FEBEX Project Post-mortem Analysis: Corrosion Study

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Madina, V.; Azkarate, I.

2004-01-01

The partial dismantling of the FEBEX in situ test was carried out during de summer of 2002, following 5 years of continuous heating. The operation included the demolition of the concrete plug and the removal of the section of the test corresponding to the first heater. A large number of samples from all types of materials have been taken during the dismantling for subsequent analysis. Part of the samples collected were devoted to the analysis of the corrosion processes occurred during the first operational phase of the test. These samples comprised corrosion coupons from different metals installed for that purpose, sensors retrieved during the dismantling that were found severely corroded and bentonite in contact with those sensors. In addition, a corrosion study was performed on the heater extracted and on one section of liner surrounding it. All the analyses were carried out by the Fundacion INASMET (Spain). This report describes, in detail the studies carried out the different materials and the obtained results, as well as the drawn conclusions. (Author)

FEBEX Project Post-mortem Analysis: Corrosion Study

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Madina, V.; Azkarate, I.

2004-07-01

The partial dismantling of the FEBEX in situ test was carried out during de summer of 2002, following 5 years of continuous heating. The operation included the demolition of the concrete plug and the removal of the section of the test corresponding to the first heater. A large number of samples from all types of materials have been taken during the dismantling for subsequent analysis. Part of the samples collected were devoted to the analysis of the corrosion processes occurred during the first operational phase of the test. These samples comprised corrosion coupons from different metals installed for that purpose, sensors retrieved during the dismantling that were found severely corroded and bentonite in contact with those sensors. In addition, a corrosion study was performed on the heater extracted and on one section of liner surrounding it. All the analyses were carried out by the Fundacion INASMET (Spain). This report describes, in detail the studies carried out the different materials and the obtained results, as well as the drawn conclusions. (Author)

Diffusion of strongly sorbing cations (60Co and 152Eu) in compacted FEBEX bentonite

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Garcia-Gutierrez, M.; Cormenzana, J. L.; Missana, T.; Alonso, U.; Mingarro, M.

2011-01-01

Diffusion experiments in compacted FEBEX bentonite were performed with strongly sorbing radionuclides, 60 Co and 152 Eu. Diffusion experiments with these radionuclides present several difficulties: first of all these tests are very time consuming because of the high sorption on the clays, secondly these elements not only present high sorption onto clays but also on diffusion cells, tubing, filters and reservoirs, typically used in the classical through-diffusion or in-diffusion methods, which makes difficult the interpretation of the results. In this study, the experiments were performed using the instantaneous planar source method, where a paper filter tagged with a tracer is placed between two tablets of compacted bentonite. The apparent diffusion coefficient (D a ) is obtained analysing the tracer concentration profile in the samples at the end of the experiment, both with an analytical and a numerical approach. The ranges of D a values obtained from these experiments in the FEBEX clay compacted at 1.65 g/cm 3 are (0.5-2.3) x 10 -13 m 2 /s for Co and (0.8-2.5) x 10 -14 m 2 /s for Eu. Results showed that the analytical solution is able to fit reasonably well the Eu concentration profiles, whereas Co concentration profiles show a different behavior, not straightforward to explain, which was also analyzed by numerical methods. (authors)

DECOVALEX III PROJECT. Modelling of FEBEX In-Situ Test. Task1 Final Report

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Alonso, E.E.; Alcoverro, J. [Univ. Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona (Spain)] (comps.)

2005-02-15

Task 1 of DECOVALEX III was conceived as a benchmark exercise supported by all field and laboratory data generated during the performance of the FEBEX experiment designed to study thermo-hydro-mechanical and thermo-hydro-geochemical processes of the buffer and rock in the near field. The task was defined as a series of three successive blind prediction exercises (Parts A, B and C), which cover the behaviour of both the rock and bentonite barrier. Research teams participating in the FEBEX task were given, for each of the three parts, a set of field and laboratory data theoretically sufficient to generate a proper model and were asked to submit predictions, at given locations and time, for some of the measured variables. The merits and limitations of different modeling approaches were therefore established. The teams could perform additional calculations, once the actual 'solution' was disclosed. Final calculations represented the best approximation that a given team could provide, always within the general time constraints imposed by the General DECOVALEX III Organization. This report presents the works performed for Task 1. It contains the case definitions and evaluations of modelling results for Part A, B and C, and the overall evaluation of the works performed. The report is completed by a CD-ROM containing a set of final reports provided by the modeling teams participating in each of the three parts defined. These reports provide the necessary details to better understand the nature of the blind or final predictions included in this report. The report closes with a set of conclusions, which provides a summary of the main findings and highlights the lessons learned, some of which were summarized below. The best predictions of the water inflow into the excavated tunnel are found when the hydro geological model is properly calibrated on the basis of other known flow measurements in the same area. The particular idealization of the rock mass (equivalent

DECOVALEX III PROJECT. Modelling of FEBEX In-Situ Test. Task1 Final Report

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Alonso, E.E.; Alcoverro, J.

2005-02-01

Task 1 of DECOVALEX III was conceived as a benchmark exercise supported by all field and laboratory data generated during the performance of the FEBEX experiment designed to study thermo-hydro-mechanical and thermo-hydro-geochemical processes of the buffer and rock in the near field. The task was defined as a series of three successive blind prediction exercises (Parts A, B and C), which cover the behaviour of both the rock and bentonite barrier. Research teams participating in the FEBEX task were given, for each of the three parts, a set of field and laboratory data theoretically sufficient to generate a proper model and were asked to submit predictions, at given locations and time, for some of the measured variables. The merits and limitations of different modeling approaches were therefore established. The teams could perform additional calculations, once the actual 'solution' was disclosed. Final calculations represented the best approximation that a given team could provide, always within the general time constraints imposed by the General DECOVALEX III Organization. This report presents the works performed for Task 1. It contains the case definitions and evaluations of modelling results for Part A, B and C, and the overall evaluation of the works performed. The report is completed by a CD-ROM containing a set of final reports provided by the modeling teams participating in each of the three parts defined. These reports provide the necessary details to better understand the nature of the blind or final predictions included in this report. The report closes with a set of conclusions, which provides a summary of the main findings and highlights the lessons learned, some of which were summarized below. The best predictions of the water inflow into the excavated tunnel are found when the hydro geological model is properly calibrated on the basis of other known flow measurements in the same area. The particular idealization of the rock mass (equivalent porous media

Caracterización de bentonitas y zeolitas sin tratamiento como refuerzo en materiales compuestos de matriz polimérica//Characterization of untreated zeolites and bentonites as reinforcement in polymer matrix composites

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Francisco Jesús Mondelo‐García

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Las bentonitas con microestructuras compuestas de placas silicio aluminosas. Se logró el objetivo de caracterizar las bentonitas sódicas de Wyoming, USA, Patagonia de Argentina, nordeste de Brasil, así como las bentonitas policatiónicas de Brasil, la cálcica activada con sodio y zeolita de Cuba no organofilizadas para emplearlas como refuerzo en materiales compuestos de matriz polimérica. Estosmateriales se evaluaron usando técnicas físico-químicas como fluorescencia de rayos X, difracción de rayos X, microscopia electrónica de barrido, humedad, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, absorción e hinchabilidad en diluyente acuoso. Los resultados confirmaron rangos variables de intercambio catiónico,hinchamiento y absorciòn en agua entre las bentonitas analizadas, debido a su naturaleza química estructural en hidratación, logrando mayores valores las sódicas, luego la cálcica activada y con menor valor las policatiónicas, pero permiten usarlas como carga en polímeros.Palabras claves: bentonita, zeolita, matriz polimérica, organofilizada, materiales compuestos._____________________________________________________________________________AbstractBentonites with aluminous silicon microstructure composed of plates. The work accomplished to characterize the sodium bentonites in Wyoming USA, Patagonia Argentina, Northeast Brazil and the Brazilian polycationic bentonites, calcium-activated sodium zeolite from Cuba without organic modificationnot organophilized to employ as reinforcing in composite materials of polymer matrix. These materials were evaluated for physical and chemical assay techniques such as X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, moisture, cation exchange capacity, absorption and swelling aqueousdiluent. The results confirmed variables ranges of cationic exchange, swelling and water absorption from the bentonites tested, due to its chemical-structural hydration, achieving higher values nature

FEBEX II Project Post-mortem analysis EDZ assessment

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bazargan Sabet, B.; Shao, H.; Autio, J.; Elorza, F. J.

2004-01-01

Within the framework of the FEBEX II project a multidisciplinary team studied the mechanisms of creation of the potential damaged zone around the test drift. The research program includes laboratory and in situ investigations as well as the numerical modelling of the observed phenomena. Where laboratory investigations are concerned, the 14C-PMMA technique was applied to study the spatial distribution of porosity in the samples taken from the test drift wall. In addition complementary microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies were performed to make qualitative investigations on the pore apertures and minerals in porous regions. The results obtained with the PMMA method have not shown any clear increased porosity zone adjacent to the tunnel wall. The total porosity of the samples varied between 0.6-1.2%. The samples of unplugged region did not differ from the samples of plugged region. A clear increase in porosity to depths of 10-15 mm from the tunnel wall was detected in lamprophyre samples. According to the SEM/EDX analyses the excavation-disturbed zone in the granite matrix extended to depths of 1-3 mm from the wall surface. A few quartz grains were crushed and some micro fractures were found. Gas permeability tests were carried out on two hollow cylinder samples of about 1m long each taken on the granite wall perpendicular to the drift axis. The first sample was cored in the service area far from the heated zone and the second one at the level of the heater. The tests were performed at constant gas pressure by setting a steady state radial flow through a section of 1cm wide isolated by means of four mini-packers. The profile of the gas permeability according to the core length has been established. The results obtained for both considered samples have shown permeability ranging between 3.5 10-18 and 8.4 10-19m2, pointing out the absence of a marked damage. Acoustic investigations have been carried out with the objective of quantifying the

FEBEX II Project Post-mortem analysis EDZ assessment

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bazargan Sabet, B.; Shao, H.; Autio, J.; Elorza, F. J.

2004-07-01

Within the framework of the FEBEX II project a multidisciplinary team studied the mechanisms of creation of the potential damaged zone around the test drift. The research program includes laboratory and in situ investigations as well as the numerical modelling of the observed phenomena. Where laboratory investigations are concerned, the 14C-PMMA technique was applied to study the spatial distribution of porosity in the samples taken from the test drift wall. In addition complementary microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies were performed to make qualitative investigations on the pore apertures and minerals in porous regions. The results obtained with the PMMA method have not shown any clear increased porosity zone adjacent to the tunnel wall. The total porosity of the samples varied between 0.6-1.2%. The samples of unplugged region did not differ from the samples of plugged region. A clear increase in porosity to depths of 10-15 mm from the tunnel wall was detected in lamprophyre samples. According to the SEM/EDX analyses the excavation-disturbed zone in the granite matrix extended to depths of 1-3 mm from the wall surface. A few quartz grains were crushed and some micro fractures were found. Gas permeability tests were carried out on two hollow cylinder samples of about 1m long each taken on the granite wall perpendicular to the drift axis. The first sample was cored in the service area far from the heated zone and the second one at the level of the heater. The tests were performed at constant gas pressure by setting a steady state radial flow through a section of 1cm wide isolated by means of four mini-packers. The profile of the gas permeability according to the core length has been established. The results obtained for both considered samples have shown permeability ranging between 3.5 10-18 and 8.4 10-19m2, pointing out the absence of a marked damage. Acoustic investigations have been carried out with the objective of quantifying the

Adsorption behaviour of bivalent ions onto Febex bentonite

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Missana, T.; Garcia-Gutierrez, M. [Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas (CIEMAT), Dpt. de Impacto Ambiental de la Energia Madrid (Spain)

2005-07-01

The sorption and transport properties of radionuclides in the near and far field barriers of a deep geological radioactive waste repository are amongst the principal aspects to be evaluated for the performance assessment (PA) of such a kind of disposal. The study of the clayey materials is crucial because the backfill material is constituted by compacted clay in most countries design; in addition, argillaceous formations are particularly suitable as host rock formations. It is widely recognised that, to acquire predictive modelling capability, a theoretical effort is needed for a mechanistic understanding of sorption processes, as they greatly influence the transport of radionuclides in clay porous structures. In this work, an exhaustive experimental study of the Co(II), Sr (II) and Ca(II) sorption behaviour on a Spanish bentonite was carried out. The clay used for these experiments is the FEBEX bentonite, which is basically formed by smectite (93 {+-} 2%) with small percentages of quartz (2 {+-} 1 %), plagioclase (3 {+-} 1 %), cristobalite (2 {+-} 1 %) and traces of minerals such as K-feldspar and calcite. (authors)

FEBEX. Investigations on gas generation, release and migration

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jockwer, Norbert; Wieczorek, Klaus

2008-06-01

The FEBEX project is based on the Spanish reference concept for the disposal of radioactive waste in crystalline rock, which considers the emplacement of the canisters enclosing the conditioned waste surrounded by clay barriers constructed of high-compacted bentonite blocks in horizontal drifts /ENR 957. The whole project consisted of an experimental and a modelling part. The experimental part itself was divided into the in-situ test, a mock-up test performed at the CIEMAT laboratory, and various small-scale laboratory tests. In the modelling part it was expected to develop and validate the thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) and the thermo-hydro-chemical (THC) processes for the performance assessment of the near-field behaviour. GRS was only involved in the in-situ test and some additional laboratory work with regard to gas generation, gas migration, and pore pressure build-up in the buffer constructed of high-compacted bentonite blocks around the electrical heaters simulating the waste containers. The following topics are covered: installation and dismantling of the heater pipes; methods of gas generation and release measurement, summary of results and discussion

Estudio de la adsorción de cadmio, níquel y zinc sobre una bentonita natural y homoiónica de sodio

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Germán Darío Silva Giraldo

2010-09-01

Full Text Available Se esmdió la adsorción de cadmio, níquel y zinc, en solución acuosa a 25 "C, sobre una bentonita procedente del Valle del Cauca, tanto en su estado natural como en su forma homoiónica de sodio.

Adição de bentonita sódica como adsorvente de aflatoxinas em rações de frangos de corte Utilization of sodium bentonite as adsorbent of aflatoxins in broiler feed

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Juarez Morbini Lopes

2006-10-01

Full Text Available A presença de micotoxinas nas matérias-primas, principalmente no milho utilizado para rações para aves, é uma das maiores preocupações atuais devido aos danos causados por essa substâmcia não só aos animais, mas também aos produtores e às empresas do setor avícola. Considerando a utilização de adsorvente ou seqüestrante na ração para minimizar os efeitos deletérios, realizou-se um experimento para avaliar o efeito da adição de um adsorvente, baseado em bentonita sódica, na ração de frangos de corte, a fim de reduzir os efeitos de aflatoxinas. Foram utilizados 960 pintos Cobb de um dia de idade, distribuídos em oito repetições de 20 animais nos tratamentos: T1=sem aflatoxina;T2=3mg kg-1 de aflatoxina;T3=sem aflatoxina+0,5% de bentonita; T4=3mg kg-1 de aflatoxina+0,1% de bentonita; T5=3mg kg-1 de aflatoxina+0,3% de bentonita e T6=3mg kg-1 de aflatoxina+0,5% de bentonita. O consumo alimentar, o peso corporal e a conversão alimentar foram afetados pela presença da toxina na ração. A adição de bentonita sódica na ração sem aflatoxina não causou nenhum efeito depressivo nas aves. Nos tratamentos que continham 3mg kg-1 de aflatoxinas, a adição do adsorvente promoveu um melhor desempenho das aves, sendo que 0,3% de adição de bentonita apresentou melhores resultados.High concentrations of micotoxins in raw materials, mainly in corn used in poultry rations of food, is an important subject of study due to hazardous problems not only to the animals themselves but also to the producer and to the poultry industry due to the reduction of performance by aflatoxins. Taking into account the lack of efficient tecnique for its elimination, from the feed, an adsorbent was added to the diets in order to reduce the effects of aflatoxins. Nine hundred sixty day old Cobb chicks, distributed in 8 replicates of 20 birds per pen the following treatments: T1=No aflatoxin; T2=3mg kg-1 of aflatoxin; T3=no aflatoxin+0.5% of bentonite; T

Cadmium and copper adsorption on bentonite: effects of pH and particle size Adsorção de cádmio e cobre em bentonita: efeito do pH e da granulometria

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Lúcia Helena Garófalo Chaves

2011-06-01

Full Text Available Reactions of heavy metals with clay minerals are important in determining metal fates in the environment. However, the adsorption process of these metals by the bentonite has been extensively investigated. The objectives of this work were to assess the ability of bentonite clay to adsorb cadmium and copper and to study the effects of pH and particle size upon these metals adsorption. Adsorption isotherms were obtained from batch adsorption experiments, with increasing cadmium and copper concentrations (5-200 mg L-1. To find out the effects of pH and particle size on adsorption, the experiments were conducted at pH 4; 5 and 6 using particles sizes of As reações dos metais pesados com os minerais de argila são importantes para determinar o destino dos mesmos no meio ambiente. Assim, o processo de adsorção destes metais pela bentonita tem sido muito investigado. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a capacidade da argila bentonita em adsorver cádmio e cobre e os efeitos do pH e de sua granulometria na adsorção dos mesmos. A partir de experimentos tipo "batch", foram elaboradas isotermas de adsorção com quantidades crescentes de Cd e Cu (5-200 mg L-1. Para determinar o efeito do pH e da granulometria sobre a adsorção, os experimentos foram conduzidos a pH 4; 5 e 6, utilizando bentonita com granulometria < 0,5 mm e entre 0,5 a 2,0 mm. As quantidades de Cd e Cu adsorvidas pela bentonita foram determinadas pela diferença entre as concentrações inicial e final dos elementos na solução de equilíbrio. A bentonita adsorveu mais Cu do que Cd, entretanto a adsorção dos dois metais aumentaram com o aumento do pH independentemente da granulometria. Nenhum efeito da granulometria sobre a adsorção foi observada. Os dados experimentais foram bem ajustados ao modelo de Langmuir. A capacidade máxima de adsorção diminuiu e a energia de ligação aumentou em função do aumento do pH.

Curvas de titulación potencio métrica ácido-base de una bentonita

OpenAIRE

Pinilla Cuenca, Liz Adriana; Pinzón Bello, Jorge Alejo

2011-01-01

Se estudió el comportamiento acido- base de una bentonita colombiana proveniente del Valle del Cauca, medianteexperimentos de titulación potenciométrica. Se escogió el método de titulación por retroceso, ya que la técnica de titulación continua no produce una curva única de valoración.La curva de titulación muestra tres puntos de inflexión, establecidos mediante los máximos en la curva derivada, envalores de pH de 4,8; 6,2 y 6,8, que indican tres tipos de sitios ácidos, identificados con los ...

Diffusion of strongly sorbing cations (60Co and 152Eu) in compacted Febex bentonite

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Garcia-Gutierrez, M.; Missana, T.; Alonso, U.; Mingarro, M.; Cormenzana, J.L.

2010-01-01

Document available in extended abstract form only. Compacted bentonite is used as an engineered barrier in high-level radioactive waste (HLRW) repositories because is a swelling clay of very low permeability and high sorption capability for many solutes. The transport of radionuclides through compacted bentonite is a diffusion-controlled process retarded by sorption. Performance assessment calculations of a repository need diffusion coefficients data of relevant radionuclides. Several studies on diffusion behaviour of neutral, anionic and weakly sorbing elements on clay exist while very few studies are available for moderately sorbing elements, and almost no studies for Eu, a highly sorbing element are reported. In this study, diffusion experiments with strongly sorbing radionuclides, as 60 Co and 152 Eu, have been performed through compacted FEBEX bentonite. Diffusion essays with these strongly sorbing radionuclides are not straightforward to carry out because they are very time consuming essays, but also because sorption on the diffusion cells, tubing, filters and reservoirs, typically used in the classical through-diffusion or in-diffusion methods make hard the interpretation of the experimental results and the calculation of the diffusion coefficients. FEBEX bentonite was selected as Spanish reference buffer materials, and used in many national and international projects. The clay comes from the Cortijo de Archidona deposit (Almeria, Spain), and has a smectite content greater than 90% (93 ± 2%), with quartz (2 ± 1%), plagioclase (3 ± 1%), cristobalite (2 ± 1%), potassic feldspar, calcite, and trydimite as accessory minerals. The specific weight of the FEBEX bentonite is 2.7 g/cm 3 . Diffusion experiments were performed using the instantaneous plane source method. In this setup, a paper filter tagged with a tracer is introduced between two compacted tablets, avoiding contact between the tracer and the experimental vessels. The tracer can diffuse into both

Hidro conversión de heptano sobre una bentonita colombiana y una saponita española pilarizadas con aluminio y activadas con ácido

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Manuel Fredy Molina C.

2011-03-01

Full Text Available El presente trabajo estudia una arcilla tipo esmectita, una bentonita colombiana, la cual fue sometida a modificación por pilarización con especies de aluminio, y a modificación por tratamiento con ácido clorhídrico de diferentes concentraciones. Igualmente, se empleó una saponita española modificada por pilarización con Al y tratada con ácido clorhídrico de diferentes concentraciones, con el objetode establecer un paralelo entre los dos tipos de arcillas en su comportamiento frente a las modificaciones estudiadas.Los sólidos fueron caracterizados por técnicas convencionales, tales como análisis químico, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, difracción de rayos X, acidez total y análisis de textura. Los resultados indican que los dos tipos dearcilla fueron igualmente pilarizados con Al, independientemente del origen de la esmectita de partida.Los resultados catalíticos en la hidroconversión de heptano, obtenidos sobre catalizadores bifuncionales (arcilla modificada impregnada con Pt revelan que la AlP-saponita es más eficiente en la isomerización que la AIP-bentonita. Esta mayor eficiencia es atribuida a la presencia de sitios ácidos fuertes tipo Si-OH ... Al, los cuales están presentes únicamente en las esmectitas, donde las sustituciones isomórficas están localizadas en las láminas tetraédricas. En montmorillonitas (bentonita, estas sustituciones se encuentran presentes en las láminas octaédricas, de manera que este tipo de sitios ácidos son reducidos o simplemente están ausentes.

Efecto del pH en la adsorción de cadmio, niquel y zinc sobre una bentonita

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Liz Adriana Pinilla Cuenca

2010-09-01

Full Text Available Se estudió el efecto del pH sobre la adsorción de cadmio, niquel y zinc, en solución acuosa a 25°C, sobre una bentonita colombiana proveniente del Valle del Cauca. Los datos experimentales se analizaron con base en las isotermas de adsorción, la constante termodinámica de reparto KDM (calculada mediante la isoterma de Langmuir, la relación de distribución Rd (obtenida del modelo Baeyens-Bradbury y una gráfica Kurbatov.

Influência dos cátions lítio (Li + , sódio (Na + e potássio (K + na reologia de bentonitas brasileiras para uso em fluidos de perfuração base aquosa

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I. A. da Silva

Full Text Available Resumo Os cátions lítio (Li+, sódio (Na+ e potássio (K+ encontram-se em primeiro lugar no plano de seletividade para a obtenção de bentonitas monocatiônicas a partir das policatiônicas, influenciando de forma específica o comportamento reológico dos fluidos de perfuração base água. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a influência do Li+, Na+ e K+ na reologia de bentonitas do estado da Paraíba, Brasil, para uso em fluidos de perfuração à base de água. Os novos depósitos de bentonitas brasileiras foram comparados com base nas suas características químicas, físicas, mineralógicas, propriedades reológicas e de filtração. As amostras de bentonitas foram caracterizadas por meio da composição química através do método clássico, capacidade de troca de cátions, análise granulométrica por difração a laser, difração de raios X e análises térmicas. A reologia das dispersões foi estudada e determinadas as viscosidades aparente, viscosidade plástica e limite de escoamento com base nas normas da API e Petrobras, além dos estudos de inchamento em água e filtrado. Os resultados mostraram uma melhora significativa nas propriedades reológicas e de filtração das dispersões após a aditivação com os carbonatos de lítio e de sódio, nessa ordem, havendo presença de tixotropia nas curvas de fluxo das dispersões de argilas estudadas.

Desenvolvimento de recobrimento retardante de chama em tecido de algodão utilizando bentonita sódica

OpenAIRE

Zottis, Ricardo

2012-01-01

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química Os acabamentos retardantes de chama são substâncias aplicadas nos substratos têxteis com intuito de dificultar a ignição e tornar demorada a propagação da chama, reduzindo os riscos de incêndios. Neste trabalho foi investigada a incorporação de argila no tratamento retardante de chama em tecido de algodão utilizando bentonita sódica juntamente com aditivos fo...

Propiedades físico – químicas y mecánicas de la bentonita de Socos - Ayacucho

OpenAIRE

Estrada Cárdenas, José Ernesto; Estrada Cárdenas, José Ernesto

2010-01-01

La Bentonita de Socos, considerado como depósitos no metálicos industrial, se ubica en los alrededores del Distrito de Socos, al borde de la carretera que va de Socos a Ayacucho. De Ayacucho a Socos son 30 minutos por carretera. Los depósitos consisten en estratos lenticulares, subhorizontales, de 2 a 7 metros de espesor, la mayoría de ellos aflorantes. Debe su origen a la alteración de un banco de toba volcánica inter estratificada con las areniscas y limolitas arcillosas de la Formación Hua...

FEBEX: Full-Scale engineered barriers experiment in crystalline host-rock: preoperational phase. Synthesized report; FEBEX: experimento de barreras de ingenieria a gran escala en rocas cristalinas: etapa preoperacional. Informe de sintesis

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

1997-07-01

The FEBEX project is being cofinanced by the EC under contract F 14WCT950006. In addition to the EC, seven partners from three countries of the EU. (France, Germany, and Spain) as well as one from EFTA (Switzerland) are participating in the project. ENRESA is the coordinating partner with NAGRA assisting in coordinating some aspects. The project consists of two large-scale tests and a series of complimentary laboratory tests. The work is being executed by the following organizations: CIEMAT, AITEMIN, UP-DIT (CIMNE), ULC, CSIC-Zaidin, and UPM (SPAIN) ANDRA and G.3S (FRANCE) GRS (GERMANY). This report includes a synthesized description of the experiment from its conception through the installation of the two large-scale tests (from the middle of 1994 to the beginning of 1997, preoperation stage). The experiment is described in detail in a series of specific reports. (Author)

EFECTO DEL pH EN LA ADSORCIÓN DE CADMIO, NÍQUEL Y ZINC SOBRE UNA BENTONITA

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Liz Adriana Pinilla Cuesta

2010-11-01

Full Text Available Se estudió el efecto del pH sobre la adsorción de cadmio, niquel y zinc, en solución acuosa a 25"C, sobre una bentonita colombiana proveniente del Valle del Cauca. Los datos experimentales se analizaron con base en las isotermas de adsorción, la constante termodinámica de reparto Kdm (calculada mediante la isoterma de Langmuir, la relación de distribución Rd (obtenida del modelo Baeyens-Bradbury y una gráfica Kurbatov. La adsorción de cadmio, niquel y zinc aumenta con el pH. El orden de adsorción encontrado: Cd > Ni≅Zn coincide con el establecido por el principio HSAB.

FEBEX: Full-Scale engineered barriers experiment in crystalline host-rock: preoperational phase. Synthesized report

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

1997-01-01

The FEBEX project is being cofinanced by the EC under contract F 14WCT950006. In addition to the EC, seven partners from three countries of the EU. (France, Germany, and Spain) as well as one from EFTA (Switzerland) are participating in the project. ENRESA is the coordinating partner with NAGRA assisting in coordinating some aspects. The project consists of two large-scale tests and a series of complimentary laboratory tests. The work is being executed by the following organizations: CIEMAT, AITEMIN, UP-DIT (CIMNE), ULC, CSIC-Zaidin, and UPM (SPAIN) ANDRA and G.3S (FRANCE) GRS (GERMANY). This report includes a synthesized description of the experiment from its conception through the installation of the two large-scale tests (from the middle of 1994 to the beginning of 1997, preoperation stage). The experiment is described in detail in a series of specific reports. (Author)

INFLUÊNCIA DA TEMPERATURA NA REOLOGIA DE FLUIDOS DE PERFURAÇÃO PREPARADOS COM CARBOXIMETILCELULOSE, GOMA XANTANA E BENTONITA

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Klismeryane Costa de Melo

2013-10-01

Full Text Available O comportamento reológico dos fluidos de perfuração pode sofrer alterações ao longo da perfuração em função do gradiente de temperatura do poço. A degradação térmica sofrida por alguns aditivos utilizados como viscosificantes restringe a utilização da classe dependendo da temperatura a qual será exposto. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre o comportamento reológico da Goma Xantana (GX, da Carboximetilcelulose (CMC e da Bentonita (BNT em função da temperatura. Os Modelos matemáticos de Ostwald de Waale e o de Herschel-Bulkley foram aplicados para determinar os parâmetros reológicos. O efeito da hidratação dos polímeros e da argila na reologia de soluções aquosas foram previamente estudados. A caracterização reológica foi realizada através de ensaios de reologia, utilizando sistema de cilindros coaxiais, para obtenção das curvas de fluxo. A reologia foi avaliada em função da temperatura para cada um dos aditivos utilizados. Os resultados mostraram que a CMC se solubiliza rapidamente em água, porém apresenta maior degradação quando exposta a temperatura mais elevada. A GX se mostrou apta para ser utilizada em formulações de fluidos que serão usados em poços com gradiente de temperatura mais elevados. A bentonita não apresentou alterações no comportamento reológico em função do gradiente de temperatura estudado.

A coupled THMC model of a heating and hydration laboratory experiment in unsaturated compacted FEBEX bentonite

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Zheng, L.; Samper, J.; Montenegro, L.; Fernandez, A.M.

2010-05-01

Unsaturated compacted bentonite is foreseen by several countries as a backfill and sealing material in high-level radioactive waste repositories. The strong interplays between thermal (T), hydrodynamic (H), mechanical (M) and chemical (C) processes during the hydration stage of a repository call for fully coupled THMC models. Validation of such THMC models is prevented by the lack of comprehensive THMC experiments and the difficulties of experimental methods to measure accurately the chemical composition of bentonite porewater. We present here a non-isothermal multiphase flow and multicomponent reactive solute transport model for a deformable medium of a heating and hydration experiment performed on a sample of compacted FEBEX bentonite. Besides standard solute transport and geochemical processes, the model accounts for solute cross diffusion and thermal and chemical osmosis. Bentonite swelling is solved with a state-surface approach. The THM model is calibrated with transient temperature, water content and porosity data measured at the end of the experiment. The reactive transport model is calibrated with porewater chemical data derived from aqueous extract data. Model results confirm that thermal osmosis is relevant for the hydration of FEBEX bentonite while chemical osmosis can be safely neglected. Dilution and evaporation are the main processes controlling the concentration of conservative species. Dissolved cations are mostly affected by calcite dissolution-precipitation and cation exchange reactions. Dissolved sulphate is controlled by gypsum/anhydrite dissolution-precipitation. pH is mostly buffered by protonation/deprotonation via surface complexation. Computed concentrations agree well with inferred aqueous extract data at all sections except near the hydration boundary where cation data are affected by a sampling artifact. The fit of Cl{sup -} data is excellent except for the data near the heater. The largest deviations of the model from inferred aqueous

Caracterización física con difractogramas e hinchamiento de bentonitas organofílicas para adicionar a materiales compuestos poliméricos//Physical characterization with difractograms and swelling of organophilic bentonites to add to polymer composites

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Francisco Jesús Mondelo‐García

2014-05-01

Full Text Available Las bentonitas con partículas de microestructura combinada por placas de tetraedros y octaedros silicio-aluminosos, contienen cavidades interlaminares entre ellas, confiriéndoles cualidades positivas para usarse en tintas, medicamentos, fluidos de perforación, retener desechos contaminantes residuales y como refuerzos de polímeros. Se logró el objetivo de hidratar y modificar orgánicamentecon sal cuaternaria orgánica del tipo cloruro hexadecil trimetil amonio y sal de sodio a bentonitas sódicas del Nordeste brasileño y la Patagonia argentina, policatiónicas brasileñas, cálcica activada y zeolita ambas cubanas, estableciendo una caracterización entre muestras no tratadas y organofilizadas. Estos materiales se evaluaron comparativamente por difracción de rayos X ehinchamiento Foster en diluyentes orgánicos. Los resultados confirmaron una variación significativa fisicoquímica y microestructural en los difractogramas de las bentonitas organofílicas, mientras las partículas micrométricas tomaron dimensiones nanométricas, se incrementó mucho más el hinchamiento en estas, mejorando su efectividad de empleo, al emplearlas como refuerzo,adicionado a una matriz polimérica.Palabras claves: bentonita, organofílica, zeolita, hinchamiento Foster, matriz polimérica.______________________________________________________________________________AbstractThe bentonites with microstructure particles combined by plates tetrahedral and octahedral siliconaluminous contain interlaminares cavities including, conferring positive qualities for use in inks, medicines, drilling fluids; retain polluting waste residuals and as polymer reinforcements. The objective to hydrate and organically modified with organic quaternary salt of hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride type and sodium salt the sodium bentonites Northeast Brazilian and PatagoniaArgentina, Brazilian polycationics, calcium activated and zeolite both Cuban, establishing a characterization

Uso de bentonita na remediação de solos contaminados com zinco: efeito na produção de feijão Use of bentonite in the remediation of soils contaminated with zinc: effect on bean production

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Gilvanise A. Tito

2011-09-01

Full Text Available Diversos procedimentos têm sido propostos para reduzir a concentração de metais pesados nos solos, e, conseqüentemente, seus efeitos poluidores. Dentre eles destacam-se a aplicação de materiais, como a bentonita, capazes de adsorver estes elementos, tornando-os menos disponíveis para as plantas. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a capacidade da bentonita na remediação de solos contaminados com zinco. Conduziu-se experimento em condições de casa de vegetação com delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três repetições e uma planta por parcela, utilizando-se como planta indicadora o feijão caupi (Vigna unguiculata L.. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma combinação fatorial 3 x 3, sendo o primeiro fator composto por três doses de Zn (50, 250 e 450 mg kg-1 e o segundo fator por três doses de bentonita (0, 30 e 60 t ha-1. Para o estudo, utilizou-se vasos com capacidade de18 kg, preenchidos com 15 kg de solo em mistura com as respectivas doses de bentonita e com o zinco. Os tratamentos permaneceram incubados por um período de 10 dias, e em seguida foi realizada a semeadura da planta indicadora. Aos 65 dias após a semeadura colheram-se folhas, caules, raízes, sementes e casca, que, depois de secos em estufa de circulação de ar (65°C, foram pesados, moídos e analisados quanto aos teores de zinco. Os resultados evidenciaram que a bentonita parece ser um excelente material inorgânico para remediar solos contaminados com zinco. A incorporação de bentonita ao solo aumenta a adsorção do zinco diminuindo a disponibilidade deste elemento para a planta tendendo, consequentemente, aumentar a produção de massa seca.Several procedures have been proposed to reduce the concentration of heavy metals in soils and consequently, to reduce polluting effects. One of the most used procedures is the application of materials such as bentonite capable of adsorbing these elements making them less available to plants. The objective of this

Geochemical processes and compacted bentonite FEBEX with a thermohydraulic gradient with a thermohydraulic gradient

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Leguey Jimenez, S.; Cuevas Rodriguez, J.; Martin Barca, M.; Vigil de la Villa Mencia, R.; Ramirez Martin, S.; Garcia Gimenez, R.

2002-01-01

At present, the main source of High Level radioactive Waste (HLW) is the electrical energy production during all sep of developing. In almost all the countries with nuclear programs, the option for the final management of HLW is the Deep Geological Repository (DGR), based on the concept of multi barrier. According to this concept, the wastes is isolated from biosphere by the interposition of confinement barrier. In the context of an investigation of the near field for a repository of HLW, the FEBEX Project, a set of laboratory test has been designed to give a better understanding of the thermo-hydro-mechanical and geochemical behaviour of the compacted bentonite as a confinement barrier. The object of these work is to analyse the properties of the bentonite and its behaviour under conditions that will be found in a repository. The precipitation of mineral phases, due to local changes in the chemical equilibrium and the hydration itself, can produce changes in the salinity of the interstitial water and in the microstructural organisation of the clay particles. the hydraulic and mechanical properties of the bentonite can be modified by the special conditions of the barrier. (Author)

Misturas de um solo laterítico com cimento e bentonita para uso em cortinas verticais Mixtures of a lateritic soil with cement and bentonite for slurry wall purposes

OpenAIRE

Priscila Batista; Adilson do Lago Leite

2010-01-01

É crescente mundo afora o uso de cortinas verticais para contenção da contaminação em água subterrânea. Os solos lateríticos, pela sua ampla distribuição no Brasil, possuem grande potencial de aplicação nessas obras. Entretanto algumas questões ainda carecem de maior investigação, como a interação e compatibilidade desses solos com a bentonita e o cimento, principais aditivos usados para melhorar as propriedades das cortinas. O presente artigo avalia propriedades de um solo laterítico e suas ...

Avaliação e remoção de cobre em aguardentes de cana pela utilização dos aluminossilicatos: zeólita e bentonita Evaluation and removal of sugar cane brandy using aluminossilicates: zeolite and bentonite

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Fabiane de Oliveira Cantão

2010-10-01

Full Text Available A cachaça, bebida genuinamente nacional, é um produto de grande aceitação nos mercados interno e externo. Durante o processo de produção há alguns pontos críticos, ocorrendo a formação de contaminantes que podem afetar a qualidade da bebida, sendo necessário o conhecimento de sua composição química. Com este trabalho, objetivou-se comparar o comportamento do cobre, quando presente em solução alcoólica 40% e uma aguardente comercial (utilizando sulfato de cobre pentaidratado como fonte desse mesmo metal, além de avaliar a remoção de cobre na bebida, utilizando dois aluminossilicatos (zeólita e bentonita comumente empregados na adsorção de metais. A zeólita e bentonita adsorveram mais cobre quando estiveram presentes em solução alcoólica do que em aguardente. Esses resultados sugerem que o cobre em aguardente deva estar ligado a moléculas volumosas, dificultando sua entrada nos pequenos poros da argila bentonita e da zeólita ZSM-5. Quando os aluminossilicatos estiveram presentes na aguardente impregnada com cobre em alambique, a bentonita foi mais eficiente na remoção do cobre do que a zeólita; no entanto a zeólita é mais recomendada na remoção do cobre, pois a redução das concentrações dos componentes secundários foi menor, não descaracterizando a bebida.The "cachaça", a genuinely national drink, is a product of great acceptance in the domestic and international markets. Therefore, we need to know its chemical composition, as in the production process a few critical points due to the presence of contaminants that can affect the quality of the drink. This work is aimed to compare the behaviour of copper, when present in a 40% alcohol solution and a "cachaça" trade (using copper sulfate pentahydrate as a source of the same metal, in addition to evaluating the removal of copper in the spirit, using two aluminosilikate (zeolite and bentonite commonly employed in the adsorption of metals. The zeolite and

Report on Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Laboratory Tests Performed by CIEMAT on Febex Bentonite 2004-2008

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Villar, M. V.; Gomez-Espina, R.

2009-01-01

The results of the laboratory studies performed by CIEMAT with the FEBEX bentonite in the context of WP3.2 of the NF-PRO Project and of the Agreement ENRESA-CIEMAT Anexo V are presented and analysed in this report. They refer to the effect of the hydraulic gradient on the permeability of bentonite, the effect of the thermal gradient on the hydration kinetics of bentonite, and the repercussion of temperature on the hydro-mechanical properties of bentonite (swelling, permeability and water retention capacity). In all the cases the bentonite has been used compacted to densities expected in the engineered barrier of a high-level radioactive waste repository. The existence of threshold and critical hydraulic gradients has been observed, both of them dependent on bentonite density and water pressures. After more than seven years of hydration, the 40-cm high bentonite columns are far from full saturation, the thermal gradient additionally delaying the process, which is very slow. Temperatures below 100 degree centigrade slightly decrease the swelling and the water retention capacity of the bentonite and increase its permeability. The information obtained improves the knowledge on the behaviour of expansive clay and will help the development of constitutive models and the interpretation of the results obtained in the mock-up and the in situ tests. (Author) 35 refs

Report on Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Laboratory Tests Performed by CIEMAT on Febex Bentonite 2004-2008

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Villar, M. V.; Gomez-Espina, R.

2009-11-25

The results of the laboratory studies performed by CIEMAT with the FEBEX bentonite in the context of WP3.2 of the NF-PRO Project and of the Agreement ENRESA-CIEMAT Anexo V are presented and analysed in this report. They refer to the effect of the hydraulic gradient on the permeability of bentonite, the effect of the thermal gradient on the hydration kinetics of bentonite, and the repercussion of temperature on the hydro-mechanical properties of bentonite (swelling, permeability and water retention capacity). In all the cases the bentonite has been used compacted to densities expected in the engineered barrier of a high-level radioactive waste repository. The existence of threshold and critical hydraulic gradients has been observed, both of them dependent on bentonite density and water pressures. After more than seven years of hydration, the 40-cm high bentonite columns are far from full saturation, the thermal gradient additionally delaying the process, which is very slow. Temperatures below 100 degree centigrade slightly decrease the swelling and the water retention capacity of the bentonite and increase its permeability. The information obtained improves the knowledge on the behaviour of expansive clay and will help the development of constitutive models and the interpretation of the results obtained in the mock-up and the in situ tests. (Author) 35 refs.

FEBEX project: full-scale engineered barriers experiment for a deep geological repository for high level radioactive waste in crystalline host rock

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Alberid, J; Barcala, J M; Campos, R; Cuevas, A M; Fernandez, E [Ciemat. Madrid (Spain)

2000-07-01

FEBEX has the multiple objective of demonstrating the feasibility of manufacturing, handling and constructing the engineered barriers and of developing codes for the thermo-hydro-mechanical and thermo-hydro-geochemical performance assessment of a deep geological repository for high level radioactive wastes. These objectives require integrated theoretical and experimental development work. The experimental work consists of three parts: an in situ test, a mock-up test and a series of laboratory tests. The experiments is based on the Spanish reference concept for crystalline rock, in which the waste capsules are placed horizontally in drifts surround by high density compacted bentonite blocks. In the two large-scale tests, the thermal effects of the wastes were simulated by means of heaters; hydration was natural in the in situ test and controlled in the mock-up test. The large-scale tests, with their monitoring systems, have been in operation for more than two years. the demonstration has been achieved in the in situ test and there are great expectation that numerical models sufficiently validated for the near-field performance assessment will be achieved. (Author)

A coupled THC model of the FEBEX in situ test with bentonite swelling and chemical and thermal osmosis

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Zheng, L.; Samper, J.; Montenegro, L.

2011-04-01

The performance assessment of a geological repository for radioactive waste requires quantifying the geochemical evolution of the bentonite engineered barrier. This barrier will be exposed to coupled thermal (T), hydrodynamic (H), mechanical (M) and chemical (C) processes. This paper presents a coupled THC model of the FEBEX (Full-scale Engineered Barrier EXperiment) in situ test which accounts for bentonite swelling and chemical and thermal osmosis. Model results attest the relevance of thermal osmosis and bentonite swelling for the geochemical evolution of the bentonite barrier while chemical osmosis is found to be almost irrelevant. The model has been tested with data collected after the dismantling of heater 1 of the in situ test. The model reproduces reasonably well the measured temperature, relative humidity, water content and inferred geochemical data. However, it fails to mimic the solute concentrations at the heater-bentonite and bentonite-granite interfaces because the model does not account for the volume change of bentonite, the CO{sub 2}(g) degassing and the transport of vapor from the bentonite into the granite. The inferred HCO{sub 3}{sup -} and pH data cannot be explained solely by solute transport, calcite dissolution and protonation/deprotonation by surface complexation, suggesting that such data may be affected also by other reactions.

A coupled THC model of the FEBEX in situ test with bentonite swelling and chemical and thermal osmosis

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zheng, L.; Samper, J.; Montenegro, L.

2011-01-01

The performance assessment of a geological repository for radioactive waste requires quantifying the geochemical evolution of the bentonite engineered barrier. This barrier will be exposed to coupled thermal (T), hydrodynamic (H), mechanical (M) and chemical (C) processes. This paper presents a coupled THC model of the FEBEX (Full-scale Engineered Barrier EXperiment) in situ test which accounts for bentonite swelling and chemical and thermal osmosis. Model results attest the relevance of thermal osmosis and bentonite swelling for the geochemical evolution of the bentonite barrier while chemical osmosis is found to be almost irrelevant. The model has been tested with data collected after the dismantling of heater 1 of the in situ test. The model reproduces reasonably well the measured temperature, relative humidity, water content and inferred geochemical data. However, it fails to mimic the solute concentrations at the heater-bentonite and bentonite-granite interfaces because the model does not account for the volume change of bentonite, the CO 2 (g) degassing and the transport of vapor from the bentonite into the granite. The inferred HCO 3 - and pH data cannot be explained solely by solute transport, calcite dissolution and protonation/deprotonation by surface complexation, suggesting that such data may be affected also by other reactions.

Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Characterisation of the Bentonite of a Simulated HLW Repository after Five Years Operation ( In Situ Test of the FEBEX Project)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Villar, M. V.

2004-07-01

After five years of operation, heater 1 of the FEBEX experimental at the Grimsel Test Sites was switched off in February 2002. Following cooling of the system, the bentonite barrier was dismantled and the heater extracted. During dismantling many bentonite samples were taken. Several determinations were carried out in these samples with the aim of: (1) characterise the actual state of the bentonite and (2) determine the possible changes in its properties occurred during the experiment. The results of the thermo-hydro-mechanical characterisation performed at CIEMAT are reported and analysed. The distribution of water content and dry density of the bentonite in vertical sections presents axial symmetry. The construction gaps of the barrier have been filled by the expansion of the bentonite. The water retention capacity, the hydraulic conductivity and the swelling capacity of the samples from Grimsel have not irreversible changed. The pre consolidation pressure of the Grimsel samples has decreased due to the microstructural changes associated to the volume increase experienced during hydration. The thermal conductivity is higher for the bentonite blocks of the external ring of the barrier. (Author)

FEBEX project: full-scale engineered barriers experiment for a deep geological repository for high level radioactive waste in crystalline host rock. Final report

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Alberdi, J.; Barcala, J. M.; Campos, R.; Cuevas, A. M.; Fernandez, E.

2000-01-01

FEBEX has the multiple objective of demonstrating the feasibility of manufacturing, handling and constructing the engineered barriers and of developing codes for the thermo-hydro-mechanical and thermo-hydro-geochemical performance assessment of a deep geological repository for high level radioactive wastes. These objectives require integrated theoretical and experimental development work. The experimental work consists of three parts: an in situ test, a mock-up test and a series of laboratory tests. The experiments is based on the Spanish reference concept for crystalline rock, in which the waste capsules are placed horizontally in drifts surround by high density compacted bentonite blocks. In the two large-scale tests, the thermal effects of the wastes were simulated by means of heaters; hydration was natural in the in situ test and controlled in the mock-up test. The large-scale tests, with their monitoring systems, have been in operation for more than two years. the demonstration has been achieved in the in situ test and there are great expectation that numerical models sufficiently validated for the near-field performance assessment will be achieved. (Author)

Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Characterisation of the Bentonite of a Simulated HLW Repository after Five Years Operation ( In Situ Test of the FEBEX Project)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Villar, M. V.

2004-01-01

After five years of operation, heater 1 of the FEBEX experimental at the Grimsel Test Sites was switched off in February 2002. Following cooling of the system, the bentonite barrier was dismantled and the heater extracted. During dismantling many bentonite samples were taken. Several determinations were carried out in these samples with the aim of: (1) characterise the actual state of the bentonite and (2) determine the possible changes in its properties occurred during the experiment. The results of the thermo-hydro-mechanical characterisation performed at CIEMAT are reported and analysed. The distribution of water content and dry density of the bentonite in vertical sections presents axial symmetry. The construction gaps of the barrier have been filled by the expansion of the bentonite. The water retention capaciaty, the hydraulic conductivity and the swelling capacity of the samples from Grimsel have not irreversible changed. The preconsolidation pressure of the Grimsel samples has decreased due to the microstructural changes asswociated to the volume increase experienced during hydration. The thermal conductivity is higher for the bentonite blocks of the external ring of the barrier. (Author)

SINTESIS Y CARACTERIZACIÓN DE BENTONITA MODIFICADA CON ESPECIES DE TiO2 y Fe-TiO2 OBTENIDAS DEL MINERAL ILMENITA

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Juan Torres

2014-07-01

Full Text Available Se sintetizó una serie de sólidos nanoestructurados, obtenidos por la intercalación de nanopartículas de TiO2 y Fe-TiO2 en los espacios interlaminares de un mineral de arcilla esmectítico. Los nuevos materiales se prepararon mediante la modificación simultánea de dos minerales naturales: una bentonita y una ilmenita. Los materiales obtenidos se caracterizaron por fluorescencia de rayos X (FRX, espectroscopía infrarroja (IR, difracción de rayos X (DRX, microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM y sortometría de nitrógeno. Los resultados del análisis químico (FRX confirmaron claramente la incorporación de titanio y de hierro en los materiales sintetizados. Los análisis por DRX, SEM y sortometría de nitrógeno verificaron la modificación del mineral de arcilla por incorporación de especies de dióxido de titanio, demostrando la generación de estructuras mesoporosas delaminadas o exfoliadas con incremento en los valores de área superficial y porosidad controlada.

Modifications in Compacted MX-80 Bentonite Due to Thermo-Hydraulic Treatment; Modificaciones en la Bentonita MX-80 Compactada Sometida a Tratamiento Termo-Hidraulico

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gomez-Espina, R.; Villar, M. V.

2013-09-01

The thermo-hydraulic tests reproduce the thermal and hydraulic conditions to which bentonite is subjected in the engineered barrier of a deep geological repository of radioactive waste. The results of thermo-hydraulic test TBT1500, which was running for approximately 1500 days, are presented. This is a continuation to the Technical Report Ciemat 1199, which presented results of test TBT500, performed under similar conditions but with duration of 500 days. In both tests the MX-80 bentonite was used with initial density and water content similar to those of the large-scale test TBT. The bentonite column was heated at the bottom at 140 degree centigrade and hydrated on top with deionized water. At the end of the test a sharp water content gradient was observed along the column, as well as an inverse dry density gradient. Hydration modified also the bentonite microstructure. Besides, an overall decrease of the smectite content with respect to the initial value took place, especially in the most hydrated areas where the percentage of interest ratified illite increased and in the longer test. On the other hand, the content of cristobalite, feldspars and calcite increased. Smectite dissolution processes (probably colloidal) occurred, particularly in the more hydrated areas and in the longer test. Due to the dissolution of low-solubility species and to the loss of exchangeable positions in the smectite, the content of soluble salts in the pore water increased with respect to the original one, especially in the longer test. The solubilized ions were transported; sodium, calcium, magnesium and sulphate having a similar mobility, which was in turn lower than that of potassium and chloride. The cationic exchange complex was also modified. (Author)

Caracterização estrutural de argilas bentoníticas nacional e importada: antes e após o processo de organofilização para utilização como nanocargas Structural characterization of Brazilian and imported bentonitic clays: before and after the process of organophilization for utilization as nanofiller

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

I. F. Leite

2008-09-01

Full Text Available Foi utilizada uma bentonita natural codificada como ASCN oriunda da Bentonit União Nordeste, PB sob forma de pó com granulometria inferior a 0,074 µm. A bentonita ASCN foi modificada organicamente através de troca iônica com o sal brometo de cetil trimetil amônio Cetremide e denominada ASCM. Para obter bentonitas organofílicas, inicialmente, dispersões aquosas de bentonita/sal Cetremide foram mantidas sob agitação mecânica constante a aproximadamente 80 °C por 30 min. Em seguida o sistema foi mantido em repouso por 24 h, sendo então lavado e filtrados os insumos. Por fim os materiais foram secos a 60 °C e então desagregados e passados em malha 200 para serem caracterizados. Como parâmetro de comparação foi utilizada uma bentonita importada organofílica Cloisite 30 B (Southern Clay Products, Texas, EUA. Ambas argilas foram caracterizadas estruturalmente por análise química, capacidade de troca de cátions, espectroscopia no infravermelho (FTIR, difração de raios X e análise termogravimétrica. A análise química mostrou a presença de óxidos característicos da estrutura do aluminossilicato e eventual redução na maioria dos óxidos metálicos quando as bentonitas foram organofilizadas, ASCM e Cloisite 30B, característico do processo de troca dos cátions metálicos por moléculas do sal orgânico. Mediante os espectros de FTIR verifica-se a presença de bandas características das moléculas do sal nas bentonitas e através da análise de difração de raios X observa-se um aumento no espaçamento basal pela inserção das cadeias do sal entre as lamelas da bentonita, confirmando assim a obtenção de bentonitas organofílicas. A curva termogravimétrica das bentonitas organofílicas indicou que a bentonita Cloisite 30 B apresentou-se mais estável termicamente que a bentonita ASCM.A natural bentonite coded as ASCN supplied by Bentonit União Nordeste from Paraíba, Brazil in powder form with particle size smaller

Modelling the cooling and partial dismantling of the Febex in-situ test

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sanchez, M.; Gens, A.; Guimaraes, L.

2010-01-01

predictions from analysis. The operation related to the partial dismantling included the demolition of the concrete plug and the removal of the sections of the barrier corresponding to 'Heater 1'. The objective was to carry out the partial dismantling causing minimum disturbance to the sections of test corresponding to the second heater, which remained in operation at all times. A new concrete plug was constructed immediately after excavation. A detailed description of the work performed during the partial dismantling of the in-situ test can be found in Huertas et al. (2006). This contribution focuses on the modelling of the cooling and partly dismantling of the FEBEX in-situ experiment. The finite element computer program CODE-BRIGHT has been used for the numerical analysis. CODE-BRIGHT is a program developed to handle coupled Thermo-Hydro- Mechanical and Geochemical problems in geological media. It has been observed a very good performance of the model to reproduce the evolution of the main THM variables of the tests, during the cooling of the Heater No.1, concrete demolition and excavation of the clay barrier. It is worth mentioning that these are a kind of 'blind model predictions', as the constitutive laws and model parameters adopted at the beginning of the heating were used in this analysis. (authors)

Variabilidad textural, mineralógica y geoquímica de la bentonita de Yuncos (Cuenca de Madrid

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Moreno, A.

1993-12-01

processes (Al/Mg > 0.3 and the other to neoformation (Al/Mg En este trabajo se estudia la variabilidad composicional (mineralógica y geoquímica y textural de la capa principal de bentonita (saponita del depósito de Yuncos (Toledo, en el sector suroccidental de la cuenca de Madrid. Desde un punto de vista sedimentológico se han diferenciado en la capa bentonítica dos episodios: uno inferior (1 caracterizado por litofacies de lutitas masivas, que muestran lateralmente microfacies brechoides-bioturbadas (columna A a intraclásticas con «glébulas» y materia orgánica (columnas B y C, y otro episodio superior (11 constituido por lutitas laminadas-Iajeadas con ooides calcíticos, que muestra un escaso desarrollo en las columnas estudiadas. El primer episodio se interpreta como depósitos de encharcamiento palustre somero sobre facies de «mud-flat» lacustre, y el segundo como correspondiente a depósitos en pequeños encharcamientos rellenando depresiones sobre la bentonita del episodio inferior que es parcialmente removilizada. De los datos texturales se infiere que la columna A corresponde a la zona con mayor grado de somerización, mientras que la C es la que presenta rasgos de un mayor período de encharcamiento, siendo la B transicional entre ambas. Mineralógicamente se observa una disminución progresiva en el contenido de minerales heredados (cuarzo, feldespatos, illita-mica en la dirección A-C, que coincide con un incremento en la proporción de fracción arcilla en las granulometrías. La arcilla está constituida fundamentalmente por saponita, con illita abundante en la columna A y sepiolita mejor desarrollada en la zona transicional (columna B. Estas características se reflejan en el comportamiento geoquímico, con A12O3, K2O, Fe2O3, Na2O y TiO2 decreciendo en la dirección A-C (correlación positiva, mientras que MgO es su antagonista (correlación negativa. Los elementos traza, especialmente Ba, Nb, Pb, V y Zn, siguen también una evolución que

Uso de Arcillas Especiales para Depuración de Aguas Residuales Use of Special Clays for Wastewater Treatment

OpenAIRE

L. Andrade; E.F. Covelo; F.A. Vega

2005-01-01

Para evaluar la eficacia de las arcillas especiales para la remoción de metales pesados de aguas residuales, se muestrearon y caracterizaron varios tipos de arcillas y las aguas de tres efluentes residuales industriales. Los componentes mayoritarios de las arcillas fueron: sepiolita: montmorillonita (76%); bentonita magnésica: vermiculita (74,4%); bentonita alumínica: esmectita (69,1%) y paligorskita (80%). Las aguas residuales se hicieron circular a través de lechos de cada una de las arcill...

Use of Special Clays for Wastewater Treatment

OpenAIRE

Andrade, L.; Covelo, E.F.; Vega, F.A.

2005-01-01

Para evaluar la eficacia de las arcillas especiales para la remoción de metales pesados de aguas residuales, se muestrearon y caracterizaron varios tipos de arcillas y las aguas de tres efluentes residuales industriales. Los componentes mayoritarios de las arcillas fueron: sepiolita: montmorillonita (76%); bentonita magnésica: vermiculita (74,4%); bentonita alumínica: esmectita (69,1%) y paligorskita (80%). Las aguas residuales se hicieron circular a través de lechos de cada una de las arcill...

Comportamiento geoquímico de barreras arcillosas: transformaciones hidrotermales en esmectitas alumínicas

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Cuadros, F. J.

1993-08-01

Full Text Available The use of bentonite barriers in radiactive waste repositories is conditioned by its transformation into illite, due to the influence of temperature and solutions in the canister vicinity. This reaction is known in burial diagenesis and hydrothermal alterations, but its mechanism is not yet well stablished. A preliminary study on spanish bentonites shows that important variations exist in the chemical solutions in contact with bentonites in a hydrothermal environment.El uso de bentonitas como barrera en almacenamientos de residuos radiactivos viene condicionado por su posible transformación en ilita debido a la influencia de la temperatura y de las soluciones cercanas al contenedor. Esta reacción se conoce en zonas de diagénesis de enterramiento y en áreas hidrotermales, pero su mecanismo no está todavía bien establecido. En un estudio preliminar realizado sobre bentonitas españolas se ha encontrado que existen variaciones importantes en el quimismo de las soluciones en contacto con bentonitas en ambiente hidrotermal.

Desenvolvimento e caracterização de argilas organofílicas para uso em alimentação animal como adsorvente inativador de micotoxinas

OpenAIRE

Viotti, Glêdes Cabral de Albuquerque

2006-01-01

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química. As argilas são utilizadas como matéria-prima para diversas aplicações na indústria. Nestes processos industriais as argilas mais procuradas são as bentonitas. As bentonitas são argilas amplamente encontradas na natureza e possuem propriedades tecnológicas bastante atraentes para o desenvolvimento de produtos para as mais variadas áreas. As propriedades tecnológica...

Estudo de suspensões de bentonitas sob diferentes condições térmicas Study of bentonit suspensions under different thermal conditions

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C. A. Leal

2013-03-01

Full Text Available Suspensões argilosas são utilizadas como fluidos de perfuração de poços nas primeiras camadas rochosas, geralmente constituídas por sedimentos inconsolidados. Em camadas mais profundas são comumente utilizados fluidos base óleo devido sua resistência térmica. No entanto, em virtude das leis ambientais estes fluidos estão sendo substituídos e as suspensões argilosas surgem como uma alternativa pelo caráter ambientalmente correto e menor custo. Assim, torna-se de extrema importância o estudo das propriedades de suspensões argilosas a temperaturas moderadas e elevadas. Desta forma, este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar as propriedades das suspensões argilosas de bentonita sob diferentes condições térmicas. Para tanto, foi empregado um planejamento fatorial do tipo 2² com três experimentos no ponto central + configuração estrela, totalizando 11 corridas experimentais para avaliar a influência da temperatura e do teor de argila (variáveis de entrada sobre as propriedades reológicas e de filtração das suspensões argilosas. As suspensões foram preparadas com concentração de bentonita variando de 8,75 g/350 mL a 22,4 g/350 mL e submetidas a temperaturas entre 38 °C e 176 °C durante 16 h. Foram estudados dois tipos de envelhecimento térmico, dinâmico e estático, em equipamento Roller Oven da Fann. As propriedades reológicas (viscosidades aparente - VA e plástica - VP foram determinadas em viscosímetro Fann 35A e o volume de filtrado (VF em filtro-prensa API. Concluiu-se que as variáveis de entrada influenciam estatisticamente, ao nível de 95% de confiança, as propriedades das dispersões, sendo observado que a combinação de temperaturas elevadas e altas concentrações de argila conduz a maiores valores de VA e VP, bem como que os maiores valores de VF foram obtidos com as suspensões preparadas com baixa concentração de argila e submetidas à elevada temperatura. Ficou evidenciado ainda que o tipo de

Caracterização e usos de argilas bentonitas e vermiculitas para adsorção de cobre (II em solução Characterization and uses of bentonite and vermiculite clays for adsorption of copper (II in solution

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C. P. F. dos Santos

2002-12-01

Full Text Available Vários trabalhos tratam da remoção de metais por argilas e argilominerais. O processo de remoção geralmente ocorre por precipitação, troca iônica e adsorção. Neste trabalho estudou-se a adsorção de solução de Cu (II em vermiculita, bentonitas sódica e cálcica, proveniente de Campina Grande-PB , tendo-se como variáveis pH, tempo de contato e concentração do adsorvente. Os ensaios foram realizados à temperatura ambiente e as medidas de Absorção Atômica foram feitas no sobrenadante e no resíduo sólido. As argilas bentonitas cálcicas, provenientes de Campina-Grande (PB, sódica de Wyoming (Wyoming-USA e sódicas (preparadas em laboratório e as vermiculitas (provenientes do Piauí foram caracterizadas antes e após o processo de adsorção de Cu (II em solução através das técnicas, análise química, TG e DTA, área superficial (BET, espectroscopia na região de infravermelho, difração de raios X e medidas de pH. Os resultados mostram que as argilas estudadas adsorvem metais pesados através da troca iônica e que a vermiculita foi mais eficaz no processo, adsorvendo 40,9% de cobre da solução em estudo, em relação às outras argilas envolvidas no processo.Mineral clays have been extensively used for metal removal. The process involves precipitation, ion exchange and adsorption. The present investigation assessed the adsorption of Cu (II solution by natural vermiculite and both natural and synthetic bentonite. Tests were carried out at ambient temperature for the main parameters of the process, i.e., pH, contact time, and adsorbent content. Atomic absorption was also carried out both for the floater and solid residue. All raw materials used herein, i.e., sodic bentonite from Campina Grande-PB, sodic bentonite from Wyoming-USA, synthetic sodic bentonite and vermiculite from Piaui, were characterized both before and after adsorption of Cu (II solution by chemical analysis, TG, DTA, BET surface area, infrared

Atributos micromorfológicos de solos do Projeto Jaíba, norte de Minas Gerais

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C. V. Oliveira

2000-03-01

Full Text Available Amostras indeformadas de horizontes representativos de solos do Projeto Jaíba, norte de Minas Gerais, e camadas compactadas e não compactadas de solos sob uso intensivo foram coletadas e analisadas micromorfologicamente, com vistas em obter maiores informações relativas ao seu grau de evolução e avaliar as alterações causadas nos solos pelo uso agrícola. Foram estudados quatro solos derivados de calcário (P1, P2, P3 e P4 e um originado a partir de sedimentos detríticos (P5, além das camadas com e sem indícios de compactação. A micromorfologia revelou que os solos apresentam características bastante distintas e variáveis, dependendo da classe e do material de origem. O Cambissolo originado de calcário tem como característica marcante o fluxo vertical de sílica e argila, sem, no entanto, caracterizar horizonte B textural, além de maior desenvolvimento de estrutura em blocos. O Cambissolo originado de sedimentos detríticos apresenta fluxo lateral de argila, presença marcante de cutãs de difusão de ferro e estrutura menos desenvolvida tendendo a granular. O Podzólico Vermelho-Escuro apresentou estrutura em blocos e presença de cutãs de deposição, muitos destes incorporados pela matriz, o que pode indicar transição para Latossolo. Os Latossolos apresentam-se com estrutura granular, mas esta é muito menos desenvolvida que a observada para os Latossolos gibbsíticos já analisados no País, o que pode indicar um menor grau de evolução destes solos. A atividade da fauna parece ser o principal agente responsável pelo desenvolvimento da microestrutura do Podzólico e dos Latossolos. Quanto à compactação, a micromorfologia relevou diferenças na organização do plasma e na forma dos poros, quando se compararam camadas compactadas com não compactadas. De maneira geral, o plasma das camadas compactadas é mais denso e os poros se apresentam alterados em razão do esforço físico impingido aos solos.

Effect of Heating/Hydratation on Compacted Bentonite: Tests in 60-cm Long Cells

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Villar, M. V.; Fernandez, A. M.; Martin, P. L.; Barcala, J. M.; Gomez-Espina, R.; Rivas, P.

2008-07-01

The conditions of the bentonite in an engineered barrier for high-level radioactive waste disposal have been simulated in a series of tests. Cylindrical cells with an inner length of 60 cm and a diameter of 7 cm were constructed. Inside the cells, blocks of compacted FEBEX bentonite were put one on top of the other. the bottom surface of the material was heated at 100 degree centigree and the top surface was injected with granitic water. the duration of the tests was 0.5, 1,2 and 7,6 years. The temperatures and water intake were measured during the tests and, at the end, the cells were dismounted and the dry density, water content, mineralogy, geochemistry and some hydro-mechanical properties of the clay (permeability, swelling) were measured at different positions. the values obtained are compared among them and to those of the untreated FEBEX bentonite. The study has run over for 10 years in the context of the projects FEBEX I and II and NF-PRO. (Author) 50 refs.

Effect of Heating/Hydratation on Compacted Bentonite: Tests in 60-cm Long Cells

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Villar, M. V.; Fernandez, A. M.; Martin, P. L.; Barcala, J. M.; Gomez-Espina, R.; Rivas, P.

2008-01-01

The conditions of the bentonite in an engineered barrier for high-level radioactive waste disposal have been simulated in a series of tests. Cylindrical cells with an inner length of 60 cm and a diameter of 7 cm were constructed. Inside the cells, blocks of compacted FEBEX bentonite were put one on top of the other. the bottom surface of the material was heated at 100 degree centigree and the top surface was injected with granitic water. the duration of the tests was 0.5, 1,2 and 7,6 years. The temperatures and water intake were measured during the tests and, at the end, the cells were dismounted and the dry density, water content, mineralogy, geochemistry and some hydro-mechanical properties of the clay (permeability, swelling) were measured at different positions. the values obtained are compared among them and to those of the untreated FEBEX bentonite. The study has run over for 10 years in the context of the projects FEBEX I and II and NF-PRO. (Author) 50 refs

Inverse modeling of multicomponent reactive transport through single and dual porosity media

Science.gov (United States)

Samper, Javier; Zheng, Liange; Fernández, Ana María; Montenegro, Luis

2008-06-01

Compacted bentonite is foreseen as buffer material for high-level radioactive waste in deep geological repositories because it provides hydraulic isolation, chemical stability, and radionuclide sorption. A wide range of laboratory tests were performed within the framework of FEBEX ( Full-scale Engineered Barrier EXperiment) project to characterize buffer properties and develop numerical models for FEBEX bentonite. Here we present inverse single and dual-continuum multicomponent reactive transport models of a long-term permeation test performed on a 2.5 cm long sample of FEBEX bentonite. Initial saline bentonite porewater was flushed with 5.5 pore volumes of fresh granitic water. Water flux and chemical composition of effluent waters were monitored during almost 4 years. The model accounts for solute advection and diffusion and geochemical reactions such as aqueous complexation, acid-base, cation exchange, protonation/deprotonation by surface complexation and dissolution/precipitation of calcite, chalcedony and gypsum. All of these processes are assumed at local equilibrium. Similar to previous studies of bentonite porewater chemistry on batch systems which attest the relevance of protonation/deprotonation on buffering pH, our results confirm that protonation/deprotonation is a key process in maintaining a stable pH under dynamic transport conditions. Breakthrough curves of reactive species are more sensitive to initial porewater concentration than to effective diffusion coefficient. Optimum estimates of initial porewater chemistry of saturated compacted FEBEX bentonite are obtained by solving the inverse problem of multicomponent reactive transport. While the single-continuum model reproduces the trends of measured data for most chemical species, it fails to match properly the long tails of most breakthrough curves. Such limitation is overcome by resorting to a dual-continuum reactive transport model.

FEBEX Full-Scalle Engineered Barriers Experiment in Crystalline Host Rock Preoperational Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical (THM) Modelling of the Mock Up Test

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

1998-01-01

The object of this report is to present and discuss the results of a series of 1-D and 2-D coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) and 2-D coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) analyses modelling the FEBEX mock-up test. The analyses have been carried out during the preoperational storage of the test and attempt to incorporate all available information obtained from laboratory characterisation work. The aim is not only to offer the best estimate of test performance using current models and information but also to provide a basis for future model improvements. Both the theoretical framework adopted in the analysis and the computer code employed are briefly described. The set of parameters used in the computation is then presented with particular reference to the source from which they have been derived. Initial and boundary condition are also defined. The results of a 1-D radially symmetric analysis are used to examine the basic patterns of thermal, hydraulic and mechanical behaviour of the test. A set of sensitivity analyses has been carried out in order to check the effects that the variation of a number of important parameters has on test results. Only in this way it is possible to acquire a proper understanding of the internal structure of the problem and of the interactions between the various phenomena occurring in the buffer. A better reproduction of the geometry of the test is achieved by means of a 2-D mesh representing and axisymmetric longitudinal section. Due to two-dimensional effects, the analyses carried out using this geometry exhibit some differences when compared with the results of the 1-D case, but the basic test behaviour is very similar. The test was started with an initial flooding stage with the purpose of closing the gaps between bentonite blocks. A limited number of compilations using recently developed joint elements have been performed to assess approximately the effect of this initial step on subsequent test behaviour. The analyses reported

FEBEX Full-Scalle Engineered barriers experiment in crystalline host rock Preoperational thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) modelling of the in situ test

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

1998-01-01

This report contains the results of a set of 1-D and 2-D coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) analyses carried out during the preoperational stage simulating the in situ FEBEX test. The analyses incorporate available information concerning rock and bentonite properties as well as the final test layout and conditions. The main goals are: -To provide the best estimate of test performance given current models and information - To define a basis for future model improvements. The theoretical bases of the analyses and the computer code used are reviewed. Special reference is made to the process of parameter estimation that tries to incorporate available information on material behaviour obtained in the characterisation work carried out both in the laboratory and in the field. Data obtained in the characterisation stage is also used to define initial and boundary conditions. The results of the 1-D THM Base Case analysis are used to gain a good understanding of expected test behaviour concerning thermal, hydraulic and mechanical problems. A quite extensive programme of sensitivity analyses is also reported in which the effect of a number of parameters and boundary conditions are examined. The results of the sensitivity analyses place an appropriate context the information obtained from the Base Case showing, for instance, that rock desaturation and degree of buffer hydration depend on some critical parameters in a complex way. Two-dimensional effects are discussed on the basis of the results of 2-D axisymmetric THM analysis performed using a longitudinal section that provides a better representation of real test geometry. Quantitative but not qualitative differences are found with respect to the 1-D results. Finally, a 2-D THM cross section analysis has been performed under plane strain conditions. No specific 2-D effects are observed in this case as quasi-axisymmetric conditions have been prescribed. The models employed in the analyses included in this report have not

Influencia de la formulación de la arena en verde en su difusividad térmica y su efecto en una pieza colada

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Noguez, M. E.

2005-12-01

Full Text Available Data evidencing a relation among green sand formulations (% water/% bentonite, w/b, in the ranks 0.2-0.55 for 6, 7, 8 and 9 % bentonite, their heat transfer behaviour, specifically their thermal diffusivity, the casting solidification rate and the resulting macrostructures in aluminium castings are presented.

Se presentan evidencias de que la formulación de una arena en verde (relación entre los porcentajes de agua y de bentonita, a/b, en el rango 0,2-0,55 para 6, 7, 8 y 9 % de bentonita parece determinar su transferencia de calor y, por tanto, su coeficiente de difusividad térmica, lo que influye en la rapidez de solidificación y en las macroestructuras de piezas coladas en aluminio.

The use of synthetic Zn-/Ni-labeled montmorillonite colloids as a natural bentonite marker

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Huber, F.; Heck, S.; Hoess, P.; Bouby, M.; Schaefer, T.; Truche, L.; Brendle, J.

2012-01-01

Document available in extended abstract form only. Quantification of bentonite erosion rates/colloid release rates and the colloid attachment under unfavourable conditions for clay colloids is frequently based on the detection of the alumino-silicate building blocks and accompanied by relative high analytical uncertainties due to the presence of high background concentrations in the groundwater. In situ experiments planned at the Grimsel Test Site (CH) in the frame of the Colloid Formation and Migration (CFM) project foresee the emplacement of a compacted bentonite source and determination of the bentonite erosion rate under near-natural flow conditions. To univocally differentiate between the natural background colloid concentration and the eroded bentonite an irreversible labeling of the bentonite colloid source placed in a granite fracture would greatly improve their detection and reduce the analytical uncertainty. It is thought to use an admixture to label the natural bentonite. Therefore, the characteristics as erosion behavior, colloid stability and radionuclide sorption/reversibility behavior have to be studied and compared. Here, we focus on the radionuclide sorption reversibility. Synthetic montmorillonite containing structurally bound Zn and Ni in its octahedral layer was used within this study. Actually, Zn and Ni are good candidates to determine more accurately the colloid concentration as the ICP-MS sensitivity is at least one order of magnitude higher and the Zn and Ni background concentrations found in natural ground waters (e.g. Grimsel ground water, GGW) are very low. In the present study, the colloids are first separated and characterized by AsFlFFF-ICP-MS. Then, they are used to perform radionuclide reversibility kinetic experiments similar to those already published under anoxic conditions and room temperature. The aim is to compare the results obtained with those already available on natural FEBEX bentonite derived colloids. The size

Argilas bentoníticas de Cubati, Paraíba, Brasil: Caracterização física-mineralógica Bentonite clay from Cubati, Paraíba, Brazil: Physical and mineralogical characterization

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R. R. Menezes

2009-06-01

Full Text Available O Estado da Paraíba possui jazidas de bentonitas utilizadas comercialmente em uma vasta gama de setores tecnológicos. No entanto, esses jazimentos estão se exaurindo após dezenas de anos de exploração. Assim, este trabalho tem por objetivo a caracterização físico-mineralógica de bentonitas recentemente descobertas no município de Cubati, PB. As amostras estudadas foram secas a 60 ºC e caracterizadas por meio de fluorescência de raios X, picnometria de He, determinação da distribuição de tamanho de partículas, difração de raios X, análise térmica diferencial e gravimétrica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados evidenciaram que as amostras são bentonitas policatiônicas, apresentando teores de MgO, CaO e K2O semelhantes aos de outras bentonitas sul-americanas e que são constituídas por argilomineral esmectítico e por quartzo e caulinita. As amostras apresentaram frações de partículas abaixo a 2 μm variando entre 31 e 41%, estando, no entanto, em elevado estado de aglomeração.The bentonites of the State of Paraíba, Brazil, are commercially uses in numerous technological sectors. However, these bentonite deposits are becoming exhausted due to several years of exploitation. Thus, the aim of this work was to characterize bentonite clays recently discovered in the Cubaty town, Paraíba. The samples were dried at 60ºC and characterized through X-ray fluorescence, He picnometry, determination of the particle size distribution, X-ray diffraction, thermal differential and gravimetric analyzes and scanning electronic microscopy. The results showed that the samples are polycationic bentonite clays containing amounts of MgO, CaO and K2O similar to those of other South American bentonites and are composed of smectite, kaolinite and quartz. The samples had particle-accumulated fractions under 2 μm ranging from 31 to 41%, however, the particles were in a very agglomerated state.

Reparación de un dique seco en el Ferrol/España

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Navas Gutiérrez, Mariano

1981-06-01

Full Text Available El dique seco de El Ferrol, construido como dique de gravedad según la técnica de la época (1913, ha sufrido una serie de averías como consecuencia de su envejecimiento, que ha obligado a emprender una obra de reparación según las modernas técnicas de soleras ancladas y drenadas, y pantallas de bentonita-cemento. Se ha construido una losa de 30 cm en el antedique, anclada con armaduras activas, formado cada anclaje por diez cables según una malla de 3 x 3 m. Para aliviar la subpresión se ha colocado un dren entre la solera permeable actualmente existente y la losa. Con la pantalla de bentonita-cemento se pretende cerrar la entrada de agua por el relleno permeable del antiguo dique. El terreno natural es prácticamente impermeable.

Resistencia a la penetración en un Vertisol Crómico con diferentes usos, manejos y sitios de muestreo

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J. A Villazón

Full Text Available Se realizó una investigación con el objetivo de determinar la influencia del uso de la tierra, el sistema de labranza y el sitio de muestreo, sobre la resistencia a la penetración en un suelo Vertisol Crómico. Los usos de la tierra fueron: silvopastoreo, pasto natural, cultivos varios y caña de azúcar; esta última con laboreo tradicional y laboreo localizado. Los dos usos agrícolas se muestrearon en el camellón y el surco, y las profundidades fueron de 0-10, 10-20, 20-30 y 30-40 cm. La mayor resistencia a la penetración (p < 0,001 se encontró en las áreas con fines pecuarios (8,64 y 7,71 impactos dm-3 en pasto natural y silvopastoreo, respectivamente. La menor resistencia a la penetración se encontró, en orden descendente, en el surco de caña de azúcar con laboreo localizado, el camellón en cultivos varios y el surco de caña de azúcar con laboreo tradicional. Esta variable aumentó a medida que se profundizó en el perfil del suelo. En los usos pecuarios se observó una capa más cercana a la superficie, en la que se incrementó la compactación. Se concluye que la mayoría de las profundidades se clasificaron como poco compactadas y medianamente compactadas; las primeras aparecieron en la superficie, con variaciones en cuanto al espesor. Solamente se encontró una capa compactada en la profundidad de 30-40 cm, en pasto natural.

Los Rellenos Sanitarios

OpenAIRE

Ulloa Cuzco, José Ignacio

2005-01-01

Técnica de disposición de residuos sólidos muy utilizada en la región, que consiste en la disposición de capas de basura compactadas sobre un suelo previamente impermeabilizado para evitar la contaminación del acuífero y recubiertas por capas de suelo.

Lessons learned from the Febex in situ test: geochemical processes associated to the microbial degradation and gas generation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fernandez, A. M.; Sanchez, D.M.; Melon, A.; Mingarro, M.; Wieczorek, K.

2012-01-01

existence of gaps between the bentonite blocks, which favour the development and growth of inactive and dormant cells or spores belonging to the original bentonite. In this work, the observed geochemical and corrosion processes influenced both by organic matter degradation and micro-organisms in the 1:1 scale FEBEX in situ test (Grimsel, Switzerland) are described. This test consists of two heaters, simulating radioactive waste containers, emplaced in a horizontal gallery and surrounded by a highly compacted bentonite barrier. Samples from pore water, gases and bentonite (SHSDI-01: clay in contact with AISI 316L metal; S29 and BSBI-26: clay in contact with carbon steel) have been analysed. The samples were obtained during the test and the dismantling of the heater 1 after six years of experiment. The solid samples were analysed by XRD, SEM, XPS, FTIR, ATD-TG and chemical analysis; the water samples by IC and ICP-OES, and the gases by gas chromatography. Different geochemical processes have been detected as a function of the temperature and water content of the samples. When the water content is high, there are aerobic respiration and fermentation processes, anaerobic respiration with SO 4 2- as electron acceptor, and anaerobic production of methane with CO 2 as electron acceptor. In a first phase, both oxygen consumption and an increase of CH 4 and CO 2 is observed. Afterwards, there is a reduction of sulfates by SRB bacteria, which provokes corrosion processes. As a consequence, a precipitation of sulphurs, iron oxy-hydroxides and carbonates occurs, as well as H 2 generation. There is an increase of the iron content in the smectite and the neo-formation of zeolites. However this alteration is punctual and localized. The redox potential of the bentonite pore water was of -284 mV. When the temperature is high and water content is low, other processes take place

PROPOSAL FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SPRAY DRYING IN THE ACTIVATION PROCESS OF BENTONITE WITH SULFURIC ACID

OpenAIRE

Romero, P.; Otiniano, M.

2014-01-01

The present work propose the replacement of the three stages of the activation process of bentonite with sulfuric acid by the only stage spray drying. El presente trabajo propone reemplazar tres etapas del proceso de activación de la bentonita con ácido sulfúrico por una sola etapa, la del secado por atomización.

Sistema radicular de plantas de cobertura sob compactação do solo Root system of cover crops under soil compaction

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Wainer G. Gonçalves

2006-04-01

Full Text Available Com o objetivo de avaliar a capacidade de crescimento de raízes em camadas de solo compactadas, quatro espécies de plantas de cobertura (amaranto, milheto ADR 500, capim pé-de-galinha e kenaf foram cultivadas em anéis de PVC, com níveis de compactação em subsuperfície (densidade do solo: 1,18; 1,34; 1,51 e 1,60 Mg m-3, sendo o experimento conduzido em casa de vegetação, utilizando-se de um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico. A camada compactada em subsuperfície foi restritiva ao crescimento de raízes das espécies estudadas, ocasionando a concentração de raízes na camada superficial. O milheto ADR 500 e o amaranto foram as espécies que se destacaram na produção de massa seca da parte aérea e conseguiram desenvolver-se nas camadas compactadas e abaixo delas. O milheto ADR500 apresentou maior densidade de comprimento radicular em todas as camadas. O capim pé-de-galinha e o amaranto tiveram comportamento semelhante quanto à densidade de comprimento radicular. O capim pé-de-galinha e o kenaf apresentaram menor massa seca de raízes em relação às demais espécies. O kenaf apresentou menores valores de massa seca da parte aérea, mas não foi afetado pela presença de camadas compactadas.With the objective of evaluate the root growth capacity in the compacted soil layer, four vegetal species of the cover crops (amaranth, pearl millet ADR500, finger millet and kenaf were cultivated in columns of PVC with increasing levels of subsurface compaction (soil bulk densities: 1.18; 1.34; 1.51 and 1.60 Mg m-3. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse conditions, using a Dusky Red Latosol. The subsurface compacted layer was restrictive to the roots growth of the studied species, causing the root concentrating to the surface. Pearl millet ADR500 and the amaranth were the species that had detached in the production of dry matter weight and developed itself in the compacted layers and below of them. Pearl of millet ADR500 presented the

Analysis and modeling of coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical phenomena in 3D fractured media

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Canamon Valera, I.

2006-11-01

This doctoral research was conducted as part of a joint France-Spain co-tutelage PhD thesis in the framework of a bilateral agreement between two universities, the Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse (INPT) and the Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM). It concerns a problem of common interest at the national and international levels, namely, the disposal of radioactive waste in deep geological repositories. The present work is devoted, more precisely, to near-field hydrogeological aspects involving mass and heat transport phenomena. The first part of the work is devoted to a specific data interpretation problem (pressures, relative humidities, temperatures) in a multi-barrier experimental system at the scale of a few meters - the 'Mock-Up Test' of the FEBEX project, conducted in Spain. Over 500 time series are characterized in terms of spatial, temporal, and/or frequency/scale-based statistical analysis techniques. The time evolution and coupling of physical phenomena during the experiment are analyzed, and conclusions are drawn concerning the behavior and reliability of the sensors. The second part of the thesis develops in more detail the 3-Dimensional (3D) modeling of coupled Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical phenomena in a fractured porous rock, this time at the scale of a hundred meters, based on the data of the 'In-Situ Test' of the FEBEX project conducted at the Grimsel Test Site in the Swiss Alps. As a first step, a reconstruction of the 3D fracture network is obtained by Monte Carlo simulation, taking into account through optimization the geomorphological data collected around the FEBEX gallery. The heterogeneous distribution of traces observed on the cylindrical wall of the tunnel is fairly well reproduced in the simulated network. In a second step, we develop a method to estimate the equivalent permeability of a many-fractured block by extending the superposition method of Ababou et al. [1994] to the case where the permeability of the rock matrix is not

Modelling of bentonite-granite solutes transfer from an in situ full-scale experiment to simulate a deep geological repository (Grimsel Test Site, Switzerland)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Buil, B.; Gomez, P.; Pena, J.; Garralon, A.; Turrero, M.J.; Escribano, A.; Sanchez, L.; Duran, J.M.

2010-01-01

Research highlights: → The FEBEX experiment is a 1:1 simulation of a high level waste disposal facility in crystalline rock according to the Spanish radwaste disposal concept. → Solute transfer processes occurrs at the bentonite-granite interface. → An increase of Cl and Na is observed in granitic water of the surrounding of the experiment. → Solute transfer does not affect the sealing and thermo-hydromechanical properties of the engineered barriers. → A diffusive transport of Cl and Na simulated by 1D transport modeling with an effective diffusion coefficient of D e ≅ 5.0 E-11 m 2 /s. - Abstract: The FEBEX experiment is a 1:1 simulation of a high level waste disposal facility in crystalline rock according to the Spanish radwaste disposal concept. This experiment has been performed in a gallery drilled in the underground laboratory Grimsel Test Site (Switzerland). Two boreholes parallel to the FEBEX drift were drilled 20 and 60 cm away from the granite-bentonite interface to provide data on potential bentonite-granite solutes transfer. Periodic sampling and analysis of the major ions showed: (a) the existence of solutes transfer from the bentonite porewater towards the granite groundwater, explaining the Cl - and Na + contents of the latter; (b) that the concentration of the natural tracers coming into the granite groundwater from the bentonite porewater increased over time. This bentonite-granite solutes transfer was modelled in order to predict the increase in the Cl - and Na + concentrations of the granite groundwater. The modelled results seem to confirm that the mechanism of solute migration in this scenario is that of diffusive transport. An effective diffusion coefficient of D e = 5 x 10 -11 m 2 /s was that which best fitted the data obtained.

Optimization of compressive strength in admixture-reinforced cement-based grouts

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sahin Zaimoglu, A.

2007-12-01

Full Text Available The Taguchi method was used in this study to optimize the unconfined (7-, 14- and 28-day compressive strength of cement-based grouts with bentonite, fly ash and silica fume admixtures. The experiments were designed using an L16 orthogonal array in which the three factors considered were bentonite (0%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 3%, fly ash (10%, 20%, 30% and 40% and silica fume (0%, 5%, 10% and 20% content. The experimental results, which were analyzed by ANOVA and the Taguchi method, showed that fly ash and silica fume content play a significant role in unconfined compressive strength. The optimum conditions were found to be: 0% bentonite, 10% fly ash, 20% silica fume and 28 days of curing time. The maximum unconfined compressive strength reached under the above optimum conditions was 17.1 MPa.En el presente trabajo se ha intentado optimizar, mediante el método de Taguchi, las resistencias a compresión (a las edades de 7, 14 y 28 días de lechadas de cemento reforzadas con bentonita, cenizas volantes y humo de sílice. Se diseñaron los experimentos de acuerdo con un arreglo ortogonal tipo L16 en el que se contemplaban tres factores: la bentonita (0, 0,5, 1 y 3%, las cenizas volantes (10, 20, 30 y 40% y el humo de sílice (0, 5, 10 y 20% (porcentajes en peso del sólido. Los datos obtenidos se analizaron con mediante ANOVA y el método de Taguchi. De acuerdo con los resultados experimentales, el contenido tanto de cenizas volantes como de humo de sílice desempeña un papel significativo en la resistencia a compresión. Por otra parte, las condiciones óptimas que se han identificado son: 0% bentonita, 10% cenizas volantes, 20% humo de sílice y 28 días de tiempo de curado. La resistencia a compresión máxima conseguida en las anteriores condiciones era de 17,1 MPa.

Analysis and modeling of coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical phenomena in 3D fractured media; Analyse et modelisation des phenomenes couples thermo-hydromecaniques en milieux fractures 3D

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Canamon Valera, I

2006-11-15

This doctoral research was conducted as part of a joint France-Spain co-tutelage PhD thesis in the framework of a bilateral agreement between two universities, the Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse (INPT) and the Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM). It concerns a problem of common interest at the national and international levels, namely, the disposal of radioactive waste in deep geological repositories. The present work is devoted, more precisely, to near-field hydrogeological aspects involving mass and heat transport phenomena. The first part of the work is devoted to a specific data interpretation problem (pressures, relative humidities, temperatures) in a multi-barrier experimental system at the scale of a few meters - the 'Mock-Up Test' of the FEBEX project, conducted in Spain. Over 500 time series are characterized in terms of spatial, temporal, and/or frequency/scale-based statistical analysis techniques. The time evolution and coupling of physical phenomena during the experiment are analyzed, and conclusions are drawn concerning the behavior and reliability of the sensors. The second part of the thesis develops in more detail the 3-Dimensional (3D) modeling of coupled Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical phenomena in a fractured porous rock, this time at the scale of a hundred meters, based on the data of the 'In-Situ Test' of the FEBEX project conducted at the Grimsel Test Site in the Swiss Alps. As a first step, a reconstruction of the 3D fracture network is obtained by Monte Carlo simulation, taking into account through optimization the geomorphological data collected around the FEBEX gallery. The heterogeneous distribution of traces observed on the cylindrical wall of the tunnel is fairly well reproduced in the simulated network. In a second step, we develop a method to estimate the equivalent permeability of a many-fractured block by extending the superposition method of Ababou et al. [1994] to the case where the permeability of

Lime and gypsum to improve root depth of orange crop in an Ultisol of the Coastal Tablelands Calcário e gesso no aprofundamento radicular da laranjeira em um Argissolo dos Tabuleiros Costeiros

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Lafayette F. Sobral

2009-12-01

Full Text Available Coastal Tableland is a landscape unit in the North East of Brazil in which the main soils are Ultisols. In these soils, a compacted layer denominated "cohesive horizon" occurs and root growth is limited by it. An experiment with five treatments and six replications was set up in order to study how liming and gypsum could improve root depth of orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck crop in an Ultisol in which a compacted layer was found at 0.3 m. Treatments were: A - No liming and no gypsum; B - Liming to achieve 60% base saturation; C - B + 1 t of gypsum ha-1 ; D - B + 2 t of gypsum ha-1 and E - B + 3 t of gypsum ha-1. Gypsum increased calcium and sulfate in the cohesive horizon. Surface application of lime and gypsum did not cause changes in soil density and total porosity in the cohesive horizon. An improvement of root length was observed at the cohesive horizon.Os tabuleiros costeiros são uma unidade de paisagem em que um dos principais solos são os Argissolos, nos quais, uma camada compactada, denominada "horizonte coeso" ocorre e o crescimento radicular é por ela limitado. Um experimento com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições foi implantado para se estudar os efeitos da calagem e do gesso no aprofundamento radicular da laranjeira (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck em um Argissolo onde o horizonte coeso está a 0,3 m de profundidade. Os tratamentos foram: A - Sem gesso e sem calagem; B - Calagem para atingir 60% de saturação por bases; C - B + 1 t ha-1 de gesso ; D - B + 2 t ha-1 de gesso; e E - B + 3 t ha-1 de gesso. A calagem e o gesso aumentaram significativamente os teores de sulfato e de calcio no solo até a profundidade de 0,40 m. A aplicação a lanço de calcário e gesso não causaram modificações na densidade do solo e na porosidade total da camada compactada "horizonte coeso". Foi observado um aumento do comprimento das raízes da laranjeira na camada compactada.

Dual continuum models of fully coupled non-isothermal multiphase flow and reactive transport in porous media

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zheng, L.; Samper, J.

2005-01-01

Full text of publication follows: Double porosity, double permeability and dual continuum models (DCM) are widely used for modeling preferential water flow and mass transport in unsaturated and fractured media. Here we present a DCM of fully coupled non-isothermal multiphase flow and reactive transport model for the FEBEX compacted bentonite, a material which exhibits a double porosity behavior.. FEBEX (Full-scale Engineered Barrier EXperiment) is a demonstration and research project dealing with the bentonite engineered barrier designed for sealing and containment of a high level radioactive waste repository. Our DCM considers inter-aggregate macro-pores, and intra-aggregate and interlayer micro-pores. Two types of DCMs are tested: the dual continuum connected matrix (DCCM) and the dual continuum dis connected matrix (DCDM). Liquid flow in macro-pores is described with a mass conservation equation accounting for Darcian flow, chemical and thermal osmosis. In DCCM, water flux in micropores is calculated with a modified Darcy's law by adding a chemical osmosis term. A simple mass balance equation is used for DCDM which contains a storage and a water exchange term for water in micropores. A mixed type of water exchange term is adopted which includes a second order term accounting for water transfer due to the difference in liquid pressure and a first order term accounting for the gradient in chemical osmosis pressure. Equations of mass conservation for liquid, gas and heat in macro-pores and liquid mass conservation in micropores are solved by using a Newton-Raphson method. Two transport equations with a coupling interaction term are used to describe solute transport in macro- and micro-pores. The coupling term contains a first order diffusion term and a convection term (solute exchange due to water exchange). Transport equations as well as chemical reactions in the two domains are solved by means of a sequential iteration method. All these feature have been

Colagem de vinho branco - Comportamento de vários agentes clarificadores The behavior of different fining agents in white wine clarification

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Odette Zardetto de Toledo

1962-01-01

Full Text Available Foi estudado o comportamento de diversos agentes clarificadores na cologem de vinhos brancos procedentes de variedades de uvas diversas, de três regiões vinícolas diferentes dos Estados de São Paulo e de Minas Gerais. Observou-se que tais agentes comportaram-se de maneira diferente de acôrdo com o vinho a ser clarificado. Para os vinhos brancos testados, verificou-se que a bentonita foi o melhor clarificodor. As observações concordam com resultados obtidos por outros pesquisadores para diferentes vinhos.A laboratory trial was carried out to determine the behavior of different fining agents in samples of white wine obtained from various grape varieties. These tested wines were produced in two regions of the State of São Paulo and one of Minas Gerais. It was observed that these fining agents behaved differently according to the type of wine to be cleared. In our experimental trials bentonita was the best fining agent. These observations agree with those obtoined by others authors in other parts of the world. As a general procedure it is advisable to conduct small-scale fining tests in the laboratory before attempting to clarify the bulk volume of wine in the winery, to determine the efficiency of the fining agent, its effect on the wine, and the quantity necessary to clarify.

Síntesis y caracterización de arcillas organofílicas y su aplicación como adsorbentes del fenol

OpenAIRE

Lazo, José C.; Navarro, Abel E.; Sun-Kou, María R.; Llanos, Bertha P.

2008-01-01

La característica hidrofílica intrínseca de una arcilla bentonita sódica fue modificada mediante intercambio catiónico con sales de amonio cuaternario para evaluar su capacidad para eliminar fenol a partir de soluciones acuosas. La arcilla natural no reportó adsorción significativa, mientras los cationes orgánicos: tetrametilamonio (TMA) hexadeciltrimetilamonio (HDTMA) y benciltrietilamonio (BTEA), demostraron mejorar la capacidad de adsorción de la arcilla en diferentes magnitudes. La caract...

Estudo da durabilidade de misturas solo-RBI grade 81 com vistas à aplicação em estradas florestais e camadas de pavimentos convencionais Study of durability of soil-RBI grade 81 mixtures for application in forest roads and convencional pavement layers

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Tiago Pinto da Trindade

2005-08-01

Full Text Available O presente artigo foi dirigido à caracterização, para fins rodoviários, do parâmetro durabilidade de três misturas solo-RBI Grade 81, a partir dos resultados dos ensaios de durabilidade por molhagem e secagem. Trabalhou-se com um solo residual maduro (solo 1 e dois solos residuais jovens (solos 2 e 3 de gnaisse da Zona da Mata Norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil. O programa de ensaios de laboratório envolveu: (i teor de RBI Grade 81: 6% em relação ao peso de solo seco; (ii energias de compactação: Proctor Normal, Intermediário e Modificado; e (iii período de cura: 7 dias em câmara úmida. Os resultados do programa de ensaios apontaram que: (i apenas as misturas dos solos 1 e 3 compactadas na energia do ensaio Proctor Intermediário e dos solos 2 e 3 compactadas na energia do ensaio Proctor Modificado resistiram a todos os ciclos do ensaio de durabilidade por secagem e molhagem; (ii as misturas do solo 3 compactadas na energia do ensaio Proctor Modificado apresentaram as menores perdas de massa (inferiores a 13%; e (iii quanto ao aspecto durabilidade, as misturas solo-RBI Grade 81 exibem bom potencial para emprego como material de construção rodoviária.This paper addresses the characterization of three soil-RBI Grade 81 mixtures for road engineering applications using laboratory testing data from wetting and drying durability tests. One mature (soil 1 and two young (soils 2 and 3 gneiss residual soils from the Zona da Mata Norte de Minas Gerais, Brazil, were used throughout the study. The laboratory testing program comprised the following steps: (i RBI Grade 81 content: 6% regarding soil dry mass; (ii compaction efforts: Standard, Intermediate and Modified Proctor; (iii mixture specimens curing time: 7 days in acclimatized room. The testing program data supported that: (i only tested mixtures of soils 1 and 3 compacted at the Intermediate compaction effort, and of soils 2 and 3 compacted at the Modified compaction effort endured all

CARACTERIZAÇÃO MINERALÓGICA DE ARGILAS BENTONÍTICAS

OpenAIRE

ELENICE HASS CAETANO

2015-01-01

Argilas são materiais naturais, terrosos, considerados finos grãos que contém partículas com diâmetro inferior a 2 μm e, quando umedecidos com água, apresentam plasticidade. São constituídas essencialmente por argilominerais (filossilicatos) e por matéria orgânica, sais solúveis, minerais como calcita, pirita, gibsita, quartzo entre outras impurezas. Bentonita, conhecida como o argilomineral mais abundante do grupo da esmectita, pertence ao grupo dos filossilicatos 2:1, sua estrutura cri...

The hydro-mechanical modeling of the fractured media; Modelisation hydromecanique des milieux fractures

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kadiri, I

2002-10-15

The hydro-mechanical modeling of the fractured media is quite complex. Simplifications are necessary for the modeling of such media, but, not always justified, Only permeable fractures are often considered. The rest of the network is approximated by an equivalent continuous medium. Even if we suppose that this approach is validated, the hydraulic and mechanical properties of the fractures and of the continuous medium are seldom known. Calibrations are necessary for the determination of these properties. Until now, one does not know very well the nature of measurements which must be carried out in order to carry on a modeling in discontinuous medium, nor elements of enough robust validation for this kind of modeling. For a better understanding of the hydro-mechanical phenomena in fractured media, two different sites have been selected for the work. The first is the site of Grimsel in Switzerland in which an underground laboratory is located at approximately 400 m of depth. The FEBEX experiment aims at the in-situ study of the consecutive phenomena due to the installation of a heat source representative of radioactive waste in the last 17 meters of the FEBEX tunnel in the laboratory of Grimsel. Only, the modeling of the hydro-mechanical of the excavation was model. The modeling of the Febex enabled us to establish a methodology of calibration of the hydraulic properties in the discontinuous media. However, this kind of study on such complex sites does not make possible to answer all the questions which arise on the hydro-mechanical behavior of the fractured media. We thus carried out modeling on an other site, smaller than the fist one and more accessible. The experimental site of Coaraze, in the Maritime Alps, is mainly constituted of limestone and fractures. Then the variation of water pressure along fractures is governed by the opening/closure sequence of a water gate. Normal displacement as well as the pore pressure along these fractures are recorded, and then

The hydro-mechanical modeling of the fractured media

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kadiri, I.

2002-10-01

The hydro-mechanical modeling of the fractured media is quite complex. Simplifications are necessary for the modeling of such media, but, not always justified, Only permeable fractures are often considered. The rest of the network is approximated by an equivalent continuous medium. Even if we suppose that this approach is validated, the hydraulic and mechanical properties of the fractures and of the continuous medium are seldom known. Calibrations are necessary for the determination of these properties. Until now, one does not know very well the nature of measurements which must be carried out in order to carry on a modeling in discontinuous medium, nor elements of enough robust validation for this kind of modeling. For a better understanding of the hydro-mechanical phenomena in fractured media, two different sites have been selected for the work. The first is the site of Grimsel in Switzerland in which an underground laboratory is located at approximately 400 m of depth. The FEBEX experiment aims at the in-situ study of the consecutive phenomena due to the installation of a heat source representative of radioactive waste in the last 17 meters of the FEBEX tunnel in the laboratory of Grimsel. Only, the modeling of the hydro-mechanical of the excavation was model. The modeling of the Febex enabled us to establish a methodology of calibration of the hydraulic properties in the discontinuous media. However, this kind of study on such complex sites does not make possible to answer all the questions which arise on the hydro-mechanical behavior of the fractured media. We thus carried out modeling on an other site, smaller than the fist one and more accessible. The experimental site of Coaraze, in the Maritime Alps, is mainly constituted of limestone and fractures. Then the variation of water pressure along fractures is governed by the opening/closure sequence of a water gate. Normal displacement as well as the pore pressure along these fractures are recorded, and then

Enzimas de função hepática na aflatoxicose aguda experimental em frangos de corte Hepatic enzimes function in experimental acute enzimes aflatoxicosis in broilers

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Adriana Borsa

1998-12-01

Full Text Available Com o objetivo de avaliar a função hepática de aves experimentalmente intoxicadas por aflatoxina, com e sem uso de bentonita sódica, foram utilizados 40 (quarenta frangos de corte, machos, linhagem Ross, divididos em 4 (quatro grupos de 10 (dez. animais, sendo que cada grupo foi submetido a um tratamento: T1 - controle (ração sem aflatoxina ou bentonita, T2 - ração com 5ppm de aflatoxina, T3 - ração com 5ppm de aflatoxina e 0,5% de bentonita sódica e T4 - ração com 0,5% de bentonita sódica. Todos estes tratamentos foram aplicados do 1° ao 42 ° dia de vida das aves. Aos 21, 35 e 42 dias de idade, foram analisados os níveis séricos das enzimas aspartato aminotransferase (AST, alanina aminotransferase (ALT, lactato desidrogenase (LDH e gama glutamiltransferase (GGT, A análise da variância mostrou que houve interação entre os tratamentos e datas de colheita de material, para as seguintes variáveis: AST, LDH e GGT. Para estas, foi aplicado o teste de Tukey, comparando-se as médias de cada tratamento em cada data. Observou-se que as enzimas AST, ALT e GGT não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre tratamentos, porém, nos tratamentos l e 2, a AST apresentou um aumento linear (pThe aim ofthis study is to evaluate ïhe hepatic function of experimentally intoxicated broilers by aflatoxin with and without sodium bentonite. Forty Ross mole broilers, were used divided into 4 groups of 10 birds, and such groups have been submitted to the following treatments: T1- control (feed without aflatoxin or sodium bentonite, T2- feed containing 5ppm of aflatoxin, T3- feed containing 5ppm of aflatoxin and 0.5% of sodium bentonite and T4- feed containing 0.5% of sodium bentonite. Ali these treatments have been appiied from the l st to the 42nd day of lif e. On the days 21, 35 and 42, the serum leveis of the enzimes aspartate aminotransferase (AST, alanino aminotransferase (ALT, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH and gamma glutamiltransferase (GGT

Development of the near field geochemistry model

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Arcos, D.; Bruno, J.; Duro, L.; Grive, M.

2000-01-01

This report discusses in a quantitative manner the evolution of the near field geochemistry as a result of the interactions between two different introducing granitic groundwaters and the FEBEX bentonite as a buffer material. The two granitic groundwaters considered are: SR-5 water, sampled in a borehole at 500 m depth in Mina Ratones, and a mean composition of different granitic groundwaters from the iberian Massif. The steel canister has also been introduced by considering the iron corrosion in anoxic conditions. (Author)

Development of the near field geochemistry model; Desarrollo de un modelo geoquimico de campo proximo

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Arcos, D.; Bruno, J.; Duro, L.; Grive, M.

2000-07-01

This report discusses in a quantitative manner the evolution of the near field geochemistry as a result of the interactions between two different introducing granitic groundwaters and the FEBEX bentonite as a buffer material. The two granitic groundwaters considered are: SR-5 water, sampled in a borehole at 500 m depth in Mina Ratones, and a mean composition of different granitic groundwaters from the iberian Massif. The steel canister has also been introduced by considering the iron corrosion in anoxic conditions. (Author)

Desenvolvimento de fluidos aquosos com bentonita para perfuração de poços de petróleo onshore Development of aqueous fluids with bentonite clay for drilling of onshore oil wells

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

R. C. A. M Nascimento

2010-06-01

Full Text Available Devido aos grandes desafios encontrados na perfuração de poços, há a necessidade de se desenvolver fluidos com propriedades adequadas e capazes de atender todas as exigências da perfuração, como elevada capacidade de carreamento de sólidos e alta lubricidade, como também fluidos ambientalmente corretos. O grau de impacto dos fluidos de perfuração no meio ambiente depende especialmente do tipo de fluido utilizado, se de base aquosa, oleosa, sintética ou mesmo de base ar. Portanto, é de fundamental importância o desenvolvimento de fluidos com características específicas em cada etapa da perfuração. Sendo assim, este trabalho objetivou o desenvolvimento de fluidos aquosos, com baixo teor de sólidos e propriedades reológicas, de filtração e lubricidade adequadas à perfuração de poços de petróleo onshore. Os fluidos foram formulados utilizando em sua composição bentonita sódica industrializada, aditivos poliméricos e lubrificantes, em diferentes concentrações. O estudo reológico, de filtração e lubricidade mostrou que os fluidos apresentam comportamento pseudoplástico e que os aditivos selecionados desempenham com êxito suas funções de modificadores reológicos, redutores de filtrado e agente lubrificante. Além disto, ficou evidenciada a necessidade de aditivos lubrificantes em fluidos aquosos contendo argila bentonítica e polímeros. A adição de 1% de lubrificante no fluido é suficiente para adequar a capacidade lubrificante dos fluidos.Due to challenges encountered in drilling wells, there is a need to develop fluids that have properties suitable and able to meet all the requirements of drilling, such as, high capacity for carrying of solid and high lubricity. Besides that, they need to be environmentally friend. The degree of impact of drilling fluids in the environment depends on the type of fluid used, if water or oil or synthetic or air based. It is therefore of fundamental importance to develop

Aplicação do processo laser CO2 de soldagem em aço ARBL na fabricação de rotores para máquinas elétricas

OpenAIRE

Conz, Roberto [UNESP

2004-01-01

O objetivo deste trabalho foi substituir um bloco de grandes dimensões em aço forjado, por chapas finas de aço, laminadas a quente, soldadas pelo processo LASER CO2, destinadas à fabricação de rotores para máquinas elétricas com até 40 MW de potência, para tanto foram utilizadas chapas com 3 mm de espessura, empilhadas, compactadas e fixadas por tirantes. Considerando que a largura das bobinas e blanks disponíveis no mercado nacional não atendem às necessidades dimensionais do produto fez-se ...

DETERMINAÇÃO EXPERIMENTAL DA DENSIDADE VOLUMÉTRICA MÉDIA DE ENERGIA EM PINOS ENDODÔNTICOS TRANSLÚCIDOS

OpenAIRE

FERNANDO CAMILOTTI

2016-01-01

O uso de pinos endodônticos em restaurações de dentes tem sido muito frequente. Estes pinos são formados, em geral, por fibras de vidro envolvidas e compactadas em epóxi, possuindo um formato cônico. Estudos de microscopia foram realizados para investigar a estrutura de quatro modelos de pinos de fibra de vidro do fabricante FGM (modelos DC 0.5, DC1, DC2 e DC3), e constatou-se falta de homogeneidade. Os modelos de pinos usados neste trabalho são transparentes e, no uso clínico, são cimentados...

Encapsulação: efeitos sobre a germinação e sanidade das sementes de algodão

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Arantes Hermes Augusto Guimarães

2000-01-01

Full Text Available A presença de línter sobre a superfície das sementes de algodão dificulta os processos de beneficiamento e de semeadura. A aplicação de produtos encapsulantes sobre a superfície da semente pode-se constituir em alternativa para a solução desse problema. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o efeito da utilização de diferentes produtos encapsulantes na germinação de sementes de algodão. Para tanto, foram utilizados três lotes de sementes de algodão, cv. IAC 20, safra 94/95, sendo avaliados dez tratamentos: deslintamento mecânico, deslintamento químico, deslintamento mecânico e encapsulação com gesso + bentonita, com Sepiret 4015 e com Sepiret 6182, todos com e sem a aplicação de fungicida. Foram avaliadas a germinação e a sanidade das sementes, em quatro épocas (logo após o preparo das sementes, aos três, seis e nove meses de armazenamento. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado com dez tratamentos e quatro repetições, utilizando-se o teste de Tuckey para a comparação de médias. Pode-se concluir que há possibilidade de utilizar a encapsulação para sementes de algodão; os produtos mais adequados são o gesso + bentonita ou o Sepiret 6182; ocorre efeito benéfico da aplicação do fungicida às sementes.

Análise da influência do tratamento de purificação no comportamento de inchamento de argilas organofílicas em meios não aquosos Analysis of the influence of the purification treatment on the swelling behavior in non-aqueous media of organophilic clays

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H. S. Ferreira

2008-03-01

Full Text Available As argilas bentonitas possuem importantes funções em fluidos de perfuração não aquosos. No entanto, impurezas presentes na argila e a escolha inadequada do sal quaternário utilizado no seu processo de organofilização podem comprometer a compatibilidade do sistema argila-fluido. Assim, este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a influência do tratamento de purificação e dos sais quaternários de amônio no comportamento de inchamento de argilas organofílicas em meios não aquosos. A argila bentonita foi purificada através de procedimento de sedimentação e as argilas organofílicas foram preparadas utilizando-se cloreto de alquil benzil amônio (Dodigen, cloreto de diestearil dimetil amônio (Praepagen, cloreto de cetil trimetil amônio (Genamim e brometo de cetil trimetil amônio (Cetremide. As argilas organofilizadas foram caracterizadas por difração de raios X e determinação da distribuição do tamanho de partículas e, em seguida, submetidas ao ensaio de inchamento de Foster em éster, parafina e óleo diesel. Os resultados mostram que o processo de purificação foi eficiente na redução de impurezas presentes na bentonita e que a argila organofílica purificada tratada com Praepagen e Genamim apresenta valores de inchamento de Foster em éster, óleo diesel e parafina superiores aos obtidos com argilas organofílicas sem purificação (natural e comercial.Bentonite clays play important roles in oil based drilling fluids. However, clay impurities and the wrong choose of the quaternary ammonium salt used in the organophilization process can lead to organoclay-fluid low interactions. Thus, this work has as aim study the influence of the purification process and quaternary ammonium salts on the swelling behavior in oil media of organophilic clays. The bentonite clay was purified using a sedimentation process and organoclay were prepared using alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (Dodigen, distearyl dimethyl ammonium

Estudio con tomografía de resistividad eléctrica del efecto del tráfico de maquinaria en un suelo agrícola

OpenAIRE

Garcia-Tomillo, Aitor; Figueiredo, Tomás de; Dafonte, J.; Almeida, Arlindo; Paz-González, A.

2015-01-01

La compactación es un grave problema cuya incidencia aumenta ya que es difícil de localizar y revertir al tratarse de un fenómeno sub-superficial. La tomografía de resistividad eléctrica (TRE) es un método geofísico no invasivo que se puede usar para identificación de áreas compactadas, espesor de horizontes y clasificación de propiedades físicas del suelo. Este trabajo estudia la relación entre la resistividad eléctrica del suelo y la compactación del mismo. Los datos de TRE se tomaron en un...

Influência da adição e da modificação química de uma carga mineral nanoparticulada nas propriedades mecânicas e no envelhecimento térmico de compósitos poliuretano/sisal Influence of a nanoparticulate mineral filler addition and chemical modification of the mechanical properties and thermal aging of PU/Sisal composites

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Maria Roberta O. Pinto

2005-11-01

Full Text Available Este trabalho trata do efeito da hibridização do reforço, através da adição de uma carga mineral (bentonita nanoparticulada, no desempenho mecânico de compósitos poliuretano/sisal contendo 25% em massa de fibras de sisal e moldados por compressão. As propriedades mecânicas, de tração e impacto, dos sistemas compósitos estudados foram avaliadas em função do teor (0-10% em massa e de modificações químicas da carga mineral. Os efeitos do envelhecimento térmico nas propriedades tênseis (sigma, E, épsilon de compósitos selecionados também foram investigados. O reforço mineral (Bentonita sódica Brasgel-PA foi empregado em quatro formas, a saber: a como fornecido (sem tratamento, b tratado com ácido clorídrico (0,6N, c modificado com cloreto de dodecil dimetil benzil amônio (Dodigen e d modificado com brometo de cetil trimetil amônio (Cetremide. Os resultados indicam que a incorporação da bentonita eleva as propriedades mecânicas dos compósitos e que melhores propriedades foram obtidas quando a bentonita foi tratada com o ácido clorídrico. O envelhecimento térmico em tempos curtos (até 4 dias provocou elevação no módulo elástico e resistência na ruptura dos compósitos, o que foi atribuído à pós-cura da matriz. Em tempos longos (32 dias a exposição térmica causou decréscimo nas propriedades tênseis (sigma, E, épsilon dos compósitos investigados, o que foi atribuído à degradação oxidativa da matriz e dos reforços. O compósito mais resistente ao envelhecimento térmico foi o híbrido cuja carga mineral foi organofilizada com o sal Cetremide. Anáslies por DRX e MEV indicam que a estrutura dos compósitos híbridos é um misto de micro e nanocompósito.This work deals with filler hybridization effects, by the addition of a nanoparticulate mineral filler (bentonite, on the mechanical performance of compression molded Polyurethane/sisal composites with 25 wt % fiber content. Composite tensile and

Desenvolvimento de insertos sinterizados autolubrificantes para uso em matrizes de conformação a frio

OpenAIRE

Marcelo Salvador Cóser

2016-01-01

Este trabalho avalia o uso de insertos autolubrificantes de pó de aço ferramenta sinterizado para aplicação em ferramentas dos processos de Conformação a Frio. São apresentadas a preparação e a análise de diferentes composições de misturas de pós de aço ferramenta H 13. A Metalurgia do Pó convencional foi utilizada como processo para a obtenção dos insertos do estudo. Foram compactadas e sinterizadas misturas de pó de aço H13 com a adição de percentuais variados do lubrificante sólido Bissulf...

ISOTERMAS DE ADSORÇÃO DE COBRE POR BENTONITA

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Gilvanise Alves Tito

2008-01-01

Full Text Available In environmental studies is important to know the adsorption process of heavy metals in clay minerals, since they are able to immobilize these metals. Knowing the cations adsorption is influenced for several factors, the objective of this research was to study the copper adsorption process by bentonite clay and to evaluate the electrolyte type and pH influence on this process. In order to quantify the adsorbed copper, 2 g of bentonite clay were equilibrated for 24 hours with 20 mL of a NaNO3 (0,01 mol L-1 solution and with 20 mL of water containing different quantities of copper (5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100,120 mg L-1 as background solutions of pH values 4 and 6. Langmuir's adsorption equation in its linearized form was applied and the values of the maximum capacity and those of the constant related to the bonding energy were obtained. Langmuir isotherms presented two distinct adsorption regions at both pH 4 and pH 6, showing that the adsorptive phenomenon occurs in two distinct stages. The adsorption of copper depends on pH and ionic strength and it increased with an increase in pH and decreased slightly with an increase in ionic strength. The maximum capacity of adsorption and the bonding energy varied with the pH, with electrolyte used and with the adsorption regions.

Concrete/Febex Bentonite Interaction: Results On Short-Term Column Experiments

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Escribano, A.; Turrero, M.J.; Torres, E.; Martin, P.L.

2008-01-01

Interaction between the alkaline pore fluids from the concrete engineered barriers and the bentonite at the repository conditions may generate products that can diffuse through the porous structure of the bentonite affecting their properties. A comprehensive study based on series of short term experiments is being performed to provide experimental evidences on the physical, chemical and mineralogical changes during the concrete-compacted bentonite interaction. Samples were analyzed by XRD, SEM-EDS and FTIR. Measurements of swelling capacity, specific surface area and chemical analysis for cation exchange capacity and soluble salts analyses were also performed. (authors)

Concrete/Febex Bentonite Interaction: Results On Short-Term Column Experiments

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Escribano, A.; Turrero, M.J.; Torres, E.; Martin, P.L. [CIEMAT, Environmental Department, Avda. Complutense, 22, 28040 Madrid (Spain)

2008-07-01

Interaction between the alkaline pore fluids from the concrete engineered barriers and the bentonite at the repository conditions may generate products that can diffuse through the porous structure of the bentonite affecting their properties. A comprehensive study based on series of short term experiments is being performed to provide experimental evidences on the physical, chemical and mineralogical changes during the concrete-compacted bentonite interaction. Samples were analyzed by XRD, SEM-EDS and FTIR. Measurements of swelling capacity, specific surface area and chemical analysis for cation exchange capacity and soluble salts analyses were also performed. (authors)

Organobentonita como sustituto de negro de carbono en formulaciones de caucho

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López Manchado, M. A.

2004-04-01

Full Text Available Rubber compounds based on natural rubber reinforced with ammonium salt modified bentonite have been prepared and characterized. It pretends to evaluate the possibility of using these white fillers as substitute of carbon black in natural rubber compounds. Vulcametric curves show that the organoclay and carbon black accelerate the vulcanization reaction and, furthermore, give rise to a marked increase in the torque. However, it is of interest to point out that these effects are more marked in the case of the organoclay. In addition, the mechanical characterization show the strong reinforcing effect of both fillers, but this effect is newly more sensible when the organoclay is added to the NR. It is worthy to note that the mechanical properties of 10% organoclay-NR nanocomposite are comparable to the 40 phr carbon black filled compound.

Se han preparado y caracterizado nanocomposites de caucho natural reforzados con bentonita modificada orgánicamente con una sal de amonio. Se pretende evaluar la posibilidad de utilizar estas cargas claras como sustitutos del negro de carbono en las formulaciones de caucho natural. Las curvas de vulcanización muestran que tanto la bentonita organofilizada como el negro de carbono aceleran la reacción de vulcanización y además, dan lugar a un considerable incremento en el torque. No obstante, es interesante destacar que estos efectos son más marcados en el caso de la organobentonita. Por su parte, la caracterización mecánica muestra el fuerte efecto reforzante de ambas cargas, si bien este efecto es nuevamente más acusado en presencia de la organobentonita. Es importante señalar que las propiedades mecánicas del nanocomposite reforzado con 10 partes de organobentonita son similares a las del composite con 40 partes de negro de carbono.

Nanocompósitos de polietileno/argila bentonita nacional: influência da argila e do agente compatibilizante PE-g-MA nas propriedades mecânicas e de inflamabilidade Polyethylene/national bentonite clay nanocomposites: influence of clay and PE-g-MA coupling agent on the mechanical properties and flammability

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Gustavo F. Brito

2008-06-01

Full Text Available Nanocompósitos de polietileno de alta densidade/argila bentonita nacional foram preparados por intercalação por fusão. A influência da adição da argila sem tratamento e da argila tratada com o sal quaternário de amônio Cetremide e do polietileno graftizado com anidrido maléico (PE-g-MA como agente compatibilizante foi avaliada. Os sistemas obtidos foram caracterizados por inflamabilidade, propriedades mecânicas e reológicas, difração de raios X e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Os resultados de difração de raios X e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão indicaram a obtenção de nanocompósitos com estruturas parcialmente esfoliadas e/ou intercaladas que conduziram ao aumento do módulo de elasticidade e do valor do torque. O teste de inflamabilidade mostrou que a adição da argila na matriz polimérica e a presença do PE-g-MA retardaram a velocidade de queima do sistema, ou seja, diminuíram a inflamabilidade do PE puro. Em geral, o sistema contendo o agente compatibilizante (PE-g-MA exibiu melhorias na estabilidade térmica e nanocompósitos parcialmente esfoliados foram formados, quando comparados à matriz de polietileno de alta densidade. O polietileno graftizado com anidrido maléico não apenas promoveu a esfoliação da argila, mas também facilitou a adesão carga-matriz, obtendo-se com isso melhorias nos resultados mecânicos do sistema.High density polyethylene/national bentonite clay nanocomposites were prepared with the melt intercalation technique. The effect of the clay without treatment and clay treated with quaternary ammonium salt Cetremide with polyethylene-graft-maleic anhydride as coupling agent was evaluated. The systems were characterized by flammability, mechanical and rheological properties, X ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. In general, the results of X ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy showed partially exfoliated and/or intercalated structures with

Data Acquisition System Based in MDAS Unit for the FEBEX Project; Sistema de Toma de Datos Basado en el Equipo MDAS para el Proyecto FEBEX

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Alberdi, J; Barcala, J M; Navarrete, J J; Martin, P L [CIEMAT. Madrid (Spain)

1999-12-31

The engineered barrier concept for the storage of radioactive wastes is being tested at CIEMAT facilities. This document describes the data acquisition system of one of that experiments. (Author) 2 refs.

Vértigo compacto

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Antonio Pasquali

2015-01-01

Full Text Available La fiel reproducción digital de música, imágenes y textos es parte de la cotidianidad tecnológica. Este ensayo no explora las fronteras de la ciencia ni las primicias de la ingeniería. Sin embargo, hace sentir el futuro emergente de las formas de uso del texto puro, irremplazable. Interesa su estilo, su capacidad para evocar el asombro ante el ingenio industrial y apuntalar la fe en la palabra. El futuro de la palabra compactada en CD está mucho más del lado del hipertexto que del hipermedia, y más específicamente en dos campos bien precisos: el de las enciclopedias y el de la literatura.

Densidade de um planossolo sob sistemas de cultivo avaliada por meio da tomografia computadorizada de raios gama Bulk density of an alfisol under cultivation systems in a long-term experiment evaluated with gamma ray computed tomography

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Adilson Luís Bamberg

2009-10-01

Full Text Available A sustentabilidade do arroz (Oryza sativa L. irrigado em solos de várzea está alicerçada na utilização da rotação e sucessão de culturas, fundamentais para o controle do arroz-vermelho e preto. Os reflexos sobre os atributos dos solos de várzea merecem estudos em especial sobre a compactação do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar camadas compactadas em Planossolo submetido a diferentes sistemas de cultivo e preparo, avaliando-se a densidade do solo (Ds pela Tomografia Computadorizada de Raios Gama (TC. A análise foi realizada em um experimento de longa duração, conduzido de 1985 a 2004, na Estação Experimental da Embrapa Clima Temperado, Capão do Leão, RS, num delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, com sete tratamentos, cada um com quatro repetições (T1 - um ano de arroz com preparo convencional do solo seguido de dois anos de pousio; T2 - cultivo contínuo de arroz com preparo convencional do solo; T4 - rotação de arroz e soja (Glycine max L. com preparo convencional do solo; T5 - rotação de arroz, soja e milho (Zea maiz L. em preparo convencional do solo; T6 - plantio direto de arroz no verão em sucessão do azevém (Lolium multiflorum L. no inverno; T7 - rotação de arroz sob plantio direto e soja sob preparo convencional do solo; T8 - testemunha: solo sem cultivo. A Tomografia Computadorizada de Raios Gama permitiu detectar que o plantio direto de arroz no verão em sucessão do azevém no inverno não resultou na formação de camadas compactadas; a utilização de dois anos de pousio, no sistema de produção de arroz irrigado, não foi suficiente para evitar a formação de uma camada superficial compactada; e a rotação de arroz, soja e milho com preparo convencional do solo apresentou duas camadas compactadas (0,0 a 1,5 cm e 11 a 14 cm, indicando que essas podem limitar a produção agrícola nesse sistema de produção em Planossolos.The sustainability of irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L. in

Estudio cinético del proceso de digestión anaerobia de las aguas residuales de la elaboración de aceitunas de mesa negras

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Borja Padilla, R.

1992-12-01

Full Text Available A kinetic study of the anaerobic digestion process of wastewaters from black olive preparation was carried out. The bioreactors used accommodated various suspended micronized clay supports of different chemical composition (Sepiolite and Bentonite. Assuming that the overall anaerobic digestion process conforms to a first-order kinetics, experimental data pairs, namely the methane volume yielded (G and the time (t fitted the equation: G=G_m·[1-exp (-K_o·t], the rate coefficient, K_o, was determined in each of the situations studied. The support used has a marked influence on the kinetic constant of the process; the Sepiolite support yields significantly the highest values. The average K_o values, obtained in the rank of COD between 0 and 1 g/L were: 1,83 days^-1 (Sepiolite and 1,23 days^-1 (Bentonite. For values of COD greater than 1g/L, the specific rate constant decreased when the volume of wastewater added or substrate concentration was increased. The yield coefficients of methane, Y_p/s, were 333 and 316 mL CH₄/g COD for the Sepiolite and Bentonite reactor, respectively. Treatment yields of COD were above 95% in all the cases.

Se ha efectuado un estudio cinético del proceso de digestión anaerobia de las aguas residuales obtenidas en la elaboración de aceitunas negras, mediante biorreactores que contienen en suspensión soportes micronizados de tipo arcilloso de distinta composición química (Sepiolita y Bentonita. Admitiendo que globalmente el proceso de digestión anaerobia sigue una cinética de primer orden, se ajustan las parejas de datos experimentales, volumen de metano acumulado (G, tiempo (t a la ecuación: G=G_m·[1-exp (-K_o·t], determinándose los valores del coeficiente de velocidad K_o, para cada caso estudiado. El soporte utilizado ejerce una influencia acusada sobre la constante cinética del proceso

Mechano-Chemical Interactions at Cement-Geomaterial Interfaces in Repository and Borehole Scenarios

Science.gov (United States)

Mohagheghi, J. R.; Dewers, T. A.; Matteo, E. N.; Heath, J. E.; Jove Colon, C. F.; Fuller, T.

2017-12-01

A number of factors negatively affect wellbore integrity including interactions at boundaries between cement and surrounding geomaterial. These include mechanical and chemical mechanisms that can lead to wellbore failure. To examine these interactions, potential coupling, and pathways to failure, we discuss progress on an experimental and modeling study involving cement-clay and cement-salt interfaces. A sample shotcrete-bentonite interface from the FEBEX heater test at the Grimsel Test Site in Switzerland is examined using multi-beam scanning electron microscopy (mSEM) at 4 nm resolution over an area 10's of square millimeters. We examine changes in alteration as manifested by pore structural changes as a function of distance from the interface. A parallel effort examines time-dependent changes in interface structure in cement cores in a triaxial coreholder. Cores are exposed to conditions of 70oC, 14 MPa pressure, and small differential loads, with degradation being monitored by effluent pH, pulse-echo ultrasonics, and piston displacement (measuring sample shortening). We will measure the mechanical consequences of interface alteration using nano-indentation. Experimental results are being incorporated as a validation effort in a coupled reactive-transport mechanics model linking the Sandia ALBANY finite element code, the KAYENTA elasto-plastic constitutive model, with the reactive transport code PFLOTRAN. Plans call to apply the model to understanding the evolution of the FEBEX sample, as well as a cement-salt sample from the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in Carlsbad, New Mexico. Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc. for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525. SAND 2017-8277 A

International Collaboration Activities on Engineered Barrier Systems

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Jove-Colon, Carlos F. [Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)

2016-08-31

The Used Fuel Disposition Campaign (UFDC) within the DOE Fuel Cycle Technologies (FCT) program has been engaging in international collaborations between repository R&D programs for high-level waste (HLW) disposal to leverage on gathered knowledge and laboratory/field data of near- and far-field processes from experiments at underground research laboratories (URL). Heater test experiments at URLs provide a unique opportunity to mimetically study the thermal effects of heat-generating nuclear waste in subsurface repository environments. Various configurations of these experiments have been carried out at various URLs according to the disposal design concepts of the hosting country repository program. The FEBEX (Full-scale Engineered Barrier Experiment in Crystalline Host Rock) project is a large-scale heater test experiment originated by the Spanish radioactive waste management agency (Empresa Nacional de Residuos Radiactivos S.A. – ENRESA) at the Grimsel Test Site (GTS) URL in Switzerland. The project was subsequently managed by CIEMAT. FEBEX-DP is a concerted effort of various international partners working on the evaluation of sensor data and characterization of samples obtained during the course of this field test and subsequent dismantling. The main purpose of these field-scale experiments is to evaluate feasibility for creation of an engineered barrier system (EBS) with a horizontal configuration according to the Spanish concept of deep geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste in crystalline rock. Another key aspect of this project is to improve the knowledge of coupled processes such as thermal-hydro-mechanical (THM) and thermal-hydro-chemical (THC) operating in the near-field environment. The focus of these is on model development and validation of predictions through model implementation in computational tools to simulate coupled THM and THC processes.

Data Acquisition System Based in MDAS Unit for the FEBEX Project

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Alberdi, J.; Barcala, J.M.; Navarrete, J.J.; Martin, P.L.

1998-01-01

The engineered barrier concept for the storage of radioactive wastes is being tested at CIEMAT facilities. This document describes the data acquisition system of one of that experiments. (Author) 2 refs

La enfermedad periodontal, ¿un factor de riesgo más para el infarto cerebral isquémico aterotrombótico?

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María Elena González Díaz

Full Text Available De forma compactada se explica la relación biológicamente plausible que existe entre la aparición de accidentes cerebrovasculares, particularmente de infarto cerebral isquémico aterotrombótico y la precedencia de enfermedad periodontal inmuno-inflamatoria crónica. Se sugiere la necesidad de estudios que vinculen ambas entidades para conciliar los resultados de las investigaciones internacionales con las realizadas en nuestro medio. Se propone el análisis del estado periodontal en los pacientes pertenecientes a grupos de riesgo o víctimas de enfermedades cerebrovasculares. La consideración de la enfermedad periodontal inmuno-inflamatoria crónica como un factor de riesgo más para el infarto cerebral isquémico aterotrombótico, debe pasar de una interrogante a una estrategia.

Diagnóstico de uma área compactada por atividade minerária, na floresta amazônica, empregando métodos geoestatísticos à variável resistência mecânica à penetração do solo Diagnosis of a compacted area by mining activity, in the Amazon forest, utilizing geoestatistic methods to the mechanical resistence variable to the penetration of the soil

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Admilson Írio Ribeiro

2006-03-01

Full Text Available O processo de mineração provoca uma desfiguração do terreno e uma completa alteração da paisagem. Um problema bastante comum na revegetação de áreas degradadas na exploração mineral compreende a compactação do solo/substrato devido ao intenso tráfego de máquinas e movimentação de terra. Os problemas mais comuns da compactação de uma superfície degradada são: aumento da resistência mecânica à penetração radicular, redução da aeração, alteração do fluxo de água e calor, comprometendo a disponibilidade de água e nutrientes do local. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo básico diagnosticar, de forma espacial, a compactação de uma área minerada por meio da resistência mecânica à penetração. O diagnóstico da área compactada foi efetuado para orientar uma futura subsolagem no local visando posterior revegetação. Através dos estudos, concluiu-se que o método de interpolação (krigagem, de acordo com a variação espacial da resistência mecânica à penetração, permite dividir a área estuda em subáreas possibilitando um futuro gerenciamento localizado de forma a reduzir custos e interferências desnecessárias ao ambiente. O método mostrou-se bastante eficiente e pode ser utilizado em diagnóstico da compactação em áreas mineradas, prevendo necessidade de subsolagem.A quite common problem in the recovery of degraded areas in the mineral exploration understands the compaction of the soil due to the intense traffic of machines and earth movement. The most common problem of the compaction of a degraded surface is: increase of the mechanical resistance to the penetration of the rooats, reduction of the aeration, alteration of the water flow and heat. Thus the present work had the basic objective of diagnosing the compaction of a degraded area by mining in a space way, through the mechanical resistance the way penetration to guide a future subsoiling in the place seeking recovery

Thermo-Hydro Mechanical Characteristics and Processes in the Clay Barrier of a High Level Radioactive Waste Repository. State of the Art Report

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Villar, M. V.

2004-01-01

This document is a summary of the available information on the thermo-hydro-mechanical properties of the bentonite barrier of a high-level radioactive waste repository and of the processes taking place in it during the successive repository operation phases. Mainly the thermal properties, the volume change processes (swelling and consolidation), the permeability and the water retention capacity are analysed. A review is made of the existing experimental knowledge on the modification of the these properties by the effect of temperature, water salinity, humidity and density of the bentonite, and their foreseen evolution as a consequence of the processes expected in the repository. The compiled evolution refers mostly to the FEBEX (Spain), the MX-80 (USA) and the FoCa (France) bentonite, considered as reference barrier materials in several European disposal concepts. (Author) 102 refs

Thermo-Hydro Mechanical Characteristics and Processes in the Clay Barrier of a High Level Radioactive Waste Repository. State of the Art Report

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Villar, M. V.

2004-07-01

This document is a summary of the available information on the thermo-hydro-mechanical properties of the bentonite barrier of a high-level radioactive waste repository and of the processes taking place in it during the successive repository operation phases. Mainly the thermal properties, the volume change processes (swelling and consolidation), the permeability and the water retention capacity are analysed. A review is made of the existing experimental knowledge on the modification of the these properties by the effect of temperature, water salinity, humidity and density of the bentonite, and their foreseen evolution as a consequence of the processes expected in the repository. The compiled evolution refers mostly to the FEBEX (Spain), the MX-80 (US) and the FoCa (France) bentonite, considered as reference barrier materials in several European disposal concepts. (Author) 102 refs.

Desempenho de sementes peletizadas de alface em função do material cimentante e da temperatura de secagem dos péletes

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Silva João Bosco C.

2002-01-01

Full Text Available Sementes de alface da cultivar Grand Rapids Nacional foram peletizadas, utilizando-se como material de enchimento, a mistura de microcelulose e areia fina em volumes iguais e, como material cimentante, diferentes volumes de suspensão aquosa de bentonita e de acetato de polivinila, em cinco proporções (%: 100+0; 75+25; 50+50; 25+75; e 0+100. Os cimentantes foram aplicados em separado, sendo a bentonita aplicada na primeira camada de recobrimento das sementes. Após a peletização, as sementes foram submetidas à secagem sob temperaturas de 15 e 36degreesC, e avaliadas quanto à germinação e emergência das plântulas. As combinações de cimentantes utilizadas na peletização e a temperatura de secagem não afetaram significativamente a porcentagem final de germinação das sementes em gerbox. Na avaliação da emergência de plântulas em bandejas, apenas duas formulações de péletes apresentaram menor taxa em relação ao tratamento com desempenho máximo, indicando que as diferenças obtidas não foram devidas às diferenças na formulação do recobrimento e nem à temperatura de secagem. Independentemente da temperatura de secagem, todas as formulações utilizadas na peletização causaram redução na velocidade de germinação. Entretanto, quando semeadas em substrato orgânico e cultivadas em casa de vegetação, as sementes revestidas com várias formulações apresentaram índices de velocidade de emergência semelhantes aos das sementes não peletizadas. Neste ambiente, as plântulas oriundas de sementes peletizadas apresentaram crescimento normal, sem diferenças significativas com a testemunha, em relação à produção de matéria seca da parte aérea e das raízes, avaliadas aos 20 dias após a semeadura.

Variación de la densidad aparente en órdenes de suelos de Costa Rica

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Alfredo Alvarado

2005-01-01

Full Text Available Este estudio se basa en la información de densidad aparente de 111 perfiles de suelos, representativos de los principales órdenes de suelo descritos por varios autores en Costa Rica. El ámbito de variación de la densidad aparente en los suelos estudiados es alto y osciló entre 0,53 y 2,00 Mg m-3. En general, los valores tendieron a aumentar con la profundidad del suelo debido a la reducción de la actividad biológica desarrollada en el horizonte A. Cuando no se encuentran capas compactadas, el horizonte enriquecido con arcilla eluviada (B2t de Ultisoles y Alfisoles presenta un incremento de la densidad aparente. Los valores bajos de densidad aparente en Andisoles se relacionan con el origen del material parental y en el caso de los Vertisoles con la densidad de partículas de la fracción esmectítica dominante.

MX-80 Bentonite. Thermal-Hydro-Mechanical Characterisation Performed at CIEMAT in the Context of the Prototype Project

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Villar, M. V.

2005-01-01

This document details the results of the thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) characterisation of the commercial MX-80 bentonite performed by CIEMAT from 2001 to 2004 in the context of a project carried out at the AEspoe Hard Rock Laboratory (Sweden), the Prototype Repository. The swelling pressure and the permeability of the bentonite compacted to different dry densities has been determined, as well as the influence of the permeant salinity on hydraulic conductivity. The influence of salinity on the retention capacity of the compacted bentonite has been studied. For that, a new methodology has been designed. Water retention curves have been determined at temperatures of 20 and 60 0 C. Suction controlled odometer tests have been performed at 20oC. Finally, the behaviour of the MX-80 bentonite has been compared to that of the Spanish FEBEX bentonite. (Author) 13 refs

MX-80 Bentonite. thermal-Hydro-Mechanical Characterisation Performed at CIEMAT in the Context of the Prototype Project

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Villar, M. V.

2005-07-01

This document details the results of the thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) characterisation of the commercial MX-80 bentonite performed by CIEMAT from 2001 to 2004 in the context of a project carried out at the AEspoe Hard Rock Laboratory (Sweden), the Prototype Repository. The swelling pressure and the permeability of the bentonite compacted to different dry densities has been determined, as well as the influence of the permeant salinity on hydraulic conductivity. The influence of salinity on the retention capacity of the compacted bentonite has been studied. For that, a new methodology has been designed. Water retention curves have been determined at temperatures of 20 and 60oC. Suction controlled odometer tests have been performed at 20oC. Finally, the behaviour of the MX-80 bentonite has been compared to that of the Spanish FEBEX bentonite. (Author) 13 refs.

Changes in the microstructure of compacted bentonite caused by heating and hydration

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Villar M.V.

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Two twin 40-cm long columns of compacted FEBEX bentonite were tested in Teflon cells; water was supplied through the top surface of the columns and in one of them a heater was placed at the base and set to 100°C. The purpose of these tests was to simulate the behaviour of an engineered barrier in a radioactive waste repository and investigate the effect of the thermal gradient on saturation. In particular, changes in the pore size distribution and interlayer size have been investigated in this work. The thermal gradient had a strong influence on the water intake and distribution. Water content and dry density gradients persisted in the two columns after 12 years of testing. These changes gave place to the modification of the bentonite microstructure, overall increasing the microstructural void ratio and the proportion of adsorbed, interlayer water.

Final Design and Installation of the ''In Situ'' test at GRIMSEL

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fuentes-Cantillana, J. L.; Garcia-Sineriz, J. L.

1998-01-01

The aim of the FEBEX project (Full-Scale Engineered Barriers Experiment) is the study of the near-field for a repository of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) in crystalline rock. The experiment has three major parts: 1) an in situ test, in natural conditions and at full scale; 2) a mack-up test, at almost full scale, and 3) a set of experimental laboratory tests, to complement the information from the two large-scale tests. The experiment is based on the Spanish reference concept for crystalline rock, in which the waste canisters are placed in horizontal drifts surrounded by a clay formed from highly-compacted bentonite blocks. The complete project, with about seven years of duration (1994-2001), has been divided into four sequential stages, defined by the main features of each stage of the two large-scale tests. This report is part of the pre-operational stage (1994-1996). (Author)

Brazilian bentonite study: use in Goiania; Estudo das bentonitas nacionais: utilizacao em Goiania

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Tello, Cledola Cassia Oliveira de [Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN), Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil)

1997-12-31

The evaluation of the bentonite effect in the waste cementation process and in the final solidified product properties is presented. The research showed that bentonite amounts until 15% in the product improves the caesium retention without jeopardizing the other product properties. These results were very useful in the treatment of the wastes from the radiological accident occurred in Goiania in 1987, when a caesium sources was broken. Paste, mortar and grout with bentonite were used to solidify and immobilize these wastes. (author) 20 refs., 1 fig., 6 tabs.; e-mail: tellocc at urano.cdtn.br

Efecto del uso de materiales reciclados y métodos de compactación en las propiedades mecánicas e índice de reflectancia solar del hormigón permeable

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Cristian Gaedicke

Full Text Available En este proyecto de investigación se evalúa el efecto de los agregados reciclados y escoria de alto horno en diferentes probetas de hormigón permeable (poroso sujetos a dos métodos de compactación: energía de compactación fija y porosidad fija. Se analizaron la permeabilidad, resistencia a la compresión e índice de reflectancia solar. En probetas compactadas a una porosidad fija del 20%, se observa que las mezclas que usan agregado reciclado poseen en promedio un 12% menos de resistencia a la compresión en comparación con las mezclas preparadas con agregado virgen. El uso de escoria de alto horno no afectó negativamente la permeabilidad o resistencia a la compresión y mejoró el índice de reflectancia solar en el hormigón con agregado calcáreo. Los hormigones con agregado reciclado presentaron mejores índices de reflectancia solar en comparación a los fabricados con agregado virgen.

Thermo-hydro-mechanical simulation of a 3D fractured porous rock: preliminary study of coupled matrix-fracture hydraulics

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Canamon, I.; Javier Elorza, F.; Ababou, R.

2007-01-01

We present a problem involving the modeling of coupled flow and elastic strain in a 3D fractured porous rock, which requires prior homogenization (up-scaling) of the fractured medium into an equivalent Darcian anisotropic continuum. The governing equations form a system of PDE's (Partial Differential Equations) and, depending on the case being considered, this system may involve two different types of 'couplings' (in a real system, both couplings (1) and (2) generally take place): 1) Hydraulic coupling in a single (no exchange) or in a dual matrix-fracture continuum (exchange); 2) Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical interactions between fluid flow, pressure, elastic stress, strain, and temperature. We present here a preliminary model and simulation results with FEMLAB R , for the hydraulic problem with anisotropic heterogeneous coefficients. The model is based on data collected at an instrumented granitic site (FEBEX project) for studying a hypothetical nuclear waste repository at the Grimsel Test Site in the Swiss Alps. (authors)

Thermo-hydro-mechanical simulation of a 3D fractured porous rock: preliminary study of coupled matrix-fracture hydraulics

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Canamon, I.; Javier Elorza, F. [Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Dept. de Matematica Aplicada y Metodos Informaticas, ETSI Minas (UPM) (Spain); Ababou, R. [Institut de Mecanique des Fluides de Toulouse (IMFT), 31 (France)

2007-07-01

We present a problem involving the modeling of coupled flow and elastic strain in a 3D fractured porous rock, which requires prior homogenization (up-scaling) of the fractured medium into an equivalent Darcian anisotropic continuum. The governing equations form a system of PDE's (Partial Differential Equations) and, depending on the case being considered, this system may involve two different types of 'couplings' (in a real system, both couplings (1) and (2) generally take place): 1) Hydraulic coupling in a single (no exchange) or in a dual matrix-fracture continuum (exchange); 2) Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical interactions between fluid flow, pressure, elastic stress, strain, and temperature. We present here a preliminary model and simulation results with FEMLAB{sup R}, for the hydraulic problem with anisotropic heterogeneous coefficients. The model is based on data collected at an instrumented granitic site (FEBEX project) for studying a hypothetical nuclear waste repository at the Grimsel Test Site in the Swiss Alps. (authors)

Comparación del comportamiento hidromecánico de la Arcilla Boom compactada estática y dinámicamente.

OpenAIRE

Montero Vicioso, Marylin Celeste

2014-01-01

Las características hidromecánicas de los suelos compactados no dependen únicamente del tipo de suelo, es decir, granulometría y mineralogía; el comportamiento de los suelos compactados está controlado fundamentalmente por las variables densidad seca, contenido de humedad y la microestructura que se genera durante el proceso de compactación. Este comportamiento se puede caracterizar por su resistencia, deformabilidad, permeabilidad, entre otras propiedades, lo que implica que para un mismo su...

EXTRUIDOS DE AlFe-PILC EN LA OXIDACIÓN CATALÍTICA DE FENOL

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Nancy R. Sanabria

2010-09-01

Full Text Available Extruidos de AlFe-PILC con forma de cilindro compacto se emplearon como catalizadores en la reacción de oxidación de fenol en medio acuoso. Debido a que el proceso de elaboración de los extruidos con fase activa AlFe-PILC afecta la actividad intrínseca del catalizador, en este trabajo se determinaron la resistencia mecánica y la estabilidad química del catalizador conformado, así como las limitaciones difusionales por efecto de la aglomeración. Los extruidos se elaboraron con la proporción másica 42/28/30 de arcilla intercalada con AlFe, aglomerante (mezcla 50/50 de bentonita sódica y cálcica y agua, exhibiendo elevada resistencia mecánica y estabilidad química a la inmersión en agua. Los extruidos de AlFe-PILC presentaron un factor de efectividad menor a 1; por tanto, la reacción se encuentra limitada por la difusión intrapartícula.

Dosification of a cement-talc-chamotte refractory mortar subjected to thermal shock

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Kittl, P.

1992-03-01

Full Text Available A cement-talc-chamotte refractory mixture was dosified by subjecting the same to thermal shock. To this end, specimens compacted to 350 Kg/cm² through compression as well as specimens compacted manually were prepared. All the specimens were submitted to an initial working temperature of 1000ºC and then left to cool down to room temperature. The thermal shock was originated by heating the specimens in an oven till reaching a certain temperature T_¡ and then quenching the same through immersion in water at 20ºC; temperature T_¡ was varied between 170ºC and 970ºC by means of 100ºC increments. The optimum dosification amounting to 90 % cement-talc and 10 % chamotte was obtained by studying mean stress at compression fracture of five cement-talc-chamote mixtures as a function of thermal shock. In addition, thermal fatigue exhibited by the optimum dosification was studied through the determination of mean loss in compressive strength, which amounted to 52% after 7 cycles with ΔT = 500ºC.

Se dosificó una mezcla refractaria cemento-talco-chamota sometiéndola a un choque térmico. Con este objeto se fabricaron probetas compactadas a 350 kg/cm² mediante compresión y probetas compactadas manualmente. Se aplicó a todas ellas una temperatura inicial de trabajo a 1.000 ºC, luego se las dejó enfriar hasta que alcanzaran la temperatura de sala del laboratorio. El choque térmico se originó calentando las probetas en un horno hasta una temperatura T_¡ y luego se las enfrió súbitamente sumergiéndolas en agua a 20 ºC; la temperatura T_¡ varió entre 170 ºC y 970 ºC con incrementos de 100 ºC. La dosificación óptima, 90% cemento-talco y 10% chamota, se obtuvo estudiando la tensión media de fractura a la compresión de cinco mezclas de cemento-talco-chamota en función del choque térmico. Se estudió además la fatiga térmica de la dosificación óptima determinando la

Gas Transport in Bentonite

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Villar, M. V.; Gutierre-Rodrigo, V.; Martin, P. I.; Romero, F. J.; Barcala, J. M.

2013-07-01

The gas permeability of the Spanish FEBEX bentonite compacted at dry densities of between 1.4 and 1.8 g/cm{sup 3} with high water contents was measured for different confining, injection and back pressures. The results were compared with results obtained in previous investigations for lower degrees of saturation. It was checked that gas permeability was greatly affected by dry density, decreasing about three orders of magnitude when it increased from 1.5 to 1.8 g/cm{sup 3} for similar water content. The increase of water content caused also a decrease in gas permeability. It was found that both gas permeability and the relative gas permeability were mainly related to the accessible porosity. These relationships could be fitted to potential expressions with exponents between 3 and 4, as well as the relationship between intrinsic permeability and void ratio. For gas pressures below 1.2 MPa no effect of the injection or confining pressures on the value of permeability was detected. For a given confining pressure the permeability value decreased as the effective pressure increased, especially if the increase in effective pressure was due to a decrease in gas back pressure. It was checked that the Klinkenberg effect was not significant for this material in the range of pressures applied in the tests. The gas breakthrough pressure values in FEBEX saturated bentonite were determined for different dry densities. They increased clearly with dry density and were always higher than the swelling pressure of the bentonite. In high density samples gas flow tended to stop abruptly after breakthrough, whereas in lower density samples gas flow decreased gradually until a given pressure gradient was reached. The permeabilities computed after breakthrough (which usually did not stabilise) were inversely related to dry density. This would indicate that, even if the flow took place predominantly through preferential pathways that sometimes closed quickly after breakthrough and others

Gas Transport in Bentonite

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Villar, M. V.; Gutierrez-Rodrigo, V.; Martin, P. L.; Romero, F. J.; Barcala, J. M.

2013-01-01

The gas permeability of the Spanish FEBEX bentonite compacted at dry densities of between 1.4 and 1.8 g/cm 3 with high water contents was measured for different confining, injection and back pressures. The results were compared with results obtained in previous investigations for lower degrees of saturation. It was checked that gas permeability was greatly affected by dry density, decreasing about three orders of magnitude when it increased from 1.5 to 1.8 g/cm 3 for similar water content. The increase of water content caused also a decrease in gas permeability. It was found that both gas permeability and the relative gas permeability were mainly related to the accessible porosity. These relationships could be fitted to potential expressions with exponents between 3 and 4, as well as the relationship between intrinsic permeability and void ratio. For gas pressures below 1.2 MPa no effect of the injection or confining pressures on the value of permeability was detected. For a given confining pressure the permeability value decreased as the effective pressure increased, especially if the increase in effective pressure was due to a decrease in gas back pressure. It was checked that the Klinkenberg effect was not significant for this material in the range of pressures applied in the tests. The gas breakthrough pressure values in FEBEX saturated bentonite were determined for different dry densities. They increased clearly with dry density and were always higher than the swelling pressure of the bentonite. In high density samples gas flow tended to stop abruptly after breakthrough, whereas in lower density samples gas flow decreased gradually until a given pressure gradient was reached. The permeabilities computed after breakthrough (which usually did not stabilise) were inversely related to dry density. This would indicate that, even if the flow took place predominantly through preferential pathways that sometimes closed quickly after breakthrough and others remained

Hydrothermal alterations of Bentonites in Almeria (Spain); Alteracion hidrotermal de las bentonitas de Almeria

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Linares Gonzalez, J; Barahona Fernandez, E; Huertas Garcia, F; Caballero Mesa, E; Cuadros Ojeda, J

1996-12-01

The use of bentonite as backfilling and sealing material in the high level radioactive waste disposals has been treated in previous studies accomplished by different authors. However, the use of this clayey barrier needs the resolution of different problems so that its efficiency will be enhanced. between those could be cited the study of the actual capacity of sealing the space around the canister and the accommodation to the pressure of the rocky environment; the possible variations in plasticity; the diffusion and reaction processes that can be produced through the barrier by groundwater, the capacity of radionuclides adsorption, etc. These studies, show that the bentonites with high content in smectite fulfill satisfactorily with the physical and chemical conditions to be used as sealing material, but it is known that the smectite can be unstable in diagenetic conditions similar to those are given in a deep repository of radioactive wastes, being transformed into illite. A conclusion of immediate interest is deduced from this last study. The bentonites used as sealing material in radioactive waste repositories must no contain Na as interlayer cation since it is very easily exchangeable by K. It is better to select those smectites with Ca and Mg that detain the entry of K in the interlayer and as a consequence the transformation process of smectite into illite is made more difficult. (Author)

Chitosan/bentonite bionanocomposites: morphology and mechanical behavior; Bionanocompositos quitosana/bentonita: morfologia e comportamento mecanico

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Braga, C.R.C.; Melo, F.M.A. de [Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), PB (Brazil). Programa de Pos-graduacao em Ciencia e Engenharia de Materiais; Vitorino, I.F. [Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), PB (Brazil). Dept. de Ciencia e Engenharia de Materiais; Fook, M.V.L.; Silva, S.M.L., E-mail: suedina@dema.ufcg.edu.b [Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), PB (Brazil). Unidade Academica de Engenharia de Materiais

2010-07-01

This study chitosan/bentonite bionanocomposite films were prepared by solution intercalation process, seeking to investigate the effect of the chitosan/bentonite ratio (5/1 e 10/1) on the morphology and mechanical behavior of the bionanocomposites. It was used as nanophase, Argel sodium bentonite (AN), was provided by Bentonit Uniao Nordeste-BUN (Campina Grande, Brazil) and as biopolymer matrix the chitosan of low molecular weight and degree of deacetylation of 86,7% was supplied by Polymar (Fortaleza, Brazil). The bionanocomposites was investigated by X-ray diffraction and tensile properties. According to the results, the morphology and the mechanical behavior of the bionanocomposite was affected by the ratio of chitosan/bentonite. The chitosan/bentonite ratio (5/1 and 10/1) indicated the formation of an intercalated nanostructure and of the predominantly exfoliated nanostructure, respectively. And the considerable increases in the resistance to the traction were observed mainly for the bionanocomposite with predominantly exfoliated morphology. (author)

Characterization of natural bentonite by NMR; Caracterizacao de bentonitas naturais por ressonancia magnetica nuclear

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Leite, Sidnei Q.M.; Dieguez, Lidia C [Universidade Federal, Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil). Coordenacao dos Programas de Pos-graduacao de Engenharia; Menezes, Sonia M.C. [PETROBRAS, Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil). Centro de Pesquisas; San Gil, Rosane A.S. [Universidade Federal, Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil). Inst. de Quimica

1994-12-31

Solid state NMR as well as several other instrumental chemical analysis techniques were used in order to characterize two natural occurring bentonite. The methodology is described. The NMR spectra, together with the other used techniques suggest that the observed differences are due to iron inclusions in tetrahedral and octahedral sites 5 refs., 3 figs., 5 tabs.

Preparation and characterization of bentonite organo clay; Preparacao de caracterizacao de argilas bentonitas organofilicas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bertagnolli, C.; Almeida Neto, A.F. [Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), SP (Brazil). Fac. de Engenharia Quimica. Lab. de Engenharia Ambiental; Silva, M.G.C., E-mail: meuris@feq.unicamp.b [Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), SP (Brazil). Fac. de Engenharia Quimica

2009-07-01

Bentonite clays organically modified have great potential use for environmental remediation, especially in the separation of organic compounds from the water. The aim of this work was the preparation of organophilic clays from 'Verde-Lodo' bentonite clay with the quaternary ammonium salts cetyl-pyridinium chloride and benzalkonium chloride. The materials obtained were characterized by XRD, thermogravimetric analyses, Helium picnometry, SEM and energy dispersive X-ray techniques. The results show consistently successful synthesis of the organoclay through the increase in the basal spacing, as well as salt elimination picks and presence of carbon and chlorine in the modified clays; they are inexistent elements in the natural clay. (author)

Caracterización geotécnica de un suelo tropical laterítico

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

César Fresneda Saldarriaga

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Los suelos de las zonas tropicales son suelos que están altamente influenciados por factores tales como el clima, la temperatura, la vegetación, entre otros, lo que genera una amplia variedad de perfiles con propiedades ingenieriles particulares, que difieren de las características de los suelos de regiones templadas. En este artículo se presenta un análisis geotécnico descriptivo de un suelo tropical laterítico, ubicado en un talud en el municipio de Girardota, Antioquia (Colombia. El análisis se centra en la caracterización del estrato superior del perfil, determinando sus propiedades físicas, mecánicas, mineralógicas y estructurales a partir de ensayos más adecuados y específicos para este tipo de suelos (clasificación miniatura compactada tropical rápida, análisis químicos Δph, microscopía electrónica de barrido, difracción de rayos x, succión matricial, desagregación, colapso, etc., que permitan definir la influencia que la laterización tiene en el comportamiento geotécnico del mismo.

A new digital pulse generator for the CALIFA detector

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bendel, Michael; Gernhaeuser, Roman; Heiss, Benjamin; Klenze, Philipp; Remmels, Patrick; Winkel, Max [Physik Department E12, Technische Universitaet Muenchen (Germany); Collaboration: R3B-Collaboration

2015-07-01

The 4π-calorimeter CALIFA ist one of the major detectors of the R3B-experiment at the upcoming Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research in Darmstadt. The monitoring of stability, single channel properties, temperature effects and rate dependency in a high resolution, high granularity calorimeter is essential for the success of the whole experiment. A new digital pulse generator will emulate the complex signal of the CsI(Tl) crystals in order to fine tune the online pulse shape analysis for particle identification, background suppression, energy calibration and for deadtime and pileup studies. The total pulse generator firmware is implemented into the digital readout platform FEBEX used in CALIFA. The FPGA and a small analog add on board allow for highly flexible parameter adjustment. New applications are easy to implement and even very complex shapes are produced by simple lookup tables. The concept, features and implementation of a prototype and a first application in the CALIFA Demonstrator Experiment in October 2014 at GSI in Darmstadt are presented.

Preparação e caracterização de organobentonita modificada com ionenos alifáticos Preparation and characterization of aliphatic ionene-modified organobentonite

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Arão P. Costa Filho

2005-07-01

Full Text Available A preparação de complexos bentonita-ionenos a partir da adsorção de tetrametil-[x,y]-ionenos, onde x= 2 e y= 4,6,10 ou 12, e o 2-hidróxi-3-cloro-ioneno, EPI-DMA, foi realizada com a finalidade de observar o comportamento do tamanho do espaçador do ioneno na expansão basal (d001 das camadas de uma bentonita comercial do Brasil. Os complexos foram caracterizados por espectrometria de absorção na região do infravermelho, termogravimetria, fluorescência e difração de raios X. A partir das análises por fluorescência e difração de raios X dos complexos, foi observado que os poli-quaternários de amônio são adsorvidos nas superfícies internas e externas da argila delaminada, acima da capacidade de troca catiônica, CTC = 91 meq/100g de argila (calculada a partir de dados de fluorescência de raios X. A expansão basal das camadas da argila com os diferentes policátions revelou que o tamanho do espaçador é o fator mais importante, independentemente das massas molares dos ionenos, tal como foi observado principalmente entre os complexos Bt-2,10- e Bt-2,12-ioneno, com massas molares de 12000 e 5000 g/mol, respectivamente.The preparation of bentonite-ionene complexes based on the adsorption of 2y-ionenes, where y = 4, 6, 10 or 12 and an ionene of the epichloridrin-dimethylamine EPI-DMA kind, was carried out in order to observe the behavior of the ionene spacer size in the expansion of the basal space (d-spacing, d001 of a Brazilian commercial bentonite. The complexes were characterized by adsorption spectromety in the infrared region, thermogravimetry, fluorescence and X-Ray diffraction. Ionenes were synthesized and characterized by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance, the latter technique being useful for determining the average number molecular weight values. Based on the clay-ionenes complexes it could be observed that the ammonium polyquaternaries are adsorbed on the inner and outer clay surfaces, above the ion exchange

Chemical signature of two Permian volcanic ash deposits within a bentonite bed from Melo, Uruguay

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Liane M. Calarge

2006-09-01

Full Text Available A Permian bentonite deposit at Melo, Uruguay is composed of a calcite-cemented sandstone containing clay pseudomorphs of glass shards (0-0.50 m overlying a pink massive clay deposit (0.50-2.10m. The massive bed is composed of two layers containing quartz and smectite or pure smectite respectively. The smectite is remarkably homogeneous throughout the profile: it is a complex mixed layer composed of three layer types whose expandability with ethylene glycol (2EG 1EG or 0EG sheets in the interlayer zone which correspond to low-, medium- and high-charge layers respectively varies with the cation saturating the interlayer zone. The smectite homogeneity through the profile is the signature of an early alteration process in a lagoonal water which was over saturated with respect to calcite. Compaction during burial has made the bentonite bed a K-depleted closed system in which diagenetic illitization was inhibited. Variations in major, REE and minor element abundances throughout the massive clay deposit suggest that it originated from two successive ash falls. The incompatible element abundances are consistent with that of a volcanic glass fractionated from a rhyolite magma formed in a subduction/collision geological context.Um depósito Permiano de bentonita em Melo, Uruguai,é composto por um arenito com cimento calcítico contendo pseudomorfos de argila sobre detritos vítreos(0-0.50 m superpostos a um deposito maciço de argila rosado (0.50-2.10 m. A camada maciça é composta por dois níveis contendo quartzo e esmectita ou esmectita pura, respectivamente. A homogeneidade de esmectita ao longo do perfil é notável: trata-se de um interestratificado composto de três tipos de camadas, cuja expansibilidade com etileno-glicol (folhas 2EG, 1EG ou 0EG na zona interfoliar correspondentes a camadas com baixa, média e alta carga, respectivamente variam com o tipo de cátion que satura a zona interfoliar. A homogeneidade da esmectita ao longo do perfil �

One-dimensional experimental study of rainfall infiltration into unsaturated soil

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Juan David Montoya-Dominguez

2017-01-01

Full Text Available En este artículo se presentan los resultados experimentales obtenidos a partir de ensayos en suelo parcialmente saturado en columnas unidimensionales, simulando un proceso de infiltración de lluvia. Se prepararon seis columnas de arena limosa compactada para estudiar los efectos del contenido inicial de agua y de la intensidad de la lluvia en el proceso de infiltración descendente. El avance del agua fue monitoreado usando sensores para medir la presión de poros y de contenido volumétrico de agua instalados a diferentes alturas de la columna de arena limosa. Los resultados de los ensayos muestran que el tiempo de retraso, definido como la diferencia de tiempo desde el inicio del ensayo hasta el aumento súbito en las lecturas del contenido volumétrico de agua, fue influenciado por el contenido inicial de agua en el suelo y la intensidad de la lluvia; se observa que el tiempo de retraso es más corto a mayores contenidos iniciales de agua y mayores intensidades de lluvia. Estos resultados proveen información para comprender el comportamiento hidráulico de taludes y terraplenes parcialmente saturados expuestos a la infiltración de lluvias.

Decay spectroscopy at SHIP with a new focal plane detector system

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mistry, Andrew K. [Helmholtz Institute Mainz (Germany); Collaboration: SHIP Decay Spectroscopy-Collaboration

2016-07-01

Decay spectroscopy of the heaviest elements remains a crucial tool in nuclear structure physics in testing a variety of theoretical models predicting the next proton and neutron shell stabilization region beyond {sup 208}Pb. Experimental measurements of alpha-decay energies and half-lives, ordering and configurations of ground state and excited levels, and the determination of high-K isomers provide necessary information in constraining these models. To this end, a new focal plane detection system for decay spectroscopy has been designed and developed at GSI for the SHIP separator. It consists of a double sided silicon strip implantation detector surrounded by 4 single sided silicon strip detectors on each side in a box formation with a compact design, allowing for good germanium solid angle coverage for gamma ray detection. The data acquisition is based on FEBEX flash ADC modules, developed at GSI, for digital signal processing enables an almost deadtime free system. Recently, a commissioning run was successfully performed using the device. In my talk I present recent highlights of decay spectroscopy at SHIP, and demonstrate results from measurements assessing the performance of the new setup.

Inverse hydrochemical models of aqueous extracts tests

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Zheng, L.; Samper, J.; Montenegro, L.

2008-10-10

Aqueous extract test is a laboratory technique commonly used to measure the amount of soluble salts of a soil sample after adding a known mass of distilled water. Measured aqueous extract data have to be re-interpreted in order to infer porewater chemical composition of the sample because porewater chemistry changes significantly due to dilution and chemical reactions which take place during extraction. Here we present an inverse hydrochemical model to estimate porewater chemical composition from measured water content, aqueous extract, and mineralogical data. The model accounts for acid-base, redox, aqueous complexation, mineral dissolution/precipitation, gas dissolution/ex-solution, cation exchange and surface complexation reactions, of which are assumed to take place at local equilibrium. It has been solved with INVERSE-CORE{sup 2D} and been tested with bentonite samples taken from FEBEX (Full-scale Engineered Barrier EXperiment) in situ test. The inverse model reproduces most of the measured aqueous data except bicarbonate and provides an effective, flexible and comprehensive method to estimate porewater chemical composition of clays. Main uncertainties are related to kinetic calcite dissolution and variations in CO2(g) pressure.

Evaluation of long-term behavior of concretes in high level waste repositories. An accelerated leaching test

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Hidalgo, A.

2004-04-01

Full Text Available The present work describes an accelerated leaching method that with a rapid process allows to develop and evaluate cements for use in a nuclear disposal, and the understanding of the long term effects. The method has been developed to study the stability of cementitious materials in contact with bentonite, to be used in high level radioactivity waste repositories. Nitric acid has been selected to simulate in an accelerated way the pH decreasing produced when concrete is in contact with groundwaters.

El presente trabajo describe un ensayo acelerado de lixiviación, que mediante un proceso rápido, permite desarrollar y evaluar cementos para su uso en instalaciones nucleares, y la comprensión de su comportamiento a largo plazo. El método se ha desarrollado para estudiar la estabilidad de materiales de base cemento, en contacto con bentonita, que serán utilizados en almacenamientos de resíduos radiactivos de alta actividad. Como agente lixiviante se seleccionó el ácido nítrico, con objeto de simular de forma acelerada, la disminución del pH que se produce cuando el hormigón entra en contacto con aguas subterráneas.

EFECTO DEL ULTRASONIDO EN LA SÍNTESIS DE ARCILLA PILARIZADA CON ALUMINIO EN MEDIO CONCENTRADO

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Sonia Moreno

2009-04-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo se realizó la síntesis de bentonita pilarizada con aluminio en medio concentrado, empleando ultrasonido en la etapa de intercalación. El agente pilarizante fue preparado por hidrólisis del AlCl3 con NaOH, seguido de precipitación con disolución de Na2SO4 y redisolución en Ba(NO32, y fue caracterizado por fluorescencia de rayos X (FRX, difracción de rayos X (DRX, microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM y resonancia magnética nuclear de aluminio (27Al-RMN. La arcilla pilarizada fue caracterizada por FRX, DRX y fisiadsorción de N2 a 77 K, revelando propiedades estructurales y texturales comparables a la modificada siguiendo la metodología convencional: suspensiones diluidas y tiempos de intercalación elevados. El empleo de suspensiones concentradas de arcilla-agente pilarizante y la aplicación de ultrasonido en la etapa de intercalación, permiten una disminución en el volumen de agua entre el 90-95 % y una reducción en el tiempo de intercalación entre el 70–93 % respecto al método convencional de pilarización.

Crescimento radicular de soja em razão da sucessão de cultivos e da compactação do solo Soybean root growth as affected by previous crop and soil compaction

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Rosemeire Helena da Silva

2002-06-01

Full Text Available O objetivo do experimento foi avaliar o crescimento radicular e produção de matéria seca da parte aérea da soja (Glycine max (L. Merrill cultivada após diversas espécies vegetais, em solo com diferentes níveis de compactação. O trabalho foi realizado em vasos contendo amostras de um Latossolo Vermelho, textura franco arenosa, com camada de 3,5 cm (profundidade de 15 a 18,5 cm compactada até as densidades 1,12, 1,36 e 1,60 Mg m-3, onde cultivaram-se anteriormente aveia-preta, guandu, milheto, mucuna-preta, soja, sorgo granífero e tremoço-azul, e um tratamento sem planta (pousio. Essas espécies se desenvolveram por 37 a 39 dias, foram cortadas ao nível do solo, picadas em partes de aproximadamente 3 cm e deixadas sobre a superfície do vaso por 40 dias. Após esse período, cultivou-se a soja até 28 dias após a emergência, quando, então, as plantas foram colhidas. Foram avaliados produção de matéria seca da parte aérea e de raízes, e comprimento e diâmetro radicular da soja. O cultivo anterior com aveia-preta, guandu e milheto favoreceu o crescimento radicular da soja abaixo de camadas compactadas do solo. Independentemente do nível de compactação, o cultivo anterior com qualquer das espécies estudadas beneficiou a produção de matéria seca da parte aérea da soja.This study aimed at evaluating root growth and shoot dry matter production of soybean (Glycine max (L. Merrill cropped after different vegetal species, in a soil with different compaction levels. The experiment was conducted in pots containing a Dark-Red Latosol (Acrortox, loamy sand, and the pots had a layer 3.5 cm (15 to 18.5 cm thick and 15 cm deep compacted to 1.12, 1.36 and 1.60 Mg m-3. Before soybean, the pots were cropped with black oat, pigeon pea, pearl millet, black mucuna, soybean, grain sorghum and lupin, plus a treatment without plants. These species were grown for 37 to 39 days, when they were cut at soil level, prick in particles of

Preliminary Interpretation of a Radionuclide and Colloid Tracer Test in a Granodiorite Shear Zone at the Grimsel Test Site, Switzerland

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Reimus, Paul W. [Los Alamos National Laboratory

2012-08-30

In February and March 2012, a tracer test involving the injection of a radionuclide-colloid cocktail was conducted in the MI shear zone at the Grimsel Test Site, Switzerland, as part of the Colloids Formation and Migration (CFM) project. The colloids were derived from FEBEX bentonite, which is mined in Spain and is being considered as a potential waste package backfill in a Spanish nuclear waste repository. The tracer test, designated test 12-02 (second test in 2012), involved the injection of the tracer cocktail into borehole CFM 06.002i2 and extraction from the Pinkel surface packer at the main access tunnel wall approximately 6.1 m from the injection interval. The test configuration is depicted in Figure 1. This configuration has been used in several conservative tracer tests and two colloid-homologue tracer tests since 2007, and it is will be employed in an upcoming test involving the emplacement of a radionuclide-doped bentonite plug into CFM 06.002i2 to evaluate the swelling and erosion of the bentonite and the transport of bentonite colloids and radionuclides from the source to the extraction point at the tunnel wall. Interpretive analyses of several of the previous tracer tests, from 09-01 through 12-02 were provided in two previous Used Fuel Disposition Program milestone reports (Arnold et al., 2011; Kersting et al., 2012). However, only the data for the conservative tracer Amino-G Acid was previously analyzed from test 12-02 because the other tracer data from this test were not available at the time. This report documents the first attempt to quantitatively analyze the radionuclide and colloid breakthrough curves from CFM test 12-02. This report was originally intended to also include an experimental assessment of colloid-facilitated transport of uranium by bentonite colloids in the Grimsel system, but this assessment was not conducted because it was reported by German collaborators at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) that neither uranium nor

Lifetime of Bentonites study: hydrothermal stability of saponites; Estudio de longevidad en bentonitas: estabilidad hidrotermal de saponitas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Leguey, S; Cuevas, J; Garralon, A [Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Quimica Agricola, Geologia y Geoquimica, Madrid (Spain)

1996-10-01

The report studies the lifetime of bentonite and the hydrothermal stability of saponites. The testing comprised determination of physical and chemical properties of clays, the stability of the mineral porosity, lifetime and the wall of clay.

Multiphasic fluid models and multicomponents reactive transport in porous media

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Juncosa, R.

2001-01-01

The design and construction of repositories for toxic waste, such as radioactive waste of medium and high activity, require tools, that will enable us to predict how the system will behave. The rational behind this Dissertation is based precisely on developing numerical models to study and predict coupled thermal, mechanical, hydrodynamic and geochemical behavior of clays intended to be used as engineered barriers in radioactive waste repository. In order to meet the requirements of the FEBEX Project (Full Scale Engineered Barriers Experiment) it was necessary to develop thermo-hydro-geochemical conceptual and numerical models (THG). For this purpose a THG code was developed to simulate and predict the THG behavior of the clay barrier. The code was created after considering two options. a) The development of a completely new code, or b) the coupling of existing codes. In this Dissertation we chose the second option, and developed a new program (FADES-CORE), which was obtained by using the FADES thermo-hydro-mechanical code (Navarro, 1997) and the CORE-LE code (Samper et al., 1998). This process entailed the modification of FADES, the addition of new subroutines for the calculation of solute transport, the modification of CORE-LE and the introduction of additional geochemical and transport processes. (Author)

Multiphasic fluid models and multicomponents reactive transport in porous media; Modelos de flujo multifasico no isotermo y de transporte reactivo multicomponente en medios porosos

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Juncosa, R [Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (Spain)

2001-07-01

The design and construction of repositories for toxic waste, such as radioactive waste of medium and high activity, require tools, that will enable us to predict how the system will behave. The rational behind this Dissertation is based precisely on developing numerical models to study and predict coupled thermal, mechanical, hydrodynamic and geochemical behavior of clays intended to be used as engineered barriers in radioactive waste repository. In order to meet the requirements of the FEBEX Project (Full Scale Engineered Barriers Experiment) it was necessary to develop thermo-hydro-geochemical conceptual and numerical models (THG). For this purpose a THG code was developed to simulate and predict the THG behavior of the clay barrier. The code was created after considering two options. (a) The development of a completely new code, or (b) the coupling of existing codes. In this Dissertation we chose the second option, and developed a new program (FADES-CORE), which was obtained by using the FADES thermo-hydro-mechanical code (Navarro, 1997) and the CORE-LE code (Samper et al., 1998). This process entailed the modification of FADES, the addition of new subroutines for the calculation of solute transport, the modification of CORE-LE and the introduction of additional geochemical and transport processes. (Author)

Evaluación de la reducción de pelets utilizando carbón como agente reductor

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Sandra Patricia Pérez Velásquez Alfonso López Díaz

2010-11-01

Full Text Available La obtención del acero se realiza a partir del mineralde hierro o de  la chatarra. En el primer caso el procesotiene lugar vía alto horno–convertidor; en el segundo,vía horno  eléctrico de  arco. Sin  embargo,  al hornoeléctrico también se pueden cargar los denominadospelets  prerreducidos  de  minerales  de  hierro,materiales metálicos  que  pueden  ser  obtenidos  apartir de  finos de mineral de hierro  (portador de  lacarga metálica,  finos de  carbón  (agente  reductor,finos  de  cal  (agente  desulfurante  y  bentonita(aglomerante, los cuales son convertidos en ovoidesmediante el empleo de un disco peletizador. El trabajomuestra  la  caracterización  realizada  a  las materiasprimas,  los  ensayos  de  reducibilidad  efectuados  apelets cargados en un horno tipo Linder –fabricadosa partir de dos yacimientos colombianos de mineralesde  hierro–  y  el  diseño  y  construcción  de  un  hornopara evaluar el comportamiento de los pelets durantela  reducción. Describe  los  equipos  y  analiza  sus

Changes on the mineralogical and physico-chemical properties of a compacted bentonite in contact with hyperalkaline pore fluids

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fernandez, A.M.; Melon, A.; Sanchez, D.M.

2010-01-01

Document available in extended abstract form only. In high-level radioactive waste disposal (HLW) concepts, compacted bentonites are being considered in many countries as a sealing material because of their low permeability, high swelling capacity and high plasticity. In the case of the geological disposal of nuclear wastes in argillaceous host formations, concrete will be also used as support of tunnels and galleries and as waste containment material. Therefore, the bentonite barrier will become saturated with the water resulting from the host-rock/concrete interaction. An understanding of the rate and nature of the bentonite alteration, as well as the evolution of the bentonite pore water in the long-term is important for performance assessment. In this work the behaviour of the bentonite has been simulated in a laboratory test. A concrete-bentonite interaction experiment has been performed at a high solid to liquid ratio with FEBEX bentonite. The aim of the experiment was to analyse the buffering capacity of the bentonite and the clay mineral stability in a high-pH environment over a long contact period. The rate of pH buffering capacity of the bentonite is related to its surface hydroxyl sites (≡SOH) located along the edges of the clay platelets (fast reaction), and the montmorillonite crystal lattice itself (governed by reaction kinetics). Two infiltration tests with hyper-alkaline water were performed with FEBEX bentonite compacted at a dry density of 1.65 g/cm 3 with a hygroscopic water content (w.c.) of 13.4% in small-scale hermetic cells (50- mm diameter and 25-mm high). The experiments were running for 1.65 years under anoxic conditions inside an anoxic glove (< 1 ppm O 2 ) box and at temperature of 30-35 deg. C. The type of alkaline solution was a Na-K-OH water in equilibrium with portlandite, Ca(OH) 2 , at pH 13.5. This water is representative of an average pore water of a mortar made with CEM-I-SR type Portland cement (sulphate-resistant) at a 0

Decantation time of evaluation on bentonite clays fractionation; Avaliacao do tempo de decantacao no fracionamento de argilas bentonitas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gomes, J; Menezes, R R; Neves, G A; Lira, H L; Santana, L N.L., [Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), PB (Brazil). Dept. de Engenharia de Materiais

2009-07-01

Bentonite clays present a great number of industrial uses, from petroleum to pharmaceutics and cosmetic industry. The bentonite clay present particles with very fine particles that is responsible by the vast application of these materials. However, commercial clays present wide particle size distribution and a significant content of impurities, particularly quartz, in the form of silt and fine silt. So, the aim of this work is to analyze the effect of the stirring and decantation time in the deagglomeration, purification and size separation of the bentonite clay particles from Paraiba. The clays were characterized by X-ray diffraction and particle size distribution. Based on the results it was observed the decantation time give the elimination of the agglomerates formed by submicrometric particles. The uses of decantation column give separation of the fraction below 200nm. (author)

Avaliação computacional da compactação da cromatina e de características morfométricas da cabeça de espermatozoides de coelho (Oryctolagus cuniculus

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C.Y Kanayama

2011-02-01

Full Text Available Investigou-se a correlação entre a morfometria da cabeça e a intensidade da condensação e heterogeneidade da cromatina em espermatozoides de coelho (Oryctolagus cuniculus. Para tal, utilizaram-se 35 esfregaços de sêmen de coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia, corados com azul de toluidina e avaliados por análise de imagem computacional. As imagens foram obtidas digitalmente em tons de cinza e avaliadas por algoritmos desenvolvidos em ambiente de programação Scilab. As mensurações obtidas da cabeça dos espermatozoides foram área, perímetro, comprimento, largura, relação comprimento largura, elipsidade, fator de forma, descritores Fourier e simetria lateral e anteroposterior. Também foram avaliadas a intensidade da compactação e a heterogeneidade da cromatina espermática. Os espermatozoides de coelho apresentaram compactação e heterogeneidade cromatínica mais intensas do que os de touro e observou-se correlação significativa entre características morfométricas da cabeça e compactação e heterogeneidade cromatínica. Conclui-se que a cromatina é importante para a constituição morfológica da cabeça de espermatozoides de coelho e que a cromatina espermática de coelho é naturalmente mais heterogênea e menos compactada que a de touro

Estudio de dosificaciones en laboratorio para pavimentos porosos de hormigón Laboratory study of mixture proportioning for pervious concrete pavement

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Javier Castro

2009-12-01

Full Text Available El trabajo presentado en este estudio muestra la deducción de una ecuación que permite dosificar hormigones porosos en función de la razón agua-cemento y del porcentaje de vacíos interconectados que se requieren en el hormigón endurecido. Usando esta ecuación se analizó el comportamiento de 1 8 mezclas de hormigón poroso conteniendo razones agua-cemento entre 0,29 y 0,41. Las probetas fueron fabricadas en laboratorio y compactadas con rodillo pesado simulando el proceso constructivo en terreno. Los resultados permiten caracterizas de buena forma el comportamiento estructural e hidráulico de estas mezclas. Relaciones entre el porcentaje de vacíos en el hormigón endurecido y la tasa de infiltración, la resistencia a flexotracción y la densidad en estado fresco son presentadas.The present research shows the results of an equation that allows to dose pervious concrete in function of water to cement ratio and the required interconnected void content in hardened concrete. Eighteen different mixtures - with w/c ratio between 0.29 and 0.41- were analyzed using this equation. The samples were made in the laboratory and compacted with a heavy roller simulating site conditions. The results allow a good characterization of these mixtures both mechanical and hydraulic behavior. Reliationships between void contents, infiltration rate and flexural strength were found.

Compactação do solo na cultura do feijoeiro. I: efeitos nas propriedades físico-hídricas do solo Soil compaction in a bean crop. I: effects on soil physical and water properties

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Luís F. Stone

2002-01-01

Full Text Available O problema de compactação do solo vem aparecendo sistematicamente na região do Cerrado, onde os sistemas convencionais de manejo do solo têm causado desagregação excessiva da camada arável, o encrostamento superficial e a formação de camadas coesas ou compactadas (pé-de-grade ou pé-de-arado. Como alternativa, os agricultores adotaram o Sistema Plantio Direto; entretanto, em várias situações vêm sendo relatadas ocorrências de aumento da densidade do solo e diminuição da macroporosidade, o que tem sido diagnosticado como compactação, fazendo com que o agricultor seja obrigado a movimentar o solo. Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar como a compactação do solo afeta as suas propriedades físicas e de transmissão de água. Para isto, utilizaram-se colunas de solo compactadas artificialmente, para produzir densidades do solo de 1,0; 1,2; 1,4 e 1,6 kg dm-3. As propriedades de transmissão de água foram determinadas com infiltrômetros de tensão, para as cargas de pressão de -0,5; -2,0 e -6,0 cm de água. O aumento da densidade do solo aumentou sua resistência à penetração e reduziu linearmente a porosidade total e a macroporosidade. Houve ainda, redução no tamanho dos poros para o fluxo de água, reduzindo a condutividade hidráulica do solo. Esta redução foi mais acentuada na maior carga de pressão testada. Com a carga de pressão de -2,0 cm de água, a redução no tamanho dos poros foi parcialmente compensada com aumento do seu número. O método do infiltrômetro de tensão mostrou-se adequado em distinguir diferenças nas propriedades de transmissão de água de um solo submetido a diferentes níveis de compactação.Soil compaction is a problem in the Savanna region, where conventional soil tillage systems have caused excessive disaggregation of the arable layer, superficial crusts, and compacted subsuperficial layers. As an alternative, the farmers have adopted the no-tillage system. However, in various

Use of spectral data for estimating the relationship between iron oxides and 2:1 minerals with their respective reflectancesUso de dados espectrais para estimar a relação entre óxidos de ferro e minerais 2:1 com suas respectivas reflectâncias

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Everson Cezar

2013-09-01

repetições por tratamento. As leituras espectrais das amostras de hematita, goethita, magnetita e bentonita foram realizadas por meio do equipamento FieldSpec 3 jr, o qual recobre a faixa espectral de 350 a 2500 nm. Após as leituras, foram escolhidos os intervalos que melhor representavam os minerais e realizaram-se as análises estatísticas a partir dos fatores de reflectância médios encontrados nestes pontos. Os resultados mostraram que a hematita, goethita e magnetita apresentam relação não linear com seus respectivos fatores de refletância, enquanto que a bentonita apresenta relação linear não só no intervalo estudado, mas em toda faixa coberta pelo equipamento. Desta maneira, conclui-se que quantidades relativamente pequenas destes óxidos de ferro são capazes de afetar a reflectância do solo da mesma forma que quantidades próximas de 100%. Com relação aos minerais 2:1 conclui-se que o aumento na proporção dos mesmos em uma determinada classe de solo leva a uma queda progressiva do fator de reflectância em todo o espectro-óptico, assim como descrito para outros elementos.

Escarificação mecânica e biológica para a redução da compactação em argissolo franco-arenoso sob plantio direto Mechanical and biological chiseling to reduce compaction of a sandy loam alfisol under no-tillage

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S. L. Abreu

2004-06-01

Full Text Available O manejo influi nas propriedades físicas no campo, alterando a dinâmica do ar, da água e de solutos no solo. Propriedades físicas em sistemas de manejo conservacionista do solo foram avaliadas em um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico arênico (Typic Hapludalf de textura franco-arenosa no horizonte A. Os tratamentos foram estabelecidos em solo com histórico de 10 anos de plantio direto, a saber: soja em sistema plantio direto; soja em solo escarificado; crotalária em cultivo mínimo e solo descoberto sem preparo. Foram determinadas: a resistência mecânica à penetração; a densidade do solo; a porosidade total; a distribuição do tamanho de poros; a condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado e não saturado; a infiltração de água no solo pelos métodos de anéis concêntricos e sob chuva natural; a variação da umidade volumétrica do solo durante o ciclo das culturas e a curva característica de água no solo. Observou-se que a resistência mecânica à penetração (RP foi máxima na camada de 0,075 m, nos tratamentos sem preparo do solo, enquanto, no solo escarificado (Esc-soja, a RP máxima ocorreu em maior profundidade (0,175 m. A mobilização subsuperficial (escarificação e a superficial (discagem e semeadura do solo não se refletiram em redução na densidade do solo (Ds. O solo sob plantio direto de soja apresentou maior volume de macroporos que o solo sob cultivo de crotalária e descoberto, na profundidade 0,02 a 0,05 m, favorecendo a maior condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado e a menor retenção de água no solo em situação de déficit hídrico. Dentre as propriedades físico-mecânicas analisadas, a RP mostrou-se mais sensível em detectar a compactação do que a Ds e porosidades, especialmente para camadas de solo pouco espessas. A eficácia da ruptura da camada compactada do solo depende da propriedade hídrica ou mecânica do solo usada como indicadora. Usando a condutividade hidráulica do solo

Practical lessons learnt from the application of X-ray computed tomography to evaluate the internal structure of asphalt mixtures

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Allex Eduardo Alvarez-Lugo

2014-01-01

Full Text Available La Tomografía Computarizada de rayos-X (TC-rX ha permitido una eficiente caracterización no destructiva de mezclas asfálticas (MA de pavimentación y ha generado múltiples lecciones prácticas apren didas a partir del análisis de MA producidas en campo y laborat orio. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo resumir las lecciones prácticas ap rendidas, con el fin de facilitar su aplicación futura y desarr ollos posteriores, en términos de: ( i fabricación de especímenes de laboratorio, ( ii comparación de mezclas compactadas en campo y laboratorio, ( iii comparación entre mezclas asfálticas en caliente y mezclas tibias, ( iv efectos de aditivos, temperatura y compactación, ( v contacto agregado-agregado, ( vi relación entre la estructura interna y el desempeño, y ( vii aplicaciones de modelación. Estas lecciones prácticas se reco pilaron principalmente a partir del análisis de la distribución de vacíos en MA producid as en campo y laboratorio, evaluadas a través de TC-rX, el cual generó información relevante para evaluar la respuesta y el desempeño de MA. La TC-rX hizo expedito el cálculo de la estructura inter na de MA con múltiples aplicaciones prácticas y posibilidades futuras para m ejorar la microestructura de MA y, consecuentemente, optimizar su desempeño.

Experimental Setup to Characterize Bentonite Hydration Processes; Diseno experimental para la caracterizacion de los procesos de hidratacion de la bentonita

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bru, A.; Casero, D.; Pastor, J.M.

2001-07-01

We present an experimental setup to follow-up the hydration process of a bentonite. Clay samples, of 2 cm x 12 cm x 12 cm, were made and introduced in a Hele-Shaw cell with two PMM windows and two steel frames. In hydration experiments, a fluid enters by an orifice in the frame, located both at the top and the bottom of the cell, to perform hydration in both senses. To get a uniform hydration we place a diffuser near the orifice. Volume influxes in hydration cells are registered in time. The evolution of the developed interface was recorded on a videotape. The video cameras was fixed to a holder so that the vertical direction in the monitor was the same as the direction of the larger extension of the cell. (Author) 6 refs.

Study of mechanical properties of films of nanocomposites LLDPE/bentonite; Estudo das propriedades mecanicas de filmes de nanocompositos PEBDL/bentonita

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Silva, Eduardo M.; Carvalho, Laura H.; Canedo, Eduardo L.; Coutinho, Maria G.F.; Costa, Raquel B., E-mail: laura@dema.ufcg.edu.br [Unidade Academica de Engenharia de Materias, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UAEMa/UFCG) Campina Grande, PB (Brazil); Araujo, Arthur R.A. [Felinto Industria e Comercio Ltda., Campina Grande, PB (Brazil)

2011-07-01

Mechanical properties of LLDPE/bentonite clay were determined as a function of clay content (1 and 2% w/w), purification and organophilization. Raw materials were characterized by FTIR and XRD. Nanocomposites were obtained as flat films and characterized by XRD and mechanical properties. Results indicate that best overall mechanical properties were displayed by systems containing purified clay and that they tended to decrease with increasing clay content. Organofilization was effective and only intercalated nanocomposites were obtained. (author)

Evaluation of used fuel disposition in clay-bearing rock

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Jove-Colon, Carlos F. [Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States); Hammond, Glenn Edward [Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States); Kuhlman, Kristopher L. [Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States); Zheng, Liange [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Kim, Kunhwi [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Xu, Hao. [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Rutqvist, Jonny [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Caporuscio, Florie Andre [Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); Norskog, Katherine E. [Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); Maner, James [Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); Palaich, Sarah [Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); Cheshire, Michael [Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); Zavarin, Mavrik [Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); Wolery, Thomas J. [Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); Atkins-Duffin, Cindy [Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); Jerden, James L. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Copple, Jacqueline M. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Cruse, Terry [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Ebert, William L. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)

2016-09-01

The R&D program from the DOE Used Fuel Disposition Campaign (UFDC) has documented key advances in coupled Thermal-Hydrological-Mechanical-Chemical (THMC) modeling of clay to simulate its complex dynamic behavior in response to thermal and hydrochemical feedbacks. These efforts have been harnessed to assess the isolation performance of heat-generating nuclear waste in a deep geological repository in clay/shale/argillaceous rock formations. This report describes the ongoing disposal R&D efforts on the advancement and refinement of coupled THMC process models, hydrothermal experiments on barrier clay interactions, used fuel and canister material degradation, thermodynamic database development, and reactive transport modeling of the near-field under non-isothermal conditions. These play an important role to the evaluation of sacrificial zones as part of the EBS exposure to thermally-driven chemical and transport processes. Thermal inducement of chemical interactions at EBS domains enhances mineral dissolution/precipitation but also generates mineralogical changes that result in mineral H2O uptake/removal (hydration/dehydration reactions). These processes can result in volume changes that can affect the interface / bulk phase porosities and the mechanical (stress) state of the bentonite barrier. Characterization studies on bentonite barrier samples from the FEBEX-DP international activity have provided important insight on clay barrier microstructures (e.g., microcracks) and interactions at EBS interfaces. Enhancements to the used fuel degradation model outlines the need to include the effects of canister corrosion due the strong influence of H2 generation on the source term.

ANALYSIS OF CONNECTED AIR VOIDS IN WARM MIX ASPHALT

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ALLEX E. ALVAREZ

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Las mezclas asfálticas tibias (MAT son mezclas asfálticas producidas a temperaturas reducidas en comparación con las mezclas asfálticas en caliente (MAC convencionales. Reducciones de temperatura del orden de 10 a 50 °C son posibles mediante la incorporación de diversos aditivos tipo MAT. Sin embargo, diferentes aspectos, incluyendo la estructura interna de MAT, aún son objeto de estudio. Consecuentemente, este artículo se centró en la evaluación de la estructura interna de MAT (calculada en términos de las características de los vacíos conectados (VC, fabricadas con tres aditivos tipo MAT: Asphamin®, Sasobit®, y Evotherm®. El contenido de VC corresponde a la fracción de vacíos que forman rutas conectadas en un espécimen compactado y está mejor relacionado con la respuesta de la mezcla asfáltica (e.g., permeabilidad que el contenido total de vacíos. El análisis de VC se basó en la aplicación de tomografía computarizada con rayos-X y el subsecuente análisis de imágenes. Los resultados correspondientes sugirieron la necesidad de realizar investigación adicional para caracterizar mezclas compactadas en campo, producidas a niveles de densificación comparables con aquellos obtenidos en laboratorio. Adicionalmente, la inclusión de aditivos tipo MAT y la correspondiente reducción de temperatura no afectaron notoriamente la estructura interna de especímenes compactados en laboratorio (115 mm de altura producidos para evaluación de mezcla en laboratorio.

Variabilidade espacial da resistência do solo à penetração avaliada ao longo de um cultivo de milho

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Henrique José Guimarães Moreira Maluf

2012-04-01

Full Text Available O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar as variações espaciais da resistência à penetração em um Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico típico em quatro profundidades e em três estágios fenológicos da cultura do milho. A área experimental foi cultivada sob um convencional preparo de solo, onde foi implantada a cultura do milho. Esta foi definida por uma malha quadrangular de 70 m x 70 m, selecionada a partir de características visuais homogêneas, onde se estabeleceu 64 pontos georeferenciados distanciados de 10 em 10 m. As avaliações da resistência à penetração foram realizadas até 40 cm de profundidade em três estágios distintos da cultura (V6, VT e R6. As análises geoestatísticas e a geração dos mapas de variabilidade foram realizadas com o uso da versão gratuita do programa computacional GS+. Os resultados apresentam diferença entre as avaliações em cada perfil estudado, apresentando diferenciações nos modelos, na classificação da dependência espacial e no alcance desta dependência, o que dificulta a tomada de decisões pois estas mensurações sofrem influência de inúmeros fatores. O estudo permitiu uma maior visualização das influências nas medidas de resistência à penetração e alerta profissionais da área no uso destas para identificação de camadas compactadas.

Preparation and performance of Ecobras/bentonite biodegrading films; Preparacao e desempenho de filmes polimericos biodegradaveis a base de Ecobras e bentonita

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Costa, Ana Nery M.; Melo, Nadja M.C.; Canedo, Eduardo L.; Carvalho, Laura H., E-mail: laura@dema.ufcg.edu.br [Unidade Academica de Engenharia de Materiais, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UAEMa/UFCG) Campina Grande, PB (Brazil); Araujo, Arthur R.A. [Felinto Industria e Comercio Ltda., Campina Grande, PB (Brazil)

2011-07-01

Compounds based on the biodegradable polymer Ecobras and bentonite clay in its pristine, sonicated, and organically modified with a quaternary ammonium salt forms were prepared as flat films. Clays and compounds were characterized by x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical properties of the films were determined according to pertinent ASTM standards. Reasonable properties, higher than those of the matrix, were obtained with compounds prepared with purified clays and organoclays, particularly for low clay loading. (author)

Saturation of compacted bentonite under repository conditions: long-term experimental evidences

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Villar, M.V.; Martin, P.L.; Gomez-Espina, R.; Garcia-Sineriz, J.L.; Barcena, I.; Lloret, A.

2010-01-01

Document available in extended abstract form only. A current design for engineered barriers in the context of high-level radioactive waste disposal includes bentonite compacted blocks initially unsaturated. The heat released by the waste will induce high temperatures in the bentonite barrier. It is expected that full saturation of the buffer be reached before the dissipation of the thermal gradient. However, it still remains unclear whether the high temperatures around the canister would hinder the full saturation of the inner part of the barrier or just delay it. This paper summarises the information gathered in the last 15 years on the saturation of compacted FEBEX bentonite by means of different scale laboratory tests, a big-scale mock-up test and a real-scale in situ test, that were performed in order to simulate the conditions of the clay barrier in the repository and better understand the hydration/heating processes and their consequences on bentonite performance. FEBEX is a Spanish bentonite composed mainly of montmorillonite (about 92%). In the tests it has been used compacted with its hygroscopic water content (14%) at dry densities between 1.6 and 1.7 g/cm 3 , which is the range expected in the repository. For these densities the saturated permeability of the bentonite is about 3.10 -14 m/s and its swelling pressure 8 MPa. The FEBEX in situ test is being performed under natural conditions and at full scale within a drift excavated in the underground laboratory managed by NAGRA at the Grimsel Test Site (Switzerland). The thickness of the bentonite barrier is of 65 cm, and the surface heater temperature is 100 C. After five years of heating, and according to the sensors measurements, the bentonite closer to the heater had water contents below the initial ones, although they were recovering after the intense initial drying. On the contrary, for the same period of time, the sensors located at the same distance from the gallery wall, but in an area not

Desenvolvimento de mudas de pupunheira em Latossolo argiloso compactado artificialmente em subsuperfície Peach palm seedlings development in artificiality subsurface compacted clayly Latossol

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Ivan Bordin

2006-02-01

Full Text Available O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desenvolvimento de mudas de pupunheira (Bactris gasipaes H.B.K. cultivadas em amostras de um Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico de textura argilosa compactado artificialmente em subsuperfície. As amostras de solo que foram compactadas a quatro níveis de densidade (1,0; 1,13; 1,28 e 1,44kg dm-3 estavam nas camadas intermediárias de 3,5cm de vasos de PVC de 20cm de diâmetro, que constavam de outras camadas superiores de 15cm e inferiores de 10cm. As avaliações foram realizadas em quatro épocas (4, 6, 8 e 10 meses. O aumento dos níveis de densidade do solo não influenciou no desenvolvimento da parte aérea das mudas de pupunheira. Independentemente da época estudada, os níveis de densidade do Latossolo argiloso não impediram a penetração das raízes da pupunheira.This study was carried out to evaluate the development of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes H.B.K. seedlings submitted to artificiality subsurface compacted layers of a clayly texture eutroferric Red Latossol. The compacted soil was at the middle ring of the PVC pots. They were 20cm of diameter, divided in tree rings with 15; 3,5 and 10cm from the up side. The soil was submitted to four density levels (1,0; 1,13; 1,28 and 1,44kg dm-3, which determined the treatments. The evaluations were accomplished in four times (4, 6, 8 and 10 months. The increase of the soil density levels didn't influence in the development of the aerial part of the peach palm seedlings. Independent of the studied time, the clayly Latossol density levels, didn't prevent the peach palm roots penetration.

Engineered barriers for radioactive waste confinement

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Fernández, R.

2011-09-01

Full Text Available Nuclear power plants generate long-lived radioactive waste of high toxicity. The security assessment of repositories destined to definitive confinement of radioactive waste has been studied for several decades. Deep geological repositories are technically feasible and begin to be built by some pioneer countries. The scientific evaluation of interactions between the different engineered barriers is studied by laboratory experiments, natural analogues and modeling studies. The three methods are able to represent and validate the main geochemical processes that take place in the near field. This paper reviews the scientific and technical basis of the concept of geological disposal, with particular focus on the methods of study applied to the evaluation of geochemical stability of the bentonite barrier.

Las centrales nucleares generan residuos radiactivos de elevada peligrosidad y permanencia en el tiempo. La evaluación de la seguridad de repositorios destinados al alojamiento definitivo de estos residuos lleva estudiándose desde hace varias décadas. El almacenamiento geológico es técnicamente factible y empieza ya a desarrollarse en países pioneros. La evaluación científica de las interacciones entre las distintas barreras de ingeniería se estudia mediante ensayos de laboratorio, análisis de análogos naturales y modelos teóricos. Las tres vías de estudio son capaces de representar y validar los principales procesos geoquímicos que tienen lugar en el campo cercano al repositorio. Este artículo revisa los fundamentos científicos y técnicos del concepto de almacenamiento geológico detallando, en particular, los métodos de estudio aplicados a la evaluación de la estabilidad geoquímica de la barrera de bentonita.

Obtenção de nanocompósitos condutores de montmorilonita/polipirrol: efeito da incorporação do surfactante na estrutura e propriedades

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Sílvia Daniela Araújo da Silva Ramôa

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Nanocompósitos de montmorilonita/polipirrol (MMT/PPy foram preparados a partir da polimerização in situ do pirrol na presença de argila, bentonita sódica natural, (MMT-Na+ em solução aquosa com ou sem surfactante aniônico, dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS, utilizando-se o cloreto de ferro (III hexahidratado (FeCl3.6H2O, como oxidante. A estrutura e propriedades dos nanocompósitos obtidos pela polimerização in situ do pirrol na presença de SDS (MMT/PPy.SDS e sem surfactante (MMT/PPy foram avaliadas e comparadas a partir da espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR, difração de raios X (DRX, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET, análise termogravimétrica (TG e método padrão quatro pontas. Os difratogramas dos nanocompósitos revelaram que o espaçamento basal d001 da MMT (1,42 nm foi alterado para valores maiores, indicando a intercalação do PPy na MMT para ambos os nanocompósitos obtidos. Os difratogramas e as imagens de MET e MEV dos nanocompósitos de MMT/PPy.SDS confirmaram que a presença do SDS na reação promoveu, além da intercalação, esfoliação parcial da argila. Os nanocompósitos MMT/PPy.SDS apresentaram condutividade elétrica (9,50 S/cm maior do que o nanocompósito de MMT/PPy (4,44 S/cm. A presença da argila melhorou de forma significativa a estabilidade térmica do PPy.

Modelación del módulo de la resistencia a la flexión de un material compuesto cementicio a partir de propiedades en estado fresco

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Fernando Toro

2014-01-01

Full Text Available En la presente investigación se estudió la relación entre las propiedades del estado fresco y el estado endurecido de un material compuesto formado por una matriz de cemento Pórtland reforzado con fibra de fique dispuestas al azar, las propiedades evaluadas en estado fresco fueron: ondulabilidad, fluidez, drenabilidad y en estado endurecido el módulo de la resistencia a la flexión. Las muestras se prepararon con diferentes materias primas (Fibra de fique, Bentonita, Pulpa, Humo de Sílice y Acronal, las componentes se agregaron a una mezcladora a velocidad constante, luego se vertió la mezcla en una cámara de drenado donde se extrajo el agua y se conformó la lámina con dimensiones de 130x50x6 mm, luego se sumergió en una piscina de curado por 28 días para ser evaluado el módulo de la resistencia a la flexión. El modelo de regresión lineal que se propuso para predecir el módulo de la resistencia a la flexión, en función de las propiedades en estado fresco, se realizó a través del análisis de las interacciones entre las variables de la formulación de la mezcla utilizada. Como resultado del modelo de regresión se obtuvo que existe una clara correlación entre el módulo de la resistencia a la flexión y las propiedades predictoras ondulabilidad, fluidez y drenabilidad, además estas tienen un efecto negativo sobre el módulo de la resistencia a la flexión.

Preparation and characterization of bentonite clay for formation of nanocomposites; Preparacao e caracterizacao da argila bentonita para a formacao de nanocompositos PELMD/MMT

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Santos, J.J.M.; Silva, B.L.; Araujo, I.J.C.; Medeiros, A.M.; Melo, J.D.D.; Paskocimas, C.A., E-mail: bismarckengmat@hotmail.com [Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (DEMat/UFRN), Natal, RN (Brazil). Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais

2011-07-01

This study we used the linear medium density polyethylene (PELMD) as polymer matrix and introduced, as reinforcement to increase the mechanical and thermal properties, the green bentonite deposit of Boa Vista/PB, rich montmorillonite (MMT), previously characterized by XRD, that passed by three stages of purification. The first stage was to clean by washing and filtering for removal of coarse material (sand and organic matter), followed by an acid attack. In the second, we used the quaternary ammonium surfactant, in order to increase the distance between the layers of MMT, and the third was removed from the wastewater, using absolute ethanol, finishing the purification of process. Then, the clay was introduced into the polymer matrix by polymerization in solution by intercalation and characterized by XRD. The results showed a partial exfoliation, satisfying the increasing properties. (author)

Hydrothermal alkaline stability of bentonite barrier by concrete interstitial wastes; Alteracion alcalina hidrotermal de la barrera de bentonita por aguas intersticiales de cementos

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Leguey Jimenez, S; Cuevas Rodriguez, J; Ramirez Martin, S; Vigil de la villa Mencia, R.; Martin Barca, M [Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid (Spain)

2002-07-01

At present, the main source of High Level radioactive Waste (HLW) is the electrical energy production during all the steps of developing. In almost all the countries with nuclear programs, the option for the final management of HLW is the Deep Geological Repository (DGR) based on the concept of multi barrier. According to this concept, the waste is isolated from biosphere by the interposition of confinement barriers. Two of the engineering barriers in the Spanish design of DGR in granitic rock are compacted bentonite and concrete. The bentonite barrier is the backfilling and sealing material for the repository gallery, because of its mechanical and physico-chemical properties. The main qualities of concrete as a component of a multi barrier system are its low permeability, mechanical resistance and chemical properties. With regard to chemical composition of concrete, the alkaline nature of cement pore water lowers the solubility of many radioactive elements. However, structural transformation in smectite, dissolution or precipitation of minerals and, consequently, changes in the bentonite properties could occurs in the alkaline conditions generated by the cement degradation. The main objective of the present work is to evaluate the effect of concrete in the stability of Spanish reference bentonite (La Serrata of Nijar, Almeria, Spain) in conditions similar to those estimated in a DGR in granitic rock. Because of the main role of bentonite barrier in the global performance of the repository, the present study is essential to guarantee its security. (Author)

The effectivity of bentonites in cesium retention of cemented waste products; Efetividade das bentonitas na retencao de cesio em produtos de rejeitos cimentados

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Tello, Cledola Cassia Oliveira de

2001-01-15

The nuclear energy has been used for the human development in different areas, as in the medicine, in the agriculture, in the industry and in the environmental protection, besides the electricity generation. As in other activities, in the use of nuclear energy, residues are also generated. They are considered radioactive wastes when the contaminant content can bring a potential negative impact in the human health and in the environment. In this case they should be properly managed and should not be released without treatment. In general the waste processing consists in a volume reduction followed by solidification and/or conditioning. A number of materials can be considered as immobilisation matrices for the wastes, with the objective of maintain the radioactive material physical and chemically stable. The cement is extensively used because it is easy to obtain, there is large. experience in its use and the processing is done at room temperature. Many materials have been studied to improve the fixation characteristics of the radionuclides in the cemented product. The aim of this study was to search, among Brazilian natural materials, those that could be effective in the contaminant retention without jeopardising the process and other characteristics of the waste product. Four types of bentonite were selected to the process and product evaluation tests. Many mixtures were prepared with simulated waste, cement and bentonite in different proportions. The viscosity, set time, compressive strength and leaching were evaluated. In addition it was verified if the products were monolithic and without free water. Inactive caesium was used as tracer. The leaching resistance is the most important parameter in the product evaluation, because it indicates the retention capacity of the matrix for radionuclides when the product is in contact with the water. In 1985 leaching tests were begun and they have been continued till now and from their results it was proved that the bentonites were efficient in the caesium retention. The leaching data were analysed by a BNL computer program that models four release mechanisms. A good fit was obtained for the partition mechanism. The results obtained in this study can be used in the repository safety assessment. (author)

Research on evaluation of coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical phenomena in the near-field

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chijimatsu, Masakazu; Imai, Hisashi; Fukutome, Kazuhito; Kayukawa, Koji; Sasaki, Hajime; Moro, Yoshiji

2004-02-01

After emplacement of the engineered barrier system (EBS), it is expected that the near-field environment will be impacted by phenomena such as heat dissipation by conduction and other heat transfer mechanisms, infiltration of groundwater from the surrounding rock in the engineered barrier system, stress imposed by the overburden pressure and generation of swelling pressure in the buffer due to water infiltration. In order to recognize and evaluate these coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) phenomena, it is necessary to make a confidence of the mathematical models and computer codes. Evaluating these coupled THM phenomena is important in order to clarify the initial transient behavior of the EBS within the near field. DECOVALEX project is an international co-operative project for the DEvelopment of COupled models and their VALidation against EXperiments in nuclear waste isolation and it is significance to participate this project and to apply the code for the validation. Therefore, we tried to apply the developed numerical code against the subjects of DECOVALEX. We carried out the simulation against the Task 1 (simulation of FEBEX in-situ full-scale experiment), Task 3 BMT1 (Bench Mark Test against the near field coupling phenomena) and Task 3 BMT2 (Bench Mark Test against the up-scaling of fractured rock mass). This report shows the simulation results against these tasks. Furthermore, technical investigations about the in-situ full-scale experiment (called Prototype Repository Project) in Aespoe HRL facility by SKB of Sweden were performed. In order to evaluate the coupled phenomena in the engineered barrier, we use the new swelling model based on the theoretical approach. In this paper, we introduce the modeling approach and applicability about the new model. (author)

CATSIUS CLAY PROJECT: Calculation and testing of behaviour of unsaturated clay as barrier in radioactive waste repositories: stage 3: validation exercises at a large in situ scale

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Alonso, E. E.; Alcoverro, J.

1999-01-01

Stage 3 of CATSIUS CLAY Project: Validation Exercises at a Large in situ Scale includes two Benchmarks: Benchmark 3.1: In situ Hydration of Boom Clay Pellets (BACCHUS 2) and Benchmark 3.2: FEBEX Mock-up Test. The BACCHUS 2 in situ test was performed in the HADES underground laboratory (Mol, Belgium) to demonstrate and optimize an installation procedure for a clay based material and to study its hydration process. After drilling a vertical shaft (540 mm in diameter, 3.0 m in length) in the host Boom clay, a central filter (90 mm in diameter) was placed, the remaining space was filled with a mixture of clay pellets and clay powder and the assembly was sealed at the upper end by a resin plug (0.20 m in thickness) over which concrete was poured. The test was instrumented so that it could be used as a validation experiment. Total stress, pore water pressure and water content measurements were performed both in the backfill material and in the surrounding clay massif. Once the installation was complete, the natural hydration of the backfill material began (day 0). To accelerate the hydration process, on day 516 water was injected through the central filter. On day 624, after the saturation of the backfill was reached, the hydraulic circuit was closed and the undrained response of the system backfill-host clay was monitored until an overall steady state was reached. Partners were asked to provide predictions for the evolution of the pore water pressure and total pressure of various points where appropriate sensors are installed. This benchmark addresses the Hydro-Mechanical response of an unsaturated low density clay barrier under natural and artificial hydration. (Author)

CATSIUS CLAY PROJECT: Calculation and testing of behaviour of unsaturated clay as barrier in radioactive waste repositories: stage 3: validation exercises at a large in situ scale

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Alonso, E E; Alcoverro, J

1999-07-01

Stage 3 of CATSIUS CLAY Project: Validation Exercises at a Large in situ Scale includes two Benchmarks: Benchmark 3.1: In situ Hydration of Boom Clay Pellets (BACCHUS 2) and Benchmark 3.2: FEBEX Mock-up Test. The BACCHUS 2 in situ test was performed in the HADES underground laboratory (Mol, Belgium) to demonstrate and optimize an installation procedure for a clay based material and to study its hydration process. After drilling a vertical shaft (540 mm in diameter, 3.0 m in length) in the host Boom clay, a central filter (90 mm in diameter) was placed, the remaining space was filled with a mixture of clay pellets and clay powder and the assembly was sealed at the upper end by a resin plug (0.20 m in thickness) over which concrete was poured. The test was instrumented so that it could be used as a validation experiment. Total stress, pore water pressure and water content measurements were performed both in the backfill material and in the surrounding clay massif. Once the installation was complete, the natural hydration of the backfill material began (day 0). To accelerate the hydration process, on day 516 water was injected through the central filter. On day 624, after the saturation of the backfill was reached, the hydraulic circuit was closed and the undrained response of the system backfill-host clay was monitored until an overall steady state was reached. Partners were asked to provide predictions for the evolution of the pore water pressure and total pressure of various points where appropriate sensors are installed. This benchmark addresses the Hydro-Mechanical response of an unsaturated low density clay barrier under natural and artificial hydration. (Author)

Development of granules from Phyllanthus niruri spray-dried extract

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Tatiane Pereira de Souza

2009-12-01

Full Text Available The aim of this study was to develop granules from Phyllanthus niruri spray-dried extract using dry and wet granulation and to assess techniques to enable the production of granules with improved technological characteristics and yields. Granules were characterized by granulometry, reological parameters, compression and hygroscopic behavior. Independent of the granulation technique, technologically developed granules presented particle diameter, bulk and tapped densities and compressibility indexes suitable for a solid dosage form. The compression behavior showed plastic and fragmentary deformation for granules produced by the dry granulation technique and predominantly plastic deformation for wet granulation. Concerning the humidity sorption, the study showed that granules absorb less humidity than the spray-dried extract. However, granules with Eudragit® E 100 were the least hygroscopic.O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver grânulos de extrato Phyllantus niruri seco por aspersão e por granulação úmida e avaliar técnicas que possibilitem a produção de grânulos com características tecnológicas e rendimentos aperfeiçoados. Os grânulos foram caracterizados por granulometria, parâmetros reológicos, compressão e comportamento higroscópico. Independentemente da técnica de granulação, os grânulos tecnologicamente desenvolvidos apresentaram diâmetro de partículas, densidades aparente e compactada e índices de compressibilidade adequados para a formulação sólida. O comportamento de compressão mostrou deformação plástica e elástica para os grânulos produzidos por técnicas de granulação seca e, predominantemente, deformação plástica para a granulação úmida. Com relação à absorção da umidade, o estudo mostrou que os grânulos absorvem menos umidade do que o extrato seco por aspersão. Entretanto, os grânulos com Eudragit E 100 foram os menos higroscópicos.

Estabilidad de la aleación Cu - 2,5 % Li en el rango 298 a 673 K

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Ortiz, M.

2005-10-01

Full Text Available Contributing to the slight information about the Cu-Li alloys that is nowadays in scientific literature, this work reports the evolution with the temperature of the Cu - 2,5 wt % Li alloy. This alloy is obtained as powder by an electrodeposition process from salts. Powder samples, room temperature compacted tablets and the copper cathodes used in the process are analyzed. The samples were annealed in the rank from 293 to 673 K by different times and then characterized by means of x-rays diffraction. The lithium content was determined by atomic absorption. The analysis of the results shows a decomposition of the alloy as the temperature increases, with a loss of lithium towards the surface of the samples, where this element easily reacts with the atmosphere forming soluble water compounds.

Contribuyendo a la escasa información que se encuentra actualmente en la literatura científica acerca de las aleaciones Cu-Li, este trabajo informa la evolución de la aleaciónCu-2,5 % Li en peso, en función de la temperatura. La aleación se obtiene en forma de polvo, en un proceso de electrodepósito desde sales fundidas. Se analizan muestras en polvo, pastillas compactadas a temperatura ambiente y los cátodos de cobre utilizados en el proceso. Las muestras son sometidas a tratamientos térmicos en el rango de 293 a 673 K, por diferentes periodos de tiempo y caracterizadas mediante difracción de rayos X y determinación del contenido de litio por absorción atómica. El análisis de los resultados muestra una descomposición de la aleación conforme aumenta la temperatura, con una pérdida de litio hacia la superficie de las muestras, donde este elemento reacciona fácilmente con el ambiente, formando compuestos solubles en agua

Resistência mecânica à penetração de um Planossolo submetido a diferentes sistemas de cultivo

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A. Pedrotti

2001-09-01

Full Text Available O conhecimento das características e propriedades dos solos de várzea do RS, utilizados atualmente com a cultura do arroz irrigado, torna-se essencial para a adoção de práticas que envolvam irrigação, drenagem, correção da acidez e da fertilidade, principalmente quando se deseja obter altos níveis de produtividade, com menor custo e com menores possibilidades de degradação destes solos e do ambiente onde estão situados. Dentro deste panorama, avaliou-se a compactação de um Planossolo cultivado sob diferentes sistemas de manejo, através da resistência mecânica do solo à penetração. Camadas compactadas foram identificadas, de forma mais acentuada, na profundidade intermediária (0,10-0,20 m nos sistemas com maior utilização da mecanização agrícola (T2 - sistema de cultivo contínuo de arroz e T3 - sistema de cultivo de arroz x rotação de culturas. Observou-se que, em todos os sistemas, houve aumento dos valores de resistência mecânica do solo à penetração em relação à testemunha (T6 - solo mantido sem cultivo, principalmente na camada intermediária (0,10-0,20 m, quando o solo foi submetido ao sistema de cultivo contínuo de arroz (T2. Os tratamentos T3 (sistema de cultivo de arroz x rotação de culturas e T5 (sucessão de culturas: soja (sistema convencional x arroz (sistema de semeadura direta apresentaram os valores mais altos de resistência à penetração, provavelmente em decorrência da baixa umidade e dos efeitos do cultivo e da utilização de máquinas responsáveis pela deformação da estrutura do solo.

Gas transport in the bentonite barrier of AGP and their interfaces; Transporte de gas en la barrera de bentonita de un AGP y sus interfases

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gutierrez Rodrigo, V.; Villar Gelicia, M. V.; Martin Martin, P. L.; Romero Alvarez, F. J.

2014-07-01

The research of gas transport processes through the barriers is of great relevance in the assessment of the behaviour of the repository. The main objective of this study is to determine the properties of gas transport in saturated bentonite samples and the interfaces between them. (Author)

Bentonites of the Irati Formation in the southern sector of the Parana Basin, Brazil; Bentonitas da Formacao Irati no setor sul da Bacia do Parana

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Silva, Aurelio Fagundes; Dani, Norberto; Remus, Marcus Vinicius Dornelles; Sommer, Margot Guerra, E-mail: norberto.dani@ufrgs.br, E-mail: marcus.remus@ufrgs.br, E-mail: margot.sommer@ufrgs.br [Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS (Brazil); Horn, Bruno Ludovico Dihl, E-mail: brunoldhorn@gmail.com [Servico Geologico do Brasil (CPRM), Recife, PE (Brazil). Superintendencia Regional

2017-01-15

This paper aims to identify and to present mineralogical and chemical arguments that demonstrate the existence of bentonite levels in the Irati Formation, found in outcrops to the west Acegua in southern Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). These levels are thin, on average 4 cm thick, large in area, and are composed of grayish-white to greenish massive clay stones that contrast, in the field, with the shales of the Irati Formation. The bentonite levels of the Irati Formation are predominantly composed of Ca-montmorillonite, which constitutes the fine matrix of the rock; and scattered primary or magmatic crystals not larger than very fine sand. Among the main primary minerals representative of volcanic setting, it is possible to identify β-quartz paramorphs, sanidine, biotite, zircon, apatite and ilmenite, in addition to quartz and feldspar shards (splinters). More rarely, fragments of meso and macrocharcoals are found within the bentonite layers, which contrast with the maturity and type of non-vegetal organic matter of the Irati shale. Therefore, the nature of the precursor volcanism is inferred on the basis of rock geochemistry and crystal chemistry of the neoformed montmorillonite in the bentonite levels. Both methodologies indicate that during this period the volcanic ashes that reached the Parana Basin were generated by volcanism of intermediate composition, which is in accordance with what is known about the Lower Choiyoi Volcanic Province manifestations, which were synchronous with the sedimentation of the Irati Formation in the Parana Basin. (author)

Study of films properties of nanocomposites recycled polystyrene and sodium bentonite; Estudo de propriedades de filmes de nanocompositos poliestireno reciclado e argila bentonita sodica comercial

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Machado, Messias dos Santos; Valenzuela, Maria das Gracas da Silva; Telles, Victor Bridi; Valenzuela-Diaz, Francisco Rolando; Wiebeck, Helio, E-mail: msm.vix@gmail.com [Univeridade de Sao Paulo (EP/USP), Sao Paulo, SP (Brazil). Escola Politecnica

2014-07-01

The technological advances in the world induces a great use of plastics materials with growing demand. Besides this fact, the improvement of this material's uses require a special attention because of its degradation difficulties that brings environmental problems. In this work were produced films of discarded polystyrene cups and sodium bentonite, due to its property of forming nanocomposite, initially, the ratios of filler with 1, 2 and 3% with glycerol added as plasticizer. Proportions of 4, 5 and 7% were tested too, with and without addition of calcium sulfate, with the intention of observing the influences in the properties related to increases in dosage of nano load and seeks to improve the properties. The results of the analysis of characterization (XRD, DSC, SEM) indicated the possibility of recycling this material with satisfactory properties for some important applications. (author)

Membrana cerâmica assimétrica à base de argila para aplicação em processos de microfiltração: influência do tempo de deposição

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M. C. da Silva

2014-09-01

Full Text Available A tecnologia de membranas vem sendo disseminada pelo mundo, em diversos setores onde existe a necessidade de separação de substancias, em diferentes escalas de dimensões e condições de temperatura e pressão. Neste sentido, as membranas cerâmicas vêm sendo exploradas para atuarem em ambientes onde as membranas poliméricas teriam restrições, como por exemplo, na presença de solventes orgânicos, altas pressões e temperaturas, etc. Diante disso, esse trabalho tem como objetivo a obtenção de membrana cerâmica assimétrica formada por uma camada filtrante à base de argila depositada sobre suporte poroso obtido com alumina comercial e bentonita. A camada ativa foi depositada por colagem em tempos de 10, 20 e 30 s para obtenção da membrana assimétrica. As massas cerâmicas para confecção do suporte e para obtenção da membrana foram caracerizadas por distrubuição granulométrica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. O suporte poroso e a membrana assimétrica foram caracterizados por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, porosimetria por intrusão de mercúrio e foram realizadas análises de fluxo com água. Os resultados mostraram um suporte com diâmetro médio de 0,99 µm e porosidade de 39,25%. A membrana assimétrica foi obtida com sucesso, isenta de defeitos para tempo de colagem de 10 s, atingindo uma espessura de camada depositada de 104 µm, diâmetro médio de poro de 0,25 µm e porosidade de 35%, sendo classificada, portanto, para aplicações em processos de microfiltração, com fluxo permeado estabilizado com água destilada em torno de 100 L/h.m².

Influencia de los coadyuvantes tecnológicos utilizados en el proceso de elaboración de aceite de oliva sobre la cinética del proceso de digestión anaerobia del alpechín

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Borja Padilla, R.

1992-08-01

Full Text Available A kinetic study of the anaerobic digestion of olive mill wastewater, which was obtained with the technological helper "Olivex" (Carbohydrase -pectinases, cellulases and hemicellulases- from the Aspergillus aculeatus was carried out. An identical wastewater, obtained without this enzymatic formulation was also used. The process was carried out in bioreactors with microorganisms immobilized on two micronized clay supports, Sepiolite and Bentonite. The methane volume-time data pairs obtained were used to calculate the specific rate constant, Ko, by using the Roediger's equation. A decrease of the specific rate constant value was observed over the substrate concentration studied when the volume of wastewater added was increased; this confirmed the occurrence of an inhibition process, which was more marked for the olive mill wastewater obtained with Olivex. The Levenspiel's model was used to obtain the inhibition constants of this process.

Se ha efectuado un estudio cinético del proceso de digestión anaerobia de un alpechín obtenido con el coadyuvante tecnológico "Olivex" (Carbohidrasa -pectinasas, celulasas y hemicelulasas- procedente de Aspergillus aculeatus en comparación con un testigo obtenido sin esta formulación enzimática. El proceso se ha realizado en biorreactores con microorganismos inmovilizados en dos soportes micronizados arcillosos, Sepiolita y Bentonita. A partir de los datos volumen de metano-tiempo, se calculan las constantes específicas de velocidad, Ko, utilizando la ecuación de Roediger. Dentro del rango de concentración de sustrato estudiado se observa una disminución de la constante cinética al aumentar el volumen de residuo añadido a los digestores lo que confirma la existencia de un proceso de inhibición, que es más acusado en el caso del alpechín obtenido con Olivex. Para determinar las constantes de inhibición del proceso se utiliza el modelo propuesto por Levenspiel.

Influence of temperature, exchangeable cation composition, salinity and density in the adsorption of water by a bentonite: implications to the pore water composition

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fernandez, A.M.; Melon, A.M.

2010-01-01

Document available in extended abstract form only. Compacted bentonites are being considered in many countries as a sealing material in high-level radioactive waste disposal (HLW) concepts because of their low permeability, high swelling capacity and high plasticity. In this context, the knowledge of the pore water composition in bentonites is an uncertainty associated to the retention and transport processes through highly compacted material. The nature of the pore water directly affects how the radionuclides are transported through the buffer materials because of a potential distribution is developed at the solid-liquid interface. Besides, the moisture potential of bentonites is closely related to swelling pressure. The pore water chemistry depends on the hydration and swelling of bentonites (matric and osmotic potentials), and therefore on the distribution of the external and the interlayer water. This relationship depends, in turn, on parameters such as water content, bulk dry density, temperature, type of cations at interlayers and salinity. The osmotic potential is related to the dissolved salt content and increases with pore water salinity. It is well-known that variations in pore water osmotic suction affect osmotic repulsion pressure caused by the diffuse double layers interactions of adjacent particles as both are functions of dissolved salt concentration in pore water. In this work, the moisture potential has been analysed as a function of the water content, temperature (20, 30 and 60 deg. C), type of cations at interlayers, salinity and degree of compaction of the FEBEX bentonite. The aim was to analyse the hydration of this bentonite, and the types and distribution of water as a function of these parameters, since both the Cl-accessible porosity (key parameter for transport processes) and the amount of internal (interlayer)/external water depend strongly on the ionic strength of the saturating solution, the composition at interlayers and the

Research program to study the gamma radiation effects in Spanish bentonites; Programa de investigacion para estudiar los efectos de la radiacion gamma en bentonitas calcicas espanolas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Dies, J; Tarrasa, F [Universidad Politecnica de Catalunya (Spain); Cuevas de las, C; Miralles, L; Pueyo, J J [Universidad de Barcelona (Spain)

2000-07-01

The engineering barrier of a radioactive waste underground disposal facility, placed in a granitic host rock, will consist of a backfill of compacted bentonite blocks. At first, this material will be subjected to a gamma radiation field, from the waste canister, and heat from the spent fuel inside the canister. Moreover, any groundwater that reaches the repository will saturate the bentonite. For these reasons the performance of the engineered barrier must be carefully assessed in laboratory experiments. (Author)

Caracterização de argilas bentonitas e diatomitas e sua aplicação como adsorventes Bentonites and diatomites clays characterization and aplication in adsorption

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Enéderson Rossetto

2009-01-01

Full Text Available Five samples of natural clays denominated: diatomite, CN-20, CN-29, CN-40 and CN-45 from Aliança Latina LTDA were characterized by differents supplementary techniques such as: XRD, chemical analysis, adsorption N2 measurements, infrared spectroscopy analysis, thermogravimetric analysis. Clays were tested in adsorption of blue methylene. All of isotherms adjust in a model of physics adsorption with formation of multilayers, however in the case of diatomite was a favorable adsorption (type II and the CNs were a not favorable adsorption (type III. In the case of CNs had flocculation of clay in high concentration of coloring.

Hydro-mechanical processes

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Laouafa, F.; Kazmierczak, J.B. [Institut National de l' Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique ALATA, 60 - Verneuil en Halatte (France); Armand, G. [Agence Nationale pour la Gestion des Dechets Radioactifs, Lab. de Souterrain de Meuse/Haute-Marne, 55 - Bure (France); Vaunat, J. [Catalonia UPC- Technical Univ., Barcelona (Spain); Jobmann, M.; Polster, M. [DBETEC- DBE Technology GmbH, Peine (Germany); Su, K.; Lebon, P.; Plas, F.; Armand, G.; Abou-Chakra Guery, A.; Cormery, F.; Shao, J.F.; Kondo, D. [ANDRA - Agence Nationale pour la Gestion des Dechets Radioactifs, 92 - Chatenay Malabry (France); Souley, M. [Institut National de l' Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), 54 - Nancy (France); Coll, C.; Charlier, R.; Collin, F.; Gerard, P. [Liege Univ., Dept. ArGEnCo (Belgium); Xiang Ling, Li [ESV EURIDICE, SCK.CEN, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Mol (Belgium); Collin, F. [Liege Univ., Charge de Recherches FNRS (Belgium); Pellet, F.L.; Fabre, G. [University Joseph Fourier, Laboratory 3S-R, 38 - Grenoble (France); Garcia-Sineriz, J.L.; Rey, M. [AITEMIN - Asociacion para la Investigacion y Desarrollo Industrial de los Recursos Naturales, Madrid (Spain); Mayor, J.C. [ENRESA - Empresa Nacional des Residuos Radioactivos, Madrid (Spain); Castellanos, E.; Romero, E.; Lloret, A.; Gens, A. [Catalunya Univ. Politecnica, UPC (Spain); Villar, M.V. [CIEMAT - Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas, Madrid (Spain); Chambon, R. [Laboratoire 3S, UJF-INPG-CNRS, 38 - Grenoble (France); Czaikowski, O.; Lux, K.H. [Clausthal Univ. of Technology, Professorship for Waste Disposal and Geomechanics, Clausthal-Zellerfeld (Germany); Van Geet, M.; Bastiaens, W.; Volckaert, G.; Weetjens, E.; Sillen, X. [SCK-CEN, Waste and Disposal dept., Mol (Belgium); ONDRAF/NIRAS, Brussel (Belgium); Imbert, Ch. [CEA Saclay, Dept. de Physico-Chimie (DPC/SCCME/LECBA), 91 - Gif sur Yvette (France)] [and others

2007-07-01

This session gathers 13 articles dealing with: three-dimensional and time stepping modelling of the whole Meuse/Haute-Marne ANDRA URL (F. Laouafa, J.B. Kazmierczak, G. Armand, J. Vaunat, M. Jobmann, M. Polster); a constitutive model for a deep argillaceous rock using Hoek-Brown criteria (K. Su, C. Chavant, M. Souley); the long term behaviour of the Boom clay: influence of viscosity on the pore pressure distribution (C. Coll, R. Charlier, X.L. Li, F. Collin); the microstructural changes induced by viscoplastic deformations in argillaceous rocks (F.L. Pellet, G. Fabre, K. Su, P. Lebon); the engineered barrier experiment at Mont Terri rock laboratory (J.L. Garcia-Sineriz, M. Rey, J.C. Mayor); the chemical influence on the Hydro-Mechanical behaviour of high-density FEBEX bentonite (E. Castellanos, M.V. Villar, E. Romero, A. Lloret, A. Gens); the influence of water exchanges on the gallery convergence (P. Gerard, R. Charlier, R. Chambon, F. Collin); a new method for ageing resistant storage of argillaceous rock samples to achieve reproducible experimental results even after long intermediate storage times (O. Czaikowski, K.H. Lux); the installation and evaluation of a large-scale in-situ shaft seal experiment in Boom clay the RESEAL project M. Van Geet, W. Bastiaens, G. Volckaert, E. Weetjens, X. Sillen, A. Gens, M.V. Villar, Ch. Imbert, M. Filippi, F. Plas); the hydro-Mechanical response of the Callovo-Oxfordian mud-stone around a deep vertical drift (J. Vaunat, B. Garitte, A. Gens, K. Su, G. Armand); the sensitivity of total stress to changes in externally applied water pressure in KBS-3 buffer bentonite (J.F. Harrington, D.J. Birchall, P. Sellin); the comparison of the poro-elastic behavior of Meuse/Haute Marne and Tournemire argillites: effect of loading and saturation states (E. Bemer, A. Noiret, F. Homand, A. Rejeb); and the multi-scale modelling of the argillites mechanical behaviour (A. Abou-Chakra Guery, F. Cormery, K. Su, J.F. Shao, D. Kondo)

Characterization of bentonite, fibrous and kaolinite clays with regard to their use in pelotherapy; Caracterizacion de bentonitas, arcillas fibrosas y arcillas caoliniferas para su empleo en peloterapia

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pozo Martin, E.; Martin Rubi, J. A.; Pozo Rodriguez, M.

2011-07-01

We have characterized the mineralogical and chemical contents of several Spanish special clays (bentonite, fibrous clays and kaolin). Mineralogical analyses revealed that the samples were composed mainly of phyllosilicates (78 %-99 %) with a notable presence of dioctahedral and trioctahedral smectites in the bentonite, kaolinite in the kaolin and sepiolite or palygorskite in the fibrous clays. Illite was the common subordinate mineral in the bentonite, kaolin and palygorskite. Quartz, calcite, dolomite and feldspars were found as associate minerals with the occasional presence of zeolites and amphiboles. The chemical analysis was consistent with the mineralogy. With regard to trace elements (V, Cr, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Ba, Sb, Pb, U), the whole samples of the magnesium bentonite and sepiolite were found to have the lowest trace-element contents (<257,28 ppm ), whilst the aluminium bentonite, kaolin and particularly the palygorskite had higher contents than the other clays, with some elements occasionally exceeding the contents of previously studied common clays. Nevertheless, all the trace elements were found in lower quantities than the recommended toxicity levels and those quantities currently used in pelotherapy in Spanish spas. (Author)

STABILISED ZIRCONIA

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LUZ STELLA ARIAS-MAYA

2014-01-01

Full Text Available La densificación y la contracción de cerámicos u otros materiales en polvo pueden ser predichos de una manera sencilla usando la curva maestra de sinterizado. En este trabajo se han obtenido los datos de densificación requeridos para construir la curva maestra de sinterizado de zirconia en polvo estabilizada con 3-mol% itria. Se sinterizaron muestras compactadas en frío, así como películas gruesas hechas del mismo polvo y aplicadas a un sustrato rígido. Las pruebas de sinterizado libre y con restricción fueron realizadas aplicando tres velocidades de calentamiento, incluyendo o no una etapa isotérmica a la máxima temperatura de ~1450 °C. La contracción de las muestras se midió durante la densificación usando un dilatómetro de varilla de presión. También se usó un horno convencional, aplicando la misma curva de calentamiento para comparar resultados. El análisis microestructural fue logrado mediante microscopía de barrido electrónico, microscopía de barrido electrónico ambiental y microscopía óptica. Se obtuvo una concordancia aceptable entre muestras similares sinterizadas en el dilatómetro y en el horno convencional, indicando que los datos del dilatómetro pueden ser usados para ambos ambientes. Las muestras que se sinterizaron sin restricción alcanzaron menores densidades que las películas, probablemente debido a que sus densidades iniciales eran menores. Para las muestras libres de restricción, se obtuvo una curva maestra de sinterizado con una energía de activación de 550 kJ mol-1. Para las películas sinterizadas con restricción, algunos problemas asociados con el sustrato y con las incertidumbres de las mediciones impidieron la caracterización de la película, es decir, la obtención de una curva maestra de sinterizado con un solo valor de energía de activación.

DISEÑO DE MEZCLAS DE SUELO COMPACTADO PARA LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DE TERRAPLENES

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Gonzalo M Aiassa

2007-06-01

Full Text Available El desempeño de terraplenes destinados a obras de pavimento en carreteras o pistas de aeronaves depende del comportamiento de los materiales empleados en las diferentes capas estructurales del pavimento. En general, las limitaciones económicas imponen la utilización del suelo superficial disponible como materia prima fundamental en la construcción. La mejora de este suelo mediante compactación y la incorporación de material granular o estabilizador constituye una estrategia indispensable para lograr materiales adecuados a las necesidades. En este trabajo se ha realizado un estudio de comportamiento mecánico sobre un suelo limo-arenoso y se ha evaluado la aptitud para su empleo como material de sub-base. El suelo limo-arenoso empleado corresponde al tipo de suelo que constituyen los estratos superficiales de gran parte de la región central de Argentina, en particular en el sur de la provincia de Córdoba. La caracterización mecánica se ha realizado en laboratorio mediante la ejecución de ensayos de compresión no confinada y CBR, sobre muestras compactadas de suelo-cemento y de suelo granular. Los resultados han permitido caracterizar los materiales empleados y concluir sobre su desempeño al ser utilizados para la construcción de capas de suelo compactado destinadas a sub-bases de pavimentos.The highways or airfield pavement performance depends on the material behavior in different structural layers of embankment. Generally, economic limitations force to use of in situ available soil as material for pavement construction. The improvement of soil by compaction and mixture with granular or stabilizing material is an adequate strategy. In this work, a study of mechanical behavior of silty-sand soil has been made, and the aptitude of use it as sub-base material has been evaluated. The soil analyzed corresponds to superficial layers in the central region of Argentina (southern zone of Cordoba province. The mechanical characterization has

The influence of green microstructure and sintering parameters on precipitation process during copper-nickel-zinc ferrites sintering

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Barba, Antonio

2014-04-01

Full Text Available Microstructural changes that occur during heat treatment of copper-nickel-zinc ferrites have been studied. The process of precipitation of the two types of crystals that occur during the sintering process has been analyzed. It is found that this process depends on dry relative density of the press specimens and on the following sintering parameters: sintering temperature, sintering time and cooling rate of the thermal cycle. Crystal precipitates characterization have been done by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS. These techniques have allowed to determine the nature of these crystals, which in this case correspond to zinc and copper oxides. It has been used two chemical reactions to explain the bulk precipitation and subsequent re-dissolution of these crystal precipitates during sintering.En este trabajo se han estudiado los cambios microestructurales que se producen durante el tratamiento térmico de las ferritas de cobre-níquel-cinc y se ha analizado el proceso de precipitación de los dos tipos de cristales que aparecen durante el proceso de sinterización. Se ha encontrado que este proceso depende de la densidad relativa en seco de las muestras compactadas y de las siguientes variables de la etapa de sinterización: temperatura y tiempo de sinterización y velocidad de enfriamiento. La caracterización de los cristales precipitados se ha realizado por microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB, microanálisis por dispersión de energía de rayos X (EDX, difracción de rayos X (DRX, y espectroscopía de fotoelectrones de rayos X (XPS. Estas técnicas han permitido determinar la naturaleza de estos cristales, que en este caso corresponden a los óxidos de cinc y de cobre. Se han propuesto dos reacciones químicas que permiten explicar el proceso de precipitación y la posterior re-disolución de estos cristales precipitados durante la

Mechanical performance assessment of half warm recycled asphalt mixes containing up to 100 % RAP; Evaluación del comportamiento mecánico de mezclas asfálticas templadas con 100 % de material reciclado

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lizárraga, J. M.; Jiménez del Barco-Carrión, A.; Ramírez, A.; Díaz, P.; Moreno-Navarro, F.; Rubio, M.C.

2017-07-01

The use of Half Warm Mixes with high Reclaimed Asphalt content (HWMRA) has the potential to generate significant environmental advantages such as the reduction in consumption of natural resources and the emission of gases into the atmosphere. This paper therefore focuses on demonstrating the viability of using these types of mixes in wearing courses. For this purpose, an HWMRA with 70 % and 100 % Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) and emulsion were designed in the laboratory. The performance of the mixes was then assessed and compared with that of conventional Hot Mix Asphalt. In a second stage, the mixes were manufactured in-plant, and laid and compacted in an Accelerated Pavement Test track. The cores were then extracted and tested for stiffness modulus and resistance to fatigue. The results from the tests conducted with both the laboratory specimens and the cores showed that the performance of HWMRA is comparable to that of HMA. These findings encourage greater confidence in promoting the use of these types of sustainable asphalt mixes. [Spanish] La utilización de mezclas asfálticas templadas con alto contenido de asfalto reciclado (HWMRA) conlleva ventajas medioambientales como la reducción del consumo de recursos naturales y la emisión de gases a la atmósfera. Este artículo se centra en mostrar la viabilidad de este tipo de mezclas para capas de rodadura. Para ello, se diseñaron mezclas HWMRA con 70 % y 100 % de asfalto reciclado en el laboratorio y se evaluó y comparó su comportamiento con una mezcla caliente convencional. En una segunda etapa, las mezclas fueron fabricadas en planta, extendidas y compactadas en una pista de ensayo acelerado de pavimentos. A continuación, se extrajeron testigos y se ensayaron para conocer su módulo de rigidez y resistencia a fatiga. Tanto los resultados de laboratorio como tras la fabricación en planta y puesta en obra mostraron que el comportamiento de mezclas HWMRA es comparable al de mezclas calientes

Porous concrete mixtures for pervious urban pavements

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Castro, J.

2007-08-01

Full Text Available The present study aimed to analyze the hydraulic and mechanical behaviour of a series of roller-compacted, laboratory porous concrete mixtures. The mix design variables examined were the actual void ratio in the hardened concrete and the water/cement ratio. From these results the better dosages from the mechanical and hydraulical behaviour point of view were determined. One of the designs developed was found to exhibit excellent hydraulic capacity and 20% greater strength than the mixtures recommended in the literature. Moreover, concrete with an actual void ratio of only 14% was observed to meet permeability requirements. Maximum flexural strength of concretes with different w/c ratios was achieved with a cement paste content of 250 l/m3. Relationships were found between the void ratio and both 28-day concrete permeability and flexural strength. Finally, the doses exhibiting the best mechanical and hydraulic performance were identified.El trabajo realizado en este estudio consistió en analizar el comportamiento de diferentes dosificaciones de mezclas de hormigón poroso, fabricadas en laboratorio y compactadas con rodillo pesado para simular las condiciones de terreno. Las variables consideradas para el diseño de las mezclas fueron el porcentaje real de huecos en el hormigón endurecido y la razón agua/cemento. A partir de estos resultados se determinaron las dosificaciones que presentan mejor comportamiento desde el punto de vista mecánico e hidráulico. Los resultados muestran que existe una dosificación de hormigón poroso, distinta a las encontradas actualmente en la literatura internacional, que permite obtener resistencias hasta 20% más altas, manteniendo todavía una excelente capacidad hidráulica. Se determinó que una permeabilidad suficiente se puede obtener con un porcentaje real de huecos de 14%, y que agregar pasta de cemento en una proporción de 250 l/m3 permite maximizar la resistencia a flexotracción de hormigones que

Incorporação de lama de mármore e granito em massas argilosas Incorporation of marble and granite sludge in clay materials

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J. B. Silva

2005-12-01

Full Text Available A utilização de resíduos industriais como aditivos na fabricação de produtos cerâmicos vem despertando um crescente interesse dos pesquisadores nos últimos anos e está se tornando prática comum. Este trabalho descreve a variação do comportamento de uma argila utilizada numa indústria de cerâmica vermelha, resultante de adições de uma lama de mármore e granito, tal como é produzida em uma indústria de beneficiamento de pedras ornamentais do estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Misturas de argila e rejeito (10 - 50% em peso foram compactadas uniaxialmente e sinterizadas a temperaturas entre 950 e 1150 °C. Os resultados obtidos por análise química e mineralógica (DRX e FRX, análises térmicas (DTA, TG e dilatometria, medidas de distribuição granulométrica, porosidade, absorção de água e tensão de ruptura à flexão, revelam que a lama de mármore e granito pode ser incorporada na massa de argila sem perda ou comprometimento das propriedades dos corpos sinterizados de cerâmica vermelha.The use of industrial waste materials as additives in the manufacture of ceramic products has been attracting a growing interest from researchers in recent years and is becoming common practice. This work describes the changes in the behavior of the clay material used in a red-ceramic industry due to additions of a granite and marble sludge, produced in an ornamental stone processing industry in Rio Grande do Norte. Mixtures of clay and waste material (10 - 50 wt.% were uniaxially pressed and sintered at temperatures ranging from 950 to 1150 °C. Results from chemical and mineralogical analysis (XRD and XRF, thermal analysis (DTA, TG and dilatometry, particle size distribution, porosity, water absorption and flexural strength, show that the granite and marble sludge can be added to the clay material with no detrimental effect on the properties of the sintered red-clay products.

DESARROLLO DE UN PENETRÓMETRO INTEGRADO CON TECNOLOGÍA GPS-RTK PARA LA GENERACIÓN DE MAPAS DE RESISTENCIA A LA PENETRACIÓN DEL SUELO

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Santos Gabriel Campos Magaña

2015-04-01

Full Text Available La agricultura de precisión requiere información precisa acerca de las propiedades del suelo para optimizar la aplicación de insumos y satisfacer necesidades específicas de los cultivos. En particular, la resistencia a la penetración (RP que es un factor que mide la compactación del suelo, la cual limita el crecimiento de las raíces y el rendimiento del cultivo, lo cual requiere ubicar y cuantificar el valor de RP. El presente trabajo describe el desarrollo de un penetrómetro integrado con dos sensores (resistencia y profundidad aplicados junto con tecnología de Posicionamiento Cinemátio en Tiempo Real-Sistema de Posicionamiento Global para Agricultura (RTK-AgGPS para la generación de mapas de diagnóstico de capas compactadas. El primer sensor fue desarrollado para la medición de la RP utilizando un transductor de anillo simple con capacidad de hasta 9 MPa, con una sensibilidad de 13.5 Nm V-1 y un coeficiente de correlación de 99.6% entre la fuerza aplicada y el voltaje de salida. El segundo sensor, se adecuó para determinar la profundidad de RP con un desplazamiento de trabajo máximo de 0.60 m, con una sensibilidad de 258.5 mm V-1 y un coeficiente de correlación de 100% entre la profundidad de penetración y voltaje de salida. Para la evaluación en campo, se construyó un carro porta-sensores acoplado al enganche del tractor para el accionamiento del actuador hidráulico del penetrómetro. Se realizó un muestreo sistemático de 30 puntos utilizando la tecnología RTK-GPS obteniendo los valores y localización geo referenciada de RP con una precisión de 0.025 m en una profundidad de trabajo hasta de 0.40 m, esto permitió la generación de mapas de diagnóstico de la RP empleando un Sistema de Información Geográfica para tres profundidades diferentes de 0.20, 0.30 y 0.40 m.

Biochemical and morphological responses to abiotc elicitor chitin in suspension-cultured sugarcane cells

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Maria Izabel Gallão

2010-04-01

Full Text Available Cells of Saccharum officinarum submitted to hydrolyzated chitin for 1 to 8h produced phenolic compounds. These alterations were observed through cytochemical methods using Toluidine Blue and Phloroglucinol/HCl. After 4 h, besides cell wall change, there was a change in nuclear pattern of chitin treated cells. There was a 96% increase in nuclear area in 6 h chitin treated material, as observed by Feulgen reaction. The treated cells showed chromatin compacted regions and a degeneration process of nucleoli. In the outer areas of cell wall, there was a polysaccharide desagregation, confirming results obtained for different plants with the use of other elicitors. Peroxidase activity was maximal after 4 h and decreased progressively. PAL activity started to increase at 4 h of incubation. These results showed that chitin hydrolyzate stimulated a defense response in sugarcane cells.Células de Saccharum officinarum quando submetidas a quitina hidrolisada por 1 a 8h produziram material fenólico. Essas alterações foram observadas por meio de métodos citoquímicos como o Azul de Toluidina e Floroglucinol/HCl. Após 4 h, além das mudanças nas paredes celulares houve uma mudança no padrão nuclear das células tratadas com quitina. Por observação da reação de Feulgen, houve um aumento de 96% na área nuclear no material em 6h. Para as células tratadas foram observadas regiões de cromatina compactada e um processo de degeneração do nucléolo. Nas áreas externas da parede celular existia uma desagregação dos polisacarídios confirmando os resultados obtidos para diferentes plantas com o uso de outros elicitores. A atividade da peroxidase foi maxima após 4 h e então decresceu progressivamente. A atividade da PAL aumentou a partir de 4 h de incubação. Estes resultados mostram que o hidrolisado de quitina estimula as respostas de defesa em células de cana.

Influência da adição de uma carga nanoparticulada no desempenho de compósitos poliuretano/fibra de juta Influence of a nanoparticulate filler addition on the mechanical properties of polyurethane/jute fiber composites

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José R. A. Neto

2007-03-01

Full Text Available Neste trabalho as propriedades mecânicas de um compósito, formado a partir de uma matriz de poliuretano derivado do óleo de mamona e reforçada por um tecido tramado de juta, foram avaliadas. O efeito da adição de pequenos teores de bentonita cálcica e sódica sobre as propriedades mecânicas da matriz de poliuretano e de compósitos poliuretano/juta também foi investigado. Os resultados indicam que a incorporação de fibra de juta à matriz poliuretana promoveu melhora significativa nas propriedades sob tração dos compósitos. A adição de pequenos teores de argila à matriz alterou o desempenho mecânico dos compósitos, porém os resultados não foram os esperados. O compósito híbrido poliuretano/argila/fibra de juta, contudo, apresentou propriedades mecânicas superiores às dos compósitos reforçados unicamente com tecido de juta, o que indica uma atuação sinérgica dos reforços híbridos argila/juta.In this work the mechanical properties of polyurethane/jute fiber composites were evaluated as a function of fiber content and mineral filler addition. A polyurethane (PU derived from castor oil was used as the matrix and hessian cloth as reinforcement. The effect of the incorporation of small amounts of local clay (bentonite, in its calcium and sodium forms, on the mechanical properties of polyurethane/jute composites was also investigated. The results indicate that the tensile properties of the composites substantially increased with jute fiber addition and that although the mechanical properties of the matrix were affected by the addition of nanoparticulate clay, the improvement was not as expected. This was attributed to poor mixing and dispersion of the filler, which was confirmed by SEM. A synergistic effect was observed for the hybrid clay/jute fiber composites, with considerable improvement in the mechanical performance of the hybrid composites.

Influencia de los materiales plásticos sobre las características de los engobes. I Tipo de material arcilloso

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Moreno, A.

2000-10-01

Full Text Available One of the major ceramic engobe constituents is the clayey material. This material contributes suitable properties to the engobe suspension for correct application and yields an unfired layer with adequate mechanical strength and bonding to the body. A series of tests was conducted in the present study to determine how the type and proportion of clayey material affected engobe suspension properties (rheological behaviour and resulting unfired engobe layer properties (compactness, bonding and surface drying time. The tested clayey materials were of the type normally used for engobe preparation: white clay, kaolin and bentonite. It was found that all the studied engobe characteristics varied considerably on modifying the type of clayey material. The arising variations were shown to be due to changes in engobe plasticity and unfired layer packing on changing the type of clayey material.

Uno de los componentes principales de los engobes cerámicos es el material arcilloso, el cual confiere las propiedades adecuadas para llevar a cabo la correcta aplicación de la suspensión de engobe y permitir la obtención de una capa cruda con la apropiada resistencia mecánica y adherencia al soporte. En el presente trabajo se han realizado una serie de ensayos con el objeto de determinar cómo afecta el tipo y porcentaje de material arcilloso a las propiedades de las suspensiones de engobe (comportamiento reológico y de las capas crudas obtenidas a partir de ellas (compacidad, adherencia y tiempo de secado superficial. Los materiales arcillosos ensayados han sido los utilizados habitualmente en la preparación de los engobes: arcilla blanca, caolín y bentonita. El análisis de los resultados obtenidos permite concluir que todas las características del engobe tenidas en cuenta varían considerablemente al modificar el tipo de material arcilloso. Se ha podido comprobar que dichas variaciones son debidas a cambios en el empaquetamiento de la capa cruda

Study on the mechanical properties of a HMS-PP nanocomposite with a Brazilian bentonite; Estudo das propriedades mecanicas de um nanocomposito de HMS-PP com uma bentonita brasileira

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Fermino, D M; Parra, D F; Lugao, A B; Oliani, W.L., E-mail: mfermino@usp.b [Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares (IPEN/CNEN-SP), Sao Paulo, SP (Brazil); Valenzuela-Diaz, F R [Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), SP (Brazil). Escola Politecnica. Dept. de Engenharia Metalurgica e de Materiais

2010-07-01

This work concerns to the study of the mechanical behavior of the nanocomposite HMSPP - Polypropylene High Melt Strength (obtained at a dose of 12.5 kGy) and a bentonite clay Brazilian Paraiba (PB), known as 'Chocolate' in concentrations of 5 and 10% by weight, comparison of to one American Clay, cloisite 20A nanocomposite was done. Agent compatibilizer polypropylene-graft, known as maleic anhydride (PP-g-AM) was addict 3% concentration thought technique melt intercalation using a twin-screw extruder and the specimens were prepared by injection process. The mechanical behavior was evaluated by strength, flexural strength and impact tests. The morphology of the nanocomposites was studied by the technique of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), while the organophilic bentonite and nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared (FTIR). (author)

Bentonite clay purification for development of polymeric nan composites using a single screw extruder; Purificacao de argila bentonita para desenvolvimento de nanocomposito polimerico utilizando uma extrusora rosca simples

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2011-07-01

In this work, a bentonite clay rich in montmorillonite was purified and chemical treat to be used in the development of poly (methyl methacrylate) /clay nanocomposites via melting processes. After the clay treatment and purification, a masterbatch with 25% clay and 75% PMMA was produced by solution technique, using acetone as solvent. For produce samples with 2.5% clay, the masterbatch along with pure polymer were added and mixed in single screw extruder with a diameter of 16 mm and W/D 26. X-rays diffractometry (XRD) and X-rays fluorescence (XRF). Tests were performed to evaluate and characterizing the bentonite clay used in the development of this work and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests were performed to evaluate changes in the thermal properties of the nanocomposites produced. (author)

Study on the mechanical properties of a HMS-PP nanocomposite with a Brazilian bentonite; Estudo das propriedades mecanicas de um nanocomposito de HMS-PP com uma bentonita brasileira

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Fermino, D.M.; Parra, D.F.; Lugao, A.B.; Oliani, W.L., E-mail: mfermino@usp.b [Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares (IPEN/CNEN-SP), Sao Paulo, SP (Brazil); Valenzuela-Diaz, F.R. [Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), SP (Brazil). Escola Politecnica. Dept. de Engenharia Metalurgica e de Materiais

2010-07-01

This work concerns to the study of the mechanical behavior of the nanocomposite HMSPP - Polypropylene High Melt Strength (obtained at a dose of 12.5 kGy) and a bentonite clay Brazilian Paraiba (PB), known as 'Chocolate' in concentrations of 5 and 10% by weight, comparison of to one American Clay, cloisite 20A nanocomposite was done. Agent compatibilizer polypropylene-graft, known as maleic anhydride (PP-g-AM) was addict 3% concentration thought technique melt intercalation using a twin-screw extruder and the specimens were prepared by injection process. The mechanical behavior was evaluated by strength, flexural strength and impact tests. The morphology of the nanocomposites was studied by the technique of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), while the organophilic bentonite and nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared (FTIR). (author)

Synthesis and characterization of pillared bentonite with Al, AL/Fe and impregnated with Pd; Sintese e caracterizacao de bentonitas pilarizadas com Al, AL/Fe e impregnadas com Pd

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Silva, Marcus Vinicius Costa; Pizarro, Alejandro Herrero; Molina, Carmen Belen, E-mail: marcus.ufpa@yahoo.com.br [Universidade Federal do Para (UFPA), Belem, PA (Brazil). Instituto de Tecnologia. Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica; Seccion de Ingenieria Quimica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autonoma de Madri (Spain)

2017-10-01

In this work, a north american bentonite was pillared with Al and Al/Fe, creating the Al-PILC and Al-Fe-PILC, respectively. Then the Pd was impregnated in the materials, generating Pd-Al-PILC and Pd-Al-Fe-PILC, respectively. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric and N{sub 2} adsorption at 77 K to determine the specific surface area by BET method (Brunauer - Emmett - Teller). There was an increase in the basal spacing of bentonite from 12.4Å in the original sample to 17.81Å in the Al-Fe-PILC, 17.20Å in Pd-Al-PILC and 17.05Å in the Pd-Al-Fe-PILC. The specific surface area increased from 19.05m{sup 2}/g in the original sample to 173.49m{sup 2}/g in Al-Fe-PILC, 101.31m{sup 2}/g to Pd-Al-PILC and 92m{sup 2}/g in Pd-Al-Fe-PILC. The pillaring process was successful and the synthesized materials have great potential for use as catalysts. (author)

Study of the Properties of Bentonites for their use in Clay Geo synthetic Barriers; Estudio de la propiedades de las bentonitas para su utilizacion en barreras geosinteticas arcillosas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Leiro Lopez, A.; Mateo Sanz, B.; Garcia Cidoncha, H.; Blanco Fernandez, M.

2014-02-01

Bentonites used for the production of clay geo synthetic barriers need to meet some properties so that they can be a waterproofing system. among the bentonites used in industry, sodium bentonite has the lowest permeability due to its high water absorption capacity in the inter-laminar space, causing it to swell and form a barrier to water flow. this paper provides the study of the properties of four bentonite to evaluate their quality the study of the properties of four bentonite to evaluate their quality. For this study, the main properties have been tested: water absorption, swelling index, fluid loss, cation exchange capacity and montmorillonite content. In order to optimize the procedure for the characterization of bentonites, correlations between different tests have been done, to identify the most suitable ones. Finally, a compatibility test has been carried out to study the performance of bentonites in water containing a high amount of sales, because in this case, an ion exchange between the interlayer sodium ions of bentonite and cations dissolved in the water can take, resulting in a decrease swell of the bentonite. (Author)

Characterization of sodium bentonites: effect of treatment with ammonium salt- free organic surfactant; Caracterizacao de bentonitas sodicas: efeito do tratamento com surfactante organico livre de sal de amonio

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Morita, R. Y.; Barbosa, R. V.; Kloss, J.R., E-mail: julianaweber@utfpr.edu.br [Universidade Tecnologica Federal do Parana (UTFPR), Curitiba, PR (Brazil). Dartamento de Quimica e Biologia

2015-07-15

Bentonite, which the main clay mineral is montmorillonite, are commercially attractive because of its abundance in nature. The clays can be modified by ion exchange reactions of ions contained in the interlayer region with cationic surfactants that include ammonium or phosphonium salts. The clays origin and the type of surfactants (modifiers) are the main factors in the alteration of physical and chemical properties of these materials. This study aims to characterize and compare the results of natural bentonite commercially available and the effect of treatments with quaternary ammonium salt and an organic compound free of ammonium salt. The FTIR and XRD results indicate the process of organophilization of clays after treatment with the surfactants. These treatments have altered the average particle size, suggesting the formation of agglomerates, which was showed in the SEM images. The results of surface area and particle size data indicated the presence of larger particles. Although the two surfactants have shown similarities in the investigated properties, the organoclays free of ammonium salt are more promising in terms of its use as well as for their preparation and solubility. (author)

Polypropylene/elastomers/organophilic bentonite nanocomposites. Influence of elastomer content on morphology and mechanical properties; Nanocompositos polipropileno/elastomero/bentonita organofilica. Influencia do teor de elastomero na morfologia e propriedades mecanicas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ferreira, K.R.M.; Braga, C.R.C. [Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), PB (Brazil). Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencia e Engenharia de Materiais; Andrade, D.L.A.C.S.; Carvalho, L.H.; Silva, S.M.L., E-mail: suedina@dema.ufcg.edu.b [Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), PB (Brazil). Unidade Academica de Engenharia de Materiais

2010-07-01

In this study, the effect of the elastomer terpolymer ethylene-propylene-diene (EPDM) content on the morphology and mechanical properties of polypropylene PP/EPDM/organophilic bentonite nanocomposite was evaluated. The bentonite, supplied by Bentonit Uniao Nordeste, was purified and organically modified with cetyl trimethyl quaternary ammonium (cetremide) before the incorporation in PP/EPDM blend. The blends with various amounts of EPDM (10, 20, 30 and 40 wt%) and 1 phr of organoclay were prepared by melt-blending at 180 deg C and 50 rpm for 15 min with an internal mixer (Haake). The blends were characterized by X-ray diffraction and mechanical properties (tensile strength). According to the results, we concluded that the content of EPDM affected the morphology and mechanical properties of nanocomposites resulting in improvement in mechanical and morphological properties when a content of 30 wt% of EPDM was used. (author)

Corrosion of several components of the in-situ test performed in a deep geological granite disposal site

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Madina, Virginia; Azkarate, Inaki; Insausti, Mikel

2004-01-01

The corrosion damage experienced by different components in a deep geological disposal in a granite formation has been analysed. This in-situ test is part of the Full-scale Engineered Barriers EXperiment project (FEBEX) carried out in Grimsel (Switzerland). Two heaters, simulating the canister and the heat generated, were installed horizontally inside the guide tubes or liners and surrounded by highly compacted bentonite blocks. Coupons of several candidate metals for manufacturing HLW containers were introduced in these bentonite blocks, as well as sensors in order to monitor different physicochemical parameters during the test. The in- situ test began in July 1996 and in June 2002 one of the heaters, a section of the liner, several corrosion coupons and four sensors were extracted. The studied heater is a carbon steel cylinder with welded lids, with a wall thickness of 100 mm and 4.54 m long. The liner consists of a perforated carbon steel tube, 970 mm in diameter and 15 mm thick. Corrosion coupons were made of carbon steel, stainless steel, titanium, copper and cupronickel alloys. Two extensometer type sensors with an outer protection tube made of austenitic stainless steel were also analysed. Visual inspection of the above mentioned components, optical and scanning electron microscope study, together with EDS and XRD analyses of corrosion products, have been performed in order to analyse the corrosion suffered by these components. This has been complemented with the chemical and microbiological characterisation of bentonite samples. Results obtained in the study indicate a slight generalised corrosion for the heater, liner and corrosion coupons. The low humidity content of the bentonite surrounding the liner and the corrosion coupons, is the responsible of this practical absence of corrosion. The sensors studied show, however, an important corrosion damage. The sulphur rich corrosion products, the presence of Sulphate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) in the bentonite

Colloid and radionuclide retention mechanisms in fractured rock under near-natural flow conditions

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Delos, A.; Schaefer, T.; Geckeis, H.; Guimera, J.; Carrera, J.; Fanghaenel, T.

2005-01-01

Full text of publication follows: Experiments in fractured host rock (Grimsel Test Site, GTS, Switzerland) revealed that the colloid relevance for actinide migration is high due to the specific geochemical groundwater conditions [1]. However, even under such conditions it is found that retention of colloids and colloid-borne actinides becomes significant under near-natural groundwater flow rates (1-10 m/a) [2]. Underlying mechanisms of colloid and radionuclide retention are not well understood up to now. The present study co-funded by the NoE ACTINET-6 focuses on (i) the kinetics of actinide-colloid interactions and (ii) the relevance of matrix diffusion as a competition process to other retention mechanisms which affect the actinides behavior in fractured rock systems such as the Grimsel granodiorite. Colloid migration is studied with well defined model colloids as e.g. fluorescence dyed carboxylated polystyrene particles, and natural colloids extracted from bentonite (FEBEX) and from fracture filling material (GTS). In order to study the influence of matrix porosity on actinides migration, those experiments are performed in columns of well defined geometry filled with microporous unmodified silica spheres, porous ceramic material and natural fracture filling material from the GTS. The behaviour of actinides (Pu(IV) and Am(III)) sorbed onto bentonite colloids is investigated in column and batch experiments. All experiments are performed under anoxic conditions. Colloid characterization methods used in this study include the combination of photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), laser-induced breakdown detection (LIBD), fluorimetry and field flow fractionation (FFF). Experimental results and their application to the parametrisation of reactive colloid transport models are discussed. [1] Geckeis H, Schaefer T, Hauser W, Rabung T, Missana T, Degueldre C, Moeri A, Eikenberg J, Fierz T, Alexander WR (2004) Results of the Colloid and Radionuclide Retention experiment

Influência do cultivo contínuo da cana-de-açúcar em latossolos amarelos coesos do estado de Alagoas: propriedades micromorfológicas

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A. J. N. Silva

1998-09-01

Full Text Available Foram estudados os efeitos do cultivo contínuo da cana-de-açúcar por meio da análise micromorfológica de Latossolos Amarelos argilosos da região dos tabuleiros costeiros do estado de Alagoas, Brasil. Quatro talhões foram selecionados na Usina Caeté, município de São Miguel dos Campos, AL, em janeiro de 1995, sendo um com vegetação nativa (Tn, e os demais cultivados por períodos de dois (T2, dezoito (T18 e vinte e cinco (T25 anos. Os solos foram morfologicamente caracterizados, sendo coletadas amostras indeformadas dos horizontes A, AB e BA de cada perfil, em caixas de Kubiena, para análises micromorfológicas. Foram coletadas amostras para análises de densidade do solo, macroposidade, carbono orgânico e condutividade hidráulica saturada. Os resultados evidenciam que o uso agrícola dos solos causou mudanças na morfologia do horizonte superficial, com o desenvolvimento de um horizonte Ap, com sensível perda de estrutura. Após um evidente impacto negativo nas propriedades físicas com o primeiro plantio da cana-de-açúcar, o manejo adotado promoveu uma recuperação parcial da macroporosidade no horizonte superficial após 18 e 25 anos de cultivo. Além da formação inicial de uma camada compactada nos horizontes Ap e AB, foi observado um adensamento pedogenético natural do solo no BA, acelerado com o cultivo da cana-de-açúcar, pelo preenchimento de poros com argila iluvial. A porosidade total obtida pelo analisador de imagem nas fotografias das lâminas delgadas corrobora uma sensível redução da porosidade no horizonte superficial com a introdução do cultivo. Mostra também que a porosidade do horizonte BA é baixa no perfil com vegetação nativa, comprovando o caráter pedogenético do adensamento desse horizonte. Apesar de não ter sido observado nenhum revestimento nas unidades estruturais em campo, a micromorfologia mostrou pedofeições morfológicas com revestimentos argilosos nos agregados e enchimento de

Compaction and Collapse Characteristics of Dune Sand Stabilized with Lime-Silica Fume Mix

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Mohammed Y. Fattah

2016-04-01

Full Text Available The purpose of this research is to assess the suitability of dune sands as construction materials. Moreover, such a goal is considered beneficial in determining appropriate methods for soil stabilization or ground improvement and to assessing the suitability of dune sands as subgrade layer for carrying roads and rail foundation. Dune sand samples were collected from a region in Baiji area in Salah-Aldeen governorate, North of Iraq. A grey-colored densified silica fume (SF and lime (L are used. Three percentages are used for lime (3%, 6%, and 9%, and four rates are used for silica fume (3%, 6%, 9% and 12% and the maximum percentage of silica fume is mixed with the proportions of lime. Unsoaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR on compacted dune sands treated dune sands with L-SF by mixing and cured for one day. The increasing in CBR ranged between 443 – 707% at 2.54 mm penetration and 345 – 410% at 5.08 mm penetration.     Resumen El propósito de esta investigación es evaluar el uso de arena de dunas como materiales de construcción. Además, este objetivo permite determinar los métodos apropiados para la estabilización del suelo, el mejoramiento del terreno y la evaluación de pertinencia de la arena de dunas en capas subbase para carreteras y cimientos férreos. Se recolectaron muestras de arena de dunas en el área de Baiji, del comisionado Salah-Aldeen, al norte de Irak. Se utilizó vapor de óxido de silicio (SF, en inglés, grisáceo y densificado, y óxido de calcio (L. Se utilizaron tres porcentajes para el óxido de calcio (3 %, 6 % y 9 %, y cuatro para el óxido de silicio (3 %, 6 %,  9% y 12% y el máximo porcentaje del óxido de silicio se mezcló con las proporciones de óxido de calcio. Se realizó en seco el Ensayo de Relación de Soporte de California (del inglés California Bearing Ratio, CBR en arena de dunas compactada y tratada con la mezcla L-SF curada durante un día. El incremento en el ensayo CBR osciló entre 443

Efeito da concentração do amido de milho na liberação de paracetamol de comprimidos Effect of maize starch concentration on in vitro acetaminophen release from tablets

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Ana Dóris de Castro

2003-09-01

Full Text Available Este trabalho avaliou a influência da concentração de amido de milho nas características físicas e na liberação in vitro de paracetamol a partir de comprimidos. Os granulados foram analisados quanto à granulometria e densidades aparentes bruta e compactada e os comprimidos quanto ao peso médio, espessura, dureza, friabilidade, tempo de desintegração. Os comprimidos foram preparados a partir de granulados obtidos por granulação a úmido, utilizando cozimento de amido a 10% como agente granulante, segundo três formulações. Embora os comprimidos obtidos tenham apresentado características dentro dos limites farmacopéicos, os resultados indicam que variações da concentração de amido provocam diferenças nos diversos parâmetros físicos estudados. Concentração mais alta de amido em pó dá origem, provavelmente, à interação entre os componentes da fórmula, interferindo na liberação in vitro do fármaco. Isto demonstra a importância de se otimizar a concentração dos adjuvantes numa formulação de comprimidos, pois, embora uma pequena variação nesta concentração não exerça efeito significativo no tempo de desintegração, a quantidade de fármaco liberado pode ser substancialmente alterada.This paper describes the influence of maize starch concentration on the physical characteristics and on in vitro release of acetaminophen from compressed tablets. The granulates were analyzed in relation to size distribution and bulk and compacted densities, and the tablets in relation to mean weight, thickness, hardness, friability and disintegration time. The tablets were prepared from granulates made by wet granulation with 10% starch paste in three formulations. Although the tablets obtained have presented characteristics in accordance with pharmacopeial limits, the results indicate that variations on starch concentration cause differences on the several physical parameters studied. Higher starch concentration probably

Study and development of nanocomposites PBT/bentonite clay treated by ionizing radiation: preparation and characterization; Estudo e desenvolvimento de nanocompositos PBT/argila bentonita tratados por radiacao ionizante: preparacao e caracterizacao

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Sartori, Mariana do Nascimento

2014-07-01

This work describes the preparation and characterization of composites based on poly (butylene terephthalate) - PBT and brazilian modified clay prepared by the melt intercalation. PBT nanocomposites with 3 and 5 % by weight of organically modified clay, by the addition of a quaternary ammonium salt, were prepared by extrusion using a twin-screw extruder machine. After the extrusion process, the materials were injected to obtain specimens tests samples for the characterization tests. Part of the specimens samples were irradiated using an electron beam accelerator with 1.5 MeV at room temperature in the presence of air. Samples of pure PBT and irradiated and non-irradiated nanocomposites were characterized by mechanical tests of tensile, flexural and impact, heat distortion temperature (HDT), X - ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), melt flow index (MFI) thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the correlation between the properties was discussed. The results showed that the addition of clay, in both percentages, promoted an increase greater than 50 % in tensile strength at break and a gain of around 35% in heat distortion temperature when compared to the pure polymer. The treatment with ionizing radiation of electron beam at the doses used in this study showed no significant changes in material properties. (author)

Influence of natural or organophilic bentonite for flammable of the poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate); Influencia da bentonita natural ou organofilica na inflamabilidade do poli(etileno-co-acetato de vinila)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Heyder, Eduardo T.; Kloss, Juliana R.; Morita, Reinaldo Y., E-mail: yomorita1@gmail.com [Universidade Tecnologica Federal do Parana (UTFPR), Curitiba,PR (Brazil). Departamento de Quimica e Biologia; Caetano, Elenice H.; Andrade, Andre Vitor C. de [Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, PR (Brazil); Barbosa, Ronilson V. [Universidade Federal do Parana (UFPR), Curitiba, PR (Brazil). Departamento de Quimica

2015-07-01

The manufacture polymeric applied in electrical sector in general use additives which act as flame retardants, for example, some borates, phosphates, and halogenated hydroxides. An alternative material for this purpose frequently reported in the literature because the flame resistance or flame retardancy is organoclay. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the flammability of mixtures of EVA/natural bentonite and EVA/organoclay containing modifier as a species free of quaternary ammonium ions. The natural bentonite and organoclay were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy and materials were evaluated by X-ray diffraction and the flammability test. Regarding the combustion rate values, there was a reduction of flame propagation in EVA/natural bentonite (3.0%), showing that in this case the clay without modifier acted as a physical barrier and promoted retardant action of flame. (author)

Estudo do comportamento reológico das argilas bentoníticas de Cubati, Paraíba, Brasil Rheological behavior study of bentonite clays from Cubati, Paraíba, Brazil

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R. R. Menezes

2009-12-01

Full Text Available O estado da Paraíba possui jazidas de bentonitas utilizadas comercialmente para uma vasta gama de setores tecnológicos. No entanto, esses jazimentos estão se exaurindo, após dezenas de anos de exploração. Assim, este trabalho tem por objetivo dar prosseguimento à caracterização de argilas bentoníticas de Cubati, PB, estudando o comportamento reológico das dispersões argila-água de modo avaliar seu desempenho para fluidos de perfuração de poços de petróleo base água. As amostras estudadas foram secas a 60 ºC e determinou-se sua capacidade de troca de cátions. As argilas foram transformadas em sódica por tratamento com Na2CO3 e em seguida realizou-se o estudo do comportamento reológico das dispersões. As viscosidades, aparente e plástica, o volume de filtrado, os parâmetros reológicos do fluido e a sua força gel foram determinados. Os resultados evidenciaram que cada amostra apresenta um teor ótimo de carbonato de sódio e que as dispersões argila-água possuem um comportamento pseudo-plástico e tixotrópico. Duas amostras apresentam potencial para utilização como agentes viscosificantes para fluidos de perfuração.The bentonites of the state of Paraíba, Brazil, are commercially used in numerous technological sectors, particularly in oil drilling muds. However, these bentonite deposits are becoming exhausted due to several years of exploitation. Thus, the aim of this work was continue the characterization of the bentonites from Cubati, Paraíba, studying the rheological behavior of water-clay suspensions, evaluating their viability to be used in oil drilling muds. The samples were dried at 60 ºC and, their cation exchange capacity was determined. The natural bentonite clays were transformed in sodium bentonite by addition of concentrated Na2CO3 solution, then the suspensions rheological study was performed. The apparent and plastic viscosities, water loss, rheological parameters and the gel force were determined

Comportamento termomecânico de compósitos ativos preparados com nanocompósitos epóxi/argila organofílica e fios de liga Ni-Ti com memória de forma Thermomechanical behavior of active composites prepared with epoxy/organoclay nanocomposites and Ni-Ti shape memory alloy wires

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Artur S. C. Leal

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Neste trabalho, nanocompósitos epóxi/argila organofílica foram selecionados como matriz por apresentarem valores de temperatura de transição vítrea (Tg e estabilidade térmica suficientemente alta para que fios de uma liga com memória de forma (LMF possam ser incorporados. Para tanto, quatro frações volumétricas de fios LMF de Ni-Ti (1,55, 2,56, 3,57 e 4,54% foram embebidas na matriz epoxídica diglicidil éter do bisfenol-A (DGEBA, reticulada com a amina aromática 4,4’-diamino difenil sulfona (DDS contendo 1 pcr da argila bentonita purificada organofiliada (APOC. A formação do nanocompósito foi confirmada por análise de difração de raio X, enquanto a transformação de fase dos fios de Ni-Ti foi determinada por análise dinâmico-mecânica (DMA. As amostras dos compósitos ativos preparados a partir da matriz de nanocompósito e fios de Ni-Ti foram caracterizadas principalmente por DMA. De acordo com os resultados obtidos foi constatada uma recuperação do módulo de armazenamento do compósito ativo durante o aquecimento na faixa de transformação de fase dos fios de Ni-Ti quando a fração volumétrica foi mantida em torno de 3,5%.In this work, epoxy/organoclay nanocomposites were selected as matrix for presenting high enough glass transition temperature (Tg and thermal stability values in order to be incorporated in shape memory alloys (SMA. Four volume fractions of SMA wires containing Ni-Ti (1.55, 2.56, 3.57 and 4.54% were embedded in diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA, cured with the aromatic amine 4,4’-diamino diphenyl sulfone (DDS and containing 1 phr of purified organobentonite (APOC. The formation of nanocomposite was confirmed by X ray diffraction analysis, while the phase transformation of Ni-Ti wires was determined by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA. Samples of the active composites prepared from nanocomposite matrix and Ni-Ti wires were mainly characterized by DMA. A recovery of the storage modulus of

Integrated programme of research into the behaviour of the clay engineered barrier: an example from Nagra's Grimsel test site

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Biggin, C.; Alexander, R.; Kickmaier, W.; McKinley, I.G.

2003-01-01

Many designs for the disposal of higher activity radioactive wastes include bentonite clay as part of the engineered barrier system (EBS). Generally, the EBS is characterised by the use of large quantities of rather simple, well-understood materials, leading to increased confidence in the predicted long-term behaviour of the EBS (see, for example, Alexander and McKinley, 1999). Despite this, several open questions remain and some of these are being examined at Nagra's Grimsel Test Site (GTS) in the central Swiss Alps as part of an integrated, international study programme (GTS Phase V: see www.grimsel.com for details). Three specific projects within GTS Phase V are currently investigating the performance assessment (PA) implications of the behaviour of bentonite in the EBS. In the first, demonstration of the overall practicability of the Spanish reference disposal concept (where canisters are placed horizontally in bentonite backfilled tunnels) for high level waste (HLW) is amongst the goals of ENRESA's Full-scale Engineered Barrier EXperiment (FEBEX). In the second, RWMC are examining the potential effects of gas migration through a bentonite-sand mixture surrounding a concrete silo in the Japanese concept for intermediate level waste (ILW) in a large-scale EBS experiment (GMT, Gas Migration Test). Finally, Nagra, in the CRR (Colloid and Radionuclide Retardation) project, is investigating the effects of bentonite colloids on migration of radionuclides at the EBS / geosphere boundary, where bentonite colloids could be produced by erosion of the bentonite backfill. Although all three projects have produced significant advances in the understanding of the behaviour of the clay EBS under in situ conditions, they are based on first generation conceptual designs and so, in the planned Phase VI of the GTS, it is proposed to move on and consider more optimised EBS designs and emplacement techniques. To facilitate integration, the focus of Phase VI will be narrowed to

DECOVALEX III PROJECT. Mathematical Models of Coupled Thermal-Hydro-Mechanical Processes for Nuclear Waste Repositories. Executive Summary

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Jing, L.; Stephansson, O. [Royal Inst. of Technology, Stockholm (Sweden). Engineering Geology; Tsang, C.F. [Lawrence Berkely National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA (United States). Earth Science Div.; Mayor, J.C. [ENRESA, Madrid (Spain); Kautzky, F. [Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate, Stockholm (Sweden)] (eds.)

2005-02-15

DECOVALEX is an international consortium of governmental agencies associated with the disposal of high-level nuclear waste in a number of countries. The consortium's mission is the DEvelopment of COupled models and their VALidation against EXperiments. Hence the acronym/name DECOVALEX. Currently, agencies from Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Japan, Spain, Switzerland, Sweden, United Kingdom, and the United States are in DECOVALEX. Emplacement of nuclear waste in a repository in geologic media causes a number of physical processes to be intensified in the surrounding rock mass due to the decay heat from the waste. The four main processes of concern are thermal, hydrological, mechanical and chemical. Interactions or coupling between these heat-driven processes must be taken into account in modeling the performance of the repository for such modeling to be meaningful and reliable. DECOVALEX III is organized around four tasks. The FEBEX (Full-scale Engineered Barriers EXperiment) in situ experiment being conducted at the Grimsel site in Switzerland is to be simulated and analyzed in Task 1. Task 2, centered around the Drift Scale Test (DST) at Yucca Mountain in Nevada, USA, has several sub-tasks (Task 2A, Task 2B, Task 2C and Task 2D) to investigate a number of the coupled processes in the DST. Task 3 studies three benchmark problems: a) the effects of thermal-hydrologic-mechanical (THM) coupling on the performance of the near-field of a nuclear waste repository (BMT1); b) the effect of upscaling THM processes on the results of performance assessment (BMT2); and c) the effect of glaciation on rock mass behavior (BMT3). Task 4 is on the direct application of THM coupled process modeling in the performance assessment of nuclear waste repositories in geologic media. This executive summary presents the motivation, structure, objectives, approaches, and the highlights of the main achievements and outstanding issues of the tasks studied in the DECOVALEX III project

DECOVALEX III PROJECT. Mathematical Models of Coupled Thermal-Hydro-Mechanical Processes for Nuclear Waste Repositories. Executive Summary

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jing, L.; Stephansson, O.; Kautzky, F.

2005-02-01

DECOVALEX is an international consortium of governmental agencies associated with the disposal of high-level nuclear waste in a number of countries. The consortium's mission is the DEvelopment of COupled models and their VALidation against EXperiments. Hence the acronym/name DECOVALEX. Currently, agencies from Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Japan, Spain, Switzerland, Sweden, United Kingdom, and the United States are in DECOVALEX. Emplacement of nuclear waste in a repository in geologic media causes a number of physical processes to be intensified in the surrounding rock mass due to the decay heat from the waste. The four main processes of concern are thermal, hydrological, mechanical and chemical. Interactions or coupling between these heat-driven processes must be taken into account in modeling the performance of the repository for such modeling to be meaningful and reliable. DECOVALEX III is organized around four tasks. The FEBEX (Full-scale Engineered Barriers EXperiment) in situ experiment being conducted at the Grimsel site in Switzerland is to be simulated and analyzed in Task 1. Task 2, centered around the Drift Scale Test (DST) at Yucca Mountain in Nevada, USA, has several sub-tasks (Task 2A, Task 2B, Task 2C and Task 2D) to investigate a number of the coupled processes in the DST. Task 3 studies three benchmark problems: a) the effects of thermal-hydrologic-mechanical (THM) coupling on the performance of the near-field of a nuclear waste repository (BMT1); b) the effect of upscaling THM processes on the results of performance assessment (BMT2); and c) the effect of glaciation on rock mass behavior (BMT3). Task 4 is on the direct application of THM coupled process modeling in the performance assessment of nuclear waste repositories in geologic media. This executive summary presents the motivation, structure, objectives, approaches, and the highlights of the main achievements and outstanding issues of the tasks studied in the DECOVALEX III project. The

ANÁLISE DA CORRELAÇÃO ENTRE AS VARIÁVEIS DE DENSIFICAÇÃO DO COMPACTADOR GIRATÓRIO SUPERPAVE E A RESISTÊNCIA À DEFORMAÇÃO PERMANENTE EM MISTURAS ASFÁLTICAS CONVENCIONAIS E COM UTILIZAÇÃO DE RESÍDUOS

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Felipe Coutinho Onofre

2011-09-01

Full Text Available

Quando se comparam as metodologias de dosagem Superpave e Marshall de misturas asfálticas, uma das vantagens da primeira é a obtenção do gráfico de compactação. Tem sido verificado para misturas densas e contínuas do tipo Concreto Asfáltico (CA que determinadas áreas observadas nesse gráfico podem diferenciar estas misturas quanto à trabalhabilidade e à resistência à deformação permanente. No presente estudo, os parâmetros Compaction Densification Index (CDI e Traffic Densification Index (TDI foram utilizados como indicadores da compactabilidade. Desenvolveu-se um estudo de correlação entre estas variáveis e a resistência à deformação permanente de misturas asfálticas. Foram avaliadas três misturas asfálticas contendo: (i apenas agregados graníticos, (ii 50% de agregados graníticos e 50% de escória de aciaria e (iii 50% de agregados graníticos e 50% de Resíduo de Construção e Demolição (RCD. As variáveis escolhidas para determinação da resistência à deformação permanente foram o ensaio uniaxial de carga repetida (amostras compactadas para dois percentuais de Volume de vazios e o ensaio com um simulador de tráfego do tipo LCPC. Foi utilizado também o Processamento Digital de Imagens (PDI para a determinação da esfericidade dos agregados estudados, propriedade que influencia na resistência à deformação permanente. Os resultados indicam que as variáveis CDI e TDI podem ser usadas como parâmetros de estudo para prever a resistência à deformação permanente, mesmo para misturas com utilização de resíduos. A caracterização pela técnica do PDI mostrou que o agregado de origem granítica possui uma forma menos próxima a uma esfera em relação aos res

Hastes instrumentadas para a mensuração da resistência mecânica do solo Instrumented shanks for soil mechanical resistance measurements

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Viacheslav I. Adamchuk

2006-04-01

Full Text Available A presença de camada de solo compactada pode significar sérios problemas ao desenvolvimento do sistema radicular das culturas em geral. A correção pode ser feita por métodos biológicos ou mecânicos. Uma das formas de diagnóstico da sua presença é com o uso de penetrômetros que exigem tempo considerável para a obtenção de dados. Com o advento dos recursos de espacialização das informações na forma de mapas, a necessidade de amostragem passou a ser ainda maior. Este trabalho reporta a busca de uma solução alternativa ao uso do penetrômetro. Envolve a geração de mapas de resistência mecânica do solo ao deslocamento de uma haste em três profundidades, baseado em três hastes instrumentadas, um receptor de GPS e um sistema de aquisição de dados. O sistema é acoplado a uma barra porta-ferramenta montada no engate de três pontos do trator. A configuração mostrou ser mecanicamente bastante simples e confiável. Dados de um teste inicial em campo demonstraram que o sistema pode produzir mapas que denotam a variabilidade espacial da referida resistência nas áreas amostradas, com alta resolução, densidade de amostragem elevada e com capacidade operacional ainda mais elevada se comparada com levantamentos feitos com métodos convencionais.The presence of soil compaction may be considered a serious problem for the development of crop root systems. It can be alleviated by biological or mechanical methods (such as tillage. One of the most popular diagnostic methods is based on standardized cone penetrometer measurements, which requires a considerable amount of time to obtain the data. With the advent of site-specific field management, high-density measurements have become a necessity. This work reports on an alternative approach to use a cone penetromenter. It involves the generation of maps of soil mechanical resistance at three depths using three instrumented blades, a GPS receiver and a data logger. The system is attached

Soil compaction and eucalyptus growth in response to forwarder traffic intensity and load Compactação do solo e crescimento de eucalipto influenciados pela intensidade de tráfego e carga de um forwarder

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Sérgio Ricardo da Silva

2008-06-01

tree height were not affected by soil compaction. Two passes of the forwarder were enough to cause the disturbances at the highest levels. The compaction effects were still persistent 441 days after forwarder traffic.Em povoamentos florestais, durante a retirada de madeira, as máquinas trafegam numa mesma linha várias vezes, o que pode causar a compactação do solo e, como conseqüência, facilitar o processo erosivo e dificultar o crescimento de raízes. O grau de compactação, além do número de passadas da máquina, pode também ser afetado pelo peso de madeira transportado. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a compactação do solo e o crescimento de eucalipto de acordo com a intensidade de trânsito e a carga de madeira de um forwarder. O estudo foi realizado no município de Santa Maria de Itabira, MG, em um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (LVA oxídico-gibbsítico. Um povoamento de eucalipto com sete anos de idade foi abatido por motosserra, sendo a madeira retirada da área manualmente. Em seguida, demarcaram-se parcelas de quatro entrelinhas de árvores com 12 m de comprimento (espaçamento 3 x 2 m, com área de 144 m² cada. Dois ensaios foram feitos. No primeiro, testou-se o efeito da intensidade de trânsito, no qual um forwarder, com tara de 11.900 kg, foi carregado com 12 m³ de madeira (densidade de 480 kg m-3 e dirigido sobre a mesma entrelinha por 0, 2, 4 e 8 vezes. No segundo, o forwarder recebeu cargas correspondentes a 4, 8 e 12 m³ de madeira e dirigido quatro vezes sobre a mesma entrelinha. Em cada parcela, quatro entrelinhas foram compactadas pelas rodas. Foi realizado o plantio de eucalipto em covas de 30 x 30 x 30 cm, abertas sobre as trilhas compactadas. O teor de carbono orgânico total (COT era de 406 e 272 g kg-1 e a umidade atual do solo era de 248 e 249 g kg-1 nas camadas de 0-5 e 5-10 cm de profundidade, respectivamente. O teor de argila era de 470 e de areia 440 g kg-1. As avaliações realizadas após a aplicação dos

Chemical interaction of tetravalent actinides simulators and the engineering barrier

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chain, Pablo; Alba, Maria D.; Castro, Miguel A.; Pavon, Esperanza; Mar Orta, M.

2010-01-01

simulator with the engineering barrier at conditions close to those of the repository. The methodology used consists in the hydrothermal treatment of different natural bentonites, including FEBEX and MX-80 bentonites, with aqueous solutions of the mentioned tetravalent lanthanide elements at subcritical conditions. The reaction products have been analysed with the help of X-ray diffraction, MAS-NMR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that after the hydrothermal reaction two new phases containing zirconium have been formed, ZrSiO 4 and ZrO 2 , and their ratio depend on the nature of the bentonite. It demonstrates that the already explored chemical interaction between trivalent radionuclides and bentonite barrier is also possible with the tetravalent radionuclides. (authors)

Interface and internal compatibility in a copper fibre cement composite

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Kittl, P.

1993-09-01

Full Text Available This paper presents the mechanical behaviour of a compacted composite formed by short ductile copper fibres randomly distributed in portland cement matrix. The samples, a half with fibres and the other without them, were subjected to compression fatigue. So, 1 hertz and the value of stress corresponding to the 1% of the probability of fracture by gradual load were used. Diagrams of cumulative probability of fracture against cycles are obtained for both types of samples. Scanning electron microscopy shows that the mechanisms of fracture are different in each case. Samples of compacted neat-cement paste finish their life with a catastrophic fracture whereas samples of composite behave like a pseudoductile material devoid of catastrophic failure. The results are discussed and compared with the ones obtained by thermal shock and by the interface brittleness theory, as well as with the statistical theory of time-dependent fracture for cementitious materials subjected to cyclic loading. So, in the thermal shock microcracks are generated in the interface matrix-fibre which simultaneously act as emmitings and sumps of cracks whereas this does not occur in mechanical fatigue.

Este trabajo presenta el comportamiento mecánico de un compuesto fabricado por compactación y constituido por fibras de cobre distribuidas aleatoriamente en una matriz de cemento portland. Las muestras, la mitad con fibras y la otra sin ellas, se sometieron a fatiga por compresión. El ciclo de carga fue de 1 hertz y la carga aplicada aquella correspondiente a la tensión asociada a un 1% de probabilidad de fractura cuando la carga se aplica gradualmente. Para ambos tipos de muestras se graficaron los diagramas de probabilidad acumulativa de fractura en función del número de ciclos. Con microscopía electrónica de barrido se observó que el mecanismo de fractura es diferente para cada tipo de muestras. Aquellas de pasta pura de cemento compactada terminaron su ciclo de

RELAÇÃO ENTRE DENSIDADE DO SOLO E CONTEÚDO DE ÁGUA EM REPETIDOS CICLOS DE CONTRAÇÃO E EXPANSÃO EM UM LATOSSOLO

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Paulo Ivonir Gubiani

2015-02-01

Full Text Available A compactação do solo é uma consequência indesejável do uso agrícola do solo, sobretudo em sistemas de cultivo com mínimo revolvimento do solo, como é o caso do plantio direto (PD. Contudo, a compactação que o tráfego de máquinas causa no solo sob PD não inviabiliza a produção das culturas, indicando que mecanismos intrínsecos a ele promovem reversão da compactação. Neste estudo, avaliou-se a influência de ciclos de contração e expansão sobre a densidade do solo (ρ de um Latossolo Vermelho argiloso (0,57 kg kg-1 de argila e 0,12 kg kg-1 de areia e a mudança temporal da ρ no campo. Amostras de solo foram compactadas no laboratório até atingirem ρ de 1464 kg m-3 e submetidas a cinco ciclos de contração (secagem ao ar e expansão (saturação. Durante a contração, foi monitorado o conteúdo gravimétrico de água e a ρ. A ρ foi medida também no campo, nos anos de 2010, 2011 e 2013. O decréscimo do conteúdo de água nas amostras provocou aumento da ρ conforme uma função sigmoide com duas assíntotas, e o aumento da ρ foi expressivo em conteúdos de água menores que o do ponto de murcha permanente (1,5 MPa. Embora tenha havido aumento da ρ durante a contração, os sucessivos eventos de contração e expansão reduziram gradativamente a ρ de 1713 para 1570 kg m-3 (final da contração, e de 1464 para 1385 kg m-3 (próximo à saturação. Em solo compactado no campo também foi verificado a variação decrescente de ρ (de 1406 para 1327 kg m-3 a uma taxa de -26 kg m-3 ano-1. Concluiu-se que a diminuição do grau de compactação no campo está ligada em grande parte ao mesmo mecanismo que diminuiu o grau de compactação das amostras no laboratório. Assim, no solo usado neste estudo, a contração e expansão conseguiram reverter grande parte da compactação que o tráfego de máquinas causa nele.

Propriedades físicas do solo e crescimento de raízes de milho em um argissolo vermelho sob tráfego controlado de máquinas

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Michael Mazurana

2013-10-01

Full Text Available O desempenho das funções do solo pode ser influenciado pela compactação imposta pelo manejo inadequado. Algumas propriedades físicas do solo são tomados como indicadores da presença de camadas compactadas, as quais podem interferir no desenvolvimento radicular de culturas. Práticas agrícolas, como o uso de plantas de cobertura, que melhoram as propriedades do solo, podem mitigar problemas relacionados à compactação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar propriedades físicas de solo e de plantas, estas cultivadas em condições controladas. Em um Argissolo Vermelho sob sistema plantio direto consolidado com dois manejos de cobertura de inverno (pousio e aveia + ervilhaca e tráfego controlado de máquinas [sem tráfego (ST, antes do tráfego (AT e depois do tráfego (DT], avaliaram-se a pressão de pré-consolidação, a resistência do solo à penetração, a densidade do solo, a porosidade e o diâmetro médio ponderado de agregados. Amostras indeformadas de solo das condições antes e depois do tráfego foram coletadas em vasos de PVC e acondicionadas em casa de vegetação, nos quais foram semeadas três sementes de milho, e cultivadas durante 25 dias sob diferentes condições de disponibilidade hídrica. Após esse período, determinaram-se a área foliar, massa verde e seca da parte aérea e massa úmida e seca das raízes de plantas de milho. A densidade do solo independentemente da camada avaliada não foi influenciada pela condição de cobertura do solo, mas sim pela condição de tráfego. Já a macroporosidade foi influenciada pelo tráfego no sistema pousio até 0,10 m, indicando ter esse sistema menor capacidade de suportar perturbações, comprovado pelos menores valores de pressão de pré-consolidação. A resistência do solo à penetração aumentou em profundidade, estando relacionada à maior densidade, menor macroporosidade e maior pressão de pré-consolidação. Sem restrição hídrica, o crescimento

Desempenho de perus de corte alimentados com níveis crescentes de aflatoxinas, com ou sem adição de adsorvente Turkey performance fed with increasing aflatoxins levels, with or without adsorvent inclusion

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Janio Morais Santurio

1998-03-01

Full Text Available Este trabalho foi realizado durante o verão de 1995/96 com o objetivo de determinar o nível de aflatoxinas (AFL capaz de causar prejuízos no desempenho de perus de corte criados sob condições ambientais de baixo desafio, bem como avaliar a eficácia da adição de bentonita sódica natural (BSN como um adsorvente. Foram utilizados 1008 perus de corte, alojados em 84 boxes seguindo um delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com 14 tratamentos distribuídos em um arranjo fatorial 7x2, sendo 7 níveis de adição de AFL, (0, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000 e 2000ppb e 2 níveis de adição de BSN (0 e 0,5%. Aos 21 dias de idade, as aves alimentadas com as dietas sem adição de BSN mostraram uma redução significativa (PThis experiment was carried out in the 1995/96 summer to determine the aflatoxin (AFL levels ability to decrease turkey performance raised under excellent environmental conditions and also to avaluate a natural sodium bentonite (NSB efficiency as an adsorbent. One thousand and eight poults were housed in 84 floor pens following a randomized complete block design with 14 treatments arranged in a 7x2 factorial, with 7 AFL levels (0, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000 and 2000ppb and 2 NSB levels (0 and 0.5%. At 21 days of age the birds fed without NSB showed body weight gain (BWG and feed intake (FI reduction (P<0.05 from 500ppb or more of AFL, whereas the birds fed with NSB showed BWG and FI reduction (P<0.05 only from 1000ppb or more of AFL. These same results were observed at 40 days of age, but at 70 days, the BWG and FI reduction was statistically significant (P<0.05 from 500ppb or more of AFL, with or without NSB inclusion. In general, birds fed with NSB had about 15 to 20% less BWG and FI reduction than birds fed without NSB. The feed conversion (FC was less affected by AFL levels, although it worsened with increasing AFL levels. AFL have greatly affected the mortality rate. At 21 days of age the birds fed with 1000 and 2000pbb of

Tratamiento de salmueras de fermentación de aceitunas verdes

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Garrido Fernández, A.

1992-10-01

de polisulfona de 1.000 daltons de corte molecular es lo más adecuado, trabajando a una presión de 18 bars. Un pretratamiento con bentonita (2 g/l, temperatura entre 30 y 45°G y la menor concentración inicial de polifenoles y sólidos en suspensión aumentan el rendimiento de forma considerable. En principio, un estudio económico aproximado de costes indica que la regeneración por cualquiera de los dos sistemas daría una salmuera regenerada a un precio algo inferior al obtenido al preparar el líquido de gobierno para envasar a partir de sus componentes.

Effect of thermo-coupled processes on the behaviour of a clay barrier submitted to heating and hydration

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Marcelo Sánchez

2010-03-01

interagem entre si de maneira bastante complexa. Um bom entendimento dos tópicos em acoplamento THM é portanto necessário para assegurar a boa performance das barreiras de engenharia. As condições da bentonita em uma barreira de engenharia para o armazenamento do lixo nuclear foram simuladas em um teste de calor experimental nas premissas do CIEMAT em Madrid. A evolução das variáveis que governam o acoplamento termo-hidro-mecânico neste teste são analisadas neste artigo utilizando uma formulação totalmente acoplada juntamente com o código computacional de elementos finitos. Ênfase especial é dada ao estudo do escoamento termo-osmótico na hidratação da barreira argilosa no estágio avançado do experimento.

Sinterização e propriedades mecânicas do compósito Y-TZP/Al2O3 Sintering and mechanical properties of the Y-TZP/Al2O3 composites

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L. H. P. Teixeira

2007-09-01

Full Text Available Foi estudado o efeito da adição de Al2O3 nas propriedades de cerâmicas à base de ZrO2 tetragonal estabilizada com ítria (Y-TZP visando sua aplicação como material dentário. Amostras contendo 0, 10, 20 e 30% em peso de Al2O3 foram compactadas por prensagem uniaxial a frio (80 MPa e em seguida sinterizadas ao ar a 1500, 1550 e 1600 °C por 120 min. Os efeitos destas condições de sinterização nas propriedades dos materiais foram analisados por difração de raios X e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. As propriedades mecânicas de dureza e tenacidade à fratura foram determinadas, utilizando-se o método de indentação Vickers. Além disso, algumas amostras foram submetidas a ensaio de flexão em 4 pontos. Cerâmicas de elevada densidade relativa foram obtidas, com dureza variando entre 13,4 e 15,8 GPa, dependendo da quantidade de Al2O3 adicionada à matriz de ZrO2. Por outro lado, não foi verificada uma influencia significativa da adição de Al2O3 na tenacidade à fratura, que apresentou valores próximos de 8 MPa.m½, em quase todas as situações. A boa dureza, a elevada tenacidade à fratura, a boa resistência à fratura (sigmaf = 685 MPa e o módulo de Weibull (m=11 apresentados pelos materiais com adições de 20% de Al2O3, indicam a confiabilidade do compósito como um potencial biomaterial para uso na implantodontia.In this work, the influence of Al2O3 addition on the tetragonal ZrO2 ceramic properties was studied, aiming the use of this ceramic as dental materials. Samples containing 0, 10, 20 e 30 wt.% were cold pressed (80 MPa, and sintered in air, at 1500, 1550 e 1600 °C, for 120 min. The effects of the sintering conditions were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Hardness and fracture toughness were determined by Vicker's indentation method. Furthermore, samples were submitted to the 4 point bending test. Dense ceramics were obtained, with hardness values varying around 13.4 and 15.8 GPa

Efecto del porcentaje de refuerzo frente al desgaste en compuestos de matriz metálica sinterizados con descarga luminiscente anormal

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Pérez-Velásquez, Sandra

2016-03-01

Full Text Available In this study an analysis of the behavior of dry wear coefficient of a Metal Matrix Composite (MMC in 316 stainless steel reinforced with particles of titanium carbide (TiC according to ASTM G 99 standards, in a pin-on-disk test. In this research it is tested the effect of the percentage of reinforcement in the MMC manufactured with 3, 6 y 9% (vol. of TiC, in samples compacted at 800 MPa, generating different values of grain size, hardness and density, they are sintered with abnormal glow discharge, at a temperature of 1200 °C ±5 °C, with a protection atmosphere H2 – N2 and a permanence time of 30 minutes. According to the results obtained it is concluded that the best condition for the MMC manufacturing, in relation to the reinforcement percentage, is the one obtained when the mixture contains 6% of TiC compacted at 800 MPa. In these conditions, it was obtained: achieving smaller grain size, the greater hardness and the lowest coefficient of friction. In this respect, it was observed that the incorporation of the ceramic particles (TiC in a matrix of austenitic steel (316 shows significant improvements in the resistance to the wear.En este estudio se muestra un análisis del comportamiento del coeficiente de desgaste en seco de compuestos de matriz metálica (MMC, base acero inoxidable 316 reforzado con partículas de carburo de titanio (TiC de acuerdo con la norma ASTM G 99–05 en un tribómetro para la realización de ensayos de desgaste mediante el contacto y rozamiento de dos materiales entre sí, uno en forma de disco y otro en forma de varilla o bola (pin-on-disk. En el estudio se evalúa el efecto que tiene el porcentaje de refuerzo en los MMC fabricados con 3, 6 y 9% (vol. de TiC, en muestras compactadas a 800 MPa, dando lugar a diferentes valores de tamaño de grano, dureza y densidad, los cuales son sinterizados por medio de descarga luminiscente anormal, a una temperatura de 1200 °C ±5 °C, con atmósfera de protección de H2

Crescimento de plantas de cajueiro anão precoce influenciado pela compactação e temperatura do solo

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P. K. B. Oliveira

2003-02-01

Full Text Available Atribui-se ao uso de práticas culturais inadequadas uma das causas da redução drástica dos níveis de produtividade e produção da cultura do caju no nordeste brasileiro. A eliminação periódica da cobertura vegetal e o tráfego de máquinas e implementos condicionam temperaturas e densidade de solo que podem comprometer o crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas, o que é mais preocupante ainda, considerando a textura arenosa dos solos cultivados e as condições climáticas da região. A partir destas constatações, desenvolveu-se o presente trabalho, com vistas em fornecer indicativos capazes de permitir uma avaliação dos efeitos das condições de solo e clima, objetivando identificar o comportamento de plantas de cajueiro anão precoce, submetidas a diferentes níveis de compactação e temperatura de solo, como meio de testar a hipótese de que níveis crescentes destes fatores podem reduzir seu crescimento. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido em condições controladas, utilizando colunas de solo em tubos de PVC, nas quais se adicionou o Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo eutrófico típico. Submeteram-se estas colunas a dois níveis de temperatura do solo, um com as colunas de solo isoladas com folhas de isopor pintadas na cor alumínio (tratamento isolado-TI, e o outro, com colunas não isoladas, mas com os tubos de PVC pintados na cor preta, para maior absorção de luz (tratamento não isolado-TNI. Os níveis de densidade a que foram ajustadas as camadas compactadas da coluna de solo foram 1,2; 1,3; 1,4; 1,5; 1,6 e 1,7 Mg m-3, sendo o restante da coluna a 1,3 Mg m-3. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo fatorial 6 x 2 (seis níveis de compactação e dois níveis de temperatura, com três repetições. Após o período de 12 meses de cultivo das plantas, a parte aérea foi colhida, determinando-se matéria seca da parte aérea, altura da planta, diâmetro do caule e número de

Study of mechanical, rheological and thermal properties of nanocomposite HMSPP (high melt strength polypropylene) with Brazilian bentonite; Estudo das propriedades mecanicas, reologicas e termicas de nanocomposito de HMSPP (polipropileno com alta resistencia do fundido) com uma bentonita brasileira

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Fermino, Danilo Marin

2011-07-01

This work concerns to the study of the mechanical, thermal and rheological behavior of the nano composite HMSPP - Polypropylene High Melt Strength (obtained at a dose of 12.5 kGy) and a bentonite clay Brazilian Paraiba, known as 'Chocolate' in concentrations of 5 and 10% by weight, comparison of to one American Clay, Cloisite 20A nanocomposite was done. Agent compatibilizer polypropylene-graft, known as maleic anhydride (PP-g-AM) was addict 3% concentration thought technique melt intercalation using a twin-screw extruder and the specimens were prepared by injection process. The mechanical behavior was evaluated by strength, flexural strength and impact tests. The thermal behavior was evaluated by the techniques of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TGM). The rheological behavior was evaluated in rheometer. The morphology of the nanocomposites was studied by the technique of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The organophilic bentonite and the nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared (FTIR). (author)

Study of mechanical, rheological and thermal properties of nanocomposite HMSPP (high melt strength polypropylene) with Brazilian bentonite; Estudo das propriedades mecanicas, reologicas e termicas de nanocomposito de HMSPP (polipropileno com alta resistencia do fundido) com uma bentonita brasileira

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Fermino, Danilo Marin

2011-07-01

This work concerns to the study of the mechanical, thermal and rheological behavior of the nano composite HMSPP - Polypropylene High Melt Strength (obtained at a dose of 12.5 kGy) and a bentonite clay Brazilian Paraiba, known as 'Chocolate' in concentrations of 5 and 10% by weight, comparison of to one American Clay, Cloisite 20A nanocomposite was done. Agent compatibilizer polypropylene-graft, known as maleic anhydride (PP-g-AM) was addict 3% concentration thought technique melt intercalation using a twin-screw extruder and the specimens were prepared by injection process. The mechanical behavior was evaluated by strength, flexural strength and impact tests. The thermal behavior was evaluated by the techniques of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TGM). The rheological behavior was evaluated in rheometer. The morphology of the nanocomposites was studied by the technique of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The organophilic bentonite and the nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared (FTIR). (author)

Obtenção de argilas organofílicas purificadas através de tensoativos iônicos e não iônicos visando uso em fluidos de perfuração base óleo Getting purified organoclays by ionic and non-ionic surfactant aiming use in oil based drilling fluids

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J. M. R. Costa

2012-12-01

Full Text Available Em perfurações de petróleo sensíveis ao contato com água, torna-se necessária a utilização de fluidos de perfuração base óleo. Nestes casos, utilizam-se argilas organofílicas, que são obtidas a partir de argilas bentoníticas purificadas e tratadas com a adição de tensoativos. A utilização do hidrociclone pode representar uma ferramenta eficiente e de custo acessível para purificar argilas naturais em escala industrial. Este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar a purificação de argilas bentoníticas utilizando-se um hidrociclone, visando o desenvolvimento de argilas organofílicas para uso em fluidos de perfuração base óleo. As caracterizações das amostras das argilas estudadas - Brasgel PA e Chocolate - foram efetuadas por meio das técnicas: análise granulométrica por difração de laser, difração de raios X (DRX e análise química por fluorescência de raios X. A caracterização das argilas organofílicas obtidas foi efetuada por meio dos seguintes métodos: DRX e por uma modificação do inchamento de Foster. Os resultados mostram que o processo de purificação foi eficiente na redução de impurezas presentes na bentonita e que a argila organofílica purificada tratada com Praepagen WB e Imidazolina Oléica Vegetal apresenta valores de inchamento de Foster em éster, óleo diesel e parafina superiores aos obtidos com argilas organofílicas sem purificação (natural, e evidenciando maior afinidade com o tensoativo Praepagen WB.Oil drilling in sensitive contact with water, becomes required the use of oil base drilling fluids. In these cases, organoclays are used, which are made from clay bentonite purified and treated with surfactants addition. The use of the hydrocyclone can be a effective tool and affordable for purifying clays in industrial scale. This work aims to study the purification of clays bentonite using a hydrocyclone, aiming to develop organoclays for use in oil base drilling fluids. The

Desenvolvimento de filmes de nananocompósitos polipropileno/argila organofílica para embalagens Development of polypropylene/organoclay nanocomposite films for packaging

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Arthur R. A. Araújo

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Neste trabalho foram preparados filmes de nanocompósitos de polipropileno (PP contendo 1% em massa de bentonita modificada organicamente com tecnologia nacional (APO. Polipropileno enxertado com anidrido maleico (PP-g-AM e copolímero de etileno e álcool vinílico (EVOH foram utilizados como agentes compatibilizantes. Os nanocompósitos foram preparados através da intercalação no estado fundido em extrusora de filme plano. A influência do tipo e do teor de compatibilizante e do tipo de polipropileno, na morfologia, propriedades mecânicas e de barreira ao vapor d'água dos referidos filmes foi investigada. Os dados de difração de raio X evidenciam que apesar da morfologia dos nanocompósitos ter sido afetada pelo tipo de compatibilizante, esta praticamente não variou com o teor de compatibilizante utilizado. As morfologias e as propriedades de barreira ao vapor d'água dos nanocompósitos preparados com os polipropilenos PP H401 e PP H07D-00 são semelhantes. Entretanto, aqueles preparados com PP H07D-00 apresentaram melhores propriedades mecânicas, excetuando a resistência da termossoldagem à tração, do que os preparados com a matriz polimérica PP H401, e a transparência dos nanocompósitos preparados com PP H07D-00 foi idêntica à da matriz polimérica sem argila. Os resultados indicam que os filmes de nanocompósitos PP H07D-00 compatibilizados com 15% de PP-g-AM e contendo 1% de argila organofílica APO podem ser promissores para aplicação em embalagens.This work deals with polypropylene (PP nanocomposite films containing 1 wt. (% bentonite clay organically modified with national technology (APO. Maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MA and ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH were used as compatibilizing agents. Nanocomposites were prepared by melt intercalation in a flat film extruder. An investigation was made of the influence from the type and content of compatibilizer and type of polypropylene on the morphology

Influência da imersão em água na resistência mecânica de misturas solo-grits compactadas e curadas com vistas a aplicações em estradas florestais Influence of water submersion on the mechanical strength of compacted and cured soil-grits mixtures for forest roads applications

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Reginaldo Sérgio Pereira

2007-01-01

Full Text Available Avaliou-se o efeito da imersão em água dos corpos-de-prova sobre a resistência mecânica de misturas solo-grits. Trabalhou-se com dois solos da cidade de Viçosa, localizada na Zona da Mata Norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil, respectivamente de texturas predominantemente argilosa e arenosa e com o resíduo sólido industrial grits, um subproduto da indústria de celulose. Determinaram-se os parâmetros de resistência mecânica California Bearing Ratio (CBR e Resistência à Compressão Não-Confinada (RCNC de corpos-de-prova compactados nas energias de compactação referentes aos ensaios Proctor intermediário e Proctor modificado, com teores de grits na faixa de 4 a 28% e períodos de cura de 0, 7 e 28 dias. Com relação ao parâmetro CBR, os ensaios foram realizados segundo a metodologia tradicional (imersão em água dos corpos-de-prova por 96 horas e sem a imersão em água, visando determinar possíveis perdas na capacidade-suporte das misturas. No que tange ao parâmetro compressão não-confinada, os ensaios foram realizados em obediência à norma brasileira para misturas solo-cimento (imersão em água durante quatro horas antes da ruptura dos corpos-de-prova e sem a fase de imersão em água. Os resultados indicaram que a imersão em água dos corpos-de-prova influenciou significativamente a resistência mecânica das misturas solo-grits, que foram dependentes do tipo de ensaio empregado, tipo de solo, teor de grits, energia de compactação e período de cura.This paper address the influence of water submersion on mechanical strength parameters of soil-grits specimens. Two residual soils, predominantly clayey and sandy soils from the city of Viçosa, located in the State of Minas Gerais, "Zona da Mata Norte", Brazil, and waste from cellulose industry were used in the study. The laboratory testing program consisted of CBR (California Bearing Ratio and UCS (Unconfined Compression Strength of specimens prepared with waste contents ranging from 4 to 28 %, compacted at the intermediate and modified compaction efforts, and cured during 0, 7 and 28 days. Laboratory tests were performed as follow: (i CBR: tests were performed following the standard procedure, i.e. after 4 days water submersion before specimen penetration, and without submersion; and (ii UCS: tests were performed following the Brazilian standard procedure, i.e. after 4 hours specimen submersion before testing, and without water submersion. The laboratory testing program data support that water submersion significantly influenced the tested mechanical strength parameters, which were dependent of the type of assay and soil, percentage of grits waste, compaction effort and cure.

Treatment and characterization of clays (Brasgel and Green Bentonite) for use in zinc removal tests of synthetic effluents; Tratamento e caracterizacao de argilas (Brasgel e Bentonita verde) visando o uso em testes de remocao de zinco de efluentes sinteticos

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Patricio, A.C.L.; Silva, M.M. da; Lima, W.S.; Laborde, H.M.; Rodrigues, M.G.F., E-mail: cadigena@hotmail.com [Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), PB (Brazil). Unidade Academica de Engenharia Quimica. Centro de Ciencias e Tecnologia

2011-07-01

The main objective of this work was to synthesize two organophilic clays starting from the green Bentonite clay and Brasgel in their natural forms and to evaluate the potential in the process of zinc removal of wastewater through a finite bath system. After the treatment process, the clays in the natural and organophilic form were characterized by the techniques of X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Infrared Spectroscopy (IR), in addition, organophilic clays obtained were submitted to the swelling of Foster, aiming to analyze their behavior in certain organic solvents. The analysis of the efficiency of organophilic clays in the Zn{sup +2} removal process was performed in solutions based on a factorial design 2{sup 2} + 3 replicates in the central point, having as analysis variables the pH of the solution (3.0 to 5.0) and the initial concentration of zinc ranging from 10 to 50 ppm.

Evaluate the action of polymeric additives in protect and recover water and bentonite clay based drilling fluids contaminated by degradation agents; Analise da acao de aditivos polimericos na protecao e recuperacao de fluidos de perfuracao base agua e bentonita contaminados por sais

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Campos, L.F.A.; Ferreira, H.S.; Amorim, L.V.; Franca, K.B.; Ferreira, H.C. [Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), PB (Brazil)

2008-07-01

The aim of this paper is study influences of electrolytes and cellulose polymers on rheological and water loss properties of dispersions of bentonite compositions. Evaluate the action of degradation additives CaSO{sub 4}, MgCl{sub 2} and CaCl{sub 2} and polymeric additives to protect and recover water and clay based. The results show a negative effect of degradation additives the rheological and water loss properties of drilling fluids. The cellulose polymers can be successfully applied to protect and recover of the rheological properties and water loss of the dispersions contaminated. (author)

Morphologic characterization and properties of a nanocomposite matrix of polyvinylpyrrolidone and sodium bentonite for hydrophilic drug controlled release; Caracterizacao morfologica e propriedades de uma matriz de nanocomposito de polivinilpirrolidona e bentonita sodica para potencial uso como matriz para liberacao controlada de farmacos hidrofilicos

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Almeida, Dario B.R. de; Tavares, Maria I.B.; Iulianelli, Gisele C.V., E-mail: dario@ima.ufrj.br [Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IMA/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil). Instituto de Macromoleculas

2015-07-01

For several years, research in drug formulation field have been focused in seeking systems that enable a more efficient release of drug and greater time of acting. Aiming to bring numerous benefits to the patient and advantages for the pharmaceutical industry. Leading to greater acceptance and use by society. In this study polymer nanocomposites based on PVP and bentonite clay will be obtained with the drug Metformin, a known hydrophilic hypoglycemiating drug, in order to improve its properties and pharmacokinetics. This mixture will be obtained through spray drying, especially suited for administration of tablets. The characteristics of these materials are being studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). (author)

Impact of kinetics and flow path heterogeneity on nanoparticle/radionuclide migration

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Huber, Florian M.

2011-01-01

leading to an improvement in the quality of the simulation results. Beyond, colloid-facilitated transport is of no concern for U(VI), Np(V) and Tc(VII) under the chosen experimental conditions which showed no attachment to montmorillonite colloids. The effect of flow path heterogeneity/fracture geometry on fluid flow and solute transport has been investigated using 3D CFD simulations under the application of a μCT dataset of a single fracture in a diorite drill core. Due to the fracture geometry, CFD simulations predict the evolution of a complex flow field with a widespread flow velocity distribution. As a consequence simulated HTO and QD breakthrough curves exhibit heavy tailings reflecting univocally the influence of fracture heterogeneity on flow velocity distribution and mass transport. Thus, it can be clearly shown, that fracture geometry can effectively lead to retardation of solutes and colloidal phases solely on basis of hydrodynamic processes. The core migration studies using engineered nanoparticles (quantum dots (QD)) show a colloidal mobility under the given hydraulic and geochemical conditions in the fractured core from Aespoe(Sweden). In contrast, it could be shown that Febex bentonite colloids and associated Am, Th and Pu are almost immobile (< 5% recovery) under geochemical conditions favoring the stability of colloids in solution. Tc(VII) is transported comparable to HTO consistent with the pe/pH conditions whereas Np shows retardation most likely due to interaction with the fracture surface.

Impact of kinetics and flow path heterogeneity on nanoparticle/radionuclide migration

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Huber, Florian M.

2011-11-29

leading to an improvement in the quality of the simulation results. Beyond, colloid-facilitated transport is of no concern for U(VI), Np(V) and Tc(VII) under the chosen experimental conditions which showed no attachment to montmorillonite colloids. The effect of flow path heterogeneity/fracture geometry on fluid flow and solute transport has been investigated using 3D CFD simulations under the application of a μCT dataset of a single fracture in a diorite drill core. Due to the fracture geometry, CFD simulations predict the evolution of a complex flow field with a widespread flow velocity distribution. As a consequence simulated HTO and QD breakthrough curves exhibit heavy tailings reflecting univocally the influence of fracture heterogeneity on flow velocity distribution and mass transport. Thus, it can be clearly shown, that fracture geometry can effectively lead to retardation of solutes and colloidal phases solely on basis of hydrodynamic processes. The core migration studies using engineered nanoparticles (quantum dots (QD)) show a colloidal mobility under the given hydraulic and geochemical conditions in the fractured core from Aespoe(Sweden). In contrast, it could be shown that Febex bentonite colloids and associated Am, Th and Pu are almost immobile (< 5% recovery) under geochemical conditions favoring the stability of colloids in solution. Tc(VII) is transported comparable to HTO consistent with the pe/pH conditions whereas Np shows retardation most likely due to interaction with the fracture surface.

Investigation of Coupled Processes and Impact of High Temperature Limits in Argillite Rock: FY17 Progress. Predecisional Draft

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Zheng, Liange; Rutqvist, Jonny; Xu, Hao; Kim, Kunwhi; Voltolini, Marco; Cao, Xiaoyuan

2017-07-03

-Scale Engineered Barrier Experiment Dismantling Project (FEBEX-DP). The data collected in the test after almost two decades of heating and two dismantling events provide a unique opportunity of validating coupled THMC models and enhancing our understanding of coupled THMC process in EBS bentonite. Section 5 presents a planned large in-situ test, “HotBENT,” at Grimsel Test Site, Switzerland. In this test, bentonite backfilled EBS in granite will be heated up to 200 °C, where the most relevant features of future emplacement conditions can be adequately reproduced. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) has very actively participated in the project since the very beginning and have conducted scoping calculations in FY17 to facilitate the final design of the experiment. Section 6 presents present LBNL’s activities for modeling gas migration in clay related to Task A of the international DECOVALEX-2019 project. This is an international collaborative activity in which DOE and LBNL gain access to unique laboratory and field data of gas migration that are studied with numerical modeling to better understand the processes, to improve numerical models that could eventually be applied in the performance assessment for nuclear waste disposal in clay host rocks and bentonite backfill. Section 7 summarizes the main research accomplishments for FY17 and proposes future work activities.

Dispersão de argila em microagregados de solo incubado com calcário Clay dispersion in microaggregates of soil incubated with limestone

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Silvio Tulio Spera

2008-12-01

Full Text Available A compactação do solo restringe o rendimento de culturas de grãos. Dentre outros fatores, a calagem pode favorecer a dispersão de microagregados e a formação de camadas compactadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do calcário e da esterilização em atributos físicos e químicos do solo relacionados com a compactação do solo. O experimento foi efetuado em colunas de PVC, em casa de vegetação, durante 18 meses. Amostras esterilizadas e não esterilizadas de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico foram incubadas com doses equivalentes a 0, 1,9, 3,8, 5,7, 7,6 e 15,2 Mg ha-1. Após 18 meses, foram avaliados a macro e microporosidade, a densidade do solo, teor de argila dispersa, a condutividade hidráulica saturada, o pH e os teores de Al, Ca e Mg trocáveis e de matéria orgânica do solo. A calagem aumentou a densidade do solo, o teor de argila dispersa em água, o pH e os teores de Ca2+ e Mg2+ trocáveis, e decresceu a micro e macroporosidade, a condutividade hidráulica saturada, os teores de matéria orgânica e de Al trocável. O aumento de pH e a redução da condutividade hidráulica saturada foram maiores no solo esterilizado. Os efeitos da calagem foram mais pronunciados na quantidade correspondente a 3,8 Mg ha-1. A esterilização aumentou o valor do pH em água e reduziu os teores de matéria orgânica e de Ca2+, além da condutividade hidráulica saturada. A dispersão de microagregados pela calagem pode, em parte, contribuir para a compactação do solo.Soil compaction limits grain yields. Among others factors, soil amendment with agricultural lime can contribute to micro-aggregate dispersion and the formation of compacted layers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of lime on soil physical attributes related to soil compaction. The experiment was carried out in PVC columns, in a glass house, during 18 months. Sterilized and non-sterilized samples of a dystrophic Red Latosol (Hapludox were

Durabilidade de solos estabilizados quimicamente com vistas á aplicação em estradas florestais Durability of chemically stabilized soils for forest road applications

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Carlos Cardoso Machado

2006-12-01

Full Text Available Este artigo é direcionado à caracterização do parâmetro durabilidade de dois solos típicos da microrregião de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, para fins de aplicação em estradas florestais, considerando-se, para tanto, as seguintes condições: (a solos estabilizados com o resíduo industrial "grits"; (b solos melhorados com cal ou cimento; e (c solos estabilizados com grits e melhorados com cal ou cimento, a partir de resultados de ensaios de durabilidade por molhagem e secagem. Trabalhou-se com um solo residual maduro (solo 1 e um solo residual jovem de gnaisse (solo 2 da Zona da Mata Norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil. O programa de ensaios de laboratório envolveu: (a teor de grits: 24% calculado em relação ao peso de solo seco; (b teor de cal ou cimento: 10 e 20%, calculados em relação ao peso de grits seco; (c energias de compactação: referentes aos ensaios Proctor normal e modificado; e (d período de cura: sete dias em câmara úmida. Os resultados do programa de ensaios indicaram que: (a as misturas solo-cal, solo-cimento, solo-grits-cal e solo-grits-cimento, em ambas as energias empregadas, resistiram a todos os ciclos do ensaio de durabilidade por molhagem e secagem; (b a mistura solo 1 + grits + cal apresentou o melhor resultado, quando compactada na energia modificada, com perdas da ordem de 7%; com relação ao solo 2, o melhor resultado foi obtido quando se trabalhou com grits mais cimento, na energia modificada, com perdas da ordem de 9%; e (c sob o aspecto durabilidade, as misturas solo-grits só apresentam potencial para emprego como material de construção rodoviária quando melhoradas com cal ou cimento.This paper addresses the assessment of the durability properties of mixtures of two soils using laboratory wetting and drying durability tests for forest road applications, as follows: (a soils stabilization with the industrial waste grits; (b soil improvement using lime or cement; (c soil stabilization using grits, and soil

Produção e avaliação de briquetes de capim elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum. cultivados com doses de nitrogênio

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Juscileia de Souza Lima

2016-04-01

Full Text Available A produção de briquetes surge como uma forma alternativa no reaproveitamento de resíduos lignocelulósicos, concentrando a energia disponível na biomassa, visando a problemática do armazenamento de resíduos, produzindo biocombustível. O objetivo desse trabalho foi produzir briquetes utilizando resíduo de capim elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum. cultivar Carajás, adubado com diferentes doses de nitrogênio avaliando quanto à descompressão, índice de combustão (ICOM, massa, volume, densidade, altura e diâmetro. O capim elefante recebeu dosagens de 200 e 400 kg de N/ha. A coleta foi realizada em diferentes épocas: 60, 75 e 90 dias. Após a coleta, o material foi armazenado em sacos de fibra e deixado para climatizar com temperatura e umidade controlada (20ºC e 60%. O material foi triturado com o auxílio de um moinho. Posteriormente, para cada briquete produzido pesou-se 40 g de biomassa, na qual foi compactada em uma prensa hidráulica de 15 Toneladas.  A pressão utilizada foi de aproximadamente 152,7 kgf/cm² e temperatura de ±118ºC. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o fatorial 2X3. Os índices de combustão encontrados variaram de 1,93 a 3,30, tais resultados mostraram-se ótimos, pois briquetes com maior ICOM possuem qualidade superior, pois uma menor massa desse material seria consumida em menor período de tempo de combustão e uma temperatura mais elevada seria atingida. A partir da análise de regressão foi visto que o ICOM independe da densidade do briquete. As variáveis altura, volume e diâmetro não diferiram estatisticamente entre si, havendo apenas diferença estatística nos parâmetros densidade, massa e ICOM.Production and evalutation of elephant grass briquettes (Penisetum pupureum Shum. grown with nitrogen ratesAbstract: The production of briquettes is an alternative way in the reuse of lignocellulosic waste, concentrating the energy available from biomass, aimed at waste storage problem

Efeito da profundidade de trabalho das hastes sulcadoras de uma semeadora-adubadora na patinagem, na força de tração e no consumo de combustível de um trator agrícola Effects of work operation depth of shanks in a seeder-fertilizer on slip, traction force and fuel consumption of a tractor

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Marcos Antonio Zambillo Palma

2010-10-01

Full Text Available A consolidação do sistema de semeadura direta trás grandes benefícios ao meio ambiente e, também, é notável a redução dos custos de produção devido a desnecessidade das operações como aração, subsolagem, escarificação e gradagem. Porém, nesse sistema se têm muitos problemas relacionados a compactação das camadas superficiais em função do tráfego de máquinas e a consorciação lavoura-pecuária. A solução encontrada pelos agricultores tem sido a substituição, na semeadora-adubadora, do sulcador disco duplo pela haste sulcadora que atua em profundidades superiores. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar diferentes profundidades de trabalho da haste sulcadora, analisando o consumo de combustível, força de tração, índice de patinagem, potência na barra de tração, consumo específico de combustível e capacidade de campo teórica de um trator agrícola tracionando uma semeadora-adubadora em solo compactado pela integração lavoura-pecuária. Os tratamentos foram 100, 150, 200 e 250 mm de profundidade de trabalho da haste sulcadora, sendo os ensaios desenvolvidos no Departamento de Engenharia da Universidade Federal de Lavras, utilizando delineamento experimental de blocos, casualisados, composto por quatro tratamentos e três repetições. Dessa forma, conclui-se que o aumento da profundidade de trabalho da haste sulcadora em semeadoras-adubadoras de semeadura direta de milho em solos compactados ocorre o aumento no consumo de combustível, no índice de patinagem e no esforço de tração dos tratores agrícolas. Porém, quando a ponteira da haste sulcadora trabalhou posicionada 50 mm abaixo da camada mais compactada se teve reduções nos parâmetros força de tração e índice de patinagem, aumentando a capacidade de campo teórica.The direct sowing system brings many benefits to the environment and also reduction in production costs, since operations such as plowing, subsoiling, chiseling and harrowing

Compaction caused by mechanized operations in a Red- Yellow Latosol cultivated with coffee over time Compactação causada pelas operações mecanizadas em um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo cultivado com cafeeiros ao longo do tempo

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Paula Cristina Caruana Martins

2012-08-01

implantação da lavoura cafeeira e os impactos causados pelo tráfego das operações mecanizadas nas linhas de tráfego localizadas na parte de cima e de baixo do terreno. Este estudo foi realizado na Fazenda Experimental da EPAMIG, situada em Três Pontas, MG, em lavouras cafeeiras (Coffee arabica L. com 2, 7, 18 e 33 anos de implantação. Para a obtenção dos modelos de capacidade de suporte de carga, 12 amostras indeformadas de solo foram coletadas aleatoriamente nas camadas 0-3 e 15-18 cm no centro das entrelinhas, para cada tempo de implantação da lavoura cafeeira. Foram também coletadas aleatoriamente 10 amostras indeformadas para cada tempo de implantação da lavoura cafeeira ao longo das linhas de tráfego do trator situadas nas partes de cima e de baixo do terreno. Essas amostras foram usadas no ensaio de compressão uniaxial. O uso dos modelos de capacidade de suporte de carga permitiu identificar a suscetibilidade do solo à compactação, em razão do tempo de implantação da lavoura cafeeira e a compactação causada pelo tráfego do maquinário nas linhas de tráfego situadas na parte de cima e de baixo do terreno. A porcentagem de amostras compactadas aumentou com a idade da lavoura na camada de 15-18 cm.

Germinação de sementes de cenoura osmoticamente condicionadas e peletizadas com diversos ingredientes Germination of carrot seed primed and pelleted with several ingredients

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Warley M Nascimento

2009-03-01

Full Text Available A semente de cenoura caracteriza-se por ser relativamente pequena, o que dificulta o processo de distribuição, tornando a mecanização por semeadeiras convencionais uma prática difícil. A técnica da peletização tem sido utilizada visando a melhoria da distribuição de sementes e o estabelecimento de plântulas no campo. As sementes peletizadas geralmente apresentam menor velocidade de germinação quando comparadas com as sementes nuas do mesmo lote. O condicionamento osmótico tem sido utilizado para aumentar a velocidade de germinação de sementes. Neste estudo foram avaliados materiais cimentantes para a peletização de sementes e verificadas as relações existentes entre o condicionamento osmótico e a germinação das sementes peletizadas de cenoura cv. Alvorada. A peletização foi feita utilizando-se, como material de enchimento, a mistura de microcelulose e areia fina em volumes iguais e, para enchimento foram avaliados cinco materiais cimentantes: bentonita, methocel, opadry, rhoximat e goma arábica. Sementes peletizadas receberam ou não o acabamento com iriodin. Uma testemunha (sementes nuas foi incluída no ensaio. Em outro estudo, sementes foram osmoticamente condicionadas em solução aerada de polietileno glicol e peletizadas imediatamente após o condicionamento osmótico ou após a secagem. Os produtos rhoximat e opadry apresentaram as melhores características como material cimentante, formando uma fina camada de revestimento, que resultou na formação de péletes com superfície lisa, uniforme e ótima aparência externa. Em geral, péletes apresentaram uma ligeira redução na porcentagem e na velocidade de germinação, em comparação às sementes não peletizadas, com diferenças maiores para os péletes que receberam o acabamento com iriodin. O condicionamento osmótico aumentou a velocidade de germinação das sementes peletizadas de cenoura.Carrot seeds are small and the distribution in the field by

Performance, digestibility and morphometry of ileal villi of rabbits fed with levels of inclusion of “Lithothamnium” Desempenho, digestibilidade e morfometria da vilosidade ileal de coelhos alimentados com diferentes níveis de inclusão de “Lithothamnium”

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Roberto Maurício Carvalho Guedes

2010-03-01

com os diferentes níveis de inclusão de Lithothamnium sp em substituição ao inerte (bentonita de dietas controle fornecidas ad libitum. O delineamento experimental para os ensaios de desempenho e digestibilidade foi inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e doze repetições. Para avaliação da morfometria da vilosidade ileal foram considerados apenas 20 animais distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. As variáveis avaliadas foram submetidas às análises de variância e regressão com modelo pré-definido, mediante o programa estatístico SAEG. Os resultados demonstraram que a inclusão do Lithothamnium em diferentes concentrações não interferiu nas variáveis estudadas: consumo, coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca, proteína e energia, ganho de peso, rendimento de carcaça e peso de vísceras comestíveis. Entretanto, o nível de inclusão de 1,0% afetou negativamente a largura e o comprimento das vilosidades ileais.

Uso do resíduo industrial grits em pavimentos de estradas florestais: influência do período de cura na resistência mecânica e expansão de misturas solo-grits compactadas Use of industrial grits in forest road pavements: influence of curing times on the mechanical strength and swelling of compacted soil-grits mixtures

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Reginaldo Sérgio Pereira

2006-10-01

Full Text Available Analisou-se a influência do teor de estabilizante, da energia de compactação e do período de cura na resistência mecânica e expansão de dois solos da Zona da Mata Norte de Minas Gerais. As amostras de solos residuais de gnaisse coletadas na cidade de Viçosa, MG, Brasil, respectivamente, de texturas argilo-areno-siltosa e areno-argilo-siltosa, foram denominadas solos 1 e 2. Empregou-se como estabilizante químico o resíduo "grits" fornecido pela empresa de Celulose Nipo Brasileira (CENIBRA; os teores, em massa, de 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 e 28% desse resíduo foram utilizados nas misturas solo-"grits". Corpos-de-prova das misturas solo-"grits" foram compactados nos teores ótimos de umidade relativos às energias de compactação dos ensaios Proctor intermediário e modificado e curados por 0, 7, 28 e 90 dias. Avaliou-se a resistência mecânica dos solos e misturas através dos seguintes parâmetros: (a índice de suporte Califórnia (ISC ou CBR, resistência à compressão não confinada (RCNC e resistência à tração em compressão diametral (Rt. Os resultados permitiram concluir que todos os parâmetros considerados na análise influenciaram, significativamente, a resistência mecânica das misturas solo-"grits", sendo o comportamento das misturas solo 1-"grits" influenciado, também, pelo teor de sódio presente na constituição química do "grits".This paper addresses the influence of stabilizer content, compaction effort and curing time on the mechanical strength and swelling of two soils from the "Zona da Mata Norte" region, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Two residual gneiss soils from the municipality of Viçosa, Brazil, silt-sand-clay and silt-clay-sandy soils named soils 1 and 2, respectively, were used in this study. Industrial grits provided by Celulose Nipo Brasileira - CENIBRA was used as stabilizer, with contents ranging from 4 to 28 % regarding soil dry mass. Specimens of soil-grits mixtures were compacted at the Intermediate Proctor compaction effort and curing times of 0, 7, 28 and 90 days. Mechanical strength was evaluated as follows: California bearing ratio (CBR, unconfined compression strength (UCS and indirect tensile strength (ITS. Data from the laboratory-testing program supported that all parameters affected mixture mechanical strength significantly, and the mechanical behavior of soil 1-grits mixtures were also influenced by sodium content of grits.

Experimental study of the transport of HTO, {sup 3}6Cl and {sup 1}37Cs through barriers of bentonite and granite; Estudio experimental del transporte de HTO, {sup 3}6Cl y {sup 1}37Cs a traves de barreras de bentonita y granito

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mingarro, M.; Garcia-Gutierrez, M.; Morejon, J.; Missana, T.; Gil, P.

2013-07-01

The evaluation of the behavior of the engineered (bentonite) and natural (granite) barrier of a deep geological repository of high level radioactive waste, needs the knowledge of radionuclide migration and retention processes under conditions as similar as possible to the real ones. In CIEMAT a large-scale experiment has been designed with the objective of studying diffusive transport at the bentonite/granite interface of a geological repository in crystalline rock. The diffusion of three tracers has been analyzed: HTO (as conservative and neural element); Cl (as conservative anionic element) and Cs (as conservative cationic element). It was observed that cesium disappeared very fast from the water deposit, due to its strong retention on bentonite. On the other hand, HTO and Cl, disappeared much slower and could be finally detected in the granite at several centimeters from the original source.

Aspectos fisiológicos do feijão-caupi e crescimento de tiririca (Cyperus rotundus L. sob competição em solo compactado

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E. N. Silva Terceiro

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Vários fatores estão envolvidos na interferência das plantas daninhas sobre as culturas e os aspectos fisiológicos ainda são pouco estudados. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a interferência de diferentes populações de Cyperus rotundus L. e da compactação do solo nos caracteres fisiológicos do feijão-caupi [Vigna unguiculata (L. Walp] e na fenologia de C. rotundus. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação no Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia Agroalimentar da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, CCTA/UFCG, Campus de Pombal-PB. As unidades experimentais foram compostas por vasos com capacidade de 6 litros. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com tratamentos distribuídos em esquema fatorial 3 x 2, sendo os fatores três populações de C. rotundus (0, 2 e 3 tubérculos por vaso e dois níveis de compactação (solo sem compactação e solo com subsuperfície compactada artificialmente, com quatro repetições. Foram coletados os dados de: taxa de assimilação de CO2 (µmol m-2 s-1, transpiração (mmol de H2O m-2 s-1, condutância estomática (mol de H2O m-2 s-1 e concentração interna de CO2, com um analisador de gás infravermelho – IRGA LCpro (Infra-red Gas Analyzer. Com relação a Cyperaceae, foram coletados os seguintes dados: produção de fitomassa fresca e seca e relação raiz/parte aérea, número de tubérculos por vaso, produção diária de tubérculos e produção de tubérculos por unidade plantada; os quais foram submetidos à análise da variância e teste de médias, quando necessário. A presença de C. rotundus, reduziu a fotossíntese líquida do feijão-caupi de forma mais intensa do que a compactação do solo. C. rotundus expressou notável capacidade de reprodução vegetativa.Physiological Characters of Cowpea and Growth of nut grass (Cyperus rotundus L. under competition in the soil compressiveAbstract - Several factors are involved in weed interference on crops and physiological

Vertical Mulching e manejo da água em semeadura direta Vertical Mulching and water management in no tillage system

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Sandra Maria Garcia

2008-04-01

Full Text Available A intensa mobilização do solo no sistema cultivo convencional causou degradação da estrutura, compactação e adensamento do solo abaixo da camada arável, reduzindo a macroporosidade e a taxa de infiltração de água no solo, com conseqüente aumento de escoamento superficial, de erosão e de assoreamento de rios e de reservatórios. A semeadura direta, que protege a superfície do solo, praticamente controlou a perda por erosão hídrica, os terraços foram eliminados, pelos agricultores, e a conseqüência foi maior escoamento superficial do que no sistema cultivo convencional. Com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento hidrológico do vertical mulching em semeadura direta, em relação ao escoamento superficial, realizou-se esta pesquisa nos anos agrícolas 2002/2003 e 2003/2004, em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico, na região fisiográfica do planalto médio do Rio Grande do Sul, isto é, um experimento em escala de campo, com parcelas sem vertical mulching, com vertical mulching a cada 10 m e com vertical mulching a cada 5 m, no delineamento de blocos ao acaso com três repetições. Sulcos em nível, perpendiculares ao declive, com dimensões de 0,08 m de largura por x 0,38 m de profundidade, foram abertos e preenchidos com palha compactada o suficiente para prevenir desmoronamento das paredes do sulco. No ciclo da cultura da soja e do trigo foram simuladas chuvas com duas intensidades, 70 e 106 mm h-1. Foram determinados o escoamento superficial, a taxa de infiltração básica de água no solo e a concentração de nutrientes e de CO no escoamento superficial. Os resultados indicam que o vertical mulching na semeadura direta reduz, significativamente, o volume do escoamento superficial aumenta a taxa de infiltração básica de água no solo e reduz também as perdas totais de nutrientes e de CO devido ao menor volume de água no escoamento superficial.Intensive soil mobilization in the conventional tillage system has caused

Physical changes in MX-80 bentonite saturated under thermal gradient

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Villar, Maria Victoria; Gomez-Espina, Roberto; Gutierrez-Nebot, Luis; Campos, Rocio; Barrios, Iciar

2012-01-01

water loss caused by the evaporation triggered by heating. Additionally, the state of hydration of the smectite was studied by determining the number of layers of water in the inter-lamellar region through measurement of the basal spacing of the smectite, i.e. the d(001) distance, by means of X-ray diffraction. This was done in sub-samples taken along the columns. The d(001) reflected a change in the interlayer hydration state from the 2- to the 0-layer hydrate, the latter corresponding to conditions drier than in the initial bentonite. The values of specific surface area along the columns were obtained in oven-dried and in lyophilised samples, the values obtained with both techniques being similar. In both tests the specific surface area decreased towards the ends of the columns, i.e. towards the driest and the wettest areas. The decrease of specific surface area in samples subjected to heating has been repeatedly observed in this kind of TH tests with FEBEX bentonite, as well as a slight decrease near the hydration surface. Also, previous similar tests showed an overall reduction in the specific surface area with respect to the initial value all along the column that tended to recover as the duration of the test was longer. This was the trend observed in our tests with MX-80: in the shortest one the specific surface area of most of the samples was below the initial value (20 m 2 /g), whereas in the longest test the trend was reversed, except near the heater. These changes in the specific surface area could be related to changes in the crystallinity of the particles, possibly caused by dissolution processes, delamination of the crystallites and reorganisation of the layers. The pore size distribution of the samples was also analysed in the longest test by mercury intrusion porosimetry, showing an increase in the percentage of macro-pores and a decrease in the meso-pore percentage towards the heater, whereas the micropore percentage remained approximately constant all

Fatores que afetam a disponibilidade do fósforo e o manejo da adubação fosfatada em solos sob sistema plantio direto Factors affecting the phosphorus availability and the fertilization management in no-tillage system

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Danilo Rheinheimer dos Santos

2008-04-01

fosfatados no solo sob sistema plantio direto; (c as relações entre a disponibilidade de fósforo nas camadas subsuperficiais (abaixo de 10cm, a presença de alumínio trocável e de camadas compactadas e (d o monitoramento constante das transferências de fósforo dos solos aos sistemas aquáticos.The basic phenomena of phosphorus dynamics in soil is important to define the rate and application manners of phosphates fertilizers. The forms and availability of phosphorus vary with the soil characteristics and properties. In young soils, the calcium phosphates are the main source to organisms. On the other hand, in highly weathered soils the organic phosphorus cycling assumes great importance in the maintenance of the biological bioavailability, although it is insufficient to economical crop productivity. In tropical and subtropical cultivated soils, the soil phosphorus in solution is controlled by phosphorus adsorbed at functional groups of inorganic colloids. The phosphorus diagnosis is made by soils analysis at different methodologies, each one with their advantages and limitations. The decision on adding phosphate and to the rate define is more dependent on the calibration between the value extracted with the crop yield than the extraction method. The elevation of phosphorus availability can be made in corrective or gradual addition. The corrective fertilization is more efficient, and maybe the only alternative, for phosphorus deficiency correction in deeper soil layers. The correction of phosphorus deficiency in deeper layers after the no-tillage system adoption is difficult. The superficial phosphate application in no-tillage seems not to be a good economical alternative and can become an environmental problem. The research must be intensified focusing among others: (a phosphorus fractions in soil and crop yield; (b phosphates fertilizers application in no-tillage system; (c relation of phosphorus availability with exchangeable aluminum and compacted soil layers in

Efectos de la instalación de un gasoducto sobre algunas propiedades del suelo superficial y la cobertura vegetal en el NE de Chubut Gas-pipeline installation effects on superficial soil properties and vegetation cover in Northeastern Chubut

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Esteban Kowaljow

2008-07-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo describimos el impacto del tendido de un gasoducto y de la reposición parcial del material removido, sobre algunas propiedades físicas y químicas del suelo y sobre la cobertura vegetal en tres sitios ecológicos del nordeste de Chubut. En cada sitio se identificaron 4 zonas diferentes: zona 1, faja desmontada y compactada por el tránsito de maquinaria pesada; zona 2, faja desmontada, con posterior reposición del suelo y la vegetación removidos; y otras dos zonas correspondientes a la estepa adyacente no disturbada: montículos asociados a arbustos y espacios entre montículos. Los mayores valores de densidad aparente se encontraron en los suelos de la zona 1 y en los del entremontículo (1,43 Mg m-3. La resistencia a la penetración fue significativamente mayor en las zonas 1 y 2, ambas zonas presentaron valores de resistencia a la penetración superiores a 1 MPa. La tasa de infiltración fue mucho mayor en el montículo (261 mm h-1 que en el resto de las zonas. La velocidad de infiltración de la zona 2 (85 mm h-1 fue mayor a la de la zona 1 (35 mm h-1 y el entremontículo (50 mm h-1. Los contenidos de carbono orgánico y nitrógeno de los suelos de las zonas 1 y 2 fueron similares a los del entremontículo y significativamente inferiores a los del montículo, excepto en la zona 2 de uno de los sitios ecológicos. La remoción de la vegetación y el suelo superficial, y el posterior tránsito de maquinaria pesada durante la instalación del gasoducto produjeron un fuerte impacto sobre las propiedades físicas del suelo. La mayor limitación de los suelos disturbados fue su baja capacidad para incorporar agua, derivada principalmente de su elevada compactación y baja porosidad, lo que explicaría en parte la lenta recuperación de la cobertura vegetal en la zona 1. En ninguno de los tres sitios estudiados, la reposición del material removido por la actividad del desmonte significó una medida de recuperación eficaz

Alterações do solo influenciadas pelo tráfego e carga de um "forwarder" nas entrelinhas de uma floresta de eucalipto Soil disturbances as affected by load and traffic intensity of a forwarder along interrows of a eucalypt stand

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Sérgio Ricardo Silva

2007-04-01

Full Text Available Durante a retirada de madeira de povoamentos florestais as máquinas trafegam numa mesma linha várias vezes, o que pode causar a compactação do solo. O grau de compactação, além do número de passadas da máquina, pode também ser afetado pelo peso de madeira transportado. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a compactação do solo de acordo com a intensidade de tráfego e a carga de madeira de um "forwarder". O estudo foi realizado no município de Santana do Paraíso, MG, em um Latossolo Amarelo caulinítico. Um povoamento de eucalipto de seis anos de idade com espaçamento de 3 x 2 m foi cortado por motosserra, sendo a madeira retirada da área manualmente. Em seguida, demarcaram-se parcelas experimentais compostas por quatro entrelinhas de árvores com 12 m de comprimento, com área de 144 m² cada. Dois experimentos foram realizados. No primeiro, testou-se o efeito da intensidade de tráfego, no qual um "forwarder" (modelo Valmet 636 S, com tara de 11,9 t, foi carregado com 8 m³ de madeira (densidade de 480 kg m-3 e trafegou sobre a mesma entrelinha por 0, 4, 8 e 12 vezes. No segundo, o "forwarder" recebeu cargas correspondentes a 0, 4, 8 e 12 m³ de madeira e trafegou quatro vezes sobre a mesma entrelinha. Em cada parcela, quatro entrelinhas foram compactadas pelas rodas. O teor de C orgânico era de 2,68 e 2,40 dag kg-1, e a umidade atual do solo, de 15,6 e 17,1 dag kg-1, nas camadas de 0-10 e 10-20 cm de profundidade, respectivamente, correspondendo a 78 e 86 % do equivalente de umidade. O teor de argila era de 510 g kg-1 e o de areia, 450 g kg-1. As avaliações realizadas após a aplicação dos tratamentos, nas camadas de 0-10 e 10-20 cm de profundidade, foram: densidade do solo e agregados estáveis em água. Determinou-se, ainda, a resistência à penetração até à profundidade de 60 cm, com o uso de um penetrômetro de impacto, e a percentagem da área superficial coberta com resíduos florestais, pelo método da

Pore water chemistry of Rokle Bentonite (Czech Republic)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Cervinka, R.; Vejsada, J.

2010-01-01

Document available in extended abstract form only. With inflowing the groundwater to Deep Geological Repository (DGR), the interaction of this water with engineering barrier materials will alter both, barrier materials and also the groundwater. One of the most important alterations represents the formation of bentonite pore water that will affect a number of important processes, e.g. corrosion of waste package materials, solubility of radionuclides, diffusion and sorption of radionuclides. The composition of bentonite pore water is influenced primarily by the composition of solid phase (bentonite), liquid phase (inflowing groundwater), the gaseous phase (partial pressure of CO 2 ), bentonite compaction and the rate of groundwater species diffusion through bentonite. Also following processes have to be taken into account: dissolution of admixtures present in the bentonite (particularly well soluble salts, e.g. KCl, NaCl, gypsum), ion exchange process and protonation and deprotonation of surface hydroxyl groups on clay minerals. Long-term stability of mineral phases and possible mineral transformation should not be neglected as well. In the Czech Republic, DGR concept takes local bentonite into account as material for both buffer and backfill. The candidate bentonite comes from the Rokle deposit (NW Bohemia) and represents complex mixture of (Ca,Mg)-Fe-rich montmorillonite, micas, kaolinite and other mineral admixtures (mainly Ca, Mg, Fe carbonates, feldspars and iron oxides). The mineralogical and chemical characteristics were published previously. This bentonite is different in composition and properties from worldwide studied Na-bentonite (e.g. MX-80, Volclay) or Na-Ca bentonite (e.g. Febex). This fact leads to the need of investigation of Rokle bentonite in greater detail to verify its suitability as a buffer and backfill in DGR. Presented task is focused on the study of pore water evolution. Our approach for this study consists in modeling the pore water using

Specific heat capacities of different clayey samples obtained by differential scanning calorimetry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fernandez, A.M.

2012-01-01

1600 C. The furnace is made of a graphite tube and it is cooled down by water circulation. The temperature regulation is performed by an S type Pt/Pt-Rh 10% thermocouple. The weighing module has a maximum capacity of 35 g, the balance being well suited for the analysis of samples ranging from micro-quantities to a bulky and dense materials, maintaining a measuring resolution equivalent to a microgram whatever the mass analysed. The crucibles containing the samples can be of various materials and volumes: a) alumina (up to 1750 C), b) platinum (up to 1750 C), and c) aluminium (up to 500 C). The specific heat capacity was determined by using the stepwise method with sapphire as reference material. Prior to performing the tests, the equipment was calibrated in temperature by using aluminium crucibles and a DSC plate rod transducer. Eight tests were carried out with four Standards elements (In, Sn, Pb, and Zn) at two scan rates: 5 and 10 C. The heat flow (HF) signal correction or calorimetric sensitivity was obtained for each test by using sapphire as reference material. The selected clayey materials used for the C p determination were: a) FEBEX bentonite (92 wt% di-octahedral Ca-Mg smectite) from Serrata de Nijar (Almeria, Spain); b) MX-80 bentonite (85 wt.% di-octahedral Na-smectite) from Wyoming (USA); c) Ibeco RWC 16 (82% di-octahedral Ca-Mg smectite) from Milos (Greece); d) Opalinus Clay from a core sample of the borehole BHT-1 (Mont Terri, Switzerland); e) Callovo-Oxfordian clay-rock from core samples of the boreholes PAC-1002 and EPT1201 (Meuse/Haute-Marne URL, France); f) MX-80 bentonite pellets from HE-E experiment at Mont Terri (Switzerland); and g) 65:35 Sand:MX-80 mixture material from HE-E experiment at Mont Terri (Switzerland). The tests were performed from 7 to 300 C. After several analyses with sapphire, the step method and a scan rate of 20 C/min was selected to carry out the experiments. Prior to perform the experiments, the samples were dried at 110 C

Analysis of the temperature effect on the water retention capacity of soil using a thermodynamic approach

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jacinto, A.C.; Ledesma, A.; Villar, M.V.

2012-01-01

with temperature were due entirely to changes in interfacial tension of liquid water against its vapour. However, this correction has consistently failed to account for measured temperature induced changes in the water retention capacity. From the thermodynamic approach a coefficient that quantifies the influence of temperature on the water retention capacity can be deduced. In this way it is possible to explain the differences between the results deduced from experimental data and those obtained when the capillary principle is applied to evaluate the influence of the temperature on the water retention capacity of soils. Additionally, the analysis of the effect of the temperature on the retention capacity when thermodynamic concepts are used is formally equal to that deduced from the capillary model. Therefore, it is possible to include this effect on the SWRC in the same way that was made traditionally using the capillary model. Expansive clays are being considered in the design of engineered barriers. In this work, experimental data of the water retention capacity obtained on compacted samples of MX-80 and FEBEX bentonite at different temperature and densities were analysed using an approach based on thermodynamics of adsorption. By using these concepts it is possible to explain that mechanisms other than the change in the surface tension affect the retention capacity of water in soils as temperature increases. Also, the incorporation of the results previously obtained in a specific law used to define the SWRC is discussed in the paper. (authors)

Integrating geophysical and hydrochemical borehole-log measurements to characterize the Chalk aquifer, Berkshire, United Kingdom

Science.gov (United States)

Schürch, Marc; Buckley, David

2002-09-01

focalizada e inducida, los rayos gamma, la temperatura y la conductividad eléctrica del fluido, impulsores y medidores de flujo en sondeos por pulsos de calor, junto con el televisor óptico en las paredes de los sondeos. Se ha empleado un transmisor multiparamétrico para medir la temperatura, la conductividad eléctrica, el oxígeno disuelto, el pH y el potencial redox de las aguas subterráneas en el sondeo. El horizonte más productivo está asociado a las superficies litificadas ('hardgrounds') de la Creta que han desarrollado una permeabilidad elevada debido a la circulación de las aguas subterráneas identificado en el emplazamiento de Banterwick Barn, representa un sistema de conductos que actúa como conexión hidráulica local efectiva entre los sondeos. La Creta incluye una serie de 'hardgrounds' compactada por migración de fluidos, produciendo un hiato sedimentario que posiblemente representa una inconformidad. La menor temperatura de las aguas subterráneas, junto con un alto contenido de oxígeno disuelto y la evidencia aportada por el medidor de flujo en sondeos respecto a un flujo preferente en la Creta, indican que la circulación de las aguas es rápida en dicho horizonte. Repitiendo la testificación en épocas distintas del año y bajo condiciones hidráulicas diferentes, se ha podido identificar otros niveles productivos en el acuífero de la Creta.

Evaluation of the thermal effect in a KBS-3 type repository. A literary survey

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Goblet, P.; Marsily, Ghislain de

2000-03-01

. These techniques have different abilities to deal with coupled mechanisms, but perform equally well for the heat diffusion equation. Thus, the results do not seem to depend greatly on the modelling techniques, because the heat conduction equation is rather robust and not prone to unstable solutions. The major source of uncertainty in the predictions seems to be the behaviour of the bentonite, with respect to its water content : the saturation of the bentonite strongly affects its thermal conductivity, and furthermore, if the bentonite is only partly saturated, two-phase transport of water and heat can occur, making the modelling and predictions much more complex. More precisely, the variation in water content is difficult to predict with accuracy, which impacts on the thermal calculations. The possible existence of a scale effect has been proposed to explain discrepancies between field measurements and predictions based on parameters measured in the laboratory. However, this scale effect has, so far, not been demonstrated for thermal parameters, as is the case e.g., for the hydraulic conductivity. The most elaborate modelling work found during this review seems to have taken place in Sweden: the concepts used in the various modelling exercises examined here are consistent, except for minor differences in parameters, and reflect the increasing power of numerical tools. A large body of experimental evidence has been and still is being developed around the hydro-thermo-mechanical aspects. These experiments cover a variety of spatial and temporal scales. The modelling results obtained in connection with these experiments are generally in good agreement with the observations as far as temperature is concerned. At present, the most elaborate work (excluding the US programmes which concern a different hydrological situation) seems to be the FEBEX experiment, on the behaviour of the bentonite buffer

Eficiência da escarificação mecânica e biológica na melhoria dos atributos físicos de um latossolo muito argiloso e no incremento do rendimento de soja Efficiency of mechanical and biological chiseling in the improvement of physical attributes of a heavy clay oxisol and the increment of soybean yield

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Rodrigo da Silveira Nicoloso

2008-08-01

Full Text Available A compactação é uma das principais causas de decréscimo da produtividade dos solos agrícolas. A escarificação mecânica tem sido sugerida para reduzir a compactação do solo em áreas sob sistema de semeadura direta consolidada. Outra opção para aliviar a compactação é o uso de plantas de cobertura com sistema radicular pivotante e bem desenvolvido, como o nabo-forrageiro, com capacidade de crescer em camadas compactadas, formar bioporos estáveis e melhorar os atributos físicos do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência do método mecânico (escarificador e do método biológico (nabo-forrageiro de descompactação do solo, ou de ambos associados, em promover a melhoria dos atributos físicos de um Latossolo de textura muito argilosa e o rendimento de grãos da cultura da soja manejada sob semeadura direta. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: aveia-preta em semeadura direta (SD-Av, consórcio de nabo-forrageiro e aveia-preta em semeadura direta (SD-Nb+Av, aveia-preta em solo escarificado (ESC-Av e consórcio de nabo-forrageiro e aveia-preta em solo escarificado (ESC-Nb+Av. Foram avaliadas a densidade, macroporosidade, microporosidade e porosidade total do solo nas camadas 0-0,05; 0,05-0,10; 0,10-0,15; e 0,15-0,20 m, resistência do solo à penetração, umidade gravimétrica e infiltração de água no solo, no momento do pleno florescimento da soja. Além disso, foram determinadas a produção de matéria seca das plantas de cobertura de solo de inverno e o rendimento de soja no verão. Os tratamentos não afetaram significativamente a densidade do solo em nenhuma das camadas avaliadas, no entanto os tratamentos SD-Nb+Av e ESC-Nb+Av duplicaram os valores de macroporosidade do solo na média da camada 0-0,20 m, com efeitos mais pronunciados nas camadas mais superficiais do solo. Os tratamentos SD-Nb+Av e ESC-Nb+Av reduziram a resistência do solo à penetração em relação ao tratamento SD-Av, enquanto o