81-105, 106-130, 131-155, 156-180, 181-205, 206-230, 231-248 or 249-265 lack functions of IFN-β mRNA synthesis inhibition and degradation of PKR. Truncated NSs were less stable in infected cells, while nuclear localization was inhibited in NSs lacking either of aa.81-105, 106-130, 131-155, 156-180, 181-205, 206-230 or 231-248. Furthermore, none of truncated NSs had exhibited significant dominant-negative functions for NSs-mediated IFN-β suppression or PKR degradation upon co-expression in cells infected with RVFV. We also found that any of truncated NSs except for intact NSs does not interact with RVFV NSs even in the presence of intact C-terminus self-association domain. Our results suggest that conformational integrity of NSs is important for the stability, cellular localization and biological functions of RVFV NSs, and the co-expression of truncated NSs does not exhibit dominant-negative phenotype.

  5. Response to Rift Valley Fever in Tanzania: Challenges and ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    cattle, sheep, goats and camels), wildlife and humans caused by Phlebovirus. The disease occurs in periodic cycles of 4-15 years associated with flooding from unusually high precipitations in many flood-prone habitats. Aedes and Culex spp and ...

  6. Partial genetic characterization of Sedlec virus (Orthobunyavirus, Bunyaviridae)

    Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

    Bakonyi, T.; Kolodziejek, J.; Rudolf, Ivo; Berčič, R.; Nowotny, N.; Hubálek, Zdeněk

    2013-01-01

    Roč. 19, October (2013), s. 244-249 ISSN 1567-1348 Institutional support: RVO:68081766 Keywords : Sedlec virus * Leanyer virus * Simbu group * Orthobunyavirus * Acrocephalus Subject RIV: EE - Microbiology, Virology Impact factor: 3.264, year: 2013

  7. Transmission of Rift Valley fever virus from European-breed lambs to Culex pipiens mosquitoes

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Vloet, Rianka P.M.; Vogels, Chantal B.F.; Koenraadt, Constantianus J.M.; Pijlman, Gorben P.; Eiden, Martin; Gonzales, Jose L.; Keulen, van Lucien J.M.; Wichgers Schreur, Paul J.; Kortekaas, Jeroen

    2017-01-01

    Background: Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-borne bunyavirus of the genus Phlebovirus that is highly pathogenic to ruminants and humans. The disease is currently confined to Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, but globalization and climate change may facilitate introductions of the virus

  8. Literatura e ciência no ensaio “cibernética e fantasmas” de Italo CalvinoDOI: 10.5007/2176-8552.2011n12p45

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Vanina Carrara Sigrist

    2011-01-01

    desfazer a visão mais cristalizada de que a literatura seria território exclusivo da expressão subjetiva do autor, e de que a ciência se basearia em procedimentos de precisão e rigor, transmitidos por uma linguagem também exata e fechada.

  9. Presence of viral RNA and proteins in exosomes from the cellular clones resistant to Rift Valley Fever Virus infection.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Noor eAhsan

    2016-02-01

    Full Text Available Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV is a RNA virus that belongs to the genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. It infects humans and livestock and causes Rift Valley fever. RVFV is considered an agricultural pathogen by the USDA, as it can cause up to 100% abortion in cattle and extensive death of newborns. In addition, it is designated as Category A pathogen by the CDC and the NIAID. In some human cases of RVFV infection, the virus causes fever, ocular damage, liver damage, hemorrhagic fever, and death. There are currently limited options for vaccine candidates, which include the MP-12 and clone 13 versions of RVFV. Viral infections often deregulate multiple cellular pathways that contribute to replication and host pathology. We have previously shown that latent HIV-1 and HTLV-1 infected cells secrete exosomes that contain short viral RNAs, limited number of genomic RNAs, and viral proteins. These exosomes largely target neighboring cells and activate the NF-кB pathway, leading to cell proliferation and overall better viral replication. In this manuscript, we studied the effects of exosome formation from RVFV infected cells and their function on recipient cells. We initially infected cells, isolated resistant clones, and further purified using dilution cloning. We then characterized these cells as resistant to new RVFV infection, but sensitive to other viral infections, including Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV. These clones contained normal markers (i.e. CD63 for exosomes and were able to activate the TLR pathway in recipient reporter cells. Interestingly, the exosome rich preparations, much like their host cell, contained viral RNA (L, M, and S genome. The RNAs were detected using qRT-PCR in both parental and exosomal preparations as well as in CD63 immunoprecipitates. Viral proteins such as N and a modified form of NSs were present in some of these exosomes. Finally, treatment of recipient cells (T- cells and monocytic cells showed

  10. Characterization of Rift Valley fever virus MP-12 strain encoding NSs of Punta Toro virus or sandfly fever Sicilian virus.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Lihoradova, Olga A; Indran, Sabarish V; Kalveram, Birte; Lokugamage, Nandadeva; Head, Jennifer A; Gong, Bin; Tigabu, Bersabeh; Juelich, Terry L; Freiberg, Alexander N; Ikegami, Tetsuro

    2013-01-01

    Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV; genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic pathogen which can cause hemorrhagic fever, neurological disorders or blindness in humans, and a high rate of abortion in ruminants. MP-12 strain, a live-attenuated candidate vaccine, is attenuated in the M- and L-segments, but the S-segment retains the virulent phenotype. MP-12 was manufactured as an Investigational New Drug vaccine by using MRC-5 cells and encodes a functional NSs gene, the major virulence factor of RVFV which 1) induces a shutoff of the host transcription, 2) inhibits interferon (IFN)-β promoter activation, and 3) promotes the degradation of dsRNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR). MP-12 lacks a marker for differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). Although MP-12 lacking NSs works for DIVA, it does not replicate efficiently in type-I IFN-competent MRC-5 cells, while the use of type-I IFN-incompetent cells may negatively affect its genetic stability. To generate modified MP-12 vaccine candidates encoding a DIVA marker, while still replicating efficiently in MRC-5 cells, we generated recombinant MP-12 encoding Punta Toro virus Adames strain NSs (rMP12-PTNSs) or Sandfly fever Sicilian virus NSs (rMP12-SFSNSs) in place of MP-12 NSs. We have demonstrated that those recombinant MP-12 viruses inhibit IFN-β mRNA synthesis, yet do not promote the degradation of PKR. The rMP12-PTNSs, but not rMP12-SFSNSs, replicated more efficiently than recombinant MP-12 lacking NSs in MRC-5 cells. Mice vaccinated with rMP12-PTNSs or rMP12-SFSNSs induced neutralizing antibodies at a level equivalent to those vaccinated with MP-12, and were efficiently protected from wild-type RVFV challenge. The rMP12-PTNSs and rMP12-SFSNSs did not induce antibodies cross-reactive to anti-RVFV NSs antibody and are therefore applicable to DIVA. Thus, rMP12-PTNSs is highly efficacious, replicates efficiently in MRC-5 cells, and encodes a DIVA marker, all of which are

  11. Biogeography of tick-borne Bhanja virus (Bunyaviridae) in Europe

    Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

    Hubálek, Zdeněk

    2009-01-01

    Roč. 2009, č. 372691 (2009), s. 1-11 ISSN 1687-708X EU Projects: European Commission(XE) 10284 - EDEN Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z60930519 Keywords : Bhanja virus * biogeography * arboviruses Subject RIV: EE - Microbiology, Virology

  12. Studies of the Biology of Phleboviruses in Sandflies.

    Science.gov (United States)

    1987-08-31

    Chandipura virus ( Rhabdoviridae : Vesiculovirus) in Phlebotomus papatasi. An. J. Trop. Med. Ryg. 32: 621-623, 1983. 2. Tesh, R.B. and Modi, G.B...8217 per insect. S. 2-a. ’p Table 24 " Comparative growth of Carajas virus ( Rhabdoviridae : Vesiculovirus) in Lutzomyia longipalpis following inoculation

  13. Viral RNA silencing suppression

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Hedil, Marcio; Kormelink, Richard

    2016-01-01

    The Bunyaviridae is a family of arboviruses including both plant-and vertebrate-infecting representatives. The Tospovirus genus accommodates plant-infecting bunyaviruses, which not only replicate in their plant host, but also in their insect thrips vector during persistent propagative

  14. Emerging new poleroviruses and tospoviruses affecting vegetables in Asia and breeding for resistance

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Relevante, C.; Cheewachaiwit, S.; Chuapong, J.; Stratongjun, M.; Salutan, V.E.; Peters, D.; Balatero, C.H.; Hoop, de S.J.

    2012-01-01

    The diseases caused by aphid-borne poleroviruses (genus Polerovirus, family Luteoviridae) and thrips-borne tospoviruses (genus Tospovirus, family Bunyaviridae) are emerging threats to the production of economically important vegetable and fruit crops in tropical and sub-tropical Asia. To date, at

  15. Virus - vector relationships in the transmission of tospoviruses

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Wijkamp, I.

    1995-01-01

    Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), member of the genus Tospovirus within the family Bunyaviridae, ranks among the top ten of economically most important plant viruses. Tospoviruses cause significant yield losses in agricultural crops such as tomato,

  16. The role of NSm during tomato spotted wilt virus infection

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Storms, M.M.H.

    1998-01-01

    In the past ten years the genome organisation of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) has been intensively studied in our laboratory. Complete genome sequence data revealed that this enveloped plant virus belongs to the Bunyaviridae, a virus family further restricted to

  17. Occurrence of Tomato spotted wilt virus in Stevia rebaudiana and Solanum tuberosum in Northern Greece

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Chatzivassiliou, E.K.; Peters, D.; Lolas, P.

    2007-01-01

    Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) (genus Tospovirus, family Bunyaviridae) was first reported in Greece during 1972 (3) and currently is widespread in the central and northern part of the country infecting several cultivated and wild plant species (1,2). In June 2006, virus-like symptoms similar to

  18. Epidemiology and laboratory diagnosis of Hantavirus (HTV) infections.

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    J.P.G. Clement; P. McKenna; J. Groen (Jan); A.D.M.E. Osterhaus (Albert); P. Colson; T. Vervoort; G. van der Groen (Guido); H.W. Lee

    1995-01-01

    textabstractHantavirus (HTV) is recently discovered "hemorrhagic fever virus" belonging to the Bunyaviridae family, which is spread throughout the world by wild rodents and/or laboratory rats. During an epidemic in the Belgian-French Ardennes in 1993, more than 200 acute cases were recorded of the

  19. Toscana virus induces interferon although its NSs protein reveals antagonistic activity.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Gori Savellini, Gianni; Weber, Friedemann; Terrosi, Chiara; Habjan, Matthias; Martorelli, Barbara; Cusi, Maria Grazia

    2011-01-01

    Toscana virus (TOSV) is a phlebotomus-transmitted virus that belongs to the family Bunyaviridae and causes widespread infections in humans; about 30 % of these cases result in aseptic meningitis. In the present study, it was shown that TOSV is an inducer of beta interferon (IFN-β), although its non-structural protein (NSs) could inhibit the induction of IFN-β if expressed in a heterologous context. A recombinant Rift Valley fever virus expressing the TOSV NSs could suppress IFN-β expression in infected cells. Moreover, in cells expressing NSs protein from a cDNA plasmid, IFN-β transcripts were not inducible by poly(I : C). Unlike other members of the family Bunyaviridae, TOSV appears to express an NSs protein that is a weak antagonist of IFN induction. Characterization of the interaction of TOSV with the IFN system will help our understanding of virus-host cell interactions and may explain why the pathogenesis of this disease is mostly mild in humans.

  20. In Vitro and In Vivo Phlebovirus Inhibition by Ribavirin

    Science.gov (United States)

    1988-03-01

    as x%%eliais oin the encephalutic disease in viaj rechnassociates. Inc. I Rockx ille. Md. i in dry- poxvder mice Indtuced by a neurotropic strain oft...1980. Ribavirin treatment of its capping of messenger RNA. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Com- toga. arena - and bunvavirus infections in subhuman prittiates

  1. Guven et al., Afr., J. Infect. Dis.

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Ticks are the most important, blood-feeding arthropod vectors that carry zoonotic disease agents to humans. ... (CCHF) is an acute and severe hemorrhagic fever syndrome, caused by Nairovirus of the Bunyaviridae family, ... The CCHF virus causes severe viral haemorrhagic fever outbreaks, with a case fatality rate of 3–.

  2. Molecular evolution of Puumala hantavirus in Fennoscandia: phylogenetic analysis of strains from two recolonization routes

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Asikainen, Kari; Hänninen, Tarja; Henttonen, Heikki

    2000-01-01

    Like other members of the genus Hantavirus in the family Bunyaviridae, Puumala virus (PUUV) is thought to be co-evolving with its natural host, the bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus. To gain insight into the evolutionary history of PUUV in northern Europe during the last post-glacial period, we h...

  3. Transmisión de Anaplasma marginale por garrapatas

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Kelly A. Brayton

    2012-01-01

    Full Text Available Anaplasma marginale, patógeno de distribución mundial, es transmitido por garrapatas Ixódidas. Comprender su complejo desarrollo dentro de la garrapata vector, permitirá la predicción de brotes y ofrecerá oportunidades para controlar su transmisión. En este trabajo se revisa su ciclo básico de desarrollo junto con los estudios recientes acerca de las diferencias de transmisión entre cepas, que delinean aspectos de la interacción patógeno - vector. Bacterias, virus o protozoarios transmitidos por artrópodos causan enfermedades severas, tanto en humanos como en animales. Las enfermedades infecciosas transmitidas por garrapatas, entre las que incluimos a la Anaplasmosis (A. marginale, babesiosis (Babesia bigemina, B. bovis, B. divergens y Theileriosis (Theileria annulata, T. parva, se encuentran entre las más importantes en el ámbito mundial, con pérdidas cercanas a los siete mil millones de dólares anualmente; y, a pesar de su impacto, permanecen escasamente bajo control, basado primordialmente en la aplicación de acaricidas, para interrumpir su transmisión. La aparición de garrapatas resistentes a múltiples sustancias acaricidas, representa una amenaza en este tipo de control y, como resultado, hay un resurgimiento de la investigación para el desarrollo de nuevas estrategias para su control. Nuevas opciones para prevenir la transmisión de patógenos de animales por garrapatas, será el resultado de entender las interacciones garrapata patógeno; proceso que culmina con el desarrollo de la infección y transmisión exitosa. En todos los casos de patógenos transmitidos por garrapatas, el desarrollo de la infección se realiza coordinamente a los momentos de adhesión y alimentación del vector sobre el animal. Esto sucede por la interdependencia en la señalización entre el patógeno y el vector al alimentarse y, por ello, será susceptible de intervención.

  4. Rapid Identification of Dengue Virus Serotypes Using Monoclonal Antibodies in an Indirect Immunofluorescence Test.

    Science.gov (United States)

    1982-06-18

    encephalitis(TBH-28), West Nile(E-101), Yellow fever(French neurotropic and 17D strains), and Zika . Two Sandfly Fever viruses (213452 and Candiru) were...were provided as first passage isolates ( Aedes pseudoscutellaris cells, AP-61) or human serum from recent dengue virus patients. African isolates... viruses of the Phlebovirus genus (Table 1). Several monoclonal antibody preparations reacted solely with dengue virus serotypes. Two preparations (13E7 and

  5. Role of Culex and Anopheles mosquito species as potential vectors of rift valley fever virus in Sudan outbreak, 2007

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Galal Fatma H

    2010-03-01

    Full Text Available Abstract Background Rift Valley fever (RVF is an acute febrile arthropod-borne viral disease of man and animals caused by a member of the Phlebovirus genus, one of the five genera in the family Bunyaviridae. RVF virus (RVFV is transmitted between animals and human by mosquitoes, particularly those belonging to the Culex, Anopheles and Aedes genera. Methods Experiments were designed during RVF outbreak, 2007 in Sudan to provide an answer about many raised questions about the estimated role of vector in RVFV epidemiology. During this study, adult and immature mosquito species were collected from Khartoum and White Nile states, identified and species abundance was calculated. All samples were frozen individually for further virus detection. Total RNA was extracted from individual insects and RVF virus was detected from Culex, Anopheles and Aedes species using RT-PCR. In addition, data were collected about human cases up to November 24th, 2007 to asses the situation of the disease in affected states. Furthermore, a historical background of the RVF outbreaks was discussed in relation to global climatic anomalies and incriminated vector species. Results A total of 978 mosquitoes, belonging to 3 genera and 7 species, were collected during Sudan outbreak, 2007. Anopheles gambiae arabiensis was the most frequent species (80.7% in White Nile state. Meanwhile, Cx. pipiens complex was the most abundant species (91.2% in Khartoum state. RT-PCR was used and successfully amplified 551 bp within the M segment of the tripartite negative-sense single stranded RNA genome of RVFV. The virus was detected in female, male and larval stages of Culex and Anopheles species. The most affected human age interval was 15-29 years old followed by ≥ 45 years old, 30-44 years old, and then 5-14 years old. Regarding to the profession, housewives followed by farmers, students, shepherd, workers and the free were more vulnerable to the infection. Furthermore, connection between

  6. Revista de revistas

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Facultad de Medicina Revista

    1942-08-01

    Full Text Available British Medical lnformation Service. 3, Hanover Street.-London, w. 1. Algunas consideraciones prácticas acerca del control del tifus transmitido por piojos en Gran Bretaña a la luz de la experiencia de Rusia, Polonia. Rumania y China. Nueva nota sobre un método para teñir parásitos palúdicos en frottis gruesos de sangre Shock en el recién nacido

  7. O papel da formação inicial no processo de constituição da identidade profissional de professores de educação física

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    José Ângelo Gariglio

    2010-12-01

    Full Text Available Este texto relata os resultados de um estudo que teve como de um de seus objetos de análise a discussão do papel ocupado pelos componentes disciplinares, pedagógicos e práticos, transmitidos durante a formação inicial, no processo de constituição da identidade profissional de três professores de Educação Física.

  8. Serological survey of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus infection in Sika deer and rodents in Japan

    OpenAIRE

    Lundu, Tapiwa; Yoshii, Kentaro; Kobayashi, Shintaro; Morikawa, Shigeru; Tsubota, Toshio; Misawa, Naoaki; Hayasaka, Daisuke; Kariwa, Hiroaki

    2018-01-01

    Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a newly recognized zoonosis that occurs in China, Japan, and South Korea and is caused by the SFTS virus (SFTSV), which is in the genus Phlebovirus, family Phenuiviridae. Since its discovery in Japan in 2013, SFTS has been reported in the western parts of the country. To elucidate the distribution of SFTSV, we conducted a serological survey of deer and rodents. Serum was screened using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and suspecte...

  9. Epidemiology of Hantavirus Infections in the United States

    Science.gov (United States)

    1991-06-08

    Hantaviruses (Family Bunyaviridae) are the etiological agents responsible for a spectrum of illnesses referred to collectively as hemorrhagic fever with...seropositives without chronic disease, one was admitted for severe preeclampsia , one for a psychiatric disorder, and three for complications from their...there was a marked difference between seropositives and seronegatives in the presumed etiology of renal disease (Table 7, Appendix 2). Seropositives had

  10. Arte ou artefato? Agência e significado nas artes indígenas

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Els Lagrou

    2016-11-01

    Um outro aspecto interessante, que sobressai nas duas contribuições, é a inter-relação entre a Antropologia da arte e Antropologia das coisas ou objetos. Pensar práticas e objetos artísticos sob a perspectiva antropológica significa desvendar relações sociais e intencionalidades neles condensados ou por eles transmitidos – ponto que, coincidentemente, está presente em outras seções desse número da Proa, inclusive na Galeria

  11. Infection in hedgerows, windbreaks and weeds by leprosies virus and its transmission to orange trees by Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae)

    OpenAIRE

    Maia, Ozana Maria de Andrade [UNESP; Oliveira, Carlos Amadeu Leite de [UNESP

    2006-01-01

    Objetivou-se avaliar a potencialidade de algumas plantas freqüentes em pomares cítricos de hospedar o vírus da leprose, transmitido por Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes). Foram utilizadas as seguintes plantas: Hibiscus sp. L., Malvaviscus mollis DC., Grevillea robusta A. Cunn., Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth., Bixa orellana L., Commelina benghalensis L., Bidens pilosa L., Sida cordifolia L. e Ageratum conyzoides L.. Duas criações-estoque do ácaro foram realizadas, sendo uma sobre frutos com si...

  12. Cable y satélite: equipamiento del hogar y consumo televisivo

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Lic. Emilio Fernández Peña

    2000-01-01

    Full Text Available Los servicios de difusión de canales de televisión de pago por satélite (Canal Satélite Digital y Vía Digital y cable son ya una realidad con importante presencia en el sistema televisivo español. Un millón cuatrocientos mil hogares reciben estos servicios con una preponderancia clara de los transmitidos por satélite respecto a los que usan el cable (1,2 millones.

  13. Evidence for widespread infection of African bats with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever-like viruses

    Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

    Müller, M. A.; Devignot, S.; Lattwein, E.; Corman, V. M.; Maganga, G. D.; Gloza-Rausch, F.; Binger, T.; Vallo, Peter; Emmerich, P.; Cottontail, V. M.; Tschapka, M.; Oppong, S.; Drexler, J. F.; Weber, F.; Leroy, E. M.; Drosten, C.

    2016-01-01

    Roč. 6, č. 26637 (2016), č. článku 26637. ISSN 2045-2322 EU Projects: European Commission(XE) 278976 - ANTIGONE; European Commission(XE) 260427 - CCH Fever Institutional support: RVO:68081766 Keywords : sheep disease virus * family Bunyaviridae * serological relationships * antibody-response * migratory birds * rapid detection * viral load * ticks * nairovirus * genus Subject RIV: FN - Epidemiology, Contagious Diseases ; Clinical Immunology Impact factor: 4.259, year: 2016

  14. The fundamental role of endothelial cells in hantavirus pathogenesis

    OpenAIRE

    Hepojoki, Jussi; Vaheri, Antti; Strandin, Tomas

    2014-01-01

    Hantavirus, a genus of rodent- and insectivore-borne viruses in the family Bunyaviridae, is a group of emerging zoonotic pathogens. Hantaviruses cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome in man, often with severe consequences. Vascular leakage is evident in severe hantavirus infections, and increased permeability contributes to the pathogenesis. This review summarizes the current knowledge on hantavirus interactions with hematopoietic and endothelial ...

  15. Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome: a report of two cases

    OpenAIRE

    Marcos Lazaro Moreli; Vivaldo Gomes da Costa; Daiane Pereira da Silva Novaes; Enia Cristina Flor; Juliana Freitas Silva; Keila Rejane Guimarães Vilela; Cácia Régia de Paula

    2013-01-01

    Infection with hantavirus, from the family Bunyaviridae, causes hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in the Americas. This highly lethal anthropozoonosis afflicts preferentially individuals in rural areas and is transmitted by aerosol of excreta from infected wild rodents. The aim of this study is to report the almost simultaneous occurrence of two cases of HCPS in the municipality of Jataí, state of Goiás, Brazil.

  16. Using reverse genetics to manipulate the NSs gene of the Rift Valley fever virus MP-12 strain to improve vaccine safety and efficacy.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kalveram, Birte; Lihoradova, Olga; Indran, Sabarish V; Ikegami, Tetsuro

    2011-11-01

    Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), which causes hemorrhagic fever, neurological disorders or blindness in humans, and a high rate abortion and fetal malformation in ruminants, has been classified as a HHS/USDA overlap select agent and a risk group 3 pathogen. It belongs to the genus Phlebovirus in the family Bunyaviridae and is one of the most virulent members of this family. Several reverse genetics systems for the RVFV MP-12 vaccine strain as well as wild-type RVFV strains, including ZH548 and ZH501, have been developed since 2006. The MP-12 strain (which is a risk group 2 pathogen and a non-select agent) is highly attenuated by several mutations in its M- and L-segments, but still carries virulent S-segment RNA, which encodes a functional virulence factor, NSs. The rMP12-C13type (C13type) carrying 69% in-frame deletion of NSs ORF lacks all the known NSs functions, while it replicates as efficient as does MP-12 in VeroE6 cells lacking type-I IFN. NSs induces a shut-off of host transcription including interferon (IFN)-beta mRNA and promotes degradation of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) at the post-translational level. IFN-beta is transcriptionally upregulated by interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3), NF-kB and activator protein-1 (AP-1), and the binding of IFN-beta to IFN-alpha/beta receptor (IFNAR) stimulates the transcription of IFN-alpha genes or other interferon stimulated genes (ISGs), which induces host antiviral activities, whereas host transcription suppression including IFN-beta gene by NSs prevents the gene upregulations of those ISGs in response to viral replication although IRF-3, NF-kB and activator protein-1 (AP-1) can be activated by RVFV7. Thus, NSs is an excellent target to further attenuate MP-12, and to enhance host innate immune responses by abolishing the IFN-beta suppression function. Here, we describe a protocol for generating a recombinant MP-12 encoding mutated NSs, and provide an example of a screening method to identify

  17. NSs Virulence Factor of Rift Valley Fever Virus Engages the F-Box Proteins FBXW11 and β-TRCP1 To Degrade the Antiviral Protein Kinase PKR.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kainulainen, Markus; Lau, Simone; Samuel, Charles E; Hornung, Veit; Weber, Friedemann

    2016-07-01

    Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV, family Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus) is a relevant pathogen of both humans and livestock in Africa. The nonstructural protein NSs is a major virulence factor known to suppress the type I interferon (IFN) response by inhibiting host cell transcription and by proteasomal degradation of a major antiviral IFN effector, the translation-inhibiting protein kinase PKR. Here, we identified components of the modular SCF (Skp1, Cul1, F-box protein)-type E3 ubiquitin ligases as mediators of PKR destruction by NSs. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) against the conserved SCF subunit Skp1 protected PKR from NSs-mediated degradation. Consequently, RVFV replication was severely reduced in Skp1-depleted cells when PKR was present. SCF complexes have a variable F-box protein subunit that determines substrate specificity for ubiquitination. We performed an siRNA screen for all (about 70) human F-box proteins and found FBXW11 to be involved in PKR degradation. The partial stabilization of PKR by FBXW11 depletion upregulated PKR autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of the PKR substrate eIF2α and caused a shutoff of host cell protein synthesis in RVFV-infected cells. To maximally protect PKR from the action of NSs, knockdown of structurally and functionally related FBXW1 (also known as β-TRCP1), in addition to FBXW11 deletion, was necessary. Consequently, NSs was found to interact with both FBXW11 and β-TRCP1. Thus, NSs eliminates the antiviral kinase PKR by recruitment of SCF-type E3 ubiquitin ligases containing FBXW11 and β-TRCP1 as substrate recognition subunits. This antagonism of PKR by NSs is essential for efficient RVFV replication in mammalian cells. Rift Valley fever virus is a pathogen of humans and animals that has the potential to spread from Africa and the Arabian Peninsula to other regions. A major virulence mechanism is the proteasomal degradation of the antiviral kinase PKR by the viral protein NSs. Here, we demonstrate that NSs

  18. Emerging and Reemeriging Human Bunyavirus Infections and Climate Change

    Science.gov (United States)

    Sutherland, Laura J.; Anyamba, Assaf; LaBeaud, A. Desiree

    2013-01-01

    The Bunyaviridae family includes a growing number of viruses that have contributed to the burden of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases around the globe. Many of these viruses cause severe clinical outcomes in human and animal populations, the results of which can be detrimental to public health and the economies of affected communities. The threat to endemic and non-native regions is particularly high, and national and international public health agencies are often on alert. Many of the bunyaviruses cause severe clinical disease including hemorrhage, organ failure, and death leading to their high-risk classification. Hantaviruses and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) (genus Phlebovirus) are National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Category A priority pathogens in the United States. Viral hemorrhagic fevers, a classification that includes many bunyaviruses, are immediately notifiable in the European Union. The emergence of new and reemerging bunyaviruses has resulted in numerous human and animal fatalities. Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever (RVF) in East Africa (1997/1998, 2006/2007), Sudan (2007), Southern Africa (2008-2010), Kenya (1997/1998, 2006/2007) (Anyamba et al., 2009, 2010; Breiman et al., 2010; Grobbelaar et al., 2011; Woods et al., 2002) and Saudi Arabia & Yemen (2000, 2010) (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2000; Hjelle and Glass, 2000; Madani et al., 2003) and the emergence of Sin Nombre virus (1993) (Hjelle and Glass, 2000) and most recently Schmallenberg virus (2011) (DEFRA, 2012) are prime examples of the devastating and worldwide toll bunyaviruses have on health and economies. Climate variability (precipitation and temperature in particular) greatly influence the ecological conditions that drive arboviral disease outbreaks across the globe. Several human and animal disease outbreaks have been influenced by changes in climate associated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon including the bunyaviruses RVFV and Sin

  19. Co-circulation of Toscana virus and Punique virus in northern Tunisia: a microneutralisation-based seroprevalence study.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Sonia Sakhria

    Full Text Available BACKGROUND: In northern Tunisia, the co-circulation of two related sand fly-borne phleboviruses, Toscana virus (TOSV and Punique virus (PUNV was previously demonstrated. In contrast to TOSV, a prominent human pathogen, there is no data supporting that PUNV is capable to infect and cause disease to humans. We studied the respective involvement of TOSV and PUNV in human infections in northern Tunisia through a seroprevalence study. METHODS: The presence of TOSV and PUNV neutralising antibodies (NT-Ab was tested in human sera collected from 5 districts of the governorate of Bizerte, and the titres of NT-Ab were estimated by microneutralisation (MN assay. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A total of 1,273 sera were processed. TOSV and PUNV NT-Ab were detected in 522 (41% and 111 sera (8.72% respectively. TOSV seroprevalence varied from 17.2% to 59.4% depending on the district. Analysis of TOSV geometric mean titre values demonstrated a constant increase according to the age. The vast majority of sera containing NT-Ab were found to be more reactive toward TOSV than PUNV. Indeed, past infections with PUNV and TOSV were undisputable for 5 and 414 sera, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: PUNV may be capable to infect humans but at a low rate. TOSV is responsible for the vast majority of human infections by sand fly-borne phleboviruses in northern Tunisia. TOSV must be considered by physician and tested in diagnostic laboratories for patients with meningitis and unexplained fever in northern Tunisia.

  20. The first phlebo-like virus infecting plants: a case study on the adaptation of negative-stranded RNA viruses to new hosts.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Navarro, Beatriz; Minutolo, Maria; De Stradis, Angelo; Palmisano, Francesco; Alioto, Daniela; Di Serio, Francesco

    2018-05-01

    A novel negative-stranded (ns) RNA virus associated with a severe citrus disease reported more than 80 years ago has been identified. Transmission electron microscopy showed that this novel virus, tentatively named citrus concave gum-associated virus, is flexuous and non-enveloped. Notwithstanding, its two genomic RNAs share structural features with members of the genus Phlebovirus, which are enveloped arthropod-transmitted viruses infecting mammals, and with a group of still unclassified phlebo-like viruses mainly infecting arthropods. CCGaV genomic RNAs code for an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, a nucleocapsid protein and a putative movement protein showing structural and phylogenetic relationships with phlebo-like viruses, phleboviruses and the unrelated ophioviruses, respectively, thus providing intriguing evidence of a modular genome evolution. Phylogenetic reconstructions identified an invertebrate-restricted virus as the most likely ancestor of this virus, revealing that its adaptation to plants was independent from and possibly predated that of the other nsRNA plant viruses. These data are consistent with an evolutionary scenario in which trans-kingdom adaptation occurred several times during the history of nsRNA viruses and followed different evolutionary pathways, in which genomic RNA segments were gained or lost. The need to create a new genus for this bipartite nsRNA virus and the impact of the rapid and specific detection methods developed here on citrus sanitation and certification are also discussed. © 2017 BSPP AND JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD.

  1. Factibilidad del empleo de hongos entomopatógenos en el control de Musca domestica l. en paisajes antropizados del Noroeste de Michoacán, México.

    OpenAIRE

    García Munguía, Carlos Alberto

    2016-01-01

    El objetivo de la presente investigación fue seleccionar aislamientos de los hongos M. anisopliae y B. bassiana capaces de colonizar y controlar adultos y larvas de Musca domestica e identificar las condiciones ambientales de temperatura y humedad relativa favorables para su empleo. B. bassiana y M. anisopliae fueron transmitidos sexualmente en M. domestica usando 1, 5 y 10 machos vírgenes de 3 dias de edad, expuestos a 6 x 108 conidias mL- 1 de hongos los cuales fueron confinados con 30 hemb...

  2. Información y ayuda para la incorporación de la mujer en oficios masculinos. Proyecto "INAyMUJER"

    OpenAIRE

    Muñoz Ruiz, Francisco José; Sánchez Bautista, Alfredo; Larubia García, María Dolores

    2011-01-01

    En la Formación Profesional actual se mantiene una fuerte discriminación social que provoca una desigualdad ocupacional en función del sexo1. Esta situación es debida fundamentalmente al rol de género que condiciona los estereotipos históricamente transmitidos a través de nuestra cultura2. Es por tanto necesario fomentar acciones y actuaciones formativas para los docentes en los niveles educativo de Primaria, Secundaria Obligatoria y Postobligatoria3, rompiendo el panorama actual, destruyendo...

  3. Determinación de la capacidad de transmisión de fitoplasmas en dos morfoespecies de la familia Cicadellidae (Hemiptera: Auchenorryncha) de Bogotá D.C.

    OpenAIRE

    Perilla Henao, Laura Margarita

    2013-01-01

    Los fitoplasmas son bacterias fitopatógenas que carecen de pared celular, especializadas en la colonización intracelular del floema de plantas, son transmitidos por insectos vectores del suborden Auchenorryncha (Hemiptera) y están entre los seres vivos con menor tamaño. Los fitoplasmas forman un grupo monofilético en la clase Mollicutes que causan alteraciones morfológicas y fisiológicas en plantas ornamentales, hortícolas, maderables, frutales y cultivos en todo el mundo. No existen métodos...

  4. El árbol de la calentura

    OpenAIRE

    Álvarez Alonso, José

    2013-01-01

    El árbol de la quina es usado como medicina natural, el alcaloide Quinina está contenido en la corteza de este árbol; tiene acción contra la malaria o paludismo y posee la capacidad de erradicar del organismo humano el microorganismo llamado Plasmodium, que la produce, y que es transmitido por los zancudos Anopheles; además el árbol de quina se encuentra en unos de los cuadrantes del Escudo Nacional que es un símbolo patrio del Perú

  5. Generación de cuadrados latinos de orden 256 utilizando un grafo de reemplazos

    OpenAIRE

    Gallego Sagastume, Ignacio

    2015-01-01

    Los cuadrados Latinos (LSs) son estructuras algebraicas con aplicaciones en criptografía. Si los LSs son aleatorios y uniformemente distribuidos, pueden ser usados como claves para algoritmos de encriptación simétricos. En el contexto de un protocolo de comunicación seguro, debe generarse un nuevo LS cada cierta cantidad de tiempo o cantidad de datos transmitida para no correr el riesgo de que un atacante lo deduzca y pueda así descifrar los mensajes transmitidos. El tiempo y recursos requeri...

  6. La responsabilidad social y jurídica ante el patrimonio bibliográfico

    OpenAIRE

    Pedraza Gracia, José Manuel

    2010-01-01

    La legislación sobre patrimonio cultural establece el control necesario para determinar aquellos elementos culturales que deben conservados y transmitidos frente a los que no. La sociedad establece así el mecanismo de protección necesaria para la conservación futura de los bienes patrimoniales. Conceptos como coleccionismo de obras de arte y bibliofilia en el caso de los libros han estado presentes a lo largo de la historia y en buena medida han sido el germen de los actuales museos...

  7. Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome: a report of two cases

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Marcos Lazaro Moreli

    2013-10-01

    Full Text Available Infection with hantavirus, from the family Bunyaviridae, causes hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS in the Americas. This highly lethal anthropozoonosis afflicts preferentially individuals in rural areas and is transmitted by aerosol of excreta from infected wild rodents. The aim of this study is to report the almost simultaneous occurrence of two cases of HCPS in the municipality of Jataí, state of Goiás, Brazil.

  8. Emerging new poleroviruses and tospoviruses affecting vegetables in Asia and breeding for resistance

    OpenAIRE

    Relevante, C.; Cheewachaiwit, S.; Chuapong, J.; Stratongjun, M.; Salutan, V.E.; Peters, D.; Balatero, C.H.; Hoop, de, S.J.

    2012-01-01

    The diseases caused by aphid-borne poleroviruses (genus Polerovirus, family Luteoviridae) and thrips-borne tospoviruses (genus Tospovirus, family Bunyaviridae) are emerging threats to the production of economically important vegetable and fruit crops in tropical and sub-tropical Asia. To date, at least 13 different polerovirus species have been characterized. In Asia, the reported poleroviruses include Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (CABYV), Melon aphid-borne yellows virus (MABYV) and Sua...

  9. Detection and quantification of potato mop-top virus (pmtv) in colombia using qrt-pcr

    OpenAIRE

    García Bastidas, Nevar Alirio; Gutiérrez Sánchez, Pablo Andrés; Marín Montoya, Mauricio Alejandro

    2014-01-01

    El Potato mop-top virus (PMTV) es uno de los virus re-emergentes en cultivos de papa en Colombia. Es transmitido por Spongospora subterranea, el agente causal de la sarna polvosa. La detección del PMTV presenta dificultades debido a su distribución irregular en las plantas, bajo título y movimiento sistémico como ARN desnudo. Con el fin de ampliar el rango de herramientas disponibles para detectar el PMTV en los programas de certificación de tubérculo-semilla, en este estudio se evaluó la pru...

  10. Detección y cuantificación del Potato mop-top virus (PMTV) en Colombia mediante qRT-PCR

    OpenAIRE

    Nevar García Bastidas; Pablo Gutiérrez Sánchez; Mauricio Marín Montoya

    2013-01-01

    El Potato mop-top virus (PMTV) es uno de los virus re-emergentes en cultivos de papa en Colombia. Es transmitido por Spongospora subterranea, el agente causal de la sarna polvosa. La detección del PMTV presenta dificultades debido a su distribución irregular en las plantas, bajo título y movimiento sistémico como ARN desnudo. Con el fin de ampliar el rango de herramientas disponibles para detectar el PMTV en los programas de certificación de tubérculo-semilla, en este estudio se evaluó la pru...

  11. La responsabilidad Social y jurídica ante el patrimonio bibliográfico

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Pedraza García, Manuel José

    2010-07-01

    Full Text Available La legislación sobre patrimonio cultural establece el control necesario para determinar aquellos elementos culturales que deben conservados y transmitidos frente a los que no. La sociedad establece así el mecanismo de protección necesaria para la conservación futura de los bienes patrimoniales. Conceptos como coleccionismo de obras de arte y bibliofilia en el caso de los libros han estado presentes a lo largo de la historia y en buena medida han sido el germen de los actuales museos y bibliotecas nacionales

  12. Capital territorialization: biotechnology, biodiversity and their impacts on the cerrado

    OpenAIRE

    Calaça, Manoel

    2010-01-01

    v.4,n.1,p.06-23,jan./fev. 2010. A expansão do capitalismo no campo no cerrado está intimamente associada à adoção da biotecnologia. Esse processo implicou em profundas transformações na biodiversidade e dos saberes tradicionais produzidos e transmitidos pelas populações aqui existentes, de geração em geração. Como resultado verifica-se a substituição, espacialmente diferenciada, da biodiversidade pela agrobiodiversidade, com alterações mais profundas nos territórios dominados pelo agronegó...

  13. Diseño de cimentaciones en gravedad para eólica offshore

    OpenAIRE

    Solana Santillana, Borja

    2015-01-01

    RESUMEN: El objetivo de este proyecto es realizar el diseño de una cimentación de gravedad para la eólica offshore. Tras un estudio del estado de arte y de los antecedentes se pasa a continuación al análisis de los requerimientos de diseño:  Características geotécnicas del fondo marino en el emplazamiento definitivo  Condiciones meta-oceánicas: oleaje, mareas, corrientes y viento  Esfuerzos transmitidos por el aerogenerador Para determinar todos los esfuerzos a que se verá s...

  14. Sistema de autenticidad para aplicaciones de análisis de eventos para seguridad.

    OpenAIRE

    ESCAMILLA PARDO, TONI

    2017-01-01

    [ES] En este proyecto se afronta la creación de un sistema distribuido capaz de garantizar, en aplicaciones empleadas para el análisis de eventos de seguridad, la autenticidad de los datos transmitidos entre el host cliente y servidor con el fin de asegurar la integridad de los mismos en la transmisión entre ambas partes, así como evitar la posible alteración en el destino. Para ello, se utilizará la tecnología blockchain a modo de base de datos en la que se almacenen los hashe...

  15. Consultoría para la determinación de brechas de seguridad en una red inalámbrica

    OpenAIRE

    Castillo Mora, Anabel Fernanda; Cabezas Cabezas, Roberto; Escalante, Jose

    2009-01-01

    Las redes inalámbricas cuentan con una excelente acogida gracias a sus características de flexibilidad y movilidad. Su falencia se encuentra en su medio de transmisión. El aire es un medio abierto que permite que cualquier receptor tenga acceso a los datos transmitidos en una WLAN. Existen muchos métodos para combatir los problemas de seguridad de las redes inalámbricas. El problema surge al momento de seleccionar la más adecuada. En este proyecto se realiza un análisis de los diferen...

  16. AUTOAPRENDIZAJE DE ÉTICA EN HISTORIA DE LA MEDICINA. UNA EXPERIENCIA ATRACTIVA

    OpenAIRE

    José Jara Rascon

    2014-01-01

    Introducción. El concepto de Medicina basada en la persona puede ser transmitido desde los estudios de pregrado. La asignatura de Historia de la Medicina puede ser un buen lugar para ello si se involucra al alumnado confrontándole con los protagonistas y las acciones que dieron lugar a diferentes avances científicos. Material y Método. En este trabajo se muestra la experiencia metodológica de la transmisión de conocimientos de Historia de la Medicina siguiendo un modelo de enseñanza compartid...

  17. Mediación pedagógica en salud sexual y reproductiva, derechos sexuales y reproductivos dirigida a adolescentes

    OpenAIRE

    Arguedas, VerónicaMeza

    2016-01-01

    ResumenIntroducción. Al abordar el tema de la sexualidad desde el ámbito educativo, se han utilizado diversos métodos y procesos que, a lo largo de la historia, contribuyeron y facilitaron el desarrollo y la transmisión de conocimientos desde un sujeto o mediador, hacia una población determinada. Por ello es importante analizar la forma en cómo los temas de sexualidad se han transmitido a la población de adolescentes..El objetivo fue desarrollar estrategias de mediación pedagógica en salud se...

  18. Modelización de Terrenos Granulares Sometidos a Gran Número de Ciclos de Carga

    OpenAIRE

    Illueca Jové, Manuel

    2011-01-01

    El presente trabajo describe el proceso llevado a cabo para la obtención de los asientos producidos por la cimentación de un equipo dinámico sobre un terreno granular. En primer lugar, comenzamos obteniendo los esfuerzos dinámicos transmitidos por el equipo y la cimentación al terreno. Posteriormente, modelizaremos el comportamiento del terreno bajo esta carga dinámica para obtener los asientos producidos. Principalmente este trabajo se centra en la obtención de la deformación que sufre un te...

  19. Campanhas de prevenção do cancro no contexto da Publicidade de Serviço Púbico: uma análise das mensagens e dos recursos criativos

    OpenAIRE

    Cardoso, Paulo Ribeiro; Schoor, Maria van

    2011-01-01

    Con este trabajo pretendemos comprender la estructura de las campañas de prevención del cáncer a nivel internacional, incidiendo en el análisis de los argumentos utilizados y la forma en la que estos son transmitidos. Realizamos un análisis de contenido de 72 anuncios publicitarios audiovisuales procedentes de diversos continentes y que ilustran, en gran parte, los diferentes abordajes utilizados actualmente en este campo. Fue posible constatar que las campañas de prevención del cáncer utiliz...

  20. Tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV) e Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV): relações com a Bemisia tabaci biótipo B e eficiência de um inseticida no controle da transmissão do ToSRV

    OpenAIRE

    Debora Maria Sansini Freitas

    2012-01-01

    A cultura do tomateiro (Solanum lycopersicum L.) é importante mundialmente devido ao alto consumo de seus frutos. Nos últimos anos surgiram nesta cultura no Brasil alguns vírus emergentes com altas taxas de disseminação, como begomovírus e crinivírus, transmitidos pela Bemisia tabaci biótipo B, que podem causar danos à produção do tomateiro. A espécie de begomovírus atualmente mais encontrada no Brasil, em plantios de tomateiro, é o Tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV). De 2002 a 2004, pesquisa...

  1. The fundamental role of endothelial cells in hantavirus pathogenesis

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jussi eHepojoki

    2014-12-01

    Full Text Available Hantavirus, a genus of rodent- and insectivore-borne viruses in the family Bunyaviridae, is a group of emerging zoonotic pathogens. Hantaviruses cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS in man, often with severe consequences. Vascular leakage is evident in severe hantavirus infections, and increased permeability contributes to the pathogenesis. This review summarizes the current knowledge on hantavirus interactions with endothelial cells, and their effects on the increased vascular permeability.

  2. Hardware reconfigurable para la reconstrucción de videos transmitidos por un mazo de fibras incoherente

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Pablo Montejo Valdés

    2013-04-01

    Full Text Available La transmisión de imágenes mediante mazos de fibras ópticas no coherentes (IOFB necesita información sobre la posición de cada fibra para ser usada en la reconstrucción de la imagen original. Otro importante requerimiento es poseer suficiente memoria para almacenar la imagen durante su reconstrucción y durante su retransmisión. La mayoría de las veces estos aspectos obligan el uso de memoria externa si se utilizan FPGAs en el sistema. Este trabajo presenta una solución a este problema. Se propone un sistema en un chip capaz de almacenar la información necesaria y las imágenes sobre las que se está trabajando usando un FPGA de bajo costo. Se presentan dos soluciones y se implementa la que resulta más ventajosa. Los resultados son discutidos. El uso de este método hace posible transmitir  video usando IOFB y reconstruir las imágenes originales casi en tiempo real, debido a su baja latencia. Esta propuesta podría utilizarse en sistemas autónomos sacando ventaja de su nivel de compactación, fiabilidad y bajo costo.

  3. Infecções intramamárias causadas por Staphylococcus aureus e suas implicações em paúde pública

    OpenAIRE

    Fagundes,Helena; Oliveira,Carlos Augusto Fernandes

    2004-01-01

    Neste trabalho, são apresentados os principais problemas decorrentes das infecções intramamárias (mastites) causadas por Staphylococcus aureus e as conseqüências para a saúde humana da veiculação de suas toxinas através do leite. o S. aureus destaca-se como um dos microorganismos mais importantes que podem ser transmitidos através dos alimentos. Assim, discute-se a possibilidade de veiculação de gastroenterite estafilocócica, não somente através do consumo de leite cru contaminado, mas também...

  4. Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infections and its implications in public health

    OpenAIRE

    Fagundes, Helena; Oliveira, Carlos Augusto Fernandes

    2004-01-01

    Neste trabalho, são apresentados os principais problemas decorrentes das infecções intramamárias (mastites) causadas por Staphylococcus aureus e as conseqüências para a saúde humana da veiculação de suas toxinas através do leite. o S. aureus destaca-se como um dos microorganismos mais importantes que podem ser transmitidos através dos alimentos. Assim, discute-se a possibilidade de veiculação de gastroenterite estafilocócica, não somente através do consumo de leite cru contaminado, mas também...

  5. Evolution and molecular characterization of tick-borne Anaplasmataceae and implications for pathogen diagnostics and control.

    OpenAIRE

    Cabezas Cruz, Alejandro

    2016-01-01

    Esta tesis se concentra en la caracterización molecular de patógenos transmitidos por garrapatas, los cuales han cobrado una gran importancia en los últimos años debido a su impacto en la economía agropecuaria, y en la salub pública de países tanto desarrollados como en vía de desarrollo (Perez y col., 2006; Rikihisa, 2010; Aubry y Geale, 2011). Particularmente la tesis usa una combinación de herramientas moleculares, bioinformaticas y filogenéticas para estudiar la variación genética de dos...

  6. Miocardiopatía Chagásica con taquicardia ventricular: Hospital Obrero Nº 2 “Caja Nacional de Salud”

    OpenAIRE

    Dr. Raúl Arnez Terrazas; Condori Paxi Jiovana Mariela; Condori Pardo Nancy

    2012-01-01

    La miocardiopatía chagásica es la inflamación del músculo cardiaco producida por el Trypanosoma cruzi. Los parásitos que se encuentran en los excrementos de la vinchuca (Tripanosoma infestans) son transmitidos al organismo luego de la alimentación del vector. Afecta varias áreas del organismo humano como son los nervios periféricos y las paredes del intestino grueso entre otros, sin embargo el corazón es uno de los órganos que con mayor frecuencia es afectado una vez producida la infección. O...

  7. Revisión epidemiológica de la Oncocercosis en América Latina

    OpenAIRE

    Rodríguez C, Guadalupe C; Lizarazo O, Cristian

    2010-01-01

    La oncocercosis es una enfermedad exclusiva del ser humano, caracterizada por prurito intenso, lesiones dérmicas y daño ocular que puede llegar a la ceguera. Las regiones endémicas están limitadas a zonas con latitud, relieve, temperatura y humedad relativa óptimas para el desarrollo del parásito y el insecto vector. Estas zonas se encuentran en el oeste de África, Yemen y algunos países de América latina. El parásito es transmitido a través de la mordedura de una mosca del género Simulium, q...

  8. Relación del Virus del Oeste del Nilo con las Aves Silvestres

    OpenAIRE

    Diego Soler-Tovar; Victor J Vera

    2009-01-01

    El Virus del Oeste del Nilo (VON) es un Flavivirus que produce una encefalomielitis y puede afectar aves y mamíferos; los efectos varían desde poco notorios hasta la muerte, y en su difusión es importante la participación de especies animales como las aves donde es transmitido a través de mosquitos vectores. El VON se conoce de Uganda desde 1937 y está ampliamente distribuido en África, el oriente y la región sur y tropical de Eurasia. En el Hemisferio Occidental, el VON fue la primera causa ...

  9. La patria televisada: la representación de la peruanidad en dos comerciales rumbo al Mundial Brasil 2014

    OpenAIRE

    Pahuacho, Alonso

    2017-01-01

    Resumen El presente artículo analiza la representación de la identidad nacional peruana en dos comerciales televisivos transmitidos durante las Eliminatorias Brasil 2014. Se busca revelar la manera en que los discursos publicitarios deportivos en el Perú moldean y conciben el proceso de construcción de una nación compacta y homogénea a través del significante inclusivo del fútbol en su modalidad Selección Nacional. Mediante el imperativo de unirse en el aliento a la selección de fútbol y la b...

  10. Projeto de EDFAs com controle automatico de ganho totalmente optico para aplicações em redes WDM

    OpenAIRE

    Julio Cesar Rodrigues Fernandes de Oliveira

    2004-01-01

    Resumo: A variação na potência da entrada em amplificadores ópticos a fibra dopada com Érbio (EDFAs) induz alterações em seu ganho. No caso de sistemas ou redes WDM onde o número de canais acoplados ao amplificador varia, o ganho torna-se dependente do número de canais que estão sendo transmitidos, especialmente se o amplificador opera saturado. Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento e a avaliação experimental de uma técnica de controle de ganho totalmente óptica para EDFAs. Esta técnica d...

  11. Transmissão do Trypanosoma cruzi em três gerações de Cavia porcellus sem a participação de triatomíneos

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ítalo A. Sherlock

    1976-02-01

    Full Text Available Foi verificada a transmissão sucessiva do T. cruzi em três gerações da cobaia Cavia porcellus sem a participação de triatomíneos. Embora não fosse determinado qual das vias, se placentária, leite, excreções ou contágio direto pelo qual o protozoário foi transmitido para os descendentes, chama-se atenção para a importância da manutenção de reservatórios da Doença de Chagas, mesmo na ausência de vetores invertebrados.

  12. Caracterización etnográfica de la cocina cultural de los municipios turísticos de la Ruta de las Flores

    OpenAIRE

    Ventura Santos, Salomé Danilo

    2015-01-01

    La cocina, la gastronomía y la hotelería en su conjunto son pilares en el que se asientan las actividades turísticas; En El Salvador existe una gran variedad de platillos que se han convertido en símbolos de identidad cultural de los salvadoreños. Muchos de estos platillos se remontan a épocas prehispánicas. Sin embargo la gastronomía en la época pre-colonial ha sido la base alimentaria de pueblos enteros, ha sido producto de intercambio entre culturas muy diferentes, se ha transmitido a t...

  13. Performance of side-channel attacks on encrypted 802.11 web traffic and impact of network-level noise

    OpenAIRE

    Pedro Manuel Vasconcelos Fonseca

    2017-01-01

    No mundo de hoje, as redes Wi-Fi estão difundidas por toda a parte e interligadas ao nosso dia-a-dia: acedemos-lhes através dos nossos smartphones, tablets e telemóveis. Isto significa que inevitavelmente muitos dados sensíveis são transmitidos através destas redes. A encriptação, que está presente em virtualmente todas as redes Wi-Fi, ajuda a proteger estes dados. Ainda assim, através de ataques side-channel é possível obter informação e potencialmente quebrar a privacidade de um utilizador....

  14. The NSs protein of tomato spotted wilt virus is required for persistent infection and transmission by Frankliniella occidentalis.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Margaria, P; Bosco, L; Vallino, M; Ciuffo, M; Mautino, G C; Tavella, L; Turina, M

    2014-05-01

    Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is the type member of tospoviruses (genus Tospovirus), plant-infecting viruses that cause severe damage to ornamental and vegetable crops. Tospoviruses are transmitted by thrips in the circulative propagative mode. We generated a collection of NSs-defective TSWV isolates and showed that TSWV coding for truncated NSs protein could not be transmitted by Frankliniella occidentalis. Quantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and immunostaining of individual insects detected the mutant virus in second-instar larvae and adult insects, demonstrating that insects could acquire and accumulate the NSs-defective virus. Nevertheless, adults carried a significantly lower viral load, resulting in the absence of transmission. Genome sequencing and analyses of reassortant isolates showed genetic evidence of the association between the loss of competence in transmission and the mutation in the NSs coding sequence. Our findings offer new insight into the TSWV-thrips interaction and Tospovirus pathogenesis and highlight, for the first time in the Bunyaviridae family, a major role for the S segment, and specifically for the NSs protein, in virulence and efficient infection in insect vector individuals. Our work is the first to show a role for the NSs protein in virus accumulation in the insect vector in the Bunyaviridae family: demonstration was obtained for the system TSWV-F. occidentalis, arguably one of the most damaging combination for vegetable crops. Genetic evidence of the involvement of the NSs protein in vector transmission was provided with multiple approaches.

  15. A ΩXaV motif in the Rift Valley fever virus NSs protein is essential for degrading p62, forming nuclear filaments and virulence.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Cyr, Normand; de la Fuente, Cynthia; Lecoq, Lauriane; Guendel, Irene; Chabot, Philippe R; Kehn-Hall, Kylene; Omichinski, James G

    2015-05-12

    Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a single-stranded RNA virus capable of inducing fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans. A key component of RVFV virulence is its ability to form nuclear filaments through interactions between the viral nonstructural protein NSs and the host general transcription factor TFIIH. Here, we identify an interaction between a ΩXaV motif in NSs and the p62 subunit of TFIIH. This motif in NSs is similar to ΩXaV motifs found in nucleotide excision repair (NER) factors and transcription factors known to interact with p62. Structural and biophysical studies demonstrate that NSs binds to p62 in a similar manner as these other factors. Functional studies in RVFV-infected cells show that the ΩXaV motif is required for both nuclear filament formation and degradation of p62. Consistent with the fact that the RVFV can be distinguished from other Bunyaviridae-family viruses due to its ability to form nuclear filaments in infected cells, the motif is absent in the NSs proteins of other Bunyaviridae-family viruses. Taken together, our studies demonstrate that p62 binding to NSs through the ΩXaV motif is essential for degrading p62, forming nuclear filaments and enhancing RVFV virulence. In addition, these results show how the RVFV incorporates a simple motif into the NSs protein that enables it to functionally mimic host cell proteins that bind the p62 subunit of TFIIH.

  16. Soroprevalência da infecção pelo vírus da hepatite A em catadores de materiais recicláveis em Goiânia, Goiás

    OpenAIRE

    Soares, Helen de Oliveira

    2013-01-01

    O vírus da hepatite A (HAV) é transmitido principalmente pela via oral-fecal. A prevalência da infecção pelo HAV está associada às condições socioeconômicas e de higiene. No Brasil, a hepatite A é considerada uma infecção endêmica e alguns estudos têm revelado uma mudança no perfil de endemicidade de alto para intermediário. A maioria dos catadores de materiais recicláveis vive em condições sociais, culturais e ambientais precárias. A situação epidemiológica da infecção pelo HAV desses trabal...

  17. De criados mudos, jóvenes sordas y otros estereotipos. Las personas con problemas de audición y lenguaje en el cine

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    David APARICIO SÁNCHEZ

    2016-11-01

    Full Text Available Los objetivos de este trabajo han sido analizar la imagen que el cine ha transmitido de las personas sordas y mudas a lo largo de la historia e identificar películas que transmitan una imagen positiva y real de estas personas y aquellas otras que reflejan imágenes negativas y estereotipadas. Se han analizado 53 filmes que abarcan el periodo comprendido entre 1929 y 2006. El análisis se ha centrado fundamentalmente en la imagen que se transmite de la persona con problemas de audición y/o lenguaje y en el uso cinematográfico que se hace de la discapacidad.

  18. Construcción de la memoria oficial en el Centenario de la Independencia: el Compendio de Historia de Colombia de Henao y Arrubla

    OpenAIRE

    Sandra Patricia Rodriguez Ávila

    2011-01-01

    Este artículo presenta los referentes de la memoria oficial, transmitidos en el texto escolar de Henao y Arrubla, que fue premiado durante las celebraciones   del   Centenario de  la Independencia de Colombia en 1910 y se mantuvo en circulación hasta los años sesenta, por efecto  de  la  articulación  de dispositivos mnemotécnicos, de  memorización  y  rememoración, que establecieron  los  principios  de  orden, verdad y valores hispánicos, desde los cuales se construyó la memoria dominante d...

  19. Pesquisa de rotavírus e endoparasitos em animais na comunidade quilombola do Abacatal, munícipio de Ananindeua, Pará

    OpenAIRE

    MATOS, Jane Cecília Silveira de

    2010-01-01

    Os rotavírus (RVs) são a principal causa de diarréia aguda em crianças de baixa idade, como também em animais jovens de várias espécies. São excretados nas fezes e transmitidos pela via fecal-oral. Estudos demonstram que é de suma importância para investigações epidemiológicas a caracterização das amostras de RVs isoladas a partir de animais. As enteroparasitoses também constituem um grave problema de saúde pública, sendo um dos principais fatores de morbimortalidade na população infantil e d...

  20. Estudo sobre a historiografia japonesa

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ricardo Mário Gonçalves

    1964-06-01

    Full Text Available A cultura japonêsa não se desenvolveu independentemen-te de contactos com as culturas dos outros povos do Oriente, muito pelo contrário, grande parte dela é derivada da cultu-ra chinesa, com que o Japão entrou em contacto desde o iní-cio da éra cristã através de relações comerciais com o Celes-te Império e da entrada no Japão de inúmeros imigrantes chi-neses e coreanos, bem como da cultura hindu, com que en-trou em contacto indireto ao assimilar o Budismo que lhe foi transmitido da China.

  1. Experimental Infections of Oryzomys couesi with Sympatric Arboviruses from Mexico

    Science.gov (United States)

    Deardorff, Eleanor R.; Forrester, Naomi L.; Travassos da Rosa, Amelia P.; Estrada-Franco, Jose G.; Navarro-Lopez, Roberto; Tesh, Robert B.; Weaver, Scott C.

    2010-01-01

    Coues rice rat (Oryzomys couesi), a species abundant throughout Central America, was evaluated experimentally for the ability to serve as an amplifying host for three arboviruses: Patois (Bunyaviridae, Orthobunyavirus), Nepuyo (Orthobunyavirus), and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype ID (Togaviridae, Alphavirus). These three viruses have similar ecologies and are known to co-circulate in nature. Animals from all three cohorts survived infection and developed viremia with no apparent signs of illness and long-lasting antibodies. Thus, O. couesi may play a role in the general maintenance of these viruses in nature. PMID:20134016

  2. Severe Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever presented with massive retroperitoneal haemorrhage that recovered without antiviral treatment

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Gharabaghi, Mehrnaz Asadi; Chinikar, Sadegh; Ghiasi, Seyyed Mojtaba

    2011-01-01

    Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tickborne viral zoonosis with up to 50% mortality in humans caused by CCHF virus belonging to the genus Nairovirus, family Bunyaviridae. The geographical distribution of CCHF cases corresponds closely with the distribution of principle tick vectors...... that is species of Hyaloma. The disease presents with non-specific febrile symptoms, but progress to a serious haemorrhagic syndrome that, soon after, a full blown multi organ failure may develop with prominent features of liver damage and bleeding diathesis. The authors present a case of a 39-year-old man...

  3. Radiological Findings and their Clinical Correlations in Nephropathia Epidemica

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Paakkala, A.; Mustonen, J. [Medical School, Univ. of Tampere, and Dept. of Radiology and Internal Medicine, Tampere Univ. Hospital, Tampere (Finland)

    2007-04-15

    Nephropathia epidemica (NE) is a mild form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Its course varies from asymptomatic to fatal. The etiologic agent, Puumala virus, belongs to the Hantavirus genus of the Bunyaviridae family. Respiratory symptoms, from common cold to respiratory distress, occur in NE. Acute renal failure (ARF) is evident in over 90% of hospital-treated NE patients. In this review article, special attention is paid to radiological lung and renal involvement to investigate the occurrence and type of manifestations during the acute phase of infection and recovery.

  4. Radiological Findings and their Clinical Correlations in Nephropathia Epidemica

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Paakkala, A.; Mustonen, J.

    2007-01-01

    Nephropathia epidemica (NE) is a mild form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Its course varies from asymptomatic to fatal. The etiologic agent, Puumala virus, belongs to the Hantavirus genus of the Bunyaviridae family. Respiratory symptoms, from common cold to respiratory distress, occur in NE. Acute renal failure (ARF) is evident in over 90% of hospital-treated NE patients. In this review article, special attention is paid to radiological lung and renal involvement to investigate the occurrence and type of manifestations during the acute phase of infection and recovery

  5. Molecular epidemiology of Crimean- Congo hemorrhagic fever virus genome isolated from ticks of Hamadan province of Iran

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Tahmasebi, F; Ghiasi, Seyed Mojtaba; Mostafavi, E

    2010-01-01

    BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus is a tick-borne member of the genus Nairovirus, family Bunyaviridae. CCHFV has been isolated from at least 31 different tick species. The virus is transmitted through the bite of an infected tick, or by direct contact with CCHFV...... to each other. Even though they clustered in the same group with the strain circulating in Iran, they had a closer relationship to the Matin strain. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Vector control programs should be applied for reducing population density of potential tick vectors in this province. Further...

  6. Evolutionary and molecular analysis of the emergent severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Lam, Tommy Tsan-Yuk; Liu, Wei; Bowden, Thomas A; Cui, Ning; Zhuang, Lu; Liu, Kun; Zhang, Yao-Yun; Cao, Wu-Chun; Pybus, Oliver G

    2013-03-01

    In 2009, a novel Bunyavirus, called severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) was identified in the vicinity of Huaiyangshan, China. Clinical symptoms of this zoonotic virus included severe fever, thrombocytopenia, and leukocytopenia, with a mortality rate of ~10%. By the end of 2011 the disease associated with this pathogen had been reported from eleven Chinese provinces and human-to-human transmission suspected. However, current understanding of the evolution and molecular epidemiology of SFTSV before and after its identification is limited. To address this we undertake phylogenetic, evolutionary and structural analyses of all available SFTSV genetic sequences, including a new SFTSV complete genome isolated from a patient from Henan in 2011. Our discovery of a mosaic L segment sequence, which is descended from two major circulating lineages of SFTSV in China, represents the first evidence that homologous recombination plays a role in SFTSV evolution. Selection analyses indicate that negative selection is predominant in SFTSV genes, yet differences in selective forces among genes are consistent between Phlebovirus species. Further analysis reveals structural conservation between SFTSV and Rift Valley fever virus in the residues of their nucleocapsids that are responsible for oligomerisation and RNA-binding, suggesting the viruses share similar modes of higher-order assembly. We reconstruct the epidemic history of SFTSV using molecular clock and coalescent-based methods, revealing that the extant SFTSV lineages originated 50-150 years ago, and that the viral population experienced a recent growth phase that concurs with and extends the earliest serological reports of SFTSV infection. Taken together, our combined structural and phylogenetic analyses shed light into the evolutionary behaviour of SFTSV in the context of other, better-known, pathogenic Phleboviruses. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  7. Heartland virus NSs protein disrupts host defenses by blocking the TBK1 kinase-IRF3 transcription factor interaction and signaling required for interferon induction.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ning, Yun-Jia; Feng, Kuan; Min, Yuan-Qin; Deng, Fei; Hu, Zhihong; Wang, Hualin

    2017-10-06

    Heartland virus (HRTV) is a pathogenic phlebovirus related to the severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV), another phlebovirus causing life-threatening disease in humans. Previous findings have suggested that SFTSV can antagonize the host interferon (IFN) system via viral nonstructural protein (NSs)-mediated sequestration of antiviral signaling proteins into NSs-induced inclusion bodies. However, whether and how HRTV counteracts the host innate immunity is unknown. Here, we report that HRTV NSs (HNSs) also antagonizes IFN and cytokine induction and bolsters viral replication, although no noticeable inclusion body formation was observed in HNSs-expressing cells. Furthermore, HNSs inhibited the virus-triggered activation of IFN-β promoter by specifically targeting the IFN-stimulated response element but not the NF-κB response element. Consistently, HNSs blocked the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3, an IFN-stimulated response element-activating transcription factor). Reporter gene assays next showed that HNSs blockades the antiviral signaling mediated by RIG-I-like receptors likely at the level of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). Indeed, HNSs strongly interacts with TBK1 as indicated by confocal microscopy and pulldown analyses, and we also noted that the scaffold dimerization domain of TBK1 is required for the TBK1-HNSs interaction. Finally, pulldown assays demonstrated that HNSs expression dose-dependently diminishes a TBK1-IRF3 interaction, further explaining the mechanism for HNSs function. Collectively, these data suggest that HNSs, an antagonist of host innate immunity, interacts with TBK1 and thereby hinders the association of TBK1 with its substrate IRF3, thus blocking IRF3 activation and transcriptional induction of the cellular antiviral responses. © 2017 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

  8. Emergence of sandflies (Phlebotominae) in Austria, a Central European country.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Poeppl, Wolfgang; Obwaller, Adelheid G; Weiler, Martin; Burgmann, Heinz; Mooseder, Gerhard; Lorentz, Susanne; Rauchenwald, Friedrich; Aspöck, Horst; Walochnik, Julia; Naucke, Torsten J

    2013-12-01

    The possible existence of autochthonous sandfly populations in Central Europe north of the Alps has long been excluded. However, in the past years, sandflies have been documented in Germany, Belgium, and recently, also in Austria, close to the Slovenian border. Moreover, autochthonous human Leishmania and Phlebovirus infections have been reported in Central Europe, particularly in Germany. From 2010 to 2012, sandfly trapping (740 trap nights) was performed at 53 different capture sites in Austria using battery-operated CDC miniature light traps. Sites were chosen on the basis of their climate profile in the federal states Styria, Burgenland, and Lower Austria. Sandfly specimens found were transferred to 70% ethanol for conservation. Identification was based on morphological characters of the male genitalia and the female spermathecae, respectively. Altogether, 24 specimens, 22 females and 2 males, all identified as Phlebotomus (Transphlebotomus) mascittii Grassi, 1908, were found at six different sampling sites in all three federal states investigated. The highest number of catches was made on a farm in Lower Austria. Altogether, the period of sandfly activity in Austria was shown to be much longer than presumed, the earliest capture was made on July 3rd and the latest on August 28th. Sandflies have been autochthonous in Austria in small foci probably for long, but in the course of global warming, further spreading may be expected. Although P. mascittii is only an assumed vector of Leishmania spp.-data on its experimental transmission capacity are still lacking-the wide distribution of sandflies in Austria, a country thought to be free of sandflies, further supports a potential emergence of sandflies in Central Europe. This is of medical relevance, not only with respect to the transmission of Leishmania spp. for which a reservoir is given in dogs, but also with respect to the phleboviruses.

  9. RNA interference targets arbovirus replication in Culicoides cells.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Schnettler, Esther; Ratinier, Maxime; Watson, Mick; Shaw, Andrew E; McFarlane, Melanie; Varela, Mariana; Elliott, Richard M; Palmarini, Massimo; Kohl, Alain

    2013-03-01

    Arboviruses are transmitted to vertebrate hosts by biting arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks, and midges. These viruses replicate in both arthropods and vertebrates and are thus exposed to different antiviral responses in these organisms. RNA interference (RNAi) is a sequence-specific RNA degradation mechanism that has been shown to play a major role in the antiviral response against arboviruses in mosquitoes. Culicoides midges are important vectors of arboviruses, known to transmit pathogens of humans and livestock such as bluetongue virus (BTV) (Reoviridae), Oropouche virus (Bunyaviridae), and likely the recently discovered Schmallenberg virus (Bunyaviridae). In this study, we investigated whether Culicoides cells possess an antiviral RNAi response and whether this is effective against arboviruses, including those with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genomes, such as BTV. Using reporter gene-based assays, we established the presence of a functional RNAi response in Culicoides sonorensis-derived KC cells which is effective in inhibiting BTV infection. Sequencing of small RNAs from KC and Aedes aegypti-derived Aag2 cells infected with BTV or the unrelated Schmallenberg virus resulted in the production of virus-derived small interfering RNAs (viRNAs) of 21 nucleotides, similar to the viRNAs produced during arbovirus infections of mosquitoes. In addition, viRNA profiles strongly suggest that the BTV dsRNA genome is accessible to a Dicer-type nuclease. Thus, we show for the first time that midge cells target arbovirus replication by mounting an antiviral RNAi response mainly resembling that of other insect vectors of arboviruses.

  10. Multimedia Educativa para apoyar el Proceso de Enseñanza-Aprendizaje en la asignatura Comunicación Organizacional

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ordanis Nerza González Agüero

    2008-01-01

    Full Text Available Aborda lo referido al diseño de una multimedia educativa y sus indicaciones metodológicas, para favorecer el proceso de enseñanza - aprendizaje de la asignatura Comunicación Organizacional de la Carrera Comunicación Social, la que integra los contenidos de la asignatura y los presenta de una forma amena valiéndose de diversos recursos multimediales, lo que le facilita a los estudiantes la aprensión de los conocimientos transmitidos. Su concepción ha sido sustentada por el Proceso Unificado de Racional para el desarrollo de software (RUP y el empleo del sistema de autor multimedia builder, así como otras aplicaciones auxiliares.

  11. spots de campaña

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    Julio Juárez Gámiz

    2007-01-01

    publicidad política en televisión. Ilustrado por los spots televisivos, el debate se ha centrado en el alto costo que representa para los contribuyentes, a través de los partidos políticos, la producción y transmisión de estos mensajes. El presente trabajo consiste en un análisis de contenido de una muestra de spots transmitidos por las tres principales fuerzas electorales en México durante la campaña presidencial de 2006. El objetivo es identificar, de manera sistemática, características particulares en el formato y contenido de estos mensajes a la luz de su función persuasiva e informativa.

  12. Uso de replicação móvel para distribuição de vídeo digital em redes de computadores

    OpenAIRE

    Alves, Renata Sofia Pinho de Aquino

    2003-01-01

    A maioria da soluções apresentadas como candidatas à implementação de serviços de distribuição de áudio e vídeo, têm sido projetadas levando-se em consideração determinadas condições de infra-estrutura, formato dos fluxos de vídeo a serem transmitidos, ou ainda os tipos de clientes que serão atendidos pelo serviço. Aplicações que utilizam serviços de distribuição de vídeo normalmente precisam lidar com grandes oscilações na demanda pelo serviço devido a entrada e saída de usuários do serviço....

  13. Acute viral infections of the central nervous system, 2014-2016, Greece.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Papa, Anna; Papadopoulou, Elpida

    2018-04-01

    In order to investigate the viral etiology of acute infections of central nervous system (CNS), multiplex and single PCRs combined with serology for arboviruses were applied on samples from 132 hospitalized patients in Greece during May 2014-December 2016. A viral pathogen was detected in 52 of 132 (39.4%) cases with acute CNS infection. Enteroviruses predominated (15/52, 28.8%), followed by West Nile virus (9/52, 17.3%). Phleboviruses, varicella-zoster virus, and Epstein-Barr virus accounted for 15.4%, 13.5%, and 11.5% of the cases, respectively. The study gives an insight into the etiology of viral CNS infections in a Mediterranean country, where arboviruses should be included in the differential diagnosis of acute CNS infections. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  14. Efficient cellular release of Rift Valley fever virus requires genomic RNA.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mary E Piper

    2011-03-01

    Full Text Available The Rift Valley fever virus is responsible for periodic, explosive epizootics throughout sub-Saharan Africa. The development of therapeutics targeting this virus is difficult due to a limited understanding of the viral replicative cycle. Utilizing a virus-like particle system, we have established roles for each of the viral structural components in assembly, release, and virus infectivity. The envelope glycoprotein, Gn, was discovered to be necessary and sufficient for packaging of the genome, nucleocapsid protein and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase into virus particles. Additionally, packaging of the genome was found to be necessary for the efficient release of particles, revealing a novel mechanism for the efficient generation of infectious virus. Our results identify possible conserved targets for development of anti-phlebovirus therapies.

  15. Presence of sandflies infected with Leishmania infantum and Massilia virus in the Marseille urban area.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Faucher, B; Bichaud, L; Charrel, R; Mary, C; Izri, A; de Lamballerie, X; Piarroux, R

    2014-05-01

    Leishmaniasis is considered a rural disease in Europe. However, circumstantial evidence has indicated urban transmission of leishmaniasis and phleboviruses in the urban area of Marseille, France. To investigate this urban transmission, sandflies were trapped in 33 locations in the urban area (horse farms, public gardens and a residential area). Sandflies were always captured: 87.8% were Phlebotomus perniciosus, a vector of Leishmania infantum and Toscana and Massilia viruses. RT-PCR and cell culture inoculation identified the Massilia virus in 2/99 pools of sandflies, and PCR identified Leishmania in 5/99. No dual infection was observed, but both pathogens were detected in samples from the same trapping site. © 2013 The Authors Clinical Microbiology and Infection © 2013 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

  16. Tifus Exantemático: enfermedad reemergente en el Perú

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    Cecilia Morón C

    1999-01-01

    Full Text Available El tifus exantemático es producido por la Rickettsia prowazekii y transmitido por el piojo del cuerpo. Ocurre como brotes o epidemias que tienen la potencialidad de afectar a un gran número de personas en semanas a meses. El Perú notifica más del 50% de los casos de tifus exantemático a nivel mundial. El sistema de vigilancia es considerado incompleto debido básicamente a los limitados recursos económicos, la dificultad en las comunicaciones y la existencia de pocos laboratorios con experiencia en el diagnóstico de rickettsias. El diagnóstico laboratorial confirmatorio adecuado, y la búsqueda activa de casos, posiblemente con apoyo de la comunidad, pueden contribuir a fortalecerlo.

  17. Utilização de Bloquinhos de Montagem LEGO® para o Ensino dos Conceitos do Sistema Toyota de Produção

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Alexandre Pinho

    2005-07-01

    Full Text Available Este artigo mostra como é possível facilitar  o aprendizado dos conceitos sobre o Sistema Toyota de Produção. É utilizada uma dinâmica de ensino através de bloquinhos de montagem LEGO® batizada de MIB – Montagem Interativa de Bloquinhos. Esta dinâmica além de abordar os principais conceitos sobre o Sistema de Toyota de Produção, também utiliza os conceitos sobre Just-in-time (JIT, tempo de setup, metodologia  5S e nivelamento de produção (Heijunka. O artigo descreve as quatro rodadas utilizadas na dinâmica MIB e como os conceitos descritos anteriormente são transmitidos aos alunos.

  18. KinMTool: Una Herramienta Multimedia para la enseñanza de máquinas herramienta

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    Roberto Pérez Rodríguez

    2008-01-01

    Full Text Available Se aborda el desarrollo de un software multimedia educativo de apoyo al proceso de enseñanza - aprendizaje de la asignatura Máquinas Herramienta, lo cual es de importancia para la formación de los egresados de la carrera de Ingeniería Mecánica. KinMTool integra los contenidos del tema cinemática de las máquinas herramienta y los presenta de una forma amena valiéndose de diversos recursos multimedia, lo que favorece a los estudiantes la aprensión de los conocimientos transmitidos. La multimedia permitió la mejora en la calidad de los contenidos impartidos, así como la autogestión del aprendizaje al ritmo de cada estudiante.

  19. Development and evaluation of a bioinformatics approach for designing molecular assays for viral detection.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Pierre H H Schneeberger

    Full Text Available Viruses belonging to the Flaviviridae and Bunyaviridae families show considerable genetic diversity. However, this diversity is not necessarily taken into account when developing diagnostic assays, which are often based on the pairwise alignment of a limited number of sequences. Our objective was to develop and evaluate a bioinformatics workflow addressing two recurrent issues of molecular assay design: (i the high intraspecies genetic diversity in viruses and (ii the potential for cross-reactivity with close relatives.The workflow developed herein was based on two consecutive BLASTn steps; the first was utilized to select highly conserved regions among the viral taxon of interest, and the second was employed to assess the degree of similarity of these highly-conserved regions to close relatives. Subsequently, the workflow was tested on a set of eight viral species, including various strains from the Flaviviridae and Bunyaviridae families.The genetic diversity ranges from as low as 0.45% variable sites over the complete genome of the Japanese encephalitis virus to more than 16% of variable sites on segment L of the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Our proposed bioinformatics workflow allowed the selection-based on computing scores-of the best target for a diagnostic molecular assay for the eight viral species investigated.Our bioinformatics workflow allowed rapid selection of highly conserved and specific genomic fragments among the investigated viruses, while considering up to several hundred complete genomic sequences. The pertinence of this workflow will increase in parallel to the number of sequences made publicly available. We hypothesize that our workflow might be utilized to select diagnostic molecular markers for higher organisms with more complex genomes, provided the sequences are made available.

  20. Orthobunyavirus antibodies among humans in selected parts of the Rift Valley and northeastern Kenya.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Odhiambo, Collins; Venter, Marietjie; Swanepoel, Robert; Sang, Rosemary

    2015-05-01

    Ngari, Bunyamwera, Ilesha, and Germiston viruses are among the mosquito-borne human pathogens in the Orthobunyavirus genus, family Bunyaviridae, associated with febrile illness. Although the four orthobunyaviruses have been isolated from mosquito and/or tick vectors sampled from different geographic regions in Kenya, little is known of human exposure in such areas. We conducted a serologic investigation to determine whether orthobunyaviruses commonly infect humans in Kenya. Orthobunyavirus-specific antibodies were detected by plaque reduction neutralization tests in 89 (25.8%) of 345 persons tested. Multivariable analysis revealed age and residence in northeastern Kenya as risk factors. Implementation of acute febrile illness surveillance in northeastern Kenya will help to detect such infections.

  1. Molecular survey of arthropod-borne pathogens in sheep keds (Melophagus ovinus), Central Europe.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Rudolf, Ivo; Betášová, Lenka; Bischof, Vlastimil; Venclíková, Kristýna; Blažejová, Hana; Mendel, Jan; Hubálek, Zdeněk; Kosoy, Michael

    2016-10-01

    In the study, we screened a total of 399 adult sheep keds (Melophagus ovinus) for the presence of RNA and DNA specific for arboviral, bacterial, and protozoan vector-borne pathogens. All investigated keds were negative for flaviviruses, phleboviruses, bunyaviruses, Borrelia burgdorferi, Rickettsia spp., Anaplasma phagocytophilum, "Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis," and Babesia spp. All ked pools were positive for Bartonella DNA. The sequencing of the amplified fragments of the gltA and 16S-23S rRNA demonstrated a 100 % homology with Bartonella melophagi previously isolated from a sheep ked and from human blood in the USA. The identification of B. melophagi in sheep keds in Central Europe highlights needs extending a list of hematophagous arthropods beyond ticks and mosquitoes for a search of emerging arthropod-borne pathogens.

  2. Entre el público y el privado. Un análisis comparativo de la cobertura de ciencia de los telediarios brasileños Repórter Brasil y Jornal Nacional

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Marina Ramalho

    2014-01-01

    Full Text Available Este estudio compara la cobertura de ciencia y tecnología de dos noticieros de televisión brasileños: Jornal Nacional, de la principal cadena privada del país, y Repórter Brasil, transmitido por una emisora pública. En el período analizado -abril 2009 a marzo 2010- el noticiero privado emitió más noticias de CyT y le dio mayor destaque. Los noticieros siguieron diferentes agendas de cobertura, aunque las cuestiones médicas y de salud han sido las más comunes. En ambos noticieros, el encuadre narrativo principal fue “nueva investigación”, las investigaciones nacionales fueron priorizadas y, entre los científicos entrevistados, las mujeres fueron minoría.

  3. Viajes del andalusí Ibn Ŷubayr al Oriente

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Maíllo Salgado, Felipe

    2005-04-01

    Full Text Available La Rihla o relación de viaje del andalusí Ibn Ŷubayr es la obra maestra de ese género en las letras árabes. Nadie ha transmitido un cuadro tan vivo y acabado de los principales centros del oriente árabe, ni ha dejado descripciones más precisas de los lugares visitados, ni ha evocado de modo tan personal los hechos y los gestos de los hombres. Es también documento esencial para la arqueología islámica, pues tiene especial cuidado en describir y situar los principales monumentos de las ciudades, adobado todo con datos de tipo geográfico, histórico, etnológico, folclórico...; nada importante escapa a su mirada.…

  4. Las empresas multinivel como modelo distópico: estudio de representaciones sociales

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mónica Maisterrena González

    2014-07-01

    Full Text Available El presente estudio muestra las estrategias utilizadas por las empresas multinivel para ejercer un esquema homogéneo de representaciones sociales entre los asociados de las mismas. Se ha determinado la inevitabilidad de mantener un control "ideológico” sobre los asociados para el correcto funcionamiento de la empresa. La dinámica empresarial de estas compañías propone un modelo de satisfacción personal que debe ser transmitido y no puede ser cuestionado y que, por tanto, violenta la individualidad de los asociados. Se han utilizado, a manera de analogía, las novelas 1984 de George Orwell y Un mundo feliz de Aldous Huxley como modelos de una sociedad distópica que han sido llevadas a la práctica por las empresas multinivel.

  5. Searching for cellular partners of hantaviral nonstructural protein NSs: Y2H screening of mouse cDNA library and analysis of cellular interactome.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Rönnberg, Tuomas; Jääskeläinen, Kirsi; Blot, Guillaume; Parviainen, Ville; Vaheri, Antti; Renkonen, Risto; Bouloy, Michele; Plyusnin, Alexander

    2012-01-01

    Hantaviruses (Bunyaviridae) are negative-strand RNA viruses with a tripartite genome. The small (S) segment encodes the nucleocapsid protein and, in some hantaviruses, also the nonstructural protein (NSs). The aim of this study was to find potential cellular partners for the hantaviral NSs protein. Toward this aim, yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening of mouse cDNA library was performed followed by a search for potential NSs protein counterparts via analyzing a cellular interactome. The resulting interaction network was shown to form logical, clustered structures. Furthermore, several potential binding partners for the NSs protein, for instance ACBD3, were identified and, to prove the principle, interaction between NSs and ACBD3 proteins was demonstrated biochemically.

  6. Los Catastros y Registros de Aguas como herramientas indispensables para garantizar la gestión integrada y desarrollo ambientalmente sustentable de las aguas subterráneas

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Diego De Rosa

    2013-12-01

    Full Text Available Los catastros y registros de aguas resultan ser herramientas indispensables para garantizar la  gestión integrada y desarrollo ambientalmente sustentable de las aguas subterráneas.  Ellos constituyen instrumentos fundamentales ya no solo para asegurar el control y vigilancia respecto a quién o quienes se otorgan estos permisos, derechos o usos -y a quienes éstos son transmitidos-; sino también, y fundamentalmente, para determinar  qué cantidad, qué calidad y qué regularidad se tiene o posee del recurso hídrico subterráneo. A pesar de estar legislados en normas provinciales, no en todas se hallan implementados.  He aquí unos breves contrastes surgidos entre un  análisis comparativo de legislación sobre aguas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires y Mendoza.

  7. Encuesta de parásitos intestinales en 615 escolares del Rímac

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    Luis Gonzales-Mugaburu

    1956-12-01

    Full Text Available El examen microscópico de una sola muestra de heces de cada uno de 615 escolares del Rímac, ha mostrado: 1. El elevado porcentaje de protozoarios intestinales encontrados, sugiere una alta contaminación fecal. 2. La alta frecuencia de H. nana 166 (27.0% constituye un problema al que hay que prestar atención. 3. El hallazgo de Strongyloides stercoralis y Ancylostoma o Necator sólo en sujetos que habían estado algún tiempo en la Selva del Perú, sugiere una vez más, que dichos parásitos no son transmitidos en esta parte de la Costa. 4. La presencia de tres casos de Isospora belli nos indica que esta coccidia es más frecuente de lo que se suponía.

  8. A cultura organizacional: o impacto visível de uma dimensão invisível

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Santos, Joana Vieira

    2010-01-01

    Full Text Available No quotidiano, muitas vezes sem que se apercebam, os sujeitos são influenciados pelas características culturais do meio em que vivem. A cultura é considerada toda a totalidade dos padrões de comportamento socialmente transmitidos, artes, crenças e muitos outros processos considerados a expressão de um determinado período, classe, comunidade ou população (Choudhry, Fang e Mohamed, 2007. Ao nível organizacional encontramos um conjunto de valores, normas e padrões de comportamento que influenciam os diversos membros. Este leque de valores varia consoante a organização, correspondendo à Cultura Organizacional. O presente artigo teórico constitui uma singela análise em torno da temática, com vista a despertar reflexão e, eventualmente, futuros estudos

  9. Universitarios y universitarias de México y el cuerpo simbólico como construcción de género

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Martha Patricia Zarza Delgado

    2009-01-01

    Full Text Available El objetivo de este trabajo de investigación es el estudio de los mensajes de género transmitidos a partir de la estética del cuerpo, su adorno y sus movimientos entre la población juvenil universitaria de la ciudad de Toluca. A partir de entrevistas en profundidad y observación participante, identifico que el cuerpo se vuelve un medio simbólico a través del cual los jóvenes y las jóvenes de este estudio muestran ciertas relaciones de poder entre lo femenino y lo masculino, de manera diferenciada dependiendo del estilo juvenil al que se adhieren. En este sentido, encuentro múltiples y variadas posturas que en ocasiones parecen aceptar y en otras impugnar el orden social de género que los controla.

  10. Cuestiones de género: mujeres en la historia de la música

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Sandra Soler Campo

    2018-01-01

    Full Text Available La historia de la música ha mantenido al margen a un gran número de mujeres que se han dedicado a la música. Este prejuicio cultural se ha transmitido de generación en generación y ha dañado gravemente el sexo femenino. El peso de la cultura, tan importante en muchas de nuestras decisiones vitales, ha condicionado a las mujeres en ciertas ocasiones. Así, pocos compositoras están incluidos en los manuales musicales de nuestras instituciones educativas (escuelas, universidades, conservatorios .... Los docentes tienen un gran reto entre manos ya que pueden ayudar a que esta situación cambie. Los alumnos son protagonistas en este proceso de cambio y pueden cambiar esta realidad androcéntrica en la cual las mujeres son casi inexistentes en determinados campos musicales

  11. Hantaviral proteins: structure, functions and role in hantavirus infection

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Musalwa eMuyangwa

    2015-11-01

    Full Text Available Hantaviruses are the members of the family Bunyaviridae that are naturally maintained in the populations of small mammals, mostly rodents. Most of these viruses can easily infect humans through contact with aerosols or dust generated by contaminated animal waste products. Depending on the particular hantavirus involved, human infection could result in either Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS or in Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome (HCPS. In the past few years, clinical cases of the hantavirus caused diseases have been on the rise. Understanding structure of the hantavirus genome and the functions of the key viral proteins is critical for the therapeutic agents’ research. This paper gives a brief overview of the current knowledge on the structure and properties of the hantavirus nucleoprotein and the glycoproteins.

  12. Savoirs professionnels et prévention des TMS : portrait de leur transmission durant la formation et perspectives d’intervention Professional knowledge and MSD prevention: portrait of their transmission during training and the intervention perspective Saberes profesionales y prevención de las LMS : un retrato de su transmisión durante la formación y perspectivas de intervención

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Sylvie Ouellet

    2009-11-01

    demonstrated. Intervention scenarios are proposed.Durante la organización de formaciones en empresas donde el trabajo es considerado manual y repetitivo, el formador es generalmente elegido entre los trabajadores experimentados que poseen un saber-hacer reconocido. Este estudio cuyo objetivo es de prevenir las lesiones músculo esqueléticas, analiza los tipos de saberes transmitidos a los aprendices por los trabajadores-formadores en una empresa del sector agroalimenticio. El análisis de los sabers transmitidos verbalmente por los formadores fue efectuada a partir de grabaciones audio provenientes del seguimiento cotidiano de las formaciones. El proceso ergonómico que se desarrolló en este estudio permitió mostrar que los saberes relacionados con la protección de la salud, el porqué de los gestos y los puntos de referencia para el trabajo son más difícilmente transmitidos que los otros saberes. Se puso en evidencia que el fenómeno de transmisión es complejo y que los formadores necesitan ser acompañados en el desarrollo de competencias para transmitir los saberes. Proponemos perspectivas de intervención.

  13. Professional knowledge and MSD prevention: portrait of their transmission during training and the intervention perspective Savoirs professionnels et prévention des TMS : portrait de leur transmission durant la formation et perspectives d’intervention Saberes profesionales y prevención de las LMS : un retrato de su transmisión durante la formación y perspectivas de intervención

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Sylvie Ouellet

    2009-11-01

    perspectives d’intervention sont proposées.Durante la organización de formaciones en empresas donde el trabajo es considerado manual y repetitivo, el formador es generalmente elegido entre los trabajadores experimentados que poseen un saber-hacer reconocido. Este estudio cuyo objetivo es de prevenir las lesiones músculo esqueléticas, analiza los tipos de saberes transmitidos a los aprendices por los trabajadores-formadores en una empresa del sector agroalimenticio. El análisis de los sabers transmitidos verbalmente por los formadores fue efectuada a partir de grabaciones audio provenientes del seguimiento cotidiano de las formaciones. El proceso ergonómico que se desarrolló en este estudio permitió mostrar que los saberes relacionados con la protección de la salud, el porqué de los gestos y los puntos de referencia para el trabajo son más difícilmente transmitidos que los otros saberes. Se puso en evidencia que el fenómeno de transmisión es complejo y que los formadores necesitan ser acompañados en el desarrollo de competencias para transmitir los saberes . Proponemos perspectivas de intervención.

  14. Aedes Aegypti en zona rural del municipio de La Mesa (Cundinamarca Colombia, S. A.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Alberto Morales

    1981-12-01

    Full Text Available Es bien sabida la importancia del mosquito Aedes aegypti en la transmisión, de los cuatro tipos conocidos del virus del Dengue y del virus de la Fiebre Amarilla Urbana. El Último episodio de Fiebre Amarilla Urbana en Colombia ocurrió en el año de 1929 en la población de Socorro (Santander; sin embargo, la presencia del mosquito en áreas urbanas cercanas a focos enzoóticos de Fiebre Amarilla Selvática constituye un peligro potencial. Desde el año de 1972 se vienen presentando en el país epidemias de Dengue debidas al virus tipo II, más tarde hizo su aparición el tipo III y más recientemente el tipoI, todos transmitidos por A. aegypti, el único vector conocido de Dengue en las Américas.

  15. [Electron microscopic study on the petechial hemorrhagic spots in patients with epidemic hemorrhage fever (EHF)].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wang, S Q; Feng, M; Yang, L

    1994-12-01

    EHF viral particles were found in the squamous epithelial cells and capillary endothelial cells of the petechial spots located at the mucous membrane of the soft palate in cases of early stage of severe type EHF by transmission electron microscopy. The viral particles are round or oval in shape, about 100 nm in diameter with a lipid bilayer envelope from which spikes are protruding. The virions matured by budding through the intracytoplasmic membranes into the smooth surfaced vesicles. The morphological characteristics of the virion coincided with the viral particles of Family Bunyaviridae. It was the first time to demonstrate that the squamous epithelial cells of the soft palate is one of the target cells in EHF virus infection and to describe the subcellular morphological evidence of the petechial spots at the soft palate by EM.

  16. A review of mosquitoes associated with Rift Valley fever virus in Madagascar.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Tantely, Luciano M; Boyer, Sébastien; Fontenille, Didier

    2015-04-01

    Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a viral zoonotic disease occurring throughout Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and Madagascar. The disease is caused by a Phlebovirus (RVF virus [RVFV]) transmitted to vertebrate hosts through the bite of infected mosquitoes. In Madagascar, the first RVFV circulation was reported in 1979 based on detection in mosquitoes but without epidemic episode. Subsequently, two outbreaks occurred: the first along the east coast and in the central highlands in 1990 and 1991 and the most recent along the northern and eastern coasts and in the central highlands in 2008 and 2009. Despite the presence of 24 mosquitoes species potentially associated with RVFV transmission in Madagascar, little associated entomological information is available. In this review, we list the RVFV vector, Culex antennatus, as well as other taxa as candidate vector species. We discuss risk factors from an entomological perspective for the re-emergence of RVF in Madagascar. © The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

  17. The product category and the message informed in food children’s advertising / La categoría de producto y el mensaje transmitido

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    Lic. Cristina González Díaz [C. V.Lic. Cristina González Díaz

    2008-01-01

    Full Text Available This article explains the worry about children obesity and the accusation that many sectors exert on advertising. Furthermore, it tries to develop a theoric framework in order to set out the researches, which have been done, about food children’s advertising and its connection with obesity. In adittion to this, the article talks about other researches which prove the restricted influence advertising exerts on children as regards food consumption and the factors which are necessary to affirm that there are direct causes to provoke obesity. The purpose of this essay is to analyze what type of product category exerts more advertising pressure and what kind of messages are used. This analysis will expound if children’s advertising is really surrounded by non healthy products or, however, by advisable ones in a child’s diet. Finally, it will also expound which communicative subjects are found in this kind of products.Resumen: El presente artículo, contextualizado bajo la preocupación de la obesidad infantil y la acusación que desde numerosos sectores se ejerce sobre la publicidad, ha pretendido desarrollar un marco teórico donde se expusieran las investigaciones que sobre el binomio publicidad infantil de alimentos – obesidad se han realizado; así como aquellas donde se dejaba evidencia de la limitada influencia que la misma podía realizar sobre el menor en lo concerniente a consumo de alimentos, y los numerosos factores necesarios para poder hablar de causantes directos de la problemática de la obesidad. El objetivo sobre el que subyace el trabajo trata de analizar los tipos de productos que más presión publicitaria ejercen así como los mensajes sobre los que versa su estrategia comunicativa para así poder observar si realmente la publicidad infantil está copada por productos poco saludables o recomendables en la dieta del menor y observar qué tipo de temática comunicativa impregna este tipo de productos.

  18. Organización para un curso de programación en un contexto de masividad

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    Luna, Carlos Daniel

    2007-01-01

    Full Text Available Enseñar programación en un curso masivo es una tarea compleja. Este trabajo presenta la experiencia realizada por un grupo de docentes para mejorar el nivel de conocimiento transmitido en un curso de las características mencionadas. Se definieron roles claves para cada integrante del equipo; se profundizó en la utilización de trabajos de laboratorio obligatorios para la enseñanza de programación, haciéndolos eje central del curso; y se potenció la utilización de distintos medios informáticos, como una página web y un newsgroup, para, en particular, lograr atender a un alto porcentaje de estudiantes no presenciales. Los resultados, tras una experiencia de 4 años, extraídos de la evaluación final del curso y de otros posteriores, resultan alentadores para seguir trabajando en la misma dirección y expandir la propuesta a otros cursos de características similares.

  19. Criação de objetos de aprendizagem gamificados para uso em sala de treinamento

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    Maria Lúcia Gili Massi

    2017-01-01

    Full Text Available As pessoas de todo o mundo passam bilhões de horas por semana jogando nos computadores, smartphones e videogames. Levar os elementos dos jogos, que fascinam e prendem a atenção dos indivíduos, para o contexto da educação profissional ou não pode ser uma estratégia metodológica que resulte em aumento de motivação e engajamento de aprendizes. Este estudo, baseado em pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, pretende apresentar as etapas para a criação de objetos de aprendizagem gamificados a serem utilizados pelos profissionais das áreas de treinamento, em especial, os instrutores, que desejam aumentar o envolvimento dos treinandos com os conteúdos transmitidos em sala de treinamento. Há resultados empíricos mostrando a eficácia da gamificação em treinamento e na transferência dos aprendizados para o trabalho cotidiano.

  20. La Geometría Entretejida

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    Mónica Lorena Micelli

    2011-01-01

    Full Text Available El presente artículo recopila el conocimiento geométrico plasmado a través de diseños textiles de diferentes pueblos nativos de América. Puede verse cómo en el arte del tejido en telar, se transmiten distintos conocimientos, muchos de ellos asociados a sus creencias, a ideas religiosas, estatus social o político. El marco, en el cual se ha realizado la presente investigación, es la etnomatemática, estudiando así los conocimientos matemáticos transmitidos en forma oral y plasmados en las prendas tejidas. Es así como se estudiarán los tejidos guatemaltecos, realizados por descendientes del pueblo Maya, transmitiendo en ellos parte de su cultura, también se incluirá un análisis de la obra textil incaica, para luego finalizar con los diseños realizados por el pueblo Mapuche que habitan el sur del territorio argentino.

  1. Creencias y prácticas de la sexualidad en adolescentes embarazadas en Cartagena, Colombia - 2014

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    Celia Castillo Torres

    2015-07-01

    Full Text Available Este estudio analiza cómo las adolescentes de niveles socioeconómicos bajos en la ciudad de Cartagena, Colombia, han construido sus creencias y prácticas sobre la sexualidad. El diseño de la investigación es de tipo cualitativo, específicamente con un enfoque etnográfico centrado en lo que las participantes expresaron en cuanto a sus experiencias, actitudes, valores, roles, tradiciones y creencias. Igualmente, se analizó la apropiación de conductas que generan estilos de vida y formas de relacionamiento que inciden sobre la presencia del embarazo a temprana edad. Se observó que las creencias y prácticas de sexualidad de estas jóvenes adolescentes se han construido de lo que culturalmente se ha transmitido de generación en generación, ejerciendo una gran influencia la dinámica social, los mecanismos de ocio y esparcimiento.

  2. La Geometría Entretejida

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    Mónica Lorena Micelli

    2011-02-01

    Full Text Available El presente artículo recopila el conocimiento geométrico plasmado a través de diseños textiles de diferentes pueblos nativos de América. Puede verse cómo en el arte del tejido en telar, se transmiten distintos conocimientos, muchos de ellos asociados a sus creencias, a ideas religiosas, estatus social o político. El marco, en el cual se ha realizado la presente investigación, es la etnomatemática, estudiando así los conocimientos matemáticos transmitidos en forma oral y plasmados en las prendas tejidas. Es así como seestudiarán los tejidos guatemaltecos, realizados por descendientes del pueblo Maya, transmitiendo en ellos parte de su cultura, también se incluirá un análisis de la obra textil incaica, para luego finalizar con los diseños realizados por el pueblo Mapuche que habitan el sur del territorio argentino

  3. Psicologia e acupuntura: aspectos históricos, políticos e teóricos

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    Delvo Ferraz da Silva

    Full Text Available Este artigo apresenta a evolução histórica, política e teórica da acupuntura em nossa sociedade. Explora o modelo teórico proposto pela Medicina tradicional chinesa, que tem como base o conhecimento adquirido através de observações sistemáticas que ocorreram em milhares de anos e que, quando aceitos como verdades por todos os observadores, são integrados ao conjunto de conhecimentos que os orientais chamam de As Tradições. Esses conhecimentos são transmitidos de geração a geração, até o presente. Com a aproximação entre as ciências ocidentais e as tradições orientais, resultado dos esforços das Nações Unidas que culminou com a declaração de Veneza, em 1986, buscou-se apresentar, neste trabalho, como essas tradições percebem o ser humano, em particular, a psique.

  4. Conhecimento de si mesmo e comunicação cidadã: do conformismo à ação nos protestos de junho de 2013

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    Eduardo Ritter

    Full Text Available Resumo O conhecimento de si, o dizer a verdade e a fala franca, princípios da cidadania da Grécia Antiga, relatados por Foucault, também são princípios do Jornalismo. No entanto, a partir da análise da cobertura dos canais de televisão sobre os protestos de junho de 2013, o que se viu foi um antagonismo entre o discurso midiático e os anseios populares, transmitidos nas ruas e nas diversas formas de Comunicação cidadã, que incluem o universo online. Assim, o presente artigo explora, com base em análise do discurso, esses antagonismos, tendo como objetivo examinar os comentários de José Luis Datena, Arnaldo Jabor e Rachel Sheherazade. Tal pesquisa revela que enquanto a esfera pública mudou, a cobertura da TV aberta segue os padrões consagrados no telejornalismo do século 20.

  5. Ideais das crianças mineiras no século XX: mudanças e continuidades

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    Érika Lourenço

    Full Text Available Foi feita, em 1998, a réplica de uma pesquisa realizada entre 1929 e 1944 por Helena Antipoff e em 1993 por Regina Helena de Freitas Campos, com o objetivo de investigar o impacto, nos ideais das crianças de Belo Horizonte, da ênfase que a mídia vem dando ao consumismo na sociedade contemporânea. Um questionário aberto foi aplicado a 307 crianças (151 meninas e 156 meninos da quarta série das escolas públicas e particulares de Belo Horizonte. Os dados referentes aos ideais destas crianças foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo, por gênero, e comparados com os dados das pesquisas anteriores. Foi comprovada a hipótese de que os valores transmitidos pela mídia vêm contribuindo para mudanças nos ideais infantis ao longo do século.

  6. Ideais das crianças mineiras no século XX: mudanças e continuidades

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Lourenço Érika

    2000-01-01

    Full Text Available Foi feita, em 1998, a réplica de uma pesquisa realizada entre 1929 e 1944 por Helena Antipoff e em 1993 por Regina Helena de Freitas Campos, com o objetivo de investigar o impacto, nos ideais das crianças de Belo Horizonte, da ênfase que a mídia vem dando ao consumismo na sociedade contemporânea. Um questionário aberto foi aplicado a 307 crianças (151 meninas e 156 meninos da quarta série das escolas públicas e particulares de Belo Horizonte. Os dados referentes aos ideais destas crianças foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo, por gênero, e comparados com os dados das pesquisas anteriores. Foi comprovada a hipótese de que os valores transmitidos pela mídia vêm contribuindo para mudanças nos ideais infantis ao longo do século.

  7. BALANCEO DE CARGA EN REDES DE CONMUTACIÓN DE ETIQUETAS CON RSLB Y TLSB

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    Luis Alejandro Beltrán Castañeda

    2013-01-01

    Full Text Available Un aspecto importante en el estudio y la investigación actual a nivel de redes de comunicaciones, es el relacionado con la Ingeniería de Tráfico (TE, ya que posibilita la optimización en el uso de los recursos y mejora la operabilidad de la red. Un tema considerado por la TE dada su importancia y aplicabilidad es el Balanceo de carga, el cual utiliza rutas paralelas existentes entre nodos de ingreso y egreso para distribuir los flujos de información transmitidos en la red, lo que contribuye a la disminución de la congestión a través del ruteo y control de tráfico de acuerdo a los recursos existentes en los entornos backbone. Este artículo presenta los resultados encontrados al integrar los algoritmos de balanceo TSLB y RSLB en una red MPLS incluyendo TE a nivel de rendimiento y funcionalidad.

  8. Transmissão do Trypanosoma cruzi em três gerações de Cavia porcellus sem a participação de triatomíneos

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    Ítalo A. Sherlock

    1976-02-01

    Full Text Available Foi verificada a transmissão sucessiva do T. cruzi em três gerações da cobaia Cavia porcellus sem a participação de triatomíneos. Embora não fosse determinado qual das vias, se placentária, leite, excreções ou contágio direto pelo qual o protozoário foi transmitido para os descendentes, chama-se atenção para a importância da manutenção de reservatórios da Doença de Chagas, mesmo na ausência de vetores invertebrados.The sucessive transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi among three generations of the guinea pig Cavia porcellus without the participation of triatomine bugs is verified. Although the mode of transmission, such as congenital, infected milk or other excretion or direct contagion was not defined, this maybe of importance in natural maintenance of reservoirs of T. cruzi without the invertebrate vectors.

  9. De María Luisa Seco a Leticia Sabater. La construcción de los espacios televisivos infantiles y su programación

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    Lic. Flora Galera Moreno

    1998-01-01

    Full Text Available La televisión se ha convertido en uno de los principales factores de socialización de los niños, junto a la familia y la escuela. Así, el objetivo de esta investigación es detenerse a analizar los modelos y productos que las diferentes cadenas televisivas construyen y/o emiten como programación infantil, para lo cual se estudian las parrillas, haciendo hincapié en horarios de emisión, personajes, presentadores, valores, criterios y pautas de comportamiento transmitidos. Entre las conclusiones destacan: la falta de investigaciones y profesionales por parte de las cadenas, la escasa imaginación y creatividad en la elaboración de los productos, la saturación americano-japonesa del mercado, el dominio del criterio económico en los horarios, tendencia a ser sustituidos por programas para toda la familia y un tratamiento de la infancia "adultizado".

  10. Amending Koch’s postulates for viral disease: when “growth in pure culture” leads to a loss of virulence

    Science.gov (United States)

    Prescott, Joseph; Feldmann, Heinz; Safronetz, David

    2016-01-01

    It is a common laboratory practice to propagate viruses in cell culture. While convenient, these methodologies often result in unintentional genetic alterations, which have lead to adaptation and even attenuation in animal models of disease. An example is the attenuation of hantaviruses (family: Bunyaviridae, genus: Hantavirus) when cultured in vitro. In this case, viruses propagated in the natural reservoir species cause disease in nonhuman primates that closely mimics the human disease, but passaging in cell culture attenuates these viruses to the extent that do not cause any measurable disease in nonhuman primates. As efforts to develop animal models progress, it will be important to take into account the influences that culture in vitro may have on the virulence of viruses. In this review we discuss this phenomenon in the context of past and recent examples in the published literature. PMID:27832942

  11. Dynamics of Puumala virus infection in bank voles in Ardennes department (France).

    Science.gov (United States)

    Augot, D; Muller, D; Demerson, J M; Boué, F; Caillot, C; Cliquet, F

    2006-12-01

    The hantaviruses (genus Hantavirus, family Bunyaviridae) include human pathogens and occur worldwide. In Western and Central Europe, the predominant serotype is Puumala (PUU) virus, which causes epidemic nephropathy. Voles are considered to be the main reservoir and the vector of PUU virus. A total of 719 rodents (mainly Clethrionomys glareolus, Apodemus sp.) trapped by capture-mark-recapture (CMR) in four sites in Ardennes department (France) between April 2004 and October 2005 were tested for the presence of PUU virus antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The predominant species, C. glareolus (86.5% [622 of 719]), also had the highest antibody prevalence (37.6% [291 of 773]). In C. glareolus, the antibody prevalence rate increased with age (weight) in site A, B and D, reaching more than 50% in the heaviest weight, and suggesting that horizontal infection may be important.

  12. Hantaviruses as emergent zoonoses

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    LS Ullmann

    2008-01-01

    Full Text Available Hantaviruses belong to the Bunyaviridae family, which consists of vector-borne viruses. These viruses can provoke two infection types: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS - which occurs in the Old World - and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS - an emergent zoonosis that can be found in many countries of the western hemisphere. Rodents are hantavirus reservoirs and each species seems to host a different virus type. Humans acquire the infection by inhaling contaminated aerosol particles eliminated by infected animals. The factors involved in the emergence of hantavirus infections in the human population include ecological modifications and changes in human activities. The most important risk factor is contact between man and rodents, as a result of agricultural, forestry or military activities. Rodent control remains the primary strategy for preventing hantavirus diseases, including via health education and hygienic habits.

  13. Viral diseases of marine invertebrates

    Science.gov (United States)

    Johnson, P. T.

    1984-03-01

    Approximately 40 viruses are known from marine sponges; turbellarian and monogenetic flatworms; cephalopod, bivalve, and gastropod mollusks; nereid polychaetes; and isopod and decapod crustaceans. Most of the viruses can be tentatively assigned to the Herpesviridae, Baculoviridae, Iridoviridae, Adenoviridae, Papovaviridae, Reoviridae, “Birnaviridae”, Bunyaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Picornaviridae. Viruslike particles found in oysters might be representatives of the Togaviridae and Retroviridae. Enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses from crustaceans have developmental and morphological characteristics intermediate between families, and some show evidence of relationships to the Paramyxoviridae as well as the Bunyaviridae or Rhabdoviridae. Certain small viruses of shrimp cannot be assigned, even tentatively, to a particular family. Some viruses cause disease in wild and captive hosts, others are associated with disease states but may not be primary instigators, and many occur in apparently normal animals. The frequency of viral disease in natural populations of marine invertebrates is unknown. Several viruses that cause disease in captive animals, with or without experimental intervention, have also been found in diseased wild hosts, including herpeslike viruses of crabs and oysters, iridovirus of octopus, and reolike and bunyalike viruses of crabs. Iridolike viruses have been implicated in massive mortalities of cultured oysters. Baculoviruses, and IHHN virus, which is of uncertain affinities, cause economically damaging diseases in cultured penaeid shrimp. Double or multiple viral infection is common in crabs. For example, a reolike virus and associated rhabdolike virus act synergistically to cause paralytic and fatal disease in Callinectes sapidus. Information on host range, most susceptible stage, and viral latency is available only for viruses of shrimp. One baculovirus attacks five species of New World penaeid shrimp. IHHN virus infects three species of

  14. Amending Koch's postulates for viral disease: When "growth in pure culture" leads to a loss of virulence.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Prescott, Joseph; Feldmann, Heinz; Safronetz, David

    2017-01-01

    It is a common laboratory practice to propagate viruses in cell culture. While convenient, these methodologies often result in unintentional genetic alterations, which have led to adaptation and even attenuation in animal models of disease. An example is the attenuation of hantaviruses (family: Bunyaviridae, genus: Hantavirus) when cultured in vitro. In this case, viruses propagated in the natural reservoir species cause disease in nonhuman primates that closely mimics the human disease, but passaging in cell culture attenuates these viruses to the extent that do not cause any measurable disease in nonhuman primates. As efforts to develop animal models progress, it will be important to take into account the influences that culture in vitro may have on the virulence of viruses. In this review we discuss this phenomenon in the context of past and recent examples in the published literature. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  15. Antibody levels to hantavirus in inhabitants of western Santa Catarina State, Brazil

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    William Marciel de Souza

    2012-08-01

    Full Text Available Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS is an infectious disease caused by hantaviruses of the family Bunyaviridae, and is transmitted by aerosols of excreta of infected rodents. The aim of the present study was to determine antibody levels to hantavirus in the population that lives at frontier of Brazil and Argentina. Participated of the study 405 individuals living in the municipalities of Bandeirante, Santa Helena, Princesa and Tunapolis, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. IgG antibodies to hantavirus were analyzed in sera by an ELISA that uses a recombinant N protein of Araraquara hantavirus as antigen. The results were also confirmed by immunofluorescent test. Eight individuals showed antibodies to hantavirus (1.97% positivity, with serum titers ranging from 100 to 800. Six seropositives were males, older than 30 years and farmers. Our results reinforce previous data on hantavirus circulation and human infections in the southern border of Brazil with Argentina.

  16. Truncation of the C-terminal region of Toscana Virus NSs protein is critical for interferon-β antagonism and protein stability.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Gori Savellini, Gianni; Gandolfo, Claudia; Cusi, Maria Grazia

    2015-12-01

    Toscana Virus (TOSV) is a Phlebovirus responsible for central nervous system (CNS) injury in humans. The TOSV non-structural protein (NSs), which interacting with RIG-I leads to its degradation, was analysed in the C terminus fragment in order to identify its functional domains. To this aim, two C-terminal truncated NSs proteins, Δ1C-NSs (aa 1-284) and Δ2C-NSs (aa 1-287) were tested. Only Δ1C-NSs did not present any inhibitory effect on RIG-I and it showed a greater stability than the whole NSs protein. Moreover, the deletion of the TLQ aa sequence interposed between the two ΔC constructs caused a greater accumulation of the protein with a weak inhibitory effect on RIG-I, indicating some involvement of these amino acids in the NSs activity. Nevertheless, all the truncated proteins were still able to interact with RIG-I, suggesting that the domains responsible for RIG-I signaling and RIG-I interaction are mapped on different regions of the protein. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  17. Recomendaciones para la vigilancia de Aedes aegypti

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    Roberto Barrera

    2016-09-01

    Full Text Available La enfermedades causadas por arbovirus transmitidos por Aedes aegypti, como el dengue, el chikungunya y el zika, continúan aumentando en incidencia anual y expansión geográfica. Una limitación clave para el control de A. aegypti ha sido la ausencia de herramientas eficaces para vigilar su población y poder determinar las medidas de control que realmente funcionan. La vigilancia de A. aegypti se ha basado principalmente en la obtención de los índices aédicos, los cuales guardan poca relación con el número de hembras del mosquito, que son las responsables de la transmisión de los virus. El reciente desarrollo de técnicas de muestreo de adultos de este vector promete facilitar las labores de vigilancia y control. En esta revisión se presentan las diversas técnicas de vigilancia del mosquito, así como una discusión sobre su utilidad, con recomendaciones para lograr una vigilancia entomológica más efectiva.

  18. A transmissão radiofônica de jogos de futebol: a incoerente gratuidade de um espetáculo esportivo?

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    Ana Paula Cabral Bonin

    2016-06-01

    Full Text Available Resumo A mídia passou a integrar o futebol em suas mais diversas vertentes e passou a usufruir do retorno financeiro, proporcionado pela preferência nacional desse esporte. Problematizamos este artigo baseados na seguinte questão: sendo a transmissão dos jogos de futebol um produto das emissoras de rádio, deveriam os clubes receber uma contrapartida financeira pelos direitos de transmissão? O procedimento metodológico consistiu em uma revisão bibliográfica, análise documental e notícias midiáticas referentes à tentativa de cobrança pela transmissão radiofônica pretendida pelo Clube Atlético Paranaense, em 2008. As considerações apontam para questões acerca do tema com vistas a pensar sobre a coerente ou incoerente gratuidade da transmissão radiofônica integral dos jogos de futebol no Brasil, tendo em vista um evento transmitido e mundialmente assistido como a Copa do Mundo de Futebol realizada no país em 2014.

  19. Chikungunya en la República Dominicana: lecciones aprendidas en los primeros seis meses

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    Raquel Pimentel

    2014-11-01

    Full Text Available La epidemia de chikungunya en la República Dominicana se inició en febrero de 2014. En los primeros seis meses se registraron 429 421 casos, que representaron 65% de todos los notificados a la Organización Panamericana de la Salud por 33 países y territorios de la Región de las Américas. Esta epidemia se ha transmitido con rapidez en dicho país y ha demandado una intensa respuesta intersectorial, que ha liderado el Ministerio de Salud Pública y, especialmente, el Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica y la red de los servicios de salud. Considerando que afectará a miles de personas, el objetivo de este artículo es describir las actuaciones realizadas y compartir los resultados y las lecciones aprendidas durante estos primeros meses con los ministerios de salud y los profesionales de los países de la Región para ayudarles a preparar una respuesta adecuada para afrontarla de forma efectiva y eficiente.

  20. El ayer, el hoy y el mañana

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    Corredor Pardo Katya Anyud

    1999-12-01

    Full Text Available

    Culturalmente, el anciano de hoy en nuestra sociedad, o en las grandes urbes, es considerado algunas veces por los jóvenes como un ser extraño y desagradable, como punto de partida de los  valores transmitidos en la familia los cuales deben ser revaluados y nosotros, los ancianos del mañana con los ancianos de hoy, cambiar de adentro hacia fuera. A su vez, evitar la transmisión generacional de estos valores a nuestros hijos realizando un análisis retrospectivo de la vida; cuando bebes, se tiene conciencia del uno al otro, y los niños en edad preescolar empiezan a conseguir compañeros, pero el grupo de amigos se fortalece a partir de los cinco o siete años, con frecuencia se escucha hablar con nostalgia de la vida en el colegio. Este lugar común es grato y feliz, adornado con carcajadas y anécdotas que despiertan e incentivan la imaginación y la realidad creada a partir del propio yo social, individual y cultural.

  1. Libros y lecturas para jóvenes. (La transmisión de valores a través de la literatura infantil y juvenil : el caso de la lij catalana 1939- 1985

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    Ramón BASSA i MARTÍN

    2010-03-01

    Full Text Available RESUMEN: La finalidad principal de este trabajo es analizar el mensaje educativo que durante casi medio siglo ha transmitido la literatura infantil y juvenil en lengua catalana, a partir de un análisis del contenido de una muestra representativa de libros, agrupando los campos léxico-semánticos de los textos en torno a diez grandes bloques (o sistemas ideológico-conceptuales, al tiempo que descubrir el modelo de intervención socioeducativa que esta literatura tuvo que construir históricamente en un determinado espacio social y cultural para sus jóvenes lectores. ABSTRACT: The primary aim of this paper is to analyse the educational message transmitted for almost half a century through children's literature in Catalan, based on an analysis of the content of a representative sample of books by grouping the texts' lexical-semantical fields around ten large blocks (or conceptual-ideological systems, while discovering the model of socioeducational intervention this literature historically had to construct within a determined social and cultural space for its young readers.

  2. Algumas anedotas sobre Demóstenes: uma releitura

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    Maddalena Vallozza

    2013-06-01

    Full Text Available Muitas das anedotas sobre Demóstenes estão relacionados a seus problemas de voz e a suas dificuldades no momento da hypokrisis. Eu proponho uma reinterpretação das páginas em que eles nos são transmitidos: de Quintiliano (11, 3, a principal testemunha, a Cícero (Orator 26 e 56-58, Brutus 142, De Oratore I 261 e III 213, do autor da seção sobre Demóstenes nas Vidas dos Dez Oradores (844 d-845 b à Vida de Demóstene, de Plutarco. Com base nisso, particularmente graças a Plutarco, que cita Hermipo e Demétrio de Fáleros, é possível formular a hipótese de que a tradição nasceu no Perípato, na área de interesses pela hypokrisis que demonstram o perdido Perì hypokríseos de Teofrasto e os fragmentos da Retórica de Demétrio de Fáleros.

  3. ANÁLISIS DE LA EXPERIENCIA DOCENTE DE UNA PROFESORA NOVEL Y OTRA EXPERTA EN LA RAMA DE LA EDUCACIÓN MUSICAL

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    Amaya Epelde Larrañaga

    2001-07-01

    Full Text Available La importancia de la Música como parte de la formación y la cultura que la escuela está obligada a dar a los niños y a los jóvenes ha sido reconocida en tiempos relativamente recientes; durante muchos años se ha llevado a cabo un proceso de valorización de la Música como elemento educativo. En este proceso de valorización, el maestro ocupa uno de los lugares más importantes. Niños y padres han de llegar a reconocer el valor de la música en la formación del educando, siendo parte del mismo, transmitido por el maestro. Desde esta perspectiva, y con un afán constructivista se realiza un análisis comparativo de dos importantes perfiles en la educación, el profesor novel y el profesor experto, diagnosticando los problemas con los que se encuentra el principiante para conseguir sus objetivos, y ayudando así a solventarlos.

  4. A biotechnological product and its potential as a new immunomodulator for treatment of animal phlebovirus infection: Punta Toro virus.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Durán, Nelson; Gowen, Brian B; Costa, Fabio T M; Justo, Giselle Z; Brocchi, Marcelo; Nunes, Odilon S; Nunes, Iseu S

    2009-08-01

    Intracellular pathogens with widespread drug-resistance contribute substantially to the increasing rates in morbidity and mortality due to emerging and reemerging diseases. Thus, the development of new drugs, including those that can enhance the immune response, is urgently needed. The immunomodulator, P-MAPA, a proteinaceous aggregate of ammonium and magnesium phospholinoleate-palmitoleate anhydride derived from Aspergillus oryzae, have been shown to induce antitumor activities. The ability of this compound to elicit protective immunity against viral infections has not been fully explored. Here, we report findings on the use of P-MAPA as an antiviral agent in a mouse model of acute phleboviral (Punta Toro virus) disease. A dose administered i.p. 24h post-infectious challenge (100mg/kg dose of P-MAPA) was remarkably effective at preventing death due to Punta Toro virus infection. This dose also reduced systemic viral burden and liver discoloration assayed on day 3 of infection. Taken together, our findings indicate that non-specific immunotherapy with P-MAPA appears to be an effective treatment for blocking Punta Toro virus-induced disease and suggest that further exploration with other viral disease models is warranted.

  5. Schmallenberg virus infection of ruminants: challenges and opportunities for veterinarians

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    Claine F

    2015-06-01

    Full Text Available François Claine, Damien Coupeau, Laetitia Wiggers, Benoît Muylkens, Nathalie Kirschvink Veterinary Department, Faculty of Sciences, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS, University of Namur (UNamur, Namur, Belgium Abstract: In 2011, European ruminant flocks were infected by Schmallenberg virus (SBV leading to transient disease in adult cattle but abortions and congenital deformities in calves, lambs, and goat kids. SBV belonging to the Simbu serogroup (family Bunyaviridae and genus Orthobunyavirus was first discovered in the same region where bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8 emerged 5 years before. Both viruses are transmitted by biting midges (Culicoides spp. and share several similarities. This paper describes the current knowledge of temporal and geographical spread, molecular virology, transmission and susceptible species, clinical signs, diagnosis, prevention and control, impact on ruminant health, and productivity of SBV infection in Europe, and compares SBV infection with BTV-8 infection in ruminants. Keywords: Schmallenberg virus, Europe, ruminants, review

  6. Potential for La Crosse virus segment reassortment in nature

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    Geske Dave

    2008-12-01

    Full Text Available Abstract The evolutionary success of La Crosse virus (LACV, family Bunyaviridae is due to its ability to adapt to changing conditions through intramolecular genetic changes and segment reassortment. Vertical transmission of LACV in mosquitoes increases the potential for segment reassortment. Studies were conducted to determine if segment reassortment was occurring in naturally infected Aedes triseriatus from Wisconsin and Minnesota in 2000, 2004, 2006 and 2007. Mosquito eggs were collected from various sites in Wisconsin and Minnesota. They were reared in the laboratory and adults were tested for LACV antigen by immunofluorescence assay. RNA was isolated from the abdomen of infected mosquitoes and portions of the small (S, medium (M and large (L viral genome segments were amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced. Overall, the viral sequences from 40 infected mosquitoes and 5 virus isolates were analyzed. Phylogenetic and linkage disequilibrium analyses revealed that approximately 25% of infected mosquitoes and viruses contained reassorted genome segments, suggesting that LACV segment reassortment is frequent in nature.

  7. Molecular Assay on Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Ticks (Ixodidae) Collected from Kermanshah Province, Western Iran

    Science.gov (United States)

    Mohammadian, Maria; Chinikar, Sadegh; Telmadarraiy, Zakkyeh; Vatandoost, Hassan; Oshaghi, Mohammad Ali; Hanafi-Bojd, Ahmad Ali; Sedaghat, Mohammad Mehdi; Noroozi, Mehdi; Faghihi, Faezeh; Jalali, Tahmineh; Khakifirouz, Sahar; Shahhosseini, Nariman; Farhadpour, Firoozeh

    2016-01-01

    Background: Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a feverous and hemorrhagic disease endemic in some parts of Iran and caused by an arbovirus related to Bunyaviridae family and Nairovirusgenus. The main virus reservoir in the nature is ticks, however small vertebrates and a wide range of domestic and wild animals are regarded as reservoir hosts. This study was conducted to determine the infection rate of CCHF virus in hard ticks of Sarpole-Zahab County, Kermanshah province, west of Iran. Methods: From total number of 851 collected ticks from 8 villages, 131 ticks were selected randomlyand investigated for detection of CCHF virus using RT-PCR. Results: The virus was found in 3.8% of the tested ticks. Hyalommaanatolicum, H. asiaticum and Rhipicephalus sanguineus species were found to have viral infection, with the highest infection rate (11.11%) in Rh. sanguineus. Conclusion: These findings provide epidemiological evidence for planning control strategies of the disease in the study area. PMID:27308296

  8. Molecular Assay on Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Ticks (Ixodidae Collected from Kermanshah Province, Western Iran

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    Maria Mohammadian

    2016-01-01

    Full Text Available Background: Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF is a feverous and hemorrhagic disease endemic in some parts of Iran and caused by an arbovirus related to Bunyaviridae family and Nairovirusgenus. The main virus reser­voir in the nature is ticks, however small vertebrates and a wide range of domestic and wild animals are regarded as reservoir hosts. This study was conducted to determine the infection rate of CCHF virus in hard ticks of Sarpole-Zahab County, Kermanshah province, west of Iran.Methods: From total number of 851 collected ticks from 8 villages, 131 ticks were selected randomlyand investi­gated for detection of CCHF virus using RT-PCR.Results: The virus was found in 3.8% of the tested ticks. Hyalommaanatolicum, H.asiaticum and Rhipicephalus sanguineus species were found to have viral infection, with the highest infection rate (11.11% in Rh. sanguineus.Conclusion: These findings provide epidemiological evidence for planning control strategies of the disease in the study area.

  9. The major cellular sterol regulatory pathway is required for Andes virus infection.

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    Josiah Petersen

    2014-02-01

    Full Text Available The Bunyaviridae comprise a large family of RNA viruses with worldwide distribution and includes the pathogenic New World hantavirus, Andes virus (ANDV. Host factors needed for hantavirus entry remain largely enigmatic and therapeutics are unavailable. To identify cellular requirements for ANDV infection, we performed two parallel genetic screens. Analysis of a large library of insertionally mutagenized human haploid cells and a siRNA genomic screen converged on components (SREBP-2, SCAP, S1P and S2P of the sterol regulatory pathway as critically important for infection by ANDV. The significance of this pathway was confirmed using functionally deficient cells, TALEN-mediated gene disruption, RNA interference and pharmacologic inhibition. Disruption of sterol regulatory complex function impaired ANDV internalization without affecting virus binding. Pharmacologic manipulation of cholesterol levels demonstrated that ANDV entry is sensitive to changes in cellular cholesterol and raises the possibility that clinically approved regulators of sterol synthesis may prove useful for combating ANDV infection.

  10. Campañas de prevención del cáncer en el contexto de la Publicidad de Servicio Público: un análisis de los mensajes y de los recursos creativos.Campanhas de prevenção do cancro no contexto da Publicidade de Serviço Púbico: uma análise das mensagens e dos recursos criativos.Campaigns for cancer prevention in the context of Public Service Advertising: an analysis of messages and creative resources

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    Maria van Schoor

    2011-01-01

    Full Text Available The present study aims to understand the structure of preventive campaigns against cancer focusing on the arguments that are used and the way they are transmitted. The research work comprised a content analysis of 72 advertising films produced in various continents representing, in general, the different approaches used nowadays in this field. We can point out, as main conclusions, that the cancer prevention campaigns use a considerable percentage of positive approaches, do not use fear appeals or display the shocking consequences as a result of negligent behaviour. The main messages emphasize prevention through creative formats that intend to establish an empathy and proximity with the target audience.Con este trabajo pretendemos comprender la estructura de las campañas de prevención del cáncer a nivel internacional, incidiendo en el análisis de los argumentos utilizados y la forma en la que estos son transmitidos. Realizamos un análisis de contenido de 72 anuncios publicitarios audiovisuales procedentes de diversos continentes y que ilustran, en gran parte, los diferentes abordajes utilizados actualmente en este campo. Fue posible constatar que las campañas de prevención del cáncer utilizan un porcentaje considerable de anuncios desde una perspectiva positiva, en los cuales no se utiliza el miedo ni consecuencias impactantes como resultado de los comportamientos de riesgo. En su mayoría, los anuncios utilizan un abordaje positivo, desde una óptica preventiva, a través de formatos creativos que procuran una gran empatía y proximidad con los destinatarios del mensaje.Este estudo tem como objectivo comprender a estrutura das campanhas de prevenção contra o cancro, a nível internacional, incidindo a sua análise sobre os argumentos utilizados e sobre a forma como são transmitidos. Na componente empírica do trabalho, realizou-se uma análise de conteúdo de 72 filmes publicitários provenientes de diversos continentes e que

  11. Jatobal virus antigenic characterization by ELISA and neutralization test using EIA as indicator, on tissue culture

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    Luiz Tadeu M. Figueiredo

    1988-06-01

    Full Text Available A virus antigenic characterization methodology using an indirect method of antibody detection ELISA with virus-infected cultured cells as antigen and a micro virus neutralisation test using EIA (NT-EIA as an aid to reading were used for antigenic characterization of Jatobal (BeAn 423380. Jatobal virus was characterized as a Bunyaviridae, Bunyavirus genus, Simbu serogroup virus. ELISA using infected cultured cells as antigen is a sensitive and reliable method for identification of viruses and has many advantages over conventional antibody capture ELISA's and other tests: it eliminates solid phase coating with virus and laborious antigen preparation; it permits screening of large numbers of virus antisera faster and more easily than by CF, HAI, or plaque reduction NT. ELISA and NT using EIA as an aid to reading can be applicable to viruses which do not produce cytopathogenic effect. Both techniques are applicable to identification of viruses which grow in mosquito cells.A caracterização antigênica do vírus Jatobal (BeAn 423380 foi efetuada utilizando uma técnica de ELISA para deteccão de anticorpos que utiliza culturas celulares infectadas como antígeno e um micro teste de neutralização para vírus que utiliza o método imunoenzimático como auxiliar para a leitura dos resultados (NT-EIA. O vírus Jatobal foi caracterizado como um Bunyaviridae, gênero Bunyavirus, pertencente ao sorogrupo Simbu. A técnica de ELISA, utilizando culturas celulares infectadas como antígeno, trata-se de método sensível e confiável na identificação de agentes virais, possuindo muitas vantagens sobre ELISA convencionais e outros testes: elimina a preparação laboriosa de antígenos para o revestimento em fase sólida; permite que se teste de forma mais rápida e fácil que por CF, HAI e neutralização por redução de plaques um grande número de antisoros de vírus. ELISA e NT-EIA podem ser utilizados para a classificação de vírus que não produzem

  12. ‘Everybody knows’, but the rest of the world: the case of a caterpillar-borne reproductive loss syndrome in dromedary camels observed by Sahrawi pastoralists of Western Sahara

    Science.gov (United States)

    2013-01-01

    índrome de pérdida reproductiva en dromedarios transmitido por orugas y observado por pastores nómadas saharauis del Sáhara Occidental. Antecedentes Los conocimientos tradicionales de las comunidades locales de todo el mundo son una valiosa fuente de nuevas ideas e información para la ciencia. En este estudio, se utilizaron los conocimientos de etnoveterinaria de pastores saharauis del Sáhara Occidental con el fin de proponer una hipótesis científica sobre las interacciones competitivas entre los camellos y las orugas en el ecosistema del Sáhara. Métodos Entre los años 2005 y 2009, se realizaron 44 entrevistas semi-estructuradas a los pastores saharauis en los territorios administrados por la República Árabe Saharaui Democrática, Sáhara Occidental, mediante un diseño de muestreo por bola de nieve. Resultados Los pastores nómadas saharauis describieron un síndrome reproductivo transmitido por orugas, llamado duda, entre sus camellas. Sobre la base de los conocimientos saharauis sobre el duda y una revisión literaria exhaustiva, se propuso la siguiente hipótesis: 1) brotes esporádico de orugas de la familia Lasiocampidae (géneros Lasiocampa, Psilogaster o Streblote) en árboles de Acacia se pueden presentar después de fuertes lluvias en el ecosistema del Sáhara Occidental; 2) durante estos brotes, los camellos ingieren las orugas durante el pastoreo; 3) como consecuencia de esta ingestión, se producen abortos repentinos o partos de crías debilitadas. Apoyamos esta hipótesis mediante razonamiento inductivo basado en evidencia circunstancial y razonamiento analógico con síndromes similares en yeguas de los Estados Unidos y Australia. Conclusiones Este es el primer reporte de la posible existencia de un síndrome de pérdida reproductiva en camellos, transmitido por orugas. Se insinúa que estos síndromes son más comunes que lo que actualmente se conoce. Se sugieren investigaciones adicionales para poner a prueba nuestra hipótesis. Finalmente, se

  13. ‘Everybody knows’, but the rest of the world: the case of a caterpillar-borne reproductive loss syndrome in dromedary camels observed by Sahrawi pastoralists of Western Sahara

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    Volpato Gabriele

    2013-01-01

    mundo: el caso de un síndrome de pérdida reproductiva en dromedarios transmitido por orugas y observado por pastores nómadas saharauis del Sáhara Occidental. Antecedentes Los conocimientos tradicionales de las comunidades locales de todo el mundo son una valiosa fuente de nuevas ideas e información para la ciencia. En este estudio, se utilizaron los conocimientos de etnoveterinaria de pastores saharauis del Sáhara Occidental con el fin de proponer una hipótesis científica sobre las interacciones competitivas entre los camellos y las orugas en el ecosistema del Sáhara. Métodos Entre los años 2005 y 2009, se realizaron 44 entrevistas semi-estructuradas a los pastores saharauis en los territorios administrados por la República Árabe Saharaui Democrática, Sáhara Occidental, mediante un diseño de muestreo por bola de nieve. Resultados Los pastores nómadas saharauis describieron un síndrome reproductivo transmitido por orugas, llamado duda, entre sus camellas. Sobre la base de los conocimientos saharauis sobre el duda y una revisión literaria exhaustiva, se propuso la siguiente hipótesis: 1 brotes esporádico de orugas de la familia Lasiocampidae (géneros Lasiocampa, Psilogaster o Streblote en árboles de Acacia se pueden presentar después de fuertes lluvias en el ecosistema del Sáhara Occidental; 2 durante estos brotes, los camellos ingieren las orugas durante el pastoreo; 3 como consecuencia de esta ingestión, se producen abortos repentinos o partos de crías debilitadas. Apoyamos esta hipótesis mediante razonamiento inductivo basado en evidencia circunstancial y razonamiento analógico con síndromes similares en yeguas de los Estados Unidos y Australia. Conclusiones Este es el primer reporte de la posible existencia de un síndrome de pérdida reproductiva en camellos, transmitido por orugas. Se insinúa que estos síndromes son más comunes que lo que actualmente se conoce. Se sugieren investigaciones adicionales para poner a prueba nuestra hip

  14. O PAPEL IMUNOLÓGICO E SOCIAL DO LEITE MATERNO NA PREVENÇÃO DE DOENÇAS INFECCIOSAS E ALÉRGICAS NA INFÂNCIA

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    MÁRCIO FLÁVIO MOURA DE ARAÚJO

    2006-01-01

    Full Text Available Estudio reflexivo que tuvo como objetivo analizar la contribución inmunológica y social de la leche materna en la prevención de enfermidades infecciosas y alérgicas . El proceso de amamantamiento repercute de forma biopsicosocial en el desarrollo del niño, especialmente, en la prevención de enfermedades como las diarreas, las IRAs y las alergias que son asociadas como causa de morbimortalidad pediátrica. Esa inmunidad es conferida por los anticuerpos maternos transmitidos durante la lactancia materna, principalmente, por la IgA( principal anticuerpo de la leche que irán a habitar el trato digestivo del niño, impidiendo así que microorganismos patógenos colonicen el trato enterogástrico infantil, produciendo enfermedades. El enfermero teñie tido realce en lo aconsejamento de gestantes y puerperas para asegurar lo amamantamiento hasta lo período de seis meses. Se señala que el amamantamiento maternal debido a sus características inmunológicas y sociales que previenen varias enfermedades infecciosas y alérgicas se constituye en una acción de promoción de la salud.

  15. LA RELIGIÓN MEDIADA: SINTONIZANDO A DIOS EN LA RADIO MEXICANA

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    Margarita Reyna Ruiz

    2014-06-01

    Full Text Available El presente artículo expone algunos elementos de la investigación realizada en torno a cómo las agrupaciones religiosas en México se articulan al dispositivo comunicativo. Es decir, a un dispositivo de integración simbólica de diferentes soportes en la producción social de significados, con el fin de difundir sus universos de creencias, mediante la construcción de un vínculo comunicativo con el público. En esta indagación se trabajó con uno de los componentes de ese dispositivo: el medio radiofónico. Para mostrar el vínculo que se construye con el escucha se realizó un análisis retórico-discursivo de cinco programas con contenido religioso que tienen distintos formatos y que fueron transmitidos en la radio del Valle de México. En esta presentación se desarrollan, fundamentalmente, el contexto y la dimensión metodológica de esta investigación, se presentan de manera sucinta los resultados del análisis y una reflexión que se desprende del conjunto de este trabajo.

  16. Detecção, transmissão e patogenicidade de fungos em sementes de angico-vermelho (Parapiptadenia rigida

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    Caciara Gonzatto Maciel

    2012-12-01

    Full Text Available Angico-vermelho (Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth. Brenan é uma espécie nativa de grande valor ecológico e econômico, importante para a recomposição de áreas degradadas. O presente trabalho avaliou incidência, transmissão e patogenicidade de fungos associados a sementes de angico-vermelho de distintas procedências do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Para isso, utilizaram-se três amostras de sementes, com as quais realizaram-se testes de germinação, sanidade empregando-se o método do papel-filtro (PF e de plaqueamento em batata-dextrose-ágar (BDA, transmissão e patogenicidade dos fungos. A germinação das sementes de angico-vermelho variou de 63 a 91 %. Os fungos considerados potencialmente patogênicos encontrados associados as sementes de angico-vermelho foram: Alternaria sp.; Botrytis sp.; Fusarium sp.; Cladosporium sp. e Pestalotia sp.; sendo que Fusarium sp. foi detectado em todas as amostras pelo método PF, e foi transmitido via semente causando má formação do sistema radicular e dos cotilédones e tombamento de pré emergência. Sua patogenicidade foi confirmada.

  17. Tabaco y cambio social: la construcción del tabaquismo como conducta desviada

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    SUSANA RODRÍGUEZ DÍAZ

    2011-01-01

    Full Text Available En este artículo se propone un análisis de algunas de las estrategias que se han utilizado para convertir al tan extendido y popular hábito de fumar en una conducta desviada en el contexto de lo que se ha venido en llamar «cruzada antitabaco ». Esto abarca tanto la creciente regulación y normalización del mundo del tabaco como la elaboración de un nuevo sistema ideológico, transmitido a través de campañas diseñadas para marcar negativamente a esta sustancia y a los que la consumen. Agruparemos tales estrategias en cinco dimensiones, que nos remiten a distintos ámbitos o niveles de análisis. Así, hablaremos de una patologización en términos médicos, de una segregación espacial, de una estigmatización que obedece a una lógica religiosa, de una criminalización que nos remite al campo de lo bélico, así como de una desviación de la norma que nos remite al terreno de lo social.

  18. Sexo oral e HIV entre homens que fazem sexo com homens Oral sex and HIV among men who have sex with men

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    Sergio Luis Funari

    2003-12-01

    Full Text Available A transmissão sexual do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV representa um problema de saúde pública em todo o mundo, e homens que fazem sexo com homens encontram-se sob risco diferenciado para essa infecção. Ainda que existam evidências suficientes para se afirmar que o HIV pode ser transmitido via sexo oral, a percepção desse risco é ambígua, e relaciona-se de forma paradoxal com mudanças de atitude. Novos modelos de percepção de risco devem ser desenvolvidos em diversas áreas de conhecimento para se alcançar compreensão aprofundada desse fenômeno.Sexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV continues to pose a public health problem worldwide. Men who have sex with men are still at differential risk of infection. Although there is evidence to claim that HIV can be transmitted by oral sex, the perception of this risk is ambiguous and relates paradoxically to behavior change. New models of risk perception must be developed in various areas of knowledge to obtain a fuller understanding of this phenomenon.

  19. LUTAS PELO CORPO DESPORTIVO: EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA E FUTEBOL EM PORTUGAL DURANTE O ESTADO NOVO

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    Nuno Domingos

    2014-12-01

    Full Text Available Este texto procura pensar a relação do futebol com a educação do corpo em Portugal na primeira metade do século XX. O seu interesse maior é o de refletir sobre o modo como uma modalidade não ensinada no interior das instituições do Estado, ao contrário de outras práticas desportivas, construiu circuitos e espaços particulares da educação do corpo, assentes em saberes transmitidos por experiência prática depois debatidos em artigos de jornal e noutras publicações. Esta clandestinidade do futebol contribui durante décadas para que o jogo não fosse considerado uma atividade com bases científicas, mas apenas um jogo com uma interação relativamente pouco organizada. A recuperação das lógicas que presidiram à constituição do jogo como atividade específica é fundamental para perceber como os seus fundamentos estéticos e científicos se expandiram num contexto de lutas pelo seu significado.

  20. Los manuales escritos por matronas europeas (1609-1710: el origen de cuidados humanizados en el embarazo

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    Carmen Martínez Rojo

    2014-06-01

    Full Text Available Objetivo principal: Analizar los cuidados administrados por matronas a mujeres en su embarazo en el siglo XVII transmitidos a través de los manuales escritos por las mismas parteras. Metodología: Metodología cualitativa, desde la hermenéutica y la historia cultural a través de técnicas etnográfico-narrativas mediante la lectura de cinco manuales (1609-1710, categorizando los textos siguiendo el modelo dialéctico de construcción-deconstrucción. Resultados principales: Obtuvimos como resultados la identificación de cuidados impregnados en creencias populares y el modo en que estos evolucionaron hacia la ciencia a través del diagnóstico, consejos higiénico-dietéticos, controles antenatales y atención a patologías. Conclusión principal: Concluimos que las matronas del siglo XVII se cohesionaron gracias al elemento estructural de los manuales en torno a valores de respeto a la fisiología de las mujeres y serán germen de una partería humanizada que les otorga identidad como colectivo profesional.

  1. Ventajas de la implementación de la práctica de gobierno corporativo en las empresas

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    Dilia Castillo

    2007-10-01

    Full Text Available El objetivo primordial de una empresa es maximizar la riqueza corporativa. Lapráctica de Gobierno Corporativo (Corporate Governance de una organización protege los intereses de sus diversos grupos. Ésta es tarea directiva de la sentidades públicas o privadas, para asegurar la aplicación de los principios empresariales como equidad, justicia, economía, verdad, honestidad, eficacia,y responsabilidad tanto para clientes externos como internos. De igual modo, garantiza la reproducción de una información fidedigna y transparente, orientada por la Dirección, la cual estará pendiente de revisar y guiar la estrategia de la compañías, sus planes de acción, las políticas de contratación, los objetivos de desempeño, incluyendo el servicio posventa al cliente y la planeación. Así mismo, está pendiente de que la información publicitaria y de promoción sean realmente las que se estén ejecutando y cumpliendo, para garantizar que todos los esfuerzos sean transmitidos al consumidor final como valor agregado que asegura su fidelidad a la empresa.

  2. The transmission of suprapylarian Leishmania by bite of experimentally infected sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae A trasnmissão de Leishmania suprapilária pela picada do flebotomíneo infectado experimentalmente

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    L. Ryan

    1987-09-01

    Full Text Available Lutzomyia furcata transmitted Leishmania chagasi to a hamster 10 days after being experimentally fed on an infected spleen. An individual female Psychodopygus carrerai carrerai that had fed on a hamster lesion caused by Leishmania mexicana amazonensis transmitted this parasite 6 days later to another hamster. Transmission electron microscopy of this fly's head revealed a small number of degenerate promastigotes in the foregut, but only a few were attached.O protozoário Leishmania (L. chagasi foi transmitido experimentalmente a um hamster pela picada do flebotomíneo Lutzomyia furcata. Os insetos foram infectados através de uma membrana (pele de pinto, utilizando-se formas amastigotas provenientes do baço de um hamster infectado. O baço foi triturado em sangue de coelho. A L. (L. amazonensis foi transmitida a um hamster pela picada do flebotomíneo Psychodopygus c. carrerai, previamente alimentado em lesão de pele de um outro hamster infectado com o parasita. O exame desse flebotomíneo, através de microscópio eletrônico, revelou um número pequeno de flagelados degenerados, livres no lumen do intestino anterior.

  3. Suscetibilidade de genótipos de feijão ao vírus-do-mosaico-dourado

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Lemos Leandro Borges

    2003-01-01

    Full Text Available O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a suscetibilidade de diversos genótipos de feijão ao vírus-do-mosaico-dourado (VMDF, transmitido pela mosca branca (Bemisia tabaci. A semeadura foi realizada na época da seca e das águas, com e sem aplicação do inseticida granulado Aldicarb (3,0 kg ha-1 do i.a. no sulco de semeadura. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados disposto em esquema fatorial 14x2, representado por genótipos e inseticida, respectivamente, com quatro repetições. A maior infestação de mosca-branca e incidência do vírus ocorreu na época da seca, causando prejuízos à produção do feijoeiro. Os genótipos apresentaram diferentes graus de suscetibilidade ao vírus e ao inseto vetor. Os genótipos mais tolerantes foram IAPAR 57, IAPAR 65, IAPAR 72, Ônix, Aporé e 606 (5(214-17. A aplicação do inseticida sistêmico controla o vetor em ambas as épocas de cultivo, proporcionando aumentos da produtividade.

  4. Demonstration of helicase activity in the nonstructural protein, NSs, of the negative-sense RNA virus, groundnut bud necrosis virus.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Bhushan, Lokesh; Abraham, Ambily; Choudhury, Nirupam Roy; Rana, Vipin Singh; Mukherjee, Sunil Kumar; Savithri, Handanahal Subbarao

    2015-04-01

    The nonstructural protein NSs, encoded by the S RNA of groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV) (genus Tospovirus, family Bunyaviridae) has earlier been shown to possess nucleic-acid-stimulated NTPase and 5' α phosphatase activity. ATP hydrolysis is an essential function of a true helicase. Therefore, NSs was tested for DNA helicase activity. The results demonstrated that GBNV NSs possesses bidirectional DNA helicase activity. An alanine mutation in the Walker A motif (K189A rNSs) decreased DNA helicase activity substantially, whereas a mutation in the Walker B motif resulted in a marginal decrease in this activity. The parallel loss of the helicase and ATPase activity in the K189A mutant confirms that NSs acts as a non-canonical DNA helicase. Furthermore, both the wild-type and K189A NSs could function as RNA silencing suppressors, demonstrating that the suppressor activity of NSs is independent of its helicase or ATPase activity. This is the first report of a true helicase from a negative-sense RNA virus.

  5. [Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Saijo, Masayuki; Moriikawa, Shigeru; Kurane, Ichiro

    2004-12-01

    Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an acute infectious disease caused by CCHF virus (CCHFV), a member of the family Bunyaviridae, genus Nairovirus. The case fatality rate of CCHF ranges from 10-40%. Because CCHF is not present in Japan, many Japanese virologists and clinicians are not very familiar with this disease. However, there remains the possibility of an introduction of CCHFV or other hemorrhagic fever viruses into Japan from surrounding endemic areas. Development of diagnostic laboratory capacity for viral hemorrhagic fevers is necessary even in countries without these diseases. At the National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan, laboratory-based systems such as recombinant protein-based antibody detection, antigen-capture and pathological examination have been developed. In this review article, epidemiologic and clinical data on CCHF in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, compiled through field investigations and diagnostic testing utilizing the aforementioned laboratory systems, are presented. CCHFV infections are closely associated with the environmental conditions, life styles, religion, occupation, and human economic activities. Based on these data, preventive measures for CCHFV infections are also discussed.

  6. NSs protein of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus suppresses interferon production through different mechanism than Rift Valley fever virus.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Zhang, S; Zheng, B; Wang, T; Li, A; Wan, J; Qu, J; Li, C H; Li, D; Liang, M

    Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is a newly identified Phlebovirus that causes severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. Our study demonstrated that SFTSV NSs functioned as IFN antagonist mainly by suppressing TBK1/IKKε-IRF3 signaling pathway. NSs interacted with and relocalized TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) into NSs-induced cytoplasmic structures and this interaction could effectively inhibit downstream phosphorylation and dimerization of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), resulting in the suppression of antiviral signaling and IFN induction. Functional sites of SFTSV NSs binding with TBK1 were then studied and results showed that NSs had lost their IFN-inhibiting activity after deleting the 25 amino acids in N-terminal. Furthermore, the mechanism of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) NSs blocking IFN-β response were also investigated. Preliminary results showed that RVFV NSs proteins could neither interact nor co-localize with TBK1 in cytoplasm, but suppressed its expression levels, phosphorylation and dimerization of IRF3 in the subsequent steps, resulting in inhibition of the IFN-β production. Altogether, our data demonstrated the probable mechanism used by SFTSV to inhibit IFN responses which was different from RVFV and pointed toward a novel mechanism for RVFV suppressing IFN responses.

  7. Las industrias informativas: ¿tienen futuro?

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Robert Picard

    2014-01-01

    Full Text Available La abundancia de información, la fragmentación y polarización de las au-diencias, el desarrollo del portafolio de ofertas, los cambios en las formasde comunicar y el propio debilitamiento de las compañías mediáticas obli-gan a las industrias informativas a repensar sus modelos de negocio, anteel descenso ineludible de los ingresos provenientes del pago de los usua-rios y la venta de publicidad. Algunos observadores confunden la difícil si-tuación de los medios informativos con el periodismo. Pero estos no sonsinónimos. El periodismo no es una forma de medio de comunicación; noes una plataforma de distribución; tampoco una industria o una compañía;ni un modelo de negocio, ni un trabajo. El periodismo es una actividad, unconjunto de prácticas mediante las cuales la información y el conocimien-to son obtenidos, procesados y transmitidos. Las perspectivas económicasy empresariales resultan importantes para responder interrogantes sobreel estado actual y futuro de las industrias informativas, porque sus desafíosfundamentales involucran nuevas estrategias de!nanciamiento, costos ypolíticas públicas que permitan hacer frente a los retos ineludibles que seplantean en el siglo XXI.

  8. Los antroponimos griegos y su presencia en los cultos indígenas peninsulares

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Arminda LOZANO VELILLA

    2010-02-01

    Full Text Available RESUMEN: Antes de considerar el tema que nos ocupa conviene hacer ciertas precisiones sobre la valoración de la antroponomia griega, importante faceta de la historia antigua de la Península Ibérica. Los antropónimos griegos, conocidos y transmitidos bajo su forma latina a través de la Epigrafía romana en Hispania, constituyen una parte considerable y significativa de la onomástica peninsular. Un estudio de conjunto sobre ella no había sido acometido hasta ahora. De ahí, que no harta frecuencia se lea todavía, incluso en trabajos de alta especialización, la afirmación de que los portadores de antropónimos griegos en Hispania procedían de otra áreas geográficas, en concreto de las situadas en el Mediterráneo oriental. No obstante, la paciente labor de algunos investigacores, especialmente H. Solin centrada en la antroponimia griega de Roma, permitió conocer sin ningún género de dudas que tal suposición es errónea para la práctica totalidad de los casos, mientras que los antropónimos griegos sí son altamente representativos para conocer la extracción social de sus portadores.

  9. Análise dialélica para tolerância ao vírus-do-nanismo-amarelo-da-cevada em cultivares brasileiras de trigo

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Barbieri Rosa Lía

    2001-01-01

    Full Text Available Seis cultivares brasileiras de trigo com diferentes níveis de tolerância ao vírus-do-nanismo-amarelo-da-cevada (VNAC foram cruzadas de modo dialélico para avaliar as capacidades geral e específica de combinação quanto à herança da tolerância. Um isolado do vírus transmitido por Rhopalosiphum padi (L. foi inoculado nas cultivares e nos híbridos F1 no estádio de plântula com duas folhas. Foram atribuídas notas individuais a cada planta de acordo com a severidade de sintomas apresentados. Os dados obtidos foram analisados segundo os três métodos: o de Griffing, o modelo fixo, e método 2. Ficou evidenciada a presença de heterose, provavelmente decorrente do efeito aditivo de genes complementares. As cultivares BR 34 e BR 35 se destacaram com melhores valores de capacidade geral de combinação (CGC, e é recomendado seu uso como genitores em programas de melhoramento de trigo que visem à obtenção de combinações genéticas com tolerância ao VNAC.

  10. Proctite Infeciosa: Valorizar o Diagnóstico Diferencial

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Dalila Costa

    2018-02-01

    Full Text Available As manifestações gastrointestinais de infeções sexualmente transmissíveis podem não ser precocemente reconhecidas. Perante o aumento dos comportamentos sexuais de risco é imperativo o reconhecimento da proctite infeciosa na prática clínica. Os autores descrevem o caso clínico de um homem de 28 anos, homossexual, com infeção pelo vírus de imunodeficiência adquirida (com contagem de células CD4+ normal, que recorreu por múltiplas vezes ao serviço de urgência por quadro de retorragias e fezes com muco purulento, obstipação com tenesmo, aerocolia intensa e emagrecimento, sem melhoria com tratamento sintomático. A retosigmoidoscopia revelou uma proctite ulcerativa severa, com achados inespecíficos na histologia. A pesquisa de DNA do vírus Epstein-Barr e citomegalovírus em biópsia subsequente foi positiva, pelo que iniciou terapêutica dirigida, com melhoria paulatina do quadro clínico e endoscópico. Este caso realça a complexidade do diagnóstico da proctite infeciosa e alerta para a possível coexistência de múltiplos agentes transmitidos sexualmente.  Recebido: 21/05/2016 - Aceite: 05/06/2016

  11. Transmissão psíquica entre as gerações

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Olga B. Ruiz Correa

    2003-01-01

    Full Text Available O reconhecimento da alienação da subjetividade, comprometida numa transmissão psíquica geracional defeituosa, possibilita um novo olhar clínico sobre as patologias da modernidade. O vínculo mãe-bebê e o grupo familiar constituem o berço psíquico do sujeito, constituído por uma tecelagem grupal geracional que poderíamos denominar arquivos de família. Os processos de transmissão são sustentados por mecanismos de identificação junto a um interjogo de projeções-introjeções e incorporações, assim como por uma referência ao superego parental. Neste espaço psíquico intersubjetivo se processa a transmissão psíquica geracional, que precisa ser metabolizada e sofrer transformações. Na clínica do grupo familiar são considerados os traços traumáticos e feridas narcisistas que são transmitidos como restos do "negativo", sem modificação e de forma repetitiva, nos persos vínculos do espaço grupal-familiar, gerando, assim, persos sintomas e sofrimento intra e intersubjetivo.

  12. Circo, educação e continuidade: a criação da escola nacional e a formação do artista no Brasil entre 1975-1984

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Gláucia Andreza Kronbauer

    2017-10-01

    Full Text Available O circo é um espetáculo que congrega sob a lona, em um picadeiro circular, diversas manifestações artísticas produzidas pela humanidade ao longo de sua história. Sua organização tem na família elemento central, na itinerância um modo de vida, e na criança a garantia de sobrevivência. Durante a história das mulheres, homens e crianças circenses no Brasil, os distintos modos de fazer circo eram transmitidos de geração para geração no seio familiar, em processos de continuidade. Em certo contexto, no entanto, começaram a surgir instituições escolares específicas para a formação de artistas, como é o caso da Escola Nacional de Circo (ENC. De caráter estatal e primeira do tipo na América Latina, foi inaugurada no dia 13 de maio de 1982, no Rio de Janeiro. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar as transformações nos modos de vida no circo e, consequentemente, nos processos educativos do artista que condicionaram a criação da Escola Nacional de Circo na década de 1980.

  13. O que é o cibersexo? Uma arqueologia em três tempos

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    William Araujo Rezende

    2016-01-01

    Full Text Available Este trabajo analiza el objeto cibersexo partindo del contexto discursivo que involucró el concepto. Para este propósito, partimos del cuestionamiento de su especificidad mediante el análisis de las definiciones actuales en el ámbito científico. Después, trazamos la arqueología de su aparición en el campo del conocimiento, basado en un levantamiento del discurso transmitido por los medios de comunicación y revistas científicas, en tres momentos diferentes. En un primer momento, se analiza su emergencia como un problema de identidad que luego toma un tono peligroso marcado por el discurso de los medios de comunicación. Entonces vemos cómo el cibersexo comienza a ser conjurado por la dimensión jurídica a través de la sospecha permanente de crimen potencial. Finalmente, se investiga su inclusión en el ámbito de la Psicología, principalmente a través de discursos de patologización. Llegamos a la conclusión de que el concepto de cibersexo no se limita a este marco epistemológico que no contempla las experiencias únicas que revelan su dimensión molecular.

  14. Psicodinâmica das relações incestuosas: assassinato e renascimento da alma em Preciosa

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Tales Vilela Santeiro

    2014-03-01

    Full Text Available A linguagem dos filmes é vigorosa em facilitar processos formativos na clínica de orientação psicanalítica, pois metaforiza situações e contextos humanos, inclusive relações familiares incestuosas (RFIs. O trabalho teve como objetivo discutir um caso fílmico que focaliza RFsI encenadas por um casal parental e por uma filha. Preciosa: uma história de esperança, filme estadunidense dirigido e produzido por Lee Daniels em 2009, foi analisado qualitativamente por meio de teorias e discussões clínicas sobre a psicodinâmica familiar. A família de Preciosa é entendida de modo integrado, havendo mutualidade de influências entre seus diferentes membros, que se relacionam conforme os limites e potencialidades impostos pelo desenvolvimento psicossexual de cada um deles. Todos os envolvidos nas RFIs precisam enfrentar a tarefa de elaborar segredos familiares, os quais são transmitidos por via inconsciente de geração a geração. Preciosa ilustra a importância das funções familiares para a constituição das subjetividades e retrata desafios contemporâneos que se apresentam ao trabalho do clínico.

  15. Ability of Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae to Transmit Cucumber mosaic virus in Single and Mixed Infection with Two Potyviruses to Zucchini Squash Eficiência dos afídeos Aphis gossypii e Myzus persicae na transmissão do Cucumber mosaic virus em infecção simples e mista com dois Potyvirus para abobrinha de moita

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Zayame Vegette Pinto

    2008-06-01

    Full Text Available The main objective of this work was to investigate the ability of Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae to transmit Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV singly and mixed with two potyviruses (Papaya ringspot virus - type W, PRSV-W and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, ZYMV, to zucchini squash plants (Cucurbita pepo. The results showed that the potyviruses in general were more efficiently transmitted by both species of aphids as compared to CMV. The transmission of PRSV-W, ZYMV and CMV separately was more efficient than in mixture.O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a eficiência de Aphis gossypii e Myzus persicae na transmissão do vírus do mosaico do pepino (Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV, isoladamente e em mistura com duas espécies de potyvirus (Vírus do mosaico do mamoeiro = Papaya ringspot virus - type W, PRSV-W e Vírus do mosaico amarelo da abobrinha = Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, ZYMV, para planta-testes de abobrinha de moita (Cucurbita pepo. Os dois potyvirus em geral foram transmitidos com mais eficiência pelas duas espécies de afídeos do que o CMV. A transmissão do PRSV-W, ZYMV e CMV, separadamente, foi mais eficiente do que em mistura.

  16. Família interdita: transgeracionalidade e subjetivação em três obras ficcionais

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Fabio Scorsolini-Comin

    2012-06-01

    Full Text Available O objetivo deste estudo foi discutir a transmissão psíquica geracional em duas obras do escritor Mia Couto: Antes de nascer o mundo (2009 e Um rio chamado tempo, uma casa chamada terra (2003, e no conto A terceira margem do rio, de Guimarães Rosa (1962. As três obras são narradas pelos filhos e destacam a família como epicentro de uma trama de segredos, interditos e culpabilizações transmitidos de uma geração a outra, possibilitando a compreensão de que o seio familiar permite não apenas a organização das experiências emocionais, mas a também a transmissão de aspectos intersubjetivos aos quais nem sempre as personagens têm acesso. Os segredos ou a não revelação das verdadeiras histórias dos personagens são apenas uma das formas de transmissão, pois, mesmo ocultando o interditado, transfere-se algo, de modo que o não revelar também é uma maneira de destacar o interdito, aquilo que ainda não foi elaborado e que, por conseguinte, não recebeu inscrição psíquica.

  17. OS USOS DAS ‘IMAGENS EM MOVIMENTO’ NA ESCOLA: O QUE ESTÁ PRESENTE NO CURRÍCULO?

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Vivian Galdino de Andrade

    2009-03-01

    Full Text Available Este artigo é parte integrante de um projeto de pesquisa, ainda iniciante, para a elaboração de minha dissertação de mestrado no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação. Ele visa problematizar a ausência do cinema no currículo escolar do município de Cabaceiras, tentando entender porque a escola tem se colocado à margem das práticas educativas que este meio midiático vem suscitando através do projeto “Roliúde Nordestina” na cidade. Constatamos, até então, que a cidade tem se voltado ao turismo sustentável, capacitando seus condutores turísticos através de um conhecimento informativo que é transmitido pelos órgãos de turismo, com a participação do SEBRAE. Entendendo o cinema como uma Pedagogia Cultural e a Educação como a formação que recebe o sujeito cotidianamente, nos apropriamos dos Estudos Culturais como um referencial teórico, que toma o cinema como um artefato cultural que produz significados e conhecimentos conforme a cultura em que se inscreve e que por isso deve ser problematizado, inclusive pelo campo da Educação.

  18. La littérature comme voie d’accès à la culture (La literatura como vía de acceso a la cultura

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Juan Carlos Jiménez Murillo

    2016-09-01

    Full Text Available El presente artículo procura explicar el papel que podría desempeñar la literatura como recurso pedagógico del profesor de francés como lengua extranjera. Se detiene, principalmente, en diversas teorías que analizan el lenguaje literario como medio de interpretar la alteridad y la propia identidad. Al ser un medio para acceder a los códigos culturales transmitidos por la lengua, propicia el conocimiento de distintas perspectivas que conllevan la competencia intercultural y lingüística. Le présent article vise à expliciter le rôle complémentaire de la littérature dans les classes de FLE. En s’appuyant sur théories diverses on cherche à montrer que la lecture du texte littéraire est un instrument privilégié de déchiffrage de l’altérité et l’identité propre. Voie d’accès aux codes culturels véhiculés dans la langue, elle permet l’ouverture à des perspectives favorisant l’acquisition d’une compétence interculturelle parallèlement à la compétence langagière.

  19. Sistema de aquisição de sinais ECG processado pelo LabVIEW com comunicação wi-fi por meio do módulo ESP8266

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Anamaria Coutinho Fernandes

    2017-06-01

    Full Text Available O Eletrocardiograma (ECG é um procedimento clínico que mede a atividade elétrica gerada pelo coração, monitorando e diagnosticando as condições cardíacas. O ECG é adquirido, normalmente, por eletrodos em contato com a pele, havendo elementos de condicionamento, processamento e registro do sinal. Com o avanço das áreas de telemedicina e sistemas embarcados, os sistemas de aquisição de sinais ECG tem se miniaturizado, vem sendo propostos para uso em lugares remotos e incorporam técnicas de Internet das Coisas (IoT – Internet of Things habilitando a visualização dos sinais por dispositivos portáteis (smartphones e tablets e pela internet. O sistema de aquisição de sinais ECG aqui proposto é um eletrocardiógrafo que integra elementos de aquisição, condicionamento, processamento e visualização dos sinais ECG usando componentes analógico-digitais e transmitido a frequência cardíaca através da internet usando o módulo WiVi ESP8266. Filtros digitais desenvolvidos com LabVIEW® foram também implementados e visam avaliar a possibilidade do condicionamento analógico, visando a miniaturização.

  20. Los Juegos Paralímpicos de Londres 2012: los Juegos de la inclusión

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Miguel Ángel Torralba

    2012-12-01

    Full Text Available Los Juegos Paralímpicos de Londres 2012 han sido excelentes, sin duda los mejores juegos de la historia, pero si por algo se han caracterizado ha sido por el nivel de inclusión desarrollado. Siguiendo el modelo de los Juegos Olímpicos, los organizadores han dado rienda suelta a todos los valores que posee el pueblo británico y, como fundadores del movimiento paralímpico en Stoke Mandeville por el Dr. Guttmann, han sabido conjugar el espectáculo deportivo con la difusión de las capacidades de los deportistas discapacitados. Las proezas de los deportistas paralímpicos han transmitido a toda la sociedad, a través de los medios de comunicación, los valores que tan magníficamente encarnan. La participación ha sido numerosa, 166 países y mas de 4.000 atletas, lo que convierte estos Juegos en la segunda manifestación deportiva de la Tierra. España representa una de las potencias del movimiento Paralímpico, estando presente en los primeros puestos del medallero y siendo punteros en la difusión de modelos educativos y participando en las investigaciones auspiciadas por el Comité Paralímpico Internacional.

  1. Nucleotide variability of Ťahyňa virus (Bunyaviridae, Orthobunyavirus) small (S) and medium (M) genomic segments in field strains differing in biological properties

    Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

    Kilian, P.; Růžek, Daniel; Danielová, V.; Hypša, Václav; Grubhoffer, Libor

    2010-01-01

    Roč. 149, č. 1 (2010), s. 119-123 ISSN 0168-1702 R&D Projects: GA MŠk(CZ) LC06009 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z60220518 Keywords : Tahyna virus * Bunyavirus * california group * genetic variability * virulence Subject RIV: EB - Genetics ; Molecular Biology Impact factor: 2.905, year: 2010

  2. Segment-specific terminal sequences of Bunyamwera bunyavirus regulate genome replication

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Barr, John N.; Elliott, Richard M.; Dunn, Ewan F.; Wertz, Gail W.

    2003-01-01

    Bunyamwera virus (BUNV) is the prototype of both the Orthobunyavirus genus and the Bunyaviridae family of segmented negative sense RNA viruses. The tripartite BUNV genome consists of small (S), medium (M), and large (L) segments that are transcribed to give a single mRNA and replicated to generate an antigenome that is the template for synthesis of further genomic RNA strands. We modified an existing cDNA-derived RNA synthesis system to allow identification of BUNV RNA replication and transcription products by direct metabolic labeling. Direct RNA analysis allowed us to distinguish between template activities that affected either RNA replication or mRNA transcription, an ability that was not possible using previous reporter gene expression assays. We generated genome analogs containing the entire nontranslated terminal sequences of the S, M, and L BUNV segments surrounding a common sequence. Analysis of RNAs synthesized from these templates revealed that the relative abilities of BUNV segments to perform RNA replication was M > L > S. Exchange of segment-specific terminal nucleotides identified a 12-nt region located within both the 3' and 5' termini of the M segment that correlated with its high replication ability

  3. Negative-strand RNA viruses: the plant-infecting counterparts.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kormelink, Richard; Garcia, Maria Laura; Goodin, Michael; Sasaya, Takahide; Haenni, Anne-Lise

    2011-12-01

    While a large number of negative-strand (-)RNA viruses infect animals and humans, a relative small number have plants as their primary host. Some of these have been classified within families together with animal/human infecting viruses due to similarities in particle morphology and genome organization, while others have just recently been/or are still classified in floating genera. In most cases, at least two striking differences can still be discerned between the animal/human-infecting viruses and their plant-infecting counterparts which for the latter relate to their adaptation to plants as hosts. The first one is the capacity to modify plasmodesmata to facilitate systemic spread of infectious viral entities throughout the plant host. The second one is the capacity to counteract RNA interference (RNAi, also referred to as RNA silencing), the innate antiviral defence system of plants and insects. In this review an overview will be presented on the negative-strand RNA plant viruses classified within the families Bunyaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Ophioviridae and floating genera Tenuivirus and Varicosavirus. Genetic differences with the animal-infecting counterparts and their evolutionary descendants will be described in light of the above processes. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  4. Virus like particle-based vaccines against emerging infectious disease viruses.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Liu, Jinliang; Dai, Shiyu; Wang, Manli; Hu, Zhihong; Wang, Hualin; Deng, Fei

    2016-08-01

    Emerging infectious diseases are major threats to human health. Most severe viral disease outbreaks occur in developing regions where health conditions are poor. With increased international travel and business, the possibility of eventually transmitting infectious viruses between different countries is increasing. The most effective approach in preventing viral diseases is vaccination. However, vaccines are not currently available for numerous viral diseases. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are engineered vaccine candidates that have been studied for decades. VLPs are constructed by viral protein expression in various expression systems that promote the selfassembly of proteins into structures resembling virus particles. VLPs have antigenicity similar to that of the native virus, but are non-infectious as they lack key viral genetic material. VLP vaccines have attracted considerable research interest because they offer several advantages over traditional vaccines. Studies have shown that VLP vaccines can stimulate both humoral and cellular immune responses, which may offer effective antiviral protection. Here we review recent developments with VLP-based vaccines for several highly virulent emerging or re-emerging infectious diseases. The infectious agents discussed include RNA viruses from different virus families, such as the Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Caliciviridae, Coronaviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, and Togaviridae families.

  5. Epidemiology and laboratory diagnosis of hantavirus (HTV) infections.

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    Clement, J; McKenna, P; Groen, J; Osterhaus, A; Colson, P; Vervoort, T; van der Groen, G; Lee, H W

    1995-01-01

    Hantavirus (HTV) is recently discovered "hemorrhagic fever virus" belonging to the Bunyaviridae family, which is spread throughout the world by wild rodents and/or laboratory rats. During an epidemic in the Belgian-French Ardennes in 1993, more than 200 acute cases were recorded of the milder European form of HTV-illness, otherwise known as Nephropathia epidemica (NE). This variant may be recognized by the sudden onset of fever, acute renal failure, thrombocytopenia and sometimes by ophthalmologic complications. The symptomatology is rather aspecific and diagnosis can only be confirmed by serologic tests, of which the best option nowadays seems to be: screening by IgG EIA, followed by IgM confirmation with a mu-capture EIA test. Some of the tests described allow an evaluation of the causative serotype or even the moment of infection. Next to the "classic" serologic assays for detection of specific viral antibodies, we describe briefly our own experience with newer tests such as "high density particle agglutination" and "line immuno assay". Polymerase chain reaction for viral RNA genome typing and immunohistochemical colouring of the viral antigen in tissues seem to offer promising alternatives for the immediate future.

  6. Hantaviruses in the Americas and Their Role as Emerging Pathogens

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    Fernando Torres-Pérez

    2010-11-01

    Full Text Available The continued emergence and re-emergence of pathogens represent an ongoing, sometimes major, threat to populations. Hantaviruses (family Bunyaviridae and their associated human diseases were considered to be confined to Eurasia, but the occurrence of an outbreak in 1993–94 in the southwestern United States led to a great increase in their study among virologists worldwide. Well over 40 hantaviral genotypes have been described, the large majority since 1993, and nearly half of them pathogenic for humans. Hantaviruses cause persistent infections in their reservoir hosts, and in the Americas, human disease is manifest as a cardiopulmonary compromise, hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS, with case-fatality ratios, for the most common viral serotypes, between 30% and 40%. Habitat disturbance and larger-scale ecological disturbances, perhaps including climate change, are among the factors that may have increased the human caseload of HCPS between 1993 and the present. We consider here the features that influence the structure of host population dynamics that may lead to viral outbreaks, as well as the macromolecular determinants of hantaviruses that have been regarded as having potential contribution to pathogenicity.

  7. What Do We Know about How Hantaviruses Interact with Their Different Hosts?

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    Myriam Ermonval

    2016-08-01

    Full Text Available Hantaviruses, like other members of the Bunyaviridae family, are emerging viruses that are able to cause hemorrhagic fevers. Occasional transmission to humans is due to inhalation of contaminated aerosolized excreta from infected rodents. Hantaviruses are asymptomatic in their rodent or insectivore natural hosts with which they have co-evolved for millions of years. In contrast, hantaviruses cause different pathologies in humans with varying mortality rates, depending on the hantavirus species and its geographic origin. Cases of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS have been reported in Europe and Asia, while hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndromes (HCPS are observed in the Americas. In some cases, diseases caused by Old World hantaviruses exhibit HCPS-like symptoms. Although the etiologic agents of HFRS were identified in the early 1980s, the way hantaviruses interact with their different hosts still remains elusive. What are the entry receptors? How do hantaviruses propagate in the organism and how do they cope with the immune system? This review summarizes recent data documenting interactions established by pathogenic and nonpathogenic hantaviruses with their natural or human hosts that could highlight their different outcomes.

  8. [Genetic characterisation of Powassan virus (POWV) isolated from Haemophysalis longicornis ticks in Primorye and two strains of Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) (Flaviviridae, Flavivirus): Alma-Arasan virus (AAV) isolated from Ixodes persulcatus ticks in Kazakhstan and Malyshevo virus isolated from Aedes vexans nipponii mosquitoes in Khabarovsk kray].

    Science.gov (United States)

    L'vov, D K; Al'khovskiĭ, S V; Shchelkanov, M Iu; Deriabin, P G; Gitel'man, A K; Botikov, A G; Aristova, V A

    2014-01-01

    The complete genomes of the three tick-borne flaviviruses (genus Flavivirus, fam. Bunyaviridae) were sequenced: Povassan virus (POWV, strain LEIV-3070Prm, isolated from Haemophysalis logicornis in Primorsky Krai, Russia in 1977), Alma-Arasan virus (AAV, strain LEIV-1380Kaz, isolated from Ixodes persulcatus ticks in Kazakhstan in 1977) and Malyshevo virus (isolated from a pool of Aedes vexans nipponii mosquitoes, in the Khabarovsk Krai, Russia in 1978). It is shown that AAV and Malyshevo virus are the strains of Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and belong to Sibirian and Far-Eastern genotypes, respectively (GenBank ID: AAV KJ744033; strain Malyshevo KJ744034). Phylogenetically AAV is closest related (94,6% nt and 98,3% aa identity) to TBEV strains, isolated in Sibiria (Vasilchenko, Aino, Chita-653, Irkutsk-12). Malyshevo virus is closest related (96,4% nt and 98,3% nt identity) to strains of TBEV, isolated in Far Eastern part of Russia (1230, Spassk-72, Primorye-89). POWV LEIV-3070Prm has 99.7% identity with the prototype strain POWV LB, isolated in Canada and 99.5% of isolates with Far-Eastern strains of POWV (Spassk-9 and Nadezdinsk-1991).

  9. Oficina de autoexame de mamas: uma estratégia para o autoconhecimento de adolescentes Taller de autoexamen de mamas: una estrategia para el autoconocimiento de adolescentes Workshop on breast self-examination: a strategy for self-knowledge of adolescents

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    Maria da Conceição Grego

    2011-01-01

    Full Text Available OBJETIVOS: Verificar a repercussão do conhecimento transmitido por meio da Oficina de autoexame de mamas e identificar a multiplicação de informações pelas participantes adolescentes. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, tipo Survey, realizado com 474 adolescentes de três escolas de Ensino Médio e Fundamental do município de Embu das Artes, em 2006 e 2007. RESULTADOS: Os dados das questões estruturadas e semiestruturadas, respondidas pelas participantes, mostraram as frequências das respostas acima de 50% da estimativa sobre a "repercussão do conteúdo da oficina" e abaixo dos 50% sobre a "ação multiplicadora". CONCLUSÃO: A Oficina auxilia a elaboração do conceito de si pelas adolescentes, de seu corpo, informa sobre o câncer de mama e os benefícios da adoção de práticas e atitudes saudáveis em seu cotidiano, empregando a técnica do autoexame de mamas como instrumento pedagógico.OBJETIVOS: Verificar la repercusión del conocimiento transmitido por medio del Taller de autoexamen de mamas e identificar la multiplicación de las informaciones por las participantes adolescentes. MÉTODOS: Se trata de un estudio cuantitativo, tipo Survey, realizado con 474 adolescentes de tres escuelas de Enseñanza Media y Fundamental del municipio de Embu de las Artes, en el 2006 y 2007. RESULTADOS: Los datos de las preguntas estructuradas y semiestructuradas, respondidas por las participantes, mostraron las frecuencias de las respuestas encima del 50% de la estimativa sobre la "repercusión del contenido del Taller" y abajo del 50% sobre la "acción multiplicadora". CONCLUSIÓN: El taller auxilia en la elaboración del concepto de sí por parte de las adolescentes, de su cuerpo, informa sobre el cáncer de mama y los beneficios de la adopción de prácticas y actitudes saludables en su cotidiano, empleando la técnica del autoexamen de mamas como instrumento pedagógico.OBJECTIVES: To verify the repercussions of knowledge

  10. Gene S characterization of Hantavirus species Seoul virus isolated from Rattus norvegicuson an Indonesian island

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    Dian Perwitasari

    2014-08-01

    Full Text Available AbstrakLatar belakang: Hantavirus hidup dan berkembang biak di tubuh hewan pengerat, salah satunya Rattus norvegicus yang banyak ditemukan di daerah kepulauan di Indonesia. Hantavirus spesies Seoul virus (SEOV adalah virus RNA negatif rantai tunggal yang termasuk dalam keluarga Bunyaviridae, mempunyai beberapa gen spesifik terutama gen S yang dapat dikembangkan untuk uji diagnostik. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk mengetahui karakter dari gen S dari Hantavirus spesies Seoulvirus.Metode:Pada penelitian ini dilakukan sekuensing gen S yang berasal dari jaringan paru-paru rodensia.  Fragmen DNA yang disekuensing menggunakan primer DNA SEOS-28F danSEOS -360R,VNS-1501F dan VNS-CSR. Hasil sekuensing dianalisis menggunakan program seqscapedan dianalisis menggunakan program Bioedit dan Mega5. Analisis filogenetik untuk homologi nukleotida dan asam amino dari ketiga strain Kepulauan Seribu tersebut dibandingkan dengan spesies hantavirus lainnya yang diambil dari genebank. Hasil:Analisis Homologi nukleotida dan asam amino antara strain Kepulauan Seribu dengan SEOV menunjukkan homologi nukleotida tertinggi pada strain KS74 (88,4% dan terendah pada KS90 (87,2%, sedangkan homologi asam amino tertinggi adalah strain KS74 (91.3% dan terendah pada strain KS90 (89,5%. Kesimpulan:Karakter gen S virus yang ditemukan di Kepulauan Seribu sebanding dengan virus SEOV yang ditemukan di Singapura dan Korea.  (Health Science Indones 2014;1:1-6Kata kunci:Seoul virus, gen S, Kepulauan Seribu, IndonesiaAbstractBackground: Hantavirus lives and reproduces in the body of rodents. Rattus norvegicuswas one found in the Kepulauan Seribu islands of Indonesia. Hantavirus species Seoul virus (SEOV is a negative single chain RNA viruses included in the family Bunyaviridae. It has a few specific genes, especially genes S that can be developed for a diagnostic test. The aim of this study was to ascertain the character of gene S of hantavirus species Seoul virus. Methods: Gene

  11. LA RACIONALIDAD ECONÓMICA EN NUEVA PERSPECTIVA

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    Jorge Arturo Chaves

    2002-08-01

    Full Text Available Las amenazas a la vida en el planeta, los hechos que han “asaltado al dogma económico” (Daly y Cobb, 1993 tienen mucho que ver con una doble toma de conciencia en la sociedad contemporánea. La primera, sobre lo restringida y esterilizante que resulta una visión economicista para enfrentar los problemas que más preocupan al ser humano hoy: las heridas infligidas al ecosistema, el aumento de la pobreza y la desigualdad, y el crecimiento desproporcionado de la actividad humana en relación a las posibilidades de la biosfera.La segunda, implicada en la anterior, la de darse cuenta que esa limitación está asociada al concepto de suyo estrecho y parcial de racionalidad económica. Enfrentamos aquí el problema del reduccionismo transmitido en el discurso y en la práctica misma de la disciplina económica que, sin embargo, no es exclusivo de ésta ni es atribuible sólo a deficiencias internas de los profesionales que la practican. Existe toda una larga tradición dentro de la cual se ha ido reduciendo de manera progresiva el concepto de razón humana y se ha ido produciendo ese concepto estrecho de racionalidad del que ahora la humanidad realiza esfuerzos por librarse.

  12. Magical fetish about prosperity Os fetiches mágicos da prosperidade

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    José de Arimathéia Cordeiro Custódio

    2010-08-01

    Full Text Available This study turns its attention to an arranged set of arbitrated signs – a code – quite specific: the typically neopentecostal stage objects used on Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus´ TV programs. Such objects are divided in two categories – sacred and profane – and analyzed according its outcome meaning. Firstly, in order to give the aspect of sanctity and spirituality, even with magical powers. Profane´ signs symbolize the prosperity of the ones whom embraced the church. Nine programs broadcasted at night were analyzed in different channels, besides the consultation of IURD´s sites in the search for complementary information. Este estudo volta sua atenção para um conjunto sistematizado de signos arbitrados – um código – bastante específicos: os objetos de cena de programas de TV da Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus, tipicamente neopentecostal. São objetos aqui divididos em duas categorias – sagrados e profanos – e analisados conforme o sentido gerado. No primeiro caso, para revestir os programas com uma aura de sacralidade e espiritualidade, e até poderes mágicos. Os signos profanos simbolizam a prosperidade de quem aderiu à igreja. Foram observados nove programas transmitidos na madrugada, em canais diferentes, além de consultados sites da IURD, para informações complementares.

  13. Saga Cigana: narrativas (auto biográficas intergeracionais na comunidade do bairro Sumaré no município de Sobral-CE

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    Liana Liberato Lopes Carlos

    2017-11-01

    Full Text Available Quem são, como vivem, o que pensam os integrantes de várias gerações ciganas? O que sabemos sobre eles são transmitidos por eles mesmos ou pelo filtro do preconceito, da discriminação e do estigma? Em que medida o diálogo intercultural permeia a visão que a sociedade tem da comunidade cigana? Este artigo descreve e analisa três narrativas autobiográficas intergeracionais ciganas compostas por uma família organizada em pai, filha e tio, que serão denominados de: SOL, LUA e ESTRELA, respectivamente. A comunidade cigana em estudo está situada no Bairro Sumaré, no município de Sobral, no Ceará. As narrativas orais foram coletadas em forma de entrevistas semiestruturadas. O principal resultado da pesquisa nos revela que a comunidade cigana ainda vive envolta no preconceito, na estigmatização. Percebemos, na pesquisa que, a comunidade faz sua história para enfrentar as situações de estigma e exclusão sócio-cultural, com atitudes de resistências, mantendo seus costumes e jeito de ser. Por fim, compreendemos que ouvir a comunidade cigana, suas vozes, para servirmos como amplificadores de suas resistências, possibilita manter e recuperar suas identidades culturais, no que diz respeito às suas origens.

  14. Construcción de la memoria oficial en el Centenario de la Independencia: el Compendio de Historia de Colombia de Henao y Arrubla The construction of the official memory of the Independence Centennial: The Colombian History Text Book by Henao and Arrubla

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    Sandra Patricia Rodríguez Ávila

    2010-07-01

    Full Text Available Este artículo presenta los referentes de la memoria oficial, transmitidos en el texto escolar de Henao y Arrubla, que fue premiado durante las celebraciones del Centenario de la Independencia de Colombia en 1910 y se mantuvo en circulación hasta los años sesenta, por efecto de la articulación de dispositivos mnemotécnicos, de memorización y rememoración, que establecieron los principios de orden, verdad y valores hispánicos, desde los cuales se construyó la memoria dominante durante la primera mitad del siglo XX.In this paper, an analysis of the official memory of Colombian history, as it is presented in the textbook by Henao y Arrubla is made. This textbook is crucial in the analysis because it was awarded during the Centennial of Independence (1910. By reviewing the conditions in which the Commission of the Centennial designed the contest, the actions taken to achieve the official adoption of this text book and the curricular strategies for the organization of a symbolic scheme in school contexts, this article shows the mnemonic devices of memorization and remembrance which Henao and Arrubla textbook exhibits, in order for the Hispanic truths and values to become the dominant referent of the Independence during the XXth Century.

  15. La enseñanza de la enfermería como una práctica reflexiva

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    José Luis Medina Moya

    2006-01-01

    Full Text Available El saber enfermero se caracteriza epistemológicamente como un conocimiento práctico, el que por su propia naturaleza personal y tácita no puede ser formalizado ni transmitido, sólo puede ser demostrado. Este saber práctico reflexivo existe en la acción profesional de manera implícita y personal, y se desarrolla en una realidad compleja, incierta y saturada de valores. En la formación profesional, este conocimiento práctico debería orientar el planeamiento y la acción curricular. Más allá de preguntar cómo mejorar la “aplicación” en la práctica del conocimiento académico, deberíamos buscar maneras para que los estudiantes comprendan cómo las enfermeras especialistas son capaces de manejar las zonas indeterminadas de su práctica. En este trabajo se presentan los fundamentos epistemológicos de las concepciones alternativas según la visión técnica dominante de la relación jerárquica entre conocimiento técnico y la práctica educativa o cuidativa. Como una estrategia que puede contribuir para este intento y como eje del currículum presentamos el desarrollo del practicum en la formación inicial de las enfermeras.

  16. A theoretical model of the evolution of virulence in sexually transmitted HIV/AIDS Modelo teórico da evolucão da virulência do HIV/AIDS transmitido sexualmente

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    FAB Coutinho

    1999-08-01

    Full Text Available INTRODUCTION: The evolution of virulence in host-parasite relationships has been the subject of several publications. In the case of HIV virulence, some authors suggest that the evolution of HIV virulence correlates with the rate of acquisition of new sexual partners. In contrast some other authors argue that the level of HIV virulence is independent of the sexual activity of the host population. METHODS: Provide a mathematical model for the study of the potential influence of human sexual behaviour on the evolution of virulence of HIV is provided. RESULTS: The results indicated that, when the probability of acquisition of infection is a function both of the sexual activity and of the virulence level of HIV strains, the evolution of HIV virulence correlates positively with the rate of acquisition of new sexual partners. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that in the case of a host population with a low (high rate of exchange of sexual partners the evolution of HIV virulence is such that the less (more virulent strain prevails.INTRODUÇÃO: A evolução da virulência na relação hospedeiro-parasita tem sido objeto de várias publicações. No caso do HIV, alguns autores sugerem que a evolução da virulência do HIV correlaciona-se com a taxa de aquisição de novos parceiros sexuais. Por outro lado, outros autores argumentam que o nível de virulência do HIV é independente da atividade sexual da população hospedeira. MÉTODOS: Propõe-se um modelo matemático para estudar a influência potencial que o comportamento sexual humano possa ter na evolução da virulência do HIV. RESULTADOS: Os resultados indicam que, quando a probabilidade de aquisição da infecção pelo HIV é uma função tanto da atividade sexual da população humana quanto da virulência das cepas de HIV, a evolução da virulência do HIV correlaciona-se positivamente com a taxa de aquisição de novos parceiros sexuais. CONCLUSÃO: Concluiu-se que no caso de uma população hospedeira com uma baixa (alta taxa de troca de parceiros sexuais a evolução da virulência do HIV é tal que a cepa menos (mais virulenta predomina.

  17. UM MUNDO DE PRINCESAS E SUPER-HERÓIS: representações de gênero em encarte publicitário

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    Patrícia Oliveira de Freitas

    2016-08-01

    Full Text Available O presente texto apresenta uma reflexão sobre papéis de gênero transmitidos na publicidade direcionada ao público infantil. O material analisado foi o encarte publicitário de uma rede de lojas divulgado por ocasião do dia das crianças, em 2014. O estudo buscou perceber a maneira como são retratadas as imagens das meninas e dos meninos no referido material. A análise do material evidenciou uma forma polarizada ao retratar as crianças. A avaliação do material permitiu perceber uma associação dos meninos ao universo da aventura através de mercadorias com apelo aos super-heróis e as meninas ao universo da beleza materializado a partir de produtos ligados às princesas. Foi possível perceber que o encarte veiculou modelos estereotipados de feminilidade e de masculinidade.   PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Representações de Gênero; Publicidade; Dia das Crianças.   RESUMEN Este artículo presenta una reflexión sobre los roles de género transmitidos en la publicidad dirigida a los niños. El material analizado fue el folleto publicitário de una red de tiendas publicado em la época del Día del Niño en 2014. Esta investigación buscó comprender la forma en que se retratan imágenes de niñas y niños en el dicho material. El análisis del material mostró una manera polarizada de retratar los niños. Este material nos permitió percibir una asociación de los niños al mundo de la aventura por médio de artículos vinculados con los superhéroes y de las niñas al mundo de la belleza que se materializó en productos vinculados con las princesas. Se reveló que el folleto publicitário mostró modelos estereotipados de feminidad y masculinidad .   KEY-WORDS: Representaciones de género; Publicidad; Dia del Niño.     ABSTRACT This text presents a reflection on gender roles transmitted by publicity for infants. The material that was analyzed was an ad of a store chain, published in occasion of the kids’ day, in 2014. The study aimed to

  18. Genética de Coffea. XVIII - Variegação no cafeeiro Leaf variegation in coffee plants

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    A. Carvalho

    1954-01-01

    Full Text Available A variegação das fôlhas do cafeeiro tanto em plantas novas como em plantas adultas tem sido freqüentemente observada. Plantas variegadas podem ocorrer espontaneamente nas progénies das diversas variedades de Coffea arabica L., motivo porque não devem constituir variedade distinta dessa espécie, como foi proposto por Cramer. As plantas variegadas em estudo puderam ser agrupadas em duas categorias, isto é, aquelas em que a variegação não se acha associada com anomalias na forma e textura das folhas e aquelas nas quais a variegação é acompanhada dessas anomalias. No primeiro grupo o padrão de variegação não é uniforme para tôdas as fôlhas, enquanto no segundo grupo o padrão é semelhante para tôda a planta. Usualmente apenas alguns ramos das plantas do primeiro grupo são variegados. Observou-se algumas vezes que as duas fôlhas do mesmo verticilo têm padrões semelhantes de variegação. Encontraram-se também fôlhas variegadas nas quais a metade da lâmina é variegada ou mesmo albina, enquanto a outra metade apresenta a côr verde normal. Os dados genéticos obtidos, embora preliminares para a maioria das plantas variegadas em investigação, permitiram concluir que o padrão de variegação da planta 180, pertencente ao primeiro grupo, é herdado pelo citoplasma e não é transmitido pelo pólen. O padrão de variegação da planta 253-21, pertencente ao segundo grupo, no entanto, parece ser transmitido pelo polen.Leaf variegation in coffee plants is a relatively common abnormality, and variegated seedlings have been found to occur spontaneously in progenies of most varieties of Coffea arabica L. For this reason it is thought that variegated types should not be described as distinct varieties, as it was done before by Cramer. Variegated coffee plants can be grouped in two categories : first, those in which variegated leaves are normal in shape and texture, but do not show a uniform variegation pattern; and second, those

  19. Molecular identification of host feeding patterns of snow-melt mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae): potential implications for the transmission ecology of Jamestown Canyon virus.

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    Murdock, C C; Olival, Kevin J; Perkins, Susan L

    2010-03-01

    We collected blood-fed, snow-melt mosquitoes (Culicidae: Culiseta and Aedes) to describe the feeding patterns of potential mosquito vectors of Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV, Bunyaviridae: Orthobunyavirus). JCV is an arthropod-borne, zoonotic virus with deer as the primary amplifying host in western alpine ecosystems. We collected mosquitoes from natural resting areas, fiber pots, and carbon-dioxide baited miniature light traps in the Colorado Rocky Mountains in 2007. We conducted two polymerase chain reactions to amplify and sequence vertebrate DNA extracted from blood-fed mosquitoes, which yielded comparable, but not identical, results. Mammal-specific primers found mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis) as the source of all bloodmeals. To determine if unamplified bloodmeals were from nonmammalian sources, we screened all samples with conserved vertebrate primers, which confirmed the initial polymerase chain reaction results, but also found porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum) and human (Homo sapiens) as additional bloodmeal sources. We consistently found that mule deer were the primary hosts for mosquitoes in this system. These results suggest that snow-melt mosquitoes, in particular A. cataphylla, may be important vectors in western JCV alpine systems and may also act as a bridge vector for JCV from cervid virus reservoirs to humans.

  20. The triplet repeats of the Sin Nombre hantavirus 5' untranslated region are sufficient in cis for nucleocapsid-mediated translation initiation.

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    Mir, Mohammad A; Panganiban, Antonito T

    2010-09-01

    Hantavirus nucleocapsid protein (N) can replace the cellular cap-binding complex, eukaryotic initiation factor 4F (eIF4F), to mediate translation initiation. Although N can augment translation initiation of nonviral mRNA, initiation of viral mRNA by N is superior. All members of the Bunyaviridae family, including the species of the hantavirus genus, express either three or four primary mRNAs from their tripartite negative-sense genomes. The 5' ends of the mRNAs contain nonviral heterologous oligonucleotides that originate from endonucleolytic cleavage of cellular mRNA during the process of cap snatching. In the hantaviruses these caps terminate with a 3' G residue followed by nucleotides arising from the viral template. Further, the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of viral mRNA uniformly contains, near the 5' end, either two or three copies of the triplet repeat sequence, UAGUAG or UAGUAGUAG. Through analysis of a panel of mutants with mutations in the viral UTR, we found that the sequence GUAGUAG is sufficient for preferential N-mediated translation initiation and for high-affinity binding of N to the UTR. This heptanucleotide sequence is present in viral mRNA containing either two or three copies of the triplet repeat.

  1. Orthobunyavirus ultrastructure and the curious tripodal glycoprotein spike.

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    Thomas A Bowden

    Full Text Available The genus Orthobunyavirus within the family Bunyaviridae constitutes an expanding group of emerging viruses, which threaten human and animal health. Despite the medical importance, little is known about orthobunyavirus structure, a prerequisite for understanding virus assembly and entry. Here, using electron cryo-tomography, we report the ultrastructure of Bunyamwera virus, the prototypic member of this genus. Whilst Bunyamwera virions are pleomorphic in shape, they display a locally ordered lattice of glycoprotein spikes. Each spike protrudes 18 nm from the viral membrane and becomes disordered upon introduction to an acidic environment. Using sub-tomogram averaging, we derived a three-dimensional model of the trimeric pre-fusion glycoprotein spike to 3-nm resolution. The glycoprotein spike consists mainly of the putative class-II fusion glycoprotein and exhibits a unique tripod-like arrangement. Protein-protein contacts between neighbouring spikes occur at membrane-proximal regions and intra-spike contacts at membrane-distal regions. This trimeric assembly deviates from previously observed fusion glycoprotein arrangements, suggesting a greater than anticipated repertoire of viral fusion glycoprotein oligomerization. Our study provides evidence of a pH-dependent conformational change that occurs during orthobunyaviral entry into host cells and a blueprint for the structure of this group of emerging pathogens.

  2. Ultrastructural, Antigenic and Physicochemical Characterization of the Mojuí dos Campos (Bunyavirus Isolated from Bat in the Brazilian Amazon Region

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    Wanzeller Ana LM

    2002-01-01

    Full Text Available The Mojuí dos Campos virus (MDCV was isolated from the blood of an unidentified bat (Chiroptera captured in Mojuí dos Campos, Santarém, State of Pará, Brazil, in 1975 and considerated to be antigenically different from other 102 arboviruses belonging to several antigenic groups isolated in the Amazon region or another region by complement fixation tests. The objective of this work was to develop a morphologic, an antigenic and physicochemical characterization of this virus. MDCV produces cytopathic effect in Vero cells, 24 h post-infection (p.i, and the degree of cellular destruction increases after a few hours. Negative staining electron microscopy of the supernatant of Vero cell cultures showed the presence of coated viral particles with a diameter of around 98 nm. Ultrathin sections of Vero cells, and brain and liver of newborn mice infected with MDCV showed an assembly of the viral particles into the Golgi vesicles. The synthesis kinetics of the proteins for MDCV were similar to that observed for other bunyaviruses, and viral proteins could be detected as early as 6 h p.i. Our results reinforce the original studies which had classified MDCV in the family Bunyaviridae, genus Bunyavirus as an ungrouped virus, and it may represent the prototype of a new serogroup.

  3. Characterization of the genome of a phylogenetically distinct tospovirus and its interactions with the local lesion-induced host Chenopodium quinoa by whole-transcriptome analyses.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Chou, Wan-Chen; Lin, Shih-Shun; Yeh, Shyi-Dong; Li, Siang-Ling; Peng, Ying-Che; Fan, Ya-Hsu; Chen, Tsung-Chi

    2017-01-01

    Chenopodium quinoa is a natural local lesion host of numerous plant viruses, including tospoviruses (family Bunyaviridae). Groundnut chlorotic fan-spot tospovirus (GCFSV) has been shown to consistently induce local lesions on the leaves of C. quinoa 4 days post-inoculation (dpi). To reveal the whole genome of GCFSV and its interactions with C. quinoa, RNA-seq was performed to determine the transcriptome profiles of C. quinoa leaves. The high-throughput reads from infected C. quinoa leaves were used to identify the whole genome sequence of GCFSV and its single nucleotide polymorphisms. Our results indicated that GCFSV is a phylogenetically distinct tospovirus. Moreover, 27,170 coding and 29,563 non-coding sequences of C. quinoa were identified through de novo assembly, mixing reads from mock and infected samples. Several key genes involved in the modulation of hypersensitive response (HR) were identified. The expression levels of 4,893 deduced complete genes annotated using the Arabidopsis genome indicated that several HR-related orthologues of pathogenesis-related proteins, transcription factors, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and defense proteins were significantly expressed in leaves that formed local lesions. Here, we also provide new insights into the replication progression of a tospovirus and the molecular regulation of the C. quinoa response to virus infection.

  4. Phlebotomine sandflies and the spreading of leishmaniases and other diseases of public health concern.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Maroli, M; Feliciangeli, M D; Bichaud, L; Charrel, R N; Gradoni, L

    2013-06-01

    Phlebotomine sandflies transmit pathogens that affect humans and animals worldwide. We review the roles of phlebotomines in the spreading of leishmaniases, sandfly fever, summer meningitis, vesicular stomatitis, Chandipura virus encephalitis and Carrión's disease. Among over 800 species of sandfly recorded, 98 are proven or suspected vectors of human leishmaniases; these include 42 Phlebotomus species in the Old World and 56 Lutzomyia species in the New World (all: Diptera: Psychodidae). Based on incrimination criteria, we provide an updated list of proven or suspected vector species by endemic country where data are available. Increases in sandfly diffusion and density resulting from increases in breeding sites and blood sources, and the interruption of vector control activities contribute to the spreading of leishmaniasis in the settings of human migration, deforestation, urbanization and conflict. In addition, climatic changes can be expected to affect the density and dispersion of sandflies. Phlebovirus infections and diseases are present in large areas of the Old World, especially in the Mediterranean subregion, in which virus diversity has proven to be higher than initially suspected. Vesiculovirus diseases are important to livestock and humans in the southeastern U.S.A. and Latin America, and represent emerging human threats in parts of India. Carrión's disease, formerly restricted to regions of elevated altitude in Peru, Ecuador and Colombia, has shown recent expansion to non-endemic areas of the Amazon basin. © 2012 The Authors. Medical and Veterinary Entomology © 2012 The Royal Entomological Society.

  5. Identificación de virus que afectan el Loroco (Fernaldia pundurata en el Valle de Zapotitán, El Salvador

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    Reina Flor Guzm\\u00E1n de Serrano

    2006-01-01

    Full Text Available El loroco (Fernaldia pandurata es una especie hortícola de gran valor comercial y consumo en la dieta del pueblo salvadoreño y guatemalteco. Desafortunadamente, esta especie es afectada por diversas plagas entre las que se encuentran la mosca blanca Bemisia tabaci, áfidos y enfermedades de aparente naturaleza viral. En esta investigación se examinaron plantas de loroco con síntomas de mosaico y deformación foliar e inflorescencias cloróticas con el fin de determinar su etiología y posibles agentes vectores. Las muestras se examinaron mediante microscopía electrónica y serología. La observación de las muestras en el microscopio electrónico reveló la presencia de partículas filamentosas (600-700 nm e isométricas (30 nm de aparente naturaleza viral. Las pruebas serológicas demostraron que el virus filamentoso es una especie del género Potyvirus, y el virus isométrico es una especie del género Cucumovirus. No se encontraron virus del género Begomovirus transmitidos por mosca blanca. Se concluye aquí que este insecto actúa solamente como plaga directa del loroco, mientras que los áfidos se comportan como plaga y posibles vectores de los virus detectados. Este es el primer informe sobre patógenos virales del loroco

  6. Transmissão de imunidade antiamarílica da mãe aos filhos, em camondongos

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    Herminio Linhares

    1943-01-01

    Full Text Available 1. Fêmeas imunizadas ativa e passivamente, podem transmitir anticorpos protetores a seus filhos. 2. Os camondongos adquirem imunidade pela placenta e principalmente após o nascimento, pos ingestão de leite de fêmea imune. 3. O virus não pode ser transmitido por qualquer das duas vias. 4. A imunidade transferida pela placenta desaparece muito mais rapidamente que a imunidade transmitida pelo leite. 5. Filhos de fêmea normal, rapidamente adquirem imunidade se forem amamentados em fêmea imune. 6. Camondongos com mais de 10 dias absorvem tão bem anticorpos como nos primeiros dias do nascimento, e o leite veicula durante todo o periodo de amamentação substâncias protetoras.1. Females rendered immune actively and passively against yellow fever virus may transmit protective antibodies to their young ones. 2. Mice acquire immunity through the placenta and principally after birth by ingestion of milk of an immune female. 3. The virus can not be transmitted by either of the two ways. 4. The immunity transferred through the placenta disappears much more rapidly than immunity transmited by milk. 5. Young ones from a normal female acquire immunity rapidly if fed by an immune female. 6. Mice of more than 10 days absorb antibodies just as well as during the first days of their birth, and the milk carries with it protective substances during the whole suckling period.

  7. Fungos associados às sementes de Acca sellowiana: efeitos na qualidade fisiológica das sementes e transmissão

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    Vinícius Spolaor Fantinel

    2017-12-01

    Full Text Available Objetivou-se analisar o efeito de fungos na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de goiaba-serrana, e determinar os possíveis prejuízos no desenvolvimento inicial de mudas dessa espécie. Para análise fisiológica das sementes, foi realizado teste de germinação, a 25 ºC e fotoperíodo de 12 h, por 30 dias; sendo avaliadas a porcentagem e a velocidade de germinação. Inicialmente, as sementes foram subdivididas, sendo uma parte submetida à assepsia superficial com álcool 70%, hipoclorito de sódio 1% com posterior lavagem em água destilada e outra não. Para a avaliação das plântulas foi realizado teste de emergência de plântulas em viveiro, por 60 dias. Foram avaliadas a porcentagem de emergência, a massa verde e a massa seca de plântulas, e identificados os fungos. Os fungos interferiram na porcentagem de plântulas normais. Aspergillus sp., Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp. e Phomopsis sp. associam-se com sementes não germinadas de goiaba-serrana, sendo prejudiciais à sua qualidade fisiológica. C. gloeosporioides e Fusarium sp. são transmitidos de sementes para plântulas, causando lesões necróticas nos cotilédones e má formação de raízes respectivamente.

  8. Para além de Salvador e do Recôncavo baiano: o culto aos santos na América Portuguesa Beyond Salvador and the Recôncavo baiano: cult to the saints in Portuguese America

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    Tânia Maria Pinto de Santana

    2010-01-01

    Full Text Available Este texto pretende discutir alguns aspectos ligados à questão dos poucos avanços da catequese católica entre os negros, proposta pelo Clero na América - tomando como referência a cidade de Salvador e seu Recôncavo. Esses estariam ligados à sobrevivência de práticas pré-cristãs entre os africanos e seus descendentes. Marcados pela presença dos elementos cósmicos em suas concepções religiosas, esses priorizaram em suas crenças, a relação com os elementos da natureza, fazendo prevalecer uma experiência religiosa que colocava à margem conteúdos básicos transmitidos através da doutrina e dos ritos instituídos pela Igreja Católica.This text intends to discuss some aspects referent to the few advances of the Catholic catechism among the blacks, proposed by the Clergy in America - taking as reference the city of Salvador and its Recôncavo. These would be linked to the survival of pre-Christian practices among the Africans and their descendants. Marked by the presence of the cosmic elements in their religious concepts, these prioritized in their beliefs, the relation with the elements from the nature, prevailing a religious experience that laid aside basic contents transmitted through the doctrine and the rites established by the Catholic Church.

  9. Assimetria de transmissão de preço na comercialização da uva fina de mesa no Paraná: 1997 a 2011

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    Alexandre Florindo Alves

    2013-09-01

    Full Text Available O Paraná se destaca como um dos principais produtores de uva fina de mesa no Brasil, tendo como característica a presença de pequenos e médios produtores. O presente estudo objetiva analisar a assimetria na transmissão de preço entre os níveis produtor, atacado e varejo da uva fina de mesa no Paraná, no período de janeiro de 1997 a outubro de 2011. A metodologia empregada para verificar como ocorre a transmissão de preços entre os agentes foi o Vetor Autorregressivo (VAR. O modelo utilizado para mensurar Assimetria de Transmissão de Preços (ATP foi baseado na metodologia desenvolvida por Grififth e Piggott (1994. Os principais resultados foram: na análise de transmissão de preço ao varejo, o atacado apresentou um coeficiente de elasticidade maior do que o nível do produtor; o sentido unicausal atacado-varejo do teste de Granger é uma evidência de presença de informações assimétricas; e os acréscimos dos preços são transmitidos com mais rapidez do que os decréscimos, que, junto aos resultados do teste t de Griffith e Piggott (1994, comprova a existência de assimetria na transmissão de preços.

  10. Desenvolvendo tecnologia para prevenção e tratamento de emergências domésticas para cegos

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    Lorita Marlena Freitag Pagliuca

    1996-03-01

    Full Text Available O aprimoramento do desenvolvimento dos órgãos dos sentidos se dá pela percepção de estímulos do meio, o que leva o homem à apreensão do conhecimento. A pessoa privada da visão conta com seus sentidos remanescentes para sua relação com o que a rodeia. O cego está sujeito a emergências domésticas, comuns a todas as pessoas, mas tem dificuldades de acesso a processos educativos que abordem a prevenção e tratamento destas emergências. Em um Curso de Prevenção e Tratamento de Emergências Domésticas para Cegos, desenvolveu-se tecnologia pedagógica abordando anatomia e fisiologia dos sistemas esquelético, circulatório e pulmonar, além da prevenção e tratamento para desobstrução das vias aéreas, parada cardio-pulmonar, queimaduras, choque elétrico, traumas, hemorragias, envenenamentos, desmaios, convulsões e uso de medicação oral. Utilizou-se esqueleto humano, manequim, moldes, papéis, tubos de plástico e borracha e, principalmente, comunicação verbal e táctil. Os conteúdos transmitidos foram aplicados em situações simuladas. A tecnologia mostrou-se eficaz pela capacidade demonstrada pelos cegos através da verbalização e repetição dos procedimentos.

  11. Dengue en el Perú: a un cuarto de siglo de su reemergencia

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    César Cabezas

    Full Text Available Un problema sanitario cada vez más frecuente y disperso en áreas tropicales y subtropicales del mundo, incluido el Perú donde ingresó en 1990, es el dengue. Es producido por el virus del dengue con cuatro serotipos y transmitido por el Aedes aegypti, vector que convive con los humanos y cuya presencia es favorecida por deficientes condiciones sanitarias, sociales y económicas. Manifestaciones de formas severas de la enfermedad como el choque y sangrado, están relacionadas con la frecuente cocirculación de los cuatro serotipos y la aparición de nuevos genotipos como el americano/asiático del serotipo 2. La nueva clasificación de la enfermedad por la OMS como dengue con o sin signos de alarma y dengue grave, está contribuyendo a un diagnóstico y tratamiento más oportunos, permitiendo reducir la letalidad. Debe destacarse la necesidad de la vigilancia del síndrome febril y los índices aédicos que contribuyan a un diagnóstico oportuno y orienten las medidas de control vectorial mediante educación sanitaria y manejo ambiental con participación comunitaria e intersectorial, de manera creativa según los nichos ecológicos. Una alternativa de prevención complementaria sería la vacunación utilizando vacunas tetravalentes cuya seguridad y eficacia deben estar garantizadas antes de su uso poblacional en el marco de estrategias integrales.

  12. Literatura infantil portuguesa en tiempos de la Dictadura: censura y voces de resistencia

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    Angela Balça

    2017-01-01

    Full Text Available Este artículo analiza cómo autores de literatura infantil portuguesa consiguieron eludir la censura en tiempos de la Dictadura (1926-1974 y publicar obras cuyos mensajes, que no podían ser discutidos libremente, fueron transmitidos a los jóvenes lectores del momento. Los objetivos de este estudio son dar a conocer obras de literatura infantil editadas durante la Ditadura y leídas por las jóvenes generaciones de antaño y actuales; establecer qué temas y valores son presentados en estas obras y comprender qué mecanismos fueron usados por los escritores para eludir la censura. Como metodología de estudio, empleamos el análisis hermenéutico a partir de una lectura crítica y reflexiva de los textos. De este análisis concluímos que estas obras abordan cuestiones relacionadas con el racismo y la promoción de la igualdad entre los hombres, la apología de libertad, la resistencia a la opresión y la exhortación a la paz. Los autores aquí estudiados emplean un lenguaje simbólico, cargado de metáforas, ambigüedades, humor e ironía, mecanismos todos ellos retóricos que fueron usados para transmitir su mensaje a los lectores y eludir así la censura del régimen vigente.

  13. La résistance comme transmission et amour de l’héritage

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    Janine Altounian

    2010-01-01

    Full Text Available En prenant pour exemple le Journal de déportation d’un survivant du génocide arménien de 1915, on cherchera à montrer comment les capacités de résistance d’un sujet sont étroitement liées à l’attachement inconditionnel qu’il voue aux valeurs et préceptes reçus de sa culture et de ses ascendants. L’argumentation de cette hypothèse s’appuiera à la fois sur le contenu et sur le destin posthume de ce Journal.Taking as an example the Journal de deportation written by a survivor of the 1915 Armenian genocide, we aim at showing how tightly a man’s power of resistance is bound to his unconditional attachment to the values and precepts handed down from his culture and his ancestors. This hypothesis will be discussed with regard to the contents of the Journal as well as its posthumous fortune.A partir del diario de deportación de un superviviente del genocidio armenio de 1915, este artículo subraya hasta que punto las capacidades de resistencia de un individuo están estrechamente vinculadas con su adhesión incondicional a los valores y preceptos transmitidos por su cultura y sus antepasados. La argumentación de esta hipótesis descansa a la vez sobre el contenido y el destino póstumo de este diario.

  14. Estudo ao microscópio electrônico de tecidos de plantas infetadas pelo vírus do mosaico comum e mosaico amarelo do feijoeiro Electron microscopy of common and yellow bean mosaic viruses in infected tissues

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    I. J. B. de Camargo

    1968-01-01

    Full Text Available Exames ao microscópio electrônico de tecidos foliares e radiculares de plantas infetadas pelo vírus do mosaico comum ou do mosaico amarelo do feijoeiro, mostraram a presença de dois tipos de inclusões no cito-plasma: filamentosas, consideradas como partículas de vírus, e lamelares, típicas dos vírus do grupo Y. Essas inclusões não foram encontradas no pólen ou no óvulo de feijoeiros infetados. Como o vírus do mosaico comum do feijoeiro é transmitido pelo pólen, sugere-se que êle ocorre nestas células em concentração muito baixa, ou mesmo na forma de ácido nucléico.Two types of cytoplasmic inclusions were observed in leaf and root tissues of host plants infected with the common and yellow bean mosaic viruses: (1 filamentous inclusions considered as an aggregate of virus particles and (2 lamellar inclusions which appeared with varied configurations that represent sections at different angles of the same cylindrical structure. No type of inclusion or virus particle was seen in pollen and ovule from bean plants infected with each of the two viruses. Since, however, the common bean mosaic virus is transmitted through the pollen it is suggested that it occurs in very low concentration in this structure or else as viral nucleic acid.

  15. Reiko Hayama, entre los actos: el legado de Le Corbusier y Kunio Maekawa

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    Irène Vogel Chevroulet

    2014-12-01

    Full Text Available Filiación, o el compartir de un legado de generación a generación, es más evidente al considerar los principios específicos de la arquitectura. Este artículo examina cómo el legado de Le Corbusier fue transmitido a Reiko Hayama, mujer japonesa, pionera en arquitectura, y quien desde 1959 a 1965, forjó su carrera en Tokio trabajando para Kunio Maekawa, uno de los previos colaboradores “del Maestro” de la Rue de Sèvres 35. Posteriormente, decidió mudarse a París y trabajar para Charlotte Perriand y Jean Prouvé, previo a establecer su propio estudio de trabajo en los años 1976 a 2013. Este artículo se centra en las repercusiones del patrimonio de Le Corbusier en la práctica personal de Hayama. Sus reflexiones señalan que Maekawa y Prouvé le dieron paso a un camino que se situaba por fuera de los principios de Le Corbusier, entre los cuales se encuentran: una preocupación ética por el medio ambiente; un proceso en el diseño que deliberadamente tuvo en cuenta un contexto cultural y una forma arquitectónica derivada de un proceso tecnológico de razonamiento. El patrimonio del Modulor fue directamente asumido por Hayama, siendo este una herramienta operativa de suma importancia en la metodología Le Corbusiana.

  16. Entre o ficcional e o documental: versões da desigualdade em Ônibus 174 (2002, de José Padilha, e Última parada 174 (2008, de Bruno Barreto

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    Ângela Srocynski da Costa

    2017-07-01

    Full Text Available Este trabalho propõe uma análise comparatista da representação da desigualdade social em sua relação com a violência no documentário Ônibus 174 (2002, de José Padilha, e no filme A última parada 174 (2008, de Bruno Barreto. Ambas as obras abordam um evento real que aconteceu no ano de 2000, no Rio de Janeiro, o sequestro do ônibus 174 realizado pelo jovem contraventor de nome Sandro. O evento foi completamente transmitido ao vivo pelas redes de televisão e culminou com o desfecho trágico e traumático da morte de uma das reféns por um tiro da polícia. Longe das câmeras, dentro do carro da polícia, no trajeto para a delegacia, Sandro é assassinado. O número do ônibus, mostrado tantas vezes durante a transmissão, está no nome das duas obras e serve de refrente para ambas as narrativas, uma vez que identifica uma região e uma realidade social. A análise dos objetos se focará na forma como são apresentados os moradores de rua e de regiões periféricas, e a forma como essas representações ajudam a constituir o discurso sobre o crime, a criminalidade e a constituição desse jovem criminoso que acaba por ser assassinado.

  17. Prevalence of Lettuce mosaic virus - common strain on three lettuce producing areas from São Paulo State Prevalência da estirpe comum de Lettuce mosaic virus em três regiões produtoras de alface do estado de São Paulo

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    Ana Carolina Firmino

    2008-06-01

    Full Text Available LMV is one of the most important pathogens of lettuce worldwide. Based on their ability to overcome the resistance genes mo1¹ and mo1² in lettuce, isolates can be divided in two types: LMV-Most, which can infect and are seed-borne in cultivars containing the mo1 gene and LMV-Common, which do not cause symptoms on these cultivars and are seed transmitted only in susceptible cultivars. To evaluate the occurrence of these two types of LMV isolates, a survey was carried out during 2002-2005 in three lettuce production areas from São Paulo State. Total RNA was used for the diagnosis of LMV isolates by RT-PCR using universal primers for the variable N-terminus of the capsid protein, in the 3' end of the genome. Positives samples were analyzed by a second RT-PCR using specifics primers for LMV-Most isolates designed to amplify a fragment from the central region (CI-VPg of the genome. A total of 1362 samples showing mosaic symptoms were collected and 504 (37.29 % were positives for LMV. On susceptible lettuce cultivars, LMV-Common was prevalent (77.3%. LMV-Most was found frequently associated with tolerant (mo1¹ lettuce cultivars. Susceptible cultivars correspond today for most of the area of lettuce production. So, despite the ability of LMV-Most isolates to overcome the resistance provided by the recessive mo1¹ gene, they are not prevalent in the conditions of São Paulo State.O LMV ocorre em todo o mundo e é considerado um dos patógenos mais importantes para a cultura da alface. De acordo com a habilidade em contornar os genes de resistência mo1¹ e mo1² encontrados em alface, os isolados de LMV podem ser dividos em dois sub-grupos: LMV-Most, capazes de contornar a resistência propiciada por estes genes e de serem transmitidos pela semente nestas cutivares, e LMV-Common, que não são capazes de causar sintomas nestes cultivares, além de serem transmitidos pela semente somente em cultivares suscetíveis. Para avaliar a ocorrência destes

  18. Serological evidence of hantavirus infection in rural and urban regions in the state of Amazonas, Brazil

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    João Bosco Lima Gimaque

    2012-02-01

    Full Text Available Hantavirus disease is caused by the hantavirus, which is an RNA virus belonging to the family Bunyaviridae. Hantavirus disease is an anthropozoonotic infection transmitted through the inhalation of aerosols from the excreta of hantavirus-infected rodents. In the county of Itacoatiara in the state of Amazonas (AM, Brazil, the first human cases of hantavirus pulmonary and cardiovascular syndrome were described in July 2004. These first cases were followed by two fatal cases, one in the municipality of Maués in 2005 and another in Itacoatiara in 2007. In this study, we investigated the antibody levels to hantavirus in a population of 1,731 individuals from four different counties of AM. Sera were tested by IgG/IgM- enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay using a recombinant nucleocapsid protein of the Araraquara hantavirus as an antigen. Ten sera were IgG positive to hantavirus (0.6%. Among the positive sera, 0.8% (1/122, 0.4% (1/256, 0.2% (1/556 and 0.9% (7/797 were from Atalaia do Norte, Careiro Castanho, Itacoatiara and Lábrea, respectively. None of the sera in this survey were IgM-positive. Because these counties are distributed in different areas of AM, we can assume that infected individuals are found throughout the entire state, which suggests that hantavirus disease could be a local emerging health problem.

  19. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in Kazakhstan (1948-2013).

    Science.gov (United States)

    Nurmakhanov, Talgat; Sansyzbaev, Yerlan; Atshabar, Bakhyt; Deryabin, Pavel; Kazakov, Stanislav; Zholshorinov, Aitmagambet; Matzhanova, Almagul; Sadvakassova, Alya; Saylaubekuly, Ratbek; Kyraubaev, Kakimzhan; Hay, John; Atkinson, Barry; Hewson, Roger

    2015-09-01

    Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a pathogenic and often fatal arboviral disease with a distribution spanning large areas of Africa, Europe and Asia. The causative agent is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus classified within the Nairovirus genus of the Bunyaviridae family. Cases of CCHF have been officially recorded in Kazakhstan since the disease was first officially reported in modern medicine. Serological surveillance of human and animal populations provide evidence that the virus was perpetually circulating in a local enzoonotic cycle involving mammals, ticks and humans in the southern regions of the country. Most cases of human disease were associated with agricultural professions such as farming, shepherding and fruit-picking; the typical route of infection was via tick-bite although several cases of contact transmission associated with caring for sick patients have been documented. In total, 704 confirmed human cases of CCHF have been registered in Kazakhstan from 1948-2013 with an overall case fatality rate of 14.8% for cases with a documented outcome. The southern regions of Kazakhstan should be considered endemic for CCHF with cases reported from these territories on an annual basis. Modern diagnostic technologies allow for rapid clinical diagnosis and for surveillance studies to monitor for potential expansion in known risk areas. Crown Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  20. Rodent Species Distribution and Hantavirus Seroprevalence in Residential and Forested areas of Sarawak, Malaysia.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hamdan, Nur Elfieyra Syazana; Ng, Yee Ling; Lee, Wei Bin; Tan, Cheng Siang; Khan, Faisal Ali Anwarali; Chong, Yee Ling

    2017-01-01

    Rodents belong to the order Rodentia, which consists of three families in Borneo (i.e., Muridae, Sciuridae and Hystricidae). These include rats, mice, squirrels, and porcupines. They are widespread throughout the world and considered pests that harm humans and livestock. Some rodent species are natural reservoirs of hantaviruses (Family: Bunyaviridae) that can cause zoonotic diseases in humans. Although hantavirus seropositive human sera were reported in Peninsular Malaysia in the early 1980s, information on their infection in rodent species in Malaysia is still lacking. The rodent populations in residential and forested areas in Sarawak were sampled. A total of 108 individuals from 15 species of rodents were collected in residential ( n = 44) and forested ( n = 64) areas. The species diversity of rodents in forested areas was significantly higher (H = 2.2342) compared to rodents in residential areas (H = 0.64715) ( p Sarawak, East Malaysia. The results suggested that hantavirus was not circulating in the studied rodent populations in Sarawak, or it was otherwise at a low prevalence that is below the detection threshold. It is important to remain vigilant because of the zoonotic potential of this virus and its severe disease outcome. Further studies, such as molecular detection of viral genetic materials, are needed to fully assess the risk of hantavirus infection in rodents and humans in this region of Malaysia.

  1. Current status of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in the World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region: issues, challenges, and future directions.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Al-Abri, Seif S; Abaidani, Idris Al; Fazlalipour, Mehdi; Mostafavi, Ehsan; Leblebicioglu, Hakan; Pshenichnaya, Natalia; Memish, Ziad A; Hewson, Roger; Petersen, Eskild; Mala, Peter; Nhu Nguyen, Tran Minh; Rahman Malik, Mamunur; Formenty, Pierre; Jeffries, Rosanna

    2017-05-01

    Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is the most widespread, tick-borne viral disease affecting humans. The disease is endemic in many regions, such as Africa, Asia, Eastern and Southern Europe, and Central Asia. Recently, the incidence of CCHF has increased rapidly in the countries of the World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region (WHO EMR), with sporadic human cases and outbreaks of CCHF being reported from a number of countries in the region. Despite the rapidly growing incidence of the disease, there are currently no accurate data on the burden of the disease in the region due to the different surveillance systems used for CCHF in these countries. In an effort to increase our understanding of the epidemiology and risk factors for the transmission of the CCHF virus (CCHFV; a Nairovirus of the family Bunyaviridae) in the WHO EMR, and to identify the current knowledge gaps that are hindering effective control interventions, a sub-regional meeting was organized in Muscat, Oman, from December 7 to 9, 2015. This article summarizes the current knowledge of the disease in the region, identifies the knowledge gaps that present challenges for the prevention and control of CCHFV, and details a strategic framework for research and development activities that would be necessary to curb the ongoing and new threats posed by CCHFV. Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

  2. A mini-review of Bunyaviruses recorded in India.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Yadav, Pragya D; Chaubal, Gouri Y; Shete, Anita M; Mourya, Devendra T

    2017-05-01

    Newly emerging and re-emerging viral infections are of major public health concern. Bunyaviridae family of viruses comprises a large group of animal viruses. Clinical symptoms exhibited by persons infected by viruses belonging to this family vary from mild-to-severe diseases i.e., febrile illness, encephalitis, haemorrhagic fever and acute respiratory illness. Several arthropods-borne viruses have been discovered and classified at serological level in India in the past. Some of these are highly pathogenic as the recent emergence and spread of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus and presence of antibodies against Hantavirus in humans in India have provided evidences that it may become one of the emerging diseases in this country. For many of the discovered viruses, we still need to study their relevance to human and animal health. Chittoor virus, a variant of Batai virus; Ganjam virus, an Asian variant of Nairobi sheep disease virus; tick-borne viruses such as Bhanja, Palma and mosquito-borne viruses such as Sathuperi, Thimiri, Umbre and Ingwavuma viruses have been identified as the members of this family. As Bunyaviruses are three segmented RNA viruses, they can reassort the segments into genetically distinct viruses in target cells. This ability is believed to play a major role in evolution, pathogenesis and epidemiology of the viruses. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of discovery, emergence and distribution of Bunyaviruses in India.

  3. A mini-review of Bunyaviruses recorded in India

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    Pragya D Yadav

    2017-01-01

    Full Text Available Newly emerging and re-emerging viral infections are of major public health concern. Bunyaviridae family of viruses comprises a large group of animal viruses. Clinical symptoms exhibited by persons infected by viruses belonging to this family vary from mild-to-severe diseases i.e., febrile illness, encephalitis, haemorrhagic fever and acute respiratory illness. Several arthropods-borne viruses have been discovered and classified at serological level in India in the past. Some of these are highly pathogenic as the recent emergence and spread of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus and presence of antibodies against Hantavirus in humans in India have provided evidences that it may become one of the emerging diseases in this country. For many of the discovered viruses, we still need to study their relevance to human and animal health. Chittoor virus, a variant of Batai virus; Ganjam virus, an Asian variant of Nairobi sheep disease virus; tick-borne viruses such as Bhanja, Palma and mosquito-borne viruses such as Sathuperi, Thimiri, Umbre and Ingwavuma viruses have been identified as the members of this family. As Bunyaviruses are three segmented RNA viruses, they can reassort the segments into genetically distinct viruses in target cells. This ability is believed to play a major role in evolution, pathogenesis and epidemiology of the viruses. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of discovery, emergence and distribution of Bunyaviruses in India.

  4. Muleshoe Virus and Other Hantaviruses Associated with Neotomine or Sigmodontine Rodents in Texas.

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    Milazzo, Mary Louise; Cajimat, Maria N B; Richter, Martin H; Bradley, Robert D; Fulhorst, Charles F

    2017-10-01

    The broad objective of this study was to increase our knowledge of Muleshoe virus and other hantaviruses associated with cricetid rodents in Texas. Anti-hantavirus antibody was found in 38 (3.2%) of 1171 neotomine rodents and 6 (1.8%) of 332 sigmodontine rodents from 10 Texas counties; hantaviral RNA was detected in 23 (71.9%) of 32 antibody-positive rodents. Analyses of nucleocapsid protein gene sequences indicated Muleshoe virus infection in four hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) from northern Texas; Bayou virus, three Texas marsh oryzomys (Oryzomys texensis) from the Gulf Coast; Limestone Canyon virus, five brush mice (Peromyscus boylii) from western Texas; and Sin Nombre virus-five Texas mice (P. attwateri), one Lacey's white-ankled deer mouse (P. laceianus), four white-footed mice (P. leucopus), and one fulvous harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys fulvescens) from northern, central, or southern Texas. The results of this study together with the results of a previous study revealed that Muleshoe virus, perhaps in association with S. hispidus, is distributed across northern Texas. Finally, the results of Bayesian analyses of glycoprotein precursor (GPC) gene sequences and pairwise comparisons of complete GPC (amino acid) sequences strengthened support for the notion that Muleshoe virus is distinct from Black Creek Canal virus, Bayou virus, and all other species included in the Bunyaviridae, genus Hantavirus.

  5. Pathogenic effects of Rift Valley fever virus NSs gene are alleviated in cultured cells by expressed antiviral short hairpin RNAs.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Scott, Tristan; Paweska, Janusz T; Arbuthnot, Patrick; Weinberg, Marc S

    2012-01-01

    Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), a member of the Bunyaviridae family, may cause severe hepatitis, encephalitis and haemorrhagic fever in humans. There are currently no available licensed vaccines or therapies to treat the viral infection in humans. RNA interference (RNAi)-based viral gene silencing offers a promising approach to inhibiting replication of this highly pathogenic virus. The small (S) segment of the RVFV tripartite genome carries the genetic determinates for pathogenicity during infection. This segment encodes the non-structural S (NSs) and essential nucleocapsid (N) genes. To advance RNAi-based inhibition of RVFV replication, we designed several Pol III short hairpin RNA (shRNA) expression cassettes against the NSs and N genes, including a multimerized plasmid vector that included four shRNA expression cassettes. Effective target silencing was demonstrated using full- and partial-length target reporter assays, and confirmed by western blot analysis of exogenous N and NSs expression. Small RNA northern blots showed detectable RNAi guide strand formation from single and multimerized shRNA constructs. Using a cell culture model of RVFV replication, shRNAs targeting the N gene decreased intracellular nucleocapsid protein concentration and viral replication. The shRNAs directed against the NSs gene reduced NSs protein concentrations and alleviated NSs-mediated cytotoxicity, which may be caused by host transcription suppression. These data are the first demonstration that RNAi activators have a potential therapeutic benefit for countering RVFV infection.

  6. ECOLOGICAL SITUATION ON THE TYULENIY ISLAND IN THE OKHOTSK SEA (2015: POPULATION INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PINNIPEDS, BIRDS, IXODIDAE TICKS AND VIRUSES

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    M. Yu. Shchelkanov

    2017-01-01

    Full Text Available Objective. Analysis of environmental status Tyuleniy Island after a 25-year break in ecological and virological expeditions.Discussion. The paper presents the first results of the ecological and virological expedition to the Tyuleniy Island in August 2015 – the first after a 25 year break. Species of colonial seabirds and pinnipeds are described as well as their population interactions with each other and with Ixodidae ticks Ixodes uriae, which parasite in breeding colonies of birds and are hosts and vectors of several arboviruses that pose a potential risk to mammals. Two strains were isolated from common murre cloaca swabs using chicken embryo biological model. Complete genome sequencing permitted to identify these strains as NDV/Uria aalge/Russia/Tyuleniy Island/109/2015 (GenBank ID: KU601398 and APMV-4/Uria aalge/Russia/Tyuleniy Island/115/2015 (GenBank ID: KU601399. Strain of new virus (Bunyaviridae, Nairovirus was isolated from homogenate of I. uriae on the model of intracerebrally inoculated newborn mice and was identified by sequencing of the fragment (240 nucleotides of the N-gene.Conclusion. The Tyuleniy Island confirmed its importance as a reservoir of arboviruses. The ecological conditions of the Tyuleniy Island requires urgent action to clean up the island from the old buildings and giving it the status of the reserve. 

  7. Elevated Cytokines, Thrombin and PAI-1 in Severe HCPS Patients Due to Sin Nombre Virus

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    Virginie Bondu

    2015-02-01

    Full Text Available Sin Nombre Hantavirus (SNV, Bunyaviridae Hantavirus is a Category A pathogen that causes Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome (HCPS with case fatality ratios generally ranging from 30% to 50%. HCPS is characterized by vascular leakage due to dysregulation of the endothelial barrier function. The loss of vascular integrity results in non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, shock, multi-organ failure and death. Using Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS measurements, we found that plasma samples drawn from University of New Mexico Hospital patients with serologically-confirmed HCPS, induce loss of cell-cell adhesion in confluent epithelial and endothelial cell monolayers grown in ECIS cultureware. We show that the loss of cell-cell adhesion is sensitive to both thrombin and plasmin inhibitors in mild cases, and to thrombin only inhibition in severe cases, suggesting an increasing prothrombotic state with disease severity. A proteomic profile (2D gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry of HCPS plasma samples in our cohort revealed robust antifibrinolytic activity among terminal case patients. The prothrombotic activity is highlighted by acute ≥30 to >100 fold increases in active plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1 which, preceded death of the subjects within 48 h. Taken together, this suggests that PAI-1 might be a response to the severe pathology as it is expected to reduce plasmin activity and possibly thrombin activity in the terminal patients.

  8. Current status of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in the World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region: issues, challenges, and future directions

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    Seif S. Al-Abri

    2017-05-01

    Full Text Available Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF is the most widespread, tick-borne viral disease affecting humans. The disease is endemic in many regions, such as Africa, Asia, Eastern and Southern Europe, and Central Asia. Recently, the incidence of CCHF has increased rapidly in the countries of the World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region (WHO EMR, with sporadic human cases and outbreaks of CCHF being reported from a number of countries in the region. Despite the rapidly growing incidence of the disease, there are currently no accurate data on the burden of the disease in the region due to the different surveillance systems used for CCHF in these countries. In an effort to increase our understanding of the epidemiology and risk factors for the transmission of the CCHF virus (CCHFV; a Nairovirus of the family Bunyaviridae in the WHO EMR, and to identify the current knowledge gaps that are hindering effective control interventions, a sub-regional meeting was organized in Muscat, Oman, from December 7 to 9, 2015. This article summarizes the current knowledge of the disease in the region, identifies the knowledge gaps that present challenges for the prevention and control of CCHFV, and details a strategic framework for research and development activities that would be necessary to curb the ongoing and new threats posed by CCHFV.

  9. Evolution and structure of Tomato spotted wilt virus populations: evidence of extensive reassortment and insights into emergence processes.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Tentchev, Diana; Verdin, Eric; Marchal, Cécile; Jacquet, Monique; Aguilar, Juan M; Moury, Benoît

    2011-04-01

    Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV; genus Tospovirus, family Bunyaviridae) genetic diversity was evaluated by sequencing parts of the three RNA genome segments of 224 isolates, mostly from pepper and tomato crops in southern Europe. Eighty-three per cent of the isolates showed consistent clustering into three clades, corresponding to their geographical origin, Spain, France or the USA, for the three RNA segments. In contrast, the remaining 17% of isolates did not belong to the same clade for the three RNA segments and were shown to be reassortants. Among them, eight different reassortment patterns were observed. Further phylogenetic analyses provided insights into the dynamic processes of the worldwide resurgence of TSWV that, since the 1980s, has followed the worldwide dispersal of the western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) tospovirus vector. For two clades composed essentially of Old World (OW) isolates, tree topology suggested a local re-emergence of indigenous TSWV populations following F. occidentalis introductions, while it could not be excluded that the ancestors of two other OW clades were introduced from North America contemporarily with F. occidentalis. Finally, estimation of the selection intensity that has affected the evolution of the NSs and nucleocapsid proteins encoded by RNA S of TSWV suggests that the former could be involved in the breakdown of resistance conferred by the Tsw gene in pepper.

  10. Diversity of viruses in Ixodes ricinus, and characterization of a neurotropic strain of Eyach virus

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    S. Moutailler

    2016-05-01

    Full Text Available Ticks transmit more pathogens—including bacteria, parasites and viruses—than any other arthropod vector. Although the epidemiological status of many tick-borne bacteria is very well characterized, tick-borne viruses are still relatively under-studied. Recently, several novel tick-borne viruses have been isolated from human febrile illnesses following tick bites, indicating the existence of other potential new and unknown tick-borne viruses. We used high-throughput sequencing to analyse the virome of Ixodes ricinus, the main vector of tick-borne pathogens in Europe. The majority of collected viral sequences were assigned to two potentially novel Nairovirus and Phlebovirus viruses, with prevalence rates ranging from 3.95% to 23.88% in adults and estimated to be between 0.14% and 72.16% in nymphs. These viruses could not be isolated from the brains of inoculated immunocompromised mice, perhaps indicating that they are unable to infect vertebrates. Within the I. ricinus virome, we also identified contigs with >90% identity to the known Eyach virus. Initially isolated in the 1980s, this virus was indirectly associated with human disease, but had never been extensively studied. Eyach virus prevalence varied between 0.07% and 5.26% in ticks from the French Ardennes and Alsace regions. Eyach virus was successfully isolated following intracerebral inoculation of immunocompromised mice with Eyach virus-positive tick extracts. This virus was also able to multiply and persist in the blood of immunocompetent mice inoculated by intraperitoneal injection, and caused brain infections in three of nine juveniles, without any obvious deleterious effects.

  11. N-Glycans on the Rift Valley Fever Virus Envelope Glycoproteins Gn and Gc Redundantly Support Viral Infection via DC-SIGN

    Science.gov (United States)

    Phoenix, Inaia; Nishiyama, Shoko; Lokugamage, Nandadeva; Hill, Terence E.; Huante, Matthew B.; Slack, Olga A.L.; Carpio, Victor H.; Freiberg, Alexander N.; Ikegami, Tetsuro

    2016-01-01

    Rift Valley fever is a mosquito-transmitted, zoonotic disease that infects humans and ruminants. Dendritic cell specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3 (ICAM-3) grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) acts as a receptor for members of the phlebovirus genus. The Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) glycoproteins (Gn/Gc) encode five putative N-glycan sequons (asparagine (N)–any amino acid (X)–serine (S)/threonine (T)) at positions: N438 (Gn), and N794, N829, N1035, and N1077 (Gc). The N-glycosylation profile and significance in viral infection via DC-SIGN have not been elucidated. Gc N-glycosylation was first evaluated by using Gc asparagine (N) to glutamine (Q) mutants. Subsequently, we generated a series of recombinant RVFV MP-12 strain mutants, which encode N-to-Q mutations, and the infectivity of each mutant in Jurkat cells stably expressing DC-SIGN was evaluated. Results showed that Gc N794, N1035, and N1077 were N-glycosylated but N829 was not. Gc N1077 was heterogeneously N-glycosylated. RVFV Gc made two distinct N-glycoforms: “Gc-large” and “Gc-small”, and N1077 was responsible for “Gc-large” band. RVFV showed increased infection of cells expressing DC-SIGN compared to cells lacking DC-SIGN. Infection via DC-SIGN was increased in the presence of either Gn N438 or Gc N1077. Our study showed that N-glycans on the Gc and Gn surface glycoproteins redundantly support RVFV infection via DC-SIGN. PMID:27223297

  12. Roles of viroplasm-like structures formed by nonstructural protein NSs in infection with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wu, Xiaodong; Qi, Xian; Liang, Mifang; Li, Chuan; Cardona, Carol J; Li, Dexin; Xing, Zheng

    2014-06-01

    Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) virus is an emerging bunyavirus that causes a hemorrhagic fever with a high mortality rate. The virus is likely tick-borne and replicates primarily in hemopoietic cells, which may lead to disregulation of proinflammatory cytokine induction and loss of leukocytes and platelets. The viral genome contains L, M, and S segments encoding a viral RNA polymerase, glycoproteins G(n) and G(c), nucleoprotein (NP), and a nonstructural S segment (NSs) protein. NSs protein is involved in the regulation of host innate immune responses and suppression of IFNβ-promoter activities. In this article, we demonstrate that NSs protein can form viroplasm-like structures (VLSs) in infected and transfected cells. NSs protein molecules interact with one another, interact with NP, and were associated with viral RNA in infected cells, suggesting that NSs protein may be involved in viral replication. Furthermore, we observed that NSs-formed VLS colocalized with lipid droplets and that inhibitors of fatty acid biosynthesis decreased VLS formation or viral replication in transfected and infected cells. Finally, we have demonstrated that viral dsRNAs were also localized in VLS in infected cells, suggesting that NSs-formed VLS may be implicated in the replication of SFTS bunyavirus. These findings identify a novel function of nonstructural NSs in SFTSV-infected cells where it is a scaffolding component in a VLS functioning as a virus replication factory. This function is in addition to the role of NSs protein in modulating host responses that will broaden our understanding of viral pathogenesis of phleboviruses. © FASEB.

  13. Diversity of viruses in Ixodes ricinus, and characterization of a neurotropic strain of Eyach virus.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Moutailler, S; Popovici, I; Devillers, E; Vayssier-Taussat, M; Eloit, M

    2016-05-01

    Ticks transmit more pathogens-including bacteria, parasites and viruses-than any other arthropod vector. Although the epidemiological status of many tick-borne bacteria is very well characterized, tick-borne viruses are still relatively under-studied. Recently, several novel tick-borne viruses have been isolated from human febrile illnesses following tick bites, indicating the existence of other potential new and unknown tick-borne viruses. We used high-throughput sequencing to analyse the virome of Ixodes ricinus, the main vector of tick-borne pathogens in Europe. The majority of collected viral sequences were assigned to two potentially novel Nairovirus and Phlebovirus viruses, with prevalence rates ranging from 3.95% to 23.88% in adults and estimated to be between 0.14% and 72.16% in nymphs. These viruses could not be isolated from the brains of inoculated immunocompromised mice, perhaps indicating that they are unable to infect vertebrates. Within the I. ricinus virome, we also identified contigs with >90% identity to the known Eyach virus. Initially isolated in the 1980s, this virus was indirectly associated with human disease, but had never been extensively studied. Eyach virus prevalence varied between 0.07% and 5.26% in ticks from the French Ardennes and Alsace regions. Eyach virus was successfully isolated following intracerebral inoculation of immunocompromised mice with Eyach virus-positive tick extracts. This virus was also able to multiply and persist in the blood of immunocompetent mice inoculated by intraperitoneal injection, and caused brain infections in three of nine juveniles, without any obvious deleterious effects.

  14. DESCRIPCIÓN MODULAR DE UN ESQUEMA DE CODIFICACIÓN CONCATENADO PARA CORRECCIÓN DE ERRORES CON PROGRAMACIÓN DE HARDWARE MODULAR DESIGN OF SCHEME CODING CONCATENATED FOR CORRECTION ERROR WITH PROGRAMMING OF HARDWARE

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    Cecilia E Sandoval Ruiz

    2008-09-01

    Full Text Available Las comunicaciones inalámbricas requieren el empleo de métodos de corrección de errores sobre los datos transmitidos, usándose generalmente técnicas de codificación Reed-Solomon & Viterbi, por razones de desempeño y seguridad es preferible implementarlos sobre hardware. En este trabajo se presenta el diseño modular de la etapa de codificación de éstos códigos para su concatenación usando VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Descriptor Language, orientado a la implementación sobre tecnología de matriz de compuertas programadas por campo (FPGA, Se inicia con una revisión de los conceptos asociados a la definición de los componentes, y el modelo, descripción del comportamiento, luego la arquitectura es diseñada usando la sintaxis en VHDL y es capturado el diseño de hardware, finalmente se presentan los resultados de síntesis.The wireless communication medium require employing forward error correction methods on the data transferred, where Reed-Solomon & Viterbi coding techniques are utilized, because of performance and security reaso. In this paper we present a modular design of phase encoding these codes for concatenation using VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Descriptor Language and oriented to implementation with field programmable gate arrays (FPGA. The work besing with a review of code concept and the definition of the components and the model and the description of the behavioral. Later, the architecture is designed and captures using syntax in VHDL, and finally presents the results of synthesis.

  15. Aids e controle de infecção cruzada na prática odontológica: percepção e atitudes dos pacientes

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    DISCACCIATI José Augusto César

    1999-01-01

    Full Text Available Com o objetivo de avaliar a percepção dos pacientes quanto ao risco de se contrair o vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV durante o atendimento odontológico e suas atitudes em relação a continuar ou não o seu tratamento caso venham a saber que seu cirurgião-dentista (CD atende pacientes com AIDS ou que seja HIV soropositivo, foram realizadas 518 entrevistas entre militares da Polícia Militar de Minas Gerais e seus dependentes, que haviam terminado tratamento com 233 CD diferentes. Observou-se que a grande maioria dos participantes (88,4% acredita que o HIV possa ser transmitido durante o tratamento odontológico e que muitos entrevistados não continuariam o tratamento se seu CD atendesse pacientes com AIDS (42,9% ou fosse HIV soropositivo (45%. Aqueles entrevistados que haviam sido atendidos por profissionais que utilizavam os artigos do equipamento para proteção individual (EPI de forma adequada se mostraram mais dispostos a continuar o tratamento caso viessem a saber que seu CD atende pacientes com AIDS. No entanto, o uso adequado do EPI não é um fator encorajador para que os pacientes continuem tratando-se com seu CD caso venham a saber que ele é HIV soropositivo. Estes achados sugerem que maiores informações devem ser repassadas para o público leigo, informando-o sobre os verdadeiros riscos de se infectar pelo HIV e suas formas de prevenção na Odontologia.

  16. Maneiras de fazer, modos de proceder: a tradição reinventada do pão de canela na Serra da Mantiqueira, Minas Gerais

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    Rogéria Campos de Almeida Dutra

    2012-12-01

    Full Text Available Este artigo traz como proposta a investigação do processo de produção do pão de canela na Serra do Ibitipoca, no sudeste de Minas Gerais, através da qual se procura abordar as transformações dos saberes transmitidos entre gerações e seus novos sentidos ante as dinâmicas contemporâneas. Como parte da tradição culinária local, sua fabricação envolve modos de saber e fazer que frente ao desenvolvimento turístico são simultaneamente reafirmados e reinventados. Sua elaboração, ao abrigar segredos culinários, sistemas gestuais e combinações de sabores, expressam a matriz das formas culturais configuradas pelas disposições práticas, cenário da cultura tal como vivida, que envolvem, a partir de uma tradição oralmente transmitida, a operação de uma criatividade prática fundamentada em atos da vida cotidiana.This paper aims at investigating the production of pão de canela at the Serra do Ibitipoca region situated in the southeast of Minas Gerais, Brazil. As part of the local culinary tradition, its manufacture involves ways of knowing and doing that are reaffirmed and reinvented by tourism development. Culinary secrets, gestural systems and flavors' combinations present in this kind of bread express culture as it is lived, an orally transmitted activity supported by a practical creativity of daily life.

  17. Pliny’s Natural History: a medium for preservation and a cause of loss of knowledge

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    Jacob Isager

    2006-07-01

    Full Text Available A História Natural de Plínio: meio de conservação e causa de perda de conhecimento. A História Natural de Plínio pretende ser um inventário do mundo conhecido para os romanos. Este artigo discute, na sua primeira parte, as razões desse projeto. Foi um enorme trabalho coletar e organizar o material, e como exemplo de metodologia, escolhi os capítulos de arte grega e romana (ou arte greco-romana que tiveram grande impacto nas posteriores histórias da arte. Uma análise da exposição de Plínio sobre a história da arte romana e grega revela que ele tinha diferentes motivos para estabelecer essas histórias da arte. O que liga as duas partes como uma uma unidade é o impacto das peças de arte grega e romana no espaço urbano de Roma. Templos e outros prédios públicos funcionavam como galerias de arte, com variadas coleções de obras-primas da arte grega, com isso elevando Roma à posição de grande centro do mundo. Assim como as coleções de estátuas, a História Natural de Plínio, com sua coleção de memórias do Império Romano, preserva conhecimento esquecido. Tornou-se um monumento ao conhecimento do mundo inteiro e foi transmitido a nós em sua totalidade

  18. The politics of the self: psychological science and bourgeois subjectivity in 19th century Spain

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    Novella, Enric J.

    2010-12-01

    Full Text Available This paper offers an analysis of the process of institutionalization of psychological knowledge in Spain following the educative reforms implemented during the second third of the 19th century, which prescribed its inclusion in the curricular program of the new secondary education. After a detailed examination of the theoretical orientation, the ideological assumptions and the sociopolitical connections of the contents transmitted to the students throughout the century, its militant spiritualism is interpreted as a highly significant attempt on the part of the liberal elites to articulate a pedagogy of subjectivity intended to counteract the trends toward reduction, naturalization and fragmentation of psychic life inherent to the development of modern science.

    En este artículo se ofrece un análisis del proceso de institucionalización del conocimiento psicológico en España por obra de las reformas educativas implementadas durante el segundo tercio del siglo XIX, que prescribieron su inclusión en el programa curricular de la nueva educación secundaria. Tras un examen detenido de la orientación doctrinal, los supuestos ideológicos y la filiación sociopolítica de los contenidos transmitidos a los alumnos durante la mayor parte de la centuria, se interpreta su espiritualismo militante como un intento muy significativo por parte de las élites liberales de articular una pedagogía de la subjetividad destinada a contrarrestar las tendencias de reducción, naturalización y fragmentación del psiquismo alentadas por el desarrollo de la ciencia moderna.

  19. Science.gov (United States)

    Oliver Bonet, Maria; Mach, Núria

    2016-09-20

    Introducción: la infertilidad es un problema global en aumento. Se estima que aproximadamente un 15% de las parejas en edad reproductiva tiene dificultades a la hora de concebir. De estas, alrededor de la mitad presentan uno o varios factores masculinos asociados a infertilidad o subfertilidad, aislados o en combinación con problemas de origen femenino. Durante la última década se ha empezado a estudiar la infertilidad desde una perspectiva multifactorial, considerando las interacciones y conexiones entre diferentes situaciones genéticas, epigenéticas, bioquímicas y fisiológicas del paciente.Objetivo: la presente revisión pretende describir mecanismos epigenéticos que pueden ser modulados mediante aspectos nutricionales y que están relacionados con la etiología de la infertilidad masculina y con la herencia transgeneracional de este fenotipo.Material y métodos: se ha realizado una extensa búsqueda de publicaciones científicas en las principales bases de datos electrónicas especializadas: NBCI, Elsevier, Scielo, Scirus y Science Direct.Resultados y conclusión: varios trabajos que muestran la importancia del estado nutricional en la fertilidad del hombre y, más específicamente, la capacidad de los componentes de la dieta para modificar los perfiles epigenéticos que no únicamente pueden afectar a su fertilidad, sino que también pueden ser transmitidos a la descendencia mediante lo que se ha denominado herencia transgeneracional, ocasionándoles problemas de salud diversos entre los que también se hallan problemas en la fertilidad.

  20. A ATUAÇÃO DO PLANFOR NO COMBATE À POBREZA EM MACEIÓ

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    Laura Cristina Vieira Pizzi

    2017-03-01

    Full Text Available Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo examinar as conseqüências dos cursos de qualificação profissional básica oferecidos pelo PLANFOR em Maceió/AL, considerando a eficácia em sua aplicação, verificando de que forma os alunos absorveram e avaliaram os conteúdos transmitidos durante o curso, fazendo o levantamento do perfil socioeconômico dos alunos egressos, avaliando o impacto que o curso de qualificação profissional causou na vida produtiva das pessoas que participaram do programa. Foi discutida ainda a sua vinculação aos novos conceitos de formação, qualificação e competência, de que forma está engajado as novas exigências do novo modelo de produção. Esta pesquisa é de cunho qualitativo, e a abordagem metodológica adotada foi a Análise de Conteúdo. A pesquisa foi realizada através de entrevistas com alunos egressos dos cursos e através de análise documental.  Entendemos que o PLANFOR, não atingiu seus objetivos, já que a maioria dos entrevistados se encontrava fora do mercado de trabalho. Os cursos também não conseguiram elevar significativamente o nível da renda de seus egressos. Verificamos que os conteúdos ensinados de forma transversal, de cunho mais social, foram pouco absorvidos pelos ex-alunos, mas aqueles conhecimentos diretamente ligados à profissão ainda estavam bem presentes na memória dos egressos.

  1. Protocolo para a distribuição de informações de canais em redes em malha sem fio

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Roni Francis Shigueta

    2014-04-01

    Full Text Available Este artigo apresenta um protocolo para a distribuição de informações de canais em uma rede em malha sem fio. O canal corresponde à faixa de frequência na qual dois dispositivos sem fio (nós da rede podem se comunicar. O protocolo apresentado permite criar um repositório que contém os canais que estão disponíveis em um dispositivo para que se comunique com o seu nó vizinho. A partir das informações desse repositório, os dispositivos podem tomar decisões de alocação de canais, baseadas em algum critério, como por exemplo, a menor interferência gerada na rede. Dependendo da quantidade de canais disponíveis, é possível atribuir canais diferentes aos enlaces da rede (par de nós, permitindo transmissões simultâneas. A simulação do protocolo é realizada por meio de canais de frequência do padrão IEEE 802.11b. Apesar das simulações serem realizadas nesse padrão, o protocolo pode ser adaptado para operar em outras faixas de frequência. Os resultados demonstram que a partir dos valores dos canais transmitidos através de mensagens de hello, é possível encontrar os canais comuns entre dois nós, realizando a intersecção entre a lista de canais do nó vizinho com a lista do nó local.

  2. The high genetic variation of viruses of the genus Nairovirus reflects the diversity of their predominant tick hosts

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Honig, Jessica E.; Osborne, Jane C.; Nichol, Stuart T.

    2004-01-01

    The genus Nairovirus (family Bunyaviridae) contains seven serogroups consisting of 34 predominantly tick-borne viruses, including several associated with severe human and livestock diseases [e.g., Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) and Nairobi sheep disease (NSD), respectively]. Before this report, no comparative genetic studies or molecular detection assays had been developed for this virus genus. To characterize at least one representative from each of the seven serogroups, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) primers targeting the L polymerase-encoding region of the RNA genome of these viruses were successfully designed based on conserved amino acid motifs present in the predicted catalytic core region. Sequence analysis showed the nairoviruses to be a highly diverse group, exhibiting up to 39.4% and 46.0% nucleotide and amino acid identity differences, respectively. Virus genetic relationships correlated well with serologic groupings and with tick host associations. Hosts of these viruses include both the hard (family Ixodidae) and soft (family Argasidae) ticks. Virus phylogenetic analysis reveals two major monophyletic groups: hard tick and soft tick-vectored viruses. In addition, viruses vectored by Ornithodoros, Carios, and Argas genera ticks also form three separate monophyletic lineages. The striking similarities between tick and nairovirus phylogenies are consistent with possible coevolution of the viruses and their tick hosts. Fossil and phylogenetic data placing the hard tick-soft tick divergence between 120 and 92 million years ago suggest an ancient origin for viruses of the genus Nairovirus

  3. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: Risk factors and control measures for the infection abatement

    Science.gov (United States)

    ASLAM, SAADIA; LATIF, MUHAMMAD SHAHZAD; DAUD, MUHAMMAD; RAHMAN, ZIA UR; TABASSUM, BUSHRA; RIAZ, MUHAMMAD SOHAIL; KHAN, ANWAR; TARIQ, MUHAMMAD; HUSNAIN, TAYYAB

    2016-01-01

    Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a vector-borne viral disease, widely distributed in different regions of the world. The fever is caused by the CCHF virus (CCHFV), which belongs to the Nairovirus genus and Bunyaviridae family. The virus is clustered in seven genotypes, which are Africa-1, Africa-2, Africa-3, Europe-1, Europe-2, Asia-1 and Asia-2. The virus is highly pathogenic in nature, easily transmissible and has a high case fatality rate of 10–40%. The reservoir and vector of CCHFV are the ticks of the Hyalomma genus. Therefore, the circulation of this virus depends upon the distribution of the ticks. The virus can be transmitted from tick to animal, animal to human and human to human. The major symptoms include headache, high fever, abdominal pain, myalgia, hypotension and flushed face. As the disease progresses, severe symptoms start appearing, which include petechiae, ecchymosis, epistaxis, bleeding gums and emesis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, antigen detection, serum neutralization and isolation of the virus by cell culture are the diagnostic techniques used for this viral infection. There is no specific antiviral therapy available thus far. However, ribavirin has been approved by the World Health Organization for the treatment of CCHFV infection. Awareness campaigns regarding the risk factors and control measures can aid in reducing the spread of this disease to a greater extent, particularly in developing countries. PMID:26870327

  4. Temporal dynamics of iris yellow spot virus and its vector, Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), in seeded and transplanted onion fields.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hsu, Cynthia L; Hoepting, Christine A; Fuchs, Marc; Shelton, Anthony M; Nault, Brian A

    2010-04-01

    Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci (Lindeman) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), can reduce onion bulb yield and transmit iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) (Bunyaviridae: Tospovirus), which can cause additional yield losses. In New York, onions are planted using seeds and imported transplants. IYSV is not seed transmitted, but infected transplants have been found in other U.S. states. Transplants are also larger than seeded onions early in the season, and thrips, some of which may be viruliferous, may preferentially colonize larger plants. Limited information is available on the temporal dynamics of IYSV and its vector in onion fields. In 2007 and 2008, T. tabaci and IYSV levels were monitored in six seeded and six transplanted fields. We found significantly more thrips in transplanted fields early in the season, but by the end of the season seeded fields had higher levels of IYSV. The percentage of sample sites with IYSV-infected plants remained low (fields. The densities of adult and larval thrips in August and September were better predictors of final IYSV levels than early season thrips densities. For 2007 and 2008, the time onions were harvested may have been more important in determining IYSV levels than whether the onions were seeded or transplanted. Viruliferous thrips emigrating from harvested onion fields into nonharvested ones may be increasing the primary spread of IYSV in late-harvested onions. Managing T. tabaci populations before harvest, and manipulating the spatial arrangement of fields based on harvest date could mitigate the spread of IYSV.

  5. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ioni Oliveira Santos

    2013-01-01

    Full Text Available INTRODUCTION: Hantavirus is a genus of ribonucleic acid (RNA viruses included in the family Bunyaviridae. Hantaviruses are rodent-borne zoonoses that, in the last 18 years, became an emergent public health problem in the Americas, causing a severe cardiopulmonary syndrome. This disease has no specific treatment and has a high case fatality. The transmission of hantavirus to man occurs by inhaling aerosols of rodent excreta. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of antibodies to hantavirus in the population of the rural settlement of Tupã in the county of Marcelândia, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. METHODS: The participants of the serologic survey were visited at their homes and selected randomly among the settlement population. Blood samples of the participants were collected by venopuncture. The serum samples were tested by an IgG-ELISA using an N recombinant protein of Araraquara hantavirus as antigen, using the protocol previously established by Figueiredo et al. RESULTS: IgG antibodies to hantavirus were detected in 7 (13% of the 54 participants. The positivity was higher among men. It was observed that there was an association of seropositivity to hantavirus within the participants born in the south of Brazil. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that, in this rural area, everyone is exposed to the same risk of becoming infected with hantavirus, and, therefore, there is a need to intensify surveillance activities and education of the local people to prevent this viral infection.

  6. Large-scale chromatin immunoprecipitation with promoter sequence microarray analysis of the interaction of the NSs protein of Rift Valley fever virus with regulatory DNA regions of the host genome.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Benferhat, Rima; Josse, Thibaut; Albaud, Benoit; Gentien, David; Mansuroglu, Zeyni; Marcato, Vasco; Souès, Sylvie; Le Bonniec, Bernard; Bouloy, Michèle; Bonnefoy, Eliette

    2012-10-01

    Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a highly pathogenic Phlebovirus that infects humans and ruminants. Initially confined to Africa, RVFV has spread outside Africa and presently represents a high risk to other geographic regions. It is responsible for high fatality rates in sheep and cattle. In humans, RVFV can induce hepatitis, encephalitis, retinitis, or fatal hemorrhagic fever. The nonstructural NSs protein that is the major virulence factor is found in the nuclei of infected cells where it associates with cellular transcription factors and cofactors. In previous work, we have shown that NSs interacts with the promoter region of the beta interferon gene abnormally maintaining the promoter in a repressed state. In this work, we performed a genome-wide analysis of the interactions between NSs and the host genome using a genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation combined with promoter sequence microarray, the ChIP-on-chip technique. Several cellular promoter regions were identified as significantly interacting with NSs, and the establishment of NSs interactions with these regions was often found linked to deregulation of expression of the corresponding genes. Among annotated NSs-interacting genes were present not only genes regulating innate immunity and inflammation but also genes regulating cellular pathways that have not yet been identified as targeted by RVFV. Several of these pathways, such as cell adhesion, axonal guidance, development, and coagulation were closely related to RVFV-induced disorders. In particular, we show in this work that NSs targeted and modified the expression of genes coding for coagulation factors, demonstrating for the first time that this hemorrhagic virus impairs the host coagulation cascade at the transcriptional level.

  7. Serologic survey of hantavirus in a rural population from the northern State of Mato Grosso, Brazil Pesquisa sorológica para hantavírus em uma população rural do norte do Estado do Mato Grosso, Brasil

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ioni Oliveira Santos

    2012-01-01

    Full Text Available INTRODUCTION: Hantavirus is a genus of ribonucleic acid (RNA viruses included in the family Bunyaviridae. Hantaviruses are rodent-borne zoonoses that, in the last 18 years, became an emergent public health problem in the Americas, causing a severe cardiopulmonary syndrome. This disease has no specific treatment and has a high case fatality. The transmission of hantavirus to man occurs by inhaling aerosols of rodent excreta. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of antibodies to hantavirus in the population of the rural settlement of Tupã in the county of Marcelândia, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. METHODS: The participants of the serologic survey were visited at their homes and selected randomly among the settlement population. Blood samples of the participants were collected by venopuncture. The serum samples were tested by an IgG-ELISA using an N recombinant protein of Araraquara hantavirus as antigen, using the protocol previously established by Figueiredo et al. RESULTS: IgG antibodies to hantavirus were detected in 7 (13% of the 54 participants. The positivity was higher among men. It was observed that there was an association of seropositivity to hantavirus within the participants born in the south of Brazil. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that, in this rural area, everyone is exposed to the same risk of becoming infected with hantavirus, and, therefore, there is a need to intensify surveillance activities and education of the local people to prevent this viral infection.INTRODUÇÃO: Hantavirus é um gênero de vírus RNA incluído na família Bunyaviridae. Hantaviroses são zoonoses transmitidas por roedores que nos últimos 18 anos tornou-se um problema emergente da saúde pública nas Américas causando uma síndrome cardiopulmonar. Esta doença não tem nenhum tratamento específico e apresenta alta letalidade. A transmissão do hantavirus ao homem ocorre pela inalação de aerossóis dos excrementos de roedores. O

  8. Parasitosis intestinales en relación con la cultura higiénica de poblaciones rurales de Catamarca.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Monferrán, M. C.

    2003-01-01

    Full Text Available Los estudios realizados sobre prevalencia de parasitosis intestinales humanas en comunidades urbanas y rurales en la provincia de Catamarca, revela altos índices. Las causas son múltiples, entre las que se encuentran factores ecológicos y sociales. Las condiciones climáticas imperantes en una zona geográfica resultaran favorables o no a la presentación de algunas parasitosis como por ejemplo las geohelmintiasis.Se atribuye igual importancia a la educación, vivienda, alimentación, recursos económicos, falta de higiene, contaminación ambiental, etc.. Se realizan estudios de prevalencia de parasitosis intestinales en pobladores de dos regiones climáticamente diferentes de nuestra provincia como son los Dptos. La Paz y Paclín detectándose en algunas comunidades índices altos de hasta el 81 %.También se ha notado la influencia climática regional sobre la distribución de las parasitosis intestinales .En La Paz, existe un predominio de las protozoosis y en Paclín las geohelmintiasis son frecuentes y diversas. Las parasitosis detectadas estarían relacionadas en un alto grado a la denominada cultura higiénica, pues las prácticas de la higiene individual y familiar, la deposición de sus excretas, la convivencia con animales domésticos, el manejo de sus rebaños, son costumbres regionales que se han transmitido por generaciones e influyen notablemente en la difusión y la conservación de estos altos índices de parasitosis intestinales en detrimento de la salud de los habitantes.

  9. Actividades extraescolares de los adolescentes útiles para programas de prevención del tabaquismo

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    López González Mª Luisa

    1999-01-01

    Full Text Available FUNDAMENTO: La prevalencia del tabaquismo en los adolescentes sigue indeseablemente elevada. Se precisan programas preventivos novedosos. Este estudio descriptivo transversal establece las variables conductuales asociadas al tabaquismo y las actividades más frecuentes de los adolescentes fuera de la escuela, útiles para plantear programas de prevención extraescolares. MÉTODO: Los datos se recogieron con un cuestionario validado en una muestra representativa de escolares asturianos de 10-11 y 13-14 años. Mediante regresión logística se estudiaron las variables asociadas al consumo de tabaco. RESULTADOS: El porcentaje de inicio del consumo oscila entre el 14,5% y el 42,5%, y el de fumadores regulares entre el 1,1% y el 12,4%, respectivamente. Se construyeron 2 modelos con las variables asociadas significativamente a la conducta de fumar, los cuales clasifican correctamente en fumador/no fumador al 98,85% y 91,39% de los niños, según la edad. Las variables ambientales (accesibilidad al tabaco y al alcohol y frecuentación de lugares de riesgo son las primeras integrantes del modelo. Las actividades extraescolares más frecuentes son: ver TV, leer y escuchar música y ver o practicar deporte. CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados proporcionan claves para el diseño de programas extraescolares "a medida" de las actividades de los adolescentes: publicidad en TV y en soportes musicales (discos, cintas, etc., e información escrita personalizada en el hogar, con mensajes transmitidos por líderes juveniles del deporte, la canción y la televisión.

  10. Influência familiar na anorexia nervosa: em busca das melhores evidências científicas

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Élide Dezoti Valdanha

    2013-09-01

    Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Analisar as evidências científicas sobre a influência do grupo familiar na sintomatologia da anorexia nervosa (AN. MÉTODOS: Revisão sistemática da literatura no período de 2000 a 2012, utilizando as bases PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Lilacs e os descritores: "transtornos da alimentação", "relações familiares", "relação entre gerações" e "relação mãe-filho". RESULTADOS: Com base nos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foram selecionadas e analisadas 20 publicações na íntegra. A maior parte dessas publicações focaliza mulheres diagnosticadas com transtornos alimentares (TA ou com comportamento alimentar de risco, tem delineamento quantitativo e utiliza escalas padronizadas para coleta de dados. Predominou o Nível de Evidência 4, que corresponde a estudos de desenho não experimental, como pesquisa descritiva correlacional e qualitativa, ou estudos de caso. As evidências encontradas indicam que os relacionamentos familiares exercem impacto significativo tanto no desenvolvimento como na manutenção de sintomas de TA. Padrões relacionados à alimentação e ao alimento são transmitidos entre as gerações, bem como aspectos não elaborados do funcionamento psíquico materno. CONCLUSÕES: Os estudos sugerem a necessidade de ampliar o foco da atenção para incluir os familiares no tratamento, bem como incorporar os achados de transmissão psíquica intergeracional como subsídios norteadores do planejamento e qualificação do cuidado oferecido nos TA.

  11. Apellidos y haplogrupos del cromosoma Y en 5 poblaciones del NOA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Riccio, M. E.

    2003-01-01

    Full Text Available Se analizaron de forma preliminar muestras de sangre hospitalarias de donantes provenientes de la capital de las provincias de Catamarca (N=62, Salta (N=20, Tucumán (N=11. Las mismas fueron comparadas con datos preexistentes de la provincia de Jujuy (Quebrada de Humahuaca, N=28; San Salvador de Jujuy, N=16. Se estudiaron los linajes paternos, analizando la presencia de la transición C a T para el locus DYS199. Las frecuencias génicas del alelo DYS199 T muestran un gradiente decreciente: Quebrada de Humahuaca (0,64, San Salvador de Jujuy (0,31, Salta (0,25, Tucumán (0,18, y Catamarca (0,08. Las diferencias de las frecuencias sólo fueron significativas entre Catamarca y Salta (P<0,05, y Catamarca con Humahuaca y San Salvador (P<0,001. El apellido y el cromosoma Y son transmitidos por vía paterna. Al analizar la correlación entre ambos, en Catamarca, Salta y Tucumán, en promedio, el 2% de los apellidos americanos coincidieron con el haplogrupo americano, mientras que en Jujuy y Quebrada de Humahuaca lo hicieron en un 34%. De los individuos con haplogrupo amerindio fueron más frecuentes los de apellido aborigen en las poblaciones jujeñas (65 %, y los de apellido europeo en las restantes (83 %. Las diferencias significativas de frecuencia entre Jujuy y el resto de las provincias puede ser el producto de una historia de migraciones y mezcla génica originada a partir de la colonización española del NOA.

  12. Educar personas solidarias : El laberinto de la educación en valores

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    José Angel Paniego García

    2013-05-01

    Full Text Available La Educación en Valores es una realidad sobre la que existen muchas propuestas pero que suelen ser bastante deficientes. Por ello, es algo mal valorado por muchos docentes y visto como una pérdida de tiempo. Este artículo intenta mostrar qué elementos tienen las propuestas que si han funcionado, desarrollando actitudes y conductas solidarias y mejorando globalmente la calidad de la enseñanza. Estas propuestas incluyen: - Unos valores cooperativos que sean válidos fuera de la escuela, para la vida. - Una mentalidad del profesorado como formador global y no como impartidor de conocimientos de una materia. - Una revisión global del quehacer educativo que incluya métodos pedagógicos y organizacionales coherentes y un análisis de valores transmitidos por el curriculum oculto. - Un modelo de creación personal de valores por el alumnado (basado en vivenciación/ problematización, análisis y actuación que evite el adoctrinamiento y enseñe a pensar autónomamente. - Un trabajo equilibrado de todos los niveles: de las realidades sociales (trabajadas de forma interrelacional, de los medios de socialización, de las habilidades instrumentales, de la dinámica del grupo clase y del desarrollo personal. El uso de este modelo permite que la Educación en Valores sea un elemento que mejore la calidad de la enseñanza, prepare a la persona para su vida futura y dote a la sociedad de las personas que necesita para ser una sociedad dinámica y de progreso

  13. Análisis del diseño de instrumentos de evaluación implementados desde dos contextos curriculares

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Susana González de Galindo

    2004-01-01

    Full Text Available Esta investigación forma parte de una más abarcativa sobre la problemática de resignificar la clase magistral del Cálculo para cursos superpoblados de primer año, de una Facultad de Ciencias, recurriendo en las clases al uso de una guía elaborada según principios sostenidos por Teorías cognitivas del aprendizaje sostenidas por Piaget, Ausubel, Vigotsky, entre otros. En este trabajo se investigó si existieron diferencias significativas en el diseño de los exámenes finales que rindieron los alumnos que habían cursado la asignatura en 2001 (año en el que se implementó la nueva metodología y en 1999 (enseñanza tradicional. Se analizaron los tipos de actividades según los criterios derivados del marco teórico y de los Estándares de Evaluación para la Educación Matemática (NCTM, 1989. Se concluyó que en la enseñanza tradicional de 1999, las actividades de los exámenes pretendían verificar si los conocimientos transmitidos habían sido asimilados. Las de 2001, por el contrario, satisficieron en buena medida, las pautas establecidas en los Estándares de evaluación seleccionados, lo que significa un importante avance en el proceso de evaluación que se venía implementando. Esta conclusión ratificaría las conclusiones obtenidas del análisis de otros instrumentos diseñados para evaluar la nueva estrategia metodológica estimulando a implementarla en otros contenidos

  14. Aspectos histopatológicos e micológicos da infecção experimental de cobaias com Microsporum canis

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    Josemara Neves Cavalcanti

    2002-01-01

    Full Text Available Com frequência o dermatófito Microsporum canis está envolvido na etiologia da dermatofitose, podendo ser transmitido para o homem por cães e gatos. Neste estudo foi procedida inoculação experimental de M. canis em cobaias resultando em lesões em 100 % dos animais e o curso clínico consistiu de período de incubação, fase inflamatória e fase de resolução das lesões. O exame histopatológico de biópsias cutâneas revelou presença de infiltrado neutrofílico e edema; acantose, hiperqueratose e espongiose. Estas lesões tornaram-se menos acentuadas no 30.0 dia pós-inoculação. Esporos e hifas de M. canis foram detectadas em cortes histológicos corados com PAS (Ácido Periódico de Schiff. A combinação dos corantes fluorescentes diacetato de fluoresceína (DF e brometo de etídio (BE, possibilitou uma adequada visualização das células fúngicas viáveis e não viáveis com evidenciação de seus caracteres morfológicos. Este modelo experimental representa um valioso instrumento para o estudo da patogênese da infecção por dermatófitos, para a avaliação da eficácia de drogas antifúngicas, podendo também ser utilizado em estudos sobre a imunologia das dermatofitoses e na determinação da morfogênese de dermatófitos.

  15. Las traducciones en la antigüedad

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    Fernández Marcos, Natalio

    2007-12-01

    Full Text Available A large part of the Western cultural heritage has been transmitted through translation. The author analyses the translation phenomenon in Antiquity, emphasizing the significance of the first translation of the Hebrew Bible into Greek in Ptolemaic Alexandria. This translation is the major literary corpus translated into Greek in Antiquity and, probably, the most important as well, due to the impact it had on the West once Christianity adopted the Greek version as the official Bible. He also describes the context in which the translation was carried out, the different models utilized for the Pentateuch, its reception and influence on other translations. Finally, he points out other processes of cultural transmission through translation in late Antiquity.

    Gran parte del legado cultural de Occidente se nos ha transmitido en traducciones. El autor analiza el fenómeno de la traducción en la Antigüedad, deteniéndose en la primera traducción de la Biblia hebrea al griego en la Alejandría ptolemaica. Esta traducción es el mayor corpus de litert ratura traducido al griego en la Antigüedad y, tal vez, el más importante por el impacto que tuvo en Occidente al ser adoptada la Biblia griega como Biblia oficial del cristianismo. Describe tambt bién el contexto en el que se llevó a cabo la traducción, los modelos utilizados en el Pentateuco, la recepción y los efectos de la misma en otras traducciones. Señala por fin otros procesos de trasvase cultural mediante la traducción en la Antigüedad tardía.

  16. El papel de la mujer en las ilustraciones de los libros de texto de Educación Primaria

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    María Teresa Terrón Caro

    2008-12-01

    Full Text Available El presente artículo es resultado de una investigación realizada en el marco del Grupo de Investigación de Educación Comparada de Sevilla, con el objetivo de estudiar el papel otorgado a la mujer a través de las ilustraciones, en los textos esco- lares correspondientes a las áreas de conocimiento del medio natural, social y cultural; lengua castellana y literatura, así como matemáticas del ciclo de educación primaria. Con el análisis del rol de la mujer y el hombre en los manuales, podemos cono- cer no sólo las ideas, los valores o las actitudes latentes en una sociedad, sino además la forma en la que los conocimientos son transmitidos en las aulas tanto a niños como a niñas. Los textos escolares se muestran así como mecanismos invisibles a través de los cuales aparecen y se refuerzan desigualdades. Conscientes de esta realidad, en estos momentos las ilustraciones recogidas en los textos escolares deben ser lo suficiente- mente representativas de los cambios sociales que se producen en los distintos con- textos y capaces de plasmar modelos reales y no estereotipados. Esta reflexión debe ser un reflejo en la práctica educativa de cada uno de los niveles educativos y de cada uno de los cursos; y así lo hemos querido comprobar analizando algunas de las herramien- tas educativas utilizadas en el nivel de primaria. Palabras clave: Educación, Género, Escuela, Desigualdad, Libros de texto. 

  17. Artrópodos Hematófagos del Río Raposo, Valle, Colombia: II - Culicidae Artrópodos Hematófagos del Río Raposo, Valle, Colombia: II - Culicidae

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Barreto Pablo

    1969-12-01

    Full Text Available Se presenta una lista anotada de los mosquitos verdaderos, familia Culicidae, encontrados desde 1962 hasta 1966 en la zona del Río Raposo, en la Costa del Pacífico de Colombia, durante estudios sobre virus transmitidos por artrópodos. La familia está representada por 16 géneros conocidos previamente y otro nuevo para la ciencia. Estos géneros comprenden 87 especies con nombre. Para cada una se ofrece breve información sobre su método de captura, abundancia relativa y otros datos pertinentes. Las larvas o pupas de 41 especies conocidas se obtuvieron en diferentes tipos de criaderos. Por primera vez se registra en el país la presencia de 26 especies.  De 4.727 grupos de mosquitos inoculados en ratones para buscar virus hay 116 aislamientos positivos que se diseutir an en próximos trabajos.We present here an annotated list of mosquitoes of the family Culicidae collected from 1962 to 1966 in the Río Raposo region of the Pacific coast of Colombia, in the course of studies of arthropod-borne viruses.  There are included 86 named species of 16 previously known genera and one new genus and species being described in another paper. Forty-one species were reared from larvae and pupae collected in a variety of breeding places. Twenty-six species are recorded for the first time from Colombia.  For each species, notes on the method of collection, relative abundance and other pertaining data are given. Viruses were isolated from 116 of 4,727 mosquito pools processed. These agents will be the subject of other papers to he published.

  18. A amamentação nos manuais escolares de estudo do meio do 1º ciclo do ensino básico La lactancia en los libros de texto escolares del Estudio del Medio del 1º ciclo de la educación básica Breastfeeding in Environmental Studies textbooks used in the first cycle of basic education

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    Dulce Maria Pereira Garcia Galvão

    2011-07-01

    Full Text Available Para conhecer como a amamentação é abordada às crianças do 1º Ciclo, e o que aprendem na escola sobre este tema, analisaram-se, do 1º ao 4º ano de escolaridade, 19 manuais escolares de Estudo do Meio, adoptados em 73 escolas públicas de seis agrupamentos de escolas da área educativa de Coimbra. Na análise dos conceitos transmitidos definiram-se, a priori, alguns considerados imprescindíveis para ensinar e explicar à criança noções básicas de amamentação. Apenas dois manuais do 3º ano incluíam, cada um, os conteúdos “Somos mamíferos. Alimentamo-nos das mamas das nossas mães após o nascimento” e “O natural é tomar leite materno logo depois do nascimento”. A análise dos manuais permitiu observar que existem diversas oportunidades de ensinar, esclarecer e ajudar a criança a aprender uma cultura da amamentação, pois este tema pode estar incluído em diversos capítulos das diferentes rubricas programáticas. No entanto, estas oportunidades são desperdiçadas e neste material didáctico várias imagens utilizadas promovem a alimentação artificial.Para conocer cómo se les presenta la lactancia a los niños del y lo que aprenden en la escuela sobre este tema, se analizaron, del 1º al 4º año de escolaridad, 19 libros de texto escolares del Estudio del Medio, adoptados en 73 escuelas públicas de seis grupos de escuelas del área educativa de Coimbra. En el análisis de los conceptos transmitidos se definieron, a priori, algunos considerados imprescindibles para enseñar y explicarle al niño nociones básicas de lactancia. Solo dos libros de texto del 3º año incluían, en cada caso, los contenidos “Somos mamíferos. Nos alimentamos del pecho de nuestras madres después de nacer” y “Lo natural es tomar leche materna después de haber nacido”. El análisis de los libros de texto permitió observar que existen diversas oportunidades de enseñar, aclarar e ayudar al niño a aprender una cultura de la

  19. An approach for identification of unknown viruses using sequencing-by-hybridization.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Katoski, Sarah E; Meyer, Hermann; Ibrahim, Sofi

    2015-09-01

    Accurate identification of biological threat agents, especially RNA viruses, in clinical or environmental samples can be challenging because the concentration of viral genomic material in a given sample is usually low, viral genomic RNA is liable to degradation, and RNA viruses are extremely diverse. A two-tiered approach was used for initial identification, then full genomic characterization of 199 RNA viruses belonging to virus families Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, and Togaviridae. A Sequencing-by-hybridization (SBH) microarray was used to tentatively identify a viral pathogen then, the identity is confirmed by guided next-generation sequencing (NGS). After optimization and evaluation of the SBH and NGS methodologies with various virus species and strains, the approach was used to test the ability to identify viruses in blinded samples. The SBH correctly identified two Ebola viruses in the blinded samples within 24 hr, and by using guided amplicon sequencing with 454 GS FLX, the identities of the viruses in both samples were confirmed. SBH provides at relatively low-cost screening of biological samples against a panel of viral pathogens that can be custom-designed on a microarray. Once the identity of virus is deduced from the highest hybridization signal on the SBH microarray, guided (amplicon) NGS sequencing can be used not only to confirm the identity of the virus but also to provide further information about the strain or isolate, including a potential genetic manipulation. This approach can be useful in situations where natural or deliberate biological threat incidents might occur and a rapid response is required. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  20. Identification of Novel Viruses in Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, and Ixodes scapularis Ticks

    Science.gov (United States)

    Sameroff, Stephen; Tagliafierro, Teresa; Jain, Komal; Williams, Simon H.; Cucura, D. Moses; Rochlin, Ilia; Monzon, Javier; Carpi, Giovanna; Tufts, Danielle; Diuk-Wasser, Maria; Brinkerhoff, Jory; Lipkin, W. Ian

    2018-01-01

    ABSTRACT Ticks carry a wide range of known human and animal pathogens and are postulated to carry others with the potential to cause disease. Here we report a discovery effort wherein unbiased high-throughput sequencing was used to characterize the virome of 2,021 ticks, including Ixodes scapularis (n = 1,138), Amblyomma americanum (n = 720), and Dermacentor variabilis (n = 163), collected in New York, Connecticut, and Virginia in 2015 and 2016. We identified 33 viruses, including 24 putative novel viral species. The most frequently detected viruses were phylogenetically related to members of the Bunyaviridae and Rhabdoviridae families, as well as the recently proposed Chuviridae. Our work expands our understanding of tick viromes and underscores the high viral diversity that is present in ticks. IMPORTANCE The incidence of tick-borne disease is increasing, driven by rapid geographical expansion of ticks and the discovery of new tick-associated pathogens. The examination of the tick microbiome is essential in order to understand the relationship between microbes and their tick hosts and to facilitate the identification of new tick-borne pathogens. Genomic analyses using unbiased high-throughput sequencing platforms have proven valuable for investigations of tick bacterial diversity, but the examination of tick viromes has historically not been well explored. By performing a comprehensive virome analysis of the three primary tick species associated with human disease in the United States, we gained substantial insight into tick virome diversity and can begin to assess a potential role of these viruses in the tick life cycle. PMID:29564401

  1. RNASEK is required for internalization of diverse acid-dependent viruses.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hackett, Brent A; Yasunaga, Ari; Panda, Debasis; Tartell, Michael A; Hopkins, Kaycie C; Hensley, Scott E; Cherry, Sara

    2015-06-23

    Viruses must gain entry into cells to establish infection. In general, viruses enter either at the plasma membrane or from intracellular endosomal compartments. Viruses that use endosomal pathways are dependent on the cellular factors that control this process; however, these genes have proven to be essential for endogenous cargo uptake, and thus are of limited value for therapeutic intervention. The identification of genes that are selectively required for viral uptake would make appealing drug targets, as their inhibition would block an early step in the life cycle of diverse viruses. At this time, we lack pan-antiviral therapeutics, in part because of our lack of knowledge of such cellular factors. RNAi screening has begun to reveal previously unknown genes that play roles in viral infection. We identified dRNASEK in two genome-wide RNAi screens performed in Drosophila cells against West Nile and Rift Valley Fever viruses. Here we found that ribonuclease kappa (RNASEK) is essential for the infection of human cells by divergent and unrelated positive- and negative-strand-enveloped viruses from the Flaviviridae, Togaviridae, Bunyaviridae, and Orthomyxoviridae families that all enter cells from endosomal compartments. In contrast, RNASEK was dispensable for viruses, including parainfluenza virus 5 and Coxsackie B virus, that enter at the plasma membrane. RNASEK is dispensable for attachment but is required for uptake of these acid-dependent viruses. Furthermore, this requirement appears specific, as general endocytic uptake of transferrin is unaffected in RNASEK-depleted cells. Therefore, RNASEK is a potential host cell Achilles' heel for viral infection.

  2. SEROSURVEY OF SELECTED ARBOVIRAL PATHOGENS IN FREE-RANGING, TWO-TOED SLOTHS (CHOLOEPUS HOFFMANNI) AND THREE-TOED SLOTHS (BRADYPUS VARIEGATUS) IN COSTA RICA, 2005–07

    Science.gov (United States)

    Medlin, Scott; Deardorff, Eleanor R.; Hanley, Christopher S.; Vergneau-Grosset, Claire; Siudak-Campfield, Asia; Dallwig, Rebecca; Travassos da Rosa, Amelia; Tesh, Robert B.; Pia Martin, Maria; Weaver, Scott C.; Vaughan, Christopher; Ramirez, Oscar; Sladky, Kurt K.; Paul-Murphy, Joanne

    2016-01-01

    We screened for antibodies to 16 arboviruses in four populations of free-ranging sloths in Costa Rica. Blood samples were taken from 16 Hoffman’s two-toed sloths (HTSs; CHOLOEPUS HOFFMANNI) and 26 brown-throated sloths (BTSs; BRADYPUS VARIEGATUS) over a 3-yr period. We used serologic assays to detect antibodies against 10 arboviruses previously described in sloths (St. Louis encephalitis [SLEV], Changuinola, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Ilheus [ILHV], Oropouche, Mayaro, Utinga, Murutucu, Punta Toro, and vesicular stomatitis [VSV] viruses) and six arboviruses not described in sloths (Rio Grande, West Nile [WNV], eastern equine encephalitis, Piry, Munguba, and La Crosse viruses). Overall, 80% of sloths had detectable antibodies to SLEV, 67% had antibodies to ILHV, 32% to Punta Toro virus, 30% to Changuinola virus, 15% to WNV, 14% to VSV, 11% to Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, and 10% to Rio Grande virus. No samples had detectable antibodies to the remaining eight viruses. We found a significant increase in prevalence of antibody to VSV in HTSs between 2005 and 2007, and for WNV antibody between 2005 and 2006. We found no significant differences in the prevalences of antibodies to the sampled viruses between the two locations. Antibody prevalences were significantly higher in HTSs than in BTSs for SLEV in 2005. Antibody-positive results for ILHV were likely due to cross-reaction with SLEV. The novel finding of antibodies to Rio Grande virus in sloths could be due to cross-reaction with another phlebovirus. These findings might have implications for land management and domestic animal health. Due to the nature of the study, we could not determine whether sloths could represent amplification hosts for these viruses, or whether they were only exposed and could be used as sentinel species. Further studies are needed to fully characterize arboviral exposure in sloths. PMID:27479900

  3. FÉ E PRAGMATISMO NO SERTÃO

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    Emilio Tarlis Mendes Pontes

    2014-01-01

    Full Text Available El imaginario de los “campesinos” es muy impregnado por figuras místico-míticas que tienen una profunda influencia en la formación de su ethos social. Folclorificadas o reales, hacen influencia individual y socialmente - aunque no necesariamente consciente de ese poder – en una miríada de “devotos”, en el sentido lato, en el cotidiano representativo de su tierra/identidad: el “campo”. Esta participación se entrelaza entre diversas corrientes: eclesial, cultural, religioso, transcendental, etc, donde no siempre hacen un dialogo conceptual, fenomenal o institucional o no están de acuerdo y luchan cuando plantean cuestiones de los dominios de territorialidad religiosas, cuyos lideres y/o portadores de “vínculos sobrenaturales” dictan lo que seguir. Esta influencia es personal o de forma remota, transmitido de generación en generación, de manera inculturada o autóctonas y tiene su origen en la Heteronomía, que forjó el imaginario religioso de lo “campesino”. El poder de persuasión es explorado en varias áreas desde la política a la religión, del académico al social, del individuo a las masas. Ha sido canalizado en el trabajo social como para influir en las campañas y mítines electorales; en la identidad del “campesino” a una cultura líquida; en la solidificación del analfabetismo político en la educación contextualizada en regiones semiáridas; una fe esclarecida a una práctica religiosa irracional e irresponsable. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo discutir la íntima relación entre estos fenómenos citados manifiesto en cálidas demostraciones públicas o en acciones individuales, que constituyen la esencia del “campesino” y sus alrededores.

  4. Ocorrência generalizada do Lettuce mottle virus em três regiões produtoras de alface comercial do Estado de São Paulo Occurrence of Lettuce mottle virus on three lettuce producing areas from São Paulo State

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    Renate Krause-Sakate

    2008-02-01

    Full Text Available Os sequivírus são vírus isométricos transmitidos por afídeos. Lettuce mottle virus (LeMoV, um provável sequivirus foi descrito no Brasil em 1982 e causa sintomas de mosaico semelhantes aos observados pelo Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV. Um levantamento para ocorrência do LeMoV nos campos de produção de alface de três diferentes regiões do Estado de São Paulo (Mogi das Cruzes, Campinas e Bauru foi realizado durante 2002 a 2005. RNA total foi extraído e utilizado na detecção, em RT-PCR, com oligonucleotídeos específicos para o LeMoV. Do total de 1362 amostras, 137 (10,05% foram positivas para o LeMoV. Infecção mista com o LMV foi verificada em 43 amostras (31,4%. Foi verificada a ocorrência do LeMoV nas três diferentes regiões analisadas, porém sua ocorrência foi baixa nas diferentes épocas do ano.Sequiviruses are isometric aphid-borne plant viruses. Lettuce mottle virus (LeMoV, a putative sequivirus was first described in Brazil on 1982 causing similar mosaic symptoms as Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV. A survey for the occurrence of LeMoV on open field conditions was carried out during 2002 to 2005 on Mogi das Cruzes, Campinas and Bauru in São Paulo state. Total RNA was extracted and used on RT-PCR with specific LeMoV primers. On 1362 samples tested, 137 (10,05% were positive for LeMoV. Mixed infections with LMV was observed on 43 samples (31,4%. The presence of LeMoV was observed in the three different regions, but with low incidence during the year.

  5. Edificio deportivo en Ludwigshafen, Alemania

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    Rainer, R.

    1968-10-01

    Full Text Available The project built at the Ebert Park occupies a rectangular site. A main feature of its central nucleus is a square hall, of 60 by 60 m area, which can house 2400 seated spectators. The shell roof of this ball is outstanding. It is a hyperbolic parabolid, which covers a large area with a minimum of material. Another noteworthy feature is the strong and harmonious design of this hall, which consists essentially of a monolithic rcjof, made of precast parts, and a powerful prestressed boundary girder resting oh piles, which take up the vertical loads, whilst a great prestressed concrete, tie member, of 110 m length, reacts the horizontal thrust component of the roof loads.El conjunto, edificado en el parque Ebert, ocupa una superficie rectangular en planta. En su núcleo central está ubicado el pabellón principal, de planta cuadrada (60x60 m y con capacidad para albergar 3.400 espectadores sentados. Resalta en este conjunto la cubierta del tipo laminar de dicho pabellón, con forma de «paraboloide hiperbólico», que resuelve acertadamente el problema de la cobertura de un gran espacio con un mínimo de material. Destacaremos igualmente la plástica recia y armónica del edificio, su calidad y textura y el sistema constructivo adoptado, que consiste esencialmente en una cubierta monolítica —a base de elementos prefabricados—, las poderosas vigas de borde, pretensadas, y la cimentación de pilotes que absorben la componente vertical de empujes, dejando al gran tirante inferior, de 110 m y hormigón pretensado, la misión de contrarrestar la componente horizontal del empuje transmitido por la cubierta.

  6. EHRLICHIOSIS CANINA | CANINE EHRLICHIOSIS

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    Clara Nancy Gutiérrez

    2016-10-01

    Full Text Available La ehrlichiosis canina es una enfermedad infecciosa emergente transmitida por garrapatas, producida por Ehrlichia spp. (Proteobacteria: Ricketsiales, la cual afecta a miembros de la familia Canidae. Los agentes etiológicos son bacterias Gram negativas, intracelulares obligatorias, redondeadas y pleomórficas, esto último especialmente en cultivos celulares. Estas bacterias se localizan en vacuolas rodeadas de membranas (mórulas en el citoplasma de células sanguíneas y dependiendo de la especie, tienen tropismo por linfocitos, monocitos y granulocitos. Históricamente la enfermedad es endémica en regiones tropicales y subtropicales, pero se reporta cada vez más en regiones de clima templado. Ello puede atribuirse a varios factores, los cuales incluyen el mejoramiento en las herramientas de diagnóstico, los cambios ambientales y climáticos (calentamiento global que influyen directamente en la distribución de las garrapatas y la gran cantidad de viajes con mascotas de un lugar a otro del planeta, lo cual ha contribuido al establecimiento de esta enfermedad en áreas no endémicas. Es común la presencia de coinfección con otros patógenos transmitidos por garrapatas y esto complica la patogénesis, las manifestaciones clínicas, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento. Frecuentemente, el patógeno no puede ser eliminado por completo a pesar de la terapia con antibióticos y la resolución de los signos clínicos. Actualmente, no se dispone de una vacuna, por lo que el uso de ectoparasiticidas resulta ser una buena opción para la prevención de la enfermedad. Esta enfermedad constituye un problema en medicina veterinaria y el potencial zoonótico de estos agentes es una consideración de gran relevancia para la salud humana.

  7. Telefonoaudiologia como estratégia de educação permanente na atenção primária à saúde no Estado de Pernambuco

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    Cynthia Maria Barboza do Nascimento

    Full Text Available RESUMO Objetivo: descrever a implantação e o nível de satisfação dos usuários sobre ações de tele-educação, relacionadas à saúde da comunicação humana. Métodos: relato de experiência que envolveu a realização de dez sessões de seminários transmitidos por webconferência, em um Núcleo de Telessaúde de Pernambuco. O público-alvo foi composto por profissionais que atuam na Atenção Primária à Saúde. A coleta de dados foi conduzida mediante entrevista estruturada, via contato telefônico com os participantes dos seminários. Foram consideradas as seguintes variáveis: temáticas das sessões, média de pontos conectados, município participante, categoria profissional e nível de satisfação do participante. Os dados foram analisados por frequência simples e média aritmética. Resultados: a média de pontos conectados nas dez sessões foi de 3,77. Participaram profissionais da área da enfermagem, medicina, fonoaudiologia e profissionais de nível técnico - Agentes Comunitários de Saúde. 100% do público considerou os temas muito interessantes, além de relevante à profissão. Todos referiram satisfação com as ações de tele-educação. Conclusões: a implantação da Telefonoaudiologia em Pernambuco iniciou-se pela capacitação da equipe, planejamento, oferta e avaliação das ações de tele-educação, voltadas para a temática da saúde da comunicação humana.

  8. Antes de Exaltar, Conter: A Leitura do De Regimine Principum de Egídio Romano como um Speculum de delimitação do Poder Régio * Before Exalting, To Repress: the Reading of De Regimine Principum from Giles of Rome as a Speculum of the restriction of Royal..

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    ELIANE VERÍSSIMO DE SANTANA

    2014-02-01

    Full Text Available Resumo: O De Regimine Principum, escrito durante os anos de 1277 e 1281 pelo frade agostiniano Egídio Romano, constitui um dos tratados do gênero Espelhos de Príncipe mais lidos e transmitidos de teoria política da baixa idade média. Este tratado doutrinal propõe a construção teórica da imagem ideal de governante, realizada através das virtudes morais da Prudência, Justiça, Temperança e Fortaleza. A conceituação dessas virtudes é elaborada por Egídio, a partir de parâmetros cristãos, e visam estabelecer uma delimitação da ação do poder temporal frente ao espiritual, aproximando a autoridade do rei ao âmbito da potestas em detrimento a auctoritas e a Plenitudo Potestatis dos Papas. Palavras-chave: Egídio Romano – De Regimine Principum – Virtudes – Prudência – Contenção régia Abstract: The De Regimine Principum, written between the years 1277 and 1281 by the augustinian friar Giles of Rome, is one of the most read and transmitted treaty of political theory of the low middle ages in the Mirror of princes Genre. This doctrinal treaty proposes the theoretical construction of an ideal image of a governor, created through the moral virtues of Prudence, Justice, Temperance and Fortress. The conceptualisation of these virtues is elaborated by Giles, from Christian parameters, and aim to establish and delimitation of the action of the temporal power faced to the spiritual, approaching the royal authority to the ambit of potestas to the detriment of Auctoritas and the Papal Plenitudo Potestatis.Keywords: Giles of Rome – De Regimine Principum –Virtues, Prudence – Royal Restriction.

  9. Screening of Passiflora species for reaction to Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus reveals an immune wild species Seleção de espécies de Passiflora inoculadas com o vírus do mosaico do caupi revela a imunidade de uma espécie selvagem

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    Scheila da Conceição Maciel

    2009-06-01

    Full Text Available Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV is a potyvirus that causes the most serious virus disease of passion fruit crops in Brazil. It is transmitted by several species of aphids in a non-persistent, non-circulative manner. The reaction of 16 species of Passiflora to infection by mechanical inoculation with four Brazilian isolates of CABMV was evaluated under greenhouse conditions. Only P. suberosa, a wild species, was resistant to infection by all virus isolates, in two independent assays. P. suberosa grafted onto infected P. edulis f. flavicarpa did not develop symptoms; neither was the virus detected by RT-PCR in the upper leaves, suggesting that this species is immune to CABMV.O vírus do mosaico do caupi (Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus - CABMV é um potyvirus que causa uma das mais importantes doenças do maracujazeiro no Brasil. O vírus é transmitido por diversas espécies de afídeos de maneira não persistente, não circulativa. A reação de 16 espécies de Passiflora à infecção com quatro isolados brasileiros do CABMV, por meio de inoculação mecânica foi avaliada em condições de casa-de-vegetação. Somente a espécie selvagem P. suberosa foi resistente à infecção com todos os isolados do CABMV, em dois ensaios independentes. Plantas de P. suberosa enxertadas em plantas de P. edulis f. flavicarpa infectadas com o CABMV também não desenvolveram sintomas da doença. O vírus também não foi detectado por RT-PCR nas folhas superiores das plantas, sugerindo que essa espécie é imune ao CABMV.

  10. Articulación entre comercio internacional y tecnología.

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    Sonia María Amador Berrocal

    2011-08-01

    Full Text Available Los acuerdos comerciales negociados en el ámbito internacional a partir de la segunda mitad de la década de 1980, enfatizaron cada vez más en la protección de las nuevas variedades de seres vivos obtenidas por manejo genético. El método difundido para asegurar esa protección a la propiedad de las mismas, guarda gran paralelismo con el sistema de patentes, lo cual evidencia el interés por proteger los productos de la mente humana, como una forma de asegurar ganancias económicas al inventor, sin importar la naturaleza de la innovación, ni sus efectos. Como resultado de dichos intereses, se provoca un acercamiento entre dos actividades humanas tan distantes en épocas anteriores: el comercio y la manipulación genética de los seres vivos. Esta defensa de la propiedad intelectual es comandada por algunos países desarrollados, que desde décadas atrás invirtieron fuertes sumas de dinero en investigación biotecnológica y ahora se interesan en recuperarlas con réditos. Mientras los pueblos indígenas y campesinos de países pobres donaron gratuitamente los conocimientos milenarios conservados y transmitidos a lo largo de muchas generaciones, así como la biodiversidad genética de sus ambientes natales, los inversionistas de países ricos cobran jugosas cantidades por el material biológico que devuelven, con alto valor agregado, en forma de semillas patentadas. Consecuentemente se da una clara ausencia de equidad y un aumento progresivo de la subordinación a los países más avanzados, tanto en el campo económico como en el científico-tecnológico.

  11. Filho de peixe sabe nadar: história e estórias com objetos

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    Ana Catarina Nunes

    2016-04-01

    Full Text Available O presente artigo apresenta e discute o projeto Filho de Peixe Sabe Nadar, desenvolvido no Museu Marítimo de Ílhavo entre 2010 e 2011, e dirigido a alunos do 4.º ano do 1.º ciclo do Ensino Básico do Município de Ílhavo. Com o objetivo de dar a conhecer a história e as memórias da pesca do bacalhau à linha em dóris de um só homem e em grandes navios de arrasto, pilar temático do Museu Marítimo de Ílhavo, o projeto visou, ainda, estreitar os laços entre gerações e entre a comunidade, procurando incentivar as crianças na procura de antepassados ligados a esta atividade. Ao longo do texto são descritas as várias etapas do projeto, assim como a contextualização teórica que as fundamentam. Através deste projeto, as crianças da comunidade local tiveram oportunidade de confrontar os conhecimentos adquiridos durante uma visita ao Museu Marítimo de Ílhavo e ao Navio Museu Santo André, com as experiências e testemunhos transmitidos pelos familiares ou amigos que entrevistaram e dos quais recolheram objetos que materializam essas vivências. Herança da comunidade ilhavense, a pesca do bacalhau pôde ser vista de forma distinta, com um contacto direto das crianças com os personagens reais da história da Grande Pesca e com os objetos que lhe estão associados. É a partir destes objetos que surgem as estórias desses mesmos personagens que, juntas constroem as memórias da pesca do bacalhau.

  12. Alcaptonúria (ocronose: relato de dois casos Alkaptonuria (ochronosis: report of two cases

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    Letícia R. Brandão

    2006-10-01

    Full Text Available A alcaptonúria (ocronose é um erro inato do metabolismo da fenilalanina e tirosina, transmitido de forma autossômica recessiva. Resulta da deficiência completa da enzima ácido homogentísico oxidase (HGO, causada por mutação no gene 3q (3q21 - q23, levando ao acúmulo do ácido em diversos órgãos e tecidos, com aumento de sua excreção urinária. Os achados clínicos característicos incluem artropatia ocronótica, pigmentação anormal da cartilagem de outros tecidos conjuntivos e urina enegrecida. A incidência é rara, estimada em 1-4: 1.000.000 indivíduos, tendo maior prevalência em populações com alto grau de consangüinidade. A seguir, relataremos o caso de dois irmãos (um homem e uma mulher com ocronose, discutindo sua patogênese, manifestações clínicas, diagnóstico e tratamento(1, 2.Alkaptonuria (ochronosis is an autossomal recessive disorder which results from an innate error of phenylalanine and tyrosine’s metabolism. This defect causes accumulation of homogentisic acid on the tissue and usually is excreted in the urine. This disorder results from a complete deficiency of the homogentisate 1,2 - dioxygenase (HGO caused by chromosome 3q(3q21-q23 mutation. The clinical features include: ochronotic artropathy, black-gray pigmentation of the cartilage and the urine turns black. This is a rare disorder and incidence is about 1-4 in 1.000.000 of people and the prevalence is higher in consanguineous groups. The author will describe two affected brothers and discuss the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of ochronosis.

  13. Técnicas moleculares para la detección e identificación de patógenos en alimentos: ventajas y limitaciones

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    Carolina Palomino-Camargo

    2014-09-01

    Full Text Available Las enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos, ocasionadas por microorganismos patógenos, constituyen un grave problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. Los métodos microbiológicos utilizados comúnmente en la detección de estos patógenos, de origen alimentario, son laboriosos y consume mucho tiempo. Esta situación, aunada a la demanda por resultados inmediatos y a los avances tecnológicos, ha conducido al desarrollo de una amplia gama de métodos rápidos en las últimas décadas. En base a esto, la presente revisión describe las ventajas y limitaciones de los principales métodos moleculares utilizados en la detección e identificación de microorganismos patógenos transmitidos por alimentos. Para ello, se consideró la actualidad de la información consultada, el análisis objetivo de la temática y su alcance. La literatura reciente reporta un número significativo de técnicas moleculares, alternativas, sensibles y selectivas para la detección, enumeración e identificación de microorganismos patógenos en alimentos, siendo la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR la plataforma más popular, mientras que la secuenciación de alto rendimiento se perfila como una técnica de gran aplicabilidad a futuro. Sin embargo, aun con todas las ventajas que ofrecen estas novedosas metodologías, no se deben pasar por alto sus limitaciones. Así, por ejemplo, los métodos moleculares no constituyen protocolos estandarizados, lo que dificulta su utilización en algunos casos. Por esta razón se debe trabajar arduamente para superar tales limitaciones y mejorar la aplicación de estas técnicas en matrices tan complejas como los sistemas alimenticios.

  14. Etnopedologia: uma abordagem das etnociências sobre as relações entre as sociedades e os solos Ethnopedology: an ethnosciences approach on relations between societies and soils

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    Ana Leônia de Araújo

    2013-05-01

    Full Text Available A avaliação do conjunto de conhecimentos gerados e transmitidos por populações humanas caracteriza-se como o campo de atuação dos estudos etnocientíficos. Esta avaliação de conhecimentos relacionados aos solos e sua associação com recursos naturais, bem como estratégias desenvolvidas para produção são os objetos de estudo da etnopedologia. A utilização de metodologias participativas que promovam a inserção direta dos envolvidos na pesquisa são premissas básicas nos trabalhos etnopedológicos. As áreas de avaliação etnopedológicas relacionam-se, dentre outros aspectos, a nomenclaturas para classificação das terras e práticas de manejo. O crescente desenvolvimento etnopedológico revela o reconhecimento da importância do solo como um recurso limitado e essencial para a vida e reforça uma visão conservacionista importante a ser considerada na construção de trabalhos na área de ciências do solo.The overall assessment of knowledge produced and transmitted by a human group is set as ethnoscience field. This evaluation of information related to soils and its relation with natural resources, as well as strategies developed to production, are the scope of study from ethnopedology. Participatory methodologies which promote the inclusion of those directly involved are basic assumptions of ethnopedology. Areas of evaluation from ethnopedology studies are related, among other aspects, to nomenclatures for soil classification and management practices. The increasing ethnopedological development reveals soil importance recognition as a limited and essential resource for life and strengthens an important conservationist view to be considered in researches of soil science.

  15. Olive oils from Algeria: Phenolic compounds, antioxidant and antibacterial activities

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    Laincer, F.

    2014-03-01

    Full Text Available The phenolic compositions, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities against six bacteria of phenolic extracts of olive oil varieties from eleven Algerian varieties were investigated. The antioxidant activity was assessed by determining the scavenging effect on the DPPH and ABTS.+ radicals. The antimicrobial activity was measured as a zone of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC on human harmful and foodborne pathogens. The results show that total phenols was significantly (p .+ radicals (r = 0.76. Among the bacteria tested, S. aureus and to a lesser extent B. subtilis showed the highest sensitivity; the MIC varied from 0.6 to 1.6 mg·mL-1 and 1.2 to 1.8 mg·mL-1, respectively. The results reveal that Algerian olive oils may constitute a good source of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents.Se ha estudiado la composición fenólica y las actividades antioxidante y antimicrobiana, contra seis bacterias, de extractos de aceites de oliva de once variedades argelinas. La actividad antioxidante se evaluó mediante la determinación del efecto captador de radicales de DPPH y ABTS.+. La actividad antimicrobiana se midió como zona de inhibición y como concentración inhibitoria mínima (MIC sobre bacterias perjudiciales humanas y agentes patógenos transmitidos por los alimentos. Los resultados mostraron que los fenoles totales está significativamente (p .+ (r= 0,76. Entre las bacterias ensayadas, S. aureus y, en menor grado B. subtilis mostraron la mayor sensibilidad; el MIC varió de 0,6 a 1,6 mg·mL-1 y 1,2 a 1,8 mg·mL-1 respectivamente. Los resultados muestran que los aceites de oliva argelinos pueden constituir una buena fuente de antioxidantes y agentes antimicrobianos.

  16. Ação de Mediação para Inclusão Social de Comunidades Acción de Mediación para la Inclusión Social de Comunidades

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    Isa Maria Freire

    2012-05-01

    Full Text Available Introdução: A informação tornou-se um instrumento capaz de modificar a consciência do indivíduo e do grupo, em que ele se encontra socialmente incluído. Por isso, torna-se necessário pensar na coletividade e nos benefícios advindos de ações de informação mediadas por profissionais da informação a serem promovidas junto a comunidades ou a grupos sociais. Objetivo: Implementar  uma ação de mediação da informação para criar a interface virtual “Blog da Comunidade Santa Clara”, visando disseminar o tesouro de conhecimentos das pessoas depositárias da memória social e do saber da Santa Clara, que posteriormente gerou o projeto de extensão “Curso Gerenciamento de Blogs”. Metodologia: Pesquisa-ação, metodologia coerente com a teoria e ação, que possibilitou registrar o conhecimento dos moradores da Comunidade Santa Clara (CSC no que diz respeito a seus ofícios e talentos, e ainda investigar como esses conhecimentos são transmitidos dentro e fora da Comunidade. Resultados: Os moradores da Comunidade, após participarem do Curso Gerenciamento de Blogs, se tornaram os disseminadores informacionais da CSC ajudando a construir a identidade social da Comunidade e identidade virtual. Conclusões: Com o tesouro de conhecimentos registrado e disseminado na web, a Comunidade tem possibilidade de obter reconhecimento perante a sociedade civil, a exemplo de instituições que desejam investir na CSC com criação de projetos que beneficiem a população.

  17. Distribución de Lutzomyia longipalpis en el Chaco Argentino, 2010

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    Oscar D. Salomón

    2011-06-01

    Full Text Available El riesgo de leishmaniasis visceral (LV urbana epidémica se registró por primera vez en la Argentina en el año 2004, por presencia del vector Lutzomyia longipalpis en la provincia de Formosa, la provincia de Misiones registra casos de LV humana, LV canina y vector en el año 2006, y la provincia de Corrientes en el verano 2008-2009. En la provincia de Santiago del Estero los casos de LV humana y LV canina en el año 2008 estuvieron asociados posiblemente a vectores secundarios. Por ello, para conocer la distribución del riesgo en la región del Chaco, entre enero y abril del 2010 se realizó la búsqueda sistemática del vector de LV en 30 localidades de las provincias de Formosa, Chaco y en la ciudad de Reconquista, Santa Fe (224 trampas/noche. Se comprobó la presencia de Lu. longipalpis, por primera vez, en las localidades de Resistencia y Puerto Antequera (Chaco. En Clorinda y Puerto Pilcomayo (Formosa se obtuvieron las trampas con más ejemplares, 158 y 241 Lu. longipalpis trampa/sitio/noche respectivamente. Los resultados muestran que el vector de la LV urbana epidémica continúa dispersándose en el territorio argentino, habiendo ingresado a la provincia de Chaco. La notificación de casos esporádicos en la región chaqueña, transmitidos por vectores secundarios, como Lu. migonei, podría aumentar también debido a la vigilancia intensificada, y a la dispersión del parásito asociada al tránsito de perros infectados, sintomáticos o asintomáticos.

  18. Necesidad de normalización en ilustración científica

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    Óscar Hernández-Muñoz

    2016-01-01

    Full Text Available El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las nociones o conceptos transmitidos habitualmente mediante símbolos en las ciencias de la vida, así como determinar cuáles son las combinaciones de signos más utilizadas actualmente para expresar dichos conceptos y establecer cuáles de ellas se podrían considerar consolidadas por el uso repetido. Con dicho fin, se analizó una muestra de 3894 figuras extraídas de aquellos tratados científicos de carácter generalista que habían sido objeto de préstamo más frecuente en las bibliotecas de las facultades de Medicina, Biología y Veterinaria. Para cada una de las ilustraciones contenidas en ellos se identificaron los diferentes conceptos que habían sido representados mediante símbolos y se organizaron en una tabla. Posteriormente se analizaron para cada uno de estos conceptos los símbolos y recursos gráficos empleados para su representación, determinando las combinaciones más prevalentes. Entre las conclusiones de este estudio cabe destacar la falta de homogeneidad en los símbolos utilizados para expresar un determinado concepto, existiendo notables diferencias entre ellos incluso dentro de un mismo tratado, lo que podría disminuir su efectividad. Por otra parte, también se detectó un uso abusivo de algunos símbolos para representar conceptos muy distintos entre sí, lo que puede conducir a una mayor ambigüedad en su interpretación. Por estas razones se hace aconsejable establecer unas normas en la utilización de símbolos en el dibujo científico.

  19. Etnobotanica y usos de las plantas de la comunidad rural de Sogamoso, Boyacá, Colombia

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    Manuel Galvis Rueda

    2017-09-01

    Full Text Available Se investigó el uso de plantas medicinales entre los habitantes de Sogamoso, población agraria en el departamento de Boyacá, Colombia,  donde campesinos en sus huertos y paisajes de zona andina y páramo preservan y usan una alta diversidad de plantas, manteniendo una cultura de saberes tradicionales,  para el  tratamiento de enfermedades humanas o de uso etno-veterinario; aprovechando así los beneficios que conlleva la conservación, para preservar y utilizar especies registradas. La metodología desarrollada fue una investigación de acción participativa, donde se realizaron  encuestas de tipo específico a 100 personas, quienes expresaron tener un uso de las plantas medicinales. Se incluyó la caracterización ecológica de la zona elegida, comprendiendo las  microcuencas de río Monquirá  y río Cusiana, donde los recursos in-situ fueron inventariados con la comunidad, recopilándose fotografías,  usos de las plantas nativas, exóticas  o cultivadas en huertos. Como resultado se obtuvo la descripción a nivel botánico, ecológico, climático, así como las prácticas para la conservación o siembra, inventariándose  más de 178 especies, en 55 familias con sus respectivos usos medicinales y formas de preparación, incluyendo la categorización de plantas frías, calientes, de aplicaciones externas o de elaboración de productos. Se  recopilo el saber popular y se rescató el uso tradicional de plantas medicinales nativas que poseen los mayores o abuelos y que es transmitido de generación en generación.

  20. Modelo de asignación predictivo de longitudes de ondas en redes WDM teniendo en cuenta dispersión residual y tráficos unicast/multicast con QoS

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    Javier Sierra

    2009-01-01

    Full Text Available El tráfico de Internet está en constante crecimiento y con él las aplicaciones del tipo unicast/multicast con diferentes requerimientos de Calidad de Servicio (QoS. Esto es motivo para que las Redes de Transporte Ópticas (OTN deban continuar su evolución hacia redes completamente ópticas (sin conversiones Óptico-Electrónico-Óptico: OEO. S/G Light-tree es una arquitectura de los nodos de las redes all-OTN que permite el optimo enrutamiento y/o manejo de tráficos unicast/multicast empleando el concepto de Traffic Grooming (TG, granularidad de tráfico en un ambiente óptico. Las técnicas de grooming así como los algoritmos de asignación y enrutamiento propuestos hasta el momento no tienen en cuenta los fenómenos que se pueden prestar en la fibra óptica, los cuales atenúan o alteran las diferentes longitudes de onda en las redes WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing. La dispersión cromática es un fenómeno que deforma los pulsos transmitidos en una fibra óptica y el efecto depende de la longitud de onda empleada en la transmisión. En este artículo, se propone un modelo predictivo de asignación de longitudes de ondas basado en cadenas de Markov que tiene en cuenta la dispersión residual en redes WDM que soportan traffic grooming y tráficos unicast/multicast con requerimientos de QoS. Los resultados de las simulaciones realizadas muestran que el modelo propuesto mejora la probabilidad de bloqueo de tráficos con requerimientos de QoS.

  1. La fiebre de Chikungunya en el período neonatal

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    Hernando Baquero-Latorre

    2015-01-01

    Full Text Available La fiebre de Chikungunya es una enfermedad tropical desatendida en muchos países por su relativa baja letalidad. Esta enfermedad es causada por el virus de Chikungunya (VCHIK, transmitido por artrópodos pertenecientes al género Alphavirus de la familia Togaviridae. Este virus se transmite a los humanos a través de la picadura de mosquitos Aedes infectados (Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus. Generalmente la enfermedad por VCHIK se manifiesta como una artritis autolimitada, ex-cepto en personas inmunocomprometidas y en recién nacidos, en los que se puede manifestar como una enfermedad grave.La trasmisión de infecciones de la madre al niño se puede dar in útero (congénita alre-dedor del periodo del parto (perinatal o de manera posnatal a través de la leche materna. La infección materna se disemina al embrión y al feto por infección ascendente desde la vagina, vía cuello uterino hasta llegar al líquido amniótico o vía hematógena secundaria a viremia, parasitemia o bacteremia.La vía hematógena de infección fetal es más común durante episodios de viremia materna como los que se presentan durante la infección por VCHIK. La transmisión perinatal del VCHIK es un evento poco frecuente que ocurre en los brotes masivos de infección cuando el riesgo de viremia en mujeres embarazadas cercanas al término se convierte en no despreciable. En estas pacientes, la infección neonatal se presenta con una probabilidad de ocurrencia del 50 %, y se expresa en el recién nacido principalmente como postración y encefalopatía.

  2. Do patrimônio cultural e seus significados

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    Fátima Maria Alencar Araripe

    Full Text Available Reflexões acerca do patrimônio cultural tendo em mente o conjunto de tudo o que encontramos na formação da cultura: conhecimento, crenças, arte, moral, direitos, costumes, capacidade e hábitos adquiridos pelo homem, transmitidos de geração a geração e a dimensão da força simbólica do seu significado, como representação da expressão cultural do fazer social. Propõe (redefinir o patrimônio cultural, como memória social e, por conseguinte, parte da história, na possibilidade de pensar esse patrimônio parte de um grande acervo informacional, isto é, como fonte de informação, inserido nos processos de ensino e de pesquisa, de forma a possibilitar a construção de um ser socialmente ativo. Este ser, ao unir passado e presente, (recria imagens da cidade _ espaço por excelência da formação do patrimônio, do povo e da cultura, observando as condições históricas, sociais e comunicacionais, bem como as exigências contemporâneas, que levam em consideração a produção humana como bem cultural e, portanto, da maior significação. Este ensaio apresenta o patrimônio cultural desde a perspectiva dos usos sociais, das apropriações que a sociedade faz da sua memória, da sua história, para que haja reconhecimento e legitimação desse patrimônio que, conseqüentemente, será elemento a permear o processo educacional e formação da cidadania.

  3. Transmissible venereal tumor in the palpebral conjunctiva of a dog: case reportTumor venéreo transmissível na conjuntiva palpebral de um cão – relato de caso

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    Luciane de Albuquerque

    2011-08-01

    Full Text Available The transmissible venereal tumor (TVT is a contagious neoplasm that occurs in sexually mature dogs, usually transmitted by coitus. This tumor normally affects the genital mucosa and is rarely found in any other part of the body. A case of transmissible venereal tumor in the palpebral conjunctiva of a 3-year old, crossbreed, male dog with a history of an abnormal mass in the right eye was presented. Ophthalmic examination revealed a mass originated from the lower eyelid conjunctiva of the right eye. No other ocular abnormalities were detected. Cytological examination was carried out and the diagnosis was TVT. The dog was treated with lyophilized vincristine sulphate intravenously, once a week, for four weeks. Despite the atypical clinical presentation, the response to chemotherapy with vincristine was excellent leading to complete regression of the neoplasm and no relapse after a year.O tumor venéreo transmissível (TVT é uma neoplasia contagiosa que ocorre em cães sexualmente maduros, sendo geralmente transmitido pelo coito. A neoplasia normalmente afeta a mucosa genital e é raramente encontrada em outras partes do corpo. Apresentamos um caso de tumor venéreo transmissível na conjuntiva palpebral de um cão macho, sem raça definida, com três anos de idade e histórico de presença de uma massa na conjuntiva palpebral inferior do olho direito. Não foram detectadas outras alterações oculares. O diagnóstico citológico da massa foi TVT. O cão foi tratado com sulfato de vincristina por via intravenosa, uma vez por semana, durante quatro semanas. Embora a apresentação do caso seja atípica, a resposta à quimioterapia foi excelente, levando a regressão completa da neoplasia, sem recorrência após um ano.

  4. Los determinantes de la rentabilidad primaria de los bonos de titulización hipotecaria: la influencia de las estructuras multitramo

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    Miguel Á. Peña-Cerezo

    2013-11-01

    Full Text Available Este artículo analiza los determinantes de la rentabilidad primaria de los bonos de titulización hipotecaria (conocidos en la literatura como mortgage backed securities, o MBS emitidos en España durante el periodo 1993-2011, periodo en el que el mercado español llegó a convertirse en el más importante de Europa continental. Los resultados obtenidos sobre el análisis de la población completa de MBS emitidos (262 tramos configurados sobre 94 fondos de titulización indican que la estructuración multitramo de los MBS ha ayudado a reducir el riesgo percibido global de las emisiones de MBS, mediante la generación de mercados más completos y la reducción de los problemas derivados de la existencia de asimetrías informativas implícitas en el proceso de selección de los activos transmitidos por parte de la entidad cedente. Esta reducción del riesgo percibido ha tenido un efecto directo sobre la rentabilidad ofrecida por los bonos de titulización emitidos. Además, no se encuentran evidencias de que la emisión de MBS persiga la transmisión efectiva de riesgos, más bien al contrario. Las entidades de crédito, por lo general, han retenido los tramos de primeras pérdidas, lo que ha contribuido a mantener en niveles muy bajos (por debajo de la rentabilidad de la deuda soberana la rentabilidad ofrecida por los MBS. Precisamente, el escaso diferencial ofrecido por los bonos de titulización se debe a que los tramos retenidos no han ofrecido primas de rentabilidad ajustadas al riesgo inherente.

  5. De genotipos e isonimias: análisis de correlación entre el apellido y el patrimonio genético heredado en el cromosoma Y en la población de tres departamentos del suroccidente colombiano

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    Alberto Gómez

    2008-09-01

    Full Text Available Introducción. Es bien sabido que, entre los caracteres transmitidos por la línea paterna, el apellido se ha configurado en diferentes culturas como un carácter semejante a un alelo genético neutral asociado al cromosoma Y. Objetivo. En este estudio se determinaron las frecuencias en la población de 17 STR del cromosoma Y en 308 individuos provenientes de las poblaciones de los departamentos del Valle del Cauca, Cauca y Nariño. Además, se propuso definir la correlación de los haplotipos obtenidos en cada individuo con su apellido paterno, para comparar estos dos códigos de identidad. Materiales y métodos. Se extrajo el ADN de cada individuo a partir de sangre periférica y se utilizó el estuche comercial AmpFLSTR® Yfiler™ (Applied Biosystems para tipificarlo. Los resultados de los haplotipos moleculares se compararon con los apellidos reportados por cada individuo y se asociaron apellidos amerindios y europeos con haplotipos que incluyeran o no el marcador DYS19/13, característico de la población amerindia. Resultados. Se reportan las frecuencias alélicas de cada uno de los 17 marcadores del cromosoma Y analizados en esta región de Colombia, así como la diversidad génica y haplotípica hallada en los tres departamentos. Al comparar los resultados obtenidos a nivel molecular con los apellidos de origen europeo o amerindio reportados por cada uno de los individuos, se encontró cerca de 40% de inconsistencia de linaje. Conclusiones. La utilización del apellido como marcador de población debe hacerse con cautela, por cuanto las genealogías fundamentadas en éstos pueden no corresponder al origen biológico de sus portadores.

  6. Conflicto colonial andino y mediación teológica en la crónica de Guamán Poma

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    Fernando Amaya Farías

    2012-06-01

    Full Text Available La Nueva corónica y buen gobierno de Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala representa un documento de protesta muy singular en palabras e imágenes, como defensa de los indígenas maltratados y explotados por el sistema colonial. El cronista como indígena cristiano critica a los funcionarios políticos y religiosos de la colonia, posición que no implica necesariamente la ruptura con el sistema colonial. Para Guamán Poma, lo que amenaza la vida de las culturas indígenas no es la predicación de la salvación ni la forma ideal de vida cristiana, sino las concreciones históricas con las que el cristianismo es transmitido en la Colonia. La mediación teológica que plantea el cronista la formula desde la pregunta por la ruptura y continuidad, por la compatibilidad e incompatibilidad que se presenta entre las religiones andinas y el cristianismo.La nueva corónica y buen gobierno by Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala represents a document of protest outstanding in words and images for the defense of the oppressed natives. The writer’s own experience as native and Christian is the startingpoint for his citizism of the colonial system. In his opinion the negative influence on the native culture wasn’t caused by the Christian promise of salvation nor by the proclaimed ideal way of Christian living, but by the way Christianity was transformed through the colonial context. The author´s main interest is to raise the question of the interruption and continuance and the compatibility and incompatibility between the native religions and Christianity.

  7. Condiciones para la transmision del hantavirus en zona andina de Río negro, Argentina

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    Gabriel Talmon

    2014-10-01

    Full Text Available El Síndrome Pulmonar por Hantavirus (SPH es una enfermedad de etiología viral que causa en el hombre un cuadro respiratorio grave. En Patagonia, la enfermedad es causada por el virus Andes Sur (AND, transmitido por el roedor Oligoryzomys longicaudatus. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue identificar las actividades del hombre que favorecen su exposición a roedores, denominados escenarios de contagio. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo a partir de información recolectada en investigaciones de casos ocurridos en Río Negro, mediante Fichas Clínico-Epidemiológicas e informes de evaluación ecológico/ambiental. Se definieron como variables a ser consideradas: edad, sexo, época del año, grado de urbanización, localización geográfica, integración del hombre al hábitat de roedores, fuente probable de exposición, actividad humana y nivel de saneamiento. Se estudiaron 32 casos. La exposición rural se verificó en 18 (56.2% de los casos y 10 (31.3% en paraje rural (grupo de viviendas en zona rural. En relación al ambiente antropogénico 24 (75% resultaron en ambientes modificados por el hombre y 8 (25% en áreas poco modificadas. El sitio de exposición de mayor importancia en El Bolsón fue el interior de edificaciones en 8 de los 18 casos allí registrados (44.5%, mientras que en Bariloche fueron ambientes de exterior con 8/14 (57.1% casos. La actividad de riesgo fue laboral en 23 (71.9% de los casos y recreacional en 7 (28.1%. Determinar los escenarios de contagio a nivel local ha aportado información para aplicar todos los recursos disponibles en materia de prevención y educación sanitaria.

  8. Unbiased RNA Shotgun Metagenomics in Social and Solitary Wild Bees Detects Associations with Eukaryote Parasites and New Viruses.

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    Karel Schoonvaere

    Full Text Available The diversity of eukaryote organisms and viruses associated with wild bees remains poorly characterized in contrast to the well-documented pathosphere of the western honey bee, Apis mellifera. Using a deliberate RNA shotgun metagenomic sequencing strategy in combination with a dedicated bioinformatics workflow, we identified the (micro-organisms and viruses associated with two bumble bee hosts, Bombus terrestris and Bombus pascuorum, and two solitary bee hosts, Osmia cornuta and Andrena vaga. Ion Torrent semiconductor sequencing generated approximately 3.8 million high quality reads. The most significant eukaryote associations were two protozoan, Apicystis bombi and Crithidia bombi, and one nematode parasite Sphaerularia bombi in bumble bees. The trypanosome protozoan C. bombi was also found in the solitary bee O. cornuta. Next to the identification of three honey bee viruses Black queen cell virus, Sacbrood virus and Varroa destructor virus-1 and four plant viruses, we describe two novel RNA viruses Scaldis River bee virus (SRBV and Ganda bee virus (GABV based on their partial genomic sequences. The novel viruses belong to the class of negative-sense RNA viruses, SRBV is related to the order Mononegavirales whereas GABV is related to the family Bunyaviridae. The potential biological role of both viruses in bees is discussed in the context of recent advances in the field of arthropod viruses. Further, fragmentary sequence evidence for other undescribed viruses is presented, among which a nudivirus in O. cornuta and an unclassified virus related to Chronic bee paralysis virus in B. terrestris. Our findings extend the current knowledge of wild bee parasites in general and addsto the growing evidence of unexplored arthropod viruses in valuable insects.

  9. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever

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    Emadi Koochak H

    2003-10-01

    Full Text Available Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF was first described in the Crimea in 1944 and then in 1956 in congo. CCHF is a viral hemorrhagic fever of the Nairovirus group that belongs to Bunyaviridae family virus. It is transmitted to human by tick bite. The most efficient and common tick that is the vectors of CCHF is a member of the Hyalomma genus which infected many mammals such as livestock, this tick is the main reservoire of virus in nature. Humans also become infected with CCHF virus by direct contact with blood or other infected tissues from livestock or human patients (nosocomial infection. Disease has been found in saharic Africa, Eastern Europe, Pakistan, India and Middle East (specially Iran and Iraq. This disease recently spread in Iran so in 1999 to 2001 at least 222 suspected case(81 definite case reported that led to the death of 15 of 81 cases. It is estimated that 30 percent of the country's cattle are contaminated with this virus."nIn humans, after a short incubation period it appears suddenly with fever, chills, myalgia and GI symptoms followed by severe bleeding and DIC that led to death .If the patient improved, has a long {2-4 weeks convalescence period. Disease diagnosed by clinical manifestations, serologic tests, viral culture and PCR and its specific treatment is oral ribavirin for 10 days, for prevention of disease personal protective measures from tick bite, spraying poison of mews to reduce of ticks crowd, isolation of patients and dis-infection of contaminated personal equipments that who suffering from CCHF is recommended.

  10. Genetic Diversity of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Strains from Iran

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    Sadegh Chinikar

    2016-01-01

    Full Text Available Background: Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV is a member of the Bunyaviridae family and Nairovirus genus. It has a negative-sense, single stranded RNA genome approximately 19.2 kb, containing the Small, Medium, and Large segments. CCHFVs are relatively divergent in their genome sequence and grouped in seven distinct clades based on S-segment sequence analysis and six clades based on M-segment sequences. Our aim was to obtain new insights into the molecular epidemiology of CCHFV in Iran.Methods: We analyzed partial and complete nucleotide sequences of the S and M segments derived from 50 Iranian patients. The extracted RNA was amplified using one-step RT-PCR and then sequenced. The sequences were ana­lyzed using Mega5 software.Results: Phylogenetic analysis of partial S segment sequences demonstrated that clade IV-(Asia 1, clade IV-(Asia 2 and clade V-(Europe accounted for 80 %, 4 % and 14 % of the circulating genomic variants of CCHFV in Iran respectively. However, one of the Iranian strains (Iran-Kerman/22 was associated with none of other sequences and formed a new clade (VII. The phylogenetic analysis of complete S-segment nucleotide sequences from selected Ira­nian CCHFV strains complemented with representative strains from GenBank revealed similar topology as partial sequences with eight major clusters. A partial M segment phylogeny positioned the Iranian strains in either associa­tion with clade III (Asia-Africa or clade V (Europe.Conclusion: The phylogenetic analysis revealed subtle links between distant geographic locations, which we pro­pose might originate either from international livestock trade or from long-distance carriage of CCHFV by infected ticks via bird migration.

  11. A recombinant chimeric La Crosse virus expressing the surface glycoproteins of Jamestown Canyon virus is immunogenic and protective against challenge with either parental virus in mice or monkeys.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Bennett, R S; Gresko, A K; Nelson, J T; Murphy, B R; Whitehead, S S

    2012-01-01

    La Crosse virus (LACV) and Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV), family Bunyaviridae, are mosquito-borne viruses that are endemic in North America and recognized as etiologic agents of encephalitis in humans. Both viruses belong to the California encephalitis virus serogroup, which causes 70 to 100 cases of encephalitis a year. As a first step in creating live attenuated viral vaccine candidates for this serogroup, we have generated a recombinant LACV expressing the attachment/fusion glycoproteins of JCV. The JCV/LACV chimeric virus contains full-length S and L segments derived from LACV. For the M segment, the open reading frame (ORF) of LACV is replaced with that derived from JCV and is flanked by the untranslated regions of LACV. The resulting chimeric virus retained the same robust growth kinetics in tissue culture as observed for either parent virus, and the virus remains highly infectious and immunogenic in mice. Although both LACV and JCV are highly neurovirulent in 21 day-old mice, with 50% lethal dose (LD₅₀) values of 0.1 and 0.5 log₁₀ PFU, respectively, chimeric JCV/LACV is highly attenuated and does not cause disease even after intracerebral inoculation of 10³ PFU. Parenteral vaccination of mice with 10¹ or 10³ PFU of JCV/LACV protected against lethal challenge with LACV, JCV, and Tahyna virus (TAHV). The chimeric virus was infectious and immunogenic in rhesus monkeys and induced neutralizing antibodies to JCV, LACV, and TAHV. When vaccinated monkeys were challenged with JCV, they were protected against the development of viremia. Generation of highly attenuated yet immunogenic chimeric bunyaviruses could be an efficient general method for development of vaccines effective against these pathogenic viruses.

  12. Interferon antagonist NSs of La Crosse virus triggers a DNA damage response-like degradation of transcribing RNA polymerase II.

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    Verbruggen, Paul; Ruf, Marius; Blakqori, Gjon; Överby, Anna K; Heidemann, Martin; Eick, Dirk; Weber, Friedemann

    2011-02-04

    La Crosse encephalitis virus (LACV) is a mosquito-borne member of the negative-strand RNA virus family Bunyaviridae. We have previously shown that the virulence factor NSs of LACV is an efficient inhibitor of the antiviral type I interferon system. A recombinant virus unable to express NSs (rLACVdelNSs) strongly induced interferon transcription, whereas the corresponding wt virus (rLACV) suppressed it. Here, we show that interferon induction by rLACVdelNSs mainly occurs through the signaling pathway leading from the pattern recognition receptor RIG-I to the transcription factor IRF-3. NSs expressed by rLACV, however, acts downstream of IRF-3 by specifically blocking RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription. Further investigations revealed that NSs induces proteasomal degradation of the mammalian RNA polymerase II subunit RPB1. NSs thereby selectively targets RPB1 molecules of elongating RNA polymerase II complexes, the so-called IIo form. This phenotype has similarities to the cellular DNA damage response, and NSs was indeed found to transactivate the DNA damage response gene pak6. Moreover, NSs expressed by rLACV boosted serine 139 phosphorylation of histone H2A.X, one of the earliest cellular reactions to damaged DNA. However, other DNA damage response markers such as up-regulation and serine 15 phosphorylation of p53 or serine 1524 phosphorylation of BRCA1 were not triggered by LACV infection. Collectively, our data indicate that the strong suppression of interferon induction by LACV NSs is based on a shutdown of RNA polymerase II transcription and that NSs achieves this by exploiting parts of the cellular DNA damage response pathway to degrade IIo-borne RPB1 subunits.

  13. La Crosse bunyavirus nonstructural protein NSs serves to suppress the type I interferon system of mammalian hosts.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Blakqori, Gjon; Delhaye, Sophie; Habjan, Matthias; Blair, Carol D; Sánchez-Vargas, Irma; Olson, Ken E; Attarzadeh-Yazdi, Ghassem; Fragkoudis, Rennos; Kohl, Alain; Kalinke, Ulrich; Weiss, Siegfried; Michiels, Thomas; Staeheli, Peter; Weber, Friedemann

    2007-05-01

    La Crosse virus (LACV) is a mosquito-transmitted member of the Bunyaviridae family that causes severe encephalitis in children. For the LACV nonstructural protein NSs, previous overexpression studies with mammalian cells had suggested two different functions, namely induction of apoptosis and inhibition of RNA interference (RNAi). Here, we demonstrate that mosquito cells persistently infected with LACV do not undergo apoptosis and mount a specific RNAi response. Recombinant viruses that either express (rLACV) or lack (rLACVdelNSs) the NSs gene similarly persisted and were prone to the RNAi-mediated resistance to superinfection. Furthermore, in mosquito cells overexpressed LACV NSs was unable to inhibit RNAi against Semliki Forest virus. In mammalian cells, however, the rLACVdelNSs mutant virus strongly activated the antiviral type I interferon (IFN) system, whereas rLACV as well as overexpressed NSs suppressed IFN induction. Consequently, rLACVdelNSs was attenuated in IFN-competent mouse embryo fibroblasts and animals but not in systems lacking the type I IFN receptor. In situ analyses of mouse brains demonstrated that wild-type and mutant LACV mainly infect neuronal cells and that NSs is able to suppress IFN induction in the central nervous system. Thus, our data suggest little relevance of the NSs-induced apoptosis or RNAi inhibition for growth or pathogenesis of LACV in the mammalian host and indicate that NSs has no function in the insect vector. Since deletion of the viral NSs gene can be fully complemented by inactivation of the host's IFN system, we propose that the major biological function of NSs is suppression of the mammalian innate immune response.

  14. Serologic evidence of Jamestown Canyon and Keystone virus infection in vertebrates of the DelMarVa Peninsula.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Watts, D M; LeDuc, J W; Bailey, C L; Dalrymple, J M; Gargan, T P

    1982-11-01

    Serological data accumulated during the past decade indicated that a variety of feral and domestic animals of the Delaware-Maryland-Virginia (DelMarVa) Peninsula were infected with Jamestown Canyon (JC) and/or Keystone (KEY) viruses (Bunyaviridae, California serogroup). Neutralizing (N) antibody to JC virus was most prevalent in white-tailed deer, sika deer, cottontail rabbits and horses. KEY virus N antibody was detected most frequently in gray squirrels and domestic goats. N antibody indicative of past infection by one or both viruses also was found in raccoons, horses and humans. JC and/or KEY virus N antibodies were not demonstrable in sera of several other species of small mammals and reptiles. Investigations were extended to evaluate the role of domestic goats as an amplifying host of JC and KEY viruses and to assess their potential as sentinels of virus transmission. Goats maintained in the Pocomoke Cypress Swamp during the summer season of 1978, acquired N antibodies to JC and KEY viruses. Following experimental inoculation with either JC or KEY virus, all goats developed N antibody despite the absence of a demonstrable viremia in most animals. Goats proved to be effective as sentinels for monitoring the transmission of JC and KEY viruses; however, the exceptionally low titers or absence of viremia following inoculation with these viruses would seem to preclude a potential virus-amplifying role for this species. Although findings implicated primarily gray squirrels and white-tailed deer as possible amplifying hosts of KEY and JC virus, respectively, further investigations will be required to clarify their role, particularly since both viruses may be maintained entirely by transovarial transmission.

  15. Unbiased RNA Shotgun Metagenomics in Social and Solitary Wild Bees Detects Associations with Eukaryote Parasites and New Viruses.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Schoonvaere, Karel; De Smet, Lina; Smagghe, Guy; Vierstraete, Andy; Braeckman, Bart P; de Graaf, Dirk C

    2016-01-01

    The diversity of eukaryote organisms and viruses associated with wild bees remains poorly characterized in contrast to the well-documented pathosphere of the western honey bee, Apis mellifera. Using a deliberate RNA shotgun metagenomic sequencing strategy in combination with a dedicated bioinformatics workflow, we identified the (micro-)organisms and viruses associated with two bumble bee hosts, Bombus terrestris and Bombus pascuorum, and two solitary bee hosts, Osmia cornuta and Andrena vaga. Ion Torrent semiconductor sequencing generated approximately 3.8 million high quality reads. The most significant eukaryote associations were two protozoan, Apicystis bombi and Crithidia bombi, and one nematode parasite Sphaerularia bombi in bumble bees. The trypanosome protozoan C. bombi was also found in the solitary bee O. cornuta. Next to the identification of three honey bee viruses Black queen cell virus, Sacbrood virus and Varroa destructor virus-1 and four plant viruses, we describe two novel RNA viruses Scaldis River bee virus (SRBV) and Ganda bee virus (GABV) based on their partial genomic sequences. The novel viruses belong to the class of negative-sense RNA viruses, SRBV is related to the order Mononegavirales whereas GABV is related to the family Bunyaviridae. The potential biological role of both viruses in bees is discussed in the context of recent advances in the field of arthropod viruses. Further, fragmentary sequence evidence for other undescribed viruses is presented, among which a nudivirus in O. cornuta and an unclassified virus related to Chronic bee paralysis virus in B. terrestris. Our findings extend the current knowledge of wild bee parasites in general and addsto the growing evidence of unexplored arthropod viruses in valuable insects.

  16. [Two Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever cases without history of tick contact from Ankara region].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kaya Kiliç, Esra; Yilmaz, Umut; Cesur, Salih; Koçak Tufan, Zeliha; Kurtoğlu, Yasemin; Bulut, Cemal; Kinikli, Sami; Irmak, Hasan; Demiröz, Ali Pekcan

    2009-10-01

    Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne viral disease presenting with flu-like symptoms, fever, hemorrhage and petechia. The virus (CCHFV) is a member of the Nairovirus genera of Bunyaviridae family and can be transmitted to humans by Hyalomma tick-bite, by exposure to infected blood and fomites of patient with CCHF or contact with animal tissue in viremic phase. In this study we present two cases with CCHF but without history of tick bite or exposure to infected fomites, even not coming from endemic areas. The first case was a 67 years old male patient presented with fever, fatique and shortness of breath. Physical examination revealed rales in right lower segments of lung. Laboratory findings showed elevation of liver enzymes with thrombocytopenia and prolonged prothrombin time. Serological markers for viral hepatitis, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) were negative. The patient was found to be IgM and RNA positive for CCHFV by ELISA and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods, respectively. His history indicated a contact with livestock. The second patient was a 60 years old male dealing with husbandry. He had fever, fatique and myalgia. Physical examination revealed petechial rash on legs. Laboratory findings showed elevated liver enzymes, prolonged phrothrombin time and thrombocytopenia. Viral hepatitis markers, CMV-IgM and EBV-IgM were found negative. He was also found to be IgM and RNA positive for CCHFV in the reference laboratory. In conclusion, CCHF should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients who contact with livestock and present with fever, fatigue, rash, elevated liver enzymes, thrombocytopenia and prolonged prothrombin time eventhough they do not reside in endemic areas for CCHF.

  17. Frequência de Lettuce big-vein associated virus e Mirafiori lettuce big-vein virus em Plantas de alface no Estado de São Paulo e transmissão através de extrato vegetal e solo Frequency of Lettuce big-vein associated virus and Mirafiori lettuce big-vein virus in symptomatic and assymptomatic lettuce plants and sap and soil transmission

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Márcio Martinello Sanches

    2007-12-01

    Full Text Available A presença de sintomas de 'big vein' ou engrossamento das nervuras em alface e a associação do Lettuce big-vein associated virus (LBVaV e Mirafiori lettuce big-vein virus (MLBVV foram verificadas por RT-PCR utilizando-se oligonucleotídeos específicos para ambos os vírus. Foram coletadas 366 plantas sintomáticas nas regiões de Bauru, Campinas e Mogi das Cruzes no estado de São Paulo nos meses de junho e setembro de 2004 e abril e julho de 2005, e 18 plantas assintomáticas na região de Mogi das Cruzes no mês de dezembro de 2004. Infecção mista do LBVaV e MLBVV foi detectada em 76,2% das plantas sintomáticas, em 11,5% somente o MLBVV foi detectado e em 6,6% somente o LBVaV. Nas plantas assintomáticas coletadas em dezembro na região de Mogi das Cruzes, em áreas de alta incidência da doença durante o inverno, foi detectada a presença de MLBVV em 9 amostras e LBVaV em 7 amostras. Quatro dessas amostras apresentaram infecção mista, indicando que o desenvolvimento de sintomas depende de fatores abióticos, como temperatura. A inoculação via extrato vegetal a partir de plantas de alface com infecção mista pelo MLBVV e LBVaV foi realizada a 16°C/ 10°C (dia/noite e fotoperíodo de 11 horas, verificando-se que o MLBVV foi transmitido para Nicotiana tabacum TNN, N. rustica, N. occidentalis, Chenopodium quinoa e para as cultivares de alface Trocadero e White Boston, enquanto o LBVaV foi transmitido apenas para a alface White Boston. Entretanto, nenhuma destas plantas apresentou sintomas da doença, com exceção de C. quinoa que apresentou sintomas de lesões locais. Plantio em solo proveniente de áreas com histórico da doença de Mogi das Cruzes permitiu a transmissão do LBVaV para alface cv. White Boston e do MLBVV para alface cv. Trocadero e White Boston, embora apenas a cv. White Boston tenha apresentado sintomas da doença. Em conjunto, estes resultados demonstram a dificuldade de transmissão de ambos os vírus, mesmo em

  18. Mejoramiento de la latencia de la red mediante el cambio de tamaño de búfer para aplicaciones FTP utilizando el modelo cliente/servidor según el tamaño promedio de los archivos a ser transmitidos

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    Juan de Dios Murillo

    2016-03-01

    al modelo cliente/servidor.En esta investigación se analizaran ciertas características del modelo cliente/Servidor que lo convierten en una excelente opción para generar ganancias en empresas, tanto en tiempo, costos, seguridad y desempeño de todo el sistema y cómo se puede mejorar para obtener un mejor uso de ancho de banda.

  19. RNA shotgun metagenomic sequencing of northern California (USA mosquitoes uncovers viruses, bacteria, and fungi

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    James Angus eChandler

    2015-03-01

    Full Text Available Mosquitoes, most often recognized for the microbial agents of disease they may carry, harbor diverse microbial communities that include viruses, bacteria, and fungi, collectively called the microbiota. The composition of the microbiota can directly and indirectly affect disease transmission through microbial interactions that could be revealed by its characterization in natural populations of mosquitoes. Furthermore, the use of shotgun metagenomic sequencing (SMS approaches could allow the discovery of unknown members of the microbiota. In this study, we use RNA SMS to characterize the microbiota of seven individual mosquitoes (species include Culex pipiens, Culiseta incidens, and Ochlerotatus sierrensis collected from a variety of habitats in California, USA. Sequencing was performed on the Illumina HiSeq platform and the resulting sequences were quality-checked and assembled into contigs using the A5 pipeline. Sequences related to single stranded RNA viruses of the Bunyaviridae and Rhabdoviridae were uncovered, along with an unclassified genus of double-stranded RNA viruses. Phylogenetic analysis finds that in all three cases, the closest relatives of the identified viral sequences are other mosquito-associated viruses, suggesting widespread host-group specificity among disparate viral taxa. Interestingly, we identified a Narnavirus of fungi, also reported elsewhere in mosquitoes, that potentially demonstrates a nested host-parasite association between virus, fungi, and mosquito. Sequences related to 8 bacterial families and 13 fungal families were found across the seven samples. Bacillus and Escherichia/Shigella were identified in all samples and Wolbachia was identified in all Cx. pipiens samples, while no single fungal genus was found in more than two samples. This study exemplifies the utility of RNA SMS in the characterization of the natural microbiota of mosquitoes and, in particular, the value of identifying all microbes associated with

  20. Landscape, Environmental and Social Predictors of Hantavirus Risk in São Paulo, Brazil.

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    Paula Ribeiro Prist

    Full Text Available Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS is a disease caused by Hantavirus, which are negative-sense RNA viruses in the family Bunyaviridae that are highly virulent to humans. Numerous factors modify risk of Hantavirus transmission and consequent HPS risk. Human-driven landscape change can foster transmission risk by increasing numbers of habitat generalist rodent species that serve as the principal reservoir host. Climate can also affect rodent population dynamics and Hantavirus survival, and a number of social factors can influence probability of HPS transmission to humans. Evaluating contributions of these factors to HPS risk may enable predictions of future outbreaks, and is critical to development of effective public health strategies. Here we rely on a Bayesian model to quantify associations between annual HPS incidence across the state of São Paulo, Brazil (1993-2012 and climate variables (annual precipitation, annual mean temperature, landscape structure metrics (proportion of native habitat cover, number of forest fragments, proportion of area planted with sugarcane, and social factors (number of men older than 14 years and Human Development Index. We built separate models for the main two biomes of the state (cerrado and Atlantic forest. In both biomes Hantavirus risk increased with proportion of land cultivated for sugarcane and HDI, but proportion of forest cover, annual mean temperature, and population at risk also showed positive relationships in the Atlantic forest. Our analysis provides the first evidence that social, landscape, and climate factors are associated with HPS incidence in the Neotropics. Our risk map can be used to support the adoption of preventive measures and optimize the allocation of resources to avoid disease propagation, especially in municipalities that show medium to high HPS risk (> 5% of risk, and aimed at sugarcane workers, minimizing the risk of future HPS outbreaks.

  1. C6/36 Aedes albopictus cells have a dysfunctional antiviral RNA interference response.

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    Doug E Brackney

    2010-10-01

    Full Text Available Mosquitoes rely on RNA interference (RNAi as their primary defense against viral infections. To this end, the combination of RNAi and invertebrate cell culture systems has become an invaluable tool in studying virus-vector interactions. Nevertheless, a recent study failed to detect an active RNAi response to West Nile virus (WNV infection in C6/36 (Aedes albopictus cells, a mosquito cell line frequently used to study arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses. Therefore, we sought to determine if WNV actively evades the host's RNAi response or if C6/36 cells have a dysfunctional RNAi pathway. C6/36 and Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells were infected with WNV (Flaviviridae, Sindbis virus (SINV, Togaviridae and La Crosse virus (LACV, Bunyaviridae and total RNA recovered from cell lysates. Small RNA (sRNA libraries were constructed and subjected to high-throughput sequencing. In S2 cells, virus-derived small interfering RNAs (viRNAs from all three viruses were predominantly 21 nt in length, a hallmark of the RNAi pathway. However, in C6/36 cells, viRNAs were primarily 17 nt in length from WNV infected cells and 26-27 nt in length in SINV and LACV infected cells. Furthermore, the origin (positive or negative viral strand and distribution (position along viral genome of S2 cell generated viRNA populations was consistent with previously published studies, but the profile of sRNAs isolated from C6/36 cells was altered. In total, these results suggest that C6/36 cells lack a functional antiviral RNAi response. These findings are analogous to the type-I interferon deficiency described in Vero (African green monkey kidney cells and suggest that C6/36 cells may fail to accurately model mosquito-arbovirus interactions at the molecular level.

  2. Arboviroses e políticas públicas no Brasil / Arboviruses and public policies in Brazil

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    Vivian Iida Avelino-Silva

    2017-09-01

    Full Text Available O Brasil enfrenta historicamente ciclos de epidemias de arboviroses em praticamente todo o seu território. A Dengue é a doença de maior importância epidemiológica, observada de forma praticamente contínua no país desde a década de 1980, com identificação dos 4 sorotipos virais em circulação e aumento importante de incidência e óbitos a partir do ano de 2004.1 Mais recentemente, com as epidemias emergentes de Zika e Chikungunya, e com a recente epidemia de Febre Amarela no estado de Minas Gerais, a atenção sobre o tema ganhou novo enfoque na literatura científica e na comunidade. Ampliou-se a discussão a respeito dos determinantes das arboviroses, relacionados ao vetor (mosquito, ao hospedeiro (ser humano ou outro primata e ao ambiente. Além disso, abordagens pertinentes no âmbito de saúde pública devem ser mais amplamente discutidas. Arboviroses são doenças causadas por vírus e transmitidas pela saliva contaminada de artrópodes hematófagos durante o repasto sanguíneo. Os arbovírus causadores de doenças em humanos pertencem a cinco famílias: Bunyaviridae, Togaviridae (que inclui o vírus Chikungunya, Flaviviridae (que inclui os vírus da Dengue, Zika e Febre Amarela, Reoviridae e Rhabdoviridae. Enquanto os mosquitos do gênero Aedes são os principais transmissores da Dengue, Chikungunya e Zika em áreas urbanas e peri-urbanas, a transmissão da Febre Amarela no Brasil restringe-se no momento a regiões silvestres e se dá através da picada de mosquitos dos gêneros Haemagogus ou Sabethes.

  3. Epidemiological survey of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in cattle in East Darfur State, Sudan.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ibrahim, Alaa M; Adam, Ibrahim A; Osman, Badreldin T; Aradaib, Imadeldin E

    2015-06-01

    Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne disease caused by CCHF virus (CCHFV) of the genus Nairovirus in the family Bunyaviridae. CCHFV causes subclinical infection in domestic livestock and an often fatal hemorrhagic illness in humans, with approximately 30% mortality rates. In the present study, a cross-sectional serosurvey was conducted in a total of 282 randomly selected cattle from five localities in East Darfur State, Sudan. The exposure status to CCHF was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of CCHFV-specific IgG antibodies in cattle serum samples. The CCHFV-specific IgG antibodies were detected in 54 out of 282 animals, accounting for a 19.14% prevalence rate. Older cattle (>2 years of age) were approximately five times more likely to be infected with the virus (OR=4.90, CI=1.28-18.98, p-value=0.02). Heavily tick-infested cattle (ticks all over the body) were at 11 times higher at risk compared to tick-free animals (OR=11.11, CI=2.86-43.25, p-value=0.01). Grazing system is another factor affecting CCHF, where cattle grazing on open system were 27 times more at risk compared to other grazing systems (OR=27.22, CI=7.46-99.24, p-value=0.001). There was an association between localities and CCHF cattle (OR=0.24, CI=0.07-0.83, p-value=0.02). This study confirms the exposure of cattle to CCHF in East Darfur and identifies potential risk factors associated with the disease. Further epidemiological studies and improved surveillance are urgently needed to prevent a possible outbreak of CCHF among humans in the Darfur region of Sudan. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

  4. Structural Analysis of Monomeric RNA-Dependent Polymerases: Evolutionary and Therapeutic Implications.

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    Rodrigo Jácome

    Full Text Available The crystal structures of monomeric RNA-dependent RNA polymerases and reverse transcriptases of more than 20 different viruses are available in the Protein Data Bank. They all share the characteristic right-hand shape of DNA- and RNA polymerases formed by the fingers, palm and thumb subdomains, and, in many cases, "fingertips" that extend from the fingers towards the thumb subdomain, giving the viral enzyme a closed right-hand appearance. Six conserved structural motifs that contain key residues for the proper functioning of the enzyme have been identified in all these RNA-dependent polymerases. These enzymes share a two divalent metal-ion mechanism of polymerization in which two conserved aspartate residues coordinate the interactions with the metal ions to catalyze the nucleotidyl transfer reaction. The recent availability of crystal structures of polymerases of the Orthomyxoviridae and Bunyaviridae families allowed us to make pairwise comparisons of the tertiary structures of polymerases belonging to the four main RNA viral groups, which has led to a phylogenetic tree in which single-stranded negative RNA viral polymerases have been included for the first time. This has also allowed us to use a homology-based structural prediction approach to develop a general three-dimensional model of the Ebola virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Our model includes several of the conserved structural motifs and residues described in other viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases that define the catalytic and highly conserved palm subdomain, as well as portions of the fingers and thumb subdomains. The results presented here help to understand the current use and apparent success of antivirals, i.e. Brincidofovir, Lamivudine and Favipiravir, originally aimed at other types of polymerases, to counteract the Ebola virus infection.

  5. Discovery of potent broad spectrum antivirals derived from marine actinobacteria.

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    Avi Raveh

    Full Text Available Natural products provide a vast array of chemical structures to explore in the discovery of new medicines. Although secondary metabolites produced by microbes have been developed to treat a variety of diseases, including bacterial and fungal infections, to date there has been limited investigation of natural products with antiviral activity. In this report, we used a phenotypic cell-based replicon assay coupled with an iterative biochemical fractionation process to identify, purify, and characterize antiviral compounds produced by marine microbes. We isolated a compound from Streptomyces kaviengensis, a novel actinomycetes isolated from marine sediments obtained off the coast of New Ireland, Papua New Guinea, which we identified as antimycin A1a. This compound displays potent activity against western equine encephalitis virus in cultured cells with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of less than 4 nM and a selectivity index of greater than 550. Our efforts also revealed that several antimycin A analogues display antiviral activity, and mechanism of action studies confirmed that these Streptomyces-derived secondary metabolites function by inhibiting the cellular mitochondrial electron transport chain, thereby suppressing de novo pyrimidine synthesis. Furthermore, we found that antimycin A functions as a broad spectrum agent with activity against a wide range of RNA viruses in cultured cells, including members of the Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Bunyaviridae, Picornaviridae, and Paramyxoviridae families. Finally, we demonstrate that antimycin A reduces central nervous system viral titers, improves clinical disease severity, and enhances survival in mice given a lethal challenge with western equine encephalitis virus. Our results provide conclusive validation for using natural product resources derived from marine microbes as source material for antiviral drug discovery, and they indicate that host mitochondrial electron transport is a viable

  6. Diverging affinity of tospovirus RNA silencing suppressor proteins, NSs, for various RNA duplex molecules.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Schnettler, Esther; Hemmes, Hans; Huismann, Rik; Goldbach, Rob; Prins, Marcel; Kormelink, Richard

    2010-11-01

    The tospovirus NSs protein was previously shown to suppress the antiviral RNA silencing mechanism in plants. Here the biochemical analysis of NSs proteins from different tospoviruses, using purified NSs or NSs containing cell extracts, is described. The results showed that all tospoviral NSs proteins analyzed exhibited affinity to small double-stranded RNA molecules, i.e., small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and micro-RNA (miRNA)/miRNA* duplexes. Interestingly, the NSs proteins from tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV), and groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV) also showed affinity to long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), whereas tomato yellow ring virus (TYRV) NSs did not. The TSWV NSs protein was shown to be capable of inhibiting Dicer-mediated cleavage of long dsRNA in vitro. In addition, it suppressed the accumulation of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-specific siRNAs during coinfiltration with an inverted-repeat-GFP RNA construct in Nicotiana benthamiana. In vivo interference of TSWV NSs in the miRNA pathway was shown by suppression of an enhanced GFP (eGFP) miRNA sensor construct. The ability to stabilize miRNA/miRNA* by different tospovirus NSs proteins in vivo was demonstrated by increased accumulation and detection of both miRNA171c and miRNA171c* in tospovirus-infected N. benthamiana. All together, these data suggest that tospoviruses interfere in the RNA silencing pathway by sequestering siRNA and miRNA/miRNA* molecules before they are uploaded into their respective RNA-induced silencing complexes. The observed affinity to long dsRNA for only a subset of the tospoviruses studied is discussed in light of evolutional divergence and their ancestral relation to the animal-infecting members of the Bunyaviridae.

  7. The Consequences of Reconfiguring the Ambisense S Genome Segment of Rift Valley Fever Virus on Viral Replication in Mammalian and Mosquito Cells and for Genome Packaging

    Science.gov (United States)

    Elliott, Richard M.

    2014-01-01

    Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV, family Bunyaviridae) is a mosquito-borne pathogen of both livestock and humans, found primarily in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. The viral genome comprises two negative-sense (L and M segments) and one ambisense (S segment) RNAs that encode seven proteins. The S segment encodes the nucleocapsid (N) protein in the negative-sense and a nonstructural (NSs) protein in the positive-sense, though NSs cannot be translated directly from the S segment but rather from a specific subgenomic mRNA. Using reverse genetics we generated a virus, designated rMP12:S-Swap, in which the N protein is expressed from the NSs locus and NSs from the N locus within the genomic S RNA. In cells infected with rMP12:S-Swap NSs is expressed at higher levels with respect to N than in cells infected with the parental rMP12 virus. Despite NSs being the main interferon antagonist and determinant of virulence, growth of rMP12:S-Swap was attenuated in mammalian cells and gave a small plaque phenotype. The increased abundance of the NSs protein did not lead to faster inhibition of host cell protein synthesis or host cell transcription in infected mammalian cells. In cultured mosquito cells, however, infection with rMP12:S-Swap resulted in cell death rather than establishment of persistence as seen with rMP12. Finally, altering the composition of the S segment led to a differential packaging ratio of genomic to antigenomic RNA into rMP12:S-Swap virions. Our results highlight the plasticity of the RVFV genome and provide a useful experimental tool to investigate further the packaging mechanism of the segmented genome. PMID:24550727

  8. Transcriptome analysis reveals the host response to Schmallenberg virus in bovine cells and antagonistic effects of the NSs protein.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Blomström, Anne-Lie; Gu, Quan; Barry, Gerald; Wilkie, Gavin; Skelton, Jessica K; Baird, Margaret; McFarlane, Melanie; Schnettler, Esther; Elliott, Richard M; Palmarini, Massimo; Kohl, Alain

    2015-04-19

    Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is a member of the Orthobunyavirus genus (Bunyaviridae family) causing malformations and abortions in ruminants. Although, as for other members of this family/genus, the non-structural protein NSs has been shown to be an interferon antagonist, very little is known regarding the overall inhibitory effects and targets of orthobunyavirus NSs proteins on host gene expression during infection. Therefore, using RNA-seq this study describes changes to the transcriptome of primary bovine cells following infection with Schmallenberg virus (SBV) or with a mutant lacking the non-structural protein NSs (SBVdelNSs) providing a detailed comparison of the effect of NSs expression on the host cell. The sequence reads from all samples (uninfected cells, SBV and SBVdelNSs) assembled well to the bovine host reference genome (on average 87.43% of the reads). During infection with SBVdelNSs, 649 genes were differentially expressed compared to uninfected cells (78.7% upregulated) and many of these were known antiviral and IFN-stimulated genes. On the other hand, only nine genes were differentially expressed in SBV infected cells compared to uninfected control cells, demonstrating the strong inhibitory effect of NSs on cellular gene expression. However, the majority of the genes that were expressed during SBV infection are involved in restriction of viral replication and spread indicating that SBV does not completely manage to shutdown the host antiviral response. In this study we show the effects of SBV NSs on the transcriptome of infected cells as well as the cellular response to wild type SBV. Although NSs is very efficient in shutting down genes of the host innate response, a number of possible antiviral factors were identified. Thus the data from this study can serve as a base for more detailed mechanistic studies of SBV and other orthobunyaviruses.

  9. Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever among the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedaries) in Central Sudan.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Suliman, Hajer M; Adam, Ibrahim A; Saeed, Shamseldin I; Abdelaziz, Sanaa A; Haroun, Eltahir M; Aradaib, Imadeldin E

    2017-08-03

    Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne viral zoonotic disease caused by Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), a member of the genus Nairovirus in the family Bunyaviridae. CCHF is typically asymptomatic in animals but can be highly fatal in humans approaching case fatality rate of approximately 30%. In the present investigation, a cross sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of CCHF and to identify the potential risk factors associated with CCHFV seropositivity among the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedaries) in Central Sudan. A total of 361 camels selected randomly from six localities were employed in the study. Sera sampled were tested for the presence of CCHFV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). CCHFV seropositivity was recorded in 77 out of 361 animals accounting for a prevalence rate of 21.3%. Age (OR = 3.6, CI = 1.72-7.79, p-value = 0.026); locality (OR = 5.85, CI = 1.81-18.83, p- value = 0.003), tick number (OR = 4.6, CI = 1.37-9.81, P-value 0.04); tick control (OR = 2.2, CI, 1.11-4.35, P-value = 0.023) and breed (OR = 6.60, CI = 2.38-18.36, P-value = 0.001) were recorded as potential risk factors for contracting CCHF. The prevalence of CCHF is significantly high among camels in Khartoum State, Sudan. Age, breed, locality and tick control are considered as potential risk factors for contracting CCHF. This study would be expected to reduce the impact on the livelihood of pastoral communities and ultimately avoid disease spread in human.

  10. First international external quality assessment of molecular detection of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus.

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    Camille Escadafal

    Full Text Available Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF is a zoonosis caused by a Nairovirus of the family Bunyaviridae. Infection is transmitted to humans mostly by Hyalomma ticks and also by direct contact with the blood or tissues of infected humans or viremic livestock. Clinical features usually include a rapid progression characterized by hemorrhage, myalgia and fever, with a lethality rate up to 30%. CCHF is one of the most widely distributed viral hemorrhagic fevers and has been reported in Africa, the Middle East and Asia, as well as parts of Europe. There is no approved vaccine or specific treatment against CCHF virus (CCHFV infections. In this context, an accurate diagnosis as well as a reliable surveillance of CCHFV infections is essential. Diagnostic techniques include virus culture, serology and molecular methods, which are now increasingly used. The European Network for the Diagnostics of "Imported" Viral Diseases organized the first international external quality assessment of CCHVF molecular diagnostics in 2011 to assess the efficiency and accurateness of CCHFV molecular methods applied by expert laboratories. A proficiency test panel of 15 samples was distributed to the participants including 10 different CCHFV preparations generated from infected cell cultures, a preparation of plasmid cloned with the nucleoprotein of CCHFV, two CCHFV RNA preparations and two negative controls. Forty-four laboratories worldwide participated in the EQA study and 53 data sets were received. Twenty data sets (38% met all criteria with optimal performance, 10 (19% with acceptable performance, while 23 (43% reported results showing a need for improvement. Differences in performance depended on the method used, the type of strain tested, the concentration of the sample tested and the laboratory performing the test. These results indicate that there is still a need for improving testing conditions and standardizing protocols for the molecular detection of Crimean

  11. Small RNA Profiling in Dengue Virus 2-Infected Aedes Mosquito Cells Reveals Viral piRNAs and Novel Host miRNAs.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Miesen, Pascal; Ivens, Alasdair; Buck, Amy H; van Rij, Ronald P

    2016-02-01

    In Aedes mosquitoes, infections with arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) trigger or modulate the expression of various classes of viral and host-derived small RNAs, including small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), PIWI interacting RNAs (piRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs). Viral siRNAs are at the core of the antiviral RNA interference machinery, one of the key pathways that limit virus replication in invertebrates. Besides siRNAs, Aedes mosquitoes and cells derived from these insects produce arbovirus-derived piRNAs, the best studied examples being viruses from the Togaviridae or Bunyaviridae families. Host miRNAs modulate the expression of a large number of genes and their levels may change in response to viral infections. In addition, some viruses, mostly with a DNA genome, express their own miRNAs to regulate host and viral gene expression. Here, we perform a comprehensive analysis of both viral and host-derived small RNAs in Aedes aegypti Aag2 cells infected with dengue virus 2 (DENV), a member of the Flaviviridae family. Aag2 cells are competent in producing all three types of small RNAs and provide a powerful tool to explore the crosstalk between arboviral infection and the distinct RNA silencing pathways. Interestingly, besides the well-characterized DENV-derived siRNAs, a specific population of viral piRNAs was identified in infected Aag2 cells. Knockdown of Piwi5, Ago3 and, to a lesser extent, Piwi6 results in reduction of vpiRNA levels, providing the first genetic evidence that Aedes PIWI proteins produce DENV-derived small RNAs. In contrast, we do not find convincing evidence for the production of virus-derived miRNAs. Neither do we find that host miRNA expression is strongly changed upon DENV2 infection. Finally, our deep-sequencing analyses detect 30 novel Aedes miRNAs, complementing the repertoire of regulatory small RNAs in this important vector species.

  12. Diverse Array of New Viral Sequences Identified in Worldwide Populations of the Asian Citrus Psyllid (Diaphorina citri) Using Viral Metagenomics.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Nouri, Shahideh; Salem, Nidá; Nigg, Jared C; Falk, Bryce W

    2015-12-16

    The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, is the natural vector of the causal agent of Huanglongbing (HLB), or citrus greening disease. Together; HLB and D. citri represent a major threat to world citrus production. As there is no cure for HLB, insect vector management is considered one strategy to help control the disease, and D. citri viruses might be useful. In this study, we used a metagenomic approach to analyze viral sequences associated with the global population of D. citri. By sequencing small RNAs and the transcriptome coupled with bioinformatics analysis, we showed that the virus-like sequences of D. citri are diverse. We identified novel viral sequences belonging to the picornavirus superfamily, the Reoviridae, Parvoviridae, and Bunyaviridae families, and an unclassified positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus. Moreover, a Wolbachia prophage-related sequence was identified. This is the first comprehensive survey to assess the viral community from worldwide populations of an agricultural insect pest. Our results provide valuable information on new putative viruses, some of which may have the potential to be used as biocontrol agents. Insects have the most species of all animals, and are hosts to, and vectors of, a great variety of known and unknown viruses. Some of these most likely have the potential to be important fundamental and/or practical resources. In this study, we used high-throughput next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology and bioinformatics analysis to identify putative viruses associated with Diaphorina citri, the Asian citrus psyllid. D. citri is the vector of the bacterium causing Huanglongbing (HLB), currently the most serious threat to citrus worldwide. Here, we report several novel viral sequences associated with D. citri. Copyright © 2016, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

  13. Emerging arboviruses and public health challenges in Brazil.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Lima-Camara, Tamara Nunes

    2016-06-27

    Environmental modification by anthropogenic actions, disordered urban growth, globalization of international exchange and climate change are some factors that help the emergence and dissemination of human infectious diseases transmitted by vectors. This review discusses the recent entry of three arboviruses in Brazil: Chikungunya, West Nile, and Zika virus, focusing on the challenges for the Country's public health. The Brazilian population is exposed to infections caused by these three arboviruses widely distributed on the national territory and associated with humans. Without effective vaccine and specific treatment, the maintainance and integration of a continuos entomological and epidemiological surveillance are important so we can set methods to control and prevent these arboviruses in the Country. RESUMO A modificação do ambiente por ações antrópicas, o crescimento urbano desordenado, o processo de globalização do intercâmbio internacional e as mudanças climáticas são alguns fatores que vêm facilitando a emergência e disseminação de doenças infecciosas humanas transmitidas por vetores. Este comentário aborda a recente entrada de três arbovírus no Brasil, Chikungunya (CHIKV), West Nile (WNV) e Zika (ZIKV), com enfoque nos desafios para a Saúde Pública do País. Transmitidos por mosquitos vetores amplamente distribuídos no território nacional e associados ao homem, a população brasileira encontra-se exposta à infecção por esses três arbovírus. Na ausência de vacina eficaz e tratamento específico, são importantes a manutenção e integração de uma vigilância entomológica e epidemiológica contínua, a fim de direcionarmos métodos de controle e prevenção contra essas arboviroses no País.

  14. Memoria histórica vivida y transmitida en torno a los terremotos de 1939-1960 en los habitantes del Gran Concepción – Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Víctor Andrés Concha Ramírez

    2011-04-01

    Full Text Available El artículo forma parte de una investigación mayor dirigida por Stefano Cavalli y Christian Lalive d`Epinay en el marco de la red internacional CEVI (Cambios y eventos en el transcurso de la vida. Una sección del estudio refiere a la importancia y selectividad otorgada a acontecimientos y procesos socio-históricos vividos y transmitidos. Se han encuestado 623 individuos de cinco grupos de edad pertenecientes a comunas del Gran Concepción (Chile. Desde los datos han surgido antecedentes relevantes en relación a los terremotos de 1939 en Chillán y 1960 en Valdivia y Concepción que serán analizados en este artículo. El tema resulta particularmente sensible en el tiempo presente, dadas las consecuencias vividas por una reciente catástrofe ocurrida el 27 de Febrero de 2010 en la región del Bio Bio. Palabras claves: Terremotos en Chile, Memoria Histórica, Memoria Colectiva___________________________Abstract:The article is part of a major research o survey lead by Stefano Cavalli y Christián Lalive d`Epinay in the framework of the international network CEVI (Changes and events life course. A section of the research refers to the importance and selectivity granted to events and processes socio-historical processes lived and transmitted. Were surveyed 623 individuals of five age groups belonging to the communes of the big Concepcion (Chile. From the data has been emerged relevant background in relation with earthquakes of 1939 in Chillán and 1960 Valdivia and Concepción that which will be to be analyzed in this article. The topic is particularly sensitive in the present tense, because the consequences experienced by a recent catastrophe occurred on February 27, 2010 in the region of Bio Bio.Keywords: Earthquake in Chile, historical memory, collective memory.

  15. Infecções intramamárias causadas por Staphylococcus aureus e suas implicações em paúde pública Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infections and its implications in public health

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    Helena Fagundes

    2004-08-01

    Full Text Available Neste trabalho, são apresentados os principais problemas decorrentes das infecções intramamárias (mastites causadas por Staphylococcus aureus e as conseqüências para a saúde humana da veiculação de suas toxinas através do leite. o S. aureus destaca-se como um dos microorganismos mais importantes que podem ser transmitidos através dos alimentos. Assim, discute-se a possibilidade de veiculação de gastroenterite estafilocócica, não somente através do consumo de leite cru contaminado, mas também de leite tratado termicamente ou de derivados lácteos contendo enterotoxinas termoestáveis. São apresentados alguns aspectos relacionados ao potencial toxigênico das cepas de S. aureus, bem como as principais características das enterotoxinas estafilocócicas. Considerando que o S. aureus é um dos agentes de mastite mais freqüentemente observados, apresentam-se as principais medidas de controle de infecções estafilocócicas em rebanhos leiteiros, com vistas à prevenção da ocorrência de toxinas no leite de consumo.This article presents the main problems derived from the mammary infections (mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus, and the consequences of the presence of its toxins in milk for human health. S. aureus is one of the most important microorganisms that can be transmitted through the food products. Hence, the possibility of transmission of stafilococal gastroenteritis by consumption of raw milk and heat-treated milk, containing heat-resistant enterotoxins, is discussed. Some aspects regarding the toxigenic potential of S. aureus strains and the main characteristics of stafilococal entorotoxins are presented. Taking into account that S. aureus is also one of the most prevalent agents of mastitis, considerations are made on the methods for the controlling of stafilococal infections in dairy cattle, in order to prevent the occurrence of toxins in milk and milk products.

  16. Progreso en la interrupción de la transmisión de la enfermedad de Chagas en América Latina

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    Alvaro Moncayo

    2000-08-01

    Full Text Available

    Alrededor de 18 millones de personas estaban infectadas en América Latina con el parásito Trypanosoma cruzi, causante de la epidemia de Chagas. Estudios de prevalencia hechos en la década de los 80, mostraron además que un 25% de estas personas desarrollaron lesiones cardíacas crónicas y digestivas irreversibles.

    La Organización Mundial de la Salud y el Banco Mundial vienen adelantando invtigaciones por cerca de un cuarto de siglo, conducentes al control y eventual eliminación de esta patología en el sub-continente.

    Este artículo enumera las actividades desarrolladas por este programa hasta la fecha y describe tres iniciativas multinacionales que adelantan las actividades referentes a la Enfermedad de Chagas y que se denominan iniciativas del Cono Sur, de los países andinos y de los países centro americanos. Se calcula que un veinticinco por ciento de los 484 millones de habitantes de América Latina (1 , están en riesgo de contraer la infección por el Trypanosoma cruzi, el agente causal de la Enfermedad de Chagas que es transmitido por insectos hematófagos del género Triatoma. Estudios de prevalencia epidemiológica adelantados en la década de 1980-90, mostraron que existen en el Continente 16 – 18 millones de personas infectadas por el parásito y que cerca de un 25% de ellas desarrollará lesiones cardíacas crónicas y digestivas irreversibles.

    Desde su inicio en 1978, el componente de investigación y control de la Enfermedad de Chagas del Programa PNUD/Banco Mundial/OMS de Investigación y adiestramiento en Enfermedades Tropicales (TDR, ha financiado investigaciones conducentes al control y eventual eliminación de esta enfermedad en el Continente...

  17. Atitudes de estudantes universitários frente ao consumo de materiais pornográficos University students' attitudes towards pornographic material consumption

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    Valeschka Martins Guerra

    2004-08-01

    Full Text Available A expansão do mercado de produtos pornográficos traz à tona a discussão acerca da influência dos valores transmitidos pela mídia no comportamento dos indivíduos. A questão da pornografia permanece sem o devido aprofundamento, pois o Brasil ainda é carente de pesquisas nesta área. Este estudo descreve a elaboração e validação de um instrumento de medida das atitudes frente ao consumo de materiais pornográficos, aplicada a 336 universitários e os dados submetidos à análise fatorial. Os 33 itens construídos confirmaram a existência de duas dimensões, que apresentam níveis de precisão adequados: a primeira, denominada "Efeitos positivos da pornografia", em que a expressão do sexo neste tipo de material é tida como favorável à vida sexual (alfa = 0,94; na segunda dimensão, "Efeitos nocivos da pornografia", esta expressão é percebida como prejudicial aos relacionamentos íntimos, associada ao vício e ao isolamento (alfa = 0,85.The expansion of the pornographic material market raises the question of the influence of the values transmitted by the media in people's behavior. Despite the apparent interest in sexuality by the society in general, Brazil lacks studies on this topic, which has not yet been deeply discussed. This study describes the elaboration and validation of a psychometric instrument for the measuring of attitudes towards the consumption of pornographic material, answered by 336 university students and submitted to a factor analysis. 33 items were built in order to cover two dimensions, presenting adequate reliability scores: (1 "Positive effects of pornography", expressing the idea that pornographic material is favorable to sexual life (alpha = 0.94 and (2 "Harmful effects of pornography", which expresses the idea that this same material is noxious to intimate relationships and it is associated to vice and isolation (alpha = 0.85.

  18. Tecendo a tradição e valorizando o conhecimento tradicional na Amazônia: o caso da "linha do tucum"

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    Regina Abreu

    2012-12-01

    Full Text Available O artigo apresenta um estudo de caso na comunidade extrativista Céu do Juruá, no Amazonas, sobre processos de confecção de uma linha a partir das folhas da palmeira do tucum, espécie endêmica da região amazônica. Todo o preparo da linha bem como suas diferentes formas de utilização expressam modos peculiares de sociabilidade e de produção e transmissão de um conhecimento tradicional. A linha e todos os produtos gerados a partir dela são biodegradáveis, não representando riscos para os ciclos de vida na floresta, constituindo uma via para o desenvolvimento sustentável na região. Vivendo num planeta ameaçado pelas sucessivas crises ambientais provocadas pelo modelo de progresso desenvolvimentista, podemos dizer que esses conhecimentos tradicionais transmitidos de geração a geração constituem a expressão de um importante patrimônio cultural.This paper presents a case study which took place in the extractivist community in Céu do Juruá, in the Amazon, about the manufacturing process of a thread from the tucum palm leaves, an endemic specie in the Amazon region. The whole preparation process of the thread, as well as its different forms of use, show peculiar ways of socializing and producing, as well as transmitting traditional knowledge. The thread and all the products made from it are biodegradable and do not pose any risk to the forest life cycles, resulting in a path towards sustainable development in the region. Bearing in mind that we live in a planet threatened by recurring environmental crises as a consequence of the development-oriented model of progress, one could argue that the traditional knowledge bestowed upon the younger generations constitutes a manifestation of important cultural heritage.

  19. Prevalencia de anticuerpos neutralizantes contra los serotipos del virus dengue en universitarios de Tabasco, México Prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to dengue virus serotypes in university students from Tabasco, Mexico

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    Gilma Guadalupe Sánchez-Burgos

    2008-10-01

    Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Determinar la seroprevalencia de anticuerpos neutralizantes de los serotipos del virus dengue en estudiantes universitarios de Tabasco, México, durante los meses de septiembre a noviembre del año 2005. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se determinó la presencia de IgG contra el virus en el suero de estudiantes que acudieron al centro clínico de la universidad; en los sueros positivos se determinaron los anticuerpos neutralizantes mediante el ensayo de reducción de placa lítica. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de IgG contra el dengue fue de 9.1%; de esta proporción, los anticuerpos neutralizantes fueron DENV-1 (20%, DENV-2 (100%, DENV-3 (4% y DENV-4 (68%. CONCLUSIONES: Este estudio muestra que el serotipo transmitido con mayor frecuencia en el estado de Tabasco es el DENV-2, aunque no ha sido el aislado con más frecuencia. La elevada prevalencia de anticuerpos neutralizantes contra el DENV-4, al parecer de reacción cruzada, podría explicar la baja circulación de este serotipo en Tabasco.OBJECTIVE: Determine the seroprevalence of neutralizing antibodies to dengue virus in students from the state university of Tabasco, Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A transversal study was conducted of serum collected from students between September and November, 2005. The sera were screened for anti-dengue IgG and those that had evidence of dengue antibodies were analyzed by a plaque reduction neutralization test. RESULTS: Prevalence of anti-dengue IgG was 9.1%. The frequency of neutralizing antibodies was 100% for DENV-2, 68% for DENV-4, 20% for DENV-1, and 4 % for DENV-3. CONCLUSIONS: We found that in this population, DENV-2 circulates more than DENV-3 despite the fact that DENV-3 is more frequently isolated. Unexpectedly, neutralizing antibodies against DENV-4 were frequently found even though this serotype is almost extinct; thus, it is probable that cross-immunity could suppress DEN-4 transmission, as has been suggested.

  20. A relação da literatura de cordel na antroponímia dos fantoches populares portugueses

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    José Luís de Oliveira

    2018-04-01

    Full Text Available RESUMO: O mundo do teatro de bonecos em Portugal está envolto numa bruma, devido, em parte, a algum desinteresse da classe teatreira, mas principalmente, à escassa documentação sobre esta arte ancestral. O teatro de marionetas popular era pouco palavroso, em oposição ao teatro de atores de carne e osso, onde o verbo era fundamental. O repertório de texto diminuto, transmitido por via oral, levou à perda substancial de um entretenimento que fez os encantos de miúdos e graúdos ao longo dos séculos. Uma das lacunas é a génese dos próprios apodos pelos quais os bonifrates eram conhecidos. Atualmente encontra-se vulgarizado o cognome Dom Roberto (conhecido até 1962 por robertos para designar os bonecos de luva populares portugueses. Este evoluiu a partir do drama de cordel adaptado da lenda medieval Roberto do diabo e que fez parte do repertório do teatro de bonecos populares portugueses. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Teatro de bonecos, literatura de cordel, folhetos volantes. ________________________ ABSTRACT: The world of puppet theater in Portugal is shrouded in mist, partly due to some disinterest in theater professionals, but mainly due to the scarce documentation about this ancestral art. The popular puppet theater was of few text, as opposed to the actors theater, where the verb was fundamental. The diminutive repertoire of orally transmitted text has led to the substantial loss of entertainment that has made the charms of kids and adults over the centuries. One of the gaps is the genesis of the nicknames for which puppets were known. At the moment the name Dom Roberto (known until 1962 by robertos is popularized to designate the Portuguese glove popular puppets. This evolved from the chapbook drama adapted from the medieval legend Robert the devil and that was part of the repertoire of Portuguese popular puppet theatre.  KEYWORDS: Puppet theater, chapbooks.

  1. ¿CÓMO SE HACE UN ANÁLISIS DEL ENTORNO ECONÓMICO EMPRESARIAL?

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    Carlos Parodi Trece

    2010-08-01

    Full Text Available La adecuada interpretación de la evolución de la economía constituye una herramienta útil para mejorarla toma de decisiones empresariales. El objetivo del artículo es explicar, con ejemplos aplicados a larealidad económica actual, cómo se hace un análisis del entorno económico y cómo este sirve para laplanificación estratégica empresarial. Para ello, previa explicación conceptual del marco general, sedefinen el producto interno bruto, la inflación y la brecha externa como indicadores de resultados, clavesen el «lenguaje» usado por los analistas. Son indicadores económicos, relacionados entre sí, que dependende la política económica interna y de choques exógenos, definidos estos últimos como eventos que estánfuera de las manos de los diseñadores de la política económica, pero que influyen en las tres variablesmencionadas, como, por ejemplo, la crisis financiera internacional. A continuación sigue la formalizaciónpor medio de las identidades macroeconómicas, para finalizar explicando «cómo va la economía» mediantelas mismas; así como, la relación entre el entorno económico interno con el externo. Acercar la economíaa la empresa debe ser una prioridad en un contexto cada vez más integrado, caracterizado por el hecho deque lo positivo y lo negativo de lo que ocurre en la economía mundial es transmitido, mediante diversoscanales, a las empresas ubicadas en distintos países. De ahí que las empresas deban ampliar su visión,pues el entorno económico no solo incluye lo que ocurre dentro del país, sino, cada vez con mayorrelevancia, el devenir de la economía mundial.

  2. Efecto del extracto de paico (chenopodium ambrosioides, en parásitos gastrointestinales de gallos de pelea (gallus domesticus.

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    Paola Rodríguez

    2011-10-01

    Full Text Available El uso empírico de las plantas como agentes de salud es ampliamente conocido en múltiplesculturas del mundo, conocimientos que son transmitidos de generación en generación. En la actualidad, las plantas medicinales y sus extractos, son utilizados con fines terapéuticos, instaurándose como una alternativa farmacológica, para diferentes patologías tanto en humanos como en animales. En la etnomedicina de algunas regiones de Latinoamérica, el paico (Chenopodium ambrosioides ha sido empleado en infusión de hojas y flores comocarminativo y digestivo, pero principalmente como antihelmíntico. Por lo tanto, el presenteestudio se realizó con el fin de evaluar el efecto antiparasitario del extracto de esta planta engallos de pelea (Gallus domesticus en un criadero de la ciudad de Tunja-Boyacá, ya que los propietarios de estas aves lo utilizan de manera artesanal como desparasitante natural. Para el trabajo se utilizaron 45 ejemplares, organizados en 3 grupos a los cuales, cada 15días y durante un mes, se les administró, por vía oral, 0,1 ml/ Kg de extracto de paico (grupoT2, 0.5ml/Kg de un medicamento comercial a base de Levamisol-Ivermectina (grupo T3 y0.5ml/ave de agua (grupo T1 control. Se recolectaron muestras de materia fecal con el objeto de determinar la presencia de huevos y/o larvas de parásitos, utilizando la técnica de Formol-Eter. Durante el estudio fueron identificados diferentes especies de ascaridia spp, heterakis gallinarum, eimeria sp, huevos y larvas de trichostrongylus. Posterior a la administracióndel tratamiento con extracto de paico se encontraron huevos de ascaridia galli, heterakis gallinarum, eimeria sp , y al suministrar la última dosis sólo se identificaron huevos de ascaridia galli e eimeria sp , lo que corrobora su efecto antiparasitario.

  3. Descobrindo o contemporâneo no tradicional: reavaliação do impacto das pedagogias indígena maia e ocidental moderna sobre a identidade e oSelf

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    Sheryl Ann Ludwig

    2015-12-01

    Full Text Available Resumo Este trabalho compara o que é ensinado e aprendido – e não o que se pretende – em diferentes cenários educativos e dois momentos históricos. Considerando estudos etnográficos realizados nos Estados Unidos e na Guatemala, compara o “currículo oculto” (KOHLBERG, 1975 da escolarização ocidental formal – normas, valores e práticas transmitidos pelo conteúdo de conhecimento ensinado, e os padrões de interação, procedimentos de avaliação e estruturas de participação utilizados (PHILLIPS, 1983 - com estruturas similares em uma comunidade indígena maia da Guatemala. Analisa o que as crianças aprendem, o impacto sobre suas identidades e como esse aprendizado se conecta com os destinos sociais e ocupacionais futuros. Os cenários educacionais diferem quanto aos tipos de aprendizagem e de ensino que mantêm; produzem tipos diferentes de educandos com resultantes identidades e metas diversas. Tem sido afirmado que a escolarização moderna realmente interfere nos valores e práticas das assim chamadas culturas tradicionais, levando ao abandono das línguas, práticas e crenças tradicionais. Esse tipo de argumento ignora a flexibilidade das culturas tradicionais, relegando-as a um “presente” estático que não é característico das identidades dinâmicas que de fato se constroem no século XXI. Nós afirmamos o contrário: que as pedagogias tradicionais podem proteger a durabilidade da identidade cultural (SPINDLER, G; SPINDELER, L, 2000 e levar a uma acomodação mais bem-sucedida à modernidade (RUDOLPH, L; RUDOLPH, S, 1984. Ligamos esse argumento às pesquisas que estudam mitos a respeito do que a escolarização pode e não pode fazer para alcançar a mobilidade social e condições sociais melhores.

  4. Detección y cuantificación del Potato mop-top virus (PMTV en Colombia mediante qRT-PCR

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    Nevar García Bastidas

    2013-04-01

    Full Text Available El Potato mop-top virus (PMTV es uno de los virus re-emergentes en cultivos de papa en Colombia. Es transmitido por Spongospora subterranea, el agente causal de la sarna polvosa. La detección del PMTV presenta dificultades debido a su distribución irregular en las plantas, bajo título y movimiento sistémico como ARN desnudo. Con el fin de ampliar el rango de herramientas disponibles para detectar el PMTV en los programas de certificación de tubérculo-semilla, en este estudio se evaluó la prueba de RT-PCR en tiempo real (qRT-PCR en dos pasos: con los cebadores PMTV-1948F/PMTV-2017R y la sonda Taqman® PMTV-1970, dirigidos al gen CP-RT del ARN2 viral. Se construyó una curva estándar a partir de la transcripción in vitro de un fragmento de 1513 pb de este gen. Posteriormente, se evaluó la utilidad de la técnica a partir de tres tipos de muestras: plantas señuelo de Nicotiana benthamiana y Solanum phureja inoculadas con quistosoros de Sss, raíces de papa con síntomas de sarna polvosa del municipio de La Unión (Antioquia y tubérculos-semilla. Mediante qRT-PCR fue posible detectar el virus en 11 de las 20 muestras de raíz de plantas señuelo, mientras que 14 de las 15 muestras de raíces de papa resultaron positivas, estimándose una concentración entre 4.72 x 10(11 y 7.60 x 10(13 partículas virales/µl. Adicionalmente, en el ensayo de tubérculo-semilla se determinó la presencia del PMTV en una de las 16 muestras. Estos resultados indican la viabilidad de utilizar rutinariamente la técnica de qRT-PCR para la detección de PMTV en Colombia.

  5. Caracterização parcial de um Tymovirus isolado de tomateiros

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    Isabel Cristina Batista

    2012-01-01

    Full Text Available Um Tymovirus isolado de sementes de tomateiro (Solanum lycopersicum 'Paronset' com sintomas de necrose, denominado TyToRS08, foi caracterizado quanto ao círculo de hospedeiras, propriedades físico-químicas, sorológicas e moleculares. O vírus foi transmitido mecanicamente a partir de folhas, frutos e sementes infectadas. A gama de hospedeiras incluiu espécies de Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae e Solanaceae, induzindo sintomas local e sistêmicos na maior parte das espécies, exceto para Nicotiana sylvestris, N. tabacum 'Samsun', 'White Burley' e 'Xanthi' que não manifestaram sintomas. Em tomateiros 'Alambra', 'Thomas', 'Diva', 'Romana' e 'Graziela', o vírus induziu sintomas de mosaico e necrose branca. A presença do vírus foi detectada, nas sementes infectadas de todas as cultivares avaliadas, porém não se notou em plântulas após a germinação destas sementes. Foi obtida uma preparação purificada com concentração de 1,04 mg mL-1, empregada na produção de um antissoro policlonal que reagiu em PTA-ELISA com um título de 1/32768. Utilizou-se um par de oligonucleotídeos degenerados, desenhados para anelar na ORF 1 de espécies de Tymovirus, que permitiu a amplificação por RT-PCR de fragmentos com cerca de 700 pb. Após o alinhamento e a análise das sequências, verificou-se que o isolado TyToRS08 possuía valores abaixo de 70% de identidade com as espécies de Tymovirus, indicando que pode se tratar de uma espécie distinta das descritas no gênero, com potencial epidemiológico, pela sua estabilidade e disseminação por sementes de tomate.

  6. Análise semiótica e formal do docudrama "Mulheres Assassinas"

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    Lucas Bonesi Ferreira

    2014-01-01

    Full Text Available El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el docudrama “Mujeres Asesinas”, transmitido por el canal Discovery Channel, en el que se cuentan historias de mujeres que han cometido homicidios. Este docudrama será investigado en dos sentidos: en primer lugar, será analizado en cuanto a su forma, o sea, cuáles son los elementos visuales presentes en el programa que pueden llevarlo a ser clasificado como docudrama. Para esta investigación, se utilizarán, primordialmente, los conceptos de reproducción y representación presentada por Bill Nichols (2012. Así, después de realizar este examen, se retirarán del programa dos imágenes y a partir de ellas, se hará un análisis semiótico, considerando los diferentes signos presentes en estas imágenes. El programa, que tiene como tema central historias de mujeres que cometen homicidios, se divide también por temas, o sea, en cada capítulo se reproduce una historia diferente, mostrando los diferentes motivos que llevan a que ocurra el homicidio. En ese sentido, esta investigación analizará los capítulos de mujeres que cometieron crímenes causados por emociones fuertes como rabia, amor, desespero, lucro, etc. De igual manera, también en virtud del mismo capítulo contar tres historias distintas, solo uno de los casos será escogido para examinarlo. Por medio de este trabajo, se pretende observar que existe una libertad cinematográfica en el docudrama el volver a contar la historia según la versión del director y, mientras tanto, mantener aún el deseo de ser fiel a la realidad. Por tanto, para que esto sea posible, se necesita que el director use muchos signos indicativos para que el telespectador tenga la impresión de estar frente a una historia verdadera, ya que en realidad estas imágenes son creíbles.

  7. Pueblo, política y comunicación: la recepción del discurso del presidente Rafael Correa

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    Mauro Cerbino

    Full Text Available Resumen Este artículo analiza el dispositivo de comunicación política denominado Enlace Ciudadano, que conduce semanalmente el presidente ecuatoriano Rafael Correa y es transmitido por radio y televisión, con la finalidad de caracterizar los sentidos que construyen los ciudadanos en torno a la acción de gobierno, las relaciones de Correa con los medios, sus formas de comunicación política, sus propuestas y las relaciones con otros actores políticos afines y opositores. A través de un estudio cualitativo que combinó el análisis del discurso y los estudios de recepción, se comprobó que el discurso presidencial ha promovido en las audiencias la generación de nuevos sentidos y significados para pensar la política y la relación de los ciudadanos con el Estado y los medios de comunicación. El artículo muestra diversas racionalidades e interpretaciones de ciudadanos que son al mismo tiempo destinatarios y receptores activos del discurso político. Estos resultados aportan algunas claves sobre los procesos político-culturales que están en la base del arraigo que presidentes denominados peyorativamente “populistas”, como Rafael Correa, han logrado en la población de sus países, en particular entre los sectores económica y socialmente más desfavorecidos. Ellos abrevan en la constitución de subjetividades que reconocen el valor de la identidad, los derechos, la autoestima, y la necesidad de relaciones menos desiguales, dejando también una puerta abierta a la diferencia y a la confrontación política. El artículo contribuye además a la discusión alrededor del significado político del sentido común en la configuración de la hegemonía en el contexto contemporáneo caracterizado por la mediatización de la política.

  8. Diagnóstico serológico y molecular del Potato leafroll virus (PLRV en tubérculos-semilla de papa en Antioquia, Colombia

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    Mauricio Esteban Mesa Medina

    2016-04-01

    Full Text Available Las virosis son uno de los problemas fitosanitarios más limitantes para la producción de papa, siendo los virus Potato leafroll virus (PLRV, Potato virus Y (PVY, Potato virus S (PVS y Potato ye-llow vein virus (PYVV los que generan mayores pérdidas económicas en la región andina. Gene-ralmente estos virus son transmitidos por insectos hemípteros y por tubérculos-semilla. En esta investigación se evaluó la presencia y distribución del PLRV en tubérculos de Solanum tuberosum variedad Diacol-Capiro y S. phureja variedad Criolla-Colombia obtenidos en Antioquia, utilizando pruebas serológicas y moleculares. Mediante DAS-ELISA se evaluaron 128 muestras consisten-tes en tres tipos de tejidos (piel, yemas latentes y brotes, mientras que con RT-PCR en tiempo real (RT-qPCR, se utilizó un subgrupo de 12 muestras de cada variedad. Utilizando DAS-ELISA, el PLRV se encontró en el 3,1% y 10,1% de las muestras de Diacol-Capiro y Criolla-Colombia, respectivamente; siendo evidente una mayor detección del virus en la piel de los tubérculos de ésta última variedad. Las pruebas de RT-qPCR detectaron el PLRV en 83,3% y 91,6% de las 12 muestras de Diacol-Capiro y de Criolla-Colombia, respectivamente; con valores de Ciclo umbral (CT entre 17,72 y 30,59. La naturaleza de los amplicones obtenidos por RT-qPCR fue confirmada por secuenciación como parte de una región codificante de la cápside del PLRV (Identidad=99%-100%. Estos resultados enfatizan en la necesidad de utilizar tubérculo-semilla certificados por su sanidad viral en los cultivos de papa del país y de fortalecer dichos programas a partir del empleo de técnicas de detección altamente sensibles como RT-qPCR.

  9. Implantação da linha de cuidado do infarto agudo do miocárdio no município de Belo Horizonte

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    Milena Soriano Marcolino

    2013-04-01

    Full Text Available FUNDAMENTO: A criação de sistemas ou linhas de cuidado ao infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM tem o objetivo de otimizar o atendimento ao paciente, desde o diagnóstico precoce até o tratamento adequado e em tempo hábil. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a implantação da linha de cuidado do IAM, em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, e seu impacto na mortalidade hospitalar por IAM. MÉTODOS: A linha de cuidado do IAM foi implantada em Belo Horizonte entre 2010 e 2011 com intuito de ampliar o acesso dos pacientes do sistema público de saúde ao tratamento preconizado pelas diretrizes vigentes. As equipes das unidades de pronto atendimento foram treinadas e foi implantado sistema de tele-eletrocardiografia nessas unidades. Os desfechos primários deste estudo observacional retrospectivo foram o número de internações e a mortalidade hospitalar por IAM, de 2009 a 2011. RESULTADOS: No período avaliado, 294 profissionais foram treinados e 563 ECGs foram transmitidos das unidades de pronto atendimento para as unidades coronarianas. Houve redução importante da taxa de mortalidade hospitalar (12,3% em 2009 versus 7,1% em 2011, p < 0,001, enquanto o número de internações por IAM permaneceu estável. Ocorreu aumento do custo médio de internação (média R$ 2.480,00 versus R$ 3.501,00, p < 0,001, aumento da proporção de internações contemplando diárias de terapia intensiva (32,4% em 2009 versus 66,1% em 2011, p < 0,001 e de pacientes internados em hospitais de alta complexidade (47,0% versus 69,6%, p < 0,001. CONCLUSÃO: A implantação da linha de cuidado do IAM permitiu maior acesso da população ao tratamento adequado e, consequentemente, redução na mortalidade hospitalar por IAM.

  10. Hantavirus del nuevo mundo: Ecología y epidemiología de un virus emergente en latinoamérica The New-World Hantaviruses: Ecology and epidemiology of an emerging virus in Latin America

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    Henry Puerta

    2006-08-01

    Full Text Available Los hantavirus son un grupo de patógenos emergentes (familia Bunyaviridae; género Hantavirus identificados como agentes etiológicos de la Fiebre Hemorrágica con Síndrome Renal (FHSR en Europa y Asia y el Síndrome Cardiopulmonar por Hantavirus (SCPH en las Américas. La FHSR está relacionada con roedores de las subfamilias Murinae y Arvicolinae y el SCPH con roedores de las subfamilias Sigmodontinae y Arvicolinae. Desde la identificación del SCPH en los EE.UU. en 1993, muchos casos de SCPH y un número cada vez mayor de hantavirus y sus roedores reservorios han sido identificados en Centro y Sud América. Estudios epidemiológicos han demostrado diferencias notables en las seroprevalencias de anticuerpos en humanos y roedores reservorios que oscilan entre el 1% y más del 40%. Hasta ahora han sido notificados en toda América más de 1500 casos de SCPH y aproximadamente más de 15 variantes de hantavirus genética y serológicamente distintos asociados a roedores sigmodontinos. Las formas clínicas leves-autolimitadas, moderadas y graves de la enfermedad, los antecedentes de transmisión persona a persona y una incidencia mayor de manifestaciones clínicas extrapulmonares que se diferencian de la enfermedad clásica descrita por primera vez en EE.UU., son aspectos importantes sobre la epidemiología de los hantavirus y el SCPH en Latinoamérica; sin embargo, la historia completa de los hantavirus está aún por escribirse, debido a la naturaleza dinámica de estos virus y sus patologías, y a la complejidad de los factores que intervienen en su aparición, establecimiento y diseminación en poblaciones humanas y animales. Latinoamérica continúa representando la porción del continente con una oportunidad única y desafiante para el estudio de la relación de los hantavirus con sus huéspedes reservorios naturales y las interacciones virus-roedor-humano. Probablemente más hantavirus podrían ser descritos en el futuro, y ser

  11. Ocorrência do vírus do mosqueado do morangueiro no estado de São Paulo Occurrence of the strawberry mottle virus in São Paulo

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    Ana Maria B. Carvalho

    1961-01-01

    Full Text Available Verificou-se a ocorrência de estirpes do vírus do grupo denominado mosqueado («strawberry mottle» em plantações de morangueiro no Estado de São Paulo. Variedades antigas, como a Dr. Morère. acham-se totalmente infetatas. sendo portadoras sem sintomas. Alguns clones novos plantados apenas por poucos anos em campo, já se acham parcialmente infetados, indicando que há transmissão da moléstia sob condições naturais. Sintomas de palidez das nervuras, mosqueado, paralisação no crescimento e encrespamento são apresentados por plantas de Fragaria vesca infetadas pelos vírus dêsse grupo. Numerosas espécies de plantas-teste habituais foram inoculadas com diferentes isolados do vírus, por meio do vetor, mas os resultados foram geralmente negativos. Afídios virulíferos, colonizados sôbre plantas novas de Cassia accidentalis, Chenopodiam quinoa, Leonotis nepaetifolia e Leonurus sibiricus. induziram o aparecimento de sintomas. Não se conseguiu retransmitir o vírus dessas espécies para F. vesca, existindo, portanto, dúvidas sôbre a verdadeira identidade do vírus que infetava tais plantas. O vírus do mosqueado não foi aparentemente transmitido pela semente. Também não se mostrou transmissível mecânicamente para Frogaria vesca. O virus obtido por inoculação com o vetor em Chenopodium quinoa e que se supõe ser o do mosqueado, pôde se transmitido mecânicamente de C. quinoa para C. quinoa. mas não para F. vesca. O pulgão Pentatrichopus fragaefolii mostrou-se eficiente vetor do mosqueado, conseguindo-se obter em média mais de 50% de infecção em infestações com 1 afidio por planta. Aphis gossypii também transmitiu o vírus do mosqueado, mas com muito menor eficiência. Não se conseguiu transmitir o mosqueado com uma espécie de Cuscuta que ocorre comumeute em Campinas. Em testes de transmissão por enxertia de fôlhas, os resultados foram muito fracos devido ao mau pegamento. O pulgão Pentatrichopus fragaefolii

  12. Rift Valley fever virus seroprevalence in human rural populations of Gabon.

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    Xavier Pourrut

    Full Text Available BACKGROUND: Rift Valley fever (RVF is a mosquito-borne viral zoonosis caused by a phlebovirus and transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Humans can also be infected through direct contact with blood (aerosols or tissues (placenta, stillborn of infected animals. Although severe clinical cases can be observed, infection with RVF virus (RVFV in humans is, in most cases, asymptomatic or causes a febrile illness without serious symptoms. In small ruminants RVFV mainly causes abortion and neonatal death. The distribution of RVFV has been well documented in many African countries, particularly in the north (Egypt, Sudan, east (Kenya, Tanzania, Somalia, west (Senegal, Mauritania and south (South Africa, but also in the Indian Ocean (Madagascar, Mayotte and the Arabian Peninsula. In contrast, the prevalence of RVFV has rarely been investigated in central African countries. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We therefore conducted a large serological survey of rural populations in Gabon, involving 4,323 individuals from 212 randomly selected villages (10.3% of all Gabonese villages. RVFV-specific IgG was found in a total of 145 individuals (3.3% suggesting the wide circulation of Rift Valley fever virus in Gabon. The seroprevalence was significantly higher in the lakes region than in forest and savannas zones, with respective rates of 8.3%, 2.9% and 2.2%. In the lakes region, RVFV-specific IgG was significantly more prevalent in males than in females (respectively 12.8% and 3.8% and the seroprevalence increased gradually with age in males but not in females. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Although RVFV was suggested to circulate at a relatively high level in Gabon, no outbreaks or even isolated cases have been documented in the country. The higher prevalence in the lakes region is likely to be driven by specific ecologic conditions favorable to certain mosquito vector species. Males may be more at risk of infection than females because they spend more time farming and

  13. Transmission of Rift Valley fever virus from European-breed lambs to Culex pipiens mosquitoes.

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    Rianka P M Vloet

    2017-12-01

    Full Text Available Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV is a mosquito-borne bunyavirus of the genus Phlebovirus that is highly pathogenic to ruminants and humans. The disease is currently confined to Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, but globalization and climate change may facilitate introductions of the virus into currently unaffected areas via infected animals or mosquitoes. The consequences of such an introduction will depend on environmental factors, the availability of susceptible ruminants and the capacity of local mosquitoes to transmit the virus. We have previously demonstrated that lambs native to the Netherlands are highly susceptible to RVFV and we here report the vector competence of Culex (Cx. pipiens, the most abundant and widespread mosquito species in the country. Vector competence was first determined after artificial blood feeding of laboratory-reared mosquitoes using the attenuated Clone 13 strain. Subsequently, experiments with wild-type RVFV and mosquitoes hatched from field-collected eggs were performed. Finally, the transmission of RVFV from viremic lambs to mosquitoes was studied.Artificial feeding experiments using Clone 13 demonstrated that indigenous, laboratory-reared Cx. pipiens mosquitoes are susceptible to RVFV and that the virus can be transmitted via their saliva. Experiments with wild-type RVFV and mosquitoes hatched from field-collected eggs confirmed the vector competence of Cx. pipiens mosquitoes from the Netherlands. To subsequently investigate transmission of the virus under more natural conditions, mosquitoes were allowed to feed on RVFV-infected lambs during the viremic period. We found that RVFV is efficiently transmitted from lambs to mosquitoes, although transmission was restricted to peak viremia. Interestingly, in the mosquito-exposed skin samples, replication of RVFV was detected in previously unrecognized target cells.We here report the vector competence of Cx. pipiens mosquitoes from the Netherlands for RVFV. Both

  14. Differential Expression of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus-Derived Viral Small RNAs in Infected Commercial and Experimental Host Plants

    Science.gov (United States)

    Mitter, Neena; Koundal, Vikas; Williams, Sarah; Pappu, Hanu

    2013-01-01

    Background Viral small RNAs (vsiRNAs) in the infected host can be generated from viral double-stranded RNA replicative intermediates, self-complementary regions of the viral genome or from the action of host RNA-dependent RNA polymerases on viral templates. The vsiRNA abundance and profile as well as the endogenous small RNA population can vary between different hosts infected by the same virus influencing viral pathogenicity and host response. There are no reports on the analysis of vsiRNAs of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), a segmented negative stranded RNA virus in the family Bunyaviridae, with two of its gene segments showing ambisense gene arrangement. The virus causes significant economic losses to numerous field and horticultural crops worldwide. Principal Findings Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)-specific vsiRNAs were characterized by deep sequencing in virus-infected experimental host Nicotiana benthamiana and a commercial, susceptible host tomato. The total small (s) RNA reads in TSWV-infected tomato sample showed relatively equal distribution of 21, 22 and 24 nt, whereas N. benthamiana sample was dominated by 24 nt total sRNAs. The number of vsiRNA reads detected in tomato was many a magnitude (~350:1) higher than those found in N. benthamiana, however the profile of vsiRNAs in terms of relative abundance 21, 22 and 24 nt class size was similar in both the hosts. Maximum vsiRNA reads were obtained for the M RNA segment of TSWV while the largest L RNA segment had the least number of vsiRNAs in both tomato and N. benthamiana. Only the silencing suppressor, NSs, of TSWV recorded higher antisense vsiRNA with respect to the coding frame among all the genes of TSWV. Significance Details of the origin, distribution and abundance of TSWV vsiRNAs could be useful in designing efficient targets for exploiting RNA interference for virus resistance. It also has major implications toward our understanding of the differential processing of vsiRNAs in antiviral

  15. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Nucleocapsid Protein Augments mRNA Translation.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Jeeva, Subbiah; Cheng, Erdong; Ganaie, Safder S; Mir, Mohammad A

    2017-08-01

    Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a tick-borne Nairovirus of the Bunyaviridae family, causing severe illness with high mortality rates in humans. Here, we demonstrate that CCHFV nucleocapsid protein (CCHFV-NP) augments mRNA translation. CCHFV-NP binds to the viral mRNA 5' untranslated region (UTR) with high affinity. It facilitates the translation of reporter mRNA both in vivo and in vitro with the assistance of the viral mRNA 5' UTR. CCHFV-NP equally favors the translation of both capped and uncapped mRNAs, demonstrating the independence of this translation strategy on the 5' cap. Unlike the canonical host translation machinery, inhibition of eIF4F complex, an amalgam of three initiation factors, eIF4A, eIF4G, and eIF4E, by the chemical inhibitor 4E1RCat did not impact the CCHFV-NP-mediated translation mechanism. However, the proteolytic degradation of eIF4G alone by the human rhinovirus 2A protease abrogated this translation strategy. Our results demonstrate that eIF4F complex formation is not required but eIF4G plays a critical role in this translation mechanism. Our results suggest that CCHFV has adopted a unique translation mechanism to facilitate the translation of viral mRNAs in the host cell cytoplasm where cellular transcripts are competing for the same translation apparatus. IMPORTANCE Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, a highly contagious viral disease endemic to more than 30 countries, has limited treatment options. Our results demonstrate that NP favors the translation of a reporter mRNA harboring the viral mRNA 5' UTR. It is highly likely that CCHFV uses an NP-mediated translation strategy for the rapid synthesis of viral proteins during the course of infection. Shutdown of this translation mechanism might selectively impact viral protein synthesis, suggesting that an NP-mediated translation strategy is a target for therapeutic intervention against this viral disease. Copyright © 2017 American Society for Microbiology.

  16. Seroprevalence of Schmallenberg virus in dairy cattle in Ethiopia.

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    Sibhat, Berhanu; Ayelet, Gelagay; Gebremedhin, Endrias Zewdu; Skjerve, Eystein; Asmare, Kassahun

    2018-02-01

    Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is a recently identified member of the genus Orthobunyavirus of the family Bunyaviridae. It is an arbovirus transmitted by different members of Culicoides spp of biting midges. The virus is more recognized for its effect on reproductive disorders in ruminants characterised by abortion, stillbirth and birth of congenitally defective newborns with hydranencephaly-arthrogryposis syndrome. The current study was undertaken with the objectives of exploring the presence of SBV exposure and identification of factors affecting its distribution among dairy cattle in Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1379 dairy cattle sampled from 149 dairy herds in central, southern and western Ethiopia during September 2011 to May 2012. Serum samples were examined using competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). Data on hypothesised risk factors were collected from farm records where available and semi-structured questionnaire-based interview. The apparent seroprevalence of exposure to SBV was 56.6% (95% confidence interval (CI): 53.9-59.3). True prevalence adjusted for sensitivity and specificity of the cELISA kit used was 58.3% (95% CI 55.7-60.9). Among the sampled herds, 82.6% (95% CI: 75.5-88.3) had at least one seropositive animal. Seropositive cattle were found in all of the 15 conurbations studied. Adult dairy cows [odds ratio (OR)=1.6] were more commonly affected than young heifers. Dairy cattle kept in commercial (OR=1.6) and breeding farms (OR=3.5) and Midland agroecology (OR=2.5) showed statistically significant seroconversion than cattle kept under small-holder dairy farms and Highland agroecology respectively (p<0.05). Reproductive disorders including abortion, retention of the fetal membranes, and metritis were associated with serostatus of SBV. In conclusion, the seroprevalence of SBV is high and widely distributed in the studied parts of Ethiopia. This being the first study of its kind on SBV in Ethiopia, further

  17. Role of Bunyamwera Orthobunyavirus NSs protein in infection of mosquito cells.

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    Szemiel, Agnieszka M; Failloux, Anna-Bella; Elliott, Richard M

    2012-01-01

    Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus is both the prototype and study model of the Bunyaviridae family. The viral NSs protein seems to contribute to the different outcomes of infection in mammalian and mosquito cell lines. However, only limited information is available on the growth of Bunyamwera virus in cultured mosquito cells other than the Aedes albopictus C6/36 line. To determine potential functions of the NSs protein in mosquito cells, replication of wild-type virus and a recombinant NSs deletion mutant was compared in Ae. albopictus C6/36, C7-10 and U4.4 cells, and in Ae. aegypti Ae cells by monitoring N protein production and virus yields at various times post infection. Both viruses established persistent infections, with the exception of NSs deletion mutant in U4.4 cells. The NSs protein was nonessential for growth in C6/36 and C7-10 cells, but was important for productive replication in U4.4 and Ae cells. Fluorescence microscopy studies using recombinant viruses expressing green fluorescent protein allowed observation of three stages of infection, early, acute and late, during which infected cells underwent morphological changes. In the absence of NSs, these changes were less pronounced. An RNAi response efficiently reduced virus replication in U4.4 cells transfected with virus specific dsRNA, but not in C6/36 or C7/10 cells. Lastly, Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were exposed to blood-meal containing either wild-type or NSs deletion virus, and at various times post-feeding, infection and disseminated infection rates were measured. Compared to wild-type virus, infection rates by the mutant virus were lower and more variable. If the NSs deletion virus was able to establish infection, it was detected in salivary glands at 6 days post-infection, 3 days later than wild-type virus. Bunyamwera virus NSs is required for efficient replication in certain mosquito cell lines and in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes.

  18. Differential expression of tomato spotted wilt virus-derived viral small RNAs in infected commercial and experimental host plants.

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    Neena Mitter

    Full Text Available BACKGROUND: Viral small RNAs (vsiRNAs in the infected host can be generated from viral double-stranded RNA replicative intermediates, self-complementary regions of the viral genome or from the action of host RNA-dependent RNA polymerases on viral templates. The vsiRNA abundance and profile as well as the endogenous small RNA population can vary between different hosts infected by the same virus influencing viral pathogenicity and host response. There are no reports on the analysis of vsiRNAs of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV, a segmented negative stranded RNA virus in the family Bunyaviridae, with two of its gene segments showing ambisense gene arrangement. The virus causes significant economic losses to numerous field and horticultural crops worldwide. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV-specific vsiRNAs were characterized by deep sequencing in virus-infected experimental host Nicotiana benthamiana and a commercial, susceptible host tomato. The total small (s RNA reads in TSWV-infected tomato sample showed relatively equal distribution of 21, 22 and 24 nt, whereas N. benthamiana sample was dominated by 24 nt total sRNAs. The number of vsiRNA reads detected in tomato was many a magnitude (~350:1 higher than those found in N. benthamiana, however the profile of vsiRNAs in terms of relative abundance 21, 22 and 24 nt class size was similar in both the hosts. Maximum vsiRNA reads were obtained for the M RNA segment of TSWV while the largest L RNA segment had the least number of vsiRNAs in both tomato and N. benthamiana. Only the silencing suppressor, NSs, of TSWV recorded higher antisense vsiRNA with respect to the coding frame among all the genes of TSWV. SIGNIFICANCE: Details of the origin, distribution and abundance of TSWV vsiRNAs could be useful in designing efficient targets for exploiting RNA interference for virus resistance. It also has major implications toward our understanding of the differential processing of vsi

  19. Bovine epizootic encephalomyelitis caused by Akabane virus in southern Japan

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    Tanaka Shogo

    2008-06-01

    Full Text Available Abstract Background Akabane virus is a member of the genus Orthobunyavirus in the family Bunyaviridae. It is transmitted by hematophagous arthropod vectors such as Culicoides biting midges and is widely distributed in temperate to tropical regions of the world. The virus is well known as a teratogenic pathogen which causes abortions, stillbirths, premature births and congenital abnormalities with arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly syndrome in cattle, sheep and goats. On the other hand, it is reported that the virus rarely induces encephalomyelitis in cattle by postnatal infection. A first large-scale epidemic of Akabane viral encephalomyelitis in cattle occurred in the southern part of Japan from summer to autumn in 2006. The aim of this study is to define the epidemiological, pathological and virological properties of the disease. Results Nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis was observed in cattle that showed neurological symptoms such as astasia, ataxia, opisthotonus and hypersensitivity in beef and dairy farms by histopathological analysis. Akabane viral antigen and genome were consistently detected from the central nervous system of these animals, and the virus was isolated not only from them but also from the blood samples of clinically healthy calves in the epidemic area. The isolates were classified into genogroup I a containing the Iriki strain, which caused encephalitis of calves almost twenty years ago in Japan. Most of the affected cattle possessed the neutralizing antibody against Akabane virus. Seroconversion of the cohabitated and sentinel cattle in the epidemic area was also confirmed during an outbreak of the disease. Conclusion The ecological and epidemiological data we have obtained so far demonstrated that the Akabane virus is not endemic in Japan. No evidence of Akabane virus circulation was observed in 2005 through nation-wide serological surveillance, suggesting that a new strain belonging to genogroup I a invaded southern Japan

  20. Novel camelid antibody fragments targeting recombinant nucleoprotein of Araucaria hantavirus: a prototype for an early diagnosis of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome.

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    Soraya S Pereira

    Full Text Available In addition to conventional antibodies, camelids produce immunoglobulins G composed exclusively of heavy chains in which the antigen binding site is formed only by single domains called VHH. Their particular characteristics make VHHs interesting tools for drug-delivery, passive immunotherapy and high-throughput diagnosis. Hantaviruses are rodent-borne viruses of the Bunyaviridae family. Two clinical forms of the infection are known. Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS is present in the Old World, while Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS is found on the American continent. There is no specific treatment for HPS and its diagnosis is carried out by molecular or serological techniques, using mainly monoclonal antibodies or hantavirus nucleoprotein (N to detect IgM and IgG in patient serum. This study proposes the use of camelid VHHs to develop alternative methods for diagnosing and confirming HPS. Phage display technology was employed to obtain VHHs. After immunizing one Lama glama against the recombinant N protein (prNΔ₈₅ of a Brazilian hantavirus strain, VHH regions were isolated to construct an immune library. VHHs were displayed fused to the M13KO7 phage coat protein III and the selection steps were performed on immobilized prNΔ₈₅. After selection, eighty clones recognized specifically the N protein. These were sequenced, grouped based mainly on the CDRs, and five clones were analyzed by western blot (WB, surface plasmon resonance (SPR device, and ELISA. Besides the ability to recognize prNΔ85 by WB, all selected clones showed affinity constants in the nanomolar range. Additionaly, the clone KC329705 is able to detect prNΔ₈₅ in solution, as well as the native viral antigen. Findings support the hypothesis that selected VHHs could be a powerful tool in the development of rapid and accurate HPS diagnostic assays, which are essential to provide supportive care to patients and reduce the high mortality rate associated with

  1. Nonstructural Protein NSs of Schmallenberg Virus Is Targeted to the Nucleolus and Induces Nucleolar Disorganization.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Gouzil, Julie; Fablet, Aurore; Lara, Estelle; Caignard, Grégory; Cochet, Marielle; Kundlacz, Cindy; Palmarini, Massimo; Varela, Mariana; Breard, Emmanuel; Sailleau, Corinne; Viarouge, Cyril; Coulpier, Muriel; Zientara, Stéphan; Vitour, Damien

    2017-01-01

    is the first report of nucleolar functions for NSs within the Bunyaviridae family. Copyright © 2016 Gouzil et al.

  2. Incidence and transplacental transmission of Neospora caninum in primiparous females from Bos indicus slaughtered in Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil / Incidência e transmissão transplacentária de Neospora caninum em fêmeas primíparas da raça Bos indicus abatidos em Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brasil

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    Sergio do Nascimento Kronka

    2008-08-01

    Full Text Available To produce an epidemiological map of neosporosis in Brazil and identify the types of transmission of this disease, the present study evaluated the occurrence of Neospora caninum in Nelore cattle (Bos indicus in Presidente Prudent, west region of Sao Paulo state; its vertical transmission; and the early stage in which fetuses are infected. To achieve this, serum samples from 518 slaughtered pregnant heifers and their fetuses were tested by ELISA technique and fetal brain tissues subjected to PCR. One hundred and three heifers (19.88% had antibodies to N. caninum, as well as 38 (36.8% of fetuses from 4 months of gestation. The conventional PCR failed to detect N. caninum DNA. These findings show that neosporosis occurs in the area studied and that it may be transmitted the transplacental route, althought N. caninum had not detected in brain tissue from non-aborted fetuses. The use of nested PCR it would be applied to increase the sensitivy of test.Para produzir um mapa epidemiológico da neosporose no Brasil e identificar os tipos de transmissão dessa doença, o presente estudo avaliou a ocorrência de Neospora caninum em fêmea Nelore (Bos Indicus em Presidente Prudente, região oeste do Estado de São Paulo e o risco de infecção fetal nos estágios iniciais da gestação. Para a realização deste estudo, amostras de soro de 518 novilhas prenhas abatidas e seus fetos foram testadas pela técnica de ELISA e para avaliação de transmissão vertical, tecido cerebral fetal foi submetido à reação da polimerase em cadeia (PCR. Dessas novilhas, 103 (19,88% tinham anticorpos para N. caninum dos quais 38 (36,8% estavam no 4 mês de gestação. Esses achados mostram que a Neosporose ocorre na área estudada e que pode ser transmitido pela via placentária, embora o N. caninum não tenha sido detectado em tecido cerebral de fetos não abortado. O uso de nested PCR poderia ser aplicado como forma de aumentar a sensibilidade do teste.

  3. Anuncios y estrategias de campaña en televisión: un balance de la elección intermedia de 2015 en México

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    Oniel Francisco Díaz Jiménez

    2016-10-01

    Full Text Available En las campañas electorales profesionalizadas, los partidos políticos y los candidatos presentan sus propuestas ante el electorado y buscan maximizar votos, principalmente, a través de los medios de comunicación. En elecciones presidenciales, las estrategias y las tácticas de campaña se enfocan en las imágenes y las propuestas políticas de los candidatos que compiten por la Presidencia. Sin embargo, ¿qué ocurre en elecciones congresionales intermedias, donde los actores principales de la campaña son los partidos políticos y sus candidatos que compiten por cargos legislativos? Este trabajo realiza un análisis de contenido de los anuncios televisivos (spots de 30 segundos transmitidos por los partidos mexicanos durante las elecciones congresionales intermedias de 2015, con el fin de identificar sus estrategias de campaña. Los resultados muestran diferencias relevantes entre las campañas realizadas por las organizaciones nacionales de los partidos y las campañas de los candidatos individuales a nivel distrital. Sin embargo, también ponen a la vista que los anuncios de ataque fueron un componente central en las estrategias mediáticas de los partidos y los candidatos durante la campaña. / In professionalized election campaigns, political parties and candidates present their policy proposals to the electorate and seek to maximize votes, primarily through media appeals. In presidential elections, campaign tactics and strategies focus on the images and policy proposals of presidential candidates. However, what happens in congressional midterm elections, where the main campaigners are the political parties and their congressional candidates? This article analyzes the content of all television announcements (30-second spots broadcast by Mexican political parties during the 2015 mid-term congressional elections, in order to identify their campaign strategies. The results show relevant differences between the campaigns run by national

  4. Anuncios y estrategias de campaña en televisión: un balance de la elección intermedia de 2015 en México / Television Campaign Ads and Strategies: The Case of Mexico’s 2015 Mid-term Elections

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    Oniel Francisco Díaz Jiménez

    2016-07-01

    Full Text Available En las campañas electorales profesionalizadas, los partidos políticos y los candidatos presentan sus propuestas ante el electorado y buscan maximizar votos, principalmente, a través de los medios de comunicación. En elecciones presidenciales, las estrategias y las tácticas de campaña se enfocan en las imágenes y las propuestas políticas de los candidatos que compiten por la Presidencia. Sin embargo, ¿qué ocurre en elecciones congresionales intermedias, donde los actores principales de la campaña son los partidos políticos y sus candidatos que compiten por cargos legislativos? Este trabajo realiza un análisis de contenido de los anuncios televisivos (spotsde 30 segundos transmitidos por los partidos mexicanos durante las elecciones congresionales intermedias de 2015, con el fin de identificar sus estrategias de campaña. Los resultados muestran diferencias relevantes entre las campañas realizadas por las organizaciones nacionales de los partidos y las campañas de los candidatos individuales a nivel distrital. Sin embargo, también ponen a la vista que los anuncios de ataque fueron un componente central en las estrategias mediáticas de los partidos y los candidatos durante la campaña. / In professionalized election campaigns, political parties and candidates present their policy proposals to the electorate and seek to maximize votes, primarily through media appeals. In presidential elections, campaign tactics and strategies focus on the images and policy proposals of presidential candidates. However, what happens in congressional mid-term elections, where the main campaigners are the political parties and their congressional candidates? This article analyzes the content of all television announcements (30-second spots broadcast by Mexican political parties during the 2015 mid-term congressional elections, in order to identify their campaign strategies. The results show relevant differences between the campaigns run by national

  5. Evaluation of the possible role of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae as mechanical vectors of nematodes and protists

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    Fabio Villani

    2008-10-01

    Full Text Available Nematodes and protists can be transmitted to humans in many ways and little concern has been given to the mechanical transmission by ants. This study aimed at analysing how the eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides and cysts of Entamoeba coli could be mechanically transmitted to the man by Formicidae. Through the experiments using nests of Tapinoma melanocephalum, Linepithema humile and Monomorium pharaonis reared in the laboratory allied to observations of some 17 ant species in an urban park area in Mogi das Cruzes (SP, it was found that L. humile was capable of carrying eggs of A. lumbricoides both in the field and laboratory conditions (1 worker, as well as was Camponotus rufipes (2, Solenopsis saevissima (1 and Acromyrmex niger (1. The cysts of Escherichia coli were found over three workers of C. rufipes. Although the frequency of the workers found transporting pathogens was low, the capacity of common household species in carrying pathogens like nematodes and protists was demonstrated.Os Nematoda e Protista podem ser transmitidos ao homem de diversas maneiras, mas pouca ênfase é dada para a transmissão mecânica por intermédio de formigas. Assim, esse trabalho procurou investigar a transmissão mecânica de ovos de Ascaris lumbricoides e cistos de Entamoeba coli pelos Formicidae. Através de experimentos com espécies mantidas em ninhos no laboratório (Tapinoma melanocephalum, Linepithema humile e Monomorium pharaonis e com 17 espécies de formigas de uma área antropizada na região de Mogi as Cruzes (SP, foi possível constar que os ovos A. lumbricoides foram transportados por L. humile, tanto no campo (1 operária como no laboratório (1 operária, por Camponotus rufipes (2, por Solenopsis saevissima (1 e por Acromyrmrex niger (1. Em três operárias de C. rufipes foram encontrados cistos de E. coli. Apesar da baixa incidência de transporte, as três primeiras espécies pelo fato de viverem muito próximas ao ser humano, podem levar para

  6. Los romanceamientos castellanos de la Biblia Hebrea compuestos en la Edad Media: manuscritos y traducciones

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    Pueyo Mena, F. Javier

    2013-06-01

    Full Text Available This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of 28 Hebrew lemmas and their translations into Castilian in the eleven medieval codices containing 15th century vernacular renderings of the Hebrew Bible into Old Spanish. The objective is to determine, through quantitative comparison of lexical coherence in the texts contained in each one of these manuscripts, how many translators were involved in the translations now preserved, either mixed or scattered in the various codices. We conclude that there are only six different 15th century translations from the Hebrew still stant: the complete Bible E3, the Pentateuch in E19, the complete Bible made up from the combination of the translations contained in the codices E7 and E5, the whole Bible that we call the Bible of the Marquis of Santillana (which is a combination of parts of the E4 codex and the BNE codex in its entirety, the Arragel Bible and the Former Prophets contained in the Oxford codex.Este trabajo presenta un análisis exhaustivo de 28 lemas hebreos y de sus correspondientes traducciones al castellano en los once códices medievales que contienen romanceamientos cuatrocentistas de la Biblia hebrea. El objetivo es determinar, mediante la comparación cuantitativa de la coherencia léxica de los textos transmitidos en cada uno de estos manuscritos, cuántos traductores participaron en las traducciones que ahora se conservan o bien mezcladas o bien diseminadas en los distintos códices. Se concluye que se preservan solamente seis traducciones diferentes del siglo xv hechas a partir del hebreo: la Biblia completa de E3, el Pentateuco de E19, la Biblia completa que supone la combinación de la traducción contenida en los códices E7 y E5, la Biblia completa que denominamos Biblia del Marqués de Santillana (y que es una combinación de partes del códice E4 y del códice completo de BNE, la Biblia de Arragel y los Profetas Anteriores contenidos en el códice de Oxford.

  7. Television y bebidas alcohólicas y analcohólicas Television and drinking-alcoholic and nonalcoholic

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    Pedro Naveillan F.

    1987-02-01

    Full Text Available Dadas las implicancias educativas de la televisión, se decidió estudiar la frecuencia y características de los eventos con bebidas alcohólicas y analcohólicas en la televisión chilena utilizando el método ideado por Garlington. El registro fue hecho por períodos de media hora, distribuidos aleatoriamente, para cada observador, voluntaria perteneciente a una comuna que se caracteriza por su bajo nivel sociocultural; ellas monitorearon durante una semana, de Lunes a Viernes todos los programas transmitidos desde las 20:00 a las 24:00 horas. Se observó que, en promedio, por cada canal se transmite un evento de bebida alcohólica cada 24 minutos 19 segundos y uno de bebida no alcohólica cada 37 minutos y medio; las imágenes de bebida alcohólicas se incrementan a partir de las 21:30 horas. Del total de eventos, 60,7% corresponden a bebidas alcohólicas y de éstos el 61,1% tiene carácter publicitario. Los eventos relacionados con bebidas alcohólicas ocurren principalmente en la casa, por amistad y en forma de escenas, los con no alcohólicas en lugares desportivos, por amistad y en escena de ingestión.In view of the educational impact of television, the frequency and characteristics of T.V. events associated both with alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages were studied, according to Garlington's technique. The events in all the programs from 8 p.m. to 12 midnight, Monday through Friday, were registered by volunteers from an area of low socioeconomic status, in probabilisticably selected half an hour periods during a normal week. On the average the channels transmit an alcohol-related event every 24'19", and one non-alcoholic beverage associated event every 37'30". Alcohol drinking appears more often ofter 9:30 p.m. Of the total number of events, 60.7% are related to alcohol, 61.1% of these being advertisements. They take place mainly in the home or in a friendly atmosphere, under the guise of plays; non-alcoholic beverages were shown at

  8. AUTOCONCEITO DE GÊNERO EM CRIANÇAS DA EDUCAÇÃO INFANTIL

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    Karina Ingredy Leite da Silva

    2015-10-01

    Full Text Available Este trabalho de conclusão do Curso de Psicopedagogia objetivou analisar o desenvolvimento do autoconceito de gênero em crianças da educação infantil da Escola de Educação Básica da Universidade Federal da Paraíba nas interações livres com os seus pares. Realizou-se uma abordagem qualitativa, durante o segundo semestre de 2013, com observações participantes e não participantes de grupos de meninas, grupos de meninos e entre meninos e meninas interagindo juntos em um mesmo grupo. O procedimento analítico utilizado foi análise de conteúdo, incluindo as falas, movimentos corporais e espaciais, a partir das seguintes questões norteadoras: as crianças expressam o autoconceito de gênero em interações livres? As crianças demonstram uma construção de inequidade e tipificação de gênero? Verificou-se que as crianças da educação infantil já reproduzem as desigualdades entre os sexos, e que são os adultos mais próximos como as/os professores/as e cuidadores/as na escola e o pai e a mãe em suas casas os grandes contribuintes da construção do seu autoconceito de gênero, demonstrando que essa construção é alimentada pelo machismo, sexismo e homofobia, transmitidos principalmente através da linguagem, de atitudes e comportamentos. Observou-se que as crianças diariamente tipificam, classificam e discriminam lugares, cores, brinquedos, brincadeiras, jogos, comportamentos, espaços e tarefas de acordo com cada sexo, reforçando os valores pensados e impostos pela cultura hegemônica para modelos de feminilidade e masculinidade, internalizando e reproduzindo a inequidade de gênero. Portanto, para a escola desconstruir essas relações, linguagens, identidades e autoconceitos, precisa tornar-se um espaço plural, de igualdade e equidade de gênero, por meio de uma educação não sexista.

  9. Mídia, violência e alteridade: um estudo de caso Media, violence and otherness: a case study

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    Fabiana Pinheiro Ramos

    2003-12-01

    Full Text Available O objetivo do presente trabalho é discutir algumas representações que circularam na mídia impressa a respeito do caso de um seqüestro de ônibus que ocorreu na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, em junho do ano 2000. O seqüestro foi transmitido ao vivo pela TV e teve um desfecho trágico, tendo recebido ampla cobertura nos meios de comunicação. Foram analisadas duas matérias de revistas semanais de circulação nacional e setenta matérias de um jornal de grande circulação em São Paulo e no resto do país. A discussão é centrada na figura do agente da violência - o criminoso, a partir da perspectiva da produção da alteridade. Os resultados apontam que a mídia, na maioria das vezes, contribui para a mitificação do fenômeno da violência e para a manutenção da concepção de que a violência é um problema individual de alguém que não sabe lidar com suas emoções e dificuldades, e que merece, portanto, ser excluído do convívio social.The objective of this paper is to discuss some representations that circulated on press media about the bus kidnapping case that occurred in the city of Rio de Janeiro, in June 2000. The kidnapping was aired live on TV with a big mass media coverage, and it had a tragic end. Our analysis comprised two reports of magazines of national circulation and seventy news reports of an important newspaper from São Paulo, read all over the country. The focus of the analysis is the figure of the agent of violence - the criminal, adopting the otherness production perspective. The results showed that media contribute to mystify the violence, and to sustain the conception that violence is an individual problem of someone who cannot deal with emotions and difficulties, and therefore deserves to be excluded from social ground.

  10. Detecção, transmissão e patogenicidade de fungos em sementes de angico-vermelho (Parapiptadenia rigida Detection, transmission and pathogenicity of fungi on seeds of Parapiptadenia rigida ("angico-vermelho"

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    Caciara Gonzatto Maciel

    2012-12-01

    Full Text Available Angico-vermelho (Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth. Brenan é uma espécie nativa de grande valor ecológico e econômico, importante para a recomposição de áreas degradadas. O presente trabalho avaliou incidência, transmissão e patogenicidade de fungos associados a sementes de angico-vermelho de distintas procedências do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Para isso, utilizaram-se três amostras de sementes, com as quais realizaram-se testes de germinação, sanidade empregando-se o método do papel-filtro (PF e de plaqueamento em batata-dextrose-ágar (BDA, transmissão e patogenicidade dos fungos. A germinação das sementes de angico-vermelho variou de 63 a 91 %. Os fungos considerados potencialmente patogênicos encontrados associados as sementes de angico-vermelho foram: Alternaria sp.; Botrytis sp.; Fusarium sp.; Cladosporium sp. e Pestalotia sp.; sendo que Fusarium sp. foi detectado em todas as amostras pelo método PF, e foi transmitido via semente causando má formação do sistema radicular e dos cotilédones e tombamento de pré emergência. Sua patogenicidade foi confirmada."Angico-vermelho" (Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth. Brenan is a native species of great ecological and economic importance for the recovery of degraded areas. This study evaluated the incidence, the transmission and the pathogenicity of fungi associated with "angico-vermelho" seeds from different provenances of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Thus, we used three samples of seeds, with which germination and sanity tests were carried out by adopting the methods of filter paper (FP, plating on potato dextrose agar (PDA, transmission and pathogenicity of fungi. Germination of "angico-vermelho" seeds ranged from 63-91%. The fungi considered potentially pathogenic and found associated with "angico-vermelho" seeds were: Alternaria sp.; Botrytis sp.; Fusarium sp.; Cladosporium sp. and Pestalotia sp.. Fusarium sp. was detected in all samples according to the FP method and was

  11. Tambores, rádios e vídeoclipes: Sobre paisagens sonoras, territórios e multiterritorialidades

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    Marcos Alberto Torres

    2012-01-01

    Full Text Available Os sons, transmitidos por meio de propagações ondulatórias, são produzidos e reproduzidos de diferentes formas e maneiras, seja pela natureza ou pelos seres humanos. Pela natureza têm-se os sons dos ventos, das águas, dos animais. Pelos humanos têm-se os sons das falas, do trabalho, da música, dentre outros. Os seres humanos, dessa forma, organizam sons para comunicação e, mais recentemente na história da humanidade, encontraram a possibilidade técnica do acondicionamento dos sons, para a posterior reprodução em diferentes localidades, marcando uma nova fase nas paisagens sonoras do mundo. Seja pela fala, seja pela música, a humanidade comunica ideias e valores permeados pela cultura. As mais recentes propagações musicais, que se atrelam à linguagem audiovisual, marcam a paisagem dos lugares, que comunica, retrata, e possibilita a existência de distintas territorialidades no espaço. O presente artigo objetiva tecer relações entre a paisagem sonora e a construção de multiterritorialidades, a partir de exemplos de identidades criadas com base em movimentos e estilos musicais, seus territórios e territorialidades. Abstract DRUMS, RADIOS AND VIDEO-CLIPS: ABOUT SOUNDSCAPES, TERRITORIES AND MULTITERRITORIALITIES The sounds transmitted through vibrations in air are produced in different forms and ways, by nature or by human beings. Many sounds exist in the nature like wind sounds, water sounds and animal sounds. The humans produced sounds like speech, work sounds, musics and others. Therefore, they can organize sounds to communicate and nowadays they found out the possibility of the keep sounds to reproduce it in differents places. The humanity communicate ideas and cultural values through the speech or music. The most recent spread musics that are related with audiovisual language showed the landscapes of places and it also communicate, reflect and gives rise distinct territorialities space. It research verifies the relations

  12. Controle social exercitado nas universidades públicas de Teresina (PI: um estudo com acadêmicos de ciências contábeis

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    Anderson Rafael Costa Sousa

    2015-12-01

    Full Text Available O conhecimento transmitido e discutido em sala de aula, seja por padrões normatizados, mensurados e avaliados ou por abordagens intuitivas, tem o dever de minimamente agregar momentos de reflexão sobre sua aplicabilidade como sendo algo que sirva, inclusive, de retorno social. No Brasil, as instituições educacionais funcionam hoje não só como transmissoras de conhecimento técnico-científico – a responsabilidade ético-social torna-se base no convívio em sociedade diante do contexto de desigualdades sociais e de corrupção presentes no sistema político brasileiro. Diante disso, apresenta-se a evolução normativa e legal que propicia o controle dos gastos públicos, destacando-se, por exemplo, a Constituição Federal, a Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal, a Lei de Acesso à Informação e as suas contribuições no processo de controle social. Desenvolveu-se essa pesquisa nas instituições públicas de ensino superior do município de Teresina, capital do estado do Piauí, na tentativa de questionar o desenvolvimento da estrutura legal do Estado no que tange aos incentivos das práticas do controle social. Por fim, segue-se, então, com um estudo que objetiva estimar o nível de acompanhamento das respectivas melhorias e dos resultados alcançados por parte dos estudantes de ciências contábeis. Busca-se, assim, apresentar a necessidade de significativas e otimistas mudanças, principalmente no que tange à participação dos discentes na gestão pública e na conscientização da importância do controle dos recursos públicos, que são escassos e visam a atender de modo satisfatório às necessidades coletivas dos cidadãos. O conteúdo deste artigo tem como referências artigos científicos, legislações e portais de informação aos cidadãos de entidades públicas competentes.

  13. Concepto y Representación de la Violencia de Género: Reflexiones sobre el Impacto en la Población Joven (Concept and Representation of Gender-based Violence: Reflections about the Impact on Young People

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    Belén Zurbano Berenguer

    2015-06-01

    Full Text Available Recent studies and reports reveal that young people have a distorted concept of gender-based violence and their tolerance towards it does not decrease. There is a context of institutional concern about prevention and eradication of gender-based violence in Spain. In this context, this paper reflects on gender-based violence in order to compare the collective adolescent-young imaginary and social messages sent by the media on this problem.  We will analyze this concept based on theoretical feminist definitions, the legal national an international framework and data about the presentation of this problem on the media. We will conclude that gender-based violence is transmitted in a very simplistic and reductionist way, a way too far from feminist frameworks, so adolescents and young people find identifying and rejecting it difficult.  Los últimos estudios e informes revelan que la juventud tiene un concepto distorsionado de la violencia de género y sus niveles de tolerancia hacia las agresiones violentas por razón de género no disminuyen. En un contexto de preocupación institucional por la prevención y erradicación  de esta violencia, el presente trabajo reflexiona sobre el concepto de violencia de género con la finalidad de emprender una comparación entre el imaginario colectivo adolescente o joven y las conceptualizaciones y transmisiones sociales, en este caso por parte de los media, que se hacen de este problema. A partir de un estudio conceptual basado en las descripciones teóricas feministas de las violencias que sufren las mujeres, una revisión de los marcos legislativos definitorios del problema (tanto a nivel nacional como internacional y de datos sobre su representación en los medios de comunicación, se concluye que este problema es transmitido de modo simplista y reduccionista, muy alejado de los marcos de interpretación feministas, lo que dificulta su identificación y rechazo por parte de las personas jóvenes y

  14. Experiencias en la vigilancia epidemiológica de agentes patógenos transmitidos por alimentos a través de electroforesis en campo pulsado (PFGE en el Perú Experiences in the epidemiological surveillance of foodborne pathogens by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE in Peru

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    María Luz Zamudio

    2011-03-01

    Full Text Available Las enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos (ETA y otras enfermedades entéricas infecciosas ocurren a menudo como brotes y son causa de morbilidad y mortalidad en todo el mundo. En el Perú, son un importante problema de salud pública y son causados por una gran variedad de agentes infecciosos. Para la investigación epidemiológica se utiliza una variedad de métodos de tipificación. Una de las herramientas más importantes en la subtipificación molecular de patógenos bacterianos es la técnica de la electroforesis en campo pulsado (PFGE, que es un método altamente resolutivo que permite la discriminación entre diferentes aislamientos bacterianos epidemiológicamente relacionados. El Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS del Perú integra las redes WHO Global Foodborne Infections Network y la Red PulseNet América Latina y Caribe, con quienes comparte los perfiles genéticos de las cepas patógenas aisladas, permitiendo comparar los genotipos de cepas semejantes halladas en diferentes países y reconocer la ocurrencia de brotes epidémicos en la región, fortaleciendo el sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica regional y generando una rápida respuesta conjunta entre países. Se presenta la experiencia de los dos últimos años sobre los avances en la utilización de estas herramientas estratégicas que nos ha permitido caracterizar patrones de genotipo de principales patógenos implicados en ETA a partir de aislamientos recuperados de la red de laboratorios del Perú.Foodborne diseases and other enteric infections often occur as outbreaks and cause morbidity and mortality all over the world. In Perú, they represent a serious public health problem, and are caused by a great variety of infectious agents. For epidemiological research, a wide array of typification methods are used. One of the most important tools for the molecular subtyping of bacterial pathogens is the Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE, which is a highly precise method that allows the discrimination between different bacterial isolates which are epidemiologically related. The Instituto Nacional de Salud del Perú (INS is part of the WHO Global Foodborne Infections Network (WHO-GFN and of the PulseNet Latin American and Caribbean Net (PN-AL & C, with whom it shares the genetic profiles of the isolated pathogenic strains, so that it is possible to compare de genotypes of similar strains found in different countries and to identify the occurrence of epidemic outbreaks in the region, strengthening the regional system of epidemiological surveillance and generating a rapid, coordinated response between the countries. We present the two last years´ experience including the advances in the use of these strategic tools that have allowed us to characterize genotype patterns implicated in foodborne diseases from isolates recovered in the laboratory network of Peru.

  15. Epizootic of ovine congenital malformations associated with Schmallenberg virus infection.

    Science.gov (United States)

    van den Brom, R; Luttikholt, S J M; Lievaart-Peterson, K; Peperkamp, N H M T; Mars, M H; van der Poel, W H M; Vellema, P

    2012-02-01

    farms that had submitted lambs for post-mortem examination. This Schmallenberg virus was first reported in Germany and seems to be related to the Shamonda, Aino, and Akabane viruses, all of which belong to the Simbu serogroup of the genus Orthobunyavirus of the family Bunyaviridae. These preliminary findings suggest that the Schmallenberg virus is the most likely cause of this epizootic of ovine congenital malformations, which is the first such outbreak reported in Europe.

  16. À propos de « La Gueule de l’emploi » About “La gueule de l'emploi” [The Job] Acerca de “La gueule de l'emploi” [Perfil Ideal

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    Géraldine Rieucau

    2012-12-01

    Full Text Available Cette contribution revient sur la diffusion en Octobre 2011 du documentaire « La Gueule de l’emploi », filmant une session collective de recrutement de commerciaux menée par un cabinet pour le compte d’une compagnie d’assurances. Au-delà des réactions relayées par la presse, condamnant le traitement des candidats ou défendant la profession de recruteur, ce documentaire pose la question centrale et trop souvent occultée de l’évaluation du travail à la porte de l’entreprise. De ce point de vue, les pratiques mises en exergue dans le documentaire ne sont pas justes car elles sont très éloignées des situations concrètes de travail et ne sont pas expliquées aux candidats.This article concerns the documentary “La gueule de l'emploi” [The Job], broadcast in October 2011. The film captures a group job interview session, run by a recruiting firm on behalf of an insurance company wishing to hire sales agents. Beyond the reactions relayed by the press, condemning the treatment of the applicants or defending the recruiters profession, this documentary poses the critical and often overlooked question of how to evaluate a worker before hiring. From this point of view, the practices highlighted in the film are not just because they are far from the actual work situations, and they are not explained to the candidates.Este artículo examina el documental “La gueule de l’emploi” [Perfil Ideal], transmitido en Octubre 2011. La película narra una sesión de contratación de representantes comerciales, llevada a cabo por un despacho privado en nombre de una compañía de seguros. Mas allá de las reacciones evocadas por la prensa que condenan el trato hacia los postulantes, o que defienden la profesión de reclutador, este documental plantea una cuestión tan central como frecuentemente ignorada : la evaluación de un trabajo antes de integrar la empresa. De este punto de vista, las prácticas destacadas en el documental no son

  17. Ocorrência de raiva em ovinos no Rio Grande do Sul Occurrence of rabies in sheep in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

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    Daniel R. Rissi

    2008-10-01

    Full Text Available Descreve-se a ocorrência de raiva em ovinos na região Central do Rio Grande do Sul em novembro de 2003. Foram afetados dois ovinos de raça mista, um macho de três meses e uma fêmea de 2,5 anos de idade que apresentaram sinais clínicos com evolução de cinco dias e caracterizados por dificuldade de locomoção, tremores musculares, decúbito lateral, convulsões, opistótono e febre. Histologicamente havia mielomeningoencefalite não-supurativa, associada a inclusões eosinofílicas intracitoplasmáticas (corpúsculos de Negri em neurônios nos dois ovinos afetados. Em um ovino em que o gânglio de Gasser foi examinado, havia ganglionite não-supurativa. As lesões concentravam-se predominantemente na substância cinzenta da medula espinhal, no tronco encefálico e no cerebelo. Antígeno viral foi detectado em seções selecionadas de ponte e bulbo submetidas ao teste de imuno-histoquímica utilizando anticorpo policlonal anti-ribonucleoproteína do vírus da raiva. Os casos ocorreram em meio a um surto de raiva bovina transmitida por morcegos e foram considerados, com bases epidemiológicas, como transmitidos da mesma forma, como ocorre na raiva endêmica de bovinos no Rio Grande do Sul.Cases of rabies in sheep occurring in November 2003, in central Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, are described. A 3-month-old male, and a 2.5-month-old female sheep were affected. Clinical signs were characterized by abnormal gait, trembling, lateral recumbency, convulsion, opisthotonus, and fever. Histological findings included a non-suppurative myelomeningoencephalitis associated with intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion (Negri bodies in neurons. Lesions were predominantly observed in gray matter of the spinal cord, brainstem and cerebellum. There was non-suppurative Gasserian ganglionitis in one sheep in which this structure was examined. Immunohistochemistry using rabies virus ribonucleoprotein polyclonal antibody yelded positive result in brain

  18. Ser respetuoso es ser persona. El niño y la pedagogía moral de los nahuas del centro de México

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    Lorente Fernández, David

    2012-12-01

    diversas actividades cotidianas. A pesar de estar sometidos al respeto «mestizo» transmitido en el interior de las escuelas, entre los niños la moralidad nahua se impone como algo «dado» y constitutivo de la manera de ser serrana.

  19. A (in existência da sexualidade no curso de pedagogia: o currículo oculto em evidência

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    Andreza Marques de Castro Leão

    2014-01-01

    Full Text Available O currículo é importante instrumento, por meio do qual são delineados os aspectos principais a serem alcançados no contexto educacional. Ele pode ser real, isto é, ocorrer em sala de aula em decorrência do projeto pedagógico, bem como, ser oculto, sendo transmitido sem ser habitualmente mencionado pelos professores. A sexualidade embora não esteja integrada aos componentes do currículo formal, está presente nos ditos e interditos escolares, na maneira de agir, articular e falar da comunidade escolar, se expressando por meio do currículo oculto. Considerando isso, o presente estudo de natureza qualitativo e quantitativo teve por objetivo analisar a grade curricular de um curso de Pedagogia de uma Universidade Estadual localizada no interior do Estado de São Paulo, assim como, dar voz aos discentes do referido curso a fim de analisar se a sexualidade está presente de forma nítida no currículo formal. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo documental do referido curso, mais precisamente do seu processo curricular nº 342/89, dos seus volumes I a IX, ou seja, do período que se estende de 1959 até 2009, bem como do programa curricular vigente até o ano de 2007. Além disso, empregou-se um questionário fechado contendo 20 questões o qual contou com a participação de 70 alunos de Pedagogia do período diurno e noturno da referida Universidade. Desde o seu curriculum inicial até o mais recente inexiste espaço para disciplinas de sexualidade, sendo que o ‘avanço’ que pode ser assinalado é a introdução de escassas disciplinas optativas que não mais existem no curso vigente. Nos dizeres da maioria dos discentes, a sexualidade não é um assunto abarcado no mencionado curso. Estes dados mostram que tanto o currículo real quanto o oculto não dão o devido espaço a este tema. Isto posto, é imprescindível que este curso, assim como os diferentes cursos de licenciatura, se atenham a necessidade da sexualidade e da educa

  20. A genética dos distúrbios do sono na infância e adolescência The genetics of sleep disorders in childhood and adolescence

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    Magda Lahorgue Nunes

    2008-08-01

    Full Text Available OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste artigo é revisar a literatura sobre a genética dos distúrbios do sono na infância e adolescência. FONTES DOS DADOS: As palavras-chave "sono" e "genética" foram usadas para pesquisar por artigos publicados nos últimos cinco anos no banco de dados MEDLINE. A seguir, seus resumos foram analisados. A pesquisa também incluiu artigos clássicos, com a primeira descrição dos genes. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: A recorrência familiar de muitos distúrbios do sono é um achado freqüente, mas loci genéticos foram descobertos para poucos deles. Descrevemos aqui distúrbios do sono transmitidos por herança genética e também aqueles que apresentam altos índices de recorrência familiar, apesar de nenhum gene específico haver sido encontrado. CONCLUSÕES: Apesar da maioria dos distúrbios do sono ainda não terem uma base molecular identificada, técnicas modernas são cada vez mais utilizadas para determinar a contribuição dos genes ao sono e aos seus distúrbios associados. A importância clínica destas descobertas pode estar relacionada com a melhoria de métodos diagnósticos, mas também como alvo para o desenvolvimento de medicações específicas.OBJECTIVE: To review the literature regarding the genetics of sleep disorders in childhood and adolescence. SOURCES: Articles published in the past 5 years were searched on MEDLINE using the keywords sleep and genetics. Abstracts were then analyzed. Classical articles with the first description of genes were also included. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: We often find familial recurrence in many sleep disorders. However, gene loci were discovered for only a few of them. We describe sleep disorders transmitted by genetic heritance and also those in that, although a gene was not found, familial recurrence is high. CONCLUSION: Although most of the sleep disorders do not have by now an identified molecular basis, modern techniques are being increasingly applied to determine the

  1. Riesgo de transmisión de Leishmania (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae en Mérida Venezuela

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    Elsa Nieves

    2014-09-01

    Full Text Available La leishmaniasis es una enfermedad causada por la infección de un parásito protozoario del género Leishmania, transmitido por la picada de insectos hematófagos conocidos como flebotominos. El estudio tiene como objetivo determinar la presencia de flebotominos en los Distritos Sanitarios del estado Mérida y diseñar un mapa de riesgo de transmisión entomológico. Se utilizaron cuatro métodos de captura de flebotominos, los ejemplares se identificaron y se les determinó la infección natural por Leishmania. Se estimó la riqueza de especies, y se realizó un proceso analítico Jerárquico. Los resultados muestran la presencia de diversas especies de flebotominos en los Distritos Sanitarios del estado Mérida, siendo las especies de mayor frecuencia L. youngi, L. gomezi, L. ovallesi y L. walkeri. Se detectó 2,1% de infección natural con Leishmania, la cual se encontró en las 4 especies más frecuentes. Se presenta un mapa de riesgo de transmisión entomológico para el estado Mérida. El conocimiento de la situación actual de los vectores de Leishmania en el estado Mérida y el riesgo de transmisión son relevantes a la hora de considerar la prevención y posible surgimiento de nuevos brotes de leishmaniasis. Abstract (english The leishmaniasis is a disease caused by infection with a protozoan parasite of the genus Leishmania, transmitted by the bite of blood-sucking insects known as sandflies. The study aims to determine the presence of sandflies in Merida state health districts and design a map of entomological risk of transmission. Four methods capture sandflies were used, the specimens were identified and natural Leishmania infection was determined. The richness species was estimated and analityc Hierarchie procesess was performed. The results show the presence of various species of sandflies in Merida state health districts, L. youngi, L. gomezi, L. ovallesi and L. walkeri were most abundant species. The 2.1% of natural infection

  2. ISOLAMENTO TÉRMICO DE RESIDÊNCIAS ATRAVÉS DA REUTILIZAÇÃO DE EMBALAGENS TETRA PAK

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    Jaquiel Salvi Fernandes

    2014-09-01

    Full Text Available A reciclagem está presente na atualidade, não apenas pelo aspecto econômico, mas também pela questão ambiental. Não faz sentido jogar junto com o lixo orgânico materiais que possam ser reaproveitados ou transformados. Neste contexto também se encontram as embalagens de leite e/ou suco longa vida (Tetra Pak®, amplamente utilizadas pela população. Tais embalagens têm baixo valor comercial, e sua reciclagem é difícil e de custo muito elevado. Este trabalho de extensão universitária reutilizou estas embalagens, montando painéis com as dimensões do forro de residências selecionadas na cidade de Videira-SC, com o intuito de isolá-las termicamente. As caixinhas Tetra Pak possuem uma face aluminizada, a qual impede que o calor seja transmitido para o interior (ou exterior no caso do inverno da residência pelo processo de radiação, refletindo mais de 95% do calor. Com esta característica a caixa de leite se mostra perfeita para exercer a função de manta térmica, como uma alternativa às mantas convencionais, com a vantagem de ser uma solução ecológica e barata. Após a instalação, as casas que antes não possuíam forro passaram a registrar temperaturas internas menores no verão e maiores no inverno, além da prevenção contra goteiras e respingos. As famílias atendidas expressaram unanimidade de opinião, mostrando-se muito satisfeitas com o ambiente após a instalação, relatando o aumento da temperatura em dias mais frios e sua diminuição em dias mais quentes. Palavras-chave: painéis térmicos, reutilização, embalagens longa vida, extensão universitária. Thermal isolation of residences through reuse of Tetra Pak packaging Abstract: Nowadays recycling is present not only in economic but also in environmental issues. It makes no sense mixing together with organic waste the materials that can be reused or processed. Milk and long life juice cartons (Tetra Pak®, widely used by the population, are also included

  3. Tahyna virus genetics, infectivity, and immunogenicity in mice and monkeys

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    Whitehead Stephen S

    2011-03-01

    Full Text Available Abstract Background Tahyna virus (TAHV is a human pathogen of the California encephalitis virus (CEV serogroup (Bunyaviridae endemic to Europe, Asia, and Africa. TAHV maintains an enzootic life cycle with several species of mosquito vectors and hares, rabbits, hedgehogs, and rodents serving as small mammal amplifying hosts. Human TAHV infection occurs in summer and early fall with symptoms of fever, headache, malaise, conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, and nausea. TAHV disease can progress to CNS involvement, although unlike related La Crosse virus (LACV, fatalities have not been reported. Human infections are frequent with neutralizing antibodies present in 60-80% of the elderly population in endemic areas. Results In order to determine the genomic sequence of wild-type TAHV, we chose three TAHV isolates collected over a 26-year period from mosquitoes. Here we present the first complete sequence of the TAHV S, M, and L segments. The three TAHV isolates maintained a highly conserved genome with both nucleotide and amino acid sequence identity greater than 99%. In order to determine the extent of genetic relatedness to other members of the CEV serogroup, we compared protein sequences of TAHV with LACV, Snowshoe Hare virus (SSHV, Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV, and Inkoo virus (INKV. By amino acid comparison, TAHV was most similar to SSHV followed by LACV, JCV, and INKV. The sequence of the GN protein is most conserved followed by L, N, GC, NSS, and NSM. In a weanling Swiss Webster mouse model, all three TAHV isolates were uniformly neurovirulent, but only one virus was neuroinvasive. In rhesus monkeys, the virus was highly immunogenic even in the absence of viremia. Cross neutralization studies utilizing monkey immune serum demonstrated that TAHV is antigenically distinct from North American viruses LACV and JCV. Conclusions Here we report the first complete sequence of TAHV and present genetic analysis of new-world viruses, LACV, SSHV, and JCV with old

  4. Genomic analysis reveals Nairobi sheep disease virus to be highly diverse and present in both Africa, and in India in the form of the Ganjam virus variant.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Yadav, Pragya D; Vincent, Martin J; Khristova, Marina; Kale, Charuta; Nichol, Stuart T; Mishra, Akhilesh C; Mourya, Devendra T

    2011-07-01

    Nairobi sheep disease (NSD) virus, the prototype tick-borne virus of the genus Nairovirus, family Bunyaviridae is associated with acute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in sheep and goats in East and Central Africa. The closely related Ganjam virus found in India is associated with febrile illness in humans and disease in livestock. The complete S, M and L segment sequences of Ganjam and NSD virus and partial sequence analysis of Ganjam viral RNA genome S, M and L segments encoding regions (396 bp, 701 bp and 425 bp) of the viral nucleocapsid (N), glycoprotein precursor (GPC) and L polymerase (L) proteins, respectively, was carried out for multiple Ganjam virus isolates obtained from 1954 to 2002 and from various regions of India. M segments of NSD and Ganjam virus encode a large ORF for the glycoprotein precursor (GPC), (1627 and 1624 amino acids in length, respectively) and their L segments encode a very large L polymerase (3991 amino acids). The complete S, M and L segments of NSD and Ganjam viruses were more closely related to one another than to other characterized nairoviruses, and no evidence of reassortment was found. However, the NSD and Ganjam virus complete M segment differed by 22.90% and 14.70%, for nucleotide and amino acid respectively, and the complete L segment nucleotide and protein differing by 9.90% and 2.70%, respectively among themselves. Ganjam and NSD virus, complete S segment differed by 9.40-10.40% and 3.2-4.10 for nucleotide and proteins while among Ganjam viruses 0.0-6.20% and 0.0-1.4%, variation was found for nucleotide and amino acids. Ganjam virus isolates differed by up to 17% and 11% at the nucleotide level for the partial S and L gene fragments, respectively, with less variation observed at the deduced amino acid level (10.5 and 2%, S and L, respectively). However, the virus partial M gene fragment (which encodes the hypervariable mucin-like domain) of these viruses differed by as much as 56% at the nucleotide level. Phylogenetic

  5. Artrópodos hematófagos del río Raposo, Valle, Colombia: I - Aspectos Ecológicos Artrópodos hematófagos del río Raposo, Valle, Colombia: I - Aspectos Ecológicos

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Lee V. H.

    1969-12-01

    Full Text Available Estudios serológicos en la población de la Costa del Pacífico de Colombia, cuya actividad ofrece contacto permanente con artrópodos hematófagos, demostraron anticuerpos para varios virus transmitidos por artrópodos, Para investigar los diferentes factores de este hallazgo, se elige una zona de bosque pluvial tropical como representativa de la costa.  Se discuten y analizan los caracteres geográficos, físicos y climatológicosde la región, que cuenta con abundancia de reservorios potenciales de arbovirus: aves y mamíferos. Se describen tres situaciones ecológicas distintas: manglar, pantanos de agua salobre-agua dulce y bosque pluvial tropical; en todas hay numerosos artrópodos: mosquitos, tabanos, etc.  Al considerar los criaderos de mosquitos se encuentra que el agua acumulada en recipientes vegetales altos produce mayoría de especies, Los insectos adultos se capturan con cebos humano o animal, a nivel del suelo o en plataformas bajo el dosel del bosque, durante el día y en la noche.  Tambien se utilizan diversos modelos de trampas de luz. Así se obtienen,además de especies ya conocidas en Colombia, otras no registradas previamente y algunas nuevas. En relación con arbovirus se logran varios aislamientos positivos en mosquitos y flebótomos.Serological studies of the population having continuous contact with blood-sucking arthropods on the Pacific Coast of Colombia, showed antibodies against a variety of arthropod-borne viruses. In order to investigate some factors related to this finding, a tropical rain forest area representative of this portion of the coast was selected.  We have discussed and analyzed the geographical, physical and climatological characteristics of this region that has an abundance of potential arbovirus reservoirs, i. e., birds and mammals. There are three distinct ecological patterns: mangrove swamps, brackish water swamps and tropical rain forest. There is a variety of arthropods (mosquitoes

  6. Pathogenic microorganisms survival in ambrosiaSobrevivência de micro-organismos patogênicos em ambrósia

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    Cláudio Dias Timm

    2013-09-01

    Full Text Available Ambrosia is a kind of dulce de leche homemade with milk, eggs and sugar. It is usually sold in free markets and it is largely consumed in South America. Food contamination by pathogenic microorganisms can occur during the food processing, in distribution centers, in retail markets or in the consumer’s homes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the survival in ambrosia of main pathogenic microorganisms eventually transmitted by dairy products. Ambrosia fractions were experimentally contaminated with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. Analysis to evaluate the microorganisms’ viability were made after storage for 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20 and 30 days. Salmonella and L. monocytogenes were recovered from all samples during the 30 days of study. E. coli O157:H7 was isolated until the tenth day and S. aureus until the third day. It was demonstrated that important pathogenic microorganisms are able to survive up to 30 days in ambrosia, which makes this product a potential carrier of food-borne diseases. This work is the first study about the possibility of ambrosia transmitting relevant public-health danger pathogenic microorganisms. Ambrosia é um tipo de doce de leite preparado artesanalmente com leite, ovos e açúcar, comumente comercializado em feiras livres e muito consumido na América do Sul. A contaminação de alimentos por microrganismos patogênicos pode ocorrer durante as etapas de processamento, nos centros de distribuição, no mercado varejista ou na casa do consumidor. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a sobrevivência em ambrosia dos principais microrganismos patogênicos eventualmente transmitidos por leite e derivados. Alíquotas de ambrosia foram experimentalmente contaminadas com Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica sorotipo Typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes e Staphylococcus aureus. Foram realizadas

  7. Reflexiones conceptuales y metodológicas sobre análisis y producción audiovisual en sociología

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    María-José Aguilar-Idáñez

    2016-01-01

    Full Text Available Lo audiovisual ha merecido poca atención en la investigación social, aún en campos de conocimiento especialmente “iconizado” donde las representaciones sociales se construyen fundamentalmente a partir de los discursos visuales transmitidos en la mediapolis. La imagen ha sido generalmente utilizada en sociología para ilustrar textos y no tanto como documento para analizar e interpretar. Es necesario integrar los documentos audiovisuales como fuentes primarias de investigación ya que sin ellos es imposible analizar y comprender numerosos fenómenos de las sociedades contemporáneas. Este potencial analítico-comprensivo de las fuentes audiovisuales deriva de su naturaleza discursiva y los mecanismos de producción de sentido que incorporan. En este artículo reflexionamos sobre algunos aspectos del análisis y la producción audiovisual como herramienta conceptual y metodológica de la sociología: el uso de fuentes visuales en la investigación; las implicaciones multidisciplinares del análisis del discurso visual para establecer cómo se construye el significado (cómo es visualizado un hecho social y cómo pueden construirse otras formas de visualidad; o la imagen audiovisual en la construcción de la alteridad. Pero lo audiovisual, además de fuente y herramienta analítica en la tarea sociológica, constituye también una importante herramienta de intervención social en nuestro campo. En este sentido, la producción audiovisual es el aspecto quizás más novedoso que podemos incorporar en nuestro quehacer sociológico. La sociología visual ha abordado casi siempre problemas asociados al poder en los que ahora podemos plantearnos intervenir construyendo otras formas de visualidad desde los actores-sujetos que están en situación de subalteridad. La producción audiovisual sociológica puede construirse como un espacio específico alternativo de intervención social que contribuya a transformar la realidad incorporando la

  8. Diálogo sobre a poesia oral na Cabília: entrevista de Mouloud Mammeri a Pierre Bourdieu

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    Pierre Bourdieu

    2006-06-01

    Full Text Available Neste diálogo, Pierre Bourdieu e o etnólogo, escritor e poeta argelino Mouloud Mammeri (1917-1989 exploram e explicam as bases sociais, os usos e o sentido da poesia oral na sociedade e história cabilas. Como filho do penúltimo amusnaw (sábio; bardo de sua tribo, Mammeri estava posicionado de maneira única para situar esse mestre das palavras que atuou na função tradicional de mediador e transportador do conhecimento e manteve-se como a encarnação viva da tamusni (a filosofia prática da excelência berbere, em relação com o marabuto (depositário das sagradas escrituras do Corão e com os camponeses (que compõem seu público principal. Torná-se amusnaw graças a uma eleição e isso requer um duplo aprendizado: primeiro, por osmose em um meio saturado de comércio e disputas verbais (no treinamento de guerra, na assembléia da vila, nos mercados e nas peregrinações e, depois, por meio de um treinamento explícito com um poeta-mestre que orienta uma série de exercícios e provas. Esse processo requer não apenas o domínio de uma variedade de técnicas verbais e de um cânone oratório, mas também implica absorver e encarnar a sabedoria. Jogando com a multidimensionalidade da linguagem, adaptando-a com flexibilidade diante das especificidades de cada situação e público, o bardo cabila era continuamente testado e suas habilidades culturais infinitamente refinadas, até o ponto em que ele não apenas dominasse as regras do ofício, mas também jogasse com elas, trangredindo-as no espírito da tradição a fim de inventar novas figuras retóricas e extrair o máximo de "rendimento" da linguagem. A tamusni emerge assim não apenas como um corpo de conhecimento inerte, desligado da vida e transmitido por si mesmo, mas como uma "ciência prática", constantemente revivida pela e para a prática. O poeta é o porta-voz do grupo que, por meio de seu discernimento cultural e uso técnico da linguagem, aperfeiçoa os valores espec

  9. Epidemiology of human papillomavirus infections: new options for cervical cancer prevention Epidemiología de las infecciones por el papilomavirus humano: nuevas opciones para la prevención del cáncer cervical

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    F. Xavier Bosch

    2003-01-01

    Full Text Available In the last two decades, the cervical cancer puzzle has become a coherent description that includes the identification of human papillomavirus (HPV as the sexually transmitted etiologic agent and the characterization of the major determinants of HPV acquisition. Triage studies have consistently shown that HPV testing is more sensitive that repeated cytology in identifying underlying high-grade lesions in women with atypical scamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS. Studies that reflect primary screening conditions have shown that the sensitivity of HPV tests is higher than standard cytology in detecting high-grade lesions whereas the specificity is similar only in women aged 30-35 and above. HPV vaccines have an intrinsic attraction as a preventive strategy in populations with limited resources. However, vaccines designed to widespread use are still in development and testing phases. Time is ripe for exploring in depth the clinical implications of current achievements and to devise novel strategies for the prevention of cervical cancer.En las ultimas dos décadas, el enigma del cáncer cervical (CaCu ha comenzado a ser dilucidado y actualmente se ha identificado a la infección por virus de papiloma humano (VPH como su agente etiológico transmitido sexualmente, y se han caracterizado los principales determinantes de infección por VPH. Estudios epidemiológicos han mostrado consistentemente que las pruebas de determinación de ADN de VPH son más sensibles que la citología repetida para la identificación de lesiones de alto grado en mujeres con diagnóstico de células escamosas atípicas de significado indeterminado (ASCUS. Diversos estudios que evalúan el tamizaje primario en CaCu, han mostrado que la sensibilidad de las pruebas de VPH es más alta que la citología estándar para detectar lesiones de alto grado, donde la especificidad es similar sólo en mujeres con edades entre 30 y 35 años o mayores. Las vacunas de VPH tienen

  10. Photosynthetic pigments content, photosynthesis rate and chloroplast structure in young plants of Mikania laevigata Schultz Bip. ex Baker grown under colored netsTeores de pigmentos fotossintéticos, taxa de fotossíntese e estrutura de cloroplastos de plantas jovens de Mikania laevigata Schultz Bip. ex Baker cultivadas sob malhas coloridas

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    Anacleto Ranulfo dos Santos

    2011-12-01

    menores teores de clorofila a e b e o menor teor de carotenóides, enquanto aquelas cultivadas sob malha azul tiveram a maior concentração de clorofilas a e b. A menor densidade de cloroplastos foi encontrada nas plantas cultivadas a pleno sol. Nos tratamentos com 50% de sombreamento, foram verificados cloroplastos mais alongados. Com relação à taxa de fotossíntese potencial, não foi observada nenhuma diferença significativa entre plantas crescidas sob as malhas vermelha, cinza e azul, fato que leva a acreditar que o espectro diferenciado transmitido pelas malhas coloridas não interferiu no aparelho fotossintético do guaco.

  11. Implicaciones en la salud humana de la gastroenteritis aguda por norovirus como producto de la contaminación hídrica

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    Brenda Delgadillo Espinoza

    2011-05-01

    Full Text Available En julio del 2010, un brote de gastroenteritis Aguda surgió entre los residentes de la ciudad principal de la Región Norte de Costa Rica: Ciudad Quesada. Esta investigación se llevó a cabo para explorar y caracterizar el brote en esa zona rural. Los datos de vigilancia y los registros médicos de los pacientes fueron analizados para elaborar un estudio descriptivo entre el 08 de julio y 14 de julio del 2010 en el Cantón de San Carlos. Una hoja de datos (Ficha Colectiva de Investigación VE 0.2 fue aplicada para obtener información de los pacientes. Con el fin de detectar la presencia de enteropatógenos, una prueba de ELISA fue aplicada a las muestras de heces tomadas. Las muestras de agua también se analizaron para detectar bacterias y coliformes fecales en el sistema de distribución. Un total de 352 casos fueron confirmados en la región estudiada con la presencia de síntomas frecuentes entre los casos confirmados; estos síntomas fueron diarrea (94,2%, náuseas (92,7% y vómitos (91,7%. La edad media de los pacientes fue de 29 años (15,8 y el 50,8% correspondió a sujetos del sexo femenino. El grupo de edad más afectado es el representado por los lactantes de 1 a 4 años (tasa de ataque 18,2 / 1000 habitantes La zona con más afectación fue el área central de Ciudad Quesada. En cinco de cada seis pruebas de heces fue posible aislar el norovirus. Por otra parte, en las pruebas aplicadas al agua solo se identifica la presencia de Escherichia coli. Los resultados sugieren que el norovirus fue transmitido por agua contaminada con materia fecal. Este es el primer brote documentado que ha sido causado por este virus en la región norte del país. Se recomienda mejorar la vigilancia de la calidad del agua, promover el uso de agua potable entre los residentes, generar un plan de educación que fomente prácticas seguras de manejo y distribución de agua; así como campañas de sensibilización en comunidades rurales como ésta en temas

  12. Science.gov (United States)

    Gómez, Luis Alberto; Montoya, Gladis; Rivera, Hernán Mauricio; Hernández, Juan Carlos

    2017-04-01

    Introducción. El virus del Zika (ZIKV) es un flavivirus con envoltura, transmitido a los seres humanos principalmente por el vector Aedes aegypti. La infección por ZIKV se ha asociado con un gran neurotropismo y con efectos neuropáticos, como el síndrome de Guillain-Barré en el adulto y la microcefalia fetal y posnatal, así como con un síndrome de infección congénita similar al producido por el virus de la rubéola (RV).Objetivo. Comparar las estructuras moleculares de la proteína de envoltura E del virus del Zika (E-ZIKV) y de la E1 del virus de la rubéola (E1-RV), y plantear posibles implicaciones en el neurotropismo y en las alteraciones del sistema nervioso asociadas con el ZIKV.Materiales y métodos. La secuencia de aminoácidos de la proteína E-ZIKV (PDB: 5iZ7) se alineó con la de la glucopreteína E1 del virus de la rubéola (PDB: 4ADG). Los elementos de la estructura secundaria se determinaron usando los programas Vector NTI Advance®, DSSP y POSA, así como herramientas de gestión de datos (AlignX®). Uno de los criterios principales de comparación y alineación fue la asignación de residuos estructuralmente equivalentes, con más de 70 % de identidad.Resultados. La organización estructural de la proteína E-ZIKV (PDB: 5iZ7) fue similar a la de E1-RV (PDB: 4ADG) (70 a 80 % de identidad), y se observó una correspondencia con la estructura definida para las glucoproteínas de fusión de membrana de clase II de los virus con envoltura. E-ZIKV y E1-RV exhibieron elementos estructurales de fusión muy conservados en la región distal del dominio II, asociados con la unión a los receptores celulares de entrada del virus de la rubéola (glucoproteína de mielina del oligodendrocito, Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein, MOG), y con los receptores celulares Axl del ZIKV y de otros flavivirus.Conclusión. La comparación de las proteínas E-ZIKV y E1-RV es un paso necesario hacia la definición de otros factores moleculares determinantes del

  13. Desarrollo de agentes inmunizantes contra el dengue

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    Francisco J. López Antuñano

    2000-05-01

    Full Text Available El complejo de los cuatro flavivirus del dengue es transmitido principalmente por el mosquito Aedes aegypti. Se han atribuido epidemias a la actividad de A. albopictus, A. polynesiensis y a varias especies del complejo A. scutellaris. Los factores de riesgo que determinan la probabilidad de enfermar o morir por dengue están relacionados tanto con el huésped (características genéticas, estado inmunitario, forma de vida y condiciones de salud, saneamiento básico de la vivienda y abastecimiento de agua potable como con el virus (variabilidad genética de cepas entre y dentro de los serotipos, diferente capacidad patógena y distribución geográfica. A pesar de la falta de conocimiento sobre la inmunobiopatología del dengue, se han hecho importantes avances para conseguir una respuesta inmunitaria protectora con virus atenuados y con antígenos obtenidos por medio de tecnologías recombinantes. Desde los años 40, se ha intentado desarrollar vacunas contra el dengue. La inmunidad que se adquiere por infección natural es específica para cada serotipo y se han documentado infecciones por tres serotipos diferentes en la misma persona, por lo que probablemente sea necesaria una vacuna tetravalente. En voluntarios se han probado vacunas contra los cuatro serotipos que han sido inmunógenas y seguras. Aunque las vacunas con virus atenuados son prometedoras, son necesarios nuevos estudios sobre su eficacia y seguridad. Actualmente están en curso estudios para producir vacunas contra el virus del dengue mediante tecnologías de ADN recombinante y otras técnicas de biología molecular, utilizando como antígenos proteínas estructurales (principalmente la glicoproteína E y no estructurales. Con el mismo propósito se han usado varios vectores de expresión, como Escherichia coli, baculovirus, virus de la vacuna y virus de la fiebre amarilla. Lamentablemente, no se han obtenido resultados satisfactorios en el hombre. La necesidad de desarrollar

  14. ROL DEL DOCENTE EN LA GESTIÓN UNIVERSITARIA CONTEMPORÁNEA

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    Yogledis Irma Navarrete Valero

    2013-11-01

    Full Text Available El docente de hoy tiene que estar convencido sobre el papel clave que le corresponde desempeñar en los tiempos actuales y sobre la importancia estratégica, para el futuro de su país, de la institución a la cual sirve. Deberá también estar familiarizado con el nuevo paradigma educativo. Su rol ya no es el del catedrático que simplemente dicta o imparte clases magistrales y luego califica los exámenes de sus alumnos. No es tampoco el del profesor que enseña y luego evalúa si sus alumnos son capaces de repetir lo que les ha enseñado, o de comprobar si asimilaron el conocimiento por él transmitido. Si hoy día lo importante es, como vimos antes, el aprendizaje, o mejor dicho los aprendizajes que los estudiantes realmente incorporan a su experiencia vital, de suerte que aprendan a aprender para que nunca dejen de seguir aprendiendo. Por tanto, los docentes universitarios como responsables de la formación de los estudiantes, deben asumir el rol de orientadores propiciando la autorrealización personal, profesional y laboral con estrategias y nuevas tecnologías de comunicación.PALABRAS CLAVE: gestión universitaria; rol docente; desarrollo profesionalROLE OF THE TEACHING STAFF IN THE CONTEMPORARY UNIVERSITY ADMINISTRATIONABSTRACTIt must be convinced on the key paper that it corresponds to him to carry out in the present times and on the strategic importance, for the future of its country, as the institution to which it serves. It will have to also be familiarized with the new educative paradigm. Its roll no longer is the one of the university professor who simply dictates or gives skillful classes and soon he describes the examinations as his students. He is not either the one of the professor who teaches and soon he evaluates if their students are able to repeat what he has taught to them, or to verify if they assimilated the knowledge by transmitted him. If nowadays the important thing is, as we saw before, the learning or rather the

  15. Epidemiología molecular de la rabia urbana en Colombia, 1994-2004. La rabia en ecosistemas silvestres como amenaza para la población humana

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    Jorge Boshell

    2004-03-01

    por vacunación en 1997 y los virus transmitidos pertenecieron a una única variante genética (variante genética colombiana I. La tercera epizootia, aunque ha disminuido notablemente su magnitud debido a los intensos programas de vacunación y control en la zona, continúa siendo un grave problema de salud pública y en la actualidad los zorros silvestres además de los perros actúan como reservorios y transmisores. Los virus transmitidos en la región Caribe pertenecen a una única variante genética (variante genética colombiana II. Mediante análisis filogenéticos computarizados se llegó a determinar que esta variante ha circulado en Colombia desde los años 1960 y es la variante ancestral a partir de la cual evolucionó la variante genética colombiana I. Un tercer grupo de virus de la rabia que fue caracterizado, corresponde a variantes genéticas características de quirópteros.

    Estas variantes representan una gran amenaza para las poblaciones humanas sin importar el lugar que habiten en el país. Recientemente, alrededor de 14 muertes humanas fueron atribuidas a rabia transmitida por quirópteros en una comunidad indígena del departamento del Chocó.

    En el presente trabajo se destaca y discute la importancia de las técnicas de virología molecular aplicadas a la vigilancia epidemiológica de la rabia.

     

    REFERENCIAS

    1. TORDO N, CHARLTON K., WANDELER A. Rhabdoviruses: rabies. In: Topley & Wilson´s Microbiology and Microbial Infections. L.H. Collier Editors. Arnold. London. 1998: 666-692.

  16. O ato de comer e as pessoas com Síndrome de Down El acto de comer y las personas con Sindrome de Down Eating act and people with Down Syndrome

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    Andréa Giaretta

    2009-06-01

    Full Text Available Trata-se do relato de experiência vivida durante a disciplina de Projetos Assistenciais de Enfermagem e de Saúde do Curso de Mestrado em Enfermagem da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina de cunho interdisciplinar, realizado com pessoas com Síndrome de Down com foco tanto na sua racionalidade quanto no seu imaginário. Buscou-se construir junto com estas pessoas e seus familiares uma sistematização nutricional individualizada que contribuísse para sua independência pessoal na prática cotidiana do ato de comer. Os postulados do Interacionismo Simbólico guiaram esta prática e se interligaram com os instrumentos metodológicos da escuta e da observação sensível, além das atividades lúdicas. Evidenciou-se que o primeiro significado do ato de comer é construído pela sua família e reforçado pelo seu convívio social.Eso es un relato de una experiencia vivida en la disciplina de Proyectos Asistenciales de Enfermaría y de Salud del Curso de Maestría en Enfermaría de la Universidad Federal de Santa Catarina con característica interdisciplinario, hecho con personas con el Síndrome de Down, con la atención tanto para la racionalidad cuanto para el imaginario. Se ha buscado construir juntamente a las personas con el Síndrome de Down y sus familiares una sistematización de nutrición individualizada que contribuyese para su independencia personal en la práctica cotidiana del acto de comer. Los postulados del Interaccionismo Simbólico condujeron la práctica y interconectáronse con los instrumentos metodológicos de la escucha y de la observación sensible, además de las actividades lúdicas. Fue evidenciado que el primer significado del acto de comer es transmitido por sus familias y reforzado por el convivir social.This is en experience report lived in the Health and Nursing Assistance Projects of the Post-Graduate Nursing Master Degree of the Federal University of Santa Catarina as an interdisciplinary subject, and it was

  17. Candidatus Phytoplasma brasiliense associado ao superbrotamento do hibisco (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. no Estado de São Paulo Candidatus Phytoplasma brasiliense associated with hibiscus witches' broom in the State of São Paulo-Brazil

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    Eliane Gonçalves da Silva

    2009-09-01

    Full Text Available Plantas de hibisco com superbrotamento e definhamento seguido de morte têm sido observadas nos municípios de São Paulo, Campinas e Piracicaba. Como os sintomas são sugestivos daqueles induzidos por fitoplasmas, o presente trabalho buscou identificar o possível fitoplasma associado com a doença. Assim, 14 plantas sintomáticas de hibisco foram coletadas em Piracicaba (SP e submetidas ao PCR duplo com os primers P1/Tint-R16F2n/R2 e ao exame em microscópio eletrônico de transmissão. A identificação foi realizada por análise de RFLP com as enzimas de restrição BfaI, DraI, HaeIII, HhaI, HpaII, MboI, MseI, RsaI e TaqI. Testes de transmissão foram conduzidos com enxertia de ramos e uso de Cuscuta subinclusa. Os resultados de nested-PCR revelaram a presença consistente de fitoplasmas em todas as plantas sintomáticas e foram confirmados pela observação de corpúsculos pleomórficos no floema, através da microscopia eletrônica. A análise de RFLP mostrou que o fitoplasma encontrado em hibisco pertence ao grupo 16SrXV, o mesmo grupo do Candidatus Phytoplasma brasiliense. O fitoplasma foi transmitido de planta doente para sadia, tanto pela enxertia como pela C. subinclusa, demonstrando ser o agente do superbrotamento do hibisco.Ornamental hibiscus have been affected by shoot proliferation and decline followed by death in several cities in São Paulo State, especially São Paulo, Campinas and Piracicaba. As the symptoms are suggestives of those induced by phytoplasmas, the present work aimed to identify the possible phytoplasma associated with the disease. Fourteen symptomatic hibiscus were sampled in Piracicaba, submitted to nested-PCR with the primers P1/Tint-R16F2n/R2 and processed by transmission electron microscopy. The identification was made by RFLP analyses with the restriction enzymes BfaI, DraI, HaeIII, HhaI, HpaII, MboI, MseI, RsaI, and TaqI. Transmission assays were performed by grafting and Cuscuta subinclusa. The presence

  18. Comparação de três receptores GPS para uso em agricultura de precisão Comparison of three GPS receiver for precision agriculture uses

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    Marcelo C. C. Stabile

    2006-04-01

    Full Text Available Diversos equipamentos que se utilizam dos sinais transmitidos pelo Sistema de Posicionamento Global (GPS têm sido empregados na Agricultura de Precisão. Neste estudo, foi feita uma comparação de três receptores comerciais no intuito de verificar suas acurácias. As principais qualidades medidas foram a repetibilidade dos dados e a estabilidade do sistema. O estudo foi conduzido em campo aberto, na área experimental da ESALQ/USP, com três linhas paralelas de 50 m espaçadas 10 m entre si. A coleta de dados foi feita no dia 25-9-2002, totalizando seis repetições da comparação dos três sistemas. Os dados foram coletados simultaneamente, de acordo com a melhor configuração da constelação de satélites, sendo que os três sistemas apresentaram resultados distintos. O GPS "A" (oito canais, sem correção diferencial apresentou a maior variabilidade e a menor repetibilidade, com desvios de quase 10 m numa mesma linha. O sistema "B", com sinal de correção diferencial (DGPS "B", 12 canais, apresentou acurácia superior ao "A", com desvios de, no máximo, 6 m, mas com repetibilidade significativa. O GPS "C" (12 canais, com algoritmo otimizado apresentou a maior acurácia e desvio máximo de 2 m. Assim, os dois últimos sistemas são adequados para a aplicação dos conceitos da Agricultura de Precisão.Several brands of equipment have been used with global positioning systems (GPS in Precision Agriculture. The quality of these different receivers varies according to their capabilities in terms of accuracy and repeatability. In this study, three commercial systems were tested to compare their accuracies. This study focused on measuring the stability of the receiver and the repeatability of data. The study was conducted in the experimental area of ESALQ/USP. It consisted of three parallel 50-meter lines spaced 10 meters apart. Data collection was done on 9-25-2002 with a total of six replications. Data was collected simultaneously and the

  19. Desempenho de rede de sensores sem fio em casa de vegetação Performance of wireless sensor network in a greenhouse

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    Barbara Teruel

    2012-12-01

    Full Text Available A potência de sinal é um importante parâmetro a ser considerado em um projeto de implantação de rede de sensores sem fio no meio agrícola. Este trabalho tem como objetivo coletar dados de qualidade de sinal transmitido entre uma estação base e um nó sensor situado no interior de uma casa de vegetação, localizada no campo experimental da Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola - UNICAMP, com o auxílio de ferramentas computacionais. Após a implantação do nó sensor foram realizados experimentos com vista a se verificar alcance e qualidade do sinal de acordo com sua potência. Através desses ensaios foi possível concluir que uma potência de sinal com valor de -12,2 dBm é suficiente para manter a transmissão entre a estação base e nó sensor. Testes também foram realizados com uma potência de sinal de -9,2 dBm e mostraram que a rede possuía qualidade classificada "muito alta" porém, através do teste de duração da bateria, nota-se que existe economia de energia ao se utilizar a potência de sinal de -12,2 dBm. Foi avaliada a influência que o valor da potência de sinal tem sobre a qualidade do sinal de transmissão e recepção, o gasto de bateria e o alcance do sinal.The signal strength is an important parameter to be considered in a project to establish network of wireless sensors in an agricultural environment. This work aims to collect quality data signals transmitted between a base station and a sensor node located inside a greenhouse, which is an experimental field located in the College of Agricultural Engineering - UNICAMP, with the help of computational tools. After sensor node deployment, experiments were performed in order to check range and signal quality. Through these experiments, it was concluded that a radiofrequency power value of -12.2 dBm is sufficient to maintain transmissions between base station and the sensor. Tests were also performed to a radiofrequency power of -9.2 dBm, and showed that the network

  20. Vermelho, verde e amarelo: tudo era uma vez Red, green and yellow: everything was once upon a time

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    Adélia Bezerra de Meneses

    2010-01-01

    Full Text Available Os contos de fada, transmitidos de pais a filhos, pela voz, foram se constituindo num patrimônio precioso de cultura, veiculando experiência humana - e podendo significar para a criança um momento inaugural de "organização da experiência" que a literatura propicia. A proposta, aqui, é um estudo comparativo dos contos Chapeuzinho Vermelho, de Perrault, Fita Verde no Cabelo, de Guimarães Rosa, e Chapeuzinho Amarelo, de Chico Buarque, levando-se em conta que os autores brasileiros estabelecem um inevitável diálogo com o texto-matriz do século XVII. Com efeito, embora as três narrativas enfoquem a questão do crescimento da criança, são apontadas as visões diferentes que elas veiculam: 1. abordagem moralizante e pedagógica do conto de Perrault (os perigos da desobediência infantil, a questão da iniciação sexual; 2. viés metafísico do conto de Guimarães Rosa (confronto com a finitude e a morte, passagem do plano psicológico ao plano metafísico; 3. enfoque da eficácia simbólica da poesia, no conto de Chico Buarque (vitória sobre o medo infantil, mediante o poder da palavra. E tudo levando em conta o que diz Goethe, em sua Teoria das cores: "Quando o artista se deixa levar pelo sentimento, algo de colorido se anuncia".Fairytales, orally passed down from parents to children, have become a precious cultural asset over time, conveying human experience and perhaps even representing an inaugural moment of "organizing experience" for children, a possibility offered by literature. Our proposal here is to carry out a comparative study of the tales Little Red Riding Hood by Perrault, Fita Verde no Cabelo [Green Ribbon in her Hair] by Guimarães Rosa and Chapeuzinho Amarelo [Little Yellow Riding Hood] by Chico Buarque, considering that both Brazilian authors have established an inevitable dialogue with the source text, which dates from the 17th century. Indeed, though all three narratives focus on the issue of child growth, the

  1. Composition and Bioactive Properties of Yerba Mate (llex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.: A Review Composición y Propiedades Bioactivas de la Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.: Una Revisión

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    Kellie P Burris

    2012-06-01

    la yerba mate se ha cultivado y consumido por siglos en América del Sur, su popularidad en los Estados Unidos ha aumentando debido a la demanda por bebidas saludables y alimentos más naturales y por los potenciales beneficios para la salud de la yerba mate (antioxidante, antimicrobiano, acción contra la obesidad y diabetes, digestivo, estimulante. La yerba mate también se ha investigado como agente de prevención y causa de algunos tipos de cáncer, causando controversia entre investigadores. Investigaciones recientes han ampliado el espectro de uso de la yerba mate como agente antimicrobiano, protección de cultivos y acción contra patógenos transmitidos por alimentos. Resultados prometedores para el uso de esta planta en la salud humana y animal han llevado a esta revisión. Esta revisión se centró en la composición de la yerba mate, y el efecto que el cultivo y el procesamiento puede tener sobre sus propiedades.

  2. Número mais provável de Salmonella isoladas de carcaças de frango resfriadas Most probable number of Salmonella isolated from refrigerated broiler carcasses

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    Anderlise Borsoi

    2010-11-01

    Full Text Available A Salmonella permanece um importante problema na avicultura e, considerando os patógenos transmitidos por alimentos, aparece como um dos agentes principais em surtos de toxinfecções alimentares. Para auxiliar na avaliação de riscos em adquirir infecção alimentar via carne de frangos que sofreram cocção inadequada, ou através de contaminação cruzada a partir desses animais, torna-se importante determinar a extensão de contaminação por patógenos em carne crua. No presente trabalho, foram analisadas 180 carcaças de frangos resfriadas, adquiridas em varejos, para pesquisa de Salmonella com determinação do número de células da bactéria. Foi utilizado o método do número mais provável (NMP nos ágares para isolamento verde brilhante com novobiocina (BGN e xilose-lisina tergitol 4 (XLT4. Os resultados mostraram 12,2% de ocorrência de Salmonella nas carcaças de frangos resfriadas e a média de NMP de Salmonella por mL, na leitura pelo ágar XLT4 foi de 2,7 células e no ágar BGN foi de 1,3 células. Os sorovares de Salmonella isolados das carcaças de frangos no estudo foram S. Enteritidis, S. Agona, S.Rissen, S. Heidelberg e S. Livingstone. A análise dos resultados demonstrou existir um número variável de células de Salmonella contaminando as carcaças de frango resfriadas que estão à venda ao consumidor.Salmonella in poultry remains an important worldwide problem, and among foodborne pathogens, the Salmonella appears as one of the most important outbreaks agents. To assess the risks of acquiring infection via undercooked poultry or cross contamination from chickens, it is important to determine the extent of the contamination on raw poultry with this pathogen. In this study, 180 refrigerated broiler carcasses, obtained from local stores, were assessed to recover Salmonella by the most probable number (MPN method to quantify bacterias cells onto brilliant green agar with novobiocin (BGN and xylose lysin tergitol 4 agar

  3. Los niños del Cauca. I. Descripción de un foco de raquitismo dependiente de la vitamina D, Tipo II.

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    Alejandro Giraldo

    1993-09-01

    Full Text Available Al norte del departamento del Cauca se detectó un numeroso grupo de pacientes con deformidades en miembros inferiores (genu varo, genu valgo o ambos que correspondían clínica y radiológicamente a un cuadro de raquitismo. Ninguno de los pacientes presentaban alopecia, miopatia, tetania o aminoaciduria. La mayoría deellos proceden de un grupo poblacional semiaislado de ancestro afromestizo, en el corregimiento de La Toma, del municipio de Suárez. Los estudios bioquímicos comparativos entre 64 pacientes y 109 individuos no afectados, parientes en primer grado, mostraron en los pacientes una ligera hipocalcemia, niveles normales altos de fósforo sérico, un sustancial incremento de la fosfatasa alcalina,valores normales de proteínas y albúminas y niveles séricos de paratohormona aumentados. Estudios en orina de 24 horas mostraron hipocalciuria e hipofosfaturia. A un subgrupo de 8 pacientes se les determino niveles séricos de la 25 (OHD, y ltransmitido en forma autocómica recesiva, cuyas manifestaciones clínicas y de laboratorio se presentan por un defecto en la acción del receptor para la vitamina D. A 115 pacientes se les inició tratamiento con 1a,25(OH,A3 hig 0,50/día, calcio 1.840 mg/día y fósforo 1.424 mg/día, administrados en dos dosis diarias. En un grupo de 21 pacientes, se analizaron los datos de laboratorio en suero, pre y posttratamiento un ano después y todos los valores tendieron a normalizarse. Estudios moleculares, del mRNA y cDNA del gen del receptor de la vitamina D, obtenidos de cultivo de fibroblastos de dos de los pacientes más severamente afectados, mostraron una secuencia normal de nucleótidos. Se hace una comparación entre los

  4. Serosurvey for tick-borne diseases in dogs from the Eastern Amazon, Brazil Pesquisa Sorológica por doenças transmitidas por carrapatos em cães da Amazônia oriental, Brasil

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    Mariana Granziera Spolidorio

    maior (40,3% do que os cães urbanos (21,1%. Esse primeiro estudo sobre agentes transmitidos por carrapatos entre cães da Amazônia oriental brasileira indica que estes animais estão expostos a vários agentes. Estes incluem Babesia principalmente na área urbana, Riquétsias do grupo da Febre Maculosa principalmente nas áreas rurais, e Erliquia em cães de ambas as áreas, rural e urbana.

  5. Análise do conteúdo de propagandas de medicamentos psicoativos Análisis del contenido de propagandas de medicamentos psicoactivos Psychoactive drug advertising: content analysis

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    Patrícia C Mastroianni

    2008-10-01

    Full Text Available O objetivo do estudo foi descrever as figuras humanas retratadas nas propagandas de medicamentos psicoativos quanto ao gênero, a idade, a etnia e o contexto social. Foi realizada análise de conteúdo de 86 impressos publicitários inéditos divulgados em Araraquara (SP no ano de 2005. A associação entre as categorias foi analisada usando o teste exato de Fisher. Houve predomínio de mulheres (62,8%, sendo quatro vezes mais freqüentes que os homens em propagandas de antidepressivos e ansiolíticos. A maioria era constituída de jovens adultos (72%, de etnia branca (98,8%. As pessoas estavam em lazer (46,5%, em suas casas (29% ou em contato com a natureza (16,2%. A mensagem transmitida foi que os medicamentos tratam sintomatologias subjetivas de desconforto do dia-a-dia, induzindo a um apelo irracional que pode refletir na prescrição medicamentosa.El objetivo del estudio fue describir las figuras humanas retratadas en las propagandas de medicamentos psicoactivos con relación al género, la edad, la etnia y el contexto social. Se realizó un análisis del contenido de 86 anuncios publicitarios inéditos divulgados en Araraquara (sureste de Brasil, en el año 2005. La asociación entre las categorías fue analizada usando la prueba exacta de Fisher. Se detectó un predominio de mujeres (62,8%, siendo cuatro veces mas frecuentes que los hombres en propagandas de antidepresivos y ansiolíticos. La mayoría estaba constituida por jóvenes adultos (72%, de etnia blanca (98,8%. Las personas estaban en tiempo de ocio (46,5%, en sus casas (29% o en contacto con la naturaleza (16,2%. El mensaje transmitido fue que los medicamentos tratan sintomatologías subjetivas de incomodidad del día a día, induciendo un reclamo irracional que puede reflejarse en la prescripción medicamentosaThe goal of this study was to describe the human figures portrayed in psychoactive drug advertising in terms of gender, age, ethnic group, and social context. Content

  6. A influência do ambiente familiar e escolar na aquisição e no desenvolvimento da linguagem: revisão de literatura Family and school environment influences on language acquisition and development: literature review

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    Ramilla Recla Scopel

    2012-08-01

    Full Text Available TEMA: o termo linguagem é definido como organizado sistema de símbolos, com propriedades particulares que desempenham a função de codificação, estruturação e consolidação dos dados sensoriais, o que permite que experiências sejam comunicadas e seus conteúdos transmitidos. O desenvolvimento da linguagem depende não somente das condições biológicas inatas de cada indivíduo, como também sofre influência de fatores ambientais presentes nos meios em que as crianças estão inseridas, como por exemplo, a família e a escola. OBJETIVO: descrever e analisar as produções científicas relevantes para o entendimento da influência do ambiente familiar e escolar na aquisição e desenvolvimento da linguagem em crianças por meio de revisão da literatura. CONCLUSÃO: as produções científicas apresentadas apontam a relevância da estimulação no âmbito familiar e escolaridade dos pais, porém pôde-se perceber a carência de estudos que relacionassem o desenvolvimento infantil com o ambiente escolar. Outro fator que chamou atenção foi a falta de estudos que correlacionem vocabulário e fonologia com os fatores ambientais escolares e familiares. A partir da revisão da literatura abrem-se novas perspectivas de trabalhos a serem realizados na Fonoaudiologia para que as lacunas existentes possam ser preenchidas com novos conhecimentos sobre desenvolvimento infantil.BACKGROUND: the term language is defined as organized system of symbols, with properties, that has a role in encoding, consolidation and structuring sensory data, allowing for experiments to be reported and their contents communicated. Language development depends not just on the innate biological conditions of each individual, but is also influenced by environmental factors in the environments where children are inserted, such as family and school. PURPOSE: to describe and analyze scientific studies relevant to understanding the influence of family and school environment

  7. O que a saúde tem a ver com rádio comunitária?: uma análise de uma experiência em Nova Friburgo - RJ What does health have to do with community radio?: an analysis of an experience in Nova Friburgo - State of Rio de Janeiro

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    Alfredo de Oliveira Neto

    2013-02-01

    Full Text Available O campo da Comunicação e Saúde no Brasil vem se desenvolvendo e se fortalecendo a cada Conferência Nacional de Saúde (CNS. No relatório final da XII CNS, em 2003, torna-se claro o reconhecimento das rádios comunitárias como instrumento de divulgação e produção de temas relacionados ao SUS. O objetivo foi analisar as relações que se estabelecem entre profissionais de saúde, ouvintes/usuários e comunicadores envolvidos com uma rádio comunitária, de modo a entender como são constituídos os nexos entre um programa de rádio sobre saúde e os imaginários desses sujeitos. Para tal, uma abordagem metodológica qualitativa, fazendo-se uso da etnografia e do estudo de recepção. O campo se constituiu de um programa sobre saúde, o Bloco Mulher Saúde, transmitido pela rádio comunitária Rádio Comunidade FM 104,9 no município de Nova Friburgo, RJ. As discussões foram divididas em categorias analíticas. A comunicação comunitária pode contribuir como mediador político-cultural ampliando as possibilidades de expressão das demandas sobre saúde; existe a manutenção e reprodução do linguajar técnico hegemônico em saúde pelos médicos ao participarem de uma rádio comunitária; a comunicação comunitária pode auxiliar na construção de estratégias para ampliar o controle social no SUS.The field of Communication and Health in Brazil has been developing and getting stronger after each National Health Conference (NHC. In the final report of the XII NHC, in 2003, there was clear recognition that community radio is an instrument for the dissemination and treatment of issues related to the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS. This study seeks to analyze the relationships that are established between health professionals, listeners/users and popular communicators as a means of understanding the nexus between a radio program on health and the imaginations of the listeners. A qualitative methodological approach was used of

  8. Vida em Santidade: modos de ser santo em uma comunidade messiânico-milenarista do sertão baiano (Pau de Colher, 1934-1938 - DOI: 10.5752/P.2175-5841.2010v8n18p170

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    Filipe Pinto Monteiro

    2010-11-01

    Full Text Available A proposta do artigo é analisar o fenômeno peculiar da honraria santoral na comunidade messiânico-milenarista de Pau de Colher (Casa Nova, sertão da Bahia, 1934-1938. A partir de um recorte histórico-cultural e teológico, a investigação será encaminhada no sentido de esclarecer a atuação de uma liderança religiosa, popular e carismática atada a modelos de santidade gestados durante o período medieval no ocidente cristão e transmigrados para o Novo Mundo após os descobrimentos. O texto apresenta documentação inédita e estabelece uma discussão - a partir de obras clássicas e outras referências garimpadas ao longo da pesquisa - em torno da manifestação de santos católicos no interior baiano na década de 30 do século XX. O movimento de Pau de Colher, através da pregação de seus líderes, instituiu um diálogo com uma tradição que remonta às origens do cristianismo; fez crer na ressurreição de personagens como São José, o Carpinteiro e Santa Maria, a Imaculada -, figuras privilegiadas em nosso estudo -; e re-atualizou um conjunto de credos e valores transmitidos pelas mãos de missionários itinerantes e de beatos errantes durante a história do Brasil, revelando um intenso hibridismo entre catolicismo popular e eclesiástico. Palavras-chave: Pau de Colher; santos; sertão; catolicismo; religiosidade popular.   Abstract The aim of this paper is to analyze the peculiar phenomenon of the honor saints in the messianic-millenarian community of Pau de Colher (Casa Nova, interior of Bahia, 1934-1938. From a cultural-historical and theological approach, the research will be directed towards clarifying the role of religious, popular and charismatic leadership tied to models of holiness gestated during the medieval period in the Christian West and transmigrated to the New World after the discoveries. The paper presents unpublished documentation and provides a discussion - from classical works and other references panned

  9. Further molecular characterization of weed-associated begomoviruses in Brazil with an emphasis on Sida spp Caracterização molecular adicional de begomovírus associados a plantas daninhas no Brasil, com ênfase em Sida spp

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    S.S. Tavares

    2012-06-01

    Full Text Available Begomoviruses are whitefly-transmitted, single-stranded DNA viruses that are often associated with weed plants. The aim of this study was to further characterize the diversity of begomoviruses infecting weeds (mostly Sida spp. in Brazil. Total DNA was extracted from weed samples collected in Viçosa (Minas Gerais state and in some municipalities of Alagoas state in 2009 and 2010. Viral genomes were amplified by RCA, cloned and sequenced. A total of 26 DNA-A clones were obtained. Sequence analysis indicated the presence of 10 begomoviruses. All viral isolates from Blainvillea rhomboidea belonged to the same species, Blainvillea yellow spot virus (BlYSV , thereby suggesting that BlYSV may be the only begomovirus present in this weed species. Four isolates represent new species, for which the following names are proposed: Sida yellow blotch virus (SiYBV, Sida yellow net virus (SiYNV, Sida mottle Alagoas virus (SiMoAV and Sida yellow mosaic Alagoas virus (SiYMAV. Recombination events were detected among the SiYBV isolates and in the SiYNV isolate. These results constitute further evidence of the high species diversity of begomoviruses in Sida spp. However, the role of this weed species as a source of begomoviruses infecting crop plants remains to be determined.Begomovírus são vírus de DNA circular fita simples transmitidos por mosca branca, os quais são frequentemente associados com plantas daninhas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a diversidade de begomovírus infectando plantas daninhas (principalmente Sida spp. no Brasil. DNA total foi extraído a partir de plantas daninhas coletadas em Viçosa (Minas Gerais e em alguns municípios do estado de Alagoas em 2009 e 2010. Os genomas virais foram amplificados por RCA, clonados e sequenciados. Um total de 26 clones de DNA-A foram obtidos. A análise das sequências indicou a presença de dez diferentes begomovírus. Todos os isolados originários de Blainvillea rhomboidea pertencem a uma

  10. PRESENCE OF BCMV AND BCMNV IN FIVE DRY BEAN-PRODUCING STATES IN MEXICO.

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    Daniel Lepe-Soltero

    2012-08-01

    BCMNV, 30 (9% fueron positivas para ambos virus y otras 30 (9% no han sido definidas aún. En referencia a cultivares, Azufrado Higuera (raza Nueva Granada, cultivado en Sinaloa mostró la frecuencia más alta (33% de BCMV, mientras que Negro Jamapa (raza Mesoamericana de Nayarit, mostró la más alta (50% de BCMNV. En estos dos estados el porcentaje de muestras positivas para cualquiera de las dos especies virales fue del 80%. Adicionalmente se detectaron infecciones mixtas en el cultivar Negro Jamapa. Los resultados indican el alto riesgo de infección con el movimiento interestatal de semillas ya que ambos virus son transmitidos por este medio y en los estados de la costa occidental de pacífico se producen grandes cantidades de semilla durante el ciclo de otoño-invierno.

  11. Parent-to-offspring transfer of sublethal effects of copper exposure: Metabolic rate and life-history traits of Daphnia Transferencia paterno-filial de efectos subletales de la exposición al cobre: Tasa metabólica y rasgos de historia de vida en Daphnia

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    MAURICIO A FERNÁNDEZ-GONZÁLEZ

    2011-06-01

    Full Text Available In ecological communities, pollution driven perturbations exert immediate effects on sensitive individuals, but these effects may be transmitted among interacting organisms and spread over the community through several paths. This makes the assessment and prediction of ecological consequences of pollution difficult. The propagation of perturbation effects among organisms can be horizontal among organisms that coexist in space and time, and vertical among organism that belong to different generations. The latter process is poorly understood, in particular in planktonic organisms facing metal pollution. In this study we evaluate the vertical transfer of effects driven by sublethal copper stress on the heartbeat rate, somatic growth and fertility of Daphnia pulex. In order to evaluate this, we performed a factorial experiment in which parental and filial generations were exposed to both copper-enriched and control media. We found that parental exposure to copper exerted a significant effect on the heartbeat rate, somatic growth and fertility of offspring, revealing a transgenerational effect in D. pulex. This response may be explained by a higher resource investment on repair/detoxification processes in the parental generation, allocating fewer resources to offspring quality. Our results suggest that responsiveness of organisms to stress is dependent on parental history.En las comunidades ecológicas, las perturbaciones producidas por los contaminantes ejercen efectos inmediatos en los individuos sensibles, pero estos efectos podrían ser transmitidos entre los organismos interactuantes y extenderse sobre la comunidad a través de múltiples vías. Esto hace difícil la evaluación y predicción de las consecuencias ecológicas de la contaminación. La propagación de los efectos de una perturbación entre los organismos puede ser horizontal, entre organismos que coexisten espacial y temporalmente, y vertical, entre organismos que pertenecen a

  12. Guinea pigs experimentally infected with vaccinia virus replicate and shed, but do not transmit the virus Cobaias infectadas experimentalmente com vírus vaccínia replicam e excretam, porém não transmitem o vírus

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    Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti

    2012-06-01

    secreções nasais (1 a 9 dias pós-inoculação - pi, desenvolveram viremia (1 a 10 dias pi e soroconverteram ao VACV. Apesar da replicação e excreção viral, o vírus não foi transmitido a sentinelas por contato direto, indireto (aerossóis ou por água e alimentos contaminados com fezes deliberadamente contaminadas com o vírus. Esses resultados demonstram que, apesar de replicar e excretar o vírus, as cobaias não transmitem o VACV nas condições estudadas. Esses achados tornam pouco provável a participação de espécies relacionadas na manutenção e transmissão do VACV na natureza.

  13. Detección, aislamiento y caracterización de Escherichia coli productor de toxina Shiga a partir de carne molida fresca proveniente de carnicerías de Concepción, provincia de Tucumán Detection, isolation and characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC in fresh ground beef from butcher shops in Concepción, Tucumán Province

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    M. A. Jure

    2010-12-01

    Full Text Available Escherichia coli productor de toxina Shiga (STEC es un patógeno emergente transmitido por alimentos. Existen numerosos serotipos de STEC asociados a enfermedad en humanos, entre los cuales prevalece el serotipo O157:H7. La carne molida es el principal vehículo de transmisión. En la ciudad de Concepción, provincia de Tucumán, entre setiembre y diciembre de 2004 se diagnosticaron dos casos de síndrome urémico hemolítico (SUH. El objetivo de este trabajo fue detectar, aislar y caracterizar STEC O157 y no-O157 a partir de muestras de carne molida fresca obtenidas en las bocas de expendio. Entre los meses de setiembre y diciembre de 2004 se recolectaron 53 muestras de carne molida fresca en carnicerías de la ciudad de Concepción. Para la detección, el aislamiento y la caracterización de STEC O157:H7 se utilizó la metodología USDA-FSIS 2002. Para la detección de E. coli no-O157 se utilizaron dos técnicas de PCR; para el aislamiento y la caracterización se utilizó una metodología previamente validada en una etapa intralaboratorio. Siete muestras fueron positivas para el gen stx2, de las cuales 4 también fueron positivas para el gen rfbO157. Sin embargo, solo se aisló una cepa de E. coli O157:H7 biotipo C, portadora de los genes eae, stx2 y ehxA. El presente trabajo refleja la importancia de implementar técnicas que permitan detectar este grupo de patógenos emergentes a partir de productos cárnicos.Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli is an emerging foodborne pathogen. There are many STEC serotypes associated with human diseases, being the O157:H7 serotype the most prevalent. Ground beef is the main transmission vehicle. In Concepción city, Tucumán Province, between September and December 2004, two hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS cases were diagnosed. The main objective of this work was to detect, isolate and characterize STEC O157 and non-O157 strains in fresh ground beef. Between September and December 2004, 53 fresh ground

  14. Clinical manifestation and pathophysiology of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever on human

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    Siavash Hamzehpour

    2017-10-01

    Full Text Available The Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever is a febrile and acute viral disease, and it is sporadic and epidemic in human societies, although it is special for animals (1. The disease was first identified in the Crimean Peninsula in the years 1945-1944 and was called the Crimean Hemorrhagic Fever. In 1956, the epidemic of the disease in the Congo also occurred, and due to the similarity of the disease agent, the combination of names of these two regions was used for naming the disease (2. The cause of this disease is a single-stranded viraemia virus from the genus Neurovirus and the Bunyaviridae family (3. One of the ways to transmit the disease is tick bites, and the hyaloma ticks are the most important constituent of the Crimean-Congo fever vein and the reservoir. In addition to transmitting the disease to vertebrates, due to a vertical and horizontal transmission, they transmit it to the next generation (4. Also, human contact with meat, blood and contaminated secretions of livestock in a livestock eradication period causes the transmission of the disease (5. Human to human transmission, which is more often seen as a hospital infection, is also a means of transmitting the disease (6. The incubation period after a tick bite is 1 to 3 days and a maximum of 9 days, and is slightly longer after contact with contaminated blood or tissue about 5-6 days, and finally 14 days (7. In the early stages of the disease, symptoms are sudden which include severe headaches, fever, chills, muscle pain, especially the back and leg muscles, neck stiffness, dizziness, reddening of the eyes, fear of light, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Then, a severe generalized muscle pain appears, mostly at the back and hamstring, and the patient complains of back pain and epigastric pain (8. In the examination of patients, facial flushing and chest thigtness, hyperemia of throat mucusand petechialsare common symptoms which draw attention. Hemorrhagic phenomena include melena

  15. Plantas medicinais usadas para a saúde bucal pela comunidade do bairro Santa Cruz, Chapada dos Guimarães, MT, Brasil Medicinal plants used for oral health in the Santa Cruz neighborhood, Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso State, Brazil

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    Aneliza Meireles Borba

    2006-12-01

    Full Text Available Em Mato Grosso, populações tradicionais recorrem ao uso de espécies vegetais como alternativa terapêutica. Na cidade de Chapada dos Guimarães, o bairro Santa Cruz se destaca por abrigar famílias nascidas em áreas urbanas ou rurais que conservam esses conhecimentos transmitidos por gerações. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo o levantamento das plantas medicinais utilizadas pela comunidade local, indicações terapêuticas, preparos e modos de uso visando a manutenção e recuperação da saúde bucal. Foram entrevistados 40 residentes, através de abordagem qualitativa, usando entrevista semi-estruturada. As espécies catalogadas foram depositadas para identificação no UFMT/Herbário Central. Foram citadas 87 espécies pertencentes a 48 famílias utilizadas na saúde bucal, encontradas no bioma Cerrado ou cultivadas nas residências. Conforme as afecções bucais citadas, as espécies utilizadas são: para erupção dentária: camomila (Matricaria chamomilla L.; candidíases, estomatites, gengivites e afta: açafrão (Crocus sativus L.; dor de dente: arnica-da-serra (Brickelia brasiliensis (Spreng. Robinson. A folha foi a parte da planta mais usada e o chá, por decocção, modo de preparo mais comum. Pessoas idosas, líderes comunitários, parteiras e benzedeiras entrevistados apresentaram um maior conhecimento sobre o assunto. Constatou-se que a comunidade utiliza espécies vegetais, nativas do cerrado ou exóticas, com finalidade terapêutica para manutenção e recuperação da saúde bucal, sendo uma alternativa tradicional, econômica e atuante.In the State of Mato Grosso, traditional populations turn to the use of many plant species as a therapeutic alternative. In the city of Chapada dos Guimarães, the Santa Cruz neighborhood is well known for harboring families from urban and rural communities who preserve this knowledge passed down through many generations. The objective of this research was to survey the medicinal plants used

  16. Garaje para la Universidad de California

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    Lin, T. Y.

    1964-06-01

    presencia de grietas. Esta disposición en el trazado de los cables del pretensado asegura la impermeabilización del hormigón e introduce ventajas económicas, ya que hace innecesaria toda capa de impermeabilización. Como el edificio se halla rodeado en tres de sus fachadas por otros tantos muros de contención, se ha sacado partido de esta circunstancia para arriostrar los forjados sobre estos muros y transmitir sobre ellos los efectos del viento y sísmicos, en una dirección, mientras que, en la normal a ella, estos efectos son transmitidos al terreno por el intermedio de los soportes. La mayoría de los elementos estructurales, a excepción de las losas para forjados, han sido prefabricados y pretensados en un taller situado a unos 80 km de distancia de la obra. Muchos de los elementos cuentan con armaduras complementarias para el postensado después de haber sido colocados en obra.

  17. Detection of PMTV Using Polyclonal Antibodies Raised Against a Capsid-Specific Peptide Antigen / Detección de PMTV Utilizando Anticuerpos Policlonales Contra un Péptido Antigénico Derivado de la Cápside Viral

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    Yuliana Gallo García

    2013-12-01

    Full Text Available Potato mop-top virus (PMTV; genus Pomovirus;family Virgaviridae is the causing agent of the spraing disease in potato (Solanum tuberosum. PMTV is transmitted by Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea (Sss. This disease has a widespread distribution in potato growing regions around the world. The possibility of obtaining strain specific antibodies at low cost can greatly increase the sensitivity and use of serological tests in seed certification programs, plant breeding and quarantine regulations to avoid dissemination of this injurious virus. This work presents an alternative procedure for the production of PMTV specific antibodies useful in serological test such as ELISAand lateral flow. In contrast to standard methods requiring theisolation of viral particles or expression of recombinant capsid, this method uses peptides mimicking the N-terminal region of PMTV capsid protein as antigen for the production of specific polyclonal antibodies. The antibodies were tested against bait plants grown in soil infested with viruliferous Sss, as well as potato plants obtained from naturally Sss infested fields in Colombia. PMTV was detected in 9/14 and 24/28 foliage samples of N. benthamiana and S. phureja, respectively. In the case of field plants, the virus wasdetected in eight out of 12 root tissues evaluated. The minimumpeptide concentration detected by ELISA was of the order of 0.1 nM. / Potato mop-top virus (PMTV; género Pomovirus; familia Virgaviridae es transmitido por Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea (Sss, agente causal de la sarna polvosa de la papa. Esta enfermedad tiene una amplia distribución en las regiones cultivadoras de papa alrededor del mundo. La posibilidad de obtener anticuerpos específicos contra cepas de este virus, puede incrementar la sensibilidad y la utilización de pruebas serológicas en programas de certificación de semilla, mejoramiento genético y regulaciones cuarentenarias que eviten su diseminaci

  18. Adolescência, sexualidade e mídia: uma breve revisão da literatura nacional e internacional Adolescencia, sexualidad y medios de comunicación: una breve revisión de la literatura nacional e internacional Adolescence, sexuality and media: a brief revision of national and international literature

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    Raquel de Barros Pinto Miguel

    2007-08-01

    Full Text Available Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar a produção existente acerca dos temas adolescência, sexualidade e mídia. Para tanto foram realizados levantamentos em bases de dados internacionais e nacionais, utilizando termos descritores relacionados ao assunto. Nas referências encontradas foram identificados os temas mais investigados por seus autores, estando entre eles: papel informativo da mídia, o conteúdo sexual veiculado pela mídia, sua influência na sexualidade do adolescente e relação entre mídia e a preservação do paradigma dominante. Os veículos midiáticos mais explorados nos estudos são a televisão e as revistas. Foi possível também identificar autores de relevância, tanto no âmbito nacional quanto internacional, bem como livros e periódicos de referência na área. Constatou-se a exígua produção acerca desta temática, principalmente quando comparado ao número de trabalhos abordando os temas adolescência e sexualidade, em especial em âmbito nacional.Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo identificar la producción existente respecto a los temas adolescencia, sexualidad y medios de comunicación. Para ello, fueron realizados levantamientos en bases de datos internacionales y nacionales, utilizando términos descriptivos relacionados al asunto. En las referencias encontradas fueron identificados los temas más investigados por sus autores. Entre ellos están: rol informativo de los medios, el contenido sexual transmitido por los medios, su influencia en la sexualidad del adolescente y la relación entre los medios y la preservación del paradigma dominante. Los medios más explorados en los estudios fueron la televisión y las revistas. Fue posible también identificar autores de relevancia, tanto en el ámbito nacional como en el internacional, bien como libros y revistas de referencia en el área. Se constató la escasa producción sobre esta temática, principalmente cuando comparada al número de trabajos que

  19. Variabilidade genética entre isolados de Colletotrichum gossypii do algodoeiro Genetic variability among the isolates of Colletotrichum gossypii of cotton

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    Yeshwant R. Mehta

    2010-03-01

    Full Text Available O algodoeiro é atacado por Colletotrichum gossypii (CG e C. gossypii var. cephalosporioides (CGC. Ambos os patógenos são transmitidos pela semente e sua distinção morfológica é extremamente difícil e inconsistente. Tentativas foram feitas no presente trabalho para verificar a variabilidade genética entre CG e CGC através de RAPD-PCR, ERIC- e REP-PCR e PCR-RFLP da região ITS rDNA. Foram utilizados 53 isolados coletados de sementes e folhas de plantas de diferentes cultivares nos estados do Paraná, São Paulo, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, e Paraiba, entre 1999 e 2003. Baseado em testes de patogenicidade, vinte e um isolados foram classificados como CG e 32 como CGC. Os resultados obtidos por RAPD-PCR, utilizando-se oito primers, revelaram dois grupos distintos sendo que o primeiro foi formado por 94% dos isolados de sementes e o segundo por 95% dos isolados de folhas. Na análise de ERIC- e REP-PCR, resultados semelhantes a RAPD foram obtidos, sendo que o primeiro grupo foi formado por 93% dos isolados provenientes das sementes e o segundo por 78% dos isolados provenientes das folhas. Quando o produto de amplificação da região ITS rDNA foi digerido com oito enzimas de restrição, um perfil de bandas semelhante para todos os isolados foi obtido. Resultados de RAPD, ERIC- e REP-PCR demonstraram que existem diferenças genéticas entre os isolados provenientes das sementes e aqueles provenientes de parte aérea, e esses dois grupos foram claramente distintos. Estudos futuros devem ser realizados utilizando outras técnicas moleculares para a obtenção de marcadores capazes de distinguir entre isolados de CG e CGC.Cotton is attacked by Colletotrichum gossypii (CG and C. gossypii var. cephalosporioides (CGC. Both the pathogens are transmitted by seed and their morphological distinction is extremely difficult and inconsistent. In the present study, attempts were made to verify the genetic variability among 53 isolates of CG and CGC using

  20. Morte súbita dos citros: suscetibilidade de seleções de limão-cravo e uso de interenxertos Citrus sudden death: susceptibility of rangpur lime selections and the use of interstocks

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    Jorgino Pompeu Junior

    2008-12-01

    Full Text Available A morte súbita dos citros é uma doença que afeta cultivares de laranjas e tangerinas enxertadas nos limões-Cravo e Volkameriano. Ela foi observada em plantas com dois a seis anos de idade que, após mostrarem sintomas gerais de declínio, entraram em colapso e morreram. A retirada da casca dos porta-enxertos suscetíveis revela o amarelecimento na região cambial, sendo esse o sintoma-diagnóstico da doença e que precede os sintomas da copa. As plantas enxertadas nas tangerinas Cleópatra e Sunki, no trifoliata e no citrumelo Swingle, não mostram sintomas da doença. A transmissão por borbulha e a evolução espacial sugerem que a morte súbita dos citros seja causada por patógeno transmitido por vetor alado. Com o objetivo de selecionar porta-enxertos tolerantes à doença, laranjeiras Valência enxertadas em 254 porta-enxertos foram plantadas em maio de 2003 e 2004 em solos onde foram erradicados pomares afetados pela morte súbita dos citros e próximos a pomares afetados pela doença. Em novembro de 2006, o sintoma-diagnóstico da doença estava presente em dez seleções de limão-Cravo: Santa Barbara red lime, Borneo red lime, Limão-Cravo Taquaritinga, Rangpur India C-26-1, Rangpur rose lemon, Rangpur Kusaie lime, Rangpur red lime D-33-40, Rangpur Egyptian lime, Rangpur lemon India e Japanshe citroen. A presença de interenxerto de trifoliata ou de tangerina Cleópatra, entre o limão-Cravo e a laranja Valência, não impediu a manifestação da doença.Citrus sudden death (CSD or morte súbita dos citros affects sweet orange cultivars and some mandarin trees grafted on Rangpur lime and Volkamer lemon rootstocks. The disease was observed in trees with ages ranging from two to six years; after showing general decline symptoms, the affected trees suddenly collapse and die. Trees on Cleopatra and Sunki mandarins, 'Swingle' citrumelo and trifoliate orange showed no symptoms of CSD. Cambial yellowing in the rootstock can be observed

  1. Aula virtual y presencial en aprendizaje de comunicación audiovisual y educación Virtual and Real Classroom in Learning Audiovisual Communication and Education

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    Josefina Santibáñez Velilla

    2010-10-01

    Full Text Available El modelo mixto de enseñanza-aprendizaje pretende utilizar las tecnologías de la información y de la comunicación (TIC para garantizar una formación más ajustada al Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior (EEES. Se formularon los siguientes objetivos de investigación: Averiguar la valoración que hacen los alumnos de Magisterio del aula virtual WebCT como apoyo a la docencia presencial, y conocer las ventajas del uso de la WebCT y de las TIC por los alumnos en el estudio de caso: «Valores y contravalores transmitidos por series televisivas visionadas por niños y adolescentes». La investigación se realizó con una muestra de 205 alumnos de la Universidad de La Rioja que cursaban la asignatura de «Tecnologías aplicadas a la Educación». Para la descripción objetiva, sistemática y cuantitativa del contenido manifiesto de los documentos se ha utilizado la técnica de análisis de contenido cualitativa y cuantitativa. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que las herramientas de comunicación, contenidos y evaluación son valoradas favorablemente por los alumnos. Se llega a la conclusión de que la WebCT y las TIC constituyen un apoyo a la innovación metodológica del EEES basada en el aprendizaje centrado en el alumno. Los alumnos evidencian su competencia audiovisual en los ámbitos de análisis de valores y de expresión a través de documentos audiovisuales en formatos multimedia. Dichos alumnos aportan un nuevo sentido innovador y creativo al uso docente de series televisivas.The mixed model of Teaching-Learning intends to use Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs to guarantee an education more adjusted to European Space for Higher Education (ESHE. The following research objectives were formulated: 1 To find out the assessment made by teacher-training college students of the virtual classroom WebCT as an aid to face-to-face teaching. 2 To know the advantages of the use of WebCT and ICTs by students in the case study:

  2. Risco de transmissão do vírus da raiva oriundo de sagui (Callithrix jacchus, domiciliado e semidomiciliado, para o homem na região metropolitana de Fortaleza, estado do Ceará Risks of transmitting rabies virus from captive domiciliary common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus to human beings, in the metropolitan region of Fortaleza, state of Ceará, Brazil

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    Tereza D'ávila de Freitas Aguiar

    2011-06-01

    Full Text Available INTRODUÇÃO: Uma variante do vírus da raivafoi identificadaem associação a casos de raiva humanos, no Estado do Ceará, transmitidos por saguis (Callithrix jacchus, primatas frequentemente criados como animais de estimação. Essa variante não apresenta proximidade antigênica ou relação genética com as variantes do vírus encontradas em morcegos e mamíferos terrestres das Américas. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os fatores de risco de transmissão do vírus da raiva oriundo de sagui (C. jacchus, criado como animal de estimação, para o homem na região metropolitana de Fortaleza, Ceará. MÉTODOS: Foi aplicado um questionário estruturado aos criadores de saguis, residentes nos municípios de Aquiraz e Maranguape, Ceará, enfocando o manejo e a interação desses primatas com humanos. Para avaliação da ocorrência de antígenos rábicos, através do teste de imunofluorescência direta (IFD, foram coletadas amostras de saliva dos saguis domiciliados e semidomiciliados. Com base nos resultados obtidos desses espécimes, foram analisadas amostras de sistema nervoso central (SNC. RESULTADOS: Na análise dos questionários, observou-se a proximidade dos criadores de saguis durante o manejo desses animais nos domicílios, bem como, seus conhecimentos limitados sobre a raiva, demonstrando haver risco quanto à transmissão do vírus. De 29 amostras de saliva de saguis reavaliadas, uma (3,4% apresentou reação de IFD positiva. De 11 amostras de SNC, três (27,3% apresentaram positividade. CONCLUSÕES: Os dados laboratoriais estão de acordo com os achados dos questionários, confirmando haver risco da transmissão do vírus da raiva devido à convivência de humanos com saguis (C. jacchus.INTRODUCTION: In the State of Ceará, a new variant of the rabies virus was identified associated with cases of human rabies transmitted by common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus, which are frequently kept as pets. This new variant does not present

  3. As deficiências auditivas relacionadas às alterações do DNA mitocondrial. Hearing loss related to mitochondrial DNA changes

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    Maria F. P. de Carvalho

    2002-03-01

    Full Text Available A deficiência auditiva é sintoma comum que pode apresentar várias etiologias, entre elas as causadas por alterações genéticas. As mutações genéticas podem ocorrer em genes nucleares e mitocondriais. A mitocôndria, uma organela intracelular, tem o seu próprio genoma (DNA, que é uma molécula circular e é transmitido exclusivamente pela mãe. As mutações do DNA mitocondrial são transmitidas pela linhagem materna, mas podem ocorrer mutações espontâneas. O fenótipo, ou expressão clínica, da mutação mitocondrial vai depender da quantidade de DNA mitocondrial mutante existente na célula, situação conhecida como heteroplasmia. A mitocôndria tem a função de disponibilizar energia para as células sob a forma de ATP (trifosfato de adenosina. Os órgãos que requerem grande quantidade de energia são mais comumente acometidos em casos de mutações do DNA mitocondrial, como células nervosas, musculares, endócrinas, ópticas e auditivas. Como a cóclea é grande consumidora de energia, uma mutação no DNA mitocondrial de células ciliadas causa deficiência auditiva do tipo neurossensorial, bilateral, simétrica e progressiva. As deficiências auditivas causadas por mutações no DNA mitocondrial correspondem a 0,5% a 1% de todas as deficiências auditivas de origem genética. Foi realizada uma extensa revisão bibliográfica, a fim de estudar as deficiências auditivas causadas por alterações no DNA mitocondrial. A deficiência auditiva pode se apresentar na forma isolada (forma não sindrômica, como nos casos de hiper-sensibilidade aos antibióticos aminoglicosídeos e presbiacusia, ou associada a outras doenças (forma sindrômica, como na síndrome de Kearns-Sayre e diabete e surdez de herança materna.Hearing loss is a common symptom that may be manifested by many etiologies and it is frequently associated to genetic problems. Genetic mutations may occur in nuclear or mitochondrial genes. Mitochondria are

  4. O terramoto de Lisboa de 1755: tremores e temores

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    María José Ferro TAVARES

    2009-11-01

    Full Text Available RESUMEN: Con anterioridad al gran terremoto de 1755 ya se habían registrado en Portugal temblores de tierra de intensidad bastante significativa. En la actualidad, las cartas sismotectónicas enseñan que tanto la región de la Gran Lisboa, como la costa sur atlántica y costa algarvia son las que presentan mayor peligrosidad sísmica. Los temblores de tierra fueron desde siempre un asunto de preocupación para la población portuguesa que habitaba estas regiones, provocando temores y fobias que fueron transmitidos de generación en generación. En el presente trabajo se procura identificar las señales de cambios o de continuidad en la población portuguesa y las reacciones ante los efectos de los terremotos que desde tiempos remotos afectaran al país. Particular atención es atribuida a las interpretaciones de raíz escatológica, las primeras que surgieron y que gradualmente fueran sustituidas en el siglo XVII por explicaciones que invocaban la existencia de causas primeras (divinas y causas segundas (naturales en la discusión de este tipo de fenómenos. Va a ser con el terremoto de Lisboa, en 1755, cuando la experimentación surge como medio de explicación, inicialmente apenas en términos retóricos, para después, a partir del siglo XIX, en términos científicos, sustentar la aparición y desarrollo de la propia sismología. En Portugal, mientras exista un copioso acervo bibliográfico en lo que concierne a las referidas explicaciones, una actitud pragmática ante los terremotos ha prevalecido siempre, en el sentido de que es siempre más importante mitigar sus efectos, particularmente los efectos en la salud pública en lo que se refiere al terremoto de Lisboa, que determinar sus causas exactas.ABSTRACT: Before the great Lisbon earthquake of 1755 the continental part of Portugal had already experienced strong, catastrophic tremors; present day seismotectonic maps show that indeed the metropolitan area of the capital city, as well as

  5. Seasonal fluctuations in prevalence of dog intestinal parasites in public squares of Mar del Plata city, Argentina and its risk for humans Estacionalidad en la prevalencia de parásitos intestinales caninos en plazas públicas de Mar del Plata, Argentina, y su riesgo para la salud humana

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    V. Andresiuk

    2007-12-01

    obtenidos en la biblioteca del Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. La prevalencia total de parásitos fue considerablemente más alta en invierno que en verano. Ancylostoma spp. fue la especie prevalente en el período otoño-verano. La incidencia de Toxocara canis fue más alta en invierno que en el resto de las estaciones, y la de Trichuris vulpis fue alta en invierno, primavera y verano. Este trabajo muestra alta prevalencia de parásitos totales a lo largo de todo el año en las plazas públicas de Mar del Plata. Para Ancylostoma spp. verano y otoño podrían ser las estaciones con riesgo sanitario más alto para la gente. Por otra parte, T. canis podría presentar mayor riesgo para la gente en invierno y T. vulpis sería transmitido durante todo el año. La variación estacional en la prevalencia de los distintos parásitos caninos, con al menos una especie con riesgo sanitario, hace que la exposición para la gente que visita las plazas sea continua e involucre no sólo a la gente que vive en Mar del Plata sino también turistas de otras regiones de Argentina y el mundo.

  6. RESEARCH OF ANTIGEN AND ANTIBODIES FROM RETROVIRUSES, CMV AND HBV AMONG PRISONERS OF THE PENITENTIARY COMPLEX OF THE REGION OF CAMPINAS, SP, BRAZIL

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    Neusa Maria OSTI

    1998-07-01

    Full Text Available Some viruses of the families Retroviridae, such as Human T Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV; Herpesviridae as the Cytomegalovirus (CMV and Hepadnaviridae such as the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV are liable to be co-transmitted with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV. Since prisoners are exposed to several and important risk factors involved in the transmission of HIV and the above mentioned viruses, male inmates from the penitentiary complex of Campinas, SP, Brazil, including HIV + and HIV - ones, were examined for the presence of HTLV-I and/or II antibodies; IgG and IgM anti-CMV antibodies, and the research of the superficial hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg. The presence of anti-HTLV-I and/or II was determined by the Western Blot (WB technique, whereas IgG and IgM anti-CMV and the search of HBsAg were carried out by the Microparticle Enzyme Immunoassay (MEIA-Abbott Lab.With regard to anti-HTLV-I and/or II, 58.3% (14/24-Number of positive reactions/number of sera examined were reactive among the anti-HIV positive sera. Conversely, only 12.5% (3/24 among the HIV- negative sera showed positive reactions to HTLV-I and/or II antibodies. When looking for IgG anti-CMV percentages of 97.7% (43/44 and 95% (38/40 were obtained for anti-HIV positive and negative sera, respectively. As to IgM anti-CMV antibodies 11.36% (5/44 and 2.5% (1/40 of reactive sera were found for anti-HIV positive and negative, respectively. The HBsAg was found in 12.8% (5/39 of the sera which were anti-HIV positive.Alguns vírus das famílias Retroviridae, tais como, o Vírus do Linfoma Humano de Células T ( HTLV; Herpesviridae, tais como o Vírus Citomegálico (CMV e da Hepatite B (HBV podem ser co-transmitidos com o Vírus da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (HIV. Uma vez que prisioneiros estão expostos a diversos fatores de risco envolvidos na transmissão do HIV e dos vírus acima mencionados, prisioneiros do sexo masculino do Complexo Penitenciário de Campinas, SP, Brasil, incluindo aqueles

  7. Implications of the Structural Change in Dairy Products Trade on Milk Price Paid to Producers in Chile Implicancias del Cambio Estructural en el Mercado de Productos Lácteos Sobre el Precio de Leche Pagado a Productor en Chile

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    Alejandra Engler

    2008-06-01

    Corrección de Error (VEC y análisis de cointegración. Los resultados demuestran que el precio doméstico, y los precios CIF (Cost, Insurance, Freight y FOB (Free On Board están cointegrados, lo que implica que fluctuaciones en los precios de importación y exportación son transmitidos al mercado doméstico. Antes de 2001 el precio CIF era la referencia relevante para los movimientos del precio doméstico, mientras que a partir de 2001 el precio FOB se transformó en la referencia y CIF dejó de ser significativo. Los parámetros del modelo sugieren que la relación de cointegración entre CIF y el precio doméstico para el primer período de análisis (1990-2000 es más robusta que la relación entre FOB y el precio doméstico para el segundo período (2001-2007/3. El coeficiente de elasticidad precio para el vector FOB-precio doméstico tiene un intervalo de confianza amplio, lo cual no permite concluir de manera robusta la dirección y magnitud del efecto del precio FOB sobre el precio pagado a productor en Chile a partir del año 2001.

  8. Impactos econômicos da introdução do milho Bt11 no Brasil: uma abordagem de equilíbrio geral inter-regional

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    Andressa Rodrigues Pavão

    2011-03-01

    Full Text Available Este trabalho analisa os impactos econômicos da adoção do milho Bt11 no Brasil, bem como as consequências da proibição deste cultivo apenas no Paraná, caso a lei estadual nº 14.162/03 entrasse em vigor. Para tal, utiliza-se um modelo computável de equilíbrio geral inter-regional, calibrado para 2001, simulando a redução de inseticida, mão de obra, combustível e lubrificantes, bem como o aumento de produtividade observado em lavouras de milho Bt11. Ao analisar a adoção nas regiões brasileiras "tecnificadas", observa-se o deslocamento de estoque de capital e mão de obra de todas as regiões para o Sul do País. Considerando-se que apenas o Paraná não adota milho Bt11, observa-se que tanto a mão de obra quanto o estoque de capital se deslocam do Sul e Sudeste para o Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Os resultados mais expressivos ocorrem no próprio estado do Paraná, onde não apenas o setor de milho, como também os setores a jusante perdem competitividade, reduzindo o nível de atividade, emprego e consumo das famílias. De forma geral, os efeitos da adoção do milho Bt11 são transmitidos ao longo da sua cadeia produtiva, gerando aumento do PIB, das exportações e do consumo das famílias, sendo mais expressivos nos setores e regiões diretamente relacionados com a cadeia de comercialização do milho, tais como os de criação animal e carnes, localizados, em sua maioria, no Sul do País.This study aims to analyze the economic impacts of the adoption of Bt11 corn in Brazil, as well as the consequences of the prohibition of the cultivation only in the Paraná state, if the state law number 14.162/03 would start to be active. For this purpose, an inter-regional general equilibrium computable model is used, gauged for 2001, simulating the reduction of insecticide, labor force, fuel and lubricants, as well as the increase in the yield observed in crops which use Bt11 corn. When the adoption of Bt11 corn in "technified" Brazilian

  9. Estrés alimentario y salud laboral vs. estrés laboral y alimentación equilibrada

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    Juan José Díaz Franco

    2007-12-01

    Full Text Available Si bien el estrés laboral es una realidad experimentada cada jornada por muchos trabajadores, debemos reconocer que algunas profesiones y actividades laborales generan más estrés (distrés que otras: así, los trabajos de dirección, nocturnos, monótonos, de servicios comunitarios, de industria pesada y minería, de construcción, etc. La mayor acumulación de estrés laboral puede alterar los patrones de conducta de quienes lo sufren. De manera muy especial, los hábitos alimentarios y las conductas asociadas a ellos pueden verse seriamente afectados por el estrés laboral (ingestas inadecuadas o extemporáneas, o pueden, "sensu contrario", ser desencadenantes de formas de estrés originadas por alteraciones o desórdenes dietéticos. Por eso no extraña que el aparato digestivo se convierta en órgano diana de patologías asociadas al estrés propio de ambientes y ritmos laborales insanos y vitandos. El estrés laboral puede alterar el apetito y el hambre y, como consecuencia, la correcta conducta alimentaria y la nutrición que, inexorable e involuntariamente, sigue a ésta. En determinadas circunstancias, hay disociación entre el apetito (sensación primariamente psíquica y el hambre (sensación básicamente orgánica. Y es que el apetito, como estado mental, puede verse modificado por diferentes situaciones emocionales (muy frecuentemente, por el estrés laboral, o a través de variaciones químicas y vasculares y de impulsos transmitidos al mesencéfalo desde diversos órganos, donde el estrés podría desempeñar también un papel relevante. La nutrición depende esencialmente de la alimentación; pero, a su vez, una fuente importante de estrés la constituye la forma en que nos alimentamos, porque si lo hacemos erróneamente podemos contraer enfermedades. Si nuestras células no reciben los aportes nutritivos adecuados, se produce una gran carga de estrés debida a esta demanda interna insatisfecha.Although occupational stress is a

  10. Origens desenvolvimentistas da saúde e da doença (DOHaD Developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD

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    Patrícia P. Silveira

    2007-12-01

    Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Apresentar um novo ramo da ciência, denominado origens desenvolvimentistas da saúde e doença (DOHaD, abordando conceitos, métodos de estudo, aspectos éticos e perspectivas para essa área do conhecimento. FONTES DOS DADOS: Revisão não sistemática da literatura biomédica, com o intuito de obter referências históricas e atualizadas relacionadas com o tema em discussão. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Estudos recentes demonstram associações entre agravos ocorridos em fases iniciais do desenvolvimento somático e a amplificação do risco para doenças crônicas ao longo da vida, tais como obesidade, diabetes e doenças cardiovasculares. Diferentes modelos foram propostos na tentativa de melhor explicar essas associações, como a teoria do fenótipo poupador, a programação, as respostas adaptativas preditivas e o conceito de concordância ou contraste. Alguns dos possíveis mecanismos envolvidos nesses processos são: efeitos do ambiente sobre a expressão gênica, através de mecanismos epigenéticos; efeitos de sinais hormonais transmitidos ao feto através da placenta ou ao recém-nascido através da lactação. CONCLUSÕES: O DOHaD agrega informações advindas de várias áreas do conhecimento, propondo novas metodologias de investigação no sentido de esclarecer a influência de eventos adversos ocorridos em fases precoces do desenvolvimento humano sobre o padrão de saúde e doença ao longo da vida. Esse novo campo da ciência propõe novos modelos de causalidade e mecanismos envolvidos no surgimento e desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas. Os resultados dessas investigações poderão resultar em impacto significativo na prevenção de doenças crônicas, bem como na promoção de saúde em diferentes fases da vida.OBJECTIVE: To present a new branch of scientific knowledge, known as the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD, covering its concepts, study methods and ethical considerations in addition to the

  11. Estratégias de acesso ao Ensino Superior entre jovens universitários com experiência de trabalho na infância/ Strategies of access to the higher education among young college students with work experience during the childhood

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    Andrea Abreu Astigarraga

    2010-09-01

    Full Text Available Este artigo aborda o modus operandi de jovens egressos do Ensino Superior, oriundos da zona rural, com experiência de trabalho na infância e que acessaram os cursos elitizados da Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú, Sobral, Ceará. A pesquisa autobiográfica dialogada foi relevante, tendo em vista que, em suas histórias de vida, as estratégias pessoais e familiares preponderaram diante do contexto de pobreza, subsistência, desde a infância, no Ensino Fundamental, passando pela adolescência, no Ensino Médio, à juventude, na Universidade. As principais estratégias verificadas em suas narrativas estão relacionadas com o capital social (relações interpessoais, os saberes e os valores transmitidos pela família. Verifica-se a urgência de políticas públicas de inclusão no Ensino Superior, para atender a uma demanda considerável de pessoas que não têm acesso a ela ou a acessam com muitas dificuldades, principalmente na UVA que, por ser universidade de âmbito estadual, não aplica as novas políticas “democráticas” do Ensino Superior, tais como ENEM e PROUNI. Os resultados da pesquisa poderão ser aplicados tanto no âmbito micro quanto no macro. O micro espaço da sala de aula pode sofrer grande influência no processo ensino-aprendizagem, quando se conhecem as estratégias escolares utilizadas pelos alunos. A administração central da universidade, visando ao planejamento estratégico de instâncias administrativas, tais como Pró-Reitoria de Graduação, Assuntos Estudantis, Iniciação Científica e Pesquisa, também poderá beneficiar-se deste estudo para a avaliação institucional. This article deals with the modus operandi of the egressed students of higher education, native from the rural area, with work experience in their childhood and that had access to the best courses at Vale do Acaraú University, Sobral, Ceará. The discussed autobiographical research was relevant bearing in mind that, in their life history

  12. Prevención del abuso y la explotación sexual comercial: Un proyecto exitoso en la zona sur de Costa Rica

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    Marcela Sanabria Hernández

    2014-07-01

    Full Text Available El presente artículo tiene como objetivo dar a conocer el proyecto que ejecutaron la Escuela de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades y el Centro Universitario de Ciudad Neily (ambos de la Universidad Estatal a Distancia, UNED desde el 2007 hasta el 2012, para la prevención del abuso y la explotación sexual comercial en la población menor de edad de la zona sur de Costa Rica. Este proyecto se gesta con la intención de dar respuesta a una necesidad particular que se ha identificado en la zona, como es la atención a las diversas manifestaciones de abuso, principalmente sexual y de explotación sexual comercial infantil. De igual forma responde a una intencionalidad planteada en el quehacer propio de la Universidad de vincularse con las regiones, así como elacompañamiento y atención a diversas problemáticasque puedan ser abordadas desde la experiencia universitaria. El proyecto inicia en el año 2007 con el desarrollo de talleres sobre la temática del abuso y la explotación sexual con una población de estudi antes de cuarto, quinto y sexto grados de la educación general básica, en escuelas de los cantones de Golfito y Corredores; y con recursos de fondos del Consejo Nacional de Rectores (CONARE. Posteriormente, los talleres se trabajaron con población adolescente. Paralelo a la realización de estos talleres se produjeron programas de radio transmitidos por una emisora cultural de la zona. Dichos programas fueron elaborados por un grupo de jóvenes que se conformó como producto de los talleres antes mencionados. Para los años 2008, 2009 y 2010 las experiencias continuaron básicamente con la realización de talleres y los grupos juveniles; se incorporaron los cines foros y las charlas a padres y madres de familia. También, en este período se inicia un trabajo en los centros educativos para capacitar al personal docente y administrativo. Entre el 2011 y el 2012, con fondos de la Comisión Regional Interuniversitaria CRI- CONARE, se

  13. Mães de sonhos: uma proposta de reflexão e intervenção nas relações familiares Mothers of dreams: a proposal of reflection and intervention into family relations

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    Ana Lúcia Alves Barboza

    2009-03-01

    Full Text Available O presente artigo realiza uma análise qualitativa e quantitativa da estreita intersecção entre autoconhecimento, autoestima e as relações familiares de algumas mulheres residentes na cidade de Sud Mennucci, no estado de São Paulo, cujos filhos estavam matriculados na entidade municipal Casa de Assistência à Criança e ao Adolescente - Sonho Meu - no decorrer de 2007. Além disso, através do referido projeto, estas mulheres tiveram a oportunidade de construir um grupo de apoio, no qual fortaleceram a sua saúde psíquica e o exercício dos papéis sociais de: mãe, esposa, ser humano e profissional. Elas também aprenderam algumas estratégias relevantes à mudança comportamental. A metodologia escolhida foi bastante diversificada para atender às necessidades do grupo participante e de organização profissional, além de contar com o suporte de três áreas de conhecimento: Serviço Social, Psicologia e Pedagogia, condensadas nos departamentos de Assistência Social e de Saúde do referido município. Os resultados atingidos foram de grande valia para as relações familiares do público-alvo e para todos os profissionais envolvidos, quer seja direta ou indiretamente na execução do mesmo. A família é vista como a célula-tronco da nossa sociedade, na qual os valores morais, os princípios éticos, a cultura, a educação e outros conceitos são transmitidos e consolidados ao longo de gerações. Mas sabemos que uma entidade formadora de tamanha magnitude tem algumas lacunas, as quais foram abordadas na expectativa de serem sanadas, buscando a promoção e qualidade dos vínculos afetivos familiares através destas mulheres.The present article conducts a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the intersection between the self-knowledge, self-esteem and family relations of women living in the city of Sud Mennucci, in the state of São Paulo, whose children were enrolled during the year 2007 in a municipal entity that provides

  14. Níveis de anticorpos para arbovírus em indivíduos da região de Ribeirão Preto, SP (Brasil Arbovirus antibody levels in the population of the Ribeirão Preto area, S.Paulo State (Brazil

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    Luiz Tadeu Moraes Figueiredo

    1986-06-01

    Full Text Available Com o objetivo de conhecer os níveis de anticorpos para arbovírus, foram estudados 302 indivíduos da região de Ribeirão Preto (Brasil, moradores em 3 tipos de locais com distintas formas de organização do espaço: próximos à área de paisagem natural; com paisagem modificada para a agropecuária; comunidades urbanas. Foram efetuados testes sorológicos de inibição da hemaglutinação, neutralização e fixação do complemento para 21 arbovírus. Os resultados mostraram que 19,9% dos indivíduos investigados apresentaram anticorpos, sugerindo infecções pregressas por vários arbovírus. A maior percentagem de habitantes que se infectaram por estes agentes foi observada em locais próximos à área de paisagem natural, 38,5%. O vesiculovírus Piry foi o agente para o qual se encontrou o maior número de soros reagentes, 12,5%. A maior ocorrência de portadores de anticorpos para o vírus Piry foi observada nos indivíduos: do sexo masculino; com idade superior a 40 anos; guardas-florestais, lavradores e profissionais com atividades ligadas ao rio.The area of Ribeirão Preto is located in the north of S.Paulo State - Brazil. The population is 611,742. The climate is sub-tropical warm and humid. The area of Ribeirão Preto is almost completely deforested and covered by extensive plantations of sugar cane and coffee and pasture. With the purpose of discovering the arbovirus antibody levels, a serologic survey was carried out among people of the Ribeirão Preto area living in different geographical environments. Fifty two inhabitants located close to natural landscap, 38 in places with landscape modified by agriculture and cattle raising, and 93 in urban communities were studied. Serologic tests for hemagglutination inhibition by 20 Togaviridae and Bunyaviridae arbovirus, and neutralization and complement fixation tests on Piry Rhabdoviridae were carried out. It was discovered that 19.9% of the sample population presented antibodies

  15. Ultrasonic Inspection following Heat Treatment of Uranium Alloys; Controle des Traitements Thermiques d'Alliage d'Uranium par Ultrasons; Kontrol' termicheskoj obrabotki uranovykh splavov s pomoshch'yu ul'trazvuka; Control Ultrasonico de los Tratamientos Termicos de Aleaciones de Uranio

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Destribats, Marie-Therese; Cherpentier, C.; Papezik, F.; Pigeon, M. [Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires Desaclay (France)

    1965-10-15

    ia calidad del combustible utilizado se considera indispensable controlar el conjunto del elemento y la totalidad de la produccion. Este control no puede realizarse por micrograffa debido al tiempo prolongado que esta requiere y a sus resultados de caracter parcial. El metodo de control adoptado se basa en el principio de la absorcion de ondas ultrasonicas por los distintos materiales. Dicha absorcion es funcion de la estructura del medio. Si {lambda} es pequena en comparacion col el tamano del grano G, la absorcion resultara debil mientras que si G es del orden de {lambda}/2, la absorcion sera muy considerable. Los primeros ensayos se efectuaron en aire, utilizando ecos multiples y midiendo la altura del primer eco; los siguientes se realizaron por transmision en agua, comparando la altura del eco transmitido con la del inicial. En el control industrial, se compara la amplitud del eco transmitido por el material con la del obtenido usando una probeta patron sometida al tratamiento correcto, de la misma composicion y de igual forma geometrica. La inspeccion se realiza en una maquina especial; los materiales se hacen girar mediante roldanas y los transductores orientables se desplazan a lo largo del elemento. La exploracion helicoidal se lleva a cabo con un paso inferior a 5 mm. El generador de ondas ultrasonicas comprende un sistema de regulacion que mantiene constante la intensidad del eco de referencia. Se presenta una serie de registros obtenidos con diversas aleaciones y, en particular, defectos observados en elementos tratados por induccion durante el avance lineal. Se detectan zonas de tratamiento deficiente, de area inferior a 1 cm{sup 2}. En la actualidad se controlan de esta manera todos los combustibles aleados de bajo contenido de uranio destinados a los reactors G2, EL3, EDF1, EDF2 e INCA, es decir, barras y tubos con diametros comprendidos entre 20 y 95 mm. (author) [Russian] Chtoby dobit'sja luchshego rezhima raboty reaktorov, v kotoryh ispol

  16. PERCEPÇÕES SOBRE CIDADANIA E MEIO AMBIENTE A PARTIR DAS AÇÕES COMUNICACIONAIS DA ONG TERRA VERDE

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    Joel Felipe Guindani

    2017-08-01

    , an interview was conducted with the NGO coordinator, who revealed to us some of the communication activities developed. This article also looks at some of the digital content aired by the NGO on their online social networks. As a result, the aspects of communication in face-to-face formative actions with the riverside communities are evidenced; in dialogues with young people from educational institutions, as well as in the delivery of content on online social networks.  KEYWORDS: Citizenship; Communication; Sustainability; NGOs; Terra Verde.     RESUMEN Este artículo presenta preguntas sobre la relación ciudadanía y medio ambiente a partir de algunas acciones comunicacionales del proyecto "Tape I Iande-caminho das águass", de la Organización No Gubernamental (ONG, "Terra Verde", realizado bajo el recorrido de las aguas del Río Uruguay, en la frontera Brasil-Argentina. En teoría, este artículo presenta una discusión inicial acerca de algunos sentidos que constituyen la noción de ciudadanía (SANTOS, 2006; PORTILHO, 2005; DAGNINO, 1994; Enfatiza la posible relación entre ciudadanía y sostenibilidad ambiental (CANTO, 2013 y, al final, establece conexiones entre comunicación y ciudadanía (KUNSH, 2007. Como metodología, se realizó una entrevista con el coordinador de la referida ONG, que nos reveló sobre algunas de las actividades comunicacionales desarrolladas. Este artículo también analiza algunos contenidos digitales transmitidos por la ONG en sus redes sociales online. Como resultado, se evidencian los aspectos de la comunicación en las acciones formativas presenciales con las comunidades ribereñas; En los diálogos con jóvenes de instituciones educativas, así como en la difusión de contenidos en las redes sociales online.  PALABRAS CLAVE: Ciudadanía; Comunicación; Sostenibilidad; ONG; Tierra Verde.

  17. Abraham Flexner y el Flexnerismo. Fundamento Imperecedero de la Educación Médica Moderna.

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    José Felix Patiño Restrepo

    1998-12-01

    Full Text Available

    En pasadas publicaciones me he referido a la necesidad de revisar los planes de estudio y de reorientar la precaria condición de la educación médica colombiana, tan seriamente afectada, entre otros factores, por la crisis del sistema hospitalario público, sistema que ha sido el eje de la educación tanto de pregrado como de postgrado, y por las recientes disposiciones legales que han reformado los sistemas de salud y de seguridad social en Colombia (Patiño 1991,1992a,b,1993a,b,1998.

    Hace diez años Jiménez Arango se refería a los escenarios educativos en los servicios de salud y en los hospitales públicos, de tan mala calidad por su extrema pobreza y atraso tecnológico, que no constituían un ambiente favorable para una sólida formación en las ciencias clínicas. Hoy, en medio de la profunda crisis que afecta al sector hospitalario y al sector de la salud en general, la situación no ha mejorado y, por el contrario, aparece aún más deteriorada.

    En cuanto a los planes de estudios de las facultades de medicina, he planteado que un curriculum adecuado debe partir de la premisa de que el enorme volumen de conocimiento biomédico actual no puede ser transmitido en su totalidad al estudiante y que, forzosamente, se debe aceptar la imposibilidad de formar un médico que “sepa de todo”, mediante un curriculum único y rígido. Más bien deben identificarse los campos de acción que son previsibles en el ejercicio futuro de la medicina, y diseñar planes de estudio flexibles, diversificados y versátiles destinados a capacitar a los médicos para las diferentes áreas de la actividad profesional a través de programas que ofrezcan áreas de concentración o de “especialización” en el pregrado. Entre ellas, la principal sería la de la medicina familiar, que es la versión moderna de la medicina general (Patiño 1991, 1992a,b,1993ab.

    La moderna organización social y las nuevas modalidades de prestación de

  18. Soroprevalência e perfil imunofenotípico de células linfóides T em indivíduos soropositivos para o vírus linfotrópico de células T humanas Seroprevalence and immunophenotypic profile of T lymphocyte cells in human T lymphotropic virus seropositive individuals

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    Geane F. de Sóuza

    2003-03-01

    Full Text Available O vírus linfotrópico de células T humana (HTLV é transmitido por transfusões, uso compartilhado de agulhas contaminadas, aleitamento e contato sexual. A prevalência varia de acordo com a região geográfica, grupo racial e população estudada. Cerca de 1% a 4% dos indivíduos infectados desenvolvem algum tipo de doença em decorrência da infecção. É reconhecida a associação entre o HTLV-I e leucemia de células T do adulto e paraparesia espástica tropical (PET. Embora a maioria dos portadores permaneça assintomática, existem evidências de comprometimento funcional da resposta imune celular. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram avaliar a prevalência de soropositividade para HTLV-I/II na população de doadores de sangue do HEMOCE e analisar o perfil imunofenotípico de células linfóides circulantes em 26 doadores soronegativos, 11 soropositivos para HTLV-I sintomáticos e 24 assintomáticos, comparando-os entre si. A prevalência da soropositividade para HTLV-I/II foi de 0,66%. No grupo de indivíduos contaminados pelo HTLV-I houve predomínio do sexo feminino e a maior média de idade. O grupo soropositivo apresentou menor valor de hemoglobina e o grupo sintomático evidenciou contagem de neutrófilos significativamente mais elevada. A contagem média de linfócitos não diferiu entre os grupos. A análise imunofenotípica mostrou que os valores médios de células CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ e relação CD4/CD8 não diferiram significativamente entre os grupos. Uma elevação de células CD8+ no grupo soropositivo foi observada embora não alcançasse significância estatística. A ativação de linfócitos CD8+ está envolvida na patogênese das doenças associadas ao HTLV-I. A definição do valor preditivo desse achado requer confirmação posterior.Human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV can be transmitted by transfusions of cellular blood products, shared use of contaminated syringes, breast feeding and sexual intercourse. The prevalence of

  19. Frequency of antibodies to Babesia bigemina, B. bovis, Anaplasma marginale, Trypanosoma vivax and Borrelia burdgorferi in cattle from the northeastern region of the state of Pará, Brazil Freqüência de anticorpos para Babesia bigemina, B. bovis, Anaplasma marginale, Trypanosoma vivax e Borrelia burgdorferi em bovinos do nordeste do Estado do Pará, Brasil

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    Daniel S. Guedes Junior

    2008-06-01

    , por meio do ensaio de imunoadsorção enzimática (ELISA, a freqüência de anticorpos para Babesia bigemina, B. bovis, Anaplasma marginale, Trypanosoma vivax e Borrelia burgdorferi em bovinos da região nordeste do Estado do Pará, Brasil. Amostras de soro de 246 vacas dos municípios de Castanhal e São Miguel do Guamá foram usadas. ELISAs com antígeno bruto foram utilizados para detector anticorpos contra todos os agentes, exceto para A. marginale, para o qual um ELISA indireto com proteína principal de superfície 1a (MSP1a foi usado. As freqüências de bovinos soropositivos foram: B. bigemina - 99,2%; B. bovis - 98,8%; A. marginale - 68,3%; T. vivax - 93,1% and B. burgdorferi -54,9% As freqüências de bovinos soropositivos para B. bovis e B. bigemina sugerem uma alta taxa de transmissão desses organismos por carrapatos, na região estudada, a qual pode ser classificada com sendo de estabilidade enzoótica para os hemoparasitos. A baixa freqüência de bovinos soropositivos para A. marginale pode ser atribuída a uma menor sensibilidade do ELISA com antígeno recombinante, ou uma menor taxa de inoculação da riquétsia pelos carrapatos, quando comparada àquelas observadas para Babesia sp. A alta freqüência de bovinos soropositivos para T. vivax indica que esse hemoprotozoário é prevalente em rebanhos do nordeste do Estado do Pará. O percentual de animais com anticorpos homólogos para B. burgdorferi indica a presenças deste espiroquetídeo transmitido por carrapatos na população de bovinos da região estudada.

  20. Malaria infection and the anthropological evolution Infecção por Malária e evolução antropológica

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    Sergio Sabbatani

    2010-03-01

    malária exerceu papel biológico chave, influenciando até o desenvolvimento antropológico. Os Plasmódios causadores da malária desenvolveram dois tipos de evolução, segundo um ponto de vista biológico, e filogenético. Em particular, os Plasmódios vivax, malariae, e ovale poderiam ter coevoluído com a espécie humana ou ter atingido esta durante as fases mais antigas da evolução do gênero HOMO. Por outro lado, o Plasmódio falciparum teria sido transmitido aos humanos por macacos num período mais recente, provavelmente entre o fim da Idade Mesolítica e o início da Neolítica. Os Autores mostram evidências biomoleculares, tanto diretas como indiretas, de infecção por malária, observada em indivíduos enterrados, reportando ao Mundo Antigo, e trazidas à luz no decorrer de escavações arqueológicas em alguns sítios relevantes Mediterrâneos. Nesta revisão da literatura, os autores organizam evidências modernas. Confirmam o papel da malária ao afetar a evolução das populações no Mediterrâneo. As pessoas que moram nas várias regiões do Mediterrâneo foram progressivamente influenciadas pela malária, ao longo do avanço desta doença. Além disso, as populações afetadas desenvolveram adaptações culturais, alimentares, e de comportamento, contribuindo para uma redução no risco da doença. Entretanto, pode ser que ambas modificações (as biológicas e as dos hábitos usadas pelos Plasmódios da malária, favoreceram a emergência de grupos de pessoas com maior resistência contra a malária. Todos estes fatores considerados reduziram o impacto demográfico, influenciando de uma maneira favorável o desenvolvimento em geral, e o crescimento da civilização.