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Sample records for aluminio 7075-t6 recubierto

  1. Evaluation of the effect of Ni-P coating on the corrosion resistance of the aluminium 7075 T6 alloy

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Gil, L.

    2008-02-01

    Full Text Available The aluminum alloy 7075-T6 is a structural alloy widely used for aeronautical applications due to its high relationship between mechanical resistance and weight. Depending upon the environmental conditions, many types of corrosion mechanisms such as intergranular, exfoliation, have been found to occur in aircraft structural aluminum alloys. A significant advance in order to improve the behavior of this alloy is related to the application of the autocatalytic Ni-P coating which confers an excellent corrosion resistance coupled with both reduced erosive wear and higher hardness. The purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of the application of a Ni-P coating on the corrosion resistance of an aluminum 7075-T6 alloy. The results obtained indicated that the application of the Ni-P coatings diminishes the susceptibility to pitting and makes the aluminum 7075 T6 alloy immune to the exfoliation corrosion attack.

    La aleación de aluminio 7075-T6 es una aleación estructural ampliamente utilizada para aplicaciones aeronáuticas, debido a su alta relación entre resistencia mecánica y peso. Dependiendo de las condiciones ambientales, algunos mecanismos de corrosion tales como intergranular, exfoliacion, picadura y crevice se ha encontrado que ocurren en estructuras de aviones de aleaciones de aluminio. Un avance siginificativo para mejorar el comportamiento de esta aleación es la aplicación de recubrimientos autocatalíticos de Ni-P, los cuales confieren una excelente resistencia a la corrosión acoplado con una reducción del desgaste erosivo y un aumento de la dureza. El propósito de este trabajo fue investigar el efecto de la aplicación de un recubrimiento de Ni-P sobre la resistencia a la corrosión de una aleación de aluminio 7075-T6. Los resultados obtenidos indican que la aplicación del recubrimiento de Ni-P disminuye la susceptibilidad a la picadura y hace a la aleación de aluminio 7075 T6, prácticamente inmune al ataque

  2. Resistencia a la corrosión en ambiente salino de un acero al carbono recubierto con aluminio por rociado térmico y pintura poli aspártica

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    José Luddey Marulanda Arévalo

    2017-06-01

    Full Text Available Se evaluó la resistencia a la corrosión en ambiente salino del acero 1020 recubierto con aluminio por medio de rociado térmico por arco eléctrico y después se aplicó una pintura poliaspártica. Se observó que este sistema presenta una protección en estos ambientes, reduciendo la velocidad de corrosión, en comparación con un sistema de pintura bicapa, el cual consistía en una capa rica en zinc y otra capa de pintura poliaspártica. Se realizó la caracterización del recubrimiento por medio de Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido (MEB para analizar su comportamiento con respecto al sustrato y a la pintura para conocer variaciones en propiedades como adherencia, topografía y homogeneidad. Se observó que las probetas recubiertas con aluminio por rociado térmico presentan una mayor resistencia a la corrosión en cámara salina que las probetas que no fueron recubiertas y solo estaban protegidas por el sistema bicapa de pintura, aunque la pintura sin rociado térmico tuvo un buen desempeño ya que no falló durante el tiempo estipulado para en ensayo en cámara de niebla salina.

  3. Combined Corrosion and Wear of Aluminium Alloy 7075-T6

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Liu, Y.; Mol, J.M.C.; Janssen, G.C.A.M.

    2016-01-01

    The aluminium alloy 7075-T6 is widely used in engineering. In some applications, like slurry transport, corrosion and abrasion occur simultaneously, resulting in early material failure. In the present work, we investigated the combined effect of corrosion and wear on the aluminium alloy 7075-T6. We

  4. Determinación de los mecanismos de fractura de un material multicapa de aluminio de alta resistencia y excelente tenacidad a impacto basado en la aleación aeroespacial Al 7075

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    Cepeda-Jiménez, C. M.

    2012-08-01

    Full Text Available An aluminium multilayer laminate has been processed by hot rolling. It is constituted by 19 alternated layers of high-strength aluminium alloy (Al 7075-T6, 82 % vol and thinner pure aluminium layers (Al 1050-H24, 18 % vol. The microstructure of the constituent alloys and the composition gradient across the interfaces has been characterized. The multilayer laminate and the as-received aluminium alloys have been tested at room temperature by Vickers microhardness, three-point bend test and impact Charpy test. The outstanding improvement in damage tolerance, which is 18 times higher than that for the as-received Al 7075 alloy, is due to both intrinsic and extrinsic fracture mechanisms operating in the multilayer laminate during mechanical testing.

    En este trabajo se ha procesado mediante laminación en caliente un material multicapa constituido por 19 capas alternadas de aluminio de alta resistencia (Al 7075-T6, 82 %vol y capas de aluminio puro (Al 1050-H24, 18 %vol de menor espesor. Se ha caracterizado la microestructura de las aleaciones constituyentes después del procesado, así como el gradiente de composición generado alrededor de las intercaras. Las propiedades mecánicas a temperatura ambiente, tanto del material multicapa como de las aleaciones de partida, se han estudiado mediante microdureza Vickers, flexión en tres puntos y ensayos de impacto Charpy. El material multicapa procesado presenta una tenacidad a impacto Charpy 18 veces superior a la de la aleación de partida Al 7075. Este espectacular aumento de tolerancia al daño es debido a los mecanismos de fractura, tanto extrínsecos como intrínsecos, que operan en el material multicapa durante las diferentes solicitaciones mecánicas a las que ha sido sometido.

  5. A modified Johnson–Cook model of dynamic tensile behaviors for 7075-T6 aluminum alloy

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Zhang, Ding-Ni, E-mail: siping4840@126.com [The College of Information, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234 (China); Shangguan, Qian-Qian [The College of Information, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234 (China); Xie, Can-Jun [Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China, Ltd., Shanghai 200120 (China); Liu, Fu [Shanghai Aircraft Design and Research Institute of COMAC, Shanghai 201210 (China)

    2015-01-15

    Highlights: • The dynamic mechanical behaviors at various strain rates were measured. • The strain rate hardening effect of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy is significant. • A new Johnson–Cook constitutive model of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy was obtained. • Numerical simulations of tensile tests at different rates were conducted. • Accuracy of the modified Johnson–Cook constitutive equation was proved. - Abstract: The dynamic mechanical behaviors of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy at various strain rates were measured by dynamic tensile tests using the electronic universal testing machine, high velocity testing system and split Hopkinson tensile bar (SHTB). Stress–strain curves at different rates were obtained. The results show that the strain rate hardening effect of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy is significant. By modifying the strain rate hardening term in the Johnson–Cook constitutive model, a new Johnson–Cook (JC) constitutive model of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy was obtained. The improved Johnson–Cook model matched the experiment results very well. With the Johnson–Cook constitutive model, numerical simulations of tensile tests at different rates for 7075-T6 aluminum alloy were conducted. According to tensile loading and stress–strain relation of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy, calculation results were compared with experimental results. Accuracy of the modified Johnson–Cook constitutive equation was further proved.

  6. A modified Johnson–Cook model of dynamic tensile behaviors for 7075-T6 aluminum alloy

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Zhang, Ding-Ni; Shangguan, Qian-Qian; Xie, Can-Jun; Liu, Fu

    2015-01-01

    Highlights: • The dynamic mechanical behaviors at various strain rates were measured. • The strain rate hardening effect of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy is significant. • A new Johnson–Cook constitutive model of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy was obtained. • Numerical simulations of tensile tests at different rates were conducted. • Accuracy of the modified Johnson–Cook constitutive equation was proved. - Abstract: The dynamic mechanical behaviors of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy at various strain rates were measured by dynamic tensile tests using the electronic universal testing machine, high velocity testing system and split Hopkinson tensile bar (SHTB). Stress–strain curves at different rates were obtained. The results show that the strain rate hardening effect of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy is significant. By modifying the strain rate hardening term in the Johnson–Cook constitutive model, a new Johnson–Cook (JC) constitutive model of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy was obtained. The improved Johnson–Cook model matched the experiment results very well. With the Johnson–Cook constitutive model, numerical simulations of tensile tests at different rates for 7075-T6 aluminum alloy were conducted. According to tensile loading and stress–strain relation of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy, calculation results were compared with experimental results. Accuracy of the modified Johnson–Cook constitutive equation was further proved

  7. Oxidación en vapor de agua a 700 ºC y 750 ºC del acero inoxidable AISI 317 recubierto con aluminio por CVD-FBR.

    OpenAIRE

    Jose L. Marulanda; Saul I. Castañeda; Aduljay Remolina

    2014-01-01

    Se realizó la oxidación del acero inoxidable austenítico AISI 317 recubierto con aluminio por deposición química de vapor en lecho fluidizado, a temperaturas de 700 °C y 750ºC, en un ambiente con 100% vapor de agua, para evaluar su comportamiento. Se realizaron curvas de ganancia de masa y las películas de óxidos se analizaron por medio de SEM y difracción de rayos X, para observar la morfología de los óxidos. Se realizó la simulación termodinámica del proceso de oxidación en vapor de agua de...

  8. Caracterización y ensayos de corrosión de aluminio AA2024-T3 recubierto con polianilina como polímero conductor

    OpenAIRE

    Català de Haro, Marc

    2014-01-01

    El presente proyecto estudia las propiedades físicas y químicas de un recubrimiento de polianilina, sobre aluminio AA2024-T3, una aleación de aluminio muy utilizada en la industria, el sector de la aviación y el aeroespacial. La polianilina es un polímero conductor con muchas aplicaciones dentro de los campos tecnológico y biológico, y también actúa como potente protector contra la corrosión. Además, se analizarán los efectos, sobre las propiedades de dicho recubrimiento del Novaclean®, un de...

  9. The influence of zigzag-curve defect on the fatigue properties of friction stir welds in 7075-T6 Al alloy

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Di Shusheng; Yang Xinqi; Fang Dapeng; Luan Guohong

    2007-01-01

    The microstructure and fatigue properties of friction stir welded joints of 7075-T6 Al alloy were discussed. It was shown that the zigzag-curve defect at the root of welds is Key factor to reduce the fatigue performance of single-sided friction stir welded joints of 7075-T6 high strength aluminum alloy. On the other hand, the FSW joints of 7075-T6 Al alloy achieved higher fatigue strength compared to the traditional fusion design curves IIW FAT40 and Draft Eurocode 9 design category 55-6 for structural aluminum alloy components

  10. Oxidación en vapor de agua a 700 ºC y 750 ºC del acero inoxidable AISI 317 recubierto con aluminio por CVD-FBR.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jose L. Marulanda

    2014-01-01

    Full Text Available Se realizó la oxidación del acero inoxidable austenítico AISI 317 recubierto con aluminio por deposición química de vapor en lecho fluidizado, a temperaturas de 700 °C y 750ºC, en un ambiente con 100% vapor de agua, para evaluar su comportamiento. Se realizaron curvas de ganancia de masa y las películas de óxidos se analizaron por medio de SEM y difracción de rayos X, para observar la morfología de los óxidos. Se realizó la simulación termodinámica del proceso de oxidación en vapor de agua de los substratos para conocer las posibles fases sólidas y gaseosas que se podrían formar, en presencia de una ambiente con 100% vapor de agua y una atmosfera de presión. La forma de ataque a 750 ºC es similar a 700 ºC, aunque la velocidad de oxidación es mayor, ya que la difusión de los elementos de aleación y las reacciones de oxidación son más rápidas. Los recubrimientos de aluminio tienen una buena resistencia a la oxidación en vapor de agua, ya que forman una capa superficial de Al 2 O 3 , que es compacta y adherente, la cual protege al substrato del ataque corrosivo.

  11. Investigation of interfacial heat transfer mechanism for 7075-T6 aluminum alloy in HFQ hot forming process

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Ying, Liang; Gao, Tianhan; Dai, Minghua; Hu, Ping

    2017-01-01

    Highlights: • The transient IHTC between 7075 alloy and die in HFQ process is investigated. • The accuracy of IHTC calculated by Beck and heat balance method is compared. • The relationship between IHTC and process parameter of 7075 alloy is studied. • The transient IHTC law is verified by U-type HFQ forming experiment. - Abstract: The IHTC (Interfacial-Heat-Transfer-Coefficient) between aluminum alloy and die during HFQ (Heat-Forming-Quenching) process is an important thermal parameter to reflect the heat transfer efficiency. In the present work, the instantaneous heat transfer law for high strength 7075-T6 alloy during HFQ process based on cylindrical-die model was investigated. The accuracy of IHTC calculated by Beck’s non-linear estimation method (Beck’s method) and heat balance method (HBM) were compared, and instantaneous IHTC of 7075-T6 alloy was acquired in experiment and analyzed in consideration of different contact pressure, surface roughness and lubricate conditions. Furthermore, the obtained IHTC was applied to the simulation process of typical U-type experimental model in order to validate the universality of heat transfer law. The result shows that the average IHTC goes near to 3300 W/m"2·K when pressure is above 80 MPa; Surface roughness can also affect the IHTC in HFQ process, but the effect mechanism is different from the boron steel in hot stamping process. The average IHTC decreases sharply when surface roughness increases in the range of 0.570–0.836 μm, the value is from 3453 W/m"2·K to 2001 W/m"2·K under 80 MPa. Furthermore, surface lubrication can promote heat transfer efficiency and increase IHTC value when contact pressure is relatively high.

  12. Influencia de la sobremaduración en las propiedades mecánicas y comportamiento a corrosión bajo tensión de una aleación de aluminio 7075 T6

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    Badía, J. M.

    2004-04-01

    Full Text Available The effect of a reageing heat treatment following a T6 temper on the mechanical properties and the stress corrosion cracking behaviour (SCC on the EN AW 7075 aluminium alloy is studied. The reageing time was 27 hours for all the temperatures used: 147, 152 and 163 ºC; this last temperature is indicated in the MIL-H-6088F standard to obtain the T73 temper from the T6 temper. The mechanical properties and the stress corrosion behaviour are evaluated and, compared with the T6 and T73 tempers. The evolution of the microstructure is analysed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC techniques, and related with the properties. The reageing following to the T6 temper made a more stable structure higher the temperature, and, consequently, lowing the stress corrosion susceptibility. For temperatures lower than 147 ºC, this diminution of stress corrosion susceptibility occurs without reducing the mechanical properties. So, the 147 ºC reageing heat treatment has better stress corrosion behaviour than the T6 temper, with similar mechanical properties. By the other hand, the stress corrosion susceptibility achieved with the 152 ºC reageing is slightly worse than the T73 one, but their mechanical properties are better.

    En este trabajo se estudia el efecto de la aplicación de una etapa de remaduración posterior al estado T6 sobre las propiedades mecánicas y el comportamiento a corrosión bajo tensiones de una aleación EN AW 7075. Todas las remaduraciones se dieron durante 27 horas a tres temperaturas distintas: 147, 152 y 163 ºC; esta última corresponde a la indicada por la norma MIL-H-6088F para la obtención del estado T73 a partir del estado T6. Se evalúan las propiedades mecánicas y a corrosión bajo tensiones de estos tratamientos, teniendo como referencia los tratamientos T6 y T73. Se analiza la evolución de la microestructura con técnicas de microscopia electrónica de transmisión (TEM y

  13. Corrosion Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior at Notched Hole in 7075 T6 Under Different Biaxial Stress Ratios

    Science.gov (United States)

    2016-08-18

    Subjected to Biaxial Cyclic Loads.” Engineering Fracture Mechanics , 78:1516- 1528, 2011. [37] Sih, G.C.. “A Special Theory of Crack Propagation...of Aeronautics and Astronautics Graduate School of Engineering and Management Air Force Institute of Technology Air University Air Education and...environments from pre- cracked notched circular hole in a 7075-T6 cruciform specimen using a fracture mechanics approach. With stress ratio of R

  14. Dependence on Temperature, pH, and Cl"− in the Uniform Corrosion of Aluminum Alloys 2024-T3, 6061-T6, and 7075-T6

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Huang, I-Wen; Hurley, Belinda L.; Yang, Fan; Buchheit, Rudolph G.

    2016-01-01

    With regards to localized corrosion, the role of uniform corrosion of aluminum alloys has not always been accounted for in the past. The impact of uniform corrosion on aluminum alloys 2024-T3, 6061-T6, and 7075-T6 is studied here to provide quantitative evidence of its importance. Preliminary weight loss experiments combined with optical profilometry (OP) indicate that corrosion attributed to uniform corrosion is very significant when compared to localized corrosion. A series of free immersion tests were conducted to understand the influence of environmental variables including temperature (20, 40, 60, 80 °C), initial pH without buffering (3, 5, 8, 10) and chloride concentration (0.01, 0.1, 1 M) for 1, 7, and 30 days. With time, uniform corrosion results exhibited a strong dependence on temperature accompanied by variable pH- and temperature-dependent corrosion product formation. Electrochemical approaches including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cathodic polarization were utilized to characterize the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and corrosion product formation as a function of temperature. Electron microscopy was conducted to assess the microstructure and morphology of corrosion products and provide supporting evidence for electrochemical findings.

  15. Evaluation of the effect of Ni-P coating on the corrosion resistance of the aluminium 7075 T6 alloy

    OpenAIRE

    Gil, L.; Jiménez, L.; Castro, A. C.; Staia, M. H.; Puchi-Cabrera, E. S.

    2008-01-01

    The aluminum alloy 7075-T6 is a structural alloy widely used for aeronautical applications due to its high relationship between mechanical resistance and weight. Depending upon the environmental conditions, many types of corrosion mechanisms such as intergranular, exfoliation, have been found to occur in aircraft structural aluminum alloys. A significant advance in order to improve the behavior of this alloy is related to the application of the autocatalytic Ni-P coating which confers an exce...

  16. Intergranular corrosion following friction stir welding of aluminum alloy 7075-T651

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lumsden, J.B.; Mahoney, M.W.; Pollock, G.; Rhodes, C.G.

    1999-12-01

    Friction stir welding (FSW), a relatively new solid-state joining process, is used to join Al alloys of all compositions, including alloys essentially considered unweldable. This study focused on microstructures in FSW Al alloy 7075-T651 (AA 7075-T651 [UNS 97075-T651]), an alloy not commonly fusion welded, and the resultant corrosion susceptibility. Although the heat input associated with FSW was relatively low and the time at temperature was short compared to fusion welding, localized microstructures, chemical segregation, and precipitate distributions were created that generally are not present in parent metal AA 7075-T651. Typically, in the weld and heat affected zone (HAZ), the times at peak temperature were short, cooling was relatively rapid, and peak temperatures were {lt} {approx}500 C. Accordingly, a corresponding microstructural gradient developed from the weld nugget into the unaffected parent metal with the precipitate distribution in and around grain boundaries reflecting this temperature excursion. Some of these microstructures, when exposed to a corrosive environment, showed selective grain boundary attack and a decrease in the pitting potential relative to the parent metal. A characterization of the microstructure and localized chemistry differences within the weld zones suggested that the decrease in corrosion resistance correlated with a depletion of Cu within the grain boundaries and precipitate-free zones. These results provided evidence that the lowered resistance to intergranular corrosion following FSW of AA 7075-T651 was caused by a difference in pitting potentials.

  17. Effect of alkaline cleaning and activation on aluminum alloy 7075-T6

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Joshi, Simon; Fahrenholtz, William G.; O'Keefe, Matthew J.

    2011-01-01

    The effect of alkaline cleaning and activation on the composition and thickness of the oxide layer on aluminum alloy 7075-T6 was studied. E-pH diagrams were developed to predict the effect of alkaline cleaning and activation solutions on the stability of the oxide surface layers. The thickness of the native oxide layer was determined to be ∼30 nm by Auger electron spectroscopy depth profiling analysis. The outer ∼20 nm was rich in magnesium while the remaining ∼10 nm was rich in aluminum. Cleaning in a 9.1 pH alkaline solution was found to remove the magnesium-rich layer and leave behind an aluminum-rich oxide layer ∼10 nm thick. Activation in alkaline solutions of NaOH (pH > 12.9) or Na 2 CO 3 (pH > 11.5) produced an oxide that was ∼20 to 60 nm thick and rich in magnesium. Alkaline cleaning and activation altered the oxide composition and thickness making it possible for deposition of thicker cerium-based conversion coatings (∼100 to 250 nm) compared to only alkaline cleaning (∼30 nm), with application of one spray cycle of deposition solution.

  18. Effect of alkaline cleaning and activation on aluminum alloy 7075-T6

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Joshi, Simon, E-mail: sjwt5@mst.edu [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409 (United States); Fahrenholtz, William G.; O' Keefe, Matthew J. [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409 (United States)

    2011-01-01

    The effect of alkaline cleaning and activation on the composition and thickness of the oxide layer on aluminum alloy 7075-T6 was studied. E-pH diagrams were developed to predict the effect of alkaline cleaning and activation solutions on the stability of the oxide surface layers. The thickness of the native oxide layer was determined to be {approx}30 nm by Auger electron spectroscopy depth profiling analysis. The outer {approx}20 nm was rich in magnesium while the remaining {approx}10 nm was rich in aluminum. Cleaning in a 9.1 pH alkaline solution was found to remove the magnesium-rich layer and leave behind an aluminum-rich oxide layer {approx}10 nm thick. Activation in alkaline solutions of NaOH (pH > 12.9) or Na{sub 2}CO{sub 3} (pH > 11.5) produced an oxide that was {approx}20 to 60 nm thick and rich in magnesium. Alkaline cleaning and activation altered the oxide composition and thickness making it possible for deposition of thicker cerium-based conversion coatings ({approx}100 to 250 nm) compared to only alkaline cleaning ({approx}30 nm), with application of one spray cycle of deposition solution.

  19. Multi-Objective Optimization of Friction Stir Welding Process Parameters of AA6061-T6 and AA7075-T6 Using a Biogeography Based Optimization Algorithm

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mehran Tamjidy

    2017-05-01

    Full Text Available The development of Friction Stir Welding (FSW has provided an alternative approach for producing high-quality welds, in a fast and reliable manner. This study focuses on the mechanical properties of the dissimilar friction stir welding of AA6061-T6 and AA7075-T6 aluminum alloys. The FSW process parameters such as tool rotational speed, tool traverse speed, tilt angle, and tool offset influence the mechanical properties of the friction stir welded joints significantly. A mathematical regression model is developed to determine the empirical relationship between the FSW process parameters and mechanical properties, and the results are validated. In order to obtain the optimal values of process parameters that simultaneously optimize the ultimate tensile strength, elongation, and minimum hardness in the heat affected zone (HAZ, a metaheuristic, multi objective algorithm based on biogeography based optimization is proposed. The Pareto optimal frontiers for triple and dual objective functions are obtained and the best optimal solution is selected through using two different decision making techniques, technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS and Shannon’s entropy.

  20. Multi-Objective Optimization of Friction Stir Welding Process Parameters of AA6061-T6 and AA7075-T6 Using a Biogeography Based Optimization Algorithm.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Tamjidy, Mehran; Baharudin, B T Hang Tuah; Paslar, Shahla; Matori, Khamirul Amin; Sulaiman, Shamsuddin; Fadaeifard, Firouz

    2017-05-15

    The development of Friction Stir Welding (FSW) has provided an alternative approach for producing high-quality welds, in a fast and reliable manner. This study focuses on the mechanical properties of the dissimilar friction stir welding of AA6061-T6 and AA7075-T6 aluminum alloys. The FSW process parameters such as tool rotational speed, tool traverse speed, tilt angle, and tool offset influence the mechanical properties of the friction stir welded joints significantly. A mathematical regression model is developed to determine the empirical relationship between the FSW process parameters and mechanical properties, and the results are validated. In order to obtain the optimal values of process parameters that simultaneously optimize the ultimate tensile strength, elongation, and minimum hardness in the heat affected zone (HAZ), a metaheuristic, multi objective algorithm based on biogeography based optimization is proposed. The Pareto optimal frontiers for triple and dual objective functions are obtained and the best optimal solution is selected through using two different decision making techniques, technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) and Shannon's entropy.

  1. Evaluation and Comparison of the Effects of RRA, T73 and T6 Heat Treatments on Hardness, Tensile and Bending Strengths of 7075 Aluminum Alloy

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    M. Assadi

    2016-09-01

    20 min and in the third stage aging process was repeated like T6 treatment. Evaluation of the microstructures and fractured surfaces were performed with optical microscopes (OM and scanning electron microscopes (SEM. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS was used to study the chemical composition of precipitates. Hardness, tensile and bending strength were evaluated according to ASTM E384-11e1, ASTM B557-06 and DIN 50121 standards. RRA treatment increased tensile strength from 466 to 485 MPa and hardness from 110 to 165 Vickers. After T6 treatment, tensile strength increased from 466 to 505 MPa and hardness from 110 to 160 Vickers. In T73 process, the tensile strength remained almost constant (465 MPa but yield strength increased from 394 to 410 MPa and hardness decreased from 110 to 84 Vickers. The bending strength increased from 797 to 844, 920 and 1030 MPa in T73, RRA and T6 processes, respectively. By applying RRA process in optimized temperature and time, hardness, tensile and bending strengths of 7075 aluminum alloy were enhanced from 5 to 15% compared to that of T6 and T73 processes.

  2. Effects of die quench forming on sheet thinning and 3-point bend testing of AA7075-T6

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kim, Samuel; Omer, Kaab; Rahmaan, Taamjeed; Butcher, Clifford; Worswick, Michael

    2017-10-01

    Lab-scaled AA7075 aluminum side impact beams were manufactured using the die quenching technique in which the sheet was solutionized and then quenched in-die during forming to a super saturated solid state. Sheet thinning measurements were taken at various locations throughout the length of the part and the effect of lubricant on surface scoring and material pick-up on the die was evaluated. The as-formed beams were subjected to a T6 aging treatment and then tested in three-point bending. Simulations were performed of the forming and mechanical testing experiments using the LS-DYNA finite element code. The thinning and mechanical response was predicted well.

  3. Ballistic Limit of High-Strength Steel and Al7075-T6 Multi-Layered Plates Under 7.62-mm Armour Piercing Projectile Impact

    OpenAIRE

    Rahman, N. A.; Abdullah, S.; Zamri, W. F. H.; Abdullah, M. F.; Omar, M. Z.; Sajuri, Z.

    2016-01-01

    Abstract This paper presents the computational-based ballistic limit of laminated metal panels comprised of high strength steel and aluminium alloy Al7075-T6 plate at different thickness combinations to necessitate the weight reduction of existing armour steel plate. The numerical models of monolithic configuration, double-layered configuration and triple-layered configuration were developed using a commercial explicit finite element code and were impacted by 7.62 mm armour piercing projectil...

  4. Influencia sobre los tratamientos térmicos del contenido de aluminio de aceros no aleados

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    Carreras, L.

    1999-08-01

    Full Text Available The main purpose of this article is to determine the optimal level of aluminum content in plain steels to have the optimal mechanical properties by means of surface heat treatments. Various plain steels with different aluminium content have been studied. The importance of treatment temperature is analyzed. The influence of other factors, like nitrogen content or the homogenous distribution of particles, is evaluated. It is concluded that the aluminum composition of plain steels that are subjected to heat treatments should not exceed 0.02 %.

    El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar el intervalo óptimo de contenidos de aluminio en aceros no aleados para los que se consiguen las propiedades mecánicas óptimas mediante tratamientos térmicos de superficie. Se estudian diferentes coladas de acero en las que varía el contenido de aluminio y las temperaturas de tratamiento. Se evalúa la importancia de otros factores tales como el contenido de nitrógeno y la homogeneidad en la distribución de partículas endurecedoras. Se llega a la conclusión de que los aceros no aleados destinados a tratamientos térmicos no deben tener un contenido de aluminio superior al 0,02 %.

  5. Cyclic Elastoplastic Performance of Aluminum 7075-T6 Under Strain- and Stress-Controlled Loading

    Science.gov (United States)

    Agius, Dylan; Wallbrink, Chris; Kourousis, Kyriakos I.

    2017-12-01

    Elastoplastic investigations of aerospace aluminum are important in the development of an understanding of the possible cyclic transient effects and their contribution to the material performance under cyclic loading. Cyclic plasticity can occur in an aerospace aluminum component or structure depending on the loading conditions and the presence of external and internal discontinuities. Therefore, it is vital that the cyclic transient effects of aerospace aluminum are recognized and understood. This study investigates experimentally the cyclic elastoplastic performance of aluminum 7075-T6 loaded in symmetric strain control, and asymmetric stress and strain control. A combination of cyclic hardening and softening was noticed from high strain amplitude symmetric strain-controlled tests and at low stress amplitude asymmetric stress-controlled tests. From asymmetric strain control results, the extent of mean stress relaxation depended on the size of the strain amplitude. Additionally, saturation of the ratcheting strain (plastic shakedown) was also found to occur during asymmetric stress control tests. The experimental results were further analyzed using published microstructure research from the past two decades to provide added explanation of the micro-mechanism contribution to the cyclic transient behavior.

  6. A Study on Surface Modification of Al7075-T6 Alloy against Fretting Fatigue Phenomenon

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    E. Mohseni

    2014-01-01

    Full Text Available Aircraft engines, fuselage, automobile parts, and energy saving strategies in general have promoted the interest and research in the field of lightweight materials, typically on alloys based on aluminum. Aluminum alloy itself does not have suitable wear resistance; therefore, it is necessary to enhance surface properties for practical applications, particularly when aluminum is in contact with other parts. Fretting fatigue phenomenon occurs when two surfaces are in contact with each other and one or both parts are subjected to cyclic load. Fretting drastically decreases the fatigue life of materials. Therefore, investigating the fretting fatigue life of materials is an important subject. Applying surface modification methods is anticipated to be a supreme solution to gradually decreasing fretting damage. In this paper, the authors would like to review methods employed so far to diminish the effect of fretting on the fatigue life of Al7075-T6 alloy. The methods include deep rolling, shot peening, laser shock peening, and thin film hard coatings. The surface coatings techniques are comprising physical vapor deposition (PVD, hard anodizing, ion-beam-enhanced deposition (IBED, and nitriding.

  7. High speed machinability of the aerospace alloy AA7075 T6 under different cooling conditions

    Science.gov (United States)

    Imbrogno, Stano; Rinaldi, Sergio; Suarez, Asier Gurruchaga; Arrazola, Pedro J.; Umbrello, Domenico

    2018-05-01

    This paper describes the results of an experimental investigation aimed to st udy the machinability of AA7075 T6 (160 HV) for aerospace industry at high cutting speeds. The paper investigates the effects of different lubri-cooling strategies (cryogenic, M QL and dry) during high speed turning process on cutting forces, tool wear, chip morphology and cutting temperatures. The cutting speeds selected were 1000m/min, 1250m/min and 1500 m/min, while the feed rate values used were 0.1mm/rev and 0.3 mm/rev. The results of cryogenic and M QL application is compared with dry application. It was found that the cryogenic and M QL lubri-cooling techniques could represent a functional alternative to the common dry cutting application in order to implement a more effect ive high speed turning process. Higher cuttingparameters would be able to increase the productivity and reduce the production costs. The effects of the cutting parameters and on the variables object of study were investigated and the role of the different lubri-cooling conditions was assessed.

  8. Investigation of the effect of vacuum environment on the fatigue and fracture behavior of 7075-T6.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hudson, C. M.

    1972-01-01

    Axial-load fatigue-life, fatigue-crack propagation, and fracture-toughness experiments were conducted on sheet specimens made of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy. These experiments were conducted at air pressures ranging from 101 kN/sq m to 7 micronewtons/sq m to determine the effect of air pressure on fatigue behavior. Analysis of the results from the fatigue-life experiments indicated that for a given stress level, the lower the air pressure was the longer the fatigue life. At a pressure of 7 micronewtons/sq m, fatigue lives were 15 to 30 times longer than at 101 kN/sq m. Analysis of the results from the fatigue-crack-growth experiments indicates that at low values of stress-intensity range, the fatigue-crack-growth rates were approximately twice as high at atmospheric pressure as in vacuum. However, at higher values of stress-intensity range, the fatigue-crack-growth rates were nominally the same in vacuum and at atmospheric pressure.

  9. Long-Term Atmospheric Corrosion Behavior of Epoxy Prime Coated Aluminum Alloy 7075-T6 in Coastal Environment

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Sheng Zhang

    2018-06-01

    Full Text Available The atmospheric corrosion of epoxy prime coated aluminum alloy 7075-T6 exposed for 7, 12 and 20 years was investigated. The remaining thicknesses of epoxy prime coatings for macroscopically intact coating areas followed a normal distribution and decreased linearly. EIS results demonstrated that the corrosion resistance of the coating decreased with exposure time. After 20 years of exposure, the epoxy coating had lost its protection as cracks existed within the coating and exfoliation corrosion had occurred on the substrate. The substrate was sensitive to exfoliation corrosion through metallographic and TEM analysis. The corrosion products were mainly hydroxides of aluminum. The morphology and chemical compositions of the coating bubbling area and propagation characterizations of exfoliation corrosion were analyzed by SEM, EPMA and EDS. Cracks between the lumps of corrosion products provided the channels for the transmission of corrosion mediums. Furthermore, the mechanical model was proposed to analyze the propagation characterization of exfoliation corrosion.

  10. Effect of a Minor Sr Modifier on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of 7075 T6 Al Alloys

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    Shaoming Ma

    2017-01-01

    Full Text Available The influence of a minor strontium (Sr modifier on the microstructures and mechanical properties of 7075 Al alloys was investigated in this paper. The grain size of cast 7075 Al alloys was refined from 157 μm to 115 μm, 108 μm, and 105 μm after adding 0.05 wt. %, 0.1 wt. %, and 0.2 wt. % Sr, respectively. The extruded 7075 Al alloys was refined with different degrees of Sr modifier. The mechanical properties were optimum when adding 0.1 wt. % Sr. The ultimate tensile strength (σb increased from 573 to 598 MPa and the elongation-to-failure (δf was raised from 19.5% to 24.9%. The microhardness increased from 182 to 195 Hv. The tensile fracture surface via scanning electron microscopy (SEM revealed a transition from brittle fracture to ductile fracture as Sr increased from 0 wt. % to 0.2 wt. %. The result in this paper proved that the modifier can improve the properties of 7075 Al alloy.

  11. Electrochemical behaviour of TiO{sub 2} reinforced Al 7075 composite

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Karunanithi, R., E-mail: karunaponni@gmail.com; Bera, Supriya; Ghosh, K.S., E-mail: ksghosh2001@yahoo.co.uk

    2014-12-15

    Graphical abstract: - Highlights: • Clustering of TiO{sub 2} particle and porosity increased with increasing TiO{sub 2}. • Coarse and numerous very fine η′ and η precipitates in T6 temper composite. • Shifting corrosion potential to noble direction with increasing TiO{sub 2}. • Corrosion is maximum for 30 vol.% TiO{sub 2} composite and least for 7075 alloy. • Pitting damage greater with the increasing TiO{sub 2}. - Abstract: Microstructures of sintered Al 7075 alloy and Al 7075 alloy reinforced with varying TiO{sub 2} composites exhibited uniform distribution of TiO{sub 2} particles, but clustering and porosity have increased with TiO{sub 2} content. TEM micrographs of the Al 7075 alloy and Al 7075 + TiO{sub 2} composite of peak aged T6 (PA) temper showed some coarse and numerous very fine η′ (MgZn{sub 2}) precipitates, and equilibrium η (MgZn{sub 2}) precipitates along the grain boundaries. Potentiodynamic electrochemical polarisation studies on the Al 7075 alloy of different tempers and Al 7075 + TiO{sub 2} composites in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution showed that the corrosion potentials (E{sub corr}) have shifted towards noble direction with the addition of TiO{sub 2}, and there is an increase of corrosion current density (i{sub corr}) beyond 10 vol.% TiO{sub 2} in the composites. This is attributed to the increase in particle-matrix interface areas enhancing pitting corrosion. Optical micrographs of the corroded surface of 30% TiO{sub 2} composites exhibited maximum pitting damage.

  12. Uniform Corrosion and General Dissolution of Aluminum Alloys 2024-T3, 6061-T6, and 7075-T6

    Science.gov (United States)

    Huang, I.-Wen

    Uniform corrosion and general dissolution of aluminum alloys was not as well-studied in the past, although it was known for causing significant amount of weight loss. This work comprises four chapters to understand uniform corrosion of aluminum alloys 2024-T3, 6061-T6, and 7075-T6. A preliminary weight loss experiment was performed for distinguishing corrosion induced weight loss attributed to uniform corrosion and pitting corrosion. The result suggested that uniform corrosion generated a greater mass loss than pitting corrosion. First, to understand uniform corrosion mechanism and kinetics in different environments, a series of static immersion tests in NaCl solutions were performed to provide quantitative measurement of uniform corrosion. Thereafter, uniform corrosion development as a function of temperature, pH, Cl-, and time was investigated to understand the influence of environmental factors. Faster uniform corrosion rate has been found at lower temperature (20 and 40°C) than at higher temperature (60 and 80°C) due to accelerated corrosion product formation at high temperatures inhibiting corrosion reactions. Electrochemical tests including along with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized to study the temperature effect. Second, in order to further understand the uniform corrosion influence on pit growth kinetics, a long term exposures for 180 days in both immersion and ASTM-B117 test were performed. Uniform corrosion induced surface recession was found to have limited impact on pit geometry regardless of exposure methods. It was also found that the competition for limited cathodic current from uniform corrosion the primary rate limiting factor for pit growth. Very large pits were found after uniform corrosion growth reached a plateau due to corrosion product coverage. Also, optical microscopy and focused ion beam (FIB) imaging has provided more insights of distinctive pitting geometry and subsurface damages found from immersion samples and B117

  13. Influencia del medio de ensayo y dirección de aplicación de la carga en el comportamiento a corrosión bajo tensiones de la aleación de aluminio 7075

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Badía, J. M.

    2004-12-01

    Full Text Available The goal of this work is to prove the validity of using synthetic sea water as an alternative method instead of the NaCl solution used in stress corrosion crack growth tests in aluminium alloys, according to ASTM G 44. Several samples of 7075 alloy have been tested in different conditions and directions in both environments, which can be considered as equivalent. Only the samples tested in thickness direction have shown crack growth during the test. The use of sea water entails a great advantage in practice, by less superficial alteration, and lets therefore a much more reliable measure of the crack.

    El objetivo de este trabajo es comprobar la validez del empleo de agua de mar sintética como método alternativo a la solución de NaCl utilizada en los ensayos de crecimiento de grieta por corrosión bajo tensiones en aleaciones de aluminio, según la norma ASTM G- 44. Para ello, se ha procedido al ensayo de muestras de aleación 7075 en diferentes estados de tratamiento y con distintas orientaciones en ambos medios, comprobándose que pueden considerarse equivalentes. Sólo las probetas ensayadas en la dirección del espesor mostraron crecimiento de grieta durante los ensayos. La utilización del agua de mar representa una gran ventaja práctica ya que altera mucho menos la superficie de las muestras y permite, por tanto, una medida mucho más fiable de la grieta durante el ensayo.

  14. Fenómenos de corrosión galvánica en las uniones aluminio y acero

    OpenAIRE

    Domínguez Parra, Alberto

    2009-01-01

    La corrosión es un proceso de degradación de un material al interactuar con el ambiente que le rodea. El presente proyecto trata de la corrosión galvánica de aceros y fundiciones, en contacto con aleaciones de aluminio. Su experimentación se ha realizado con acero AE 275 B, y fundición EN-GS 400 12. Se utilizó lingote de aluminio A356 obtenido por colada por gravedad, y dos tipos de muestras, con y sin tratamiento térmico T6, de A 356 producidas por el procedimiento de sub-liquidus casting...

  15. Desempeño de insertos de WC recubiertos con nanomulticapas de [TiN/TiAlN]n en el mecanizado del acero endurecido AISI 4340

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Luis Henry Moreno

    2011-01-01

    Full Text Available En el presente trabajo se muestran los resultados de la resistencia al desgaste de insertos de carburo de tungsteno (WC sin recubrir y recubiertos con multinanocapas de [TiN/TiAlN]n con un espesor total promedio del recubrimiento de 4 ¿m, así como de insertos recubiertos con monocapas comerciales de TiCN-Al2O3-TiN (TINAL. Se realizaron ensayos de vida útil, análisis de temperatura en la zona de corte, mediciones de rugosidad superfi cial sobre la pieza y sobre los insertos en la superfi cie de ataque, análisis de huella de contacto entre viruta-insertos y análisis de composición química (EDS. Los ensayos se realizaron sobre piezas de acero AISI 4340 utilizando régimen de corte de acabado y aplicando altas velocidades de corte (HSC. Los resultados de mecanizado de acero, para un recorrido de 8.000 metros con diferentes insertos de carburo de tungsteno (WC, sin recubrimiento y recubiertos presentaron valores de desgaste de 0,117 mm y 0,138 mm; en relación a los insertos recubiertos con 300 y 200 bicapas de TiN/TiAlN, respectivamente. De igual manera, los insertos recubiertos con TINAL exhibieron valores de desgaste de 0,174 mm. Además, los valores de temperatura en la zona de corte y para una velocidad de corte de 176,6 m/mim fueron de 522,6 oC para los recubrimientos con 300 bicapas, de 721,4 oC para aquellos con 200 bicapas, y de 1.327,6 oC para los insertos recubiertos con TINAL. La disminución de la temperatura en la zona de corte, relacionada con un menor coefi ciente de fricción y una menor fuerza de corte, contribuyeron al alargamiento de la vida útil de los insertos.

  16. High-Speed Friction Stir Welding of AA7075-T6 Sheet: Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, Micro-texture, and Thermal History

    Science.gov (United States)

    Zhang, Jingyi; Upadhyay, Piyush; Hovanski, Yuri; Field, David P.

    2018-01-01

    Friction stir welding (FSW) is a cost-effective and high-quality joining process for aluminum alloys (especially heat-treatable alloys) that is historically operated at lower joining speeds (up to hundreds of millimeters per minute). In this study, we present a microstructural analysis of friction stir welded AA7075-T6 blanks with high welding speeds up to 3 M/min. Textures, microstructures, mechanical properties, and weld quality are analyzed using TEM, EBSD, metallographic imaging, and Vickers hardness. The higher welding speed results in narrower, stronger heat-affected zones (HAZs) and also higher hardness in the nugget zones. The material flow direction in the nugget zone is found to be leaning towards the welding direction as the welding speed increases. Results are coupled with welding parameters and thermal history to aid in the understanding of the complex material flow and texture gradients within the welds in an effort to optimize welding parameters for high-speed processing.

  17. Influence of friction stir welding process and tool parameters on strength properties of AA7075-T6 aluminium alloy joints

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Rajakumar, S.; Muralidharan, C.; Balasubramanian, V.

    2011-01-01

    The aircraft aluminium alloys generally present low weldability by traditional fusion welding process. The development of the friction stir welding has provided an alternative improved way of satisfactorily producing aluminium joints, in a faster and reliable manner. In this present work, the influence of process and tool parameters on tensile strength properties of AA7075-T 6 joints produced by friction stir welding was analysed. Square butt joints were fabricated by varying process parameters and tool parameters. Strength properties of the joints were evaluated and correlated with the microstructure, microhardness of weld nugget. From this investigation it is found that the joint fabricated at a tool rotational speed of 1400 rpm, welding speed of 60 mm/min, axial force of 8 kN, using the tool with 15 mm shoulder diameter, 5 mm pin diameter, 45 HRc tool hardness yielded higher strength properties compared to other joints.

  18. Estudio del comportamiento térmico del polvo de aluminio estabilizado con el yeso

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    López-Delgado, A.

    2005-12-01

    Full Text Available The aluminium dust is a hazardous waste from the secondary aluminium remelting industry. A stabilization/solidification process was developed at CENIM with the aim of decreasing its reactivity. Gypsum was used as a binder material. This work summarizes the study of the thermal behavior of the aluminium dust stabilized with gypsum, in order to establish the influence of the residue in the reactions of hydration/dehydration of the gypsum during the hardening process, namely: partial dehydration of calcium sulphate dihydrate, dehydration of calcium sulphate hemi-hydrate, dehydration of aluminium hydroxide and anhydrite soluble/anhydrite insoluble transformation. The activation energy associated to all those reactions was determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry.

    El polvo de aluminio (pAl es un residuo peligroso procedente de la metalurgia secundaría del aluminio. Con objeto de reducir la reactividad del mismo, en el CENIM se ha desarrollado un proceso de estabilización/solidificación mediante su fraguado con yeso. En este trabajo se presenta el estudio del comportamiento térmico del pAl estabilizado con el yeso, con el fin de establecer la influencia del residuo en las reacciones de hidratación/deshidratación del yeso durante el proceso del fraguado, a saber: deshidratación parcial del sulfato cálcico dihidrato, deshidratación del hemihidrato, deshidratación del hidróxido de aluminio y transformación de anhidrita soluble en anhidrita insoluble. Asimismo se ha estudiado la cinética asociada a cada una de las reacciones anteriormente mencionadas mediante Calorimetría Diferencial de Barrido.

  19. High-Speed Friction Stir Welding of AA7075-T6 Sheet: Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, Micro-texture, and Thermal History

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Zhang, Jingyi; Upadhyay, Piyush; Hovanski, Yuri; Field, David P.

    2017-11-20

    Friction-stir-welding (FSW) is a cost-effective and high quality joining process for aluminum alloys (especially heat-treatable allo ys) that has been applied successfully in the aerospace industry. However, the full potential of FSW on more cost-sensitive applications is still limited by the production rate, namely the welding speed of the process. The majority of literature evaluating FSW of aluminum alloys is based on welds made in the range of welding speeds around hundreds of millimeters per minute, and only a handful are at a moderate speed of 1 m/min. In this study we present a microstructural analysis of friction stir welded AA7075-T6 blanks with welding speeds up to 3 m/min. Textures, microstructures, mechanical properties, and weld quality are analyzed using TEM, EBSD, metallographic imaging, and Vickers hardness. Results are coupled with welding parameters to aid in the understanding of the complex material flow and texture gradients within the welds in an effort to optimize welding parameters for high speed processing.

  20. An Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Vacuum Environment on the Fatigue Life, Fatigue-Crack-Growth Behavior, and Fracture Toughness of 7075-T6 Aluminum Alloy. Ph.D. Thesis - North Carolina State Univ.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hudson, C. M.

    1972-01-01

    Axial load fatigue life, fatigue-crack propagation, and fracture toughness tests were conducted on 0.090-inch thick specimens made of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy. The fatigue life and fatigue-crack propagation experiments were conducted at a stress ratio of 0.02. Maximum stresses ranged from 33 to 60 ksi in the fatigue life experiments, and from 10 to 40 ksi in the fatigue-crack propagation experiments, and fatigue life experiments were conducted at gas pressures of 760, 0.5, 0.05, and 0.00000005 torr. Fatigue-crack-growth and fracture toughness experiments were conducted at gas pressures of 760 and 5 x 10 to the minus 8th power torr. Residual stress measurements were made on selected fatigue life specimens to determine the effect of such stresses on fatigue life. Analysis of the results from the fatigue life experiments indicated that fatigue life progressively increased as the gas pressure decreased. Analysis of the results from the fatigue-crack-growth experiments indicates that at low values of stress-intensity range, the fatigue crack growth rates were approximately twice as high in air as in vacuum. Fracture toughness data showed there was essentially no difference in the fracture toughness of 7075-T6 in vacuum and in air.

  1. Comparison of susceptibility to pitting corrosion of AA2024-T4, AA7075-T651 and AA7475-T761 aluminium alloys in neutral chloride solutions using electrochemical noise analysis

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Na, Kyung-Hwan; Pyun, Su-Il

    2008-01-01

    The susceptibility to pitting corrosion of AA2024-T4, AA7075-T651 and AA7475-T761 aluminium alloys was investigated in aqueous neutral chloride solution for the purpose of comparison using electrochemical noise measurement. The experimentally measured electrochemical noises were analysed based upon the combined stochastic theory and shot-noise theory using the Weibull distribution function. From the occurrence of two linear regions on one Weibull probability plot, it was suggested that there existed two stochastic processes of uniform corrosion and pitting corrosion; pitting corrosion was distinguished from uniform corrosion in terms of the frequency of events in the stochastic analysis. Accordingly, the present analysis method allowed us to investigate pitting corrosion independently. The susceptibility to pitting corrosion was appropriately evaluated by determining pit embryo formation rate in the stochastic analysis. The susceptibility was decreased in the following order: AA2024-T4 (the naturally aged condition), AA7475-T761 (the overaged condition) and AA7075-T651 (the near-peak-aged condition)

  2. Experimental investigation of hardness of FSW and TIG joints of Aluminium alloys of AA7075 and AA6061

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Chetan Patil

    2016-07-01

    Full Text Available This paper reports hardness testing conducted on welded butt joints by FSW and TIG welding process on similar and dissimilar aluminium alloys. FSW joints were produced for similar alloys of AA7075T651 and dissimilar alloys of AA7075T651- AA6061T6. The Friction stir welds of AA7075 & AA6061 aluminium alloy were produced at different tool rotational speeds of 650,700, 800, 900, 1000 and transverse speed of 30, 35, 40 mm/min. TIG welding was conducted along the rolling direction of similar and dissimilar aluminium plates. The Brinell hardness testing techniques were employed to conduct the tests; these tests were conducted on the welds to ascertain the joint integrity before characterization to have an idea of the quality of the welds

  3. Dissimilar metal study on C44300 tube to AA7075 -T651 tube plate with and without thread by FWTPET process

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Radhakrishnan, E.; Kumaraswamidhas, L. A. [Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Jharkhand (India); Muruganandam, D. [Sri Sairam Engineering College, Tamil Nadu (India); Kumaran, S. Senthil [RVS School of Engineering and Technology, Tamilnadu, (India)

    2017-05-15

    Friction welding has vital industrial role in fabricating automobiles, aerospace, ship building, heat exchangers using similar, dissimilar and bi-metal of ferrous and non-ferrous metals at mass production level. In this study, admiralty brass C44300 tube and aluminium alloy AA7075 -T651, 6 mm thick tube plate were identified as base metals. Different joint surface area profile of with and without thread of different pitch values was chosen to study the mechanical properties and micro structures of these two base metals. 0.1 mm clearance was maintained between the AA7075-T651 tube plate and C44300 tube outer diameter to make friction welding. Taguchi’s L16 orthogonal array techniques were adopted for identifying the most significant ranking process parameters. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) has been used to analyze the input parameter contribution in terms of percentage. Genetic algorithm (GA) was used to access the suitable input parameter value to obtain effective joint strength in terms of hardness, compressive strength and microstructure formation in the interface of the joint. A Compression test (CT) was conducted to evaluate the level of compressive strength of the joint. Threaded profile pair with higher pitch value proved high compressive strength over unthreaded pair. Micro structure for base metal C44300 tube and AA7075-T651 tube plate, Heat affected zone (HAZ) and Weld zone (WZ) of the joint has been studied. Hardness of base metals, HAZ and WZ was measured by micro Vickers hardness tester and the observation shows that hardness at joint interface has been found to be higher in all pairs.

  4. Sensitivity of polycrystal plasticity to slip system kinematic hardening laws for Al 7075-T6

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Hennessey, Conor; Castelluccio, Gustavo M.; McDowell, David L.

    2017-01-01

    The prediction of formation and early growth of microstructurally small fatigue cracks requires use of constitutive models that accurately estimate local states of stress, strain, and cyclic plastic strain. However, few research efforts have attempted to systematically consider the sensitivity of overall cyclic stress-strain hysteresis and higher order mean stress relaxation and plastic strain ratcheting responses introduced by the slip system back-stress formulation in crystal plasticity, even for face centered cubic (FCC) crystal systems. This paper explores the performance of two slip system level kinematic hardening models using a finite element crystal plasticity implementation as a User Material Subroutine (UMAT) within ABAQUS, with fully implicit numerical integration. The two kinematic hardening formulations aim to reproduce the cyclic deformation of polycrystalline Al 7075-T6 in terms of both macroscopic cyclic stress-strain hysteresis loop shape, as well as ratcheting and mean stress relaxation under strain- or stress-controlled loading with mean strain or stress, respectively. The first formulation is an Armstrong-Frederick type hardening-dynamic recovery law for evolution of the back stress. This approach is capable of reproducing observed deformation under completely reversed uniaxial loading conditions, but overpredicts the rate of cyclic ratcheting and associated mean stress relaxation. The second formulation corresponds to a multiple back stress Ohno-Wang type hardening law with nonlinear dynamic recovery. The adoption of this back stress evolution law greatly improves the capability to model experimental results for polycrystalline specimens subjected to cycling with mean stress or strain. As a result, the relation of such nonlinear dynamic recovery effects are related to slip system interactions with dislocation substructures.

  5. Critical assessment of precracked specimen configuration and experimental test variables for stress corrosion testing of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy plate

    Science.gov (United States)

    Domack, M. S.

    1985-01-01

    A research program was conducted to critically assess the effects of precracked specimen configuration, stress intensity solutions, compliance relationships and other experimental test variables for stress corrosion testing of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy plate. Modified compact and double beam wedge-loaded specimens were tested and analyzed to determine the threshold stress intensity factor and stress corrosion crack growth rate. Stress intensity solutions and experimentally determined compliance relationships were developed and compared with other solutions available in the literature. Crack growth data suggests that more effective crack length measurement techniques are necessary to better characterize stress corrosion crack growth. Final load determined by specimen reloading and by compliance did not correlate well, and was considered a major source of interlaboratory variability. Test duration must be determined systematically, accounting for crack length measurement resolution, time for crack arrest, and experimental interferences. This work was conducted as part of a round robin program sponsored by ASTM committees G1.06 and E24.04 to develop a standard test method for stress corrosion testing using precracked specimens.

  6. Comportamiento Tribológico de Aluminio Sinterizado y Desgastado Bajo Distintas Condiciones Comportamiento Tribológico de Aluminio Sinterizado y Desgastado Bajo Distintas Condiciones

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Veridiana Reyes Z.

    2012-02-01

    Full Text Available Wear is one of the most costly damages in industry and research has been directed towards its prevention. This paper deals with the behavior of aluminum pieces, prepared by powder metallurgy, under wear. The samples tested were prepared under different processing conditions (compacting pressure, temperature and sintering time. The wear test was carried out ina pin-in-disc machine, at various rates and wear pressures. The results showed the tribological behavior of aluminum. Also, a comparative study between a 356-aluminium alloy and pure aluminum was carried out, showing the feasibility of attaining similar tribological behavior between a conventional alloy and pure aluminum prepared by powder metallurgy techniques.El desgaste es uno de los daños más costosos para la industria y las investigaciones buscan entender los mecanismos del desgaste que podrían disminuirlo o evitarlo. Este trabajo analiza el comportamiento del aluminio obtenido por metalurgia de polvos cuando se somete a desgaste. Las muestras usadas fueron preparadas bajo diversas condiciones de proceso (presión de la compactación, la temperatura y tiempode tratamiento térmico. Las pruebas de desgaste se realizaron en una máquina de pin-en-disco y fueron probados diferentes valores de velocidad y presión de desgaste. Los resultados obtenidos muestran el comportamiento tribológico del aluminio. Se presenta también un estudio comparativo entre una aleación de aluminio 356 y aluminio puro, demostrándose la viabilidad de lograr un comportamiento tribológico similar entre esta aleación convencional y el aluminio puro preparado por metalurgia de polvos.

  7. An evaluation of corrosion protection by two epoxy primers on 2219-T87 and 7075-T73 aluminum

    Science.gov (United States)

    Mendrek, M. J.

    1992-01-01

    A comparison of the corrosion protection provided by two amine epoxy primers was made using salt fog, alternate immersion, and total immersion as exposure media. The study is the result of a request to use an unqualified low volatile organic carbon (VOC) primer (AKZO 463-6-78) in place of the current primer (AKZO 463-6-3) because environmental regulations have eliminated use of the current primer in many states. Primed, scribed samples of 2219-T87 and 7075-T73 aluminum were exposed to 5-percent NaCl salt fog and 3.5-percent NaCl alternate immersion for a period of 90 days. In addition, electrode samples immersed in 3.5-percent NaCl were tested using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The EG&G model 368 ac impedance measurement system was used to monitor changing properties of AKZO 463-6-78 and AKZO 463-6-3 primed 2219-T87 aluminum for a period of 30 days. The response of the corroding system of a frequency scan can be modeled in terms of an equivalent circuit consisting of resistors and capacitors in a specific arrangement. Each resistor/capacitor combination represents physical processes taking place within the electrolyte, at the electrolyte/primer surface, within the coating, and at the coating/substrate surface. Values for the resistors and capacitors are assigned following a nonlinear least squares fit of the data to the equivalent circuit. Changes in the values of equivalent circuit parameters during the 30-day exposure allow assessment of the time to and mechanism of coating breakdown.

  8. CLARIFICACIÓN DE AGUAS USANDO COAGULANTES POLIMERIZADOS: CASO DEL HIDROXICLORURO DE ALUMINIO

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    JUAN MIGUEL COGOLLO FLÓREZ

    2011-01-01

    Full Text Available En este artículo se realiza un estudio del proceso de clarificación en sistemas de tratamiento de aguas industriales usando un coagulante inorgánico polimerizado (hidroxicloruro de aluminio. Inicialmente, se establecen los elementos conceptuales más importantes de las etapas del proceso de clarificación (coagulación, floculación y sedimentación. Luego, se señalan los principales coagulantes convencionales utilizados en el tratamiento de aguas y se abordan los policloruros de aluminio (PAC´s como integrantes de una nueva generación de coagulantes alternativos cuyo uso se ha incrementado en las últimas décadas dado su mejor desempeño respecto a los coagulantes convencionales; se especifican los aspectos técnicos y operativos que se deben considerar al momento de implementar un proceso de clarificación de aguas usando un PAC como coagulante. Finalmente, se presentan datos comparativos de condiciones operacionales reales de un proceso de clarificación de aguas, producto de un trabajo previo, donde se remplazó un coagulante convencional (sulfato de aluminio por hidroxicloruro de aluminio, donde se corrobora el mejor desempeño del proceso luego del remplazo.

  9. Microstructure and failure mechanisms of refill friction stir spot welded 7075-T6 aluminum alloy joints

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Shen, Zhikang; Yang, Xinqi; Zhang, Zhaohua; Cui, Lei; Li, Tielong

    2013-01-01

    Highlights: ► There is a correlation between the void in the weld and the joint strength. ► The preferable mechanical properties can be obtained by lowering rotational speed. ► The alclad has an adverse effect on the mechanical properties. -- Abstract: In this paper, the microstructure and mechanical properties of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy joints joined by refill friction stir spot welding (RFSSW) were investigated. The keyhole was refilled successfully, and the microstructure of the weld exhibited variations in the grain sizes in the width and the thickness directions. There existed defects (hook, voids, bonding ligament, etc.) associated to the material flow in the weld. Mechanical properties of the joint have been investigated in terms of hardness and tensile/shear and cross-tension test, and the fracture mechanisms were observed by SEM (scanning electron microscope). The hardness profile of the weld exhibited a W-shaped appearance in the macroscopic level, which reached the minimum at the boundary of the sleeve and the clamping ring. The variation laws between tensile/shear and cross-tension strength and processing parameters were rather complicated. The void in the weld played an important role in determining the strength of the joint. On the whole, the preferable strength can be obtained at lower rotational speed. Shear fracture mode was observed under tensile–shear loadings, and nugget debonding, plug type fracture (on the upper sheet) and plug type fracture (on the lower sheet) modes were observed under cross-tension loadings. It was also observed that the main feature affecting the mechanical properties of the joint is the alclad between the upper and lower sheets and the connecting qualities between the stir zone and thermo-mechanically affected zone.

  10. Efecto del calcio sobre la toxicidad aguda de aluminio en alevines de trucha arcoiris (Oncorhynchus mykiss expuestos en aguas de diferente pH

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Rolando Vega

    2015-05-01

    Full Text Available En la producción de alevines de salmón de la región de la Araucanía (sur de Chile se presentan importantes eventos de mortalidad aguda sin rasgos patológicos aparentes. El problema se focaliza en ejemplares de 0,2 a 1 g y las causas apuntan a procesos de acidificación del pH del agua y a la presencia de ciertos metales pesados, entre los cuales destaca el aluminio, que alcanza concentraciones más allá de los rangos de tolerancia de los peces. La información científica indica que concentraciones de 5 mg Ca L-1 en el afluente son suficientes para mantener a salvo los peces del efectos tóxico del aluminio. Sin embargo, los problemas en la producción de alevines de salmón indican que se requiere un mayor conocimiento científico y evidencia experimental que soporte el desarrollo de procesos y tecnologías para el tratamiento de los afluentes de las pisciculturas chilenas. En este trabajo se evaluó el efecto de cuatro concentraciones de calcio (0, 5, 10 y 20 mg Ca L-1 sobre la toxicidad aguda de 500 μg Al L-1 en alevines de trucha arcoiris (Oncorhynchus mykiss de 0,1 g en agua de cultivo a pH 5, 6 y 7. El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar la dosis de calcio que reduce la toxicidad aguda de aluminio y los tiempos mínimos de reacción que podrían disponer los piscicultores para tomar medidas preventivas ante una concentración aguda de aluminio en el agua de cultivo. Los resultados indican que antes de 8 h de exposición a una concentración tóxica de aluminio los piscicultores deberían asegurar en el agua de cultivo una dosis superior a 10 mg Ca L-1 y un pH >6 como medida remedial para reducir el efecto de intoxicación aguda causada por aluminio.

  11. Bake hardening of nanograin AA7075 aluminum alloy

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Dehghani, Kamran

    2011-01-01

    Highlights: ► The bake hardening behavior of AA7075 was studied and compared with its coarse-grain counterpart. ► Nanograin AA7075 exhibited 88–100% increase in bake hardenability. ► Nanograin AA7075 exhibited 36–38% increase in final yield strength after baking. ► Maximum bake hardenability and final yield stress were about 185 MPa and 719 MPa. - Abstract: In the present work, the bake hardening of nanostructured AA7075 aluminum alloy was compared with that of its coarse-grain counterpart. Surface severe plastic deformation (SSPD) was used to produce nanograin layers on both surfaces of workpieces. The nanostructured layers were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. The thickness of nanostructured layer, having the grains of 50–110 nm, was about 75 μm on each side of workpiece. The bake hardenability of nanograin and coarse-grain AA7075 was then compared by pre-straining to 2, 4 and 6% followed by baking at 100 °C and 200 °C for 20 min. Comparing to coarse-grain case, there was about 88–100% increase in bake hardenability and about 36–38% increase in yield strength after the bake hardening of present nanograin AA7075. Such an increase in bake hardenability and strength was achieved when the thickness of two nanograin layers was about only one-tenth of the whole thickness.

  12. Three dimensional microstructural characterization of nanoscale precipitates in AA7075-T651 by focused ion beam (FIB) tomography

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Singh, Sudhanshu S.; Loza, Jose J. [Materials Science and Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287–6106 (United States); Merkle, Arno P. [Carl Zeiss X-ray Microscopy, Inc., Pleasanton, CA (United States); Chawla, Nikhilesh, E-mail: nchawla@asu.edu [Materials Science and Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287–6106 (United States)

    2016-08-15

    The size and distribution of precipitates in Al 7075 alloys affects both the mechanical and corrosion behavior (including stress corrosion cracking and fatigue corrosion) of the alloy. Three dimensional (3D) quantitative microstructural analysis of Al 7075 in the peak aged condition (T651) allows for a better understanding of these behaviors. In this study, Focused ion beam (FIB) tomography was used to characterize the microstructure in three dimensions. Analysis of grains and precipitates was performed in terms of volume, size, and morphology. It was found that the precipitates at the grain boundaries are larger in size, higher in aspect ratios and maximum Feret diameter compared to the precipitates inside the grains, due to earlier nucleation of the precipitates at the grain boundaries. Our data on the precipitates at the interface between grains and Mg{sub 2}Si inclusion show that the surfaces of inclusion (impurity) particles can serve as a location for heterogeneous nucleation of precipitates. - Highlights: •Focused ion beam (FIB) tomography was used to characterize the microstructure of Al 7075 in three dimensions. •Analysis of grains and precipitates was performed in terms of volume, size, and morphology. •Precipitates at the grain boundaries have larger size and aspect ratio compared to the precipitates inside the grains.

  13. Effect of post weld heat treatment on tensile properties and microstructure characteristics of friction stir welded armour grade AA7075-T651 aluminium alloy

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    P. Sivaraj

    2014-03-01

    Full Text Available This paper reports the effects of post weld heat treatments, namely artificial ageing and solution treatment followed by artificial ageing, on microstructure and mechanical properties of 12 mm thick friction stir welded joints of precipitation hardenable high strength armour grade AA7075-T651 aluminium alloy. The tensile properties, such as yield strength, tensile strength, elongation and notch tensile strength, are evaluated and correlated with the microhardness and microstructural features. The scanning electron microscope is used to characterie the fracture surfaces. The solution treatment followed by ageing heat treatment cycle is found to be marginally beneficial in improving the tensile properties of friction stir welds of AA7075-T651 aluminium alloy.

  14. Study of the SCC Behavior of 7075 Aluminum Alloy After One-Step Aging at 163 °C

    Science.gov (United States)

    Silva, G.; Rivolta, B.; Gerosa, R.; Derudi, U.

    2013-01-01

    For the past many years, 7075 aluminum alloys have been widely used especially in those applications for which high mechanical performances are required. It is well known that the alloy in the T6 condition is characterized by the highest ultimate and yield strengths, but, at the same time, by poor stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance. For this reason, in the aeronautic applications, new heat treatments have been introduced to produce T7X conditions, which are characterized by lower mechanical strength, but very good SCC behavior, when compared with the T6 condition. The aim of this study is to study the tensile properties and the SCC behavior of 7075 thick plates when submitted to a single-step aging by varying the aging times. The tests were carried out according to the standards and the data obtained from the SCC tests were analyzed quantitatively using an image analysis software. The results show that, when compared with the T7X conditions, the single-step aging performed in the laboratory can produce acceptable tensile and SCC properties.

  15. CRECIMIENTO DEL MAÍZ EN VERTISOLES CON ALTO ALUMINIO EN LA BAIXADA MARANHENSE PRE-AMAZONIA, BRASIL

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Alessandro Costa da Silva

    2014-01-01

    Full Text Available Crecimiento del maíz en vertisoles con alto aluminio en la Baixada Maranhense pre-Amazonia, Brasil. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el crecimiento del maíz en suelos con alto contenido de aluminio. Se midió el efecto del Al3+ en raíces y la cantidad de materia seca (raíz, hoja y tallo de maíz. Se efectuó la caracterización físico-química de cuatro muestras de suelo con alto aluminio colectadas del horizonte Ap, en tres municipios de la región conocida como Baixada Maranhense (Pre-Amazonia, Brasil: Santa Rita (SR, Arari (AR y Vitoria do Mearim (VM y un testigo colectado en el municipio de São Luís, Área del Núcleo de Tecnología Rural (T. El estudio, ejecutado en 2009, se llevó a cabo en invernadero y se utilizó 2 dm3 de suelo por maceta. Asimismo las muestras fueron divididas en muestras con y sin fertilización. La variación en la longitud de la raíz y de materia seca de las hojas difirió significativamente entre tratados con y sin fertilizante, excepto en la muestra de la localidad T. La producción de materia seca de raíz, tallo y hoja fue mayor en todos los suelos cuando se fertilizó. El suelo testigo también superó a todos los demás en cuanto a producción de materia seca en la raíz, posiblemente como resultado de una menor cantidad de Al3+ (1,2 cmolc/dm3 en comparación con los suelos SR, AR y VM (6,8; 8,0 y 7,0 cmolc/dm3 respectivamente. Se concluye la fertilización reduce el efecto detrimental del aluminio en la producción de maíz en la Baixada Maranhense.

  16. Recubrimientos vítreos de cerio para la protección activa de aleaciones de aluminio

    OpenAIRE

    Yhasmin Reyes; Alicia Durán; Yolanda Castro

    2015-01-01

    Las buenas propiedades mecánicas, alta conductividad eléctrica y térmica y bajo coste de mecanización del aluminio y sus aleaciones, permiten su uso en un amplio campo de aplicaciones. Sin embargo, al exponerse a ambientes agresivos, el aluminio sufre corrosión localizada. En este trabajo, se estudia la preparación de recubrimientos vítreos de óxido de cerio, sintetizados a partir de nitrato de cerio y diversos complejantes para mejorar la resistencia a la corrosión de las aleaciones AA2024 y...

  17. Interacción entre el aluminio fundido y las fibras de carbono recubiertas con cobre y níquel en materiales compuestos de matriz metálica

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ureña, A.

    2004-04-01

    Full Text Available Aluminium Matrix Composites (AMC reinforced with carbon fiber (Cf show good mechanical properties and great capability of autolubrication. However, carbon fibers have poor wetting and react with molten aluminium producing aluminium carbide (Al4C3, that degrades the composite mechanical properties. In order to improve the wetting and to avoid the reaction between Cf and aluminium, the fibers have been coated with a thin layer of Cu and Ni, using an electroless process. AMC have been made using uncoated carbon fibers and Cu or Ni coated ones. The matrix-reinforcement interface has been analysed using SEM / EDX. Nanoindentation mechanical tests have been carried out to evaluate mechanical properties of the matrix-reinforcement interface.

    Los materiales compuestos de matriz de aluminio (AMC reforzados con fibra de C (Cf presentan unas buenas propiedades mecánicas y una gran capacidad de autolubricación. Sin embargo, las fibras de C tienen una pobre mojabilidad y reaccionan con el aluminio fundido formando Al4C3 en la intercara matriz-refuerzo, lo que provoca la degradación de las propiedades mecánicas del material. Para aumentar la mojabilidad y prevenir la reacción, se han recubierto las fibras con una fina capa de Cu o de Ni, utilizando el proceso de “electroless”. Se han fabricado AMC utilizando Cf sin recubrir y recubiertas de Cu o Ni. Se ha estudiado la intercara matriz-refuerzo mediante SEM / EDX y se han realizado ensayos mecánicos de nanoindentación para evaluar las propiedades mecánicas de la intercara matriz-refuerzo.

  18. Damage characterization and modeling of a 7075-T651 aluminum plate

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Jordon, J.B.; Horstemeyer, M.F.; Solanki, K.; Bernard, J.D.; Berry, J.T.; Williams, T.N.

    2009-01-01

    In this paper, the damage-induced anisotropy arising from material microstructure heterogeneities at two different length scales was characterized and modeled for a wrought aluminum alloy. Experiments were performed on a 7075-T651 aluminum alloy plate using sub-standard tensile specimens in three different orientations with respect to the rolling direction. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to characterize the stereology of the final damage state in terms of cracked and or debonded particles. A physically motivated internal state variable continuum model was used to predict fracture by incorporating material microstructural features. The continuum model showed good comparisons to the experimental data by capturing the damage-induced anisotropic material response. Estimations of the mechanical stress-strain response, material damage histories, and final failure were numerically calculated and experimentally validated thus demonstrating that the final failure state was strongly dependent on the constituent particle morphology.

  19. Ballistic Limit of High-Strength Steel and Al7075-T6 Multi-Layered Plates Under 7.62-mm Armour Piercing Projectile Impact

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    N. A. Rahman

    Full Text Available Abstract This paper presents the computational-based ballistic limit of laminated metal panels comprised of high strength steel and aluminium alloy Al7075-T6 plate at different thickness combinations to necessitate the weight reduction of existing armour steel plate. The numerical models of monolithic configuration, double-layered configuration and triple-layered configuration were developed using a commercial explicit finite element code and were impacted by 7.62 mm armour piercing projectile at velocity range of 900 to 950 m/s. The ballistic performance of each configuration plate in terms of ballistic limit velocity, penetration process and permanent deformation was quantified and considered. It was found that the monolithic panel of high-strength steel has the best ballistic performance among all panels, yet it has not caused any weight reduction in existing armour plate. As the weight reduction was increased from 20-30%, the double-layered configuration panels became less resistance to ballistic impact where only at 20% and 23.2% of weight reduction panel could stop the 950m/s projectile. The triple-layered configuration panels with similar areal density performed much better where all panels subjected to 20-30% weight reductions successfully stopped the 950 m/s projectile. Thus, triple-layered configurations are interesting option in designing a protective structure without sacrificing the performance in achieving weight reduction.

  20. Evaluation of the plasticity and damage parameters of aluminium 7075 T7

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Elgueta Vergara, Marcelo

    2004-01-01

    Mechanical damage occurs when, because of deformations, the initial crystalline network of a material is modified and suffers deterioration or progressive mechanical damage, until a macro crack occurs and then, the rupture or final fracture of the material. This mechanical damage is physically represented by the presence of cavities, decohesions, microfissures, etc. The mechanical damage, considered to be the progressive deterioration of the matter when submitted to deformations, is a phenomenon that, compared with the rupture of the material, has only recently begun to be studied. This work defines the parameters of plasticity, the laws of isotropic and kinematic hardening and the one dimensional law of mechanical damage of an aluminum alloy 7075 T7, widely used in the aeronautics industry. Measurements of deformations were taken with extensometry stamps, extensometries and a digital imagery correlation technique, in tests under a monotonous as well as a cyclic load (CW)

  1. Microstructure and mechanical properties of TiC/Al(7075) composites fabricated by in situ reaction%原位合成TiC/Al(7075)复合材料的组织及力学性能

    Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

    吴瑞瑞; 李秋书; 郭璐; 马雁翔; 王荣峰

    2017-01-01

    TiC/Al(7075) composites were fabricated by in situ reaction.The influence of in situ TiC particles form,distribution state and content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the TiC/Al(7075) compo-sites were discussed.The results show that most spherical in situ TiC particles with aggregate exists in 7075 matrix,the cluster of grain size is about 1 μm.When the mass fraction of in situ TiC particles is less than 6%,the TiC distribution is more uniform.With the increase of in situ TiC particles,the grain sizes of the TiC/Al(7075) composites decrease significantly.But the porosity appear in the microstrcuture when the mass fraction of in situ TiC particles is more than 6%.Hardness and toughness of composite material testing shows that with the increase of the TiC particle concentration,the highest hardness of the surface reaches HB 108,the composites with 6% TiC have the best toughness,the toughness increases by 31.55% compared with the 7075 matrix.%采用原位合成法制备TiC/Al(7075)复合材料,研究原位TiC颗粒的存在形式、分布状态及不同原位TiC颗粒含量对TiC/Al(7075)复合材料的微观组织及力学性能的影响.结果显示,TiC颗粒多以近球形团聚态存在于7075铝基体中,颗粒团大小约为1 μm.当原位TiC颗粒质量分数小于6%时,原位TiC颗粒分布较为均匀,随着颗粒含量的增加,TiC/Al(7075)复合材料的铸态组织由蔷薇状组织逐渐转变为等轴晶组织,晶粒尺寸也随着原位TiC颗粒含量的增加而减小.当原位TiC颗粒的质量分数大于6%时,组织中出现气孔.复合材料的硬度和抗冲击韧性测试表明,TiC/Al(7075)复合材料的硬度随TiC颗粒含量的增加而增加,最高硬度达HB 108,冲击韧性在颗粒质量分数为6%时达到最佳,较基体提升31.55%.

  2. Reciclaje de aluminio: oportunidades de desarrollo en Bogotá (Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Federico Millan Delgado

    2015-07-01

    Full Text Available La resistencia a la corrosión y ligereza que caracterizan al aluminio permiten que este metal y sus aleaciones sean sustitutos de materiales como el acero en diversas aplicaciones industriales como: construcción, autopartes, empaques, maquinaría y aeronáutica. En consecuencia, la demanda de aluminio se ha incrementado, así como la búsqueda de minas de bauxita, mineral a partir del cual se obtiene este metal. La transformación de la bauxita en aluminio se realiza mediante la explotación y extracción del mineral que posteriormente es sometido a procesos químicos de Bayer y de electrólisis, los cuales generan emisiones nocivas para el medio ambiente y demandan un alto consumo de energía. Ante la necesidad de reducir los costos de producción del proceso y su impacto ambiental, una alternativa como fuente de materia prima es el reciclaje de aluminio, como lo indican investigaciones sobre el aprovechamiento de materiales en países como Brasil y Estados Unidos que han demostrado la viabilidad de obtener aluminio a partir de residuos metálicos. Lo anterior plantea un interrogante sobre los avances en esta materia en Bogotá, una ciudad con una cadena de reciclaje informal de numerosos eslabones y con escasa regulación que ha generado pocos logros en comparación con otras capitales del mundo.

  3. Crecimiento del maíz en vertisoles con alto aluminio en la Baixada Maranhense pre-Amazonia, Brasil.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Alessandro Costa-da Silva

    2014-07-01

    Full Text Available El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el crecimiento del maíz en suelos con alto contenido de aluminio. Se midió el efecto del Al3+ en raíces y la cantidad de materia seca (raíz, hoja y tallo de maíz. Se efectuó la caracterización físico-química de cuatro muestras de suelo con alto aluminio colectadas del horizonte Ap, en tres municipios de la región conocida como Baixada Maranhense (Pre-Amazonia, Brasil: Santa Rita (SR, Arari (AR y Vitoria do Mearim (VM y un testigo colectado en el municipio de São Luís, Área del Núcleo de Tecnología Rural (T. El estudio, ejecutado en 2009, se llevó a cabo en invernadero y se utilizó 2 dm3 de suelo por maceta. Asimismo las muestras fueron divididas en muestras con y sin fertilización. La variación en la longitud de la raíz y de materia seca de las hojas difirió significativamente entre tratados con y sin fertilizante, excepto en la muestra de la localidad T. La producción de materia seca de raíz, tallo y hoja fue mayor en todos los suelos cuando se fertilizó. El suelo testigo también superó a todos los demás en cuanto a producción de materia seca en la raíz, posiblemente como resultado de una menor cantidad de Al3+ (1,2 cmolc/dm3 en comparación con los suelos SR, AR y VM (6,8; 8,0 y 7,0 cmolc/dm3 respectivamente. Se concluye la fertilización reduce el efecto detrimental del aluminio en la producción de maíz en la Baixada Maranhense.

  4. Artificial neural networks application for modeling of friction stir welding effects on mechanical properties of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy

    Science.gov (United States)

    Maleki, E.

    2015-12-01

    Friction stir welding (FSW) is a relatively new solid-state joining technique that is widely adopted in manufacturing and industry fields to join different metallic alloys that are hard to weld by conventional fusion welding. Friction stir welding is a very complex process comprising several highly coupled physical phenomena. The complex geometry of some kinds of joints makes it difficult to develop an overall governing equations system for theoretical behavior analyse of the friction stir welded joints. Weld quality is predominantly affected by welding effective parameters, and the experiments are often time consuming and costly. On the other hand, employing artificial intelligence (AI) systems such as artificial neural networks (ANNs) as an efficient approach to solve the science and engineering problems is considerable. In present study modeling of FSW effective parameters by ANNs is investigated. To train the networks, experimental test results on thirty AA-7075-T6 specimens are considered, and the networks are developed based on back propagation (BP) algorithm. ANNs testing are carried out using different experimental data that they are not used during networks training. In this paper, rotational speed of tool, welding speed, axial force, shoulder diameter, pin diameter and tool hardness are regarded as inputs of the ANNs. Yield strength, tensile strength, notch-tensile strength and hardness of welding zone are gathered as outputs of neural networks. According to the obtained results, predicted values for the hardness of welding zone, yield strength, tensile strength and notch-tensile strength have the least mean relative error (MRE), respectively. Comparison of the predicted and the experimental results confirms that the networks are adjusted carefully, and the ANN can be used for modeling of FSW effective parameters.

  5. Estudio del comportamiento mecánico de un sistema recubierto mediante simulación computacional del ensayo de rayado//Mechanical Behavior study of a coated system by computer simulation of the scratch test

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Eduardo A. Pérez Ruiz

    2015-05-01

    Full Text Available Una forma de evaluar un sistema recubierto es a través del ensayo de rayado. Los resultados obtenidos dependen de variables como: propiedades y geometría del indentador, tasa de carga, tasa de desplazamiento, propiedades de los materiales del sistema a evaluar como dureza, módulo elástico, microestructura, rugosidad superficial, espesor, entre otras. El presente trabajo analizó, a través de simulación computacional del ensayo de rayado, el efecto que tiene la geometría del indentador (cónica y esférica, la carga de rayado (20 N y 50 N, el espesor del recubrimiento (2,1 µm y 4,6 µm y el coeficiente de fricción (0,3 y 0,5 en el comportamiento de los esfuerzos y la deformación plástica en la superficie de un sistema recubierto. Los resultados sugieren que el coeficiente de fricción como variable de ensayo tiene una alta importancia en el comportamiento mecánico del sistema recubierto.Palabras claves: ensayo de rayado, simulación computacional, sistema recubierto.______________________________________________________________________________AbstractOne way to evaluate a coated system is through the scratch test. The results obtained depend of the variables including mechanical properties and geometry of indenter, loading, displacement, material properties in the system as hardness, elastic modulus, microstructure, roughness surface, thickness, among others, which are indicated in ASTM C1624 / 05. This paper analyzes through scratch test simulation, the effect of the indenter geometry (conical and spherical, the loading (20 N and 50 N, the thickness coating (2,1 µm and 4,6 µm and the friction coefficient values (0,3 and 0,5 in the stresses and plastic deformation behavior at the surface of a coated system. The results suggest that the coefficient of friction has a high importance in the mechanical performance of the coated system.Key words: scratch test, computacional simulation, coated system.

  6. Self-organization behaviors of shear bands in 7075 T73 and annealed aluminum alloy

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Yang, Y.; Li, D.H.; Zheng, H.G.; Li, X.M.; Jiang, F.

    2009-01-01

    The self-organization behaviors of multiple adiabatic shear bands (ASBs) in the 7075 T73 aluminum alloy were investigated by means of the thick-walled cylinder (TWC) technique. Shear bands first nucleate at the inner boundary of the aluminum alloy tube and propagate along the maximum shear stress direction in the spiral trajectory. On the cross section of the specimen, shear bands distribute either in the clockwise or the anticlockwise direction. The number of ASBs in the clockwise direction is roughly twice that in the anticlockwise direction. However, the 7075 annealed alloy does not generate any shear band under the same experimental conditions. Numerical simulation with coupled thermo-mechanical analysis was carried out to investigate the evolution mechanism of adiabatic shear bands. Both uniform and non-uniform finite element models were created. The simulation results of the non-uniform model are in better agreement with those of the experiment. In the non-uniform case, the spacing between ASBs is larger than that of the uniform model, and most of the ASBs prefer to propagate in the clockwise direction. For the first time, two types of particles (second phase), hard particles and soft particles, are separately introduced into the metal matrix in the non-uniform model to simulate their effects on the self-organization of ASBs. The soft particles reduce the time required for ASBs nucleation. Stress collapse first occurs at the region where the soft particles are located and most of the ASBs pass through these soft particles. However, ASBs propagate along the paths that are adjacent to the hard particles instead of passing through them. As experimental observations, there is no shear band nucleating in the annealed alloy in simulation. Under the same conditions, the energy barrier for the formation of ASBs in the annealed aluminum alloy is about 2.5 times larger than that in the T73 alloy, which means that the adiabatic shearing is less likely to nucleate in the

  7. Artificial neural networks application for modeling of friction stir welding effects on mechanical properties of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Maleki, E

    2015-01-01

    Friction stir welding (FSW) is a relatively new solid-state joining technique that is widely adopted in manufacturing and industry fields to join different metallic alloys that are hard to weld by conventional fusion welding. Friction stir welding is a very complex process comprising several highly coupled physical phenomena. The complex geometry of some kinds of joints makes it difficult to develop an overall governing equations system for theoretical behavior analyse of the friction stir welded joints. Weld quality is predominantly affected by welding effective parameters, and the experiments are often time consuming and costly. On the other hand, employing artificial intelligence (AI) systems such as artificial neural networks (ANNs) as an efficient approach to solve the science and engineering problems is considerable. In present study modeling of FSW effective parameters by ANNs is investigated. To train the networks, experimental test results on thirty AA-7075-T6 specimens are considered, and the networks are developed based on back propagation (BP) algorithm. ANNs testing are carried out using different experimental data that they are not used during networks training. In this paper, rotational speed of tool, welding speed, axial force, shoulder diameter, pin diameter and tool hardness are regarded as inputs of the ANNs. Yield strength, tensile strength, notch-tensile strength and hardness of welding zone are gathered as outputs of neural networks. According to the obtained results, predicted values for the hardness of welding zone, yield strength, tensile strength and notch-tensile strength have the least mean relative error (MRE), respectively. Comparison of the predicted and the experimental results confirms that the networks are adjusted carefully, and the ANN can be used for modeling of FSW effective parameters. (paper)

  8. Tribological properties of Al 7075 alloy based composites strengthened with Al2O3 fibres

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    K. Naplocha

    2011-04-01

    Full Text Available Wear resistance of 7075 aluminium alloy based composite materials reinforced with Al2O3 Saffil fibres was investigated. The measurementsof wear were performed applying the pin-on-disc method at dry friction conditions with the gray iron counterpart. The effects ofpressure of composite samples on the counterpart made of gray iron and the orientation of fibers in relation to the friction surface on wear rate were determined. The materials were produced by squeeze casting method where 80-90% porous ceramic preform were infiltrated.After T6 heat treatment hardness increased about 50-60% both for unreinforced alloy and composites containing strengthening Saffilfibres. Wear resistance of composite materials in relation to the unreinforced 7075 alloy was slightly worse at lower pressure of 0.8 MPa. Under higher pressure of 1.2 MPa wear resistance of unreinforced 7075 alloy was even better whereas no effect of orientation of fibers on wear in composite materials was observed. Additionally, significant wear of counterface in the presence of debris with fragmented Al2O3 fibres as abrasives was observed. Wear resistance improvement of composite materials was obtained when with alumina Saffil fibres Carbon C fibres in the preforms were applied.

  9. Friction stir welding of dissimilar AA2024 and AA7075 aluminum alloys

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Khodir, Saad Ahmed; Shibayanagi, Toshiya

    2008-01-01

    The present study focuses on the microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar joints of 2024-T3 Al alloy to 7075-T6 Al alloy produced by friction stir welding. Effects of welding speed and fixed location of base metals on microstructures, hardness distributions, and tensile properties of the welded joints were investigated. SEM-EDS analysis revealed that the stir zone contains a mixed structure and onion ring pattern with a periodic change of grain size as well as a heterogeneous distribution of alloying elements. The maximum tensile strength of 423.0 MPa was achieved for the joint produced at welding speed of 1.67 mm/s when 2024 Al alloy was located on the advancing side

  10. Revisión de los estudios sobre exposición al aluminio y enfermedad de Alzheimer

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Suay Llopis Loreto

    2002-01-01

    Full Text Available Se ha llevado a cabo una revisión bibliográfica de los estudios epidemiológicos que han evaluado el papel del aluminio como factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en la base de datos MedLine combinando los términos del Thesaurus "Aluminum" y "Alzheimer´s disease". En la mayor parte de los estudios revisados se ha examinado la exposición al metal a través del agua de bebida. Los estudios que sugieren que existe una asociación entre el aluminio y la enfermedad presentan riesgos relativos de alrededor de 2 para poblaciones con exposiciones a concentraciones de Al en el agua mayores de 0,1 mg/l. Las exposiciones al metal a través de otras vías (alimentación, medicamentos y exposición laboral han sido poco estudiadas. Estos estudios epidemiológicos presentan limitaciones metodológicas y sus resultados no son consistentes por lo que los resultados disponibles hasta el momento no permiten establecer, de manera clara, que exista una asociación entre la exposición al metal y la etiología de la enfermedad de Alzheimer. No obstante, tampoco es posible descartar un papel tóxico del aluminio sobre la salud, por lo que su exposición debería ser controlada y reducida en lo posible.

  11. Boric/sulfuric acid anodizing of aluminum alloys 2024 and 7075: Film growth and corrosion resistance

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Thompson, G.E.; Zhang, L.; Smith, C.J.E.; Skeldon, P.

    1999-11-01

    The influence of boric acid (H{sub 3}BO{sub 3}) additions to sulfuric acid (H{sub 2}SO{sub 4}) were examined for the anodizing of Al 2024-T3 (UNS A92024) and Al 7075-T6 (UNS A97075) alloys at constant voltage. Alloys were pretreated by electropolishing, by sodium dichromate (Na{sub 2}Cr{sub 2}O{sub 7})/H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} (CSA) etching, or by alkaline etching. Current-time responses revealed insignificant dependence on the concentration of H{sub 3}BO{sub 3} to 50 g/L. Pretreatments affected the initial film development prior to the establishment of the steady-state morphology of the porous film, which was related to the different compositions and morphologies of pretreated surfaces. More detailed studies of the Al 7075-T6 alloy indicated negligible effects of H{sub 3}BO{sub 3} on the coating weight, morphology of the anodic film, and thickening rate of the film, or corrosion resistance provided by the film. In salt spray tests, unsealed films formed in H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} or mixed acid yielded similar poor corrosion resistances, which were inferior to that provided by anodizing in chromic acid (H{sub 2}CrO{sub 4}). Sealing of films in deionized water, or preferably in chromate solution, improved corrosion resistance, although not matching the far superior performance provided by H{sub 2}CrO{sub 4} anodizing and sealing.

  12. The effect of Laser Shock Peening on Fatigue Life Using Pure Water and Hydrofluoric Acid As a Confining Layer of Al – Alloy 7075-T6

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Shaker Sakran Hassan

    2018-01-01

    Full Text Available Laser shock peening (LSP is deemed as a deep-rooted technology for stimulating compressive residual stresses below the surface of metallic elements. As a result, fatigue lifespan is improved, and the substance properties become further resistant to wear and corrosion. The LSP provides more unfailing surface treatment and a potential decrease in microstructural damage. Laser shock peening is a well-organized method measured up to the mechanical shoot peening. This kind of surface handling can be fulfilled via an intense laser pulse focused on a substantial surface in extremely shorter intervals. In this work, Hydrofluoric Acid (HF and pure water as a coating layer were utilized as a new technique to improve the properties and to harden the treated surface of the Al -alloy 7075-T6. Fatigue life by means of laser peened workpieces was improved to 154.3%, 9.78%, respectively, for Hydrofluoric (HF and pure water compared to un-peened specimens. And the outcomes of Vickers hardness test for laser shock peening with acid and pure water as well as un-peened specimens were 165.2HV30, 143.95HV30 and 134.7HV30, respectively showed a significant improvement in the hardness property.

  13. Durabilidad del aluminio desnudo y anodizado en atmósferas de muy diferentes corrosividades. I. Aluminio desnudo

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    González, J. A.

    2004-08-01

    Full Text Available The behaviour of bare aluminium is studied in atmospheric exposure at 11 natural testing stations with salinity levels ranging between 2.1 and 684 mg Cl-1m-2d-1. In atmospheres of low or moderate aggressivity aluminium behaves as a passive material, though the insignificant corrosion that is produced is sufficient to spoil its appearance. In contrast, at salinity levels of 50 mg Cl-1m-2d-1 or above, aluminium is susceptible to pitting corrosion even in the first year of atmospheric exposure, or in the second year at salinities of s: 10 mg Cl-1m-2d-1 . For comparative purposes, results are included for aluminium protected with an anodic film of 28 μm thickness exposed at the same testing stations. A 28 μm anodic film, correctly sealed, prevents the risk of localised corrosion even in the most unfavourable situations.

    Se estudia el comportamiento del aluminio desnudo durante la exposición atmosférica en 11 estaciones de ensayos naturales, con salinidades que oscilan entre 2,1 y 684 mg Cl-1m-2d-1. En atmósferas de agresividades bajas y moderadas, el aluminio se comporta como un material pasivo, pero la insignificante corrosión que se produce es suficiente para perjudicar el aspecto. Sin embargo, el aluminio es susceptible a la corrosión por picaduras, ya durante el primer año de exposición atmosférica, para salinidades de 50 mg Cl-1m-2d-1 o superiores y, durante el segundo año, para salinidades > 10 mg Cl-1m-2d-1. A efectos comparativos se incluyen resultados de aluminio protegido con un anodizado de 28 μm de espesor, expuesto en las mismas estaciones de ensayo. Un anodizado de 28 μm, correctamente sellado, evita el riesgo de corrosión localizada, incluso en las situaciones más desfavorables.

  14. Comparación de metodologías voltamperométricas adsortivas para la determinación de aluminio en agua potable

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Miriam Barquero Quirós

    2005-11-01

    Full Text Available La determinación cuantitativa de aluminio en diversas técnicas a nivel de μg/L está sujeta a contaminación e interferencias. El aluminio por técnicas voltamperómétricas directas es difícil de reducir debido a su alto potencial. Para superar este problema, se forman complejos solubles de aluminio, que se adsorben en un electrodo de Hg. Luego se reducen siendo la corriente de pico proporcional a la concentración. Se estudiaron dos diferentes complejos de aluminio con alizarina y con cupferrón; en ambos casos se optimizaron las condiciones experimentales de formación de los complejos tales como pH óptimo, concentración de reactivo acomplejante, las condiciones experimentales de medición fueron opimizadas: potencial de acumulación, tiempo de acumulación, frecuencia, amplitud de pulso, tiempo de equilibrio, se determinaron los parámetros de desempeño de ambas determinaciones: veracidad, ámbito lineal, límite de detección, y límite de cuantificación para la técnica de voltamperometría de onda cuadrada (SWV. El complejo de aluminio-alizarina no es electroactivo, y la alternativa es medir la alizarina residual después de la formación del complejo con aluminio, cuya cinética es muy lenta y debe calentarse 5 minutos a 80 °C. Se procedió al estudio de las condiciones experimentales, siendo el pH de 9,25 determinante. Es necesario que el buffer sea de alta capacidad reguladora para obtener la formación del derivado. El límite de detección obtenido a partir de la desviación estándar de 7 blancos fue 3 μg/L, y el coeficiente de variación de los blancos 8 por ciento, la recuperación promedio para 16 μg/L con n=7, fue de 97 por ciento. Las curvas de calibración se realizaron en un ámbito de 8 a 64 μg/L. La aplicación del método a muestras de agua es posible mediante la previa evaporación de estas. Se desarrolló y se validó una metodología apta para cuantificar aluminio en aguas basada en la reacción de Al con

  15. Evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties in naturally aged 7050 and 7075 Al friction stir welds

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Fuller, Christian B., E-mail: christian.fuller@yahoo.com [Rockwell Scientific, 1049 Camino Dos Rios, Thousand Oaks, CA 93021 (United States); Mahoney, Murray W., E-mail: murraymahoney@comcast.net [Rockwell Scientific, 1049 Camino Dos Rios, Thousand Oaks, CA 93021 (United States); Calabrese, Mike [Rockwell Scientific, 1049 Camino Dos Rios, Thousand Oaks, CA 93021 (United States); Micona, Leanna [The Boeing Company, P.O. Box 3707 MC 19-HP, Seattle, WA 98124 (United States)

    2010-04-15

    The microstructural and mechanical property evolution of friction stir welded 7050-T7651 and 7075-T651 Al alloys were examined as a function of room temperature (natural) aging for up to 67,920 h. During the range of aging times studied, transverse tensile strengths continuously increased, and are still increasing, with improvements of 24% and 29% measured for the 7050-T7651 and 7075-T651 Al alloy friction stir welds, respectively. Microstructural evolution within the weld nugget and heat-affected zone was evaluated with both transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Formation of a high volume fraction of GP(II) zones produced a majority of the strength improvement within the weld nugget and HAZ regions. The rational for the microstructural changes are discussed in light of the mechanical properties.

  16. Study of new heat treatment parameters for increasing mechanical strength and stress corrosion cracking resistance of 7075 Aluminium alloy

    OpenAIRE

    Silva, G.; Rivolta, B.; Gerosa, R.; Derudi, U.

    2013-01-01

    For many years 7075 Aluminum alloys have been widely used especially in those applications for which highmechanical performances are required. It is well known that the alloy in the T6 condition is characterized bythe highest ultimate and yield strengths, but, at the same time, by poor stress corrosion cracking (SCC)resistance. For this reason, in the aeronautic applications, new heat treatments have been introduced toproduce T7X conditions, which are characterized by lower mechanical strengt...

  17. Experimental investigation of the degree of weakening in structural notch area of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy sheet welded with the RFSSW method

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Kubit Andrzej

    2017-01-01

    Full Text Available The paper presents the methodology of the research determining the degree of weakening of the welded sheet obtained by the refill friction stir spot welding (RFSSW method. The considered weakness is the effect of a structural notch resulting from penetration by the tool. RFSSW technology is a relatively new method of joining metals, which can successfully provide an alternative to resistance welding or riveting - traditionally used methods of joining thin-walled structures in the aerospace and automotive industries. The study presented in the paper focuses on the overlapping of sheet metal with 7075-T6 aluminum alloy combined in the configuration: 1.6 mm top sheet and 0.8 mm bottom sheet. Joints were assembled following the following process parameters: Welding time 1.5 s, the tool plunge depth in the range of 1.5 ÷ 1.9 mm, and the spindle speed of 2600 rpm. The analysis of the microstructure of joints revealed that along the edge of the tool path a structural notch is formed, the size and shape of which depend on the parameters applied. The paper describes the study consisting in punching the welded area along the formed notch in the upper sheet. The punching process was performed on a universal testing machine and the punching force was measured during the test. Based on the force value, the degree of sheet weakening in the notched area was determined. The smallest weakening was observed in joints made with the smallest tool depth, i.e. 1.5 mm, whereas the biggest weakening was obtained for tool depth of 1.9 mm. The load applied to the joints was equal to 5290N and 7585N respectively.

  18. Corrosión de componentes de aluminio en el reactor RP-10

    OpenAIRE

    Morales Larrea, Soledad; Tenorio de la Cruz, Favio

    1983-01-01

    Se analiza la velocidad de corrosión, por pérdida de peso de placas de aluminio a diversos valores de pH y temperatura en solución acuosa. El estudio se hace simulando las condiciones de trabajo (pH y temperatura) a las que pueden verse sometidas las vainas de aluminio de los elementos combustibles del reactor RP-10.

  19. Influencia del tamaño de partícula de polvo sobre las propiedades mecánicas de la aleación PM Al7075 reforzada con SiCp

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Torralba, M.

    1998-05-01

    Full Text Available The influence of powder particle size of 7075 aluminum on the room temperature mechanical properties of 7075-15 vol % SiCp has been studied. The aluminum powder was obtained by argon atomization under rapid solidification conditions. Composite materials were prepared from three different particle sizes, namely: < 50 μm, 50-100 μm and 100-200 μm. These powders were blended with 15 vol % of SiC particles < 5 μm in size by ball milling and then, hot extruded. The best properties of the resulting composites correspond to the material prepared from the smallest particle size. For this case, a clear improvement of the mechanical properties, except for ductility, is obtained. This is attributed to a more homogeneous distribution of the reinforcing SiC particles.

    Se ha estudiado la influencia del tamaño de partícula de polvo de la aleación de aluminio 7075, obtenido en condiciones de solidificación rápida (SR por atomización con argón a alta presión, sobre las propiedades mecánicas a temperatura ambiente de un material compuesto 7075-15 % vol SiCp. Para preparar el material compuesto, se utilizaron tres tamaños distintos de partículas de polvo de la aleación: < 50 μm, 50-100 μm y 100-200 μm. Estas fracciones se mezclaron en un molino de bolas con un 15 % vol de partículas de SiC < 5 μm, y luego se extruyeron en caliente. Las mejores propiedades del compuesto se obtienen cuando se utiliza el tamaño más pequeño. En este caso, se produce una clara mejoría de las propiedades mecánicas respecto del mismo material sin reforzar y obtenido por el mismo procedimiento, excepto para la ductilidad. Esta mejora se atribuye principalmente a una dispersión más homogénea de las partículas reforzantes de SiC.

  20. Fluidos iónicos en lubricación de contactos aluminio-acero : interacciones superficiales y triboquímicas

    OpenAIRE

    Jiménez Ballesta, Ana Eva

    2009-01-01

    Los líquidos iónicos (LI) son fluidos de altas prestaciones con un amplio rango de estabilidad térmica. Actualmente están siendo objeto de estudio en una gran variedad de contactos, siendo una de sus aplicaciones tribológicas más interesante la lubricación del contacto aluminio-acero. En este trabajo se estudia la influencia de la longitud de la cadena lateral del catión y de la naturaleza del anión sobre la capacidad lubricante de 6 LI derivados del catión imidazolio, un derivado de piridini...

  1. Characterization of semi-solid processing of aluminium alloy 7075 with Sc and Zr additions

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rogal, Ł., E-mail: l.rogal@imim.pl [Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta St., 30-059 Krakow (Poland); Dutkiewicz, J. [Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta St., 30-059 Krakow (Poland); Atkinson, H.V. [The University of Leicester, Department of Engineering University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH (United Kingdom); Lityńska-Dobrzyńska, L.; Czeppe, T. [Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta St., 30-059 Krakow (Poland); Modigell, M. [RWTH Aachen—Department of Mechanical Process Engineering, 55 Templergraben St., Aachen (Germany)

    2013-09-15

    For thixoforming (semi-solid processing) it is necessary to have a fine globular microstructure in a semi-solid range. Here this has been obtained for 7075 aluminium alloy by addition of modifying agents: 0.5 weight % of scandium and zirconium. The thixoforming process was carried out at 632 °C which gave about 23 volume % of liquid phase. The microstructure of the thixo-formed part (a rotor) consisted of globular grains surrounded by precipitates of secondary phase. The average hardness of thixo-formed parts was 105 HV{sub 5} and the tensile strength 300 MPa. T6 heat treatments were performed with solutionisation at 450 °C for 30 min and 10 h. In both cases the ageing time was set as 18 h at 120 °C. The heat treatments led to an increase in average tensile strength up to 495 MPa. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis enabled the identification of precipitates of the metastable dispersoids of L1{sub 2}–Al{sub 3} (Zr, Sc) and η′ (MgZn{sub 2}) phases in the alloy after the thixoforming and T6 treatment. The measurements of rheological properties of 7075Al alloy with Sc and Zr additions in the semi-solid range indicated an increase of particle size and spheroidization leading to an observable decrease of viscosity during isothermal shearing. A shear rate jump experiment showed that with increasing shear rate the viscosity rapidly falls.

  2. The Role of Friction Stir Processing (FSP Parameters on TiC Reinforced Surface Al7075-T651 Aluminum Alloy

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Felipe García-Vázquez

    Full Text Available Abstract: Aluminum alloys are very promising for structural applications in aerospace, military and transportation industries due to their light weight, high strength-to-weight ratio and excellent resistance to corrosion. In comparison to unreinforced aluminum alloys, aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix composites reinforced with ceramic phases exhibit higher strength and hardness, improved tribological characteristics. A novel surface modifying technique, friction stir processing (FSP, has been developed for fabrication of surface composite with an improved performance. The effect of FSP parameters such as number of passes, direction of each pass, sealed or unsealed groove on microstructure was investigated. In this work, nano-particles of TiC (2% in weight were added to aluminum alloy AA7075-T651 to produce a functional surface. Fixed parameters for this AA7075 alloy were used; rotation speed of 1000 rpm, travel speed of 300 mm/min and pin penetration of 2.8 mm. Optical microscopy (OM, scanning electron microscopy (SEM and atomic force microscopy (AFM were employed to study the microstructure of the fabricated surface composites. The results indicated that the selected FSP parameters influenced the area of surface composite, distribution of TiC particles and micro-hardness of the surface composites. Finally, in order to evaluate rate wear the pin on disk test was carried out.

  3. Effects of Pre-Strain on the Aging Behavior of Al 7075 Alloy for Hot-Stamping Capability

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Seon-Ho Jung

    2018-02-01

    Full Text Available The present study investigates the significance of pre-strain on the T6 aging behavior of an Al 7075 alloy for evaluating the applicability of hot stamping. In practice, the alloy was pre-strained up to 15% during solution heat treatment at 480 °C prior to quenching, and artificial aging was conducted at 120 °C. The peak aging time and precipitation behavior were compared with the alloy with pre-straining at room temperature after quenching but immediately before the artificial aging. The results showed that increasing amounts of pre-strain tend to reduce the aging time up to 50% for achieving peak hardness, which is consistent with the alloy at the T6 condition. There is a limitation for the maximum attainable amount of pre-strain of 10% for the homogeneous distribution of strain when the alloy is strained at room temperature (RT due to the low formability. The pre-strained alloy as hot stamping exhibited lowering of the peak reaction temperatures for dissolution and formation of Guinier–Preston (GP-Zones and precipitated with increasing amounts of pre-strain towards 15% through the differential scanning calorimetry analysis, thereby confirming the shortening of the peak aging time. The present study confirms the excellent potential of the hot-stamping process to extend the capability of an Al 7075 alloy.

  4. Effect of post weld heat treatment on tensile properties and microstructure characteristics of friction stir welded armour grade AA7075-T651 aluminium alloy

    OpenAIRE

    Sivaraj, P.; Kanagarajan, D.; Balasubramanian, V.

    2014-01-01

    This paper reports the effects of post weld heat treatments, namely artificial ageing and solution treatment followed by artificial ageing, on microstructure and mechanical properties of 12 mm thick friction stir welded joints of precipitation hardenable high strength armour grade AA7075-T651 aluminium alloy. The tensile properties, such as yield strength, tensile strength, elongation and notch tensile strength, are evaluated and correlated with the microhardness and microstructural features....

  5. Determinación de aluminio en líquidos concentrados de hemodiálisis por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica

    OpenAIRE

    Rubia Comos, Juan Miguel de la

    2002-01-01

    El aluminio en los líquidos de hemodiálisis supone un importante problema toxicológico cuando se encuentra en concentraciones importantes. Por ello, en el presente trabajo se ha puesto a punto una técnica por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica con el fin de determinar de una forma rápida, exacta y precisa, las cantidades de aluminio que contienen los líquidos concentrados de hemodiálisis. Para ello, se han realizado diversos ensayos conducentes a: 1º,- Optimizar el programa de temperatur...

  6. El eurocódigo 9 "Proyecto de estructuras de aluminio"

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ramírez, J. L.

    1999-06-01

    Full Text Available Aluminium is an interesting structural material because its lightness and minimum maintenance needs, together with and important strength. The lack of knowledge of design rules with this material owing to the shortage of design guides, together with its higher cost, are factors that leed to the very scarce use of aluminium in the construction of structures. In present article it is dealt with a brief look to the tipology and properties of the structural aluminium alloys, and it is described the content of Eurocode 9 "Design of aluminium structures", approved by CEN (European Committee for Standardization in may 1998 that it is foreseen to be published in Spanish by AENOR in short time.

    El aluminio es un material estructural de interés, por unir ligereza y mínimas necesidades de protección, junto con una resistencia importante. La falta de conocimiento de las reglas de proyecto con el material, debido a la escasa disponibilidad de guías o recomendaciones de diseño, junto con un precio elevado, son factores que condicionan la muy escasa presencia del aluminio en la construcción de estructuras. En el presente artículo se expone una visión sucinta de la tipología y propiedades de las aleaciones de aluminio y se describe el contenido del Eurocódigo 9 "Proyecto de estructuras de aluminio" aprobado por el CEN (Comité Europeo de Normalización en mayo de 1998 y que aparecerá en castellano en breve publicada por AENOR, como Norma Europea Experimental.

  7. Un hidrogel de hidróxido de aluminio para eliminar el arsénico del agua

    OpenAIRE

    Luján Juan Carlos

    2001-01-01

    Objetivos. Describir la síntesis y los resultados preliminares de la aplicación de un hidrogel de hidróxido de aluminio que, agregado directamente al agua, pueda lograr la eliminación total del arsénico, cualquiera que sea la naturaleza del agua y el estado de oxidación del metaloide. Métodos. Las materias primas utilizadas para obtener el hidrogel de hidróxido de aluminio fueron: sulfato de aluminio hidratado (que se utiliza para potabilizar aguas), hipoclorito de calcio en polvo, hidróxido ...

  8. Flow forming of Al-Zn alloys 7075

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Abbas, G.

    1997-01-01

    Feasibility of flow forming aluminium alloy 7075 for manufacturing the tubes of about 70 mm diameter and different lengths has been studied. The elongation of the material was increased by increasing the working temperature of the process. Effect of various process parameters like roller rpm, roller offset, roller feed, spindle speed etc. on the flow ability of ally 7075 and the hardness and surface furnish of the tube has been determined. It was found that the roller bite and roller speed, of the flow forming machine, were two most important process parameters, which affected the hardness and the surface finish of the tube. By establishing the optimum process parameters, it was possible to produce aluminium alloy 7075 tubes of lengths ranging from 500 cm to 1 m with 70 mm outer diameter. The maximum hardness achieved on the surface of the tube was 146 Hv with good surface finish. (author)

  9. Recubrimientos de aluminio-silicio realizados por deposición química de vapor en lecho fluidizado sobre el acero inoxidable AISI 316

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    José Luddey Marulanda Arevalo

    2013-12-01

    Full Text Available Los recubrimientos de aluminio-silicio fueron depositados sobre el acero inoxidable AISI 316 mediante deposición química de vapor en lecho fluidizado (CVD-FBR, en el rango de temperaturas de 540 a 560 ºC, utilizando un lecho formado por 2,5 g de silicio y 7,5 g de aluminio en polvo, y 90 g de lecho inerte (Alúmina, el cual se hizo fluidizar con Ar. Como gases activadores se usó una mezcla de HCl/H2, en relaciones de 1/10 a 1/16. Además, se varió el tiempo de deposición de los recubrimientos de 45 minutos a 1.5 horas, con una relación en volumen de 50% de gases activos y 50% de gases neutros. Se realizó una simulación termodinámica con la ayuda del programa informático Thermocalc, para obtener información de la posible composición y cantidad de material depositado, para las condiciones seleccionadas. En los recubrimientos se encuentran FeAl2Si, Fe2Al5 y FeAl2. Los recubrimientos aluminio-silicio fueron tratados térmicamente, para mejorar sus propiedades mecánicas y su comportamiento frente a la oxidación, por la interdifusión de los elementos de aleación, ya que el tratamiento térmico hace que el aluminio difunda hacia el substrato, y el hierro difunda hacia la superficie del recubrimiento, logrando la transformación de los compuestos anteriores en FeAl, Al2FeSi, Cr3Si, AlCrFe y AlFeNi.

  10. Microstructure and mechanical properties of 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloys and austenitic stainless steel 304 after being exposed to hydrogen peroxide

    Science.gov (United States)

    Sofyan, Nofrijon Bin Imam

    The effect of hydrogen peroxide used as a decontaminant agent on selected aircraft metallic materials has been investigated. The work is divided into three sections; bacterial attachment behavior onto an austenitic stainless steel 304 surface; effect of decontamination process on the microstructure and mechanical properties of aircraft metallic structural materials of two aluminum alloys, i.e. 2024-T3 and 7075-T6, and an austenitic stainless steel 304 as used in galley and lavatory surfaces; and copper dissolution rate into hydrogen peroxide. With respect to bacterial attachment, the results show that surface roughness plays a role in the attachment of bacteria onto metallic surfaces at certain extent. However, when the contact angle of the liquid on a surface increased to a certain degree, detachment of bacteria on that surface became more difficult. In its relation to the decontamination process, the results show that a corrosion site, especially on the austenitic stainless steel 304 weld and its surrounding HAZ area, needs more attention because it could become a source or a harborage of bio-contaminant agent after either incidental or intentional bio-contaminant delivery. On the effect of the decontamination process on the microstructure and mechanical properties of aircraft metallic structural materials, the results show that microstructural effects are both relatively small in magnitude and confined to a region immediately adjacent to the exposed surface. No systematic effect is found on the tensile properties of the three alloys under the conditions examined. The results of this investigation are promising with respect to the application of vapor phase hydrogen peroxide as a decontaminant agent to civilian aircraft, in that even under the most severe circumstances that could occur; only very limited damage was observed. The results from the dissolution of copper by concentrated liquid hydrogen peroxide showed that the rate of copper dissolution increased for

  11. Effect of cryogenic milling on Al7075 prepared by spark plasma sintering method.

    Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

    Lukáč, František; Chráska, Tomáš; Molnárová, O.; Málek, P.; Cinert, Jakub

    2017-01-01

    Roč. 32, S1 (2017), S221-S224 ISSN 0885-7156. [European Powder Diffraction Conference (EPDIC) /15./. Bari, 12.06.2016-15.06.2016] R&D Projects: GA ČR(CZ) GA15-15609S Institutional support: RVO:61389021 Keywords : Intermetallic precipitates * cryogenic milling * powder metallurgy * ultrafine-grained materials * Al7075 alloy Subject RIV: JG - Metallurgy OBOR OECD: Materials engineering Impact factor: 0.674, year: 2016 https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/powder-diffraction/ article /effect-of-cryogenic-milling-on-al7075-prepared-by-spark-plasma-sintering-method/17E9F722BAFD428BA7310194FEE551C6

  12. Effect of heat treatment on interfacial and mechanical properties of A6022/A7075/A6022 roll-bonded multi-layer Al alloy sheets

    Science.gov (United States)

    Cha, Joon-Hyeon; Kim, Su-Hyeon; Lee, Yun-Soo; Kim, Hyoung-Wook; Choi, Yoon Suk

    2016-09-01

    Multi-layered Al alloy sheets can exhibit unique properties by the combination of properties of component materials. A poor corrosion resistance of high strength Al alloys can be complemented by having a protective surface with corrosion resistant Al alloys. Here, a special care should be taken regarding the heat treatment of multi-layered Al alloy sheets because dissimilar Al alloys may exhibit unexpected interfacial reactions upon heat treatment. In the present study, A6022/A7075/A6022 sheets were fabricated by a cold roll-bonding process, and the effect of the heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties was examined. The solution treatment gave rise to the diffusion of Zn, Mg, Cu and Si elements across the core/clad interface. In particular, the pronounced diffusion of Zn, which is a major alloying element (for solid-solution strengthening) of the A7075 core, resulted in a gradual hardness change across the core/clad interface. Mg2Si precipitates and the precipitate free zone were also formed near the interface after the heat treatment. The heat-treated sheet showed high strengths and reasonable elongation without apparent deformation misfit or interfacial delamination during the tensile deformation. The high strength of the sheet was mainly due to the T4 and T6 heat treatment of the A7075 core.

  13. Dos nuevos métodos para determinar la adhesión mediante fricción interna en materiales recubiertos con películas

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Colorado, H. A.

    2006-04-01

    Full Text Available Two new models are proposed to determine the adhesion energy by means of the internal friction technique (IF in thin films layered materials. For the first method is necessary to determine enthalpy by means of the IF technique, for which the adhesion work has been determined with experimental data. In the second method are necessary to perform IF tests at constant temperature.

    Se proponen dos modelos nuevos para determinar la energía de adhesión mediante la técnica de fricción interna (FI en materiales recubiertos con películas delgadas. En el primer método se utiliza la medición de entalpía determinada por la técnica de FI, para el cual se ha determinado el trabajo de adhesión con valores experimentales. En la segunda propuesta se realizan ensayos de FI a temperatura constante.

  14. Effect of in-situ TiC particulate on the wear resistance of spray-deposited 7075 Al matrix composite

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Wang Feng; Liu Huimin; Yang Bin

    2005-01-01

    TiC reinforced 7075 Al matrix composites have been fabricated by a melt in-situ reaction spray deposition. The microstructures of spray-deposited alloys were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The dry sliding wear behavior of the alloys was investigated using a pin-on-disc machine under four loads, namely 8.9, 17.8, 26.7 and 35.6 N. It has been found that the wear behavior of the alloys was dependent on the TiC content in the microstructure and the applied load. At a lower load (8.9 N), with increasing TiC content, the wear rate of the alloy was decreased. At a higher loads (26.7, 35.6 N), a spray-deposited 7075 Al alloy exhibited superior wear resistance to the 7075/TiC composites

  15. Microstructure and texture evolution in cryorolled Al 7075 alloy

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Jayaganthan, R.; Brokmeier, H.-G.; Schwebke, Bernd; Panigrahi, S.K.

    2010-01-01

    The present work investigates the microstructure and texture evolution of cryorolled Al 7075 alloy using FE-SEM, TEM, and neutron diffraction, respectively. The solution treated bulk Al 7075 alloy is subjected to rolling at liquid nitrogen temperature to produce sheets with different thickness reductions such as 35%, 50%, 70%, and 90%, respectively. It is evident from the microstructural characterisations of cryorolled samples that with the increasing deformation strain induced in the materials, the grains are fragmented and produce high amount of dislocation density due the suppression of dynamic recovery. The texture analysis of the cryorolled Al 7075 alloy has shown that the ideal fibres observed in the starting solution treated alloy has been destroyed during rolling. The Goss/Brass orientation of the cryorolled Al alloy is shifting towards the Brass components with increasing deformation strain induced in the samples. The orientation distribution functions of the cryorolled Al 7075 alloy clearly indicate the progressive weakening of the texture components, during cryorolling, with increasing strain, therefore, fragmentation and reorientation of micron sized grains occurs easily for the formation of subgrains and ultrafine-grained microstructures as evident from EBSD and TEM micrographs.

  16. Tratamiento del polvo de aluminio mediante disolución acuosa

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    López, F. A.

    2004-10-01

    Full Text Available Aluminium dust from aluminium remelting industry is a hazardous residue because of its high reactivity in the presence of water. In order to apply the new European Directive about landfill of waste, a study of its hydrolysis was carried out. The influence of temperature, time and pH on the hydrolysis of the aluminium dust was studied. The hydrolysed solids were characterized by XRD and AAS; in the aqueous solutions the pH and the ionic conductivity were determined. The evolved gases were analysed by mass spectrometry. The reactivity of the dust, before and after hydrolysis, was investigated by analysing the ammonia, hydrogen sulphide and metallic aluminium. By hydrolysis at 60 °C and 48 h a much lower reactive material was obtained which could be disposed with minimal environmental impact.

    El polvo de aluminio es un residuo generado en la metalurgia secundaria del aluminio y considerado peligroso como consecuencia de su elevada reactividad en presencia de humedad. Con objetivo de buscar un procedimiento de pretratamiento de dicho residuo, de acuerdo con la Directiva Europea sobre vertederos, se ha realizado el estudio del comportamiento del polvo de aluminio en medio acuoso. Para ello, se han analizado la influencia de la temperatura, el tiempo y el pH de reacción en su hidrólisis. Los sólidos hidrolizados se caracterizaron mediante EAA y DRX, mientras que en las soluciones acuosas resultantes se determinaron el pH y la conductividad iónica. Los gases liberados durante el proceso de hidrólisis se analizaron mediante espectrometría de masas. Asimismo, se ha determinado la reactividad del residuo antes y después de la hidrólisis, analizando amoniaco, sulfuro de hidrógeno y aluminio metálico. La hidrólisis, a 60 °C y después de 48 h, permite obtener material de muy baja reactividad que podría ser almacenado en vertedero.

  17. Resistencia al desgaste de recubrimientos de bronce al aluminio producidos con técnica de proyección térmica//Wear resistance of aluminum bronze coatings produced by thermal spray

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Dayan Carolina Cárdenas-Feria

    2015-09-01

    Full Text Available Se estudió la resistencia al desgaste adhesivo de recubrimientos de bronce al aluminio depositados con la técnica de proyección térmica por llama sobre bronce fosforado SAE 62. Los recubrimientos fueron fabricados variando las presiones parciales de los gases de combustión, oxígeno y acetileno. El material utilizado fue caracterizado estructuralmente mediante difracción de rayosX (X-ray diffraction, XRD y el estudio morfológico mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido (Scanning electron microscopy, SEM. La resistencia al desgaste adhesivo de los recubrimientos se determinó por medio del ensayo de bola sobre disco, utilizando como bola una esférica de acero 100Cr6. Los resultados obtenidos permiten establecer que los recubrimientos proyectados con una presión de oxigeno de 78 psi y una presión de acetileno de 8 psi presentan la mejor resistencia al desgaste en comparación a los tratamientos producidos. El modo de falla de desgaste en los recubrimientos producidos es discutido en esta investigación.Palabras clave: desgaste abrasivo y adhesivo,  proyección térmica,  recubrimientos.______________________________________________________________________________AbstractWe studied the adhesive wear resistance of aluminum bronze coatings deposited by thermal spray on phosphor bronze SAE 62 substrates. The coatings were deposited by varying the partial pressures of the combustion gases: oxygen and acetylene. The structural characterization was made through X-ray diffraction (XRD and the morphological analysis was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM. The adhesive wear resistance of the coatings was determined by the bole on disc test using a spherical ball made of steel 100Cr6 and with a diameter of 6 mm. The results obtained show that the coating projected with an oxygen pressure of 78 psi and an acetylene pressure of 8 psi have the better wear resistance compared with the substrate and the others treatments deposited

  18. Corrosión filiforme del aluminio lacado

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Bautista, A.

    1996-10-01

    Full Text Available Filiform corrosion is a type of localized corrosion which can affect some painted metals (usually Steel, aluminium and magnesium. It often occurs in specimens exposed to marine environments, and produces protective coating damage and thread-like metal base attack. In the paper a brief review of filiform corrosion on coated aluminium is shown. The survey analyses the role which some factors play in the initiation of the filaments, summarizes their growing mechanism and shows the main proposed solutions to this problem.

    La corrosión filiforme es un tipo de corrosión localizada que puede afectar a algunos metales pintados (normalmente acero, aluminio y magnesio. Suele ocurrir en piezas expuestas a atmósferas marinas, y da lugar al deterioro del recubrimiento protector y a un ataque en forma de filamentos del metal base. En este trabajo se presenta una breve revisión bibliográfica sobre la corrosión filiforme en el aluminio lacado. Igualmente, se analiza el papel que juegan diversos factores en la aparición de los filamentos de corrosión, se resume el mecanismo por el que progresan y se recogen las principales soluciones propuestas para este problema.

  19. A Geometric Approach to Modeling Microstructurally Small Fatigue Crack Formation. 2; Simulation and Prediction of Crack Nucleation in AA 7075-T651

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hochhalter, Jake D.; Littlewood, David J.; Christ, Robert J., Jr.; Veilleux, M. G.; Bozek, J. E.; Ingraffea, A. R.; Maniatty, Antionette M.

    2010-01-01

    The objective of this paper is to develop further a framework for computationally modeling microstructurally small fatigue crack growth in AA 7075-T651 [1]. The focus is on the nucleation event, when a crack extends from within a second-phase particle into a surrounding grain, since this has been observed to be an initiating mechanism for fatigue crack growth in this alloy. It is hypothesized that nucleation can be predicted by computing a non-local nucleation metric near the crack front. The hypothesis is tested by employing a combination of experimentation and nite element modeling in which various slip-based and energy-based nucleation metrics are tested for validity, where each metric is derived from a continuum crystal plasticity formulation. To investigate each metric, a non-local procedure is developed for the calculation of nucleation metrics in the neighborhood of a crack front. Initially, an idealized baseline model consisting of a single grain containing a semi-ellipsoidal surface particle is studied to investigate the dependence of each nucleation metric on lattice orientation, number of load cycles, and non-local regularization method. This is followed by a comparison of experimental observations and computational results for microstructural models constructed by replicating the observed microstructural geometry near second-phase particles in fatigue specimens. It is found that orientation strongly influences the direction of slip localization and, as a result, in uences the nucleation mechanism. Also, the baseline models, replication models, and past experimental observation consistently suggest that a set of particular grain orientations is most likely to nucleate fatigue cracks. It is found that a continuum crystal plasticity model and a non-local nucleation metric can be used to predict the nucleation event in AA 7075-T651. However, nucleation metric threshold values that correspond to various nucleation governing mechanisms must be calibrated.

  20. Effect of creep-aging on precipitates of 7075 aluminum alloy

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lin, Y.C., E-mail: yclin@csu.edu.cn [School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083 (China); State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, Changsha 410083 (China); State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology, Wuhan 430074 (China); Jiang, Yu-Qiang; Chen, Xiao-Min; Wen, Dong-Xu [School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083 (China); State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, Changsha 410083 (China); Zhou, Hua-Min [State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology, Wuhan 430074 (China)

    2013-12-20

    The creep-aging behaviors of 7075 aluminum alloy are studied by uniaxial tensile creep experiments under elevated temperatures. The effects of creep-aging temperature and applied stress on the precipitates of 7075-T651 aluminum alloy are investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Results show that (1) coarse insoluble precipitates (Al{sub 7}Cu{sub 2}Fe and Mg{sub 2}Si) and intermediate precipitates (Al{sub 18}Mg{sub 3}Cr{sub 2} and Al{sub 3}Zr) are found in the aluminum matrix, and the effects of creep-aging treatment on these precipitates are not obvious; (2) the main aging precipitates are η′ and η phases, and the amount of aging precipitates increase with the increase of creep-aging temperature and applied stress; (3) with the increase of creep-aging temperature and applied stress, the precipitates are discontinuously distributed on the grain boundary, and the width of precipitate free zone increases with the increase of creep-aging temperature and applied stress and (4) compared with the microstructure in the traditional stress-free aged sample, the creep-aging process can refine the precipitates and narrow the width of the precipitate free zone.

  1. Aluminio pulvimetalúrgico: desarrollo y mejora de sus aleaciones y materiales compuestos

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ruiz-Navas, E. M.

    2008-06-01

    Full Text Available Powder metallurgy components demand is increasing in the last few years mainly due to the necessity of products assigned to automotive and aerospace industries, which has allow an important development of aluminium alloys and composites (AMCs. Consolidation of aluminium alloys by sintering present a main problem: the oxide layer that cover aluminium particles. Several alternatives are studied in this work as solution to the oxide layer problem during the sintering of series 2xxx aluminium alloys. One of these solutions is related to the addition of tin traces, and the other is the addition of a second alloy. Moreover, aluminium metal matrix composites are characterized by excellent properties as combination of properties which comes from the matrix and from the reinforcement. The last part of this study is focused to the analysis of one aluminium matrix composite as the influence of several quantities of reinforcement.

    El auge en la demanda de componentes pulvimetalúrgicos destinados principalmente al sector automovilístico y aeroespacial ha permitido un fuerte desarrollo tanto de aleaciones como de MMCs base aluminio (AMCs. El principal problema a la hora de consolidar estos materiales vía pulvimetalúrgica es la capa de óxido que recubre a las partículas de aluminio. En este trabajo se presentan varias alternativas como solución a este problema, aplicadas a la consolidación de aleaciones de aluminio pertenecientes a la serie 2xxx, entre ellas, la adición de trazas de estaño y la adición de una aleación Al-Si. En cuanto a los materiales compuestos de matriz de aluminio, se caracterizan por presentar propiedades únicas como combinación de las propiedades individuales que caracterizan tanto a la matriz como al refuerzo. En la última parte de este trabajo se estudia la consolidación de un material compuesto así como la influencia de las distintas cantidades de refuerzo.

  2. Corrosión por picaduras del aluminio y de la aleación Al-6201 en soluciones de NaCl

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Vera, R.

    1998-06-01

    Full Text Available The susceptibility of pure aluminum and aluminum 6201 alloy to pitting was investigated in sodium chloride solutions through determination of the corrosion, repassivation and pitting potentials. Potentiodynamic polarization including scratching techniques were employed being also determined the type and relative amount of corrosion damage to the metals. The morphology of the attack was determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM. The results showed a similar performance for aluminum 6201 alloy and aluminum. It was also observed that an increase in chloride concentration resulted in a decrease in the corrosion, pitting and repassivation potentials of both materials.

    Gran cantidad de estudios realizados sobre el comportamiento del aluminio y sus aleaciones han demostrado su excelente resistencia a diversos medios corrosivos. Sin embargo, en las líneas de transmisión de energía eléctrica de aluminio o de la aleación comercial Al-6201, instaladas en las costas de Valparaíso, Chile, se detectaron fallos del material, consistentes en picaduras profundas y roturas. En este estudio se evalúa la corrosión por picaduras sufrida por el aluminio y la aleación Al-6201, utilizando soluciones de diferentes concentraciones de NaCl que es el principal agente agresivo en ambientes marinos. Se determinaron los potenciales de corrosión (Ec, de repasivación (Er y de picado (Ep, mediante el empleo de curvas de polarización potenciodinámicas y técnica de raspado. La morfología del ataque se determinó mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido. Los resultados mostraron un comportamiento similar entre el aluminio y la aleación 6201. También se observó que el aumento en la concentración de cloruro conlleva una disminución en los potenciales de corrosión, de picaduras y de repasivación en ambos materiales.

  3. Comportamiento térmico de aleaciones de aluminio de la serie 2XXX sinterizadas : estudio de la influencia de la aleación mecánica y adiciones de SN y TICN

    OpenAIRE

    Santos Sánchez, Enrique

    2011-01-01

    Las principales propiedades que hacen del aluminio un material atractivo son su baja densidad, su buena resistencia mecánica específica, su ductilidad y su elevada resistencia a la corrosión. Debido a la combinación única de estas propiedades, los materiales base aluminio están cada vez más integrados y demandados en la sociedad actual. Las propiedades termomecánicas de los metales y sus aleaciones se pueden mejorar mediante la utilización de diversos tipos de refuerzos; pueden ser fibras de ...

  4. ESTRATEGIAS DE LA REUTILIZACIÓN DEL ALUMINIO PARA EL EMBELLECIMIENTO DEL HOGAR

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Zoraida Contreras

    2013-06-01

    Full Text Available El proyecto ambiental se desarrolló y se presentó de manera interdisciplinaria en el encuentro de Semilleros FESC 2012. La motivación a los estudiantes de Procesos Aduaneros para que sean conscientes del impacto ambiental que se genera en la región y a nivel internacional con la reutilización del aluminio; de ahí la importancia de involucrar el Semillero de Investigación para realizar un estudio y reflejar la problemática. Con esta investigación los estudiantes proponen una solución o dan inicio a un cambio en el pensamiento del sector, siendo desde su trabajo forjadores de una actitud más amigable frente al medio ambiente, generando propuestas, alternativas e innovaciones con los residuos de aluminio.

  5. Semi-solid rheocasting of grain refined aluminum alloy 7075

    CSIR Research Space (South Africa)

    Curle, UA

    2010-09-01

    Full Text Available mm×6 mm. Fig.1 shows the whole casting including the runner and the biscuit. A batch of the 7075 alloy was melted in a 20 kg tilting furnace and degassed with argon. A sample was poured and cooled to analyze the starting chemical composition... of the liquid metal by optical emission spectroscopy (Thermo Quantris OES). Thermodynamic properties of the starting alloy were then calculated (Scheil solidification model) with an aluminum thermodynamic database (ProCast 2009.1) using the OES composition...

  6. Contaminación con aluminio en sangre en personas dializadas en dos hospitales de Colombia

    OpenAIRE

    Roberto Fernández-Maestre

    2012-01-01

    Objetivo: Se relacionó el grado de contaminación con aluminio en suero sanguíneo de pacientes sometidos a tratamientos de diálisis con el contenido de aluminio en los líquidos de diálisis que usaron estos pacientes y las alteraciones que mostraron en su salud. Método: Se analizaron por espectrometría de absorción atómica con horno de grafito (EAA) muestras de suero sanguíneo de 34 pacientes y dializados de dos instituciones hospitalarias de la ciudad de Cali-Colombia. Las muestras de suero se...

  7. Effect of Tritium on Cracking Threshold in 7075 Aluminum

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Duncan, A. [Savannah River Site (SRS), Aiken, SC (United States). Savannah River National Lab. (SRNL); Morgan, M. [Savannah River Site (SRS), Aiken, SC (United States). Savannah River National Lab. (SRNL)

    2017-02-28

    The effect of long-term exposure to tritium gas on the cracking threshold (KTH) of 7075 Aluminum Alloy was investigated. The alloy is the material of construction for a cell used to contain tritium in an accelerator at Jefferson Laboratory designed for inelastic scattering experiments on nucleons. The primary safety concerns for the Jefferson Laboratory tritium cell is a tritium leak due to mechanical failure of windows from hydrogen isotope embrittlement, radiation damage, or loss of target integrity from accidental excessive beam heating due to failure of the raster or grossly mis-steered beam. Experiments were conducted to investigate the potential for embrittlement of the 7075 Aluminum alloy from tritium gas.

  8. Fracture mechanisms of aluminium alloy AA7075-T651 under various loading conditions

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Pedersen, Ketill O.; Borvik, Tore; Hopperstad, Odd Sture

    2011-01-01

    The fracture behaviour of the aluminium alloy AA7075-T651 is investigated for quasi-static and dynamic loading conditions and different stress states. The fracture surfaces obtained in tensile tests on smooth and notched axisymmetric specimens and compression tests on cylindrical specimens are compared to the fracture surfaces that occur when a projectile, having either a blunt or an ogival nose shape, strikes a 20 mm thick plate of the aluminium alloy. The stress state in the impact tests is much more complex and the strain rate significantly higher than in the tensile and compression tests. Optical and scanning electron microscopes are used in the investigation. The fracture surface obtained in tests with smooth axisymmetric specimens indicates that the crack growth is partly intergranular along the grain boundaries or precipitation free zones and partly transgranular by void formation around fine and coarse intermetallic particles. When the stress triaxiality is increased through the introduction of a notch in the tensile specimen, delamination along the grain boundaries in the rolling plane is observed perpendicular to the primary crack. In through-thickness compression tests, the crack propagates within an intense shear band that has orientation about 45 o with respect to the load axis. The primary failure modes of the target plate during impact were adiabatic shear banding when struck by a blunt projectile and ductile hole-enlargement when struck by an ogival projectile. Delamination and fragmentation of the plates occurred for both loading cases, but was stronger for the ogival projectile. The delamination in the rolling plane was attributed to intergranular fracture caused by tensile stresses occurring during the penetration event.

  9. El aluminio en el suelo y algunas estrategias de manejo

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Fabio Emilio Forero-Ulloa

    2011-02-01

    Full Text Available El  suelo  está  compuesto por diversos  elementos entre  los que  se destaca el aluminio, como un metal que, en condiciones  normales,    no  afecta  el desarrollo de las plantas,  pero en suelos ácidos  es un factor limitante en el crecimiento de la mayoría de especies vegetales,  con una afectación cercana al 50% del área sembrada  en el ámbito mundial. En Colombia  cerca del  85% de  los  suelos  son ácidos,  por lo cual es  necesario buscar estrategias de manejo  y  permitir  que  estos  suelos  sean adecuados para  obtener producción  agrícola, máxime  si  en nuestro  territorio existen diversos tipos  de  suelos,  como  consecuencia  de  los diferentes materiales parentales que,  al final, son necesarios    tener en cuenta para  implementar el manejo estratégico del aluminio.

  10. Recuperación del cromo y aluminio del licor de desecho (wl en forma de sales dobles

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Pedro R. Bassas-Noa

    2006-03-01

    Full Text Available El licor WL es un residual de la industria del níquel agresivo al medio ambiente por su acidez que contiene elementos metálicos de gran valor. Se propone un tratamiento para la separación con  hidróxido de amonio y la recuperación de la mayor cantidad de cromo y aluminio contenidos en el mismo. Se logra precipitar una mezcla de hidróxidos de aluminio que tratada con ácido sulfúrico permite obtener, por cristalización, la sal sulfato de aluminio y amonio dodecahidratada. Posteriomente se cristaliza la sal sulfato doble de cromo y amonio dodecahidratado. Se demuestra que el sulfato doble de cromo y amonio dodecahidratado y el sólido separado presentan características químicas que hacen posible su aplicación en la industria textil y de cerámica, entre otras. El esquema aplicado permite la recuperación de valores metálicos y la disminución del alto poder contaminante del licor de desecho WL.

  11. Microstructural and mechanical properties of pure aluminum, 5083 and 7075 alloys joined by friction stir welding

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Yilmaz, Selim Sarper [Celal Bayar Univ., Manisa, Muradiye (Turkey)

    2012-07-01

    In this study, microstructural and mechanical properties of pure aluminum, 5083 and 7075 alloys joined by friction stir welding were investigated. Hardness, tensile, bending and impact tests were applied to the welded samples. In addition, optical and SEM tests were carried out. The effects of welding speed on microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated in these materials. Then, the optimal conditions for friction stir welding were determined for pure aluminum, 5083 and 7075 alloys. The maximum hardness was observed for 7075 while the minimum hardness was observed for pure aluminum. (orig.)

  12. Rheocasting an engine mounting bracket in commercial 7075

    CSIR Research Space (South Africa)

    Curle, UA

    2011-07-01

    Full Text Available is produced by rheo-process commercial 7075 with the patented CSIR-RCS and subsequent high pressure die casting. Section thickness changes and constraining geometry make this a difficult component to rheocast. X-ray radiography is used to evaluate hot tearing...

  13. Desempeño ante la corrosión y tribocorrosión de aleaciones comerciales de aluminio anodizadas

    OpenAIRE

    Rodríguez, Samantha; Carrasquero, Edwuin J.; López, Luis M.; Fajardo, Jorge I.

    2016-01-01

    El presente trabajo muestra la evaluación del desempeño de dos aleaciones comerciales de aluminio anodizadas ante la corrosión y tribocorrosión. Para el anodizado se emplearon dos tipos de electrolitos distintos (H2SO4 y H2C2O4), un valor constante de densidad de corriente y dos tiempos de anodizado (30 y 45 minutos). Usando una de las técnicas de microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB) y espectroscopía por dispersión de la energía de rayos X (EDX) se caracterizaro...

  14. Influence of the corrosive medium and applied load direction on the stress corrosion cracking behaviour of 7075 aluminium alloy; Influencia del medio de ensayo y direccion de aplicacion de la carga en el comportamiento a corrosion bajo tensiones de la aleacion de aluminio 7075

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Badia, J. M.; Antoranz, J. M.; Tarin, P.; Simon, A. G.; Piris, N. M.

    2004-07-01

    The goal of this work is to prove the validity of using synthetic sea water as an alternative method instead of the NaCl solution used in stress corrosion crack growth tests in aluminium alloys, according to ASTM G 44. Several samples of 7075 alloy have been tested in different conditions and directions in both environments, which can be considered as equivalent. Only the samples tested in thickness direction have shown crack growth during the test. The use of sea water entails a great advantage in practice, by less superficial alteration, and less therefore a much more reliable measure of the crack. (Author) 8 refs.

  15. Comportamiento del aluminio desnudo y anodizado en atmósferas con grados de contaminación muy diferentes

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Bautista, A.

    1998-05-01

    Full Text Available In the present research, the responses of unprotected and anodized aluminium specimens are compared after they have been exposed to 12 different atmospheres. The significance of the anodizing and the sealing on the atmospheric corrosion behaviour is analysed. The results show that the anodizing and sealing of aluminium exclude the risk of pitting corrosion in marine atmospheres and that the oxide thickness is not determining, at least during the first year of exposure.

    En la presente investigación, comparando las respuestas de muestras de aluminio desnudas y anodizadas, expuestas a 12 atmósferas diferentes, se analiza la repercusión del anodizado y sellado del aluminio en el comportamiento frente a la corrosión atmosférica. Se demuestra que la anodización y sellado del aluminio elimina el riesgo de corrosión por picaduras que afecta a estos materiales en atmósferas marinas, sin que el espesor del recubrimiento resulte determinante, al menos, en el primer año de exposición.

  16. The Influence of Tool Geometry towards Cutting Performance in Machining Aluminium 7075

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Muhammad Syafik Jumali

    2017-01-01

    Full Text Available Aerospace industries often use Computer Numerical Control (CNC machining in manufacturing aerospace parts. Aluminium 7075 is the most common material used as aircraft components. This research aims to produce end mill with optimum geometry in terms of the helix angle, primary radial relief angle and secondary relief angle. End mills with different geometry parameters are tested on Aluminium 7075 and data on surface roughness and tool wear were collected. The results were then analysed to determine which parameters brought the optimum result with regards to surface roughness and tool wear.

  17. Evaluación y planteamiento de mejoras en el proceso de maderado de aluminio utilizando técnicas de producción esbelta.

    OpenAIRE

    Larreátegui Loor, Víctor José; Barcia Villacreses, Dr. Kléber

    2011-01-01

    La tesis se desarrolló en la empresa XYZ dedicada a elaborar perfiles de aluminio con acabado de madera, situada en la ciudad de Guayaquil. La empresa cuenta con una capacidad para pintar hasta 1000 perfiles diarios en una jornada de 10 horas, dependiendo del tipo de perfil y el número de caras a pintar. La venta del producto se realiza a nivel nacional, a clientes de todo el Ecuador y se estudian posibilidades de exportación a mercados internacionales a futuro. Los principales proble...

  18. Estudio de las fallas de soldadura en el proceso de fabricación de cilindros de aluminio para g l p

    OpenAIRE

    Torres Villamar, Artemio; Wiesner Falconi, Ignacio

    2009-01-01

    El desarrollo del presente trabajo de tesis: Estudio de las fallas de soldadura en el proceso de fabricación de cilindros de aluminio para gas licuado de petróleo, sirve para optimizar la operación de las diferentes etapas del proceso de soldadura, para el efecto se aplicaron técnicas ingenieriles, normas establecidas por el INSTITUTO ECUATORIANO DE NORMALIZACIÓN, como: INEN No. 117 e INEN No. 291 y normas internacionales como ASTM – B209 y ASTM – B211. Se realizaron análisis de fallas en...

  19. Oxidación selectiva de hidrocarburos aromáticos, en fase gaseosa, catalizada por fosfatos mixtos vanadilo-aluminio

    OpenAIRE

    Siles Sorribás, María Teresa

    2014-01-01

    El objetivo principal de la Tesis, ha sido la síntesis, por un método sol-gel, nuevos catalizadores de vanadio-aluminio-fósforo en los que se han modificado la relación molar Al/V (0.2¿2); la sal de vanadio de partida (VO3Cl y NH4VO3) y el tratamiento térmico (450¿750ºC). Asimismo, se han sintetizado, a modo de referencia, sistemas vanadio-fósforo. Con el fin de determinar la influencia que dichas variables tienen sobre su composición, propiedades texturales, estructurales, ácido-base y re...

  20. Puesta a punto de un equipo de anodizado para aleaciones de aluminio

    OpenAIRE

    Vélez Leache, Javier

    2014-01-01

    En este proyecto se realiza la anodización, en planta piloto de laboratorio, de muestras de aluminio de pequeñas dimensiones, sometiendo posteriormente estas muestras anodizadas a los ensayos exigidos por las normas ISO para este tratamiento de superficie Máster Universitario en Ingeniería de Materiales y Fabricación Unibertsitate Masterra Materialen eta Fabrikazioaren Ingeniaritzan

  1. Statistical aspects of fatigue crack growth life of base metal, weld metal and heat affected zone in FSWed 7075-T651aluminum alloy

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Sohn, Hye Jeong; Haryadi, Gunawan Dwi; Kim, Seon Jin

    2014-01-01

    The statistical aspects of fatigue crack growth life of base metal (BM), weld metal (WM) and heat affected zone (HAZ) in friction stir welded (FSWed) 7075-T651 aluminum alloy has been studied by Weibull statistical analysis. The fatigue crack growth tests were performed at room temperature on ASTM standard CT specimens under three different constant stress intensity factor range controls. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of statistical aspects of fatigue crack growth life on stress intensity factor ranges and material properties, namely BM, WM and HAZ specimens. In this work, the Weibull distribution was employed to estimate the statistical aspects of fatigue crack growth life. The shape parameter of Weibull distribution for fatigue crack growth life was significantly affected by material properties and the stress intensity factor range. The scale parameter of WM specimen exhibited the lowest value at all stress intensity factor ranges.

  2. Reactividad entre whiskers de α-SiC y aluminio durante el procesado por vía líquida de materiales compuestos de matriz metálica

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ureña, A.

    1999-06-01

    Full Text Available The reactivity between α-SiC whiskers and an aluminium alloy (Al-Cu-Mg, both present in a metal matrix composite, has been studied when such matrix is in molten state. Using mainly transmission electron microscopy (TEM and electron microdiffraction (ED, the nature and morphology of the reaction products generated at the α-SiC/aluminium interface, when this last melts under different condition which simulate casting and welding procedures for metal matrix composites, have been characterised. Both the formation of Al4C3 aggregates with platelet morphology generated by dissolution-reaction mechanisms, and aciculate crystals of the same carbide form by complete dissolution of the α-SiC whiskers and later Al4C3 precipitation into the molten aluminium. Ternary Al-Si carbides with high chemical stability have been also identified by TEMED (β-Al4SiC4, being its formation related with higher energetic conditions than for the Al4C3.

    Se realiza un estudio de la reactividad entre whiskers de α-SiC y una aleación de aluminio en estado líquido (Al-Cu-Mg, que forman parte de un material compuesto de matriz metálica. Empleando fundamentalmente técnicas de microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB y de transmisión (MET, junto con difracción de electrones (DE, se ha caracterizado la naturaleza y morfología de los productos de reacción que se generan en la intercara α-SiC/aluminio, cuando éste funde en diferentes condiciones que simulan procesos de fabricación y soldadura del material compuesto. Se ha observado tanto la formación de agregados de Al4C3 con morfología tabular producidos por mecanismos de disolución-reacción de los whiskers, como de cristales aciculares del mismo tipo de carburo formados por disolución total de α-SiC y precipitación en el aluminio fundido. Se ha determinado también que, en condiciones suficientemente energéticas, pueden llegar a formarse carburos ternarios de aluminio y silicio (β-Al4SiC4 que

  3. Heat Treatment of Al 7075 for Ejection Seat Shear Wire

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Wong, Catherine

    1999-01-01

    .... Current lots of Al 6061 could not duplicate the double shear breaking load values and so it was attempted to achieve the required double shear breaking load in the Al 7075 alloy with a stable microstructure...

  4. Enhancement of wear and ballistic resistance of armour grade AA7075 aluminium alloy using friction stir processing

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    I. Sudhakar

    2015-03-01

    Full Text Available Industrial applications of aluminium and its alloys are restricted because of their poor tribological properties. Thermal spraying, laser surfacing, electron beam welding are the most widely used techniques to alter the surface morphology of base metal. Preliminary studies reveal that the coating and layering of aluminium alloys with ceramic particles enhance the ballistic resistance. Furthermore, among aluminium alloys, 7075 aluminium alloy exhibits high strength which can be compared to that of steels and has profound applications in the designing of lightweight fortification structures and integrated protection systems. Having limitations such as poor bond integrity, formation of detrimental phases and interfacial reaction between reinforcement and substrate using fusion route to deposit hard particles paves the way to adopt friction stir processing for fabricating surface composites using different sizes of boron carbide particles as reinforcement on armour grade 7075 aluminium alloy as matrix in the present investigation. Wear and ballistic tests were carried out to assess the performance of friction stir processed AA7075 alloy. Significant improvement in wear resistance of friction stir processed surface composites is attributed to the change in wear mechanism from abrasion to adhesion. It has also been observed that the surface metal matrix composites have shown better ballistic resistance compared to the substrate AA7075 alloy. Addition of solid lubricant MoS2 has reduced the depth of penetration of the projectile to half that of base metal AA7075 alloy. For the first time, the friction stir processing technique was successfully used to improve the wear and ballistic resistances of armour grade high strength AA7075 alloy.

  5. Experimental Investigation on Mechanical and Turning Behavior of Al 7075/x% wt. TiB2-1% Gr In Situ Hybrid Composite

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    K. R. Ramkumar

    2015-01-01

    Full Text Available The present research work involves the study of AA 7075-TiB2-Gr in situ composite through stir casting route. This in situ method involves formation of reinforcements within the matrix by the chemical reaction of two or more compounds which also produces some changes in the matrix material within the vicinity. Titanium Diboride (TiB2 and graphite were the reinforcement in a matrix of AA 7075 alloy. The composite was prepared with the formation of the reinforcement inside the molten matrix by adding salts of Potassium Tetrafluoroborate (KBF4 and Potassium Hexafluorotitanate (K2TiF6. The samples were taken under casted condition and the properties of the composite were tested by conducting characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD, hardness test, flexural strength by using three-point bend test, scanning electron microscope (SEM, optical microstructure, grain size analysis, and surface roughness. It was found that good/excellent mechanical properties were obtained in AA 7075-TiB2-Gr reinforced in situ hybrid composite compared to alloy due to particulate strengthening of ceramic particles of TiB2 in the matrix. Further, Al 7075-3% TiB2-1% Gr hybrid in situ composite exhibited improved machinability over the alloy and composites due to self-lubricating property given by the Gr particles in the materials.

  6. Estudio del desgaste del flanco de carburos recubiertos y cermet durante el torneado de alta velocidad en seco del acero AISI 1045

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Hernández-González, L. W.

    2011-06-01

    Full Text Available This work deals with the experimental study of the flank wear evolution of two coating carbide inserts and a cermet insert during the dry finishing turning of AISI 1045 steel with 400, 500 and 600 m/min cutting speeds. The results were analyzed using the variance analysis and lineal regression analysis in order to describe the relationship between the flank wear and machining time, obtaining the adjusted model equation. The investigation demonstrated a significant effect of cutting speed and machining time on the flank wear at high speed machining. The three coating layers insert showed the best performance while the two layers insert had the worst behaviour of the cutting tool wear at high cutting speeds.

    El objetivo de este trabajo es el estudio experimental de la evolución del desgaste del flanco respecto al tiempo de dos insertos de carburo recubiertos y un cermet durante el torneado de acabado en seco del acero AISI 1045 con velocidades de corte de 400, 500 y 600 m/min. Los resultados fueron comparados utilizando el análisis de varianza y el análisis de regresión lineal para describir la relación entre el desgaste del flanco y el tiempo de maquinado, obteniéndose la ecuación del modelo ajustado. La investigación demostró un efecto significativo de la velocidad de corte y del tiempo de maquinado en el desgaste del flanco en el maquinado de alta velocidad. El mejor desempeño se obtuvo para el carburo recubierto con tres capas, mientras que el carburo con dos capas sufrió el mayor desgaste a elevadas velocidades de corte.

  7. The corrosion protection of several aluminum alloys by chromic acid and sulfuric acid anodizing

    Science.gov (United States)

    Danford, M. D.

    1994-01-01

    The corrosion protection afforded 7075-T6, 7075-T3, 6061-T6, and 2024-T3 aluminum alloys by chromic acid and sulfuric acid anodizing was examined using electrochemical techniques. From these studies, it is concluded that sulfuric acid anodizing provides superior corrosion protection compared to chromic acid anodizing.

  8. Mechanical behavior and strengthening mechanisms in ultrafine grain precipitation-strengthened aluminum alloy

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Ma, Kaka; Wen, Haiming; Hu, Tao; Topping, Troy D.; Isheim, Dieter; Seidman, David N.; Lavernia, Enrique J.; Schoenung, Julie M.

    2014-01-01

    To provide insight into the relationships between precipitation phenomena, grain size and mechanical behavior in a complex precipitation-strengthened alloy system, Al 7075 alloy, a commonly used aluminum alloy, was selected as a model system in the present study. Ultrafine-grained (UFG) bulk materials were fabricated through cryomilling, degassing, hot isostatic pressing and extrusion, followed by a subsequent heat treatment. The mechanical behavior and microstructure of the materials were analyzed and compared directly to the coarse-grained (CG) counterpart. Three-dimensional atom-probe tomography was utilized to investigate the intermetallic precipitates and oxide dispersoids formed in the as-extruded UFG material. UFG 7075 exhibits higher strength than the CG 7075 alloy for each equivalent condition. After a T6 temper, the yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of UFG 7075 achieved 734 and 774 MPa, respectively, which are ∼120 MPa higher than those of the CG equivalent. The strength of as-extruded UFG 7075 (YS: 583 MPa, UTS: 631 MPa) is even higher than that of commercial 7075-T6. More importantly, the strengthening mechanisms in each material were established quantitatively for the first time for this complex precipitation-strengthened system, accounting for grain-boundary, dislocation, solid-solution, precipitation and oxide dispersoid strengthening contributions. Grain-boundary strengthening was the predominant mechanism in as-extruded UFG 7075, contributing a strength increment estimated to be 242 MPa, whereas Orowan precipitation strengthening was predominant in the as-extruded CG 7075 (∼102 MPa) and in the T6-tempered materials, and was estimated to contribute 472 and 414 MPa for CG-T6 and UFG-T6, respectively

  9. The wear properties of in-situ 7075 Al-Ti composites produced by powder metallurgy route

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ay, H.; Özyurek, D.; Yıldırım, M., E-mail: musayildirim@karabuk.edu.tr [Karabük University, Technology Faculty, Department of Manufacturing Engineering / Karabuk (Turkey); Bostan, B. [Gazi University, Technology Faculty, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering (Turkey)

    2016-04-21

    In this study, the wear properties of in-situ 7075 Al-Ti composites produced by powder metallurgy route were investigated. Different amount of Ti (2, 4, 6 %) added to gas atomized 7075 Al alloy powders and they were mixed in turbula with 47rpm for 45 minutes. Then the mixed powders were pre-shaped by press under 600 MPa pressure. The samples were cooled in the furnace after sintered at 580 °C for 4 hours in the atmosphere controlled furnace. Standard metallographic process such as grinding, polishing and etching were applied to sintered samples. The hardness values were measured. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) examines were carried out. The wear tests were performed in a pin-on disc type wear apparatus with 1 ms{sup −1} sliding speed at six different sliding distance (500-3000 m) under 30 N loads. As a result of studies, hardness values were increased with increasing Ti content, in addition the weight losses were decreased with increasing Ti amount.

  10. High strain rate superplasticity in a friction stir processed 7075 Al alloy

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Mishra, R.S.; Mahoney, M.W.; McFaden, S.X.; Mara, N.A.; Mukherjee, A.K.

    1999-12-31

    In this paper, the authors report the first results using friction stir processing (FSP). In the last ten years, a new technique of Friction Stir Welding (FSW) has emerged as an exciting solid state joining technique for aluminum alloys. This technique, developed by The Welding Institute (TWI), involves traversing a rotating tool that produces intense plastic deformation through a stirring action. The localized heating is produced by friction between the tool shoulder and the sheet top surface, as well as plastic deformation of the material in contact with the tool. This results in a stirred zone with a very fine grain size in a single pass. Mahoney et al. observed a grain size of 3 {micro}m in a 7075 Al alloy. This process can be easily adopted as a processing technique to obtain fine grain size. FSP of a commercial 7075 Al alloy resulted in significant enhancement of superplastic properties. The optimum superplastic strain rate was 10{sup {minus}2}s{sup {minus}1} at 490 C in the FSP 7075 Al alloy, an improvement of more than an order of magnitude in strain rate. The present results suggest an exciting possibility to use a simple FSP technique to enhance grain size dependent properties.

  11. Factores que controlan las propiedades texturales de arcillas intercaladas con disoluciones de circonio y aluminio

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Gil, A.

    2000-08-01

    Full Text Available The texture development of a saponite and a montmorillonite, intercalated with zirconium and aluminium oligomers, after calcination at 500 ºC has been studied. Remarkable differences were observed among samples, depending on the source of the intercalating polycations and the parent material. On calcining, the alumina pillared clays suffered noticeable specific surface area and micropore volume losses, which have been related to the interlayer and interpillar distances of the samples. On the contrary, the zirconia pillared clays showed a slight surface area increase, which affected both micropores and mesopores and could be due to the combined effect of the thermal decomposition of the zirconium oligomers and the possible presence of mesoporous ZrO2 particles.

    En este trabajo se ha estudiado la evolución de las propiedades texturales de una saponita y una montmorillonita intercaladas con disoluciones de circonio y aluminio tras calcinación a 500 ºC. Los sólidos presentaron un diferente comportamiento en función de la naturaleza de la disolución de intercalación y de la arcilla empleada. Tras calcinación, la superficie específica y el volumen microporoso de las arcillas intercaladas con disoluciones de aluminio disminuyeron de manera importante, lo cual se ha relacionado con las distancias interlaminar e interpilar que presentaron los materiales intercalados. Por contra, las superficies específicas de las arcillas intercaladas con disoluciones de circonio aumentaron, probablemente gracias al efecto combinado de la descomposición térmica de los ligandos orgánicos unidos al circonio en los policationes y la posible presencia de partículas mesoporosas de ZrO2 sobre la superficie de los sólidos.

  12. Optimización de diseño de llantas de aluminio a flexión mediante el método de elementos finitos

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Fabio Marcelo Peña Bustos

    2010-01-01

    Full Text Available El presente trabajo da a conocer el proceso llevado a cabo para la optimización del diseño estructural a fatiga por flexión de llantas de aluminio automotrices en una empresa ubicada en la ciudad de Manizales, Colombia. El proceso se efectuó relacionando los análisis de elementos finitos con los resultados de la prueba física de fatiga por flexión, demostrando que el diseño de llantas de aluminio puede optimizarse reduciendo el tiempo de desarrollo de cada modelo, obteniendo llantas más livianas, lo cual significa ahorro en costos de desarrollo y manufactura del producto con las consecuentes mejoras de eficiencia y desempeño de los vehículos. Además, la incorporación temprana de la simulación el proceso de desarrollo del producto da como resultado diseños que pueden optimizarse antes de fabricar y ensayar los prototipos físicos. El trabajo presentado da a conocer entonces, cómo se ha incorporado exitosamente el análisis de elementos finitos como parte del proceso normal de diseño de llantas de la empresa objeto de estudio, con los consecuentes beneficios en términos de confiabilidad y productividad.

  13. Corrosion of Al-7075 by uranium hexafluoride

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    1989-01-01

    The results of the Al-7075 corrosion by uranium hexafluoride are presented in this work. The kinetic study shows that corrosion process occurs by two temperature dependent mechanism and that the alloy can be safely used up to 140 0 C. The corrosion film is formed by uranium oxifluoride with variable composition in depth. Two alternative corrosion models are proposed in order to explain the experimental results, as well as the tests taht will be carried out to confirm one of them [pt

  14. Comportamiento a desgaste de recubrimientos de material compuesto de matriz de aluminio fabricados por proyección térmica

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Campo, M.

    2007-10-01

    Full Text Available In this work, the wear behaviour of coatings made of aluminium matrix composites reinforced with 20% of SiC particles and manufactured by thermal spray method with oxyacetylene flame has been investigated. The wear behaviour between coatings with uncoated particles and sol-gel silica coated ones heat treated at 500 °C and 725 °C have been compared. The sprayed coatings with silica coated particles are more homogenous and less porous due to increase of wettability by molten aluminium that takes place on coated particles. The microstructure of the sprayed coatings, the wear surfaces and the wear debris have been anlysed using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and microanalysis techniques (EDX. The results show a smaller wear rate, a lower friction coefficient and more reduced loss of mass for the coatings sprayed with particles with sol-gel silica coatings than those made with uncoated particles.

    En este trabajo se ha evaluado el comportamiento a desgaste de recubrimientos de material compuesto reforzado con un 20 % de partículas de SiC fabricados por proyección térmica con llama oxiacetilénica. Se ha comparado el desgaste de los recubrimientos proyectados con partículas sin recubrir y recubiertas con la sílice sol-gel tratada térmicamente a 500 °C y 725 °C. Los recubrimientos proyectados con partículas recubiertas de sílice son más homogéneos y menos porosos debido fundamentalmente al aumento de su mojabilidad por aluminio fundido. La microestructura de los recubrimientos proyectados, de las superficies desgastadas y del material eliminado en los ensayos pin-on-disc se ha analizado por técnicas de microscopía óptica y electrónica de barrido junto a microanálisis EDX. Los resultados obtenidos muestran una menor tasa de desgaste, menor coeficiente de rozamiento y menor pérdida de masa para los recubrimientos proyectados con las partículas con el recubrimiento de sílice sol-gel que para los de las

  15. Efecto de la precipitación de nitruros de aluminio en la recristalización de aceros de bajo carbono recocidos convencionalmente

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Monsalve, A.

    2005-10-01

    Full Text Available An important feature of aluminium killed steels is the strong influence that aluminium nitride precipitates produce in both the mechanical properties and the final microstructural characteristics of the steel. This influence is related to the different stages of the fabrication process. This paper deals with a study of the effects of aluminium nitrides on the kinetics of recrystallisation. Different heat treatments were carried out, in one case to dissolve AIN, and in the other in order to precipitate AIN. These steels were subjected to cold rolling, followed by a batch annealing process. The recrystallised fraction was measured, thus obtaining the kinetic curves. The activation energy for recrystallisation was computed in each case. The results showed that AIN precipitation during recrystallisation produces a delay in recrystallisation kinetics through a change in the activation energy value.

    Los aceros calmados con aluminio presentan como característica importante, la gran influencia que ejercen los nitruros de aluminio en las propiedades mecánicas y características microestructurales finales. Esta influencia está, a su vez, relacionada con cada una de la etapas del proceso de fabricación. En el presente trabajo se ha abordado el estudio del efecto de los nitruros de aluminio sobre la cinética de recristalización. Para ello, se han llevado a cabo diversos tipos de tratamientos térmicos, con el objeto de disolver todo el AIN y, en el otro caso, de precipitar todo el AIN. A continuación, los aceros estudiados se deformaron en frío y se les realizó un recocido convencional. Se midió la fracción recristalizada evaluando la energía de activación para la recristalización. Los resultados mostraron que la precipitación de AIN durante la recristalización produce un retraso en la cinética de recristalización, a través del cambio en el valor de la energía de activación

  16. Un hidrogel de hidróxido de aluminio para eliminar el arsénico del agua

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Luján Juan Carlos

    2001-01-01

    Full Text Available Objetivos. Describir la síntesis y los resultados preliminares de la aplicación de un hidrogel de hidróxido de aluminio que, agregado directamente al agua, pueda lograr la eliminación total del arsénico, cualquiera que sea la naturaleza del agua y el estado de oxidación del metaloide. Métodos. Las materias primas utilizadas para obtener el hidrogel de hidróxido de aluminio fueron: sulfato de aluminio hidratado (que se utiliza para potabilizar aguas, hipoclorito de calcio en polvo, hidróxido de amonio y agua destilada (cuando el gel se preparó a escala de laboratorio y agua de ósmosis inversa de igual o mejor calidad que el agua destilada (cuando se produjo el gel a escala piloto. El control de calidad del producto final consistió en la determinación de su capacidad para adsorber el arsénico y la realización de pruebas bacteriológicas para demostrar su esterilidad. El producto fue aplicado a muestras de agua a las que se añadió arsénico en el laboratorio y a muestras de aguas arsenicales naturales procedentes de la provincia de Tucumán, Argentina. Para el análisis del arsénico en el agua se utilizó el método colorimétrico del dietilditiocarbamato de plata. Resultados. La aplicación del hidrogel proporcionó una gran reducción del arsénico. Tanto en las aguas arsenicales naturales como en las artificiales, después del tratamiento las concentraciones de arsénico quedaron por debajo del límite de detección del método analítico utilizado (0,01 partes por millón. Las pruebas bacteriológicas del producto terminado revelaron la ausencia de bacterias viables. Conclusiones. La aplicación del hidrogel de hidróxido de aluminio proporcionó la deseada reducción de la concentración de arsénico en el agua. Este método de desarsenización es barato y fácil de utilizar en poblaciones rurales dispersas de zonas afectadas por el hidroarsenicismo que carecen de agua potable e infraestructura sanitaria y eléctrica.

  17. Optimización de diseño de llantas de aluminio a flexión mediante el método de elementos finitos

    OpenAIRE

    Fabio Marcelo Peña Bustos

    2010-01-01

    El presente trabajo da a conocer el proceso llevado a cabo para la optimización del diseño estructural a fatiga por flexión de llantas de aluminio automotrices en una empresa ubicada en la ciudad de Manizales, Colombia. El proceso se efectuó relacionando los análisis de elementos finitos con los resultados de la prueba física de fatiga por flexión, demostrando que el diseño de llantas de aluminio puede optimizarse reduciendo el tiempo de desarrollo de cada modelo, obteniendo llantas más livia...

  18. Fabrication process optimization for improved mechanical properties of Al 7075/SiCp metal matrix composites

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Dipti Kanta Das

    2016-04-01

    Full Text Available Two sets of nine different silicon carbide particulate (SiCp reinforced Al 7075 Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs were fabricated using liquid metallurgy stir casting process. Mean particle size and weight percentage of the reinforcement were varied according to Taguchi L9 Design of Experiments (DOE. One set of the cast composites were then heat treated to T6 condition. Optical micrographs of the MMCs reveal consistent dispersion of reinforcements in the matrix phase. Mechanical properties were determined for both as-cast and heat treated MMCs for comparison of the experimental results. Linear regression models were developed for mechanical properties of the heat treated MMCs using list square method of regression analysis. The fabrication process parameters were then optimized using Taguchi based grey relational analysis for the multiple mechanical properties of the heat treated MMCs. The largest value of mean grey relational grade was obtained for the composite with mean particle size 6.18 µm and 25 weight % of reinforcement. The optimal combination of process parameters were then verified through confirmation experiments, which resulted 42% of improvement in the grey relational grade. Finally, the percentage of contribution of each process parameter on the multiple performance characteristics was calculated through Analysis of Variance (ANOVA.

  19. Aleaciones de aluminio amorfas y nanoestructuradas

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    García-Escorial, A.

    1998-05-01

    Full Text Available The work carried out in CENIM on amorphous and nanostructured aluminium alloys is described. Results about Al-LTM-ETM, Al-Fe-Nb and Al-Cu-Zr, and Al-LTM-RE, Al-Fe-Nd (LTM = Late Transition Metal, ETM = Early Transition Metal y RE = Rare Earth alloys obtained by rapid solidification, inert gas atomization and melt-spinning, as well as mechanical alloying are presented.

    En este trabajo se recoge la labor desarrollada en el CENIM en aleaciones de base aluminio amorfas y nanoestructuradas. Se presentan los resultados obtenidos hasta ahora en el estudio de aleaciones Al-LTM-ETM, Al-Fe-Nb y Al-Cu-Zr, y Al-LTM-RE, Al-Fe-Nd (LTM = Late Transition Metal, ETM = Early Transition Metal y RE = Rare Earth, procesadas por solidificación rápida, mediante atomización por gas inerte y temple ultrarrápido sobre rueda, así como por aleado mecánico en molino de bolas de alta energía.

  20. Study on the rheoformability of semi-solid 7075 wrought aluminum alloy using seed process =

    Science.gov (United States)

    Zhao, Qinfu

    microstructure was studied. It was found that the swirling frequency has a strong influence on the mean grain size and morphology of primary alpha-Al particles. With increasing swirling frequency, the mean size of alpha-Al particles first decreased significantly and then kept constant or increased slightly, due to the fragment and aggregation of solid particles. Microstructures also revealed that the alpha-Al particles tend to transform from dendrite-like to rosette-like to globular-like morphology due to the stirring movement. In the third part, the effects of TiB2 and Zr on the microstructure of semisolid AA7075 alloy were investigated. The microstructure observation and the intermetallic phase identification were carried out by optical microscopy equipped with Clemex analyzer and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mean size of primary alpha-Al particles decreases from more than 110 mum to less than 90 mum and the morphology changes from dendritic-like to globular-like with the addition of TiB2. With the addition of Zr or Zr + TiB 2, the mean size and morphology of primary alpha-Al particles didn't show significant modification. Furthermore, the addition of TiB2 shows significant refinement on three intermetallic phases (Mg(Zn,Cu,Al) 2, Fe-rich Al(Fe,Mn)Si and Mg2Si. All the intermetallic phases become finer in size and more uniform distribution among the grains. Finally, the rheological behavior and microstructure of deformed semisolid billets of AA7075 base and grain-refined alloys were investigated using parallel-plate viscometer. Images analysis shows that liquid segregates from center to edge of the billet during compression and with increasing temperature the liquid segregation becomes more significant. The apparent viscosity of two alloys decreases with the increasing shear rate, indicating shear thinning behavior. Shear rate jump phenomenon (first increase and then decrease) occurred at lower solid fraction, reaching a maximum shear rate value. The whole

  1. Efecto de los aditivos en la formación y estabilidad térmica a baja temperatura del titanato de aluminio

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Barrios de Arenas, I.

    2000-12-01

    Full Text Available This work presents the study of the effect of 3 wt% V2O5, Na2O, CaO and FeTiO3 on the stabilization of Aluminum Titanate (Al2TiO5. Samples were prepared by the conventional processing route of dry ball milling followed by wet mixing and final uniaxial pressing at 300 MPa before sintering at 1400ºC. Specimens were heat treated at 1000ºC during 12 and 20 hours in order to evaluate Al2TiO5 decomposition. The microstructure was observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM and phases present were determined by X Ray Diffraction (XRD and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS. It has been elucidated the effect of FeTiO3 (Ilmenite on the improvement of the formation and thermal stabilization of Al2TiO5.

    En este trabajo se presenta el estudio del efecto de la adición de 3% en peso de V2O5, Na2O, CaO y FeTiO3 en la estabilización térmica del Titanato de Aluminio (Al2TiO5. El procesamiento de las muestras fue mediante la molienda en seco de los polvos de alúmina y titania, mezcla vía húmeda con alcohol isopropílico y sinterización a 1400ºC de los compactos prensados uniaxialmente a 300 MPa. Una vez sinterizadas las muestras fueron tratadas térmicamente a 1000ºC durante 12 y 20 horas para evaluar la descomposición del Al2TiO5. La microestructura de las probetas se analizó mediante Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido (MEB y las fases presentes se determinaron mediante Difracción de Rayos X (DRX y Espectroscopía de Rayos X por dispersión de Energía (EDX. Esta caracterización evidenció el efecto beneficioso de la adición de FeTiO3 (Ilmenita en la formación y estabilización térmica del Al2TiO5.

  2. Investigation of Corrosion Behavior of Ti/TiN Multilayers on Al7075 Deposited by High-Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering in 3.5% NaCl Solution

    Science.gov (United States)

    Molavi, Esfandiar; Shanaghi, Ali; Chu, Paul K.

    2018-04-01

    Although Al 7075 has many favorable mechanical properties such as the large strength-to-weight ratio, the relatively poor corrosion resistance has restricted industrial applications. In this work, Ti/TiN as hard multilayered and nanostructured coatings are deposited on the relatively soft Al 7075 structure by high-vacuum radio-frequency magnetron sputtering and the phase, structure, and morphology are investigated in details. The corrosion behavior is evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in 3.5% NaCl at a pH of 7.5 for 1, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h. At time points of 1, 6, 12, and 24 h, primary oxide layers and double layers are formed, but the corrosive medium penetrates the primary titanium nitride columnar structure. At longer time points of 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h, formation of stronger oxide and double layers leads to better corrosion resistance which is 14.8 times better than that observed from the uncoated substrate after immersion for 36 h. According to R ct, the corrosion resistances of the short and long immersion groups are 808.5-1984 and 808.5-1248 kΩ cm2, respectively, thereby confirming the effectiveness of the Ti/TiN coating against corrosion in comparison with the corrosion resistance of 84.3 kΩ cm2 observed from the uncoated Al 7075. The smallest corrosion resistance of 808.5 kΩ cm2 observed at the time point of 24 h is 9.6 times that of the uncoated substrate.

  3. Suicidio en el embarazo. Fosfuro de aluminio, “la pastilla del maíz”: consideraciones bioéticas

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    L.J. Valderrama Zaldívar

    2015-01-01

    Conclusión: Las autoridades estatales y federales deben reglamentar el uso y venta del fosfuro de aluminio y otros pesticidas. Es necesaria la capacitación del personal de salud sobre temas relacionados con la bioética y la tanatología.

  4. Wear resistance analysis of the aluminum 7075 alloy and the nanostructured aluminum 7075 - silver nanoparticles composites

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Estrada-Ruiz R.H.

    2016-01-01

    Full Text Available Nanostructured composites of the aluminum 7075 alloy and carbon-coated silver nanoparticles were synthetized by the mechanical milling technique using a high-energy mill SPEX 8000M; the powders generated were compacted, sintered and hot-extruded to produce 1 cm-diameter bars. The composites were then subjected to a wear test using a pin-on-disc device to validate the hypothesis that second phase-ductile nanometric particles homogenously distributed throughout the metalmatrix improve the wear resistance of the material. It was found that silver nanoparticles prevent the wear of the material by acting as an obstacle to dislocations movement during the plastic deformation of the contact surface, as well as a solid lubricant when these are separated from the metal-matrix.

  5. Riesgos a la salud por presencia del aluminio en el agua potable

    OpenAIRE

    Rodolfo Trejo Vázquez; Virginia Hernández Montoya

    2004-01-01

    En la actualidad el aluminio tiene una amplia aplicación en la industria alimenticia, farmacéutica, del papel, de la construcción y en el tratamiento de agua para beber y agua residual. Sin embargo, no se ha dado énfasis a los posibles daños a la salud originados por el consumo de este elemento. Una de las enfermedades que ha sido asociada a la ingesta de este elemento es el Alzheimer y se corre el riesgo de desarrollar otros padecimientos. En el presente documento se ...

  6. Abatement of segregation with the electro and static magnetic field during twin-roll casting of 7075 alloy sheet

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Su, X. [The Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Processing of Material, Ministry of Education, 317#, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819 Liaoning (China); Xu, G.M., E-mail: Xu_gm@epm.neu.edu.cn [The Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Processing of Material, Ministry of Education, 317#, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819 Liaoning (China); Jiang, D.H. [Donggong Information Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, 510000 Guangdong (China)

    2014-04-01

    This study aims to investigate the influence of electromagnetic field on the distribution and composition of precipitates and on the mechanical properties of 7075 rolled sheets. The non-field and field microstructure and the mechanical properties were studied in detail by optical microscope (OM), electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA), multiple sample tensile as well as hardness tests. The Fine and equiaxed grains were obtained when introducing the alternating oscillating electromagnetic field to the twin-roll casting (TRC) process with 0.13 T static magnetic and 386 A alternating current (AC) intensities. Due to a damping effect on the convection generated by applying the electro- and static magnetic fields, the undercooling of the melt decreases and the continuous net-like precipitates are refined and broken remarkably. Especially under oscillating electromagnetic field conditions, the best uniform microstructure without mottled segregation was obtained. In addition, the fields can effectively enhance solute mixing capacity and reduce heat discharge, resulting in the increase of mechanical properties of 7075 sheets in both the longitudinal and long transverse directions. The optimum process in the present study, in which the higher solid solubility in Al matrix and the stronger hardness as well as tensile strength was gained as compared to other rolled specimens, is considered as alternating oscillating TRC process.

  7. Biochemical analysis of the Hormoconis resinae fungal mycelium in the corrosion of aeronautical aluminium alloys

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Araya, R.

    2007-06-01

    Full Text Available Biochemical analyses of the Hormoconis resinae fungal mycelium would explain behaviour differences of corrosive and non-corrosive strains on Al and its aeronautical alloys. In previous works its aggressiveness had been studied through SEM-EDX surface analysis, electrochemical techniques and immersion testing. In this paper separation of the proteins of the mycelium produced by a non-corrosive strain and its culture along three generations was performed. Cultures were prepared in batch in the presence and absence of pure Al and AA 2024, AA 7005 and AA 7075 alloys. The mycelia grown throughout the three generations increasingly
    recovered usual characteristics at the third replication, included their corrosiveness on Al and its alloys previously shown by all our strains. Amongst the bio-molecule fractions isolated and analysed during this preliminary study only the proteins revealed changes with the generation grown. When this fungal strain was cultured in the presence of alloy metal sheets electrophoresis of the protean fraction was correlative with the distinct mycelia behaviour observed, including corrosiveness on Al and its alloys.

    Las diferencias entre el comportamiento corrosivo y no corrosivo de una cepa del hongo Hormoconis resinae sobre aluminio y sus aleaciones aeronáuticas se explicarían a través de análisis bioquímicos del micelio. En trabajos previos, el comportamiento corrosivo se estudió mediante análisis de superficie SEM-EDX, técnicas electroquímicas y ensayos de inmersión. En este trabajo, se llevó a cabo la separación de proteínas del micelio producido por una cepa que perdió su corrosividad y su cultivo a través de tres generaciones. Cultivos en batch, en presencia y ausencia de aluminio y sus aleaciones AA 2024, AA 7005 y AA 7075, a través de tres generaciones del micelio crecido, fueron recuperando sus características, incluida su habitual corrosividad, en la tercera replicaci

  8. El aluminio en el suelo y algunas estrategias de manejo

    OpenAIRE

    Fabio Emilio Forero-Ulloa; Pablo Antonio Serrano-Cely; William Alberto Balaguera-López

    2011-01-01

    El  suelo  está  compuesto por diversos  elementos entre  los que  se destaca el aluminio, como un metal que, en condiciones  normales,    no  afecta  el desarrollo de las plantas,  pero en suelos ácidos  es un factor limitante en el crecimiento de la mayoría de especies vegetales,  con una afectación cercana al 50% del área sembrada  en el ámbito mundial. En Colombia  cerca del  85% de  los  suelos  son ácidos,  por lo cual es  necesario buscar estrategias de manejo  y  permitir  que  estos ...

  9. Estudio del proceso de solidificación en fundición de aluminio para brazos del sistema de freno de un ascensor, mediante elementos finitos

    OpenAIRE

    Cangás Herrera, Juan Gabriel; Valverde Paredes, Edgar Alexander

    2014-01-01

    163 hojas : ilustraciones, 29 x 21 cm + CD-ROM 5695 El presente trabajo contiene el estudio del proceso de fundición de aluminio para brazos del sistema de freno de un ascensor eléctrico mediante elementos finitos, con la utilización del software Click2Cast. Se realiza un marco teórico sobre temas inherentes al objeto de este trabajo, como son los procesos de fundición, aleaciones de aluminio, defectología en los procesos de fundición y solidificación de metales, así como una introducció...

  10. The effect of drilling parameters for surface roughness in drilling of AA7075 alloy

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Yaşar Nafiz

    2017-01-01

    Full Text Available AA7075 aluminum alloy has been very popular significantly interest in the production of structural components in automotive and aviation applications due to its high strength, low density, good plasticity and better machinability comparable to many metals. Particularly, final products must have uniformly high quality to ensure essential safety standards in the aircraft industry. The optimization of hole quality which can variable according to tool geometry and drilling parameters is important in spite of high machinability rate of AA7075 alloy. In this study, the effects of drilling parameters on average surface roughness (Ra has been investigated in drilling of AA7075 with tungsten carbide drills. Machining experiments were performed with three different drill point angles and three different levels of cutting parameters (feed rate, cutting speed. The effects of drilling parameters on thrust force has been determined with ANOVA in %95 confidence level. Feed rate was determined as the most important factor on Ra according to ANOVA results. Moreover, it was shown that increasing feed rate leads to increase of Ra while increasing drill point angle leads to decrease of Ra. The optimum surface roughness was obtained with point angle of 130°, cutting speed of 40 m/min and feed rate of 0.1 mm/rev, thereby the validity of optimization was confirmed with Taguchi method.

  11. EFECTO DEL ULTRASONIDO EN LA SÍNTESIS DE ARCILLA PILARIZADA CON ALUMINIO EN MEDIO CONCENTRADO

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Sonia Moreno

    2009-04-01

    Full Text Available En este trabajo se realizó la síntesis de bentonita pilarizada con aluminio en medio concentrado, empleando ultrasonido en la etapa de intercalación. El agente pilarizante fue preparado por hidrólisis del AlCl3 con NaOH, seguido de precipitación con disolución de Na2SO4 y redisolución en Ba(NO32, y fue caracterizado por fluorescencia de rayos X (FRX, difracción de rayos X (DRX, microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM y resonancia magnética nuclear de aluminio (27Al-RMN. La arcilla pilarizada fue caracterizada por FRX, DRX y fisiadsorción de N2 a 77 K, revelando propiedades estructurales y texturales comparables a la modificada siguiendo la metodología convencional: suspensiones diluidas y tiempos de intercalación elevados. El empleo de suspensiones concentradas de arcilla-agente pilarizante y la aplicación de ultrasonido en la etapa de intercalación, permiten una disminución en el volumen de agua entre el 90-95 % y una reducción en el tiempo de intercalación entre el 70–93 % respecto al método convencional de pilarización.

  12. Formas de hierro y aluminio en suelos con diferentes usos en la zona norte del departamento del Magdalena, Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    José Rafael Vásquez Polo

    2014-12-01

    Full Text Available En el estudio se evaluaron las diferentes formas de hierro (Fe y aluminio (Al presentes en suelos cultivados y en áreas de bosque de la zona norte del departamento del Magdalena (Colombia. Se seleccionaron seis zonas de muestreo localizadas entre 0 y 1000 m.s.n.m. Se utilizaron tres técnicas selectivas de extracción de Fe y Al con los agentes extractantes: pirofosfato de sodio, oxalato ácido de amonio, y ditionito citrato bicarbonato. Los contenidos totales de Fe y Al fueron determinados mediante un ataque ácido y cuantificación por absorción atómica. El análisis de varianza multivariado mostró diferencias significativas (P 3% del Al total, lo que sugiere que un alto contenido de Al forma parte de estructuras cristalinas.

  13. Lixiviación alcalina de las colas de la tecnología carbonato amoniacal para la extracción de aluminio

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Carmen Hernández-Fernández

    2013-11-01

    Full Text Available Se estudió la termodinámica del proceso de lixiviación alcalina de las colas derivadas del proceso carbonato amoniacal para conocer la espontaneidad de las reacciones y comprobar la posibilidad de extracción del aluminio utilizando como agente lixiviante el hidróxido de sodio (NaOH. Las colas, una vez caracterizadas químicamente, se lixiviaron a escala de laboratorio aplicando un diseño experimental factorial completo. La variación de energía libre indica que es posible extraer aluminio de las colas, lixiviándolas con hidróxido de sodio; para un 45 % de sólido las mayores extracciones se obtienen a 200 ˚C y 30 min. El silicio y el magnesio también mostraron selectividad con el reactivo utilizado

  14. Modelo predictivo del espesor de la capa de óxido y microdureza en aluminio Al3003-B14 y Al6063-T6 anodizado usando análisis multifactorial Oxide film thickness and microhardness prediction model of Al3003-B14 and Al6063-T6 anodized aluminum using multifactorial analysis

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Leonardo Eladio Vergara Guillén

    2011-08-01

    Full Text Available En esta investigación se modela a partir de los parámetros del proceso el espesor de la capa de óxido y la microdureza de los aluminios Al3003 y Al6063 anodizados. Para ello se realizaron estudios de la microdureza y espesor de capa de la superficie anodizada, utilizando técnicas de análisis multifactorial y diseño robusto. Se establecieron los siguientes niveles de los parámetros del proceso: temperatura [15 °C, 25 °C], tiempo [30 min; 60 min], concentración de electrolito [1,2 M; 2 M], densidad de corriente [1 Amp/dm²; 3 Amp/dm²], aluminio [Al3003,Al6063] y como variable de ruido, la deformación plástica [0%, 10%, 20%, 30%]. Se propuso un diseño fraccionado 2(7-2 mixto, con el cual se efectuó un total de 48 pruebas usando soluciones electrolíticas de ácido sulfúrico. La medición de microdureza se realizó con un indentador Vickers con carga de 400 g; el espesor de la capa de óxido se captó mediante microscopia electrónica. A los resultados se les realizó un análisis de varianza (ANOVA, para determinar los factores significativos y la robustez de los efectos. Se encontraron resultados de microdureza [HV] [85,74-308,87]; y espesor de óxido [µm] [12,82- 94,69]. Finalmente, se muestran los modelos de predicción de cada una de las respuestas en función de los factores significativos estas ecuaciones permitirán seleccionar la microdureza y espesor de la capa de óxido para cumplir los requerimientos de un producto particular mediante una selección apropiada de los parámetros del proceso.In this research, the thickness of the oxide layer and the microhardness of anodized aluminum Al3003 and Al6063 are modeled based on process parameters. To this end, studies of the microhardness and the thickness layer of the anodized surface were made, via techniques of multifactorial analysis and robust design. The following levels of the process parameters were established: temperature [15°C, 25°C], time [30min; 60min

  15. Optimization of friction and wear behaviour of Al7075-Al2O3-B4C metal matrix composites using Taguchi method

    Science.gov (United States)

    Dhanalakshmi, S.; Mohanasundararaju, N.; Venkatakrishnan, P. G.; Karthik, V.

    2018-02-01

    The present study deals with investigations relating to dry sliding wear behaviour of the Al 7075 alloy, reinforced with Al2O3 and B4C. The hybrid composites are produced through Liquid Metallurgy route - Stir casting method. The amount of Al2O3 particles is varied as 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 wt% and the amount of B4C is kept constant as 3wt%. Experiments were conducted based on the plan of experiments generated through Taguchi’s technique. A L27 Orthogonal array was selected for analysis of the data. The investigation is to find the effect of applied load, sliding speed and sliding distance on wear rate and Coefficient of Friction (COF) of the hybrid Al7075- Al2O3-B4C composite and to determine the optimal parameters for obtaining minimum wear rate. The samples were examined using scanning electronic microscopy after wear testing and analyzed.

  16. Influence of Process Parameters on the Quality of Aluminium Alloy EN AW 7075 Using Selective Laser Melting (SLM)

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kaufmann, N.; Imran, M.; Wischeropp, T. M.; Emmelmann, C.; Siddique, S.; Walther, F.

    Selective laser melting (SLM) is an additive manufacturing process, forming the desired geometry by selective layer fusion of powder material. Unlike conventional manufacturing processes, highly complex parts can be manufactured with high accuracy and little post processing. Currently, different steel, aluminium, titanium and nickel-based alloys have been successfully processed; however, high strength aluminium alloy EN AW 7075 has not been processed with satisfying quality. The main focus of the investigation is to develop the SLM process for the wide used aluminium alloy EN AW 7075. Before process development, the gas-atomized powder material was characterized in terms of statistical distribution: size and shape. A wide range of process parameters were selected to optimize the process in terms of optimum volume density. The investigations resulted in a relative density of over 99%. However, all laser-melted parts exhibit hot cracks which typically appear in aluminium alloy EN AW 7075 during the welding process. Furthermore the influence of processing parameters on the chemical composition of the selected alloy was determined.

  17. Numerical analysis of heat treatment of TiCN coated AA7075 aluminium alloy

    Science.gov (United States)

    Srinath, M. K.; Prasad, M. S. Ganesha

    2018-04-01

    The Numerical analysis of heat treatments of TiCN coated AA7075 aluminium alloys is presented in this paper. The Convection-Diffusion-Reaction (CDR) equation with solutions in the Streamlined-Upward Petrov-Galerkin (SUPG) method for different parameters is provided for the understanding of the process. An experimental process to improve the surface properties of AA-7075 aluminium alloy was attempted through the coatings of TiCN and subsequent heat treatments. From the experimental process, optimized temperature and time was obtained which gave the maximum surface hardness and corrosion resistance. The paper gives an understanding and use of the CDR equation for application of the process. Expression to determine convection, diffusion and reaction parameters are provided which is used to obtain the overall expression of the heat treatment process. With the substitution of the optimized temperature and time, the governing equation may be obtained. Additionally, the total energy consumed during the heat treatment process is also developed to give a mathematical formulation of the energy consumed.

  18. Eficiencia térmica en soldadura de la aleación AA6061-T6 por arco eléctrico indirecto modificado y digitalización de señales de intensidad de corriente

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ambriz, R. R.

    2009-08-01

    Full Text Available The results of the thermal efficiency on welding by modified indirect electric arc technique (MIEA [1] of the 6061- T6 aluminum alloy are presented. These values are in a range of 90 to 94 %, which depend of the preheating employed. Thermal efficiency was obtained by means of a balance energy which considers the heat input, the amount of melted mass of the welding profiles, and welding parameters during the joining, especially of the arc current data acquisition. Also, some dimensionless parameters were employed in order to determine the approximation grade of the melted pool, the heat affected zone (HAZ, and their corresponding values with the experimental results.

    En el presente trabajo de investigación, se presentan los resultados de la eficiencia térmica en la soldadura de una aleación de aluminio 6061-T6 por medio de la técnica de arco eléctrico indirecto modificado (AEIM [1]. Los valores se encuentran en un rango de 90-94 % dependiendo de la temperatura de precalentamiento y fueron obtenidos a través de un balance térmico que considera a la energía aportada por el arco eléctrico, la cantidad de masa fundida de los perfiles de soldadura obtenidos y las variables operativas en el proceso de unión, poniendo especial atención en los datos recogidos en el proceso de digitalización para la intensidad de corriente del arco eléctrico. También se em - plearon algunos parámetros adimensionales para determinar el grado de aproximación de la porción del baño fundido, el ancho de la zona afectada por el calor (ZAC y sus correspondientes aproximaciones con los resultados experimentales.

  19. ANÁLISIS ESTRUCTURAL Y MORFOLÓGICO DE PELÍCULAS DE NITRURO DE ALUMINIO OBTENIDAS POR DEPOSICIÓN DE LÁSER PULSADO

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jaime Andrés Pérez Taborda

    2010-01-01

    Full Text Available En este trabajo, se presentan los resultados preliminares de peliculas nanoestructuradas de nitruro de aluminio (AlN, que fueron depositadas con el metodo de deposicion por laser pulsado (PLD. Al efecto, se utilizo un laser Nd:YAG (¿É=1064nm, que impacto un blanco de aluminio de alta pureza (4N, en una atmosfera de nitrogeno. Se utilizaron como sustratos portaobjetos de vidrio, Si3N4 (100 y Si (100. El tiempo de deposicion fue de 15 minutos a una fluencia del laser 7 J/cm2 y a temperatura ambiente. El espesor de las peliculas fue de 50 nm medido con un perfilometro. Para estudiar la influencia del nitrogeno en las peliculas delgadas de AlN, se vario la presion del gas ambiente entre (3 y 4 mTorr. Igualmente se estudió la influencia del sustrato en las propiedades morfológicas de las películas delgadas de AlN. La nanoestructura de las películas se determinó mediante microscopia electrónica de barrido (SEM, y microscopia de fuerza atómica (AFM; la composición química, utilizando la técnica de espectroscopía de rayos X por dispersión de energía (EDX. La estructura cristalina fue estudiada con difracción de rayos X (DRX, para la película de 4 mTorr sobre un sustrato de Si3N4 (100, y se encontró una estructura policristalina con reflexiones de los planos (002, asociados a la estructura tipo wurtzita del AlN.

  20. Evolución de las propiedades mecánicas de un residuo de la metalurgia secundaria del aluminio estabilizado con yeso

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Tayibi, H.

    2005-08-01

    Full Text Available Aluminium dust from aluminium remelting industry is a hazardous residue because of its high reactivity in the presence of water (production of ammonia, methane, hydrogen sulphide ..., potential aluminothermy and its content in leaching heavy metals. In order to apply the new European Directive about landfill of waste, a Stabilization/Solidification (S/S process was developed in the CENIM with the aim of decreasing its reactivity and to assure an easy transport and storage of the residue. Gypsum was used as a binder material. This work summarizes the study of the mechanical properties of the stabilized residue en comparison with the gypsum ones. The reactivity of the dust, before and after the S/S process was investigated by analysing the ammonia and metallic aluminium

    El polvo de aluminio es un residuo de la metalurgia secundaria del aluminio, generado en la molienda y clasificación de las escorias resultantes de los procesos de fusión de chatarras. Se considera un residuo peligroso debido a su elevada reactividad al entrar en contacto con la humedad ambiental (producción de metano, amoniaco y sulfuro de hidrógeno, entre otros, su potencial aluminotermia y su contenido en metales pesados lixiviables. Conforme a la entrada en vigor de la nueva Directiva Europea sobre vertederos, así como a la implementación de la Directiva sobre Control Integrado y Prevención de la Contaminación, que obliga a transformar los residuos peligrosos en materiales inertes antes de su almacenamiento, se ha desarrollado un procedimiento de Estabilización/Solidificación (E/S del polvo de aluminio, basado en la fuerte acción deshidratante del yeso. El objetivo, además de la obtención de un material menos reactivo, era conseguir unos aglomerados consistentes que pudieran ser fácilmente transportados y manipulados. En este trabajo, se ha estudiado la evolución de las propiedades mecánicas, tales como las resistencias a flexotracción, a compresión y

  1. Alternativas al cromo en la industria del acabado superficial del aluminio. Tratamientos superficiales de bajo impacto ambiental

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Aballe Villero, Álvaro

    2001-02-01

    Full Text Available Chromates are one of the most commonly used compounds in anticorrosive protection systems because of its excellent rate efficiency/cost. In the case of aluminium alloys, these compounds are employed as inhibitors as well as in the anticorrosive pretreatments to develop protective films. However, chromates are highly toxic and its use involves a high risk for health and environment. Consequently, in the last years intensive efforts have been achieved in the surface treatment industry to find ecological alternatives to this kind of compounds. In this work, the main alternatives proposed in literature to substitute chromates in the surface treatments of aluminium alloys are reviewed. To begin with, the role of chromates in these systems and their environmental consequences has been briefly reviewed.

    Los cromatos son unas de las sustancias más comúnmente empleadas en los sistemas de protección frente a la corrosión de aleaciones metálicas, debido a su excelente relación eficacia/coste. En el caso de las aleaciones de aluminio, estos compuestos se aplican tanto como inhibidores, incorporados al medio agresivo, como en pretratamientos anticorrosivos para la formación de películas protectoras. Sin embargo, los cromatos son altamente tóxicos y su uso conlleva un elevado riesgo para la salud laboral y el medio ambiente. Por esta razón, dentro de la industria del acabado superficial, en los últimos tiempos, se ha venido realizando un intenso esfuerzo para buscar alternativas ecológicamente aceptables a este tipo de compuestos. En este trabajo se revisan las principales alternativas planteadas en la bibliografía para sustituir a los cromatos en los tratamientos superficiales de las aleaciones de aluminio. Como punto de partida, se ha llevado a cabo un breve repaso al papel que juegan los cromatos en los sistemas de protección frente a la corrosión y las implicaciones medioambientales que conlleva su uso.

  2. Effect of cyclic solution treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded 7075 Al alloy

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Bayazid, S.M.; Farhangi, H.; Asgharzadeh, H.; Radan, L.; Ghahramani, A.; Mirhaji, A.

    2016-01-01

    7075-T6 aluminum alloy plates were prepared by friction stir welding (FSW) followed by age hardening. A novel solutionizing method, namely cyclic solution treatment (CST), comprising of a repeated heating between 400 and 480 °C for 0.25 h was employed. The microstructure of the joints was studied by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The effect of CST on mechanical properties was assessed by means of tensile test and microhardness measurement. A significant grain size refinement is taken place by FSW whilst the grain size is not considerably changed after CST. The results show that precipitate particles of the welding area before and after heat treatment are MgZn_2 and MgAlCu/Al_7Cu_2Fe, respectively. CST improves tensile strength and elongation while homogenizes the hardness distribution of the FSWed joint. A noteworthy enhancement in the hardness (~45%) and tensile strength (~33%) of the FSWed sample is achieved after CST and aging at 130 °C for 24 h. The tensile fracture surface of the Al alloy joint demonstrates fine dimples after CST while less-developed dimples are detected after aging.

  3. Effect of cyclic solution treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded 7075 Al alloy

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bayazid, S.M., E-mail: mahmoud.bayazid@ut.ac.ir [School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. 11155-4563, Tehran Iran (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Farhangi, H. [School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. 11155-4563, Tehran Iran (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Asgharzadeh, H. [Department of Materials Engineering, University of Tabriz, P.O. Box 51666-16471, Tabriz (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Radan, L. [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Shiraz University, P.O. Box 71348-51154, Shiraz (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Ghahramani, A. [School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. 11155-4563, Tehran Iran (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Mirhaji, A. [Department of Materials Engineering, University of Tabriz, P.O. Box 51666-16471, Tabriz (Iran, Islamic Republic of)

    2016-01-01

    7075-T6 aluminum alloy plates were prepared by friction stir welding (FSW) followed by age hardening. A novel solutionizing method, namely cyclic solution treatment (CST), comprising of a repeated heating between 400 and 480 °C for 0.25 h was employed. The microstructure of the joints was studied by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The effect of CST on mechanical properties was assessed by means of tensile test and microhardness measurement. A significant grain size refinement is taken place by FSW whilst the grain size is not considerably changed after CST. The results show that precipitate particles of the welding area before and after heat treatment are MgZn{sub 2} and MgAlCu/Al{sub 7}Cu{sub 2}Fe, respectively. CST improves tensile strength and elongation while homogenizes the hardness distribution of the FSWed joint. A noteworthy enhancement in the hardness (~45%) and tensile strength (~33%) of the FSWed sample is achieved after CST and aging at 130 °C for 24 h. The tensile fracture surface of the Al alloy joint demonstrates fine dimples after CST while less-developed dimples are detected after aging.

  4. Development of a Novel Approach for Fatigue Life Prediction of Structural Materials

    Science.gov (United States)

    2008-12-01

    Mughrabi, H., 1989, "Plasticity-Induced Martensitic Transformation of AISI 304L Stainless Steel ," Mat Sci Eng A114, pp. LI 1-LI 6. [26] Krupp, U...four structural materials: aluminum 7075T651 alloy, stainless steel AL6-XN, stainless steel 304L, and Aerospace Steel 4340. It was confirmed that...four structural materials: aluminum 7075T651 alloy, stainless steel AL6-XN, stainless steel 304L, and Aerospace Steel 4340. Fatigue and cyclic

  5. Corrosion Analysis of TiCN Coated Al-7075 Alloy for Marine Applications: A Case Study

    Science.gov (United States)

    Srinath, M. K.; Ganesha Prasad, M. S.

    2018-05-01

    Corrosion is one of the most important marine difficulties that cause long term problems, occurring in ships and submarines surrounded by a corrosive environment when coupled with chemical, temperature and stress related conditions. Corrosion of marine parts could lead to severe disasters. Coatings and heat treatment in a very effective way could be used to protect the aluminium parts against corrosion. The present case study focuses on the corrosion and microstructural properties of TiCN coatings fabricated on Al-7075 aluminium alloy substrate by using Physical Vapour Deposition technique. Corrosion properties of specimen's heat treated at 500 °C at durations of 1, 4, 8 and 12 h were tested through salt spray test. According to D-1193, ASTM standard, corrosion resistance of coated and heat treated Al-7075 samples were investigated in solution kept at 95 °F with a pH of 6.5-7.2, with 5 sections of NaCl to 95 sections of type IV water. The specimen's heat treated for 1 h showed positive corrosion resistance, while the specimens treated for longer durations had the opposite effect. The microstructures of the salt spray tested coatings were investigated by scanning electron microscope. X-ray diffraction tests were conducted on specimens to determine the atomic and molecular structure of the surface crystals and the unit cell dimensions. The corrosion mechanisms of the coated specimens under the heat treated conditions have been explored.

  6. Study of tapping process of carbon fiber reinforced plastic composites/AA7075 stacks

    Science.gov (United States)

    D'Orazio, Alessio; Mehtedi, Mohamad El; Forcellese, Archimede; Nardinocchi, Alessia; Simoncini, Michela

    2018-05-01

    The present investigation aims at studying the tapping process of a three-layer stack constituted by two CFRP layers and a core plate in AA7075 aluminum alloy. The CFRP laminates were obtained by a pre-impregnated woven sample made up of T700 carbon fibers and a thermoset epoxy matrix. Tapping experiments were performed on a 5-axis machining center instrumented with a dynamometer to measure thrust force generated during process. A high-speed steel tool, coated with nanocomposite TiAlN, was used. According to the tool manufacturer recommendations, rotational speed and feed rate were 800 rpm and 1000 mm/min, respectively. Similar thrust force time history responses were obtained by tapping different holes, even though the vertical force increases with number of threaded holes. Furthermore, a quantitative evaluation of delamination at the periphery of entry holes was carried out. The delamination at the entry hole strongly increases with number of threaded holes.

  7. Durabilidad del aluminio desnudo y anodizado en atmósferas de muy diferentes corrosividades. II. Aluminio anodizado

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    López, V.

    2004-08-01

    Full Text Available The behaviour of three anodic films with thicknesses of approximately 7,17 and 28 μm is studied in atmospheric exposure at 11 natural testing stations with salinity levels ranging between 2.1 and 684 mg Cl-1m-2d-1 To evaluate the results, use was made of gravimetric techniques, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS, EDX microanalysis, standard quality control tests, optical microscopy and, occasionally, electron microscopy. It is shown that anodising with correct sealing is an appropriate solution for preventing localised corrosion of aluminium and conserving its appearance, even in atmospheres of high corrosivity, provided that an ill-defined minimum thickness threshold is passed. The 7 μm anodic films suffer corrosion after the second annual cycle in the most aggressive environments. Corrosion, when it occurs, is localised in the form of pitting or filiform corrosion.

    Se estudia el comportamiento de tres anodizados, de 7, 17 y 28 μm, aproximadamente, durante la exposición en 11 estaciones de corrosión atmosférica, con salinidades que oscilan entre 2,1 y 684 mg Cl-1m-2d-1 En la valoración de resultados se utilizaron técnicas gravimétricas, de espectroscopia de impedancia electroquímica (EIE, microanálisis por EDX, ensayos normalizados de control de calidad, microscopía óptica y, ocasionalmente, microscopía electrónica. Se demuestra que la anodización, con un sellado correcto y siempre que supere un umbral mínimo de espesor, no bien definido, es una solución adecuada para prevenir la corrosión localizada del aluminio y conservar el aspecto, incluso, en atmósferas de elevada corrosividad. Los anodizados de 7 μm sufren corrosión, en los ambientes más agresivos, a partir del segundo ciclo anual. La corrosión, cuando se presenta, es localizada, en forma de picaduras o de corrosión filiforme. Palabras clave

  8. Review and Study of Physics Driven Pitting Corrosion Modeling in 2024-T3 Aluminum Alloys (Postprint)

    Science.gov (United States)

    2015-05-01

    aluminum subjected to pitting corrosion under fatigue conditions ”, Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 1253-1259 Wei, R.P. (2001) “A model for...and material microstructure applied to corrosion and fatigue of aluminum and steel alloys”, Engineering Fracture Mechanics , Vol. 76, pp. 695-708 Wei...Fatigue Behavior of Aluminum Alloy 7075 -T6: Modeling and Experimental Studies", Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 297, Issue: 1-2, 15, pp. 223

  9. An evaluation of the Johnson-Cook model to simulate puncture of 7075 aluminum plates.

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Corona, Edmundo; Orient, George Edgar

    2014-02-01

    The objective of this project was to evaluate the use of the Johnson-Cook strength and failure models in an adiabatic finite element model to simulate the puncture of 7075- T651 aluminum plates that were studied as part of an ASC L2 milestone by Corona et al (2012). The Johnson-Cook model parameters were determined from material test data. The results show a marked improvement, in particular in the calculated threshold velocity between no puncture and puncture, over those obtained in 2012. The threshold velocity calculated using a baseline model is just 4% higher than the mean value determined from experiment, in contrast to 60% in the 2012 predictions. Sensitivity studies showed that the threshold velocity predictions were improved by calibrating the relations between the equivalent plastic strain at failure and stress triaxiality, strain rate and temperature, as well as by the inclusion of adiabatic heating.

  10. DETERMINACIÓN DEL INDICADOR DE RIESGOS INDUSTRIALES DE PLANTAS REDUCTORAS DE ALUMINIO PRIMARIO EN VENEZUELA METODOLOGÍA SATPRO

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Liliana Manduca Alvarado

    2004-11-01

    Full Text Available

    En el trabajo se determina el indicador de riesgos industriales en el sector productor de aluminio, del área de Reducción de Aluminio Primario en la zona de Guayana, Venezuela. Se utilizó la metodología SATPRO, en primer lugar porque permite reducir los accidentes de trabajo y las enfermedades profesionales y por ende, sus costos; en segundo lugar permite integrar la política de prevención de riesgos en las restantes políticas de la empresa y en su estrategia empresarial; y en tercer lugar, porque se evitarán las sanciones administrativas, apoyando a la gestión administrativa de la empresa y les permitiría realizar estrategias operacionales en la productividad, logrando utilidades sustanciales y cumplir con la nueva Ley de Prestaciones e Indemnizaciones por Accidentes de Trabajo y Enfermedades Ocupacionales, actualmente en discusión en el país donde se exigirá el pago de impuestos, por parte de la empresa evaluada, al gobierno, dependiendo del riesgo detectado.

  11. Effects of Laser Energies on Wear and Tensile Properties of Biomimetic 7075 Aluminum Alloy

    Science.gov (United States)

    Yuan, Yuhuan; Zhang, Peng; Zhao, Guoping; Gao, Yang; Tao, Lixi; Chen, Heng; Zhang, Jianlong; Zhou, Hong

    2018-03-01

    Inspired by the non-smooth surface of certain animals, a biomimetic coupling unit with various sizes, microstructure, and hardness was prepared on the surface of 7075 aluminum alloy. Following experimental studies were conducted to investigate the wear and tensile properties with various laser energy inputs. The results demonstrated that the non-smooth surface with biomimetic coupling units had a positive effect on both the wear resistance and tensile property of 7075 aluminum alloy. In addition, the sample with the unit fabricated by the laser energy of 420.1 J/cm2 exhibited the most significant improvement on the wear and tensile properties owing to the minimum grain size and the highest microhardness. Also, the weight loss of the sample was one-third of the untreated one's, and the yield strength, the ultimate tensile strength, and the elongation improved by 20, 20, and 34% respectively. Moreover, the mechanisms of wear and tensile properties improvement were also analyzed.

  12. Mechanical properties and deformation behavior of Al/Al7075, two-phase material

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Sherafat, Z.; Paydar, M.H.; Ebrahimi, R.; Sohrabi, S.

    2010-01-01

    In the present study, mechanical properties and deformation behavior of Al/Al7075, two-phase material were investigated. The two-phase materials were fabricated by mixing commercially pure Al powder with Al7075 chips and consolidating the mixture through hot extrusion process at 500 o C. Mechanical properties and deformation behavior of the fabricated samples were evaluated using tensile and compression tests. A scanning electron microscope was used to study the fracture surface of the samples including different amount of Al powder, after they were fractured in tensile test. The results of the tensile and compression tests showed that with decreasing the amount of Al powder, the strength increases and ductility decreases. Calculation of work hardening exponent (n) indicated that deformation behavior does not follow a regular trend. In a way that the n value was approved to be variable and a strong function of strain and Al powder wt% of the sample. The results of the fractography studies indicate that the type of fracture happened changes from completely ductile to nearly brittle by decreasing the wt% of Al powder from 90% to 40%.

  13. Influencia de las mezclas de gases Ar-He y Ar-He-O2 en la soldabilidad de la aleación de aluminio AA5083-O usando Proceso GMAW-P automatizado

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Enrique Esteban Niebles Nuñez

    2014-09-01

    Full Text Available La problemática en las empresas fabricantes de estructuras y construcciones soldadas en aluminio se centra en la disminución de las propiedades mecánicas de las uniones soldadas influenciada por el aporte térmico en las regiones de soldadura; así como, en los efectos de las discontinuidades y defectos, los altos costos de reparación de soldaduras y la baja productividad. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar la influencia de las mezclas de gases 80Ar20He (MG1, 60Ar40He (MG2, 80Ar19He1O2 (MG3, 60Ar39He1O2 (MG4, sobre la soldabilidad de la aleación de aluminio AA5083-O utilizando un material de aporte ER5183 y el proceso GMAW-P automatizado. La metodología incluyó una fase de parametrización de soldaduras, la caracterización del metal base y las regiones de soldadura. El análisis de resultados se llevó a cabo en términos de la evolución microestructural en las regiones de soldadura y evaluación de las propiedades como dureza, resistencia y elongación, así como la evaluación de discontinuidades y defectos de la unión, costos y velocidad de soldadura. Los resultados muestran que las mezclas de gas que contienen O2 favorecen significativamente la soldabilidad de la aleación en estudio.

  14. Corrosion of Type 7075-T73 Aluminum in a 10% HNO3 + Fe2(SO4)3 Deoxidizer Solution

    Science.gov (United States)

    Savas, Terence P.; Earthman, James C.

    2009-03-01

    Localized corrosion damage in Type 7075-T73 aluminum was investigated for a HNO3 + Fe2(SO4)3 deoxidizer solution which is frequently used for surface pretreatment prior to anodizing. The corrosion damage was quantified in the time domain using the electrochemical noise resistance ( Rn) and in the frequency domain using the spectral noise impedance ( Rsn). The Rsn was derived from an equivalent electrical circuit model that represented the corrosion cell implemented in the present study. These data are correlated to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examinations and corresponding statistical analysis based on digital image analysis of the corroded surfaces. Other data used to better understand the corrosion mechanisms include the open circuit potential (OCP) and coupling-current time records. Based on statistical analysis of the pit structures for 600 and 1200 s exposures, the best fit was achieved with a 3-paramater lognormal distribution. It was observed for the 1200 s exposure that a small population of pits continued to grow beyond a threshold critical size of 10 μm. In addition, significant grain boundary attack was observed after 1200 s exposure. These data are in good agreement with the electrochemical data. Specifically, the Rn was computed to be 295 and 96 Ω-cm2 for 600 and 1200 s exposures, respectively. The calculated value of Rsn, theoretically shown to be equal to Rn in the low frequency limit, was higher than Rn for a 1200 s exposure period. However, better agreement between the Rn and Rsn was found for frequencies above 0.01 Hz. Experimental results on the measurement performance for potassium chloride (KCl) saturated double-junction Ag/AgCl and single-junction Hg/Hg2Cl2 reference electrodes in the low-pH deoxidizer solution are also compared.

  15. Tribological characterization of Al7075–graphite composites fabricated by mechanical alloying and hot extrusion

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Deaquino-Lara, R.; Soltani, N.; Bahrami, A.; Gutiérrez-Castañeda, E.; García-Sánchez, E.; Hernandez-Rodríguez, M.A.L.

    2015-01-01

    Highlights: • Al7075–graphite composites were synthesized by mechanical alloying and hot extrusion. • Effects of graphite content and milling time on the mechanical and wear properties of fabricated composites were analyzed. • Microstructure and worn surfaces of samples were studied by transmission and scanning electron microscope. • The friction coefficient, wear rate and debris thickness of fabricated composite were investigated. - Abstract: Aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) are candidate materials for aerospace and automotive industry owing to their large elastic modulus, improved strength and low wear rate. A simple method for fabrication of Al7075–graphite composites produced by mechanical alloying (MI) and hot extrusion is described in this paper. Effects of milling time (0–10 h) and graphite concentration (0–1.5 wt.%) on friction, hardness and wear resistance of the AMC were investigated. Wear resistance was determined by the pin-on-disk wear method using 20 and 40 N normal loads at a 0.367 m/s sliding velocity. The worn surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to identify distinct topographical features for elucidation of the prevailing wear mechanisms. Experimental results indicated considerable improvement in AMC hardness and wear resistance by adding 1.5% G (wt.) and 10 h of milling, showing homogenous distribution of the reinforcement particles in the Al-base metal-matrix composite. It was found that abrasion is the dominant wear mechanism in all extruded composites, whilst a combination of adhesion and delamination seems to be the governing mechanism for the 7075 aluminum alloy

  16. Corrosion and protection of metals in the rural atmosphere of "El Pardo" Spain (PATINA / CYTED project

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Simancas, J.

    2003-12-01

    Full Text Available Atmospheric corrosion tests of metallic and organic coatings on steel, zinc and aluminium have been conducted in "El Pardo" (Spain as part of the PATINA/CYTED project "Anticorrosive Protection of Metals in the Atmosphere". This is a rural atmosphere with the following ISO corrosivity categories: C2 (Fe, C2 (Zn, C3 (Cu and Cl (Al. Its average temperature and relative humidity is 13 °C and 62.8 %, respectively, and it has low SO2 and Cl- contents. Results of 42 months exposure are discussed. Atmospheric exposure tests were carried out for the following types of coatings: conventional paint coatings for steel and hot-dip galvanized steel (group 1, new painting technologies for steel and galvanized steel (group 2, zinc-base metallic coatings (group 3, aluminium-base metallic coatings (group 4, coatings on aluminium (group 5 and coil-coatings on steel, hot-dip galvanized steel and 55 % Al-Zn coated steel (group 6.

    Como parte del proyecto PATINA/CYTED "Protección anticorrosiva de metales en la atmósfera" se han llevado a cabo en la estación de ensayo de "El Pardo" (España, ensayos de corrosión atmosférica de recubrimientos metálicos y orgánicos sobre acero, zinc y aluminio. Se trata de una atmósfera rural según la clasificación ISO de grado de corrosividad: C2 (Fe, C2 (Zn, C3 (Cu y Cl (Al. La temperatura y humedad relativa media es de 13 °C y 62,8 %, respectivamente, y tiene bajos contenidos de SO2 y Cl-. Se discuten los resultados obtenidos después de 42 meses de exposición. Los ensayos de corrosión atmosférica se llevaron a cabo para tres tipos de recubrimientos: recubrimientos de pintura convencional sobre acero y acero zincado (grupo 1, nuevas tecnologías en pinturas para acero y acero galvanizado (grupo 2, recubrimientos metálicos base zinc (grupo 3, recubrimientos metálicos base aluminio (grupo 4, recubrimientos sobre aluminio (grupo 5 y recubrimientos de banda en continuo

  17. EVALUACIÓN DE CAL, SULFATO E HIDROXICLORURO DE ALUMINIO EN LA COAGULACION-FLOCULACION DEL LIXIVIADO DEL RELLENO SANITARIO DE POZA RICA, VERACRUZ

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Israel Hernández

    2013-01-01

    Full Text Available En el presente artículo se reporta el proceso de clarificación del lixiviado de un basurero de la Ciudad de Poza Rica de Hidalgo, Veracruz, con este fin se utilizó como coagulantes óxido de calcio, sulfato e hidroxicloruro de aluminio. El CaO no presentó capacidad floculante para el lixiviado tratado bajo ninguna de las condiciones ensayadas. El Al2(SO43 mostró buena actividad floculante al tratar el lixiviado obteniéndose 0.97 NTU en el índice de turbidez con 2250 ppm del sulfato de aluminio, por la elevada cantidad de floculante el proceso caro; por otra parte, la floculación de los sólidos suspendidos en el lixiviado se logró una mayor extensión empleando 1.5 ppm de Al2(OH5Cl2*5H2O obteniendo un índice de turbidez de 0.83 NTU, con pH de 7.63.

  18. The Efficiency of Delone Coverings of the Canonical Tilings MATH {cal T}(*(A_4)) -> T^*(A4) and MATH {cal T}(*(D_6)) -> T^*(D6)

    Science.gov (United States)

    Papadopolos, Zorka; Kasner, Gerald

    This chapter is devoted to the coverings of the two quasiperiodic canonical tilings MATH {cal T}(*(A_4)) -> T^*(A4) and MATH {cal T}(*(D_6)) equiv {cal T}(*(2F)) -> T^*(D6) T^*(2F), obtained by projection from the root lattices A4 and D6, respectively. In the first major part of this chapter, in Sect. 5.2, we shall introduce a Delone covering MATH {cal C}(s_{{cal) T}(*(A_4)}) -> C^sT^*(A4) of the 2-dimensional decagonal tiling MATH {cal T}(*(A_4)) -> T^*(A4). In the second major part of this chapter, Sect. 5.3, we summarize the results related to the Delone covering of the icosahedral tiling MATH {cal T}(*(D_6)) -> T^*(D6), MATH {cal C}_{{cal T}(*(D_6)}) -> CT^*(D6) and determine the zero-, single-, and double- deckings and the resulting thickness of the covering. In the conclusions section, we give some suggestions as to how the definition of the Delone covering might be changed in order to reach some real (full) covering of the icosahedral tiling MATH {cal T}(*(D_6)) -> T^*(D6). In Section 5.2 the definition of the Delone covering is also changed in order to avoid an unnecessary large thickness of the covering.

  19. Effect of Thermomechanical Treatment on the Environmentally Induced Cracking Behavior of AA7075 Alloy

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ghosh, Rahul; Venugopal, A.; Sankaravelayudham, P.; Panda, Rajiv; Sharma, S. C.; George, Koshy M.; Raja, V. S.

    2015-02-01

    The influence of thermomechanical treatment on the stress corrosion cracking behavior of AA7075 aluminum alloy forgings was examined in 3.5% NaCl solution by varying the extent of thermomechanical working imparted to each of the conditions. The results show that inadequate working during billet processing resulted in inferior corrosion and mechanical properties. However, more working with intermediate pre-heating stages also led to precipitation of coarse particles resulting in lowering of mechanical properties marginally and a significant reduction in the general/pitting corrosion resistance. The results obtained in the present study indicate that optimum working with controlled pre-heating levels is needed during forging to achieve the desired properties. It is also demonstrated that AA7075 in the over aged condition does not show any environmental cracking susceptibility in spite of the microstructural variations in terms of size and volume fraction of the precipitates. However, the above microstructural variations definitely affected the pitting corrosion and mechanical properties significantly and hence a strict control over the working and pre-heating stages during billet processing is suggested.

  20. The effect of thermal treatments on the corrosion behavior of friction stir welded 7050 and 7075 aluminum alloys

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lumsden, J.; Pollock, G.; Mahoney, M. [Rockwell Scientific, Camino dos Rios, Thousand Oaks, CA (United States)

    2003-07-01

    The rapid thermal cycle generated during friction stir welding (FSW) produces a gradient of microstructures and precipitate distributions in the weld heat affected zone (HAZ) and the thermo mechanical affected zone (TMAZ). Metallurgical transformations associated with such heating and cooling become complex under these nonequilibrium conditions, producing unstable microstructures, which cause unpredictable changes in properties relative to the parent alloy. Our work has shown that the composition changes caused by the nucleation and coarsening of precipitates during FSW produce a sensitized microstructure in 7050 and 7075 aluminum alloys. This paper describes the deleterious effects on the corrosion behavior of 7050 and 7075 aluminum alloys resulting from FSW and the effects of pre- and post- weld heat treatments on the corrosion properties of the welded material. (orig.)

  1. Regeneración ósea guiada utilizando membrana de óxido de aluminio en combinación con implantes oseointegrados Guided bone regeneration using aluminum oxide membrane in combination with osseointegrated implants

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    M. Isa Majluf

    2007-08-01

    Full Text Available La reabsorción ósea de los maxilares ha sido una de las mayores complicaciones al momento de rehabilitar a pacientes con implantes oseointegrados. El siguiente estudio evaluó la efectividad de la membrana de óxido de aluminio (alúmina, en la regeneración ósea de rebordes colapsados y alvéolos en los que se colocaron implantes. De un total de cinco pacientes seleccionados, se estudiaron siete sitios de los cuales tres correspondieron a un solo paciente. En cada sitio (alvéolo o reborde colapsado se colocó un implante de titanio del sistema HIS y una membrana no biodegradable de óxido de aluminio (Allumina®, la cual fue retirada a las 14 semanas. Todos los pacientes fueron sometidos al mismo procedimiento quirúrgico. La ganancia promedio en mm obtenidos en orden decreciente fue la siguiente: ANM: 1.7mm, ANME: 1.6mm, AND: 1.1mm, AV: 1.0mm, AP: 0.5mm. Los resultados radiográficos ratificaron los resultados clínicos en cuanto a neoformación ósea, observándose además una favorable densidad ósea periimplantaria. El análisis estadístico (basado en los resultados clínicos t-student fue significativo para todos los parámetros evaluados con excepción de AP.Alveolar bone loss has been a very important cause of complications in osseointegrated implant rehabilitation of edentulous patients. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of aluminum oxide membrane (Allumina in the collapsed alveolar ridge where implants were used. Seven sites were studied in 5 patients. In each of these sites a HIS implant plus a non-biodegradable oxide aluminum membrane (Allumina®, was placed for 14 weeks. All patients were treated with the same surgical protocol. The average gain (in mm obtained in decreasing order was as follows: ANM: 1.7 mm, ANME: 1.6 mm, AND: 1.1mm, AV: 1.0mm, AP: 0.5mm. The clinical results were radiographically verified and these showed bone neoformation, in addition to favorable peri-implant bone density. The t-Student statistical

  2. Spark Plasma Sintering of a Gas Atomized Al7075 Alloy: Microstructure and Properties

    Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

    Molnárová, O.; Málek, P.; Lukáč, František; Chráska, Tomáš

    2016-01-01

    Roč. 9, č. 12 (2016), č. článku 1004. ISSN 1996-1944 R&D Projects: GA ČR(CZ) GA15-15609S Institutional support: RVO:61389021 Keywords : gas atomized Al7075 alloy * spark plasma sintering * microstructure * microhardness * high temperature stability Subject RIV: JJ - Other Materials Impact factor: 2.654, year: 2016 http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/9/12/1004

  3. Effect of Hot Deformation on Microstructure and Hardness of In-situ TiB2/7075 Composite

    Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

    2001-01-01

    Hardness of the TiB2/7075 composite increased with increasing deformation temperature. In the annealed TiB2/7075 composite, a great amount of fiber-like MgZn2 phases (about 1 μm in length) and small MgZn2 phases (about 100 nm in size) were precipitated nearby the grain boundaries where the TiB2 particles exist. After deformation at 300℃, some of the large precipitates and all the small precipitates in these area dissolved into the matrix, meanwhile, fine precipitates were formed in grains. After deformation at 450℃, all the precipitates in the annealed composite dissolved into the matrix, and new phases were precipitated in grains. The dissolution of the large fiber-like precipitate makes the saturation level of the matrix increased and leads to an increased solution hardening and natural aging, which contribute much to the hardening effect.

  4. Microstructure, mechanical analysis and optimal selection of 7075 aluminum alloy based composite reinforced with alumina nanoparticles

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Ezatpour, H.R.; Torabi Parizi, M.; Sajjadi, S.A.; Ebrahimi, G.R.; Chaichi, A.

    2016-01-01

    Aluminum metal-matrix nanocomposites (AMMNCs) fabricated by conventional stir-casting process usually show high porosity and poor distribution of nanoparticles within the matrix. In the current study, for the improvement of nanoparticles distribution in the aluminum matrix and enhancement of the mechanical properties, a mixture of Al/nano-Al 2 O 3 powders were injected by pure argon gas into the molten 7075 aluminum alloy and this mixture was extruded at high temperature. Mechanical behavior of the final product was investigated by tensile and compression tests, hardness measurements, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) and Optical Microscopy. This nanocomposite exhibited some superior properties such as a fine grain microstructure and a reasonable uniform distribution of nanoparticles in the matrix. Mechanical experiments results confirmed that the addition of Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles and the extrusion process effectively improved ultimate tensile strength, compression strength and hardness. In next step, we used a Preference Selection Index (PSI) materials selection method to select best combination of strength and workability of Al7075−Al 2 O 3 nanocomposites. By this method, extruded Al7075/0.4 and 0.8 wt % Al 2 O 3 has best combination of strength and workability. - Highlights: • Injection Al/Al 2 O 3 powder is benefit way for improving nanoparticles distribution. • Nanocomposites present superior mechanical properties. • Extrusion process improved significantly mechanical properties of nanocomposites. • Preference Selection Index is a simple and benefit method in material selection.

  5. Microstructure, mechanical analysis and optimal selection of 7075 aluminum alloy based composite reinforced with alumina nanoparticles

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ezatpour, H.R., E-mail: H.R.Ezatpour@gmail.com [Faculty of Engineering, Sabzevar University of New Technology, Sabzevar (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Torabi Parizi, M. [Dept. of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Semnan University of Semnan, Semnan (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Sajjadi, S.A. [Dept. of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Ebrahimi, G.R. [Department of Materials and Polymer Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Chaichi, A. [Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran (Iran, Islamic Republic of)

    2016-08-01

    Aluminum metal-matrix nanocomposites (AMMNCs) fabricated by conventional stir-casting process usually show high porosity and poor distribution of nanoparticles within the matrix. In the current study, for the improvement of nanoparticles distribution in the aluminum matrix and enhancement of the mechanical properties, a mixture of Al/nano-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} powders were injected by pure argon gas into the molten 7075 aluminum alloy and this mixture was extruded at high temperature. Mechanical behavior of the final product was investigated by tensile and compression tests, hardness measurements, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) and Optical Microscopy. This nanocomposite exhibited some superior properties such as a fine grain microstructure and a reasonable uniform distribution of nanoparticles in the matrix. Mechanical experiments results confirmed that the addition of Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} nanoparticles and the extrusion process effectively improved ultimate tensile strength, compression strength and hardness. In next step, we used a Preference Selection Index (PSI) materials selection method to select best combination of strength and workability of Al7075−Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} nanocomposites. By this method, extruded Al7075/0.4 and 0.8 wt % Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} has best combination of strength and workability. - Highlights: • Injection Al/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} powder is benefit way for improving nanoparticles distribution. • Nanocomposites present superior mechanical properties. • Extrusion process improved significantly mechanical properties of nanocomposites. • Preference Selection Index is a simple and benefit method in material selection.

  6. Positive effect of Sc and Zr on globular microstructure formation in AA7075 thixoforming feedstock

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Rogal, L.; Dutkiewicz, J.; Litynska-Dobrzanska, L.; Olszowska-Sobieraj, B.; Modigell, M.

    2011-01-01

    One of methods of obtaining a fine globular microstructure in a semi-solid range, necessary for thixoforming process, is modifiers additions. For this purpose 0.5 weight percent of modifying elements-scandium and zirconium-was added to 7075 alloy. The microstructure of such alloy consisted of homogeneously distributed globular grains of solid solution with the following chemical composition: Mg - 1.9%, Al - 91.6%, Cu - 1.0%, Zn - 5.5%(all in wt.%). Quantitative metallographic analysis showed that the average grain size was 23.5 μm, much smaller than in the alloy without additions and 3.08% volume fraction of precipitates in the form of a layer between spherical α(Al) grains. X-ray phase analysis of the 7075 alloy with Sc and Zr additions confirmed the dominant presence of aluminum solid solution and the intermetallic hexagonal phase MgZn 2 . Electron diffraction pattern confirmed location of ηMgZn 2 phase at the grain boundaries. EDS chemical analysis of the ηMgZn 2 phase showed following content of elements: Mg - 17.2%, Al - 20.4%, Cu - 27.8%, Zn - 34.6%. The larger amount of Cu and Al indicated non-stoichiometry of the η phase, which can be presented with a formula [Mg(Zn,Al,Cu) 2 ]. Additionally, inside the aluminum solution, small, square-shaped precipitations enriched with Sc and Zr were observed. Electron diffraction pattern allowed identification of the precipitates as cubic Al 3 (Sc,Zr) phase. The average hardness of feedstock was 105 HV5. DSC analysis during heating of the alloy enabled the estimation of a solidus line, at temperature of 548 deg. C and a liquidus line at temperature: 656 deg. C. For cooling, the temperatures for solidus and liquidus were 545 deg. C and 636 deg. C respectively. Additionally, the relation of liquid phase as a function of temperature was determined. Measurements of rheological properties in the semi-solid range, using the Searl system indicated that an increase of a particle size leads to an observable decrease of

  7. Corrosion performance of 7075 alloy under laser heat treatment

    Science.gov (United States)

    Liu, Tong; Su, Ruiming; Qu, Yingdong; Li, Rongde

    2018-05-01

    Microstructure, exfoliation corrosion (EXCO), intergranular corrosion (IGC) and potentidynamic polarization test of the 7075 aluminum alloy after retrogression and re-aging (RRA) treatment, and laser retrogression and re-aging (LRRA), respectively, were studied by using scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results show that after pre-aging, laser treatment (650 W, 2 mm s‑1) and re-aging a lot of matrix precipitates of alloy were precipitated again. The semi-continuous grain boundary precipitates and the wider precipitate-free zones (PFZ) improve the corrosion resistance of the alloy. The corrosion properties of the alloy after LRRA (650 W, 2 mm s‑1) treatment are better than that after RRA treatment.

  8. Propiedades mecánicas y tribológicas del material antifricción Al-Ni-grafito obtenido mediante extrusión en caliente

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Cambronero, L. E. G.

    2004-04-01

    Full Text Available Manufacturing and characterization of bearing materials is the object of the present work. Thus, graphite particles are added to an aluminium matrix as lubricant. It was added as nickel coated graphite in order to avoid a strength decreasing. Mixing of powders following by cold compaction and hot extrusion was the manufacturing way. Extruded materials showed good graphite distribution into the aluminium matrix, with densities between 3.11 to 3.75 g/cm3 as a function of the nickel/graphite content. Hardness and radial crushing strength decrease when graphite content is increased. On the contrary, friction properties are improved with the graphite content because it decreases friction coefficient and wear. Diffusion heat treatment on extruded materials improves furthermore these friction properties but it decreases the radial crushing strength.

    El objeto de este trabajo es la obtención y caracterización de materiales compuestos (MMC´s para la fabricación de cojinetes para fricción en seco. Así se incorpora a una matriz de aluminio, partículas de grafito para actuar como lubricante si bien en forma de grafito recubierto de níquel para disminuir la perdida de resistencia que presentan estos materiales. La fabricación de estos materiales se realizó mediante compactación de las mezclas de polvos en matriz y su extrusión en caliente. Los materiales obtenidos presentaron una buena distribución del grafito en la matriz de aluminio, con densidades entre 3.11 g/cm3 y 3.75 g/cm3 según el contenido de níquel/grafito. La dureza y la resistencia al aplastamiento radial disminuyen al aumentar el contenido en grafito. No obstante, un mayor contenido en grafito si mejora las propiedades a fricción del material, disminuyendo el desgaste ocasionado y reduciendo el coeficiente de fricción. El tratamiento térmico de difusión de los materiales extruidos mejora sus propiedades de fricción si bien disminuye su resistencia al aplastamiento

  9. Soldadura TIG y MIG de las aleaciones de aluminio 6061 y 7020. Estudios microestructurales y de propiedades mecánicas

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Gómez de Salazar, J. M.

    1998-05-01

    Full Text Available The aluminium alloys of the 6XXX and 7XXX series, are actually considered of medium and high strength, and are been profusely used in different industries such as aeronautical, automotive, etc. However, its wide application as structural material needs of the proper development of their joining process. The present work describes the results obtained from the microstructural evaluation, both with optical and scanning electronic microscopies (OM and SEM, and of the mechanical one (hardness changes of the weld produced in the alloys using two different are welding techniques: GTAW (TIG and GMAW (MIG. For the last one, a filler metal with a composition of Al-5Mg, AWS denomination A5.10-92 (AA5356, has been used.

    Las aleaciones de las series AA6XXX y AA7XXX están consideradas como de media y alta resistencia, y se utilizan con gran profusión en tecnologías como: aeronáutica, automoción, etc. Pero su aplicación como materiales estructurales pasa, sin duda, por el adecuado desarrollo de sus procesos de unión. En este trabajo, se realiza una evaluación microestructural, tanto mediante técnicas de microscopía óptica (MO como electrónica (MEB-EDS y de las propiedades mecánicas (evolución de la dureza de estas aleaciones, una vez que han sido sometidas a procesos de soldadura con arco, como son GTAW (TIG y GMAW (MIG, empleando un aporte de aleación de aluminio de composición Al-5Mg, cuya denominación es AWS A5.10-92 (AA5356.

  10. Comportamiento dieléctrico de compuestos epoxi/aluminio/BaTiO3

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Castro, M. S.

    2009-06-01

    Full Text Available In order to improve the dielectric behaviour of epoxi/BaTiO3, in this work the influence of micrometric aluminum metal flakes (Al, on the dielectric properties of epoxy / BaTiO3 composites was studied. Epoxy resin, Al and BaTiO3 were mixed using an ultrasonic mixer and composites were deposited onto glass substrates by dipping technique. Obtained materials presented good dielectric properties at room temperature, and relaxation process appeared due to the resin behaviour. Obtained results were compared with those reported in literature for similar systems.Con el objetivo de mejorar el comportamiento dieléctrico de los compuestos epoxi/BaTiO3, en este trabajo se estudió la influencia de partículas metálicas de aluminio (Al, con forma de escamas y tamaño micrométrico, sobre las propiedades dieléctricas de sistemas epoxi / BaTiO3. El material compuesto fue obtenido por la técnica de inmersión o “dipping”. La mezcla de los componentes fue llevado a cabo en mezclador ultrasónica y la deposición se realizó sobre sustratos de vidrio. Los materiales obtenidos presentaron buenas propiedades dieléctricas a temperatura ambiente, sin alcanzar el límite de percolación, y los fenómenos de relajación fueron generados por los dominios de la resina. Los valores obtenidos fueron comparados con los reportados en la bibliografía para sistemas similares.

  11. The Growth of Small Corrosion Fatigue Cracks in Alloy 7075

    Science.gov (United States)

    Piascik, Robert S.

    2015-01-01

    The corrosion fatigue crack growth characteristics of small (greater than 35 micrometers) surface and corner cracks in aluminum alloy 7075 is established. The early stage of crack growth is studied by performing in situ long focal length microscope (500×) crack length measurements in laboratory air and 1% sodium chloride (NaCl) environments. To quantify the "small crack effect" in the corrosive environment, the corrosion fatigue crack propagation behavior of small cracks is compared to long through-the-thickness cracks grown under identical experimental conditions. In salt water, long crack constant K(sub max) growth rates are similar to small crack da/dN.

  12. Gel de hidróxido de aluminio: análisis comparativo de métodos de separación sólido-líquido que se utilizan en su producción

    OpenAIRE

    Jesús García Valdés; Martha Gómez Carril

    2000-01-01

    Se analizó de forma comparativa diferentes variantes de separación sólido-líquido para la obtención del gel de hidróxido de aluminio como sedimentación, filtración al vacío (por lotes y continua), filtración a presión y centrifugación. Se presentan las ventajas y desventajas de cada variante incluyendo un análisis técnico-económico de éstas. Se concluye que el uso de un filtro rotatorio al vacío satisface los requerimientos establecidos.Different variants of solid-liquid separation for the ob...

  13. Determinación de los parámetros de corrosión y desgaste del par acero/aluminio en presencia de líquidos iónicos

    OpenAIRE

    Jerez Mesa, Ramón

    2008-01-01

    El presente proyecto presenta resultados obtenidos en ensayos utilizando LI combinados con aluminio 2011 y acero F-1310, tanto en ensayos de corrosión como de tribología. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial

  14. 3D microstructural characterization and mechanical properties of constituent particles in Al 7075 alloys using X-ray synchrotron tomography and nanoindentation

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Singh, Sudhanshu S.; Schwartzstein, Cary; Williams, Jason J.; Xiao, Xianghui; De Carlo, Francesco; Chawla, Nikhilesh

    2014-01-01

    Highlights: • Combined 3D microstructural characterization and mechanical properties of inclusions in Al 7075 alloys. • 3D microstructural characterization of inclusions was obtained by X-ray synchrotron tomography. • Mechanical properties of inclusions was obtained by CSM technique in nanoindentation. • Quantitative characterization of volume fraction, size, and morphology of inclusions and porosity. - Abstract: Inclusions (constituent particles) in Al 7075 alloys can be classified as Fe-bearing and Si-bearing inclusions. They play important roles in the deformation behavior, particular under fatigue loading. Thus, in order to understand the deformation behavior under fatigue loading of Al 7075 alloys, it is important to investigate the size and distribution of these inclusions and porosity in the material, along with their mechanical properties. X-ray synchrotron tomography was used to obtain the 3D microstructure of these microconstituents in Al 7075 alloy. Quantitative analysis in terms of volume, size, and morphology of inclusions and porosity was performed. The mechanical properties of these constituent particles along with the matrix were obtained using nanoindentation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and EDS was used to analyze the indentations after testing. The Young’s modulus and hardness of all inclusions were higher than the matrix. The Young’s modulus values of Al 7 Cu 2 Fe, Al 23 Fe 4 Cu, and Mg 2 Si were measured to be 160.2 ± 10.9, 139.5 ± 3.7, and 94.8 ± 7.5 GPa respectively. Values of hardness of Al 7 Cu 2 Fe, Al 23 Fe 4 Cu, and Mg 2 Si were 8.8 ± 0.9, 7.5 ± 0.8, and 5.2 ± 0.5 GPa respectively. Comparison of these values with nanoindentation data in the literature was also conducted

  15. 3D microstructural characterization and mechanical properties of constituent particles in Al 7075 alloys using X-ray synchrotron tomography and nanoindentation

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Singh, Sudhanshu S.; Schwartzstein, Cary; Williams, Jason J. [Materials Science and Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-6106 (United States); Xiao, Xianghui; De Carlo, Francesco [Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL (United States); Chawla, Nikhilesh, E-mail: nchawla@asu.edu [Materials Science and Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-6106 (United States)

    2014-07-25

    Highlights: • Combined 3D microstructural characterization and mechanical properties of inclusions in Al 7075 alloys. • 3D microstructural characterization of inclusions was obtained by X-ray synchrotron tomography. • Mechanical properties of inclusions was obtained by CSM technique in nanoindentation. • Quantitative characterization of volume fraction, size, and morphology of inclusions and porosity. - Abstract: Inclusions (constituent particles) in Al 7075 alloys can be classified as Fe-bearing and Si-bearing inclusions. They play important roles in the deformation behavior, particular under fatigue loading. Thus, in order to understand the deformation behavior under fatigue loading of Al 7075 alloys, it is important to investigate the size and distribution of these inclusions and porosity in the material, along with their mechanical properties. X-ray synchrotron tomography was used to obtain the 3D microstructure of these microconstituents in Al 7075 alloy. Quantitative analysis in terms of volume, size, and morphology of inclusions and porosity was performed. The mechanical properties of these constituent particles along with the matrix were obtained using nanoindentation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and EDS was used to analyze the indentations after testing. The Young’s modulus and hardness of all inclusions were higher than the matrix. The Young’s modulus values of Al{sub 7}Cu{sub 2}Fe, Al{sub 23}Fe{sub 4}Cu, and Mg{sub 2}Si were measured to be 160.2 ± 10.9, 139.5 ± 3.7, and 94.8 ± 7.5 GPa respectively. Values of hardness of Al{sub 7}Cu{sub 2}Fe, Al{sub 23}Fe{sub 4}Cu, and Mg{sub 2}Si were 8.8 ± 0.9, 7.5 ± 0.8, and 5.2 ± 0.5 GPa respectively. Comparison of these values with nanoindentation data in the literature was also conducted.

  16. Soldadura de aleaciones de aluminio con láseres de Nd:YAG de alta potencia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    García Orza, J. A.

    1998-04-01

    Full Text Available Aluminium alloys have good mechanical properties (high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance and good workability. Their applications are growing up, specially in the transportation industry. Weldability is however poorer than in other materials; recent advances in high power YAG lasers are the key to obtain good appearance welds and higher penetration, at industrial production rates. Results of the combination of high power YAG beams with small fiber diameters and specific filler wires are presented. It is also characterized the airborne particulated material, by-product of the laser process: emission rates, size distribution and chemical composition are given for several aluminium alloys.

    El uso del Al y sus aleaciones es creciente en la fabricación de vehículos de transporte. Su soldabilidad es menor que la de otros materiales y las aleaciones presentan cierta disminución de propiedades por pérdida de aleantes y/o de su tratamiento térmico. Se revisa brevemente el uso de láseres de Nd:YAG de potencia en soldeo de aleaciones de aluminio y se presentan resultados de la combinación de haces de potencia guiados por fibras de pequeño diámetro, con focos ligeramente superpuestos en la pieza. Finalmente, se caracterizan los humos producidos en la soldadura con láser continuo de 2 kW.

  17. Autoprotección del aluminio anodizado sin sellar expuesto a la atmósfera

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Escudero, E.

    2005-04-01

    Full Text Available To confirm or refute the widely held idea that the sealing operation is vital to guarantee the good resistance of anodised aluminium to atmospheric corrosion, unsealed anodised specimens with three different film thicknesses were exposed in 9 atmospheres in Iberoamérica with salinity values of between 3.9 and 684 mg m sup>-2 day-1 of chlorides. Using a wide variety of techniques, from scanning and transmission electron microscopy to direct measurements by gravimetry, and including indirect measurements by electrochemical techniques as well as standard sealing quality control tests, the self-sealing capacity of unsealed anodic coatings during atmospheric exposure is demonstrated. Surprisingly, unlike other types of protective coatings, the quality of anodic films improves with ageing. Keywords

    Para confirmar o rebatir la idea, muy difundida, de que la operación de sellado es imprescindible para garantizar una buena resistencia del aluminio anodizado a la corrosión atmosférica, se expusieron muestras de anodizados sin sellar, de tres espesores diferentes, en 9 atmósferas de Iberoamérica, con salinidades comprendidas entre 3,9 y 684 mg m-2 d-1 de cloruros. Por las más variadas técnicas, desde la microscopía electrónica de barrido o transmisión a la medida directa por gravimetría, pasando por los ensayos normalizados de control de calidad del sellado y la medida indirecta por técnicas electroquímicas, se demuestra la capacidad de autosellado, durante la exposición a la atmósfera, de los recubrimientos anódicos sin sellar. Sorprendentemente, a diferencia de lo que ocurre en recubrimientos protectores de otra naturaleza, la calidad de los anodizados mejora con el envejecimiento.

  18. ASTM B 117 Screening of Nonchromate Conversion Coatings on Aluminum Alloys 2024, 2219, 5083, and 7075 Using DOD Paint Systems

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Placzankis, Brian

    2003-01-01

    This study examines the corrosion resistance of eight nonchromate conversion coatings versus hexavalent chromium-based Alodine 1200S controls on scribed coated test panels of aluminum alloys 2024, 2219, 5083, and 7075...

  19. Cinética de formación del Al2O3 en capas de aluminio estudiada mediante mediciones eléctricas

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Oliva, A. I.

    2004-08-01

    Full Text Available In this work a simple method for monitoring the low temperature oxidation of aluminum thin films, which is based on measurements of electrical resistance using the four-probe technique, is proposed. Kinetic growth data of the aluminum oxide layer, obtained using different values of applied current on as-deposited metallic films is presented. The temperature gradient measured on the films were 2 °C and 9 °C when the corresponding applied currents were 0.1A and 0.2 A. The obtained data show a good agreement with the Cabrera-Mott`s model for low temperature oxidation of metals. From kinetic curves, values of the energy barrier (U and of the electrostatic potential (V were obtained, which are reasonable with the values reported in the literature. The sample with a larger current applied, exhibited a higher oxidation rate due to a thermal effect and by the larger electrostatic potential established across the oxide layer. This simple method can be interesting to monitoring and controlling the oxidation process.En este trabajo se propone un método sencillo para el seguimiento del proceso de oxidación de capas delgadas de aluminio, basado en mediciones de la resistencia eléctrica usando la técnica de cuatro puntas en línea. Se presentan datos de cinética de crecimiento de la capa de óxido de aluminio para dos muestras recién depositadas a las que se aplicaron valores distintos de corriente. Los cambios de temperatura medidos fueron de 2 °C y 9 °C para corrientes aplicadas de 0.1 A y 0.2 A. Los datos muestran buen acuerdo con el modelo de Cabrera-Mott para oxidación de metales en baja temperatura. A partir de las curvas de crecimiento se obtuvieron valores de la barrera de energía (U y del potencial electrostático (V, razonables con los reportados en la literatura. La muestra con mayor corriente aplicada se oxidó más rápido debido al efecto térmico ya que se estableció un mayor potencial electrostático a través de la capa de

  20. Effect of post-weld aging treatment on mechanical properties of Tungsten Inert Gas welded low thickness 7075 aluminium alloy joints

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Temmar, M.; Hadji, M.; Sahraoui, T.

    2011-01-01

    Highlights: → The effects of post-weld aging treatment on the properties of joints is studied. → The post-weld aging treatment increases the tensile strength of TIG welded joints. → The strengthening is due to a balance of dissolution, reversion and precipitation. → Simple post-weld aging at 140 o C enhances the properties of the welded joints. -- Abstract: This paper reports the influence of post-weld aging treatment on the microstructure, tensile strength, hardness and Charpy impact energy of weld joints low thickness 7075 T6 aluminium alloy welded by Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG). Hot cracking occurs in aluminium welds when high levels of thermal stress and solidification shrinkage are present while the weld is undergoing various degrees of solidification. Weld fusion zones typically exhibit microstructure modifications because of the thermal conditions during weld metal solidification. This often results in low weld mechanical properties and low resistance to hot cracking. It has been observed that the mechanical properties are very sensitive to microstructure of weld metal. Simple post-weld aging treatment at 140 o C applied to the joints is found to be beneficial to enhance the mechanical properties of the welded joints. Correlations between microstructures and mechanical properties were discussed.

  1. Chromium-free conversion coatings based on inorganic salts (Zr/Ti/Mn/Mo) for aluminum alloys used in aircraft applications

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Santa Coloma, P., E-mail: patricia.santacoloma@tecnalia.com [TECNALIA Research & Innovation, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, Mikeletegi Pasealekua 2, E-20009 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa (Spain); Izagirre, U.; Belaustegi, Y.; Jorcin, J.B.; Cano, F.J. [TECNALIA Research & Innovation, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, Mikeletegi Pasealekua 2, E-20009 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa (Spain); Lapeña, N. [Boeing Research & Technology Europe, S.L.U., Avenida Sur del Aeropuerto de Barajas 38, Building 4 – 3rd Floor, E-28042 Madrid (Spain)

    2015-08-01

    Highlights: • Chromium-free conversion coatings for corrosion protection of aluminum alloys. • Salt spray and potentiodynamic sweep tests to study the corrosion behavior. • Local deposits on Cu-rich intermetallic particles enhanced corrosion resistance. • Surface characterization to relate bath's composition and corrosion resistance. • Best corrosion protection with conversion baths without titanium salts. - Abstract: Novel chromium-free conversion coatings based on Zr/Ti/Mn/Mo compounds were developed at a pilot scale to improve the corrosion resistance of the AA2024-T3 and AA7075-T6 aluminum alloys for aircraft applications. The influence of the presence of Zr and Ti in the Zr/Ti/Mn/Mo conversion bath's formulation on the corrosion resistance of the coated alloys was investigated. The corrosion resistance provided by the conversion coatings was evaluated by salt spray exposure and potentiodynamic sweeps. Optical and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) operating in the Kelvin Probe mode (SKPFM) were used to provide microstructural information of the coated samples that achieved the best results in the corrosion tests. The salt spray test evidenced the higher corrosion resistance of the coated samples compared to the bare surfaces for both alloys. The potentiodynamic tests showed that the corrosion current density decreased for coated AA7075-T6 and AA2024-T3 alloys, which indicated an obvious improvement of the corrosion resistance with all the processes for both alloys. Although the corrosion resistance of the coated samples appeared to be higher for the alloy AA7075-T6 than for the alloy AA2024-T3, both alloys achieved the best corrosion protection with the coatings deposited from conversion bath formulations containing no titanium salts. The microscopy analysis on the coated AA7075-T6 samples revealed that a local deposition of Zr compounds and, possibly, an

  2. Chromium-free conversion coatings based on inorganic salts (Zr/Ti/Mn/Mo) for aluminum alloys used in aircraft applications

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Santa Coloma, P.; Izagirre, U.; Belaustegi, Y.; Jorcin, J.B.; Cano, F.J.; Lapeña, N.

    2015-01-01

    Highlights: • Chromium-free conversion coatings for corrosion protection of aluminum alloys. • Salt spray and potentiodynamic sweep tests to study the corrosion behavior. • Local deposits on Cu-rich intermetallic particles enhanced corrosion resistance. • Surface characterization to relate bath's composition and corrosion resistance. • Best corrosion protection with conversion baths without titanium salts. - Abstract: Novel chromium-free conversion coatings based on Zr/Ti/Mn/Mo compounds were developed at a pilot scale to improve the corrosion resistance of the AA2024-T3 and AA7075-T6 aluminum alloys for aircraft applications. The influence of the presence of Zr and Ti in the Zr/Ti/Mn/Mo conversion bath's formulation on the corrosion resistance of the coated alloys was investigated. The corrosion resistance provided by the conversion coatings was evaluated by salt spray exposure and potentiodynamic sweeps. Optical and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) operating in the Kelvin Probe mode (SKPFM) were used to provide microstructural information of the coated samples that achieved the best results in the corrosion tests. The salt spray test evidenced the higher corrosion resistance of the coated samples compared to the bare surfaces for both alloys. The potentiodynamic tests showed that the corrosion current density decreased for coated AA7075-T6 and AA2024-T3 alloys, which indicated an obvious improvement of the corrosion resistance with all the processes for both alloys. Although the corrosion resistance of the coated samples appeared to be higher for the alloy AA7075-T6 than for the alloy AA2024-T3, both alloys achieved the best corrosion protection with the coatings deposited from conversion bath formulations containing no titanium salts. The microscopy analysis on the coated AA7075-T6 samples revealed that a local deposition of Zr compounds and, possibly, an

  3. PELÍCULAS DELGADAS DE ZnO IMPURIFICADAS CON ALUMINIO Y FLÚOR PREPARADAS POR SOL-GEL

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Salvador Tirado

    2012-01-01

    Full Text Available Se han fabricado películas delgadas de óxido de cinc impurificadas con aluminio y flúor (ZnO:Al:F, mediante el proceso de sol-gel y la técnica de inmersión repetida. Las películas se depositaron sobre sustratos de vidrio sodo-cálcico. Se ha estudiado el efecto del envejecimiento del sol y el espesor de las películas sobre estructura, morfología, propiedades ópticas y eléctricas. Películas policristalinas ZnO:Al:F resultaron con orientación preferencial del plano (002. Resultó un tamaño de cristal para las películas en el rango de 18-39 nm. En las mejores películas se registraron valores de 5x10-1 y 12x10-1 Ω cm para la resistividad. Las películas presentaron una transmitancia de 75 a 85%. De los espectros UV se evaluó un ancho de banda de 3.31 a 3.34 eV para las películas. Las películas ZnO:Al:F al 0.5% at., presentan propiedades físicas y químicas tales, que podrían aplicarse en celdas solares en tecnología de película delgada.

  4. Impacto de genotipos de Brachiaria tolerantes a aluminio sobre la calidad de un Oxisol de altillanura en el Meta, Colombia

    OpenAIRE

    Oyola, Jaumer Ricaurte

    2006-01-01

    Los suelos de los Llanos Orientales Colombianos presentan limitantes al crecimiento de las plantas. Son muy ácidos, con limitantes físicas como la susceptibilidad a la compactación y fragilidad estructural, son pobres en casi todos los nutrientes, especialmente fósforo, potasio, calcio y magnesio, tienen baja capacidad de intercambio catiónico, saturada predominantemente por aluminio (Al+3). La mayoría de las especies cultivadas son susceptibles a altas concentraciones de Al+3, pero la selecc...

  5. Multiple performance characteristics optimization for Al 7075 on electric discharge drilling by Taguchi grey relational theory

    Science.gov (United States)

    Khanna, Rajesh; Kumar, Anish; Garg, Mohinder Pal; Singh, Ajit; Sharma, Neeraj

    2015-12-01

    Electric discharge drill machine (EDDM) is a spark erosion process to produce micro-holes in conductive materials. This process is widely used in aerospace, medical, dental and automobile industries. As for the performance evaluation of the electric discharge drilling machine, it is very necessary to study the process parameters of machine tool. In this research paper, a brass rod 2 mm diameter was selected as a tool electrode. The experiments generate output responses such as tool wear rate (TWR). The best parameters such as pulse on-time, pulse off-time and water pressure were studied for best machining characteristics. This investigation presents the use of Taguchi approach for better TWR in drilling of Al-7075. A plan of experiments, based on L27 Taguchi design method, was selected for drilling of material. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows the percentage contribution of the control factor in the machining of Al-7075 in EDDM. The optimal combination levels and the significant drilling parameters on TWR were obtained. The optimization results showed that the combination of maximum pulse on-time and minimum pulse off-time gives maximum MRR.

  6. Residual Stress Measurement of SiC tile/Al7075 Hybrid Composites by Neutron Diffraction

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Park, Jong Bok; Lee, Jun Ho; Hong, Soon Hyung; Ryu, Ho Jin [KAIST, Daejeon (Korea, Republic of); Lee, Sang Bok; Lee, Sang Kwan [Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon (Korea, Republic of); Muslihd, M. Rifai [Center for Advanced Materials Science and Technology, Tangerang (India)

    2016-05-15

    In this research, SiC which has low density, high compressive strength, and high elastic modulus was used to fabricate the armor plate. In addition, Al which has low density and high toughness was used for a metal matrix of the composites. If two materials are combined, the composite can be effective materials for light weight armor applications. However, the existence of a large difference in coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) between SiC and Al matrix, SiC/Al composites can have residual stresses while cooled in the fabrication process. Previous research reported that residual stresses in the composites or microstructures have an effect on the fatigue life and their mechanical properties. Some researchers reported about the residual stresses in the SiCp/Al metal matrix composites by numerical simulation systems, X-ray diffraction, and destructive methods. In order to analyze the residual stress of SiC/Al composites, the neutron diffraction as the non-destructive method was performed in this research. The 50 vol.% SiC{sub p}/Al7075 composites and SiC tile inserted 50 vol.% SiC{sub p}/Al7075 hybrid composites were measured to analyze the residual stress of Al (111) and SiC (111). Both samples had the tensile residual stresses in the Al (111) and the compressive residual stresses in the SiC (111) due to the difference in CTE.

  7. Diseño de un Sistema de Gestión de Calidad ISO 9001-2008 Empresa Distribuidora de Aluminio y Vidrio

    OpenAIRE

    Espol; Barrera Luces, Jimmy Iván

    2017-01-01

    El objetivo de la presente tesis es diseñar un Sistema de Gestión de Calidad basado en la Norma ISO 9001:2008 que permita asegurar la calidad de los procesos de una empresa de distribución de aluminio y vidrio, ofrecer un método controlado a la administración para cumplir con sus objetivos, beneficiar a la empresa y a los clientes. Guayaquil MAGÍSTER EN GESTIÓN DE LA PRODUCTIVIDAD Y CALIDAD

  8. The influence of milling and spark plasma sintering on the microstructure and properties of the Al7075 alloy

    Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

    Molnárová, O.; Málek, P.; Veselý, J.; Minárik, P.; Lukáč, František; Chráska, Tomáš; Novák, P.; Průša, F.

    2018-01-01

    Roč. 11, č. 4 (2018), č. článku 547. ISSN 1996-1944 R&D Projects: GA ČR(CZ) GA15-15609S Institutional support: RVO:61389021 Keywords : gas atomized Al7075 alloy * mechanical milling * spark plasma sintering * microstructure * microhardness Subject RIV: JG - Metallurgy Impact factor: 2.654, year: 2016

  9. Mechanisms of the p(He 6,He 5)d, p(He 6,α)t and p(He 6,t)α reactions

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Heiberg-Andersen, Henning

    2002-07-01

    This work was devoted to nucleon induced transfer reactions having the potential to probe the sub-cluster structures of the benchmark halo nucleus He 6, without the question marks the necessarily omitted exchange effects tend to put behind the CRC results when both collision partners are composite systems. Still, the exchange complications entered the analysis in an ironic way: The high Q-value of the p(He 6,α)t and p(He 6, t)α reactions caused sensitivity to the t - α optical potential at small radii, where the one-nucleon exchange effects are strongest. Since the attempt to throw them out of the extracted tau - α potential failed, it was necessary to extend the model space to avoid a too difficult modelling of the local equivalent t - α potential. By this step, all the complications originating from antisymmetrization within a larger model space entered the analysis. However, the persistent failures of the two-channel calculations of this and previous works can hardly be due to incorrect treatment of exchange effects only, so the loss of simplicity is probably illusory. Even at small angles, where the surface processes dominate, none of the two-channel calculations with various choices of t - α optical potentials managed to reproduce the p(He 6, α)t (p(He 6,t)α) data. This motivated inclusion of sequential transfers through the d + He 5 channel, where the sequential triton transfer process, included just for consistency in the coupling scheme of the four-channel calculation, turned out to be more influent than expected. The satisfactory reproduction of both the p(He 6, He 5)d and the p(He 6,α)t (p(He 6,t)α) data by the four-channel approach and the required re-normalization the real part of the p - He 6 optical potential are strong indications of substantial contributions from sequential transfer of the halo neutrons at this energy. The conclusions that can be drawn from this work are limited by the modest amount of available data. This limitation does

  10. Mechanisms of the p(He 6,He 5)d, p(He 6,{alpha})t and p(He 6,t){alpha} reactions

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Heiberg-Andersen, Henning

    2002-07-01

    This work was devoted to nucleon induced transfer reactions having the potential to probe the sub-cluster structures of the benchmark halo nucleus He 6, without the question marks the necessarily omitted exchange effects tend to put behind the CRC results when both collision partners are composite systems. Still, the exchange complications entered the analysis in an ironic way: The high Q-value of the p(He 6,{alpha})t and p(He 6, t){alpha} reactions caused sensitivity to the t - {alpha} optical potential at small radii, where the one-nucleon exchange effects are strongest. Since the attempt to throw them out of the extracted tau - {alpha} potential failed, it was necessary to extend the model space to avoid a too difficult modelling of the local equivalent t - {alpha} potential. By this step, all the complications originating from antisymmetrization within a larger model space entered the analysis. However, the persistent failures of the two-channel calculations of this and previous works can hardly be due to incorrect treatment of exchange effects only, so the loss of simplicity is probably illusory. Even at small angles, where the surface processes dominate, none of the two-channel calculations with various choices of t - {alpha} optical potentials managed to reproduce the p(He 6, {alpha})t (p(He 6,t){alpha}) data. This motivated inclusion of sequential transfers through the d + He 5 channel, where the sequential triton transfer process, included just for consistency in the coupling scheme of the four-channel calculation, turned out to be more influent than expected. The satisfactory reproduction of both the p(He 6, He 5)d and the p(He 6,{alpha})t (p(He 6,t){alpha}) data by the four-channel approach and the required re-normalization the real part of the p - He 6 optical potential are strong indications of substantial contributions from sequential transfer of the halo neutrons at this energy. The conclusions that can be drawn from this work are limited by the

  11. GM 9540P Cyclic Accelerated Corrosion Analysis of Nonchromate Conversion Coatings on Aluminum Alloys 2024, 2219, 5083, and 7075 Using DOD Paint Systems

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Placzankis, Brian

    2003-01-01

    This study examines corrosion resistance of eight nonchromate conversion coatings versus hexavalent chromium based Alodine 1200 controls on scribed coated test panels of aluminum alloys 2024, 2219, 5083, and 7075...

  12. The influence of flame hardening process to aluminum 7075 series on the mechanical strength and micro structure

    Science.gov (United States)

    Koin, Sudibtia Titio; Triyono, Teguh; Surojo, Eko

    2018-02-01

    The 7075 series alloys are heat treatable wrought aluminum alloys based on the Al-Zn-Mg(-Cu) system. They are widely used in high-performance structural aerospace and transportation applications. Apart from compositional, casting and thermo-mechanical processing effects, the balance of properties is also significantly influenced by the way in which the materials are heat-treated. This paper describes the effect of flame hardening process to aluminum 7075 series on the increasing hardness, tensile strength, and evolution of microstructure. A test specimen had made by machining process and flame heating. Temperature of solution heat treatment is varied on 350 °C, 400 °C, 450 °C and 500 °C. After that process a test specimen would be quenched at nitrate-nitrite liquid during 45 minutes and artificial aging at 120°C until two days. The testing specimen consist of hardness and tensile strength according to ASTM. The result showed that specimen had precipitation on microstructure lead to an increase in aluminum properties. On the temperature 450°C solution heat treatment, the aluminum properties reached the highest value, namely, hardness of 129 HVN and tensile strength 570 MPa.

  13. Influence of surface liquid segregation on corrosion behavior of semi-solid metal high pressure die cast aluminium alloys

    CSIR Research Space (South Africa)

    Masuku, EP

    2010-09-01

    Full Text Available alloys 7075-T6 and 2024-T6. Potentiodynamic testing was performed in deaerated 3.5%NaCl solution. In separate tests, the open-circuit potential was monitored in aerated 3.5% NaCl for 30 minutes after immersion. The electrochemical tests show...

  14. Lubricación del contacto aluminio-acero con líquidos iónicos en atmósfera controlada

    OpenAIRE

    Llopis Morales, Miguel

    2016-01-01

    El objetivo del presente proyecto es estudiar el comportamiento tribológico de diferentes líquidos iónicos en el contacto aluminio-acero y las interacciones superficiales que se producen. Para realizar el estudio tribológico, se llevará a cabo un estudio de corrosión previo por lo que será necesario realizar ensayos de corrosión y tribológicos. En cuanto a los objetivos de los ensayos de corrosión, el objetivo que se quiere alcanzar con este ensayo es comprobar si se produce algún tipo de cor...

  15. Aluminum coating by fluidized bed chemical vapor deposition on austenitic stainless steels AISI 304 and AISI 316

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jose Luddey Marulanda-Arevalo

    2015-01-01

    Full Text Available Los revestimientos de aluminio f ueron depositados sobre aceros inoxidables AISI 304 y AISI 316 en el rango de temperatura de 5 60 a 600 °C por deposición química de vapor en lecho fluidizado(CVD – FBR. Se utilizó un lecho que consistía en 10 % de aluminio en polvo y 90 % de lecho inerte (alúmina, el cual fue fluidizado con Ar y como ga ses activadores se utilizó una mezcla de ácido clorhídrico con hidrógeno (HCl/H 2 . En el recubrimiento si n tratamiento térmico están las siguiente s especies: Al 13 Fe 4 , Fe 2 Al 5 , FeAl 2 y Al 5 FeNi, las cuales están presentes para ambos aceros. Además, el tratamiento térmico provoca la difusa de alu minio hacia el sustrato y la difusa de hierro del sustrato haci a la superficie del recubrimiento, haciendo la trans formación de los compuestos ant eriores a FeAl, Fe 2 Al 5 , FeAl 2 , Al 0.99 Fe 0.99 Ni 0.02 , AlNi y el Fe 2 AlCr. Se realizó la simulación termodinámica con el s oftware Thermo Calc para obt ener información de la posible composición y la cantidad de mat erial depositado, para condiciones seleccionadas. Las muestras recubi ertas y sin recubrir, se expus ieron a 750 ºC en una atmósfera d onde el vapor agua se transporta a las muestras usando un flujo de N 2 de 40 ml/min, más 100 % vapor de agua (H 2 O. Los dos sustratos sin revestir se comportaron de manera diferente, ya que el acero AISI 304 soportó bien el a taque y ganó poco peso (0.49 mg/cm 2 , en comparación con el acero AISI 316 que perdió mucho peso (25.4 mg/cm 2 . Los aceros recubiertos ganaron poco de peso durante las mil horas de exposición (0.26 mg/cm 2 y soportaron muy bien el ataque corrosivo en c omparación con sustratos sin r ecubrimiento.

  16. Análisis de falla en evaporadores de placas de aluminio de sistemas de acondicionamiento de aire automotriz

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Santiago Mendoza Hurtado

    2011-01-01

    Full Text Available Se caracterizaron los tipos de fallas a partir del estudio de tres perfiles de evaporadores de placas de aleación de aluminio, puestos fuera de servicio por fugas del refrigerante y obtenidos en talleres de refrigeración automotriz en la ciudad de Barranquilla. Luego se aplicaron las pruebas de la metodología del análisis de falla. Se comprobó que los mecanismos de falla fueron principalmente corrosión con algunas situaciones tendientes a fractura frágil; además, las condiciones ambientales de la ciudad de Barranquilla son factores influyentes en los mecanismos de corrosión.

  17. Influencia de la formulación de la arena en verde en su difusividad térmica y su efecto en una pieza colada

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Noguez, M. E.

    2005-12-01

    Full Text Available Data evidencing a relation among green sand formulations (% water/% bentonite, w/b, in the ranks 0.2-0.55 for 6, 7, 8 and 9 % bentonite, their heat transfer behaviour, specifically their thermal diffusivity, the casting solidification rate and the resulting macrostructures in aluminium castings are presented.

    Se presentan evidencias de que la formulación de una arena en verde (relación entre los porcentajes de agua y de bentonita, a/b, en el rango 0,2-0,55 para 6, 7, 8 y 9 % de bentonita parece determinar su transferencia de calor y, por tanto, su coeficiente de difusividad térmica, lo que influye en la rapidez de solidificación y en las macroestructuras de piezas coladas en aluminio.

  18. Electrochemical characteristics of a carbon fibre composite and the associated galvanic effects with aluminium alloys

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Liu, Z., E-mail: zuojia.liu@gmail.com; Curioni, M.; Jamshidi, P.; Walker, A.; Prengnell, P.; Thompson, G.E.; Skeldon, P.

    2014-09-30

    Highlights: • Exposed carbon fibres on two defined regions (“front” and “side”) are a focus of the investigation in NaCl electrolyte. • The exposed carbon fibres on the side and front regions are responsible for a high cathodic current density. • The NaCl + CuSO{sub 4} electrolyte was used to investigate the cathodic polarization behaviour of the exposed carbon fibres. • Galvanic coupling behaviour between the composite and aluminium alloys (AA7075-T6 and AA1050) was measured in NaCl electrolyte. • The higher galvanic current density measured on AA1050 alloy introduced a higher dissolution rate than the AA7075-T6 alloy. - Abstract: The electrochemical behaviour of a carbon fibre reinforced epoxy matrix composite in 3.5% NaCl and 3.5% NaCl + 0.5 M CuSO{sub 4} electrolytes was examined by potentiodynamic polarisation, potentiostatic polarisation and scanning electron microscopy. Exposed carbon fibres on two defined regions (“front” and “side”) are a focus of the investigation. The large size of the exposed carbon fibres on the side region is responsible for a higher cathodic current density than the front region in the NaCl electrolyte. The deposition of copper on the front surface of composite confirmed that the significantly higher cathodic current resulted from the exposure of the fibres to the NaCl electrolyte. Galvanic coupling between the composite and individual aluminium alloys (AA7075-T6 and AA1050) was used to measure galvanic potentials and galvanic current densities. The highly alloyed AA7075-T6 alloy and its high population density of cathodic sites compared to the AA1050 acted to reduce the galvanic effect when coupled to the composite front or side regions.

  19. GM 9540P Cyclic Accelerated Corrosion Analysis of Nonchromate Conversion Coatings on Aluminum Alloys 2024, 2219, 5083, and 7075 Using DoD Paint Systems

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Placzankis, Brian

    2003-01-01

    This study examines corrosion resistance of eight nonchromate conversion coatings versus bexavalent chromium based Alodine 1200 controls on scribed coated test panels of aluminum alloys 2024, 2219, 5083, and 7075...

  20. Aluminum 7075-T6 fatigue data generation and probabilistic life prediction formulation

    OpenAIRE

    Kemna, John G.

    1998-01-01

    Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. The life extension of aging fleet aircraft requires an assessment of the safe-life remaining after refurbishment. Risk can be estimated by conventional deterministic fatigue analysis coupled with a subjective factor of safety. Alternatively, risk can be quantitatively and objectively predicted by probabilistic analysis. In this investigation, a general probabilistic life formulation is specialized for constant amplitude, fully reverse...

  1. Análisis de productos de corrosión de acero ,zinc, cobre y aluminio formados en clima polar antártico

    OpenAIRE

    Chico, Belén; Fuente, Daniel de la; Morcillo, Manuel; Almeida, E.; Joseph, Günter; Rivero, S.; Rosales, B.

    2002-01-01

    Este artículo presenta los resultados de caracterización de los productos de corrosión formados sobre acero, zinc, cobre y aluminio expuestos en estaciones de corrosión antárticas cercanas a la línea de costa, analizándose la influencia de las características singulares de este clima sobre la formación de los mismos. Los resultados se comparan con los obtenidos en atmósferas marinas de climas tropicales y templados.

  2. Stress corrosion cracking behavior of Nd:YAG laser-treated aluminum alloy 7075

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Yue, T.M.; Yan, L.J.; Chan, C.P.

    2006-01-01

    Nd-YAG laser surface treatment was conducted on 7075-T651 aluminum alloy with the aim of improving the stress corrosion cracking resistance of the alloy. Laser surface treatment was performed under two different gas environments, air and nitrogen. After the laser treatment, coarse constituent particles were removed and fine cellular/dendritic structures had formed. In addition, for the N 2 -treated specimen, an AlN phase was detected. The results of the stress corrosion test showed that after 30 days of immersion, the untreated specimen had been severely attacked by corrosion, with intergranular cracks having formed along the planar grain boundaries of the specimen. For the air-treated specimen, some relatively long stress corrosion cracks and a small number of relatively large corrosion pits were found. The cracks mainly followed the interdendritic boundaries; the fusion boundary was found to be acting as an arrestor to corrosion attacks. In contrast, only few short stress corrosion cracks appeared in the N 2 -treated specimen, indicating an improvement in corrosion initiation resistance. The superior corrosion resistance was attributed to the formation of the AlN phase in the surface of the laser-melted layer, which is an electrical insulator. The electrochemical impedance measurements taken during the stress corrosion test showed that the film resistance of the laser-treated specimens was always higher than that of the untreated specimen, with the N 2 -treated specimen showing the highest resistance

  3. Influencia de la composición y el tratamiento térmico en las propiedades mecánicas de aleaciones de bronce al aluminio

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Cenoz-Echeverría, I.

    2007-08-01

    Full Text Available Aluminium bronzes are copper-base alloys containing aluminium within the limits between 5-12 %. Additions of Fe, Ni and Mn are used as alloying elements forming a family of complex alloys noted for their exceptional strength and corrosion resistance. In present paper the Ni:Fe ratio and heat treatments have been analyzed by determining the mechanical properties for three different aluminium bronze alloys containing Cu-Al10-Fe3, Cu-Al10-Fe5-Ni5 and Cu-Al10-Fe4-Ni8. The effect of as cast, quenched and quenched and tempered structures has been investigated regarding hardness, proof and ultimate tensile strength, elongation, modulus of elasticity, Poisson ratio, fracture toughness, fatigue strength, crack propagation and Charpy impact properties. The influence of temperature has been studied by testing the elastic modulus, Poisson ratio, the proof stress, tensile strength and the Charpy impact properties at –20 °C, 24 °C and 100 °C.

    Los cuproaluminios son aleaciones de cobre con contenidos de aluminio del 5-12 % que pueden incorporar hierro, níquel, y manganeso para formar una familia de aleaciones con unas excelentes propiedades de resistencia mecánica y a la corrosión. En el presente artículo se estudia el efecto que la relación Ni:Fe y que los tratamientos térmicos ocasionan en las propiedades mecánicas como dureza, límite elástico, tensión de rotura, alargamiento, módulo de elasticidad, coeficiente de Poisson, tenacidad a la fractura estática, resiliencia, fatiga y propagación de grieta. Para ello, se analizan tres aleaciones en tres estados. Las composiciones nominales son Cu-Al10-Fe3, Cu-Al10-Fe5-Ni5 y Cu- Al10-Fe4-Ni8. Las estructuras de las aleaciones son las correspondientes a: bruto de colada, temple y temple seguido de revenido. La caracterización del módulo de elasticidad y coeficiente de Poisson, así como los ensayos de tracción y resiliencia, se realizan a –20 °C, 24 °C y 100 °C.

  4. Characterization of the interfacial heat transfer coefficient for hot stamping processes

    Science.gov (United States)

    Luan, Xi; Liu, Xiaochuan; Fang, Haomiao; Ji, Kang; El Fakir, Omer; Wang, LiLiang

    2016-08-01

    In hot stamping processes, the interfacial heat transfer coefficient (IHTC) between the forming tools and hot blank is an essential parameter which determines the quenching rate of the process and hence the resulting material microstructure. The present work focuses on the characterization of the IHTC between an aluminium alloy 7075-T6 blank and two different die materials, cast iron (G3500) and H13 die steel, at various contact pressures. It was found that the IHTC between AA7075 and cast iron had values 78.6% higher than that obtained between AA7075 and H13 die steel. Die materials and contact pressures had pronounced effects on the IHTC, suggesting that the IHTC can be used to guide the selection of stamping tool materials and the precise control of processing parameters.

  5. The combined effects of prior-corrosion and aggressive chemical environments on fatigue crack growth behavior in aluminum alloy 7075-T651

    Science.gov (United States)

    Mills, Thomas Brian

    1997-11-01

    Exfoliation corrosion is a potentially severe form of corrosion that frequently affects high-strength aluminum, particularly 2xxx- and 7xxx-series alloys. Exfoliation degrades components such as sheets, plates, and extrusions that have highly elongated grain structures. Few attempts have been made to investigate the effects of this form of corrosion on the fatigue performance of these materials, so a preliminary study was conducted to determine the effects of exfoliation corrosion on the fatigue response of quarter-inch 7075-T651 aluminum alloy plate. This was accomplished by subjecting aluminum panels to an ASTM standard corrosive solution known as EXCO then fatiguing the panels in corrosion fatigue environments of dry air, humid air, and artificial acid rain. Statistical analyses of the fatigue crack growth data suggest that prior-corrosion and corrosion fatigue are competing mechanisms that both have the potential of accelerating crack growth rates. In the dry air cases, exfoliation accelerated crack growth rates a maximum of 4.75 times over the uncorroded material at lower stress intensities such as 5 ksi surdinch. This accelerated behavior dropped off rapidly, however, and was nonexistent at higher stress intensities. Humid air increased crack velocities considerably as compared to the dry air uncorroded case, but the addition of exfoliation corrosion to the humid cases did not have a significant effect on crack growth behavior. On the other hand, specimens containing exfoliation corrosion and then exposed to artificial acid rain had significantly higher crack growth rates than their uncorroded counterparts. Finally, fractographic examinations of the specimens revealed evidence of lower energy, quasi-cleavage fracture persisting near to the exfoliated edge of specimens tested in the dry air, humid air, and artificial acid rain environments. The implications of this research are that prior-corrosion damage has the ability to significantly increase crack growth

  6. Selecting in vitro of Rhizobiumfor tolerance to acidity and aluminium Selección in vitro de Rhizobium tolerante a acidez y aluminio

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Campos Segura Ricardo

    1995-12-01

    Full Text Available Fifty strains of Rhizobium tropiciisolated of Sabana de Bogotá soils and foreigns collections were screened for tolerance of acidity and aluminium in liquid and sol id culture. Assesment of visible turbidity and colonies growth, respectively, indicated five
    (5 strains tolerant of pH 4.5 and pH 5.0 and 10 or 20 u M Aluminium. Strains that tolerated the 10 west pH values in culture were tolerant of the highest aluminium concentrations
    The cultural test should be used to predict the ability of Rhizobium to growth and for use as inoculants in low pH area.La apertura económica puso de presente la obligación de revisar las formas de producción de los cultivos comerciales, Con el fin de competir adecuadamente en mercados internacionales. Actualmente, leguminosas, como el frijol (Phaseolus vulgarís se presentan, actualmente, como cultivo alternativo para reemplazar cultivos tradicionales en la Sabana de Bogotá. Existe un alto porcentaje de suelos ácidos en Colombia, así como problemas nutricionales, en los cuales la deficiencia de nitrógeno es muy común. El presente trabajo se realizó con el objetivo de seleccionar "in vitro" cepas de Rizobium tropici tolerantes a acidez y aluminio, en medios de cultivo diferentes. Inicialmente se hizo una preselección "in vitro" de cepas tolerantes a tres niveles de pH 4,0; 4,5 y 5,0, utilizando el medio líquido de Wood y Cooper y usando 50 cepas entre nativas y foráneas. En este caso, se seleccionaron las cepas RC 92, RC 117, C 7, C 11, C 14, C 53, Nifta1182, RC 70, RC 85, CIAT 899, CIAT 144 y Niftal 241. Posteriormente, se realizó una selección "in vitro" de cepas tolerantes a dos niveles de pH: 4,5 y 5,0 y a
    cuatro niveles de aluminio: 0,5; 10 y 20 M, utilizando dos fuentes de aluminio: AlCl3 y ALK(S042 y empleando dos medios de cultivo: el líquido de Wood y Cooper y el sólido de Keyser y Munns. Las cepas RC 85, C 11, CIAT 899, CIAT 144 y Niftal 182, fueron seleccionadas como las de

  7. AUMENTO EN LA RESISTENCIA A LA CORROSIÓN DE UN ACERO T91 ALUMINIZADO

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    LUZ S. QUINTERO

    2011-01-01

    Full Text Available El acero ferrítico T91 ha sido ampliamente utilizado en plantas de generación de energía eléctrica, calderas y plantas nucleares. Sin embargo, su resistencia a la oxidación se ve gravemente afectada a temperaturas superiores a los 600ºC. En esta investigación se empleó la técnica de cementación empacada para aluminizar un acero T91 y se encontraron las condiciones óptimas para la formación de un recubrimiento libre de porosidad y con espesor uniforme (300 micras. Se evaluó la capa de óxido formada luego de una exposición a 800ºC en atmósfera de aire. La caracterización del recubrimiento y de la capa de óxido (Al2O3 se llevó a cabo empleando un microscopio electrónico de barrido (SEM, Espectroscopia de Rayos X (EDX y mapping. Se comprobó una buena resistencia a la oxidación del acero T91 aluminizado, debido a la formación de una fina capa continua de óxido de aluminio de aproximadamente 6 micras de espesor luego de una exposición de 7 días.

  8. SIMBIOSIS MICORRIZICA ARBUSCULAR Y ACUMULACIÓN DE ALUMINIO EN Brachiaria decumbens Y Manihot esculenta SIMBIOSE MICORRIZICA ARBUSCULAR E ACUMULAÇÃO DE ALUMÍNIO EM Brachiaria decumbens E Manihot esculenta ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL SYMBIOSIS AND ACUMULATION OF ALUMINUM Brachiaria decumbens AND Manihot esculenta

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    BEATRIZ ELENA GUERRA S.

    2012-12-01

    Full Text Available Suelos dedicados al monocultivo de Elaeis guineensis Jacq en Puerto Wilches-Santander-Colombia, presentan baja fertilidad, altas saturaciones de aluminio y baja densidad de esporas de hongos micorrizicos. Se evaluó el comportamiento de la simbiosis micorrizica utilizando suelos nativos con micorrizas (MA+ y sin micorrizas (MA-, en Brachiaria decumbens y Manihot esculenta, quienes poseen alta micotrofia y capacidad de retención del ión aluminio. Se consideraron las variables densidad de esporas, porcentaje de colonización micorrizica, biomasa seca y longitud radicular, concentración de aluminio foliar y radicular. Se realizó una (ANOVA de dos vías con un modelo lineal general. Se observaron porcentajes de colonización micorrizica superiores al 70% en B. decumbens en suelos con concentraciones de 0,6 y 1,4 meq/100 g de Aluminio. M. esculenta presento 50 % de simbiosis micorrizica, en todos los tipos de suelo. Se incrementaron las esporas nativas de palma aceitera hasta un 200% en las dos plantas huespéd. Las concentraciones de aluminio a nivel radicular fueron mayores en plantas micorrizadas, mientras que a nivel foliar los valores fueron más bajos.Solos dedicados à monocultura de Elaeis guineensis Jacq em Puerto Wilches-Santander apresentam baixa fertilidade, alta saturação de alumínio e baixa densidade de esporos de fungos micorrízicos. Avaliaram-se o comportamento da simbiose micorrízica usando solos nativos com fungos micorrízicos (MA+ e sem fungos micorrízicos (MA-, na Brachiaria decumbens e Manihot esculenta, plantas com alto grau de micotrofia e capacidade de retenção de íons de alumínio. Considerou-se as variáveis: densidade de esporos, porcentagem de colonização micorrízica, biomassa seca, longo da raiz e concentração de alumínio nas folhas e raízes. Realizou-se uma (ANOVA de duas vias com o modelo linear geral. Observou-se porcentagens de colonização micorrízica acima de 70% na B. decumbens em solos com

  9. Surface Morphology and Hardness Analysis of TiCN Coated AA7075 Aluminium Alloy

    Science.gov (United States)

    Srinath, M. K.; Ganesha Prasad, M. S.

    2017-12-01

    Successful titanium carbonitride (TiCN) coating on AA7075 plates using the PVD technique depends upon many variables, including temperature, pressure, incident angle and energy of the reactive ions. Coated specimens have shown an increase in their surface hardness of 2.566 GPa. In this work, an attempt to further augment the surface hardness and understand its effects on the surface morphology was performed through heat treatments at 500°C for different duration of times. Specimen's heat treated at 500°C for 1 h exhibited a maximum surface hardness of 6.433 GPa, corresponding to an increase of 92.07%. The XRD results showed the presence of Al2Ti and AlTi3N and indicate the bond created between them. Unit cell lattice parameters in the XRD data are calculated using Bragg's law. The SEM images exhibit increasing crack sizes as the heat treatment time is increased. From the studies, the heat treatment duration can be optimized to 1 h, which exhibited an augmented surface hardness, as further increases in durations caused a drop in the surface hardness. The heat treatment effectively modified the surface hardness. Equations providing the relationships that temperature and time have with the reaction parameters are presented.

  10. Caracterización superficial de nuevos pre-tratamientos a base de silanos aplicados sobre aluminio

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Gener, M.

    2005-12-01

    Full Text Available Silane- based pre-treatments are an alternative process for the chrome-based corrosionpreventive commercial pre-treatments, without salubrity problems and that in initial exploratory studies have yielded promising results regarding corrosion protection and adhesion promotion. In the framework of the research about the anticorrosive capacity of these compounds that it's being undertaken for different silane and substrates, some preliminary results are presented in this paper. Specifically, the results of the surface characterisation through SEM-EDS (Scanning Electron Microscopy and XPS (X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy for two silanes with different functional groups (3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane or γ-APS and 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane or γ-GPS, prepared at different pH and applied as primers on an aluminium substrate, are discussed.

    Un proceso alternativo a los pre-tratamientos comerciales anticorrosivos a base de cromo, sin problemas de salubridad y que en estudios exploratorios iniciales ha dado resultados prometedores en cuanto a la protección frente a la corrosión y la mejora de la adherencia, son los pre-tratamientos a base de silanos. En el marco de la investigación sobre la capacidad anticorrosiva de estos compuestos que se está realizando para diferentes silanos y substratos, se presentan en este artículo algunos de los resultados preliminares. En concreto, se discuten los resultados de la caracterización superficial mediante técnicas de SEM-EDS (Scanning Electron Microscopy y XPS (X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy para dos silanos con distintos grupos funcionales (3-aminopropiltrietoxisilano o γ-APS y 3-glicidiloxipropiltrimetoxisilano o γ-GPS, preparados a distintos pH y aplicados como imprimación sobre un substrato de aluminio.

  11. Global translational impacts of the loss of the tRNA modification t6A in yeast

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Patrick C. Thiaville

    2015-12-01

    Full Text Available The universal tRNA modification t6A is found at position 37 of nearly all tRNAs decoding ANN codons. The absence of t6A37 leads to severe growth defects in baker’s yeast, phenotypes similar to those caused by defects in mcm5s2U34 synthesis. Mutants in mcm5s2U34 can be suppressed by overexpression of tRNALysUUU, but we show t6A phenotypes could not be suppressed by expressing any individual ANN decoding tRNA, and t6A and mcm5s2U are not determinants for each other’s formation. Our results suggest that t6A deficiency, like mcm5s2U deficiency, leads to protein folding defects, and show that the absence of t6A led to stress sensitivities (heat, ethanol, salt and sensitivity to TOR pathway inhibitors. Additionally, L-homoserine suppressed the slow growth phenotype seen in t6A-deficient strains, and proteins aggregates and Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs were increased in the mutants. The global consequences on translation caused by t6A absence were examined by ribosome profiling. Interestingly, the absence of t6A did not lead to global translation defects, but did increase translation initiation at upstream non-AUG codons and increased frame-shifting in specific genes. Analysis of codon occupancy rates suggests that one of the major roles of t6A is to homogenize the process of elongation by slowing the elongation rate at codons decoded by high abundance tRNAs and I34:C3 pairs while increasing the elongation rate of rare tRNAs and G34:U3 pairs. This work reveals that the consequences of t6A absence are complex and multilayered and has set the stage to elucidate the molecular basis of the observed phenotypes.

  12. Effect of Stress Ratio on Fatigue Crack Growth Rate at Notched Hole in 7075-T6 Aluminum Alloy Under Biaxial Fatigue

    Science.gov (United States)

    2016-08-18

    Berezhnitski, L.T., and R.S. Gromyak. “Evaluation of Limiting State of Matrix in Vicinity of Sharp-Edge Rigid Inclusion.” Material Science, Volume 13...Effect of Surface Enhancement on the Corrosion Properties, Fatigue Strength, and Degradation Of Aircraft Aluminum.” Lambda Research, 2010. [38

  13. Comportamiento frente a la corrosión del material compuesto 2124/SiC

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    López-Caballero, J. A.

    2005-12-01

    Full Text Available A comparative study was performed on the corrosion behaviour of an aluminium matrix composite reinforced with silicon carbide particles, obtained by powder metallurgic. The 2124/SiC material was heat treated using T4 and T6 procedures. The T6 heat treatment induced the formation of several intermetallics and reducing the corrosion resistance. The silicon carbide particles did not have a cathodic behaviour as compared with the aluminium matrix. However, these particles produced a diminution in the corrosion resistance due to the formation of more active zones in the matrix/reinforced interface. These ceramic particles caused intermetallic precipitation and deformation originating in the surrounding zones localized corrosion.

    Se realiza un estudio comparativo del comportamiento frente a la corrosión de la aleación de aluminio 2124 reforzada con partículas de carburo de silicio, obtenida por pulvimetalurgia y con tratamientos térmicos T4 y T6. Los resultados experimentales muestran que el tratamiento térmico T6 induce la formación de numerosos intermetálicos que reducen la resistencia a la corrosión. Las partículas de carburo de silicio no tienen un comportamiento catódico con respecto a la matriz de aluminio, sin embargo, disminuyen la resistencia a la corrosión, ya que generan zonas más activas en la interfase matriz/ refuerzo, debido a la acumulación de dislocaciones, tensiones residuales y a la precipitación de intermetálicos.

  14. Propiedades mecánicas de materiales compuestos de matriz de aluminio reforzados con intermetálicos

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Torres, B.

    2001-04-01

    Full Text Available In this work 2124 aluminium matrix composites reinforced with Ni3Al, NiAl, MoSiO2 and Cr3Si intermetallic powder particles have been investigated. For comparision purposes, unreinforced 2124 and reinforced with SiC have also been studied. In all cases, the same powder metallurgy route was used, i.e. the 2124 alloy was obtained by rapid solidification and the intermetallic particles by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS. The matrix and the intermetallics were mechanically blended, cold compacted and finally hot extruded. Tensile tests were carried out in T1 and T4 treatments. Results indicate that mechanical properties depend strongly on the tendence to form new phases at the matrixintermetallic interface during procesing and/or futher thermal treatments. The materials which present better properties are those that present less reaction between matrix and intermetallic reinforcement, i.e. MoSiO2 and SiC reinforced composites.

    En este trabajo se estudia el comportamiento mecánico de varios materiales compuestos de matriz de aluminio 2124 reforzados con partículas de los intermetálicos, Ni3Al, NiAl, MoSiO2 y Cr3Si. Los resultados obtenidos se comparan con la aleación 2124 monolítica y con esa misma aleación reforzada con partículas del cerámico SiC. En todos los casos, se sigue la misma ruta de procesado pulvimetalúrgico a partir de polvos rápidamente solidificados, en el caso de la aleación 2124, y de la molienda mecánica de un tocho obtenido por síntesis autopropagada a temperatura elevada (SHS, para el refuerzo intermetálico. Matriz y reforzante se mezclan, mecánicamente, para, a continuación, compactar uniaxialmente en frío, procediéndose, finalmente, a la consolidación por extrusión. Las propiedades mecánicas se estudian mediante ensayos de tracción en estado T1 y T4. Los resultados obtenidos indican que las propiedades mec

  15. The structures of T6, T3R3 and R6 bovine insulin: combining X-ray diffraction and absorption spectroscopy

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Frankær, Christian Grundahl; Knudsen, Marianne Vad; Noren, Katarina

    2012-01-01

    The crystal structures of three conformations, T6, T3R3 and R6, of bovine insulin were solved at 1.40, 1.30 and 1.80 Å resolution, respectively. All conformations crystallized in space group R3. In contrast to the T6 and T3R3 structures, different conformations of the N-terminal B-chain residue Phe......B1 were observed in the R6 insulin structure, resulting in an eightfold doubling of the unit-cell volume upon cooling. The zinc coordination in each conformation was studied by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), including both EXAFS and XANES. Zinc adopts a tetrahedral coordination in all R3 sites...... molecules, as well as in other high-resolution insulin structures. As the radiation dose for XRD experiments is two orders of magnitude higher compared with that of XAS experiments, the single crystals were exposed to a higher degree of radiation damage that affected the zinc coordination in the T3 sites...

  16. Flow cytometric analysis of expression of interleukin-2 receptor beta chain (p70-75) on various leukemic cells

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Hoshino, S.; Oshimi, K.; Tsudo, M.; Miyasaka, M.; Teramura, M.; Masuda, M.; Motoji, T.; Mizoguchi, H.

    1990-01-01

    We analyzed the expression of the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) beta chain (p70-75) on various leukemic cells from 44 patients by flow cytometric analysis using the IL-2R beta chain-specific monoclonal antibody, designated Mik-beta 1. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated the expression of the IL-2R beta chain on granular lymphocytes (GLs) from all eight patients with granular lymphocyte proliferative disorders (GLPDs), on adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) cells from all three patients with ATL, and on T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cells from one of three patients with T-ALL. Although GLs from all the GLPD patients expressed the IL-2R beta chain alone and not the IL-2R alpha chain (Tac-antigen: p55), ATL and T-ALL cells expressing the beta chain coexpressed the alpha chain. In two of seven patients with common ALL (cALL) and in both patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, the leukemic cells expressed the alpha chain alone. Neither the alpha chain nor the beta chain was expressed on leukemic cells from the remaining 28 patients, including all 18 patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, five of seven patients with cALL, all three patients with multiple myeloma, and two of three patients with T-ALL. These results indicate that three different forms of IL-2R chain expression exist on leukemic cells: the alpha chain alone; the beta chain alone; and both the alpha and beta chains. To examine whether the results obtained by flow cytometric analysis actually reflect functional aspects of the expressed IL-2Rs, we studied the specific binding of 125I-labeled IL-2 (125I-IL-2) to leukemic cells in 18 of the 44 patients. In addition, we performed 125I-IL-2 crosslinking studies in seven patients. The results of IL-2R expression of both 125I-IL-2 binding assay and crosslinking studies were in agreement with those obtained by flow cytometric analysis

  17. Tensile fracture behaviors of T-ZnOw/polyamide 6 composites

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Shi Jing; Wang Yong; Liu Li; Bai Hongwei; Wu Jun; Jiang Chongxi; Zhou, Zuowan

    2009-01-01

    As a part of serial work about the application of tetra-needle-shaped zinc oxide whisker (T-ZnOw) in polymer composites, this work is focused on the crystallization and tensile fracture behaviors of T-ZnOw/polyamide 6 (T-ZnOw/PA6) composites. Our results show that the addition of T-ZnOw improves the composites tensile strength greatly. For virgin PA6, the stress-strain curve exhibits double-yielding phenomenon. Surface modified T-ZnOw reinforced PA6 composites exhibit higher yield stress and smaller strain-to-fracture compared with virgin PA6. The morphologies of tensile-fractured surfaces show that, addition of T-ZnOw changes the fracture mode from crazing-tearing/brittle fracture mode of virgin PA6 into fibrillation/brittle fracture mode of PA6 composites. Especially, the fracture process of T-ZnOw in composites during the tensile test has been characterized by scanning electronic microscope (SEM) and the corresponding reinforcement mechanism has been discussed.

  18. Modelling and Pareto optimization of mechanical properties of friction stir welded AA7075/AA5083 butt joints using neural network and particle swarm algorithm

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Shojaeefard, Mohammad Hasan; Behnagh, Reza Abdi; Akbari, Mostafa; Givi, Mohammad Kazem Besharati; Farhani, Foad

    2013-01-01

    Highlights: ► Defect-free friction stir welds have been produced for AA5083-O/AA7075-O. ► Back-propagation was sufficient for predicting hardness and tensile strength. ► A hybrid multi-objective algorithm is proposed to deal with this MOP. ► Multi-objective particle swarm optimization was used to find the Pareto solutions. ► TOPSIS is used to rank the given alternatives of the Pareto solutions. -- Abstract: Friction Stir Welding (FSW) has been successfully used to weld similar and dissimilar cast and wrought aluminium alloys, especially for aircraft aluminium alloys, that generally present with low weldability by the traditional fusion welding process. This paper focuses on the microstructural and mechanical properties of the Friction Stir Welding (FSW) of AA7075-O to AA5083-O aluminium alloys. Weld microstructures, hardness and tensile properties were evaluated in as-welded condition. Tensile tests indicated that mechanical properties of the joint were better than in the base metals. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model was developed to simulate the correlation between the Friction Stir Welding parameters and mechanical properties. Performance of the ANN model was excellent and the model was employed to predict the ultimate tensile strength and hardness of butt joint of AA7075–AA5083 as functions of weld and rotational speeds. The multi-objective particle swarm optimization was used to obtain the Pareto-optimal set. Finally, the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was applied to determine the best compromised solution.

  19. Global and Local Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Friction Stir Welds with Dissimilar Materials and/or Thicknesses

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Zadpoor, A.A.; Sinke, J.; Benedictus, R.

    2010-01-01

    This article studies the properties of a wide range of friction-stir-welded joints with dissimilar aluminum alloys or thicknesses. Two aluminum alloys, namely, 2024-T3 and 7075-T6, are selected for the study and are welded in ten different combinations of alloys and thicknesses. The welding

  20. Análisis de criticidad de equipos para el mejoramiento del sistema de gestión del mantenimiento en la empresa de aluminios CEDAL.

    OpenAIRE

    Tandalla Guanoquiza, Diego Fabián

    2017-01-01

    La investigación tuvo como objetivo, realizar el análisis de criticidad de equipos para mejorar el sistema de gestión del mantenimiento en la empresa de aluminios CEDAL. La metodología está fundamentada en: la teoría del riesgo de tipo cuantitativo, Norsok.Z008, ISO-14224, EN-16646 y ISO-31000; conformada por seis fases: iniciando con la selección del activo físico, diagnóstico del contexto operacional, posteriormente se realizó la selección d...

  1. Rheological behavior of semi-solid 7075 aluminum alloy at steady state

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Li Yageng

    2014-03-01

    Full Text Available The further application of semi-solid processing lies in the in-depth fundamental study like rheological behavior. In this research, the apparent viscosity of the semi-solid slurry of 7075 alloy was measured using a Couette type viscometer. The effects of solid fraction and shearing rate on the apparent viscosity of this alloy were investigated under different processing conditions. It can be seen that the apparent viscosity increases with an increase in the solid fraction from 10% to 50% (temperature 620 篊 to 630 篊 at steady state. When the solid fraction was fixed, the apparent viscosity can be decreased by altering the shearing rate from 61.235 s-1 to 489.88 s-1 at steady state. An empirical equation that shows the effects of solid fraction and shearing rate on the apparent viscosity is fitted. The microstructure of quenched samples was examined to understand the alloy抯 rheological behavior.

  2. Cladding axial elongation models for FRAP-T6

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Shah, V.N.; Carlson, E.R.; Berna, G.A.

    1983-01-01

    This paper presents a description of the cladding axial elongation models developed at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) for use by the FRAP-T6 computer code in analyzing the response of fuel rods during reactor transients in light water reactors (LWR). The FRAP-T6 code contains models (FRACAS-II subcode) that analyze the structural response of a fuel rod including pellet-cladding-mechanical-interaction (PCMI). Recently, four models were incorporated into FRACAS-II to calculate cladding axial deformation: (a) axial PCMI, (b) trapped fuel stack, (c) fuel relocation, and (d) effective fuel thermal expansion. Comparisons of cladding axial elongation measurements from two experiments with the corresponding FRAP-T6 calculations are presented

  3. Structure and mechanism of a bacterial t6A biosynthesis system

    OpenAIRE

    Luthra, Amit; Swinehart, William; Bayooz, Susan; Phan, Phuc; Stec, Boguslaw; Iwata-Reuyl, Dirk; Swairjo, Manal A

    2018-01-01

    Abstract The universal N(6)-threonylcarbamoyladenosine (t6A) modification at position 37 of ANN-decoding tRNAs is central to translational fidelity. In bacteria, t6A biosynthesis is catalyzed by the proteins TsaB, TsaC/TsaC2, TsaD and TsaE. Despite intense research, the molecular mechanisms underlying t6A biosynthesis are poorly understood. Here, we report biochemical and biophysical studies of the t6A biosynthesis system from Thermotoga maritima. Small angle X-ray scattering analysis reveals...

  4. The influence of quench sensitivity on residual stresses in the aluminium alloys 7010 and 7075

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Robinson, J.S.; Tanner, D.A.; Truman, C.E.; Paradowska, A.M.; Wimpory, R.C.

    2012-01-01

    The most critical stage in the heat treatment of high strength aluminium alloys is the rapid cooling necessary to form a supersaturated solid solution. A disadvantage of quenching is that the thermal gradients can be sufficient to cause inhomogeneous plastic deformation which in turn leads to the development of large residual stresses. Two 215 mm thick rectilinear forgings have been made from 7000 series alloys with widely different quench sensitivity to determine if solute loss in the form of precipitation during quenching can significantly affect residual stress magnitudes. The forgings were heat treated and immersion quenched using cold water to produce large magnitude residual stresses. The through thickness residual stresses were measured by neutron diffraction and incremental deep hole drilling. The distribution of residual stresses was found to be similar for both alloys varying from highly triaxial and tensile in the interior, to a state of biaxial compression in the surface. The 7010 forging exhibited larger tensile stresses in the interior. The microstructural variation from surface to centre for both forgings was determined using optical and transmission electron microscopy. These observations were used to confirm the origin of the hardness variation measured through the forging thickness. When the microstructural changes were accounted for in the through thickness lattice parameter, the residual stresses in the two forgings were found to be very similar. Solute loss in the 7075 forging appeared to have no significant effect on the residual stress magnitudes when compared to 7010. - Highlights: ► Through thickness residual stress measurements made on large Al alloy forgings. ► Residual stress characterised using neutron diffraction and deep hole drilling. ► Biaxial compressive surface and triaxial subsurface residual stresses. ► Quench sensitivity of 7075 promotes significant microstructural differences to 7010. ► When precipitation is

  5. Formación de porosidad durante la soldadura láser de Nd: YAG de onda continua en aleaciones de aluminio para aplicaciones automotrices

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Pastor, Mario

    2000-04-01

    Full Text Available Pore formation is an important concern in laser welding of automotive aluminum alloys. This paper investigates the influence of the laser beam defocusing on pore formation during continuous wave Nd: YAG laser welding of aluminum automotive alloys 5182 and 5754. It was found that the instability of the keyhole during welding was a dominant cause of pore formation while hydrogen rejection played an insignificant role. The defocusing of the laser beam greatly affected the stability of the keyhole. Finally, the mechanism of the collapse of the keyhole and pore formation is proposed.

    La formación de poros es un aspecto de gran preocupación durante la soldadura láser de aleaciones de aluminio. En este trabajo se ha investigado la influencia del desenfoque del haz del láser sobre la formación de poros durante la soldadura láser (Nd: YAG de onda continua de las aleaciones de aluminio 5182 y 5754, las mismas que se usan en aplicaciones automotrices. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que la causa dominante de formación de poros fue la inestabilidad de la cavidad de vapor o keyhole mientras que la influencia del hidrógeno fue prácticamente insignificante. El grado de desenfoque del láser tuvo gran influencia sobre la inestabilidad de la cavidad de vapor. Finalmente, en este artículo se propone el mecanismo de formación de poros a causa del colapso de la cavidad de vapor (keyhole.

  6. Modulation of nuclear T3 binding by T3 in a human hepatocyte cell-line (Chang-liver) - T3 stimulation of cell growth but not of malic enzyme, glucose-6-phosphatdehydrogenase or 6-phosphogluconate-dehydrogenase

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Matzen, L E; Kristensen, S R; Kvetny, J

    1991-01-01

    The T3 modulation of nuclear T3 binding (NBT3), the T3 effect on cell growth, and the T3 and insulin effects on malic enzyme (ME), glucose-6-phosphat-dehydrogenase (G6PD) and 6-phosphogluconat-dehydrogenase (G6PD) were studied in a human hepatocyte cell-line (Chang-liver). T3 was bound to a high ...

  7. Gel de hidróxido de aluminio: análisis comparativo de métodos de separación sólido-líquido que se utilizan en su producción

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jesús García Valdés

    2000-08-01

    Full Text Available Se analizó de forma comparativa diferentes variantes de separación sólido-líquido para la obtención del gel de hidróxido de aluminio como sedimentación, filtración al vacío (por lotes y continua, filtración a presión y centrifugación. Se presentan las ventajas y desventajas de cada variante incluyendo un análisis técnico-económico de éstas. Se concluye que el uso de un filtro rotatorio al vacío satisface los requerimientos establecidos.Different variants of solid-liquid separation for the obtention of aluminum hydroxide, such as sedimentation, vacuum filtration (by lots and continual, pressure filtration and centrifugation were comparatively analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages of each variant, including a technical and economic analysis, were presented. It was concluded that the use of a vacuum rotary filter meets the established requirements.

  8. Recubrimientos bioactivos sobre aleaciones de titanio depositados por la técnica sol-gel

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Claudia García

    2006-01-01

    Full Text Available Entre los materiales de uso ortopédico, los metales son de amplio uso, principalmente por las exigencias mecánicas que cumplen durante el uso. A pesar de ello, los metales presentan limitaciones importantes como la degradación in situ y la necesidad de cementación o fijación externa. Estas restricciones afectan la integridad estructural de la prótesis y producen elementos resultantes de la corrosión ante los cuales el organismo produce respuestas adversas. Una opción para minimizar la liberación de productos de corrosión por parte de los implantes metálicos al organismo, es el desarrollo de recubrimientos cerámicos o vítreos. Si además, los recubrimientos poseen material bioactivo, no se hace necesario utilizar fijación externa o cemento para generar la unión con el hueso. En el presente trabajo se describe la metodología para depositar recubrimientos doble capa con partículas bioativas producidos por la técnica sol-gel sobre la aleación Ti6Al4V y se caracteriza el material recubierto en cuanto a su resistencia a la corrosión mediante ensayos electroquímicos en fluido fisiológico simulado (SBF y en cuanto a su bioactividad mediante ensayos in vitro.

  9. Aplicaciones de aluminio mantienen el crecimiento de fresa (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) suplementada con roca fosfórica en condiciones de cultivo sin suelo

    OpenAIRE

    Martín Alejandro Tucuch Pérez; Armando Hernández Pérez; Luis Alonso Valdez Aguilar; Gloria Alicia Pérez Arias; Juana Cruz García Santiago; Daniela Alvarado Carrillo

    2017-01-01

    Se estima que en los próximos años a nivel mundial habrá carencia de las fuentes de fósforo (P) utilizadas para fabricar los fertilizantes fosforados. Aunque el P puede encontrarse en el suelo, la mayor parte se encuentra en forma no asimilable por las plantas, por lo que para absorberlo éstas exudan ácidos orgánicos (AO) para facilitar su solubilización. Por otro lado, se ha reportado que la presencia de aluminio (Al) se relaciona con un aumento en la exudación de AO por la raíz. Dado la cap...

  10. Effect of Preexisting Corrosion on Fatigue Cracking of Aluminum Alloys 2024-T3 and 7075-T6

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Koch, Gerhardus H; Hagerdorn, Elise L; Berens, Alan P

    1995-01-01

    A significant number of commercial and military aircraft have reached or exceeded their original design life, and fleet surveys have shown that the major problem of corrosion is increasing with the fleet's age...

  11. Estudio de la protección del refuerzo de partículas de SiC mediante barreras activas por sol-gel en materiales compuestos de matriz de aluminio

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ureña, A.

    2004-04-01

    Full Text Available A microcrystalline, homogeneous and transparent sol – gel silica coating has been developed to avoid the degradation and improve the wettability of aluminium matrix composites reinforced with SiC particles. Composite aluminium matrix samples have been made by cold powder compaction, and the coating efficiency has been checked by melting the samples several temperature and times. The coating reduces the appearance of Al4C3, showing that the degradation resistance of the new material is much higher than that of the uncovered SiC particles composite one.

    Con objeto de prevenir la degradación y mejorar la mojabilidad de los materiales compuestos de matriz de aluminio reforzados con partículas de SiC se ha desarrollado un recubrimiento microcristalino, homogéneo y transparente de SiO2 obtenido por el método sol-gel. La eficacia del recubrimiento como barrera se ha comprobado realizando ensayos de fusión a diferentes tiempos y temperaturas sobre pastillas de material compuesto de matriz de aluminio obtenidas por compactación en frío de polvos. El recubrimiento limita la formación de Al4C3, lo que indica que la resistencia a la degradación del nuevo material es muy superior a la del fabricado con partículas de SiC sin recubrir.

  12. Solubilidad y reacción del aluminio en el suelo

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Fánor Casierra-Posada

    2011-02-01

    Full Text Available El aluminio que, en condiciones ácidas, proviene de los minerales hacia la solución del suelo, o que está presente en soluciones nutritivas con pH menor a cuatro, aparece principalmente como Al(OH2. La mineralogía, el grado de cristalinidad y de reactividad de los resultantes de la precipitación de Al3+, se ven influenciados principalmente por el pH, los minerales de las arcillas, y por la naturaleza y concentración de los ácidos orgánicos e inorgánicos presentes en los suelos. Existen muchas posibles fases minerales que podrían intervenir en la solubilidad de Al 3+ en los horizontes minerales del suelo, tales como: gibsita, alofano, imogolita y caolinita. En los andosoles, el alofano también contribuye a que se presenten concentraciones altas de Al 3+. En muchos suelos, la solubilidad de Al 3+ también puede estar determinada por las reacciones que conducen a la formación de complejos con la materia orgánica, al menos a corto plazo. El poder buffer de esos suelos depende, ampliamente, de la relación de intercambio H+/Al 3+; esto es, del número de protones consumidos por la fase sólida, cuando se libera Al 3+. En este artículo, se hizo una revisión detallada de los factores responsables de la disponibilidad de Al 3+ en el suelo, tales como solubilidad, formación de complejos con la materia orgánica y la relación de intercambio H+/Al 3+.

  13. Morphology and Prevalence Study of Lumbar Scoliosis in 7,075 Multiracial Asian Adults.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Liu, Gabriel; Tan, Jun Hao; Ee, Gerard; Chan, Yiong Huak; Low, Siew Leng; Wong, Hee-Kit

    2016-08-03

    Lumbar scoliosis affects patients' quality of life and will increasingly burden the health-care system as the population ages, yet there have been few reports of its prevalence in Asians. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of scoliosis, curve characteristics, and risk factors for development of scoliosis in an Asian population. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using spinal images obtained from dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans of individuals ≥40 years of age. Scoliosis was defined as a curvature of >10°. A multivariate analysis for risk factors for development of lumbar scoliosis was performed. Of 7,075 patients studied, 645 (9.1%) were identified as having scoliosis. The average age of the patients with scoliosis was 61 years (range, 40 to 98 years). The mean curve prevalence was 9.4% in women and 6.5% in men. The average Cobb angle was 16.5° (range, 10° to 66°). Multivariate analysis showed an increased risk of scoliosis in women (relative risk [RR] = 2.4, 95% CI =1.4 to 4.3), Chinese patients (RR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.4 to 4.3), Malay patients (RR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.3 to 4.9), and patients with spinal fracture (RR = 5.1, 95% CI = 3.0 to 8.8). The risk of scoliosis was found to increase as patients progressed through each decade of life after the age of 40 years (6th decade: RR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.1 to 2.4, p = 0.026; 7th decade: RR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.8 to 4.1, p Chinese or Malay race, and vertebral fracture increased the risk of scoliosis developing. Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence. Copyright © 2016 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Incorporated.

  14. T6 and T78 tempers of AA6065 alloy: a quantitative TEM study

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Tanaka, M.; Warner, T. [Compagnie de Produits Chimiques et Electrometallurgiques Pechiney, Centre de Recherches de Voreppe, 38 (France)

    2000-07-01

    Quantitative transmission electron microscopy is used to characterize the microstructure of an industrial Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy (AA6056) in a state (T78 temper) desensitized to intergranular corrosion in comparison with the peak aged state (T6 temper). Analysis of dark-field images and of zero-loss filtered selected-area-diffraction patterns, along with EDX spectroscopy, indicates an advanced precipitation of the quaternary phase containing Si and Cu in the T78-tempered alloy compared to the T6 one. This supports the current theory of the desensitization of AA6056 alloy. However, the application of EDX analysis to provide direct evidence of the chemical composition variation in the solid solution across the grain boundary appears less satisfactory. (orig.)

  15. O6-ethylguanine carcinogenic lesions in DNA: An NMR study of O6etG·T pairing in dodecanucloetide duplexes

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kalnik, M.W.; Li, B.F.L.; Swann, P.F.; Patel, D.J.

    1989-01-01

    High-resolution two-dimensional NMR studies are reported on the self-complementary d-(C1-G2-C3-O 6 etG4-A5-G6-C7-T8-T9-G10-C11-G12) duplex (designated O 6 etG·T 12-mer) containing two symmetrically related O 6 etG·T lesion sites located four base pairs in from either end of the duplex. Parallel studies were undertaken on a related sequence containing O 6 meG·T lesion sites (designated O 6 meG·T 12-mer) in order to evaluate the influence of the size of the alkyl substituent on the structure of the duplex and were undertaken on a related sequence containing G·T mismatch sites (designated G·T 12-mer duplex), which served as the control duplex. The exchangeable and nonexchangeable proton and the phosphorus nuclei have been assigned from an analysis of two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) and correlated spectra of the O 6 etG·T 12-mer, O 6 meG·T 12-mer, and G·T 12-mer duplexes in H 2 O and D 2 O solutions. The distance connectivities observed in the NOESY spectra of the O 6 alkG·T 12-mer duplexes establish that the helix is right-handed and all of the bases adopt an anti conformation of the glycosidic torsion angle including the O 6 alkG4 and T9 bases at the lesion site. These observations establish that the O 6 alkG4 and T9 residues are stacked into the duplex and that the O 6 CH 3 and O 6 CH 2 CH 3 groups of O 6 alkG4 adopt a syn orientation with respect to the N 1 of the alkylated guanine. Since the O 6 -alkyl group adopts a syn orientation, the separation between the O 6 of O 6 alkG4 and the O 4 of T9 in the major groove is increased, preventing the formation of a short hydrogen bond between the N 1 ring nitrogen of O 6 alkG4 and the imino proton of T9

  16. Conductores recubiertos

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    P. Garcés

    2008-07-01

    Full Text Available Since the 1960s, Nb–Ti, exhibiting a superconducting transition temperature Tc of 9K, and Nb3Sn, with a Tc of 18K have been the materials of choice for superconducting applications. The prospects for the future changed dramatically with the discovery of ceramic high temperature superconductors exhibiting Tc values well above the boiling temperature of liquid nitrogen (77K. These materials are now widely considered for large power applications, electronics and magnets as in microelectronics. The first case corresponding power transmission wires, motors, generators, fault current limiters, transformers, etc. and technology related small scale manufacturing SQUID superconductors. Nevertheless, the fabrication of useful conductors out of these layered cuprates encountered some problems such as chemical and structural purity, stability, oxygen stoichiometric and weak links limiting current carrying capacity. However, despite these difficulties a first generation of silver sheathed composites based on (Bi,PbSrCaCuO (solving the problem of inherent fragility of these materials has already been commercialized. It is now a widespread view that superconducting wires with high performance under strong magnetic fields and at elevated temperatures above liquid nitrogen, will need to be realized using the (REBaCuO (RE = rare earth materials. Chemical deposition techniques (CVD of thick films, appear as the most suitable for this purpose, so the study of various chemical deposition techniques that allow to grow superconducting films and buffer layers with the right texture to produce a coated conductor Proper alignment and high current carrying capacity (∼ 1 MA/cm2 are now booming.

  17. Efectos del polihidroxicloruro de aluminio, velocidad de agitación y pH en la turbidez del agua del Río Shullcas -Huancayo, 2013

    OpenAIRE

    Claros Castellares, Jaime Herminio

    2015-01-01

    El propósito de la tesis fue evaluar los efectos del polihidroxicloruro de aluminio, velocidad de agitación y pH en la turbidez del agua del río Shullcas en la localidad de Huancayo, en el año 2013 y aplicar en el tratamiento de agua potable a fin de lograr un producto de turbidez óptima. Basado en modelos físicos y químicos se desarrolló una investigación aplicada del proceso de clarificación (coagulación, floculación y sedimentación), de nivel explicativo, utilizando el método de investigac...

  18. Performance Evaluation of the T6 Ion Engine

    Science.gov (United States)

    Snyder, John Steven; Goebel, Dan M.; Hofer, Richard R.; Polk, James E.; Wallace, Neil C.; Simpson, Huw

    2010-01-01

    The T6 ion engine is a 22-cm diameter, 4.5-kW Kaufman-type ion thruster produced by QinetiQ, Ltd., and is baselined for the European Space Agency BepiColombo mission to Mercury and is being qualified under ESA sponsorship for the extended range AlphaBus communications satellite platform. The heritage of the T6 includes the T5 ion thruster now successfully operating on the ESA GOCE spacecraft. As a part of the T6 development program, an engineering model thruster was subjected to a suite of performance tests and plume diagnostics at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The engine was mounted on a thrust stand and operated over its nominal throttle range of 2.5 to 4.5 kW. In addition to the typical electrical and flow measurements, an E x B mass analyzer, scanning Faraday probe, thrust vector probe, and several near-field probes were utilized. Thrust, beam divergence, double ion content, and thrust vector movement were all measured at four separate throttle points. The engine performance agreed well with published data on this thruster. At full power the T6 produced 143 mN of thrust at a specific impulse of 4120 seconds and an efficiency of 64%; optimization of the neutralizer for lower flow rates increased the specific impulse to 4300 seconds and the efficiency to nearly 66%. Measured beam divergence was less than, and double ion content was greater than, the ring-cusp-design NSTAR thruster that has flown on NASA missions. The measured thrust vector offset depended slightly on throttle level and was found to increase with time as the thruster approached thermal equilibrium.

  19. Determination of the interfacial heat transfer coefficient in the hot stamping of AA7075

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Liu Xiaochuan

    2015-01-01

    Full Text Available The interfacial heat transfer coefficient (IHTC is a key parameter in hot stamping processes, in which a hot blank is formed and quenched by cold dies simultaneously. The IHTC should therefore be identified and used in FE models to improve the accuracy of simulation results of hot stamping processes. In this work, a hot stamping simulator was designed and assembled in a Gleeble 3800 thermo-mechanical testing system and a FE model was built in PAM-STAMP to determine the IHTC value between a hot aluminium alloy 7075 blank and cold dies. The IHTC was determined at different contact pressures under both dry and lubricated (Omega-35 conditions. In addition, a model to calculate the IHTC value at different contact pressures and area densities of lubricant was developed for the hot stamping process.

  20. Optimización de los procesos de fabricación de células solares orgánicas mediante técnicas de impresión

    OpenAIRE

    López Vicente, Rodolfo E.

    2015-01-01

    En este trabajo se muestran los resultados obtenidos en la fabricación y caracterización de dispositivos fotovoltaicos orgánicos, usando diferentes técnicas de fabricación para ello, pudiendo así comprobar sus parámetros de funcionamiento en función de la técnica usada. Además, se ha estudiado la influencia del área y geometría del electrodo en estos parámetros [7-13]. Todos estos procesos, a excepción de la evaporación del aluminio en la campana de vacío, se han realizado en condiciones ambi...

  1. Antibacterial effect of PEO coating with silver on AA7075

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Cerchier, P., E-mail: pietrogiovanni.cerchier@studenti.unipd.it [Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova (Italy); Pezzato, L.; Brunelli, K. [Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova (Italy); Dolcet, P. [Department of Chemical Science, University of Padua, INSTM, UdR Padova and ICMATE-CNR, Padova (Italy); Bartolozzi, A.; Bertani, R.; Dabalà, M. [Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova (Italy)

    2017-06-01

    In this work, plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coatings were produced on AA7075 using alkaline solution containing silicates compounds and silver micrometric particles in order to give to the coating an antimicrobial effect. In the optic of circular economy, silver chloride derived from the acid pre-treatment of electronic scraps was used as raw material and successively silver powders were synthesized from silver chloride solution using glucose syrup as reducing agent. The coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), potentiodynamic polarization test and antimicrobial tests. The results evidenced that the obtained coatings were homogenous and give to the samples higher corrosion resistance than untreated alloy. The silver particles, found both inside and outside of the pores that characterize the PEO layer, produced an efficacious antimicrobial effect both against E. coli and S. aureus. - Highlights: • Silver particles were incorporated into PEO coatings produced on aluminum alloys. • The incorporation was performed with direct addition of the particles in the electrolyte. • The particles resulted equally distributed on the samples surfaces. • The obtained coatings show antimicrobial activity with both E. coli and S. aureus. • The obtained coatings were characterized by acceptable corrosion resistance.

  2. Antibacterial effect of PEO coating with silver on AA7075

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Cerchier, P.; Pezzato, L.; Brunelli, K.; Dolcet, P.; Bartolozzi, A.; Bertani, R.; Dabalà, M.

    2017-01-01

    In this work, plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coatings were produced on AA7075 using alkaline solution containing silicates compounds and silver micrometric particles in order to give to the coating an antimicrobial effect. In the optic of circular economy, silver chloride derived from the acid pre-treatment of electronic scraps was used as raw material and successively silver powders were synthesized from silver chloride solution using glucose syrup as reducing agent. The coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), potentiodynamic polarization test and antimicrobial tests. The results evidenced that the obtained coatings were homogenous and give to the samples higher corrosion resistance than untreated alloy. The silver particles, found both inside and outside of the pores that characterize the PEO layer, produced an efficacious antimicrobial effect both against E. coli and S. aureus. - Highlights: • Silver particles were incorporated into PEO coatings produced on aluminum alloys. • The incorporation was performed with direct addition of the particles in the electrolyte. • The particles resulted equally distributed on the samples surfaces. • The obtained coatings show antimicrobial activity with both E. coli and S. aureus. • The obtained coatings were characterized by acceptable corrosion resistance.

  3. Influence of multi-step heat treatments in creep age forming of 7075 aluminum alloy: Optimization for springback, strength and exfoliation corrosion

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Arabi Jeshvaghani, R.; Zohdi, H. [Department of Materials Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-143, Tehran (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Shahverdi, H.R., E-mail: shahverdi@modares.ac.ir [Department of Materials Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-143, Tehran (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Bozorg, M. [Department of Materials Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-143, Tehran (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Hadavi, S.M.M. [School of Materials Science and Engineering, MA University of Technology, P.O. Box 16765-3197, Tehran (Iran, Islamic Republic of)

    2012-11-15

    Multi-step heat treatments comprise of high temperature forming (150 Degree-Sign C/24 h plus 190 Degree-Sign C for several minutes) and subsequent low temperature forming (120 Degree-Sign C for 24 h) is developed in creep age forming of 7075 aluminum alloy to decrease springback and exfoliation corrosion susceptibility without reduction in tensile properties. The results show that the multi-step heat treatment gives the low springback and the best combination of exfoliation corrosion resistance and tensile strength. The lower springback is attributed to the dislocation recovery and more stress relaxation at higher temperature. Transmission electron microscopy observations show that corrosion resistance is improved due to the enlargement in the size and the inter-particle distance of the grain boundaries precipitates. Furthermore, the achievement of the high strength is related to the uniform distribution of ultrafine {eta} Prime precipitates within grains. - Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Creep age forming developed for manufacturing of aircraft wing panels by aluminum alloy. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer A good combination of properties with minimal springback is required in this component. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer This requirement can be improved through the appropriate heat treatments. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Multi-step cycles developed in creep age forming of AA7075 for improving of springback and properties. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Results indicate simultaneous enhancing the properties and shape accuracy (lower springback).

  4. Mediterranean glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDC563T) mutation among jordanian females with acute hemolytic crisis

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Jabbar, A.A.; Kanakiri, N.; Kamil, M.; Rimawi, H.S.A.

    2010-01-01

    To evaluate the G6PDC563T Mediterranean mutation among Jordanian females who were admitted to Princess Rahma Teaching Hospital (PRTH) with/or previous history of favism. Study Design: A descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: Jordanian University of Science and Technology and PRTH, from October 2003 to October 2004. Methodology: After obtaining approval from the Ethics Committee of Jordanian University of Science and Technology, a total of 32 females were included in this study. Samples from 15 healthy individual females were used as a negative control. Blood samples from these patients were collected and analyzed by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (AS-PCR) to determine the G6PDC563T mutation. Results: Twenty one out of 32 patients were found to be G6PDC563T Mediterranean mutation (65.6%) positive. Three out of 21 patients were homozygous and remaining 18 were heterozygous for G6PDC563T Mediterranean mutation. Eleven (34.4%) out of 32 patients were found to be negative for G6PDC563T mutation indicating the presence of other G6PD mutations in the study sample. Conclusion: G6PDC563T Mediterranean mutation accounted for 65.6% of the study sample with favism in the North of Jordan. There is likely to be another G6PD deficiency variant implicated in acute hemolytic crisis (favism). (author)

  5. An Experimental Evaluation of Electron Beam Welded Thixoformed 7075 Aluminum Alloy Plate Material

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ava Azadi Chegeni

    2017-12-01

    Full Text Available Two plates of thixoformed 7075 aluminum alloy were joined using Electron Beam Welding (EBW. A post-welding-heat treatment (PWHT was performed within the semi-solid temperature range of this alloy at three temperatures, 610, 617 and 628 °C, for 3 min. The microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of EB welded plates, as well as the heat-treated specimens, were investigated in the Base Metal (BM, Heat Affected Zone (HAZ, and Fusion Zone (FZ, using optical microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM, EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis, and Vickers hardness test. Results indicated that after EBW, the grain size substantially decreased from 67 µm in both BM and HAZ to 7 µm in the FZ, and a hardness increment was observed in the FZ as compared to the BM and HAZ. Furthermore, the PWHT led to grain coarsening throughout the material, along with a further increase in hardness in the FZ.

  6. Improving Mechanical Properties of PVPPA Welded Joints of 7075 Aluminum Alloy by PWHT

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Guowei Li

    2018-03-01

    Full Text Available In this study, 7075 aluminum alloy with a thickness of 10 mm was successfully welded with no obvious defects by pulsed variable polarity plasma arc (PVPPA welding. The mechanical properties of PVPPA welded joints have been researched by post weld heat treatment (PWHT. The results indicate that the heat treatment strongly affects the mechanical properties of the welded joints. The tensile strength and the microhardness of the welded joints gradually improved with the increase of the solution temperature. With the increase of the solution time, the tensile strength, and microhardness first dramatically increased and then decreased slightly. The best tensile strength of 537.5 MPa and the microhardness of 143.7 HV were obtained after 490 °C × 80 min + 120 °C × 24 h, and the strength was nearly 91.2% of that of the parent metal, and increased about 35% compared with as-welded. The improvement of strength and microhardness was mainly due to the precipitation of η′ phase.

  7. Modelling and optimization of semi-solid processing of 7075 Al alloy

    Science.gov (United States)

    Binesh, B.; Aghaie-Khafri, M.

    2017-09-01

    The new modified strain-induced melt activation (SIMA) process presented by Binesh and Aghaie-Khafri was optimized using a response surface methodology to improve the thixotropic characteristics of semi-solid 7075 alloy. The responses, namely the average grain size and the shape factor, were considered as functions of three independent input variables: effective strain, isothermal holding temperature and time. Mathematical models for the responses were developed using the regression analysis technique, and the adequacy of the models was validated by the analysis of variance method. The calculated results correlated fairly well with the experiments. It was found that all the first- and second-order terms of the independent parameters and the interactive terms of the effective strain and holding time were statistically significant for the responses. In order to simultaneously optimize the responses, the desirable values for the effective strain, holding temperature and time were predicted to be 5.1, 609 °C and 14 min, respectively, when employing the desirability function approach. Based on the optimization results, a significant improvement in the average grain size and shape factor of the semi-solid slurry prepared by the new modified SIMA process was observed.

  8. Novel Galvanic Corrosion Inhibitors: Synthesis, Characterization, Fabrication and Testing

    Science.gov (United States)

    2007-09-30

    Polyimide Insulated Electrical Wire", SAMPE pp.16, Jan/Feb 1984. 11. Brown, S. R.; Deluccia, J.J., " Galvanic Corrosion Fatigue Testing of 7075-T6...Modified Microporous Aluminosilicate" Development of Adsorbents for Air and Water Treatment Conference, 226th American Chemical Society (ACS) National

  9. To investigate the necessity of STRA6 upregulation in T cells during T cell immune responses.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Rafik Terra

    Full Text Available Our earlier study revealed that STRA6 (stimulated by retinoic acid gene 6 was up-regulated within 3 h of TCR stimulation. STRA6 is the high-affinity receptor for plasma retinol-binding protein (RBP and mediates cellular vitamin A uptake. We generated STRA6 knockout (KO mice to assess whether such up-regulation was critical for T-cell activation, differentiation and function. STRA6 KO mice under vitamin A sufficient conditions were fertile without apparent anomalies upon visual inspection. The size, cellularity and lymphocyte subpopulations of STRA6 KO thymus and spleen were comparable to those of their wild type (WT controls. KO and WT T cells were similar in terms of TCR-stimulated proliferation in vitro and homeostatic expansion in vivo. Naive KO CD4 cells differentiated in vitro into Th1, Th2, Th17 as well as regulatory T cells in an analogous manner as their WT counterparts. In vivo experiments revealed that anti-viral immune responses to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in KO mice were comparable to those of WT controls. We also demonstrated that STRA6 KO and WT mice had similar glucose tolerance. Total vitamin A levels are dramatically lower in the eyes of KO mice as compared to those of WT mice, but the levels in other organs were not significantly affected after STRA6 deletion under vitamin A sufficient conditions, indicating that the eye is the mouse organ most sensitive to the loss of STRA6. Our results demonstrate that 1 in vitamin A sufficiency, the deletion of STRA6 in T cells does no affect the T-cell immune responses so-far tested, including those depend on STAT5 signaling; 2 STRA6-independent vitamin A uptake compensated the lack of STRA6 in lymphoid organs under vitamin A sufficient conditions in mice; 3 STRA6 is critical for vitamin A uptake in the eyes even in vitamin A sufficiency.

  10. Investigating the effect of clamping force on the fatigue life of bolted plates using volumetric approach

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Esmaeili, F.; Chakherlou, T. N.; Zehsaz, M.; Hasanifard, S.

    2013-01-01

    In this paper, the effects of bolt clamping force on the fatigue life for bolted plates made from Al7075-T6 have been studied on the values of notch strength reduction factor obtained by volumetric approach. To attain stress distribution around the notch (hole) which is required for volumetric approach, nonlinear finite element simulations were carried out. To estimate the fatigue life, the available smooth S-N curve of Al7075-T6 and the notch strength reduction factor obtained from volumetric method were used. The estimated fatigue life was compared with the available experimental test results. The investigation shows that there is a good agreement between the life predicted by the volumetric approach and the experimental results for various specimens with different amount of clamping forces. Volumetric approach and experimental results showed that the fatigue life of bolted plates improves because of the compressive stresses created around the plate hole due to clamping force.

  11. INFLUENCE OF THE THICKNESS OF Ni-P COATING APPLIED ON 7075 ALUMINUM ALLOY ON ITS HARDNESS

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Kazimierz Czapczyk

    2016-12-01

    Full Text Available The paper presents the results of hardness tests of aluminum alloy AW-7075 (for plastic processing and Ni-P chemical coatings (nickel-phosphorus which had been applied by the no-current method. Coatings of various thickness have been made and their influence on the increase of the top layer hardness has been determined, as well as the increase of the hardness of the coating and substrate system after puncturing the coating with an indenter. The purpose of the investigation was to determine the possibility of applying the Ni-P coating for selected technical applications, among others, by the selection of its optimum thickness on the hard aluminum alloy and by the determination of the deformation resistance of the top layer if the given coating.

  12. Effects of laser shock peening on stress corrosion behavior of 7075 aluminum alloy laser welded joints

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Wang, J.T., E-mail: jiasqq1225@126.com [School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013 (China); School of Materials Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001 (China); Zhang, Y.K. [School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013 (China); School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189 (China); Chen, J.F.; Zhou, J.Y.; Ge, M.Z.; Lu, Y.L.; Li, X.L. [School of Materials Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001 (China)

    2015-10-28

    7075 aluminum alloy weldments were processed by an intensive process known as laser shock peening (LSP), meanwhile its stress corrosion behaviors were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) tests. Results showed that the effect of LSP on corrosion behavior of the joint was fairly useful and obvious. With LSP, the elongation, time of fracture and static toughness after the SSRT test were improved by 11.13%, 20% and 100%, respectively. At the same time, the location of the fracture also changed. LSP led to a transition of the fracture type from transgranular to intergranular The reasons for these enhancements of the joint on corrosion behavior were caused by microstructure, residual stress, micro-hardness, and fracture appearance.

  13. Interrupted thymidylate synthase gene of bacteriophages T2 and T6 and other potential self-splicing introns in the T-even bacteriophages

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Chu, F.K.; Maley, F.; Martinez, J.; Maley, G.F.

    1987-01-01

    Southern hybridization analyses of procaryotic DNA from Escherchia coli, λ bacteriophage, and T1 to T7 phages were carried out. The hybridization probes used consisted of DNA restriction fragments derived from the T4 phage intron-containing thymidylate synthase gene (td) and short synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides defining specific exon and intron regions of the gene. It was shown that intact as well as restricted DNA from the T-even phages hybridized not only to both T4 phage td intron- and exon-specific probes but also to probes defining the td 5' (exon I-intron) and 3' (intron-exon II) presplice junctions. These data strongly suggest that, analogous to the T4 phage, only the T2 and T6 phages among the procaryotes tested contain interrupted td genes. The td intervening sequence in each phage is roughly 1 kilobase pair (kb) in size and interrupts the td gene at a site analogous to that in the T4 phage. This was confirmed by data from Northern (RNA) hybridization analysis of td-specific in vitro transcripts of these phage DNAs. [α- 32 P]GTP in vitro labeling of total RNA from T4 phage-infected cells produced five species of labeled RNAs that were 1, 0.9, 0.83, 0.75, and 0.6 kb in size. Only the 1-, 0.9-, and 0.75-kb species were labeled in RNA from T2- or T6-infected cells. The commonly present 1-kb RNA is the excised td intron, which exists in both linear and circular forms in the respective T-even-phage-infected cells, while the 0.6-kb RNA unique to T4 may be the excised intron derived from the ribonucleotide reductase small subunit gene (nrdB) of the phage. The remaining labeled RNA species are likely candidates for other self-splicing introns

  14. Soldadura TIG de espumas de aluminio. Análisis de los parámetros operacionales de espumado

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Portolés, A.

    2011-06-01

    Full Text Available In this work the influence of main parameters that take part during TIG welding process are analyzed. Some of these parameters belong to the welding process, as for example the welding speed, intensity and voltage while others are from the material and tooling features, as for example foaming material and tooling design. The result of this work shows a strong dependence on these parameters of the TIG welding process for metallic foams.

    En este trabajo se analiza la influencia de los principales parámetros que intervienen en el proceso de soldadura TIG. Algunos de estos parámetros pertenecen al proceso de soldadura, velocidad de soldadura, intensidad y tensión, mientras otros son propios de las características del material y el utillaje, material precursor y forma de implementar la instalación de ensayo. El resultado de este trabajo muestra una fuerte dependencia de estos parámetros con el proceso de soldadura TIG para las espumas metálicas de aluminio.

  15. Determination of the Interfacial Heat Transfer Coefficient in the Hot Stamping of AA7075

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ji Kang

    2016-01-01

    Full Text Available The interfacial heat transfer coefficient (IHTC is a key parameter in hot stamping processes, in which a hot blank is formed and quenched by cold dies simultaneously. The IHTC should therefore be identified and used in FE simulations to improve the accuracy of simulation results of hot stamping processes. In this work, a hot stamping simulator was designed and assembled in a Gleeble 3800 thermo-mechanical testing system and a FE model was built in PAM-STAMP to determine the IHTC values between a hot aluminium alloy 7075 blank and cold dies. The IHTC values were determined at different contact pressures under both dry and lubricated (Omega-35 conditions. In addition, a model to calculate the IHTC value at different contact pressures and area densities of lubricant was developed for the hot stamping process, which was proved to be working well with verification tests.

  16. The Effect Of Two-Stage Age Hardening Treatment Combined With Shot Peening On Stress Distribution In The Surface Layer Of 7075 Aluminum Alloy

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Kaczmarek Ł.

    2015-09-01

    Full Text Available The article present the results of the study on the improvement of mechanical properties of the surface layer of 7075 aluminum alloy via two-stage aging combined with shot peening. The experiments proved that thermo-mechanical treatment may significantly improve hardness and stress distribution in the surface layer. Compressive stresses of 226 MPa±5.5 MPa and hardness of 210±2 HV were obtained for selected samples.

  17. Clinical and evolutive aspects of nasopharyngeal T4 NO

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Maalej, M.; Bouaouina, N.; Benna, F.; Frikha, H.; Jallouli, M.; Ellouze, R.; Ben Romdhane, K.; Cammoun, M.; Ben Attia, R.; Daoud, J.

    1995-01-01

    Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the primary cancer of the head and neck localizations in the Salah Azaiz Institute (Tunisia). From 1970 to 1987, 80 patients with histologically proven T4 NO NPC, were treated with exclusive radiation (70-75 Gy to the primary lesion and 50-55 Gy to cervical lymph nodes). The T4 NO represents 7% of all NPC and 16% of the T4 treated in our Institute. Ninety percent of the patients are over 20 years old with a mean age of 52 years. The sex-ration was 4: 1. Extension to the brain was observed in 55% of the cases. Local control was 70% at 2 months after the end of irradiation. The actuarial survival at 5 years was 47%. Distant metastasis represent 13% (30% for all NPC). The main failure of treatment was local recurrence. The T4 NO is probably a particular entity concerning the age, the response to radiotherapy and the low rate of distant metastasis. (authors). 18 refs., 5 figs

  18. The Corrosion Protection of Metals by Ion Vapor Deposited Aluminum

    Science.gov (United States)

    Danford, M. D.

    1993-01-01

    A study of the corrosion protection of substrate metals by ion vapor deposited aluminum (IVD Al) coats has been carried out. Corrosion protection by both anodized and unanodized IVD Al coats has been investigated. Base metals included in the study were 2219-T87 Al, 7075-T6 Al, Titanium-6 Al-4 Vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V), 4130 steel, D6AC steel, and 4340 steel. Results reveal that the anodized IVD Al coats provide excellent corrosion protection, but good protection is also achieved by IVD Al coats that have not been anodized.

  19. Structural conservation, variability, and immunogenicity of the T6 backbone pilin of serotype M6 Streptococcus pyogenes.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Young, Paul G; Moreland, Nicole J; Loh, Jacelyn M; Bell, Anita; Atatoa Carr, Polly; Proft, Thomas; Baker, Edward N

    2014-07-01

    Group A streptococcus (GAS; Streptococcus pyogenes) is a Gram-positive human pathogen that causes a broad range of diseases ranging from acute pharyngitis to the poststreptococcal sequelae of acute rheumatic fever. GAS pili are highly diverse, long protein polymers that extend from the cell surface. They have multiple roles in infection and are promising candidates for vaccine development. This study describes the structure of the T6 backbone pilin (BP; Lancefield T-antigen) from the important M6 serotype. The structure reveals a modular arrangement of three tandem immunoglobulin-like domains, two with internal isopeptide bonds. The T6 pilin lysine, essential for polymerization, is located in a novel VAKS motif that is structurally homologous to the canonical YPKN pilin lysine in other three- and four-domain Gram-positive pilins. The T6 structure also highlights a conserved pilin core whose surface is decorated with highly variable loops and extensions. Comparison to other Gram-positive BPs shows that many of the largest variable extensions are found in conserved locations. Studies with sera from patients diagnosed with GAS-associated acute rheumatic fever showed that each of the three T6 domains, and the largest of the variable extensions (V8), are targeted by IgG during infection in vivo. Although the GAS BP show large variations in size and sequence, the modular nature of the pilus proteins revealed by the T6 structure may aid the future design of a pilus-based vaccine. Copyright © 2014, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

  20. Influencia de la composición y las condiciones de procesado en la resistencia a la corrosión de materiales compuestos base aluminio

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jiménez-Morales, A.

    2004-04-01

    Full Text Available This work tries to analyze the corrosion behavior of a serie of composite materials, as well as to study the influence of the reinforcement and milling technique on the unreinforced base alloy corrosion resistance. For this purpose composite materials, base 6061 aluminum alloy and reinforced with Si3N4, ZrB2 and AlN (5% wt. have been manufactured, by means of both low and high energy milling techniques for the blending step. The study is mainly focused on the evolution of the corrosion potential versus time, pitting potential as well as the pasive zone of each material by means of continuous current electrochemical techniques. The most significant results reveal the influence of the reinforcement as well as the employment of different blending techniques, both on the corrosion and pitting potential.

    Este trabajo trata de analizar el comportamiento frente a la corrosión de una serie de materiales compuestos, así como de estudiar la influencia del refuerzo y el tipo de molienda con respecto a la aleación base sin reforzar. Para ello, se ha fabricado una serie de materiales compuestos con matriz de aluminio, aleación 6061, reforzados con un 5% en peso de Si3N4, ZrB2 y AlN, empleando como técnicas de mezcla y homogeneización dos tipos de molienda, de baja y alta energía, respectivamente. El trabajo se ha basado principalmente en el estudio de la evolución con el tiempo del potencial de corrosión, del potencial de picadura y de la zona pasiva de cada material por técnicas electroquímicas de corriente continua. Los resultados más significativos revelan la influencia tanto del refuerzo como del empleo de las distintas técnicas de mezcla, tanto en el potencial de corrosión como en el de picadura.

  1. Diseño y construcción de un equipo para ensayo de deflexión en vigas de aluminio, en voladizo. Capacidad de carga de 10 kg.

    OpenAIRE

    Oña Caiza, Luis Alberto; Reinoso Sacancela, Armando Rodrigo

    2010-01-01

    En la actualidad con el avance de la tecnología y con la implementación de nuevos equipos para ensayos de deflexión en los materiales conlleva a la necesidad de elaborar un equipo de ensayo de deflexión para vigas en voladizo (viga rectangular y perfil U), en material de aluminio para la utilización en el laboratorio de resistencia de materiales de la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana. Para la selección de la alternativa más adecuada se realizó un estudio del costo real de la máquina en e...

  2. Differential Role of the T6SS in Acinetobacter baumannii Virulence

    Science.gov (United States)

    Foucault-Grunenwald, Marie-Laure; Borges, Vitor; Charpentier, Xavier; Limansky, Adriana S.; Gomes, João Paulo; Viale, Alejandro M.; Salcedo, Suzana P.

    2015-01-01

    Gram-negative bacteria, such as Acinetobacter baumannii, are an increasing burden in hospitals worldwide with an alarming spread of multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains. Herein, we compared a type strain (ATCC17978), a non-clinical isolate (DSM30011) and MDR strains of A. baumannii implicated in hospital outbreaks (Ab242, Ab244 and Ab825), revealing distinct patterns of type VI secretion system (T6SS) functionality. The T6SS genomic locus is present and was actively transcribed in all of the above strains. However, only the A. baumannii DSM30011 strain was capable of killing Escherichia coli in a T6SS-dependent manner, unlike the clinical isolates, which failed to display an active T6SS in vitro. In addition, DSM30011 was able to outcompete ATCC17978 as well as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae, bacterial pathogens relevant in mixed nosocomial infections. Finally, we found that the T6SS of DSM30011 is required for host colonization of the model organism Galleria mellonella suggesting that this system could play an important role in A. baumannii virulence in a strain-specific manner. PMID:26401654

  3. Differential Role of the T6SS in Acinetobacter baumannii Virulence.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Guillermo D Repizo

    Full Text Available Gram-negative bacteria, such as Acinetobacter baumannii, are an increasing burden in hospitals worldwide with an alarming spread of multi-drug resistant (MDR strains. Herein, we compared a type strain (ATCC17978, a non-clinical isolate (DSM30011 and MDR strains of A. baumannii implicated in hospital outbreaks (Ab242, Ab244 and Ab825, revealing distinct patterns of type VI secretion system (T6SS functionality. The T6SS genomic locus is present and was actively transcribed in all of the above strains. However, only the A. baumannii DSM30011 strain was capable of killing Escherichia coli in a T6SS-dependent manner, unlike the clinical isolates, which failed to display an active T6SS in vitro. In addition, DSM30011 was able to outcompete ATCC17978 as well as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae, bacterial pathogens relevant in mixed nosocomial infections. Finally, we found that the T6SS of DSM30011 is required for host colonization of the model organism Galleria mellonella suggesting that this system could play an important role in A. baumannii virulence in a strain-specific manner.

  4. HAPS Gateway Link in the 5850-7075 MHz and Coexistence with Fixed Satellite Service

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    M. Ahmed

    2013-09-01

    Full Text Available Gateway link is essential to connect HAPS platform to terrestrial based networks. This crucial link is incorporated in HAPS fixed service spectrum allocation in considerably high frequencies, renders the link for more attenuations by atmospheric gases, and rain effects, especially when the regional climate is not favorable. However, under the agenda item 1.20 of World Radio Conference-2012 (WRC-12 new HAPS allocation in the 5850-7075 MHz band is proposed. Although, spectrum features are incomparably reliable, on the contrary, Fixed Satellite Service (FSS uplink transmissions will have signal levels much higher than those in HAPS systems and have the potential for causing interference at the HAPS gateway receiver. In this article a key aspect of co-channel interference phenomena is investigated to facilitate optimum frequency sharing in the band in question. By proposing mitigation techniques and statistical method this generic prediction model enhances the capability of the HAPS spectrum sharing and provides flexibility in spectrum planning for different fixed services.

  5. Simplificación del procesado de polvo de aluminio molido y estudio de las propiedades mecánicas de los compactos resultantes

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Cintas, J.

    2001-04-01

    Full Text Available An alternative powder-metallurgy consolidation method of milled aluminium (M Al powder, consisting in a double cycle of cold pressing and vacuum sintering, has been developed. The aim of the present investigation is to simplify this consolidation method, from the original five steps to only three steps. This would be possible since milled powders soften during desassing, at high temperature. The mechanical properties of compacts (hardness at room and high temperature, ultimate tensile strength and elongation obtained by the three-step and the five-step processing are comparable. This process could be of special interest for the manufacturing of large series of small parts, such as are used in the automotive industry.

    Se ha desarrollado un nuevo método de consolidación pulvimetalúrgica de aluminio molido consistente en una desgasificación seguida de un doble ciclo de prensado y sinterización. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es reducir las anteriores 5 etapas de consolidación a sólo 3, valiéndose del reblandecimiento que sufre el polvo al desgasificarlo a temperatura elevada. Según los resultados obtenidos, las propiedades mecánicas de los compactos finales (dureza, resistencia a la tracción, alargamiento y dureza en caliente son comparables a las obtenidas por ciclo doble. Esta vía de consolidación puede ser de interés para la fabricación de grandes series de piezas pequeñas, como son típicas en la industria del automóvil.

  6. Caracterización mecánica de recubrimientos de aluminio por CVD-FBR sobre aceros inoxidables y resistencia a la oxidación en vapor de agua

    OpenAIRE

    Diego Pérez-Muñoz; José Luddey Marulanda-Arévalo; Juan Manuel Meza-Meza

    2015-01-01

    Los recubrimientos de aluminio depositados sobre el acero inoxidable austenítico AISI 317 por Deposición Química de Vapor en Lecho Fluidizado (CVD-FBR) presentan a altas temperaturas una reducción de la velocidad de corrosión de más de 80 veces. Se realizó la caracterización mecánica de los recubrimientos por medio de microdureza, nanoindentación, para conocer cómo se vieron afectas las propiedades mecánicas (en especial la dureza y el módulo de Young) del recubrimiento y del sustrato luego d...

  7. Evaluación del desempeño de aisladores de porcelana recubiertos con películas de dióxido de titanio para disminuir el ensuciamiento

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Lorena E. Correa

    2013-01-01

    Full Text Available El ensuciamiento de aisladores eléctricos en servicio expuestos a la atmósfera constituyen un gran inconveniente para el sector eléctrico, debido a que en la superficie se deposita material de naturaleza orgánica e inorgánica, formando una capa que en presencia de humedad puede volverse conductora, produciendo diferentes fenómenos que podrían deteriorar las propiedades aislantes del elemento y finalmente conducir a la ruptura del mismo, afectando principalmente el suministro de la energía eléctrica. Actualmente se encuentra en fase de desarrollo un método que consiste en la aplicación de una película de dióxido de titanio para minimizar la acumulación de suciedad en los aisladores de porcelana sin afectar las propiedades eléctricas de los mismos. Se evaluó el desempeño de dos espesores diferentes (una y dos capas de dicha película en aisladores de porcelana, para lo cual se realizaron pruebas de adherencia, ángulo de contacto, corriente de fuga, tensión de ̄ameo en seco y ensayos de erosión en laboratorio. Finalmente, se evaluó el desempeño en aisladores en servicio en una torre de transmisión de energía. Los aisladores recubiertos exhiben un buen desempeño en las pruebas de laboratorio. Además, tras 5 meses de exposición en servicio en la línea de alta tensión energizada, se observa una disminución en el ensuciamiento.

  8. In situ formation of ZrB2 particulates and their influence on microstructure and tensile behavior of AA7075 aluminum matrix composites

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    J. David Raja Selvam

    2017-02-01

    Full Text Available In situ synthesis of aluminum matrix composites (AMCs has become a popular method due to several advantages over conventional stir casting method. In the present study, AA7075/ZrB2 AMCs reinforced with various content of ZrB2 particulates (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 wt.% were synthesized by the in situ reaction of molten aluminum with inorganic salts K2ZrF6 and KBF4. The composites were characterized using XRD, OM, SEM, EBSD and TEM. The XRD patterns revealed the formation of ZrB2 particulates without the presence of any other compounds. The formation of ZrB2 particulates refined the grains of aluminum matrix extensively. Most of the ZrB2 particulates were located near the grain boundaries. The ZrB2 particulates exhibited various morphologies including spherical, cylindrical and hexagonal shapes. The size of the ZrB2 particulates was in the order of nano, sub micron and micron level. A good interfacial bonding was observed between the aluminum matrix and the ZrB2 particulates. The in situ formed ZrB2 particulates enhanced the mechanical properties such as microhardness and the ultimate tensile strength. Various strengthening mechanisms were identified.

  9. Numerically Based Phase Transformation Maps for Dissimilar Aluminum Alloys Joined by Friction Stir-Welding

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Carter Hamilton

    2018-05-01

    Full Text Available Sheets of aluminum 2017A-T451 and 7075-T651 were friction stir-welded in a butt-weld configuration. An existing computational model of the welding process for temperature distribution and material flow was adapted to estimate the phase transformations that occur across the weld zone. Near the weld center, process temperatures are sufficient to fully dissolve the equilibrium η phase in 7075 and partially dissolve the equilibrium S phase in 2017A. Upon cooling, Guinier–Preston (GP and Guinier–Preston–Bagaryatsky (GPB zones re-precipitate, and hardness recovers. Due to the more complete dissolution of the equilibrium phase in 7075, the hardness recovery skews toward whichever side of the weld, i.e., the advancing or retreating side, represents the 7075 workpiece. Phase transformation maps generated by the numerical simulation align not only with the hardness profiles taken across the weld zone, but also with positron lifetimes obtained through positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS. Boundaries between the aluminum matrix and the secondary phases provide open volumes to trap positrons; therefore, positron lifetimes across the weld correspond with the phase transformations that occur in 7075 and 2017A during processing.

  10. Measurement of Localized Corrosion Rates at Inclusion Particles in AA7075 by In Situ Three Dimensional (3D) X-ray Synchrotron Tomography

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Singh, Sudhanshu S.; Williams, Jason J.; Stannard, Tyler J.; Xiao, Xianghui; De Carlo, Francesco; Chawla, Nikhilesh

    2016-03-01

    In situ X-ray synchrotron tomography was used to measure the localized corrosion rate of Mg2Si particles present in 7075 aluminum alloys in deionized ultra-filtered (DIUF) water. The evolution of hydrogen bubbles was captured as a function of time and the measured volume was used to calculate the local corrosion rate of Mg2Si particles. It was shown that in the absence of chloride ions, stress was needed to create fresh particle surfaces, either by fracture or debonding, to initiate corrosion at the particles.

  11. Predominant CD4 T-lymphocyte tropism of human herpesvirus 6-related virus.

    OpenAIRE

    Takahashi, K; Sonoda, S; Higashi, K; Kondo, T; Takahashi, H; Takahashi, M; Yamanishi, K

    1989-01-01

    Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6)-related virus was isolated from CD4+ CD8- and CD3+ CD4+ mature T lymphocytes but could not be isolated from CD4- CD8+, CD4- CD8-, and CD3- T cells in the peripheral blood of exanthem subitum patients. HHV-6-related virus predominantly infected CD4+ CD8+, CD4+ CD8-, and CD3+ CD4+ cells with mature phenotypes and rarely infected CD4- CD8+ cells from cord blood mononuclear cells, which suggested predominant CD4 mature T-lymphocyte tropism of HHV-6-related virus.

  12. Optimización del proceso de fabricación de alambres de aleación 6201 T-81

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Néstor Caicedo Solano

    2011-01-01

    Full Text Available Durante el proceso de fabricación de alambres de aleación 6201 T-81 puede llegar a generarse un incremento del porcentaje de producto no conforme por baja carga de rotura, baja conductividad e incumplimiento del diámetro, a pesar de que la colada de aleación cumpla con los requisitos de composición química especificados en la Norma ASTM B398 (alambres de aleación de aluminio 6201 T-81 y que además, durante el proceso de trefilación de los alambres, se controlen las variables mecánicas y eléctricas que garanticen la calidad final del producto en el último proceso: el tratamiento térmico. Este trabajo está enfocado al mejoramiento del proceso de fabricación de los alambres de aleación 6201 T-81 para conductores eléctricos AAAC, utilizando estrategias experimentales, fundamentos de dominancia y control estadístico de procesos, con el fin de optimizar las condiciones de carga de rotura, conductividad y diámetro.

  13. Very High Cycle Fatigue Crack Initiation Mechanism in Nugget Zone of AA 7075 Friction Stir Welded Joint

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Chao He

    2017-01-01

    Full Text Available Very high cycle fatigue behavior of nugget zone in AA 7075 friction stir welded joint was experimentally investigated using ultrasonic fatigue testing system (20 kHz to clarify the crack initiation mechanism. It was found that the fatigue strength of nugget zone decreased continuously even beyond 107 cycles with no traditional fatigue limits. Fatigue cracks initiated from the welding defects located at the bottom side of the friction stir weld. Moreover, a special semicircular zone could be characterized around the crack initiation site, of which the stress intensity factor approximately equaled the threshold of fatigue crack propagation rate. Finally, a simplified model was proposed to estimate the fatigue life by correlating the welding defect size and applied stress. The predicted results are in good agreement with the experimental results.

  14. Multi-objective Optimization of Friction Welding Process Parameters using Grey Relational Analysis for Joining Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Sreenivasan KONGANAPURAM SUNDARARAJAN

    2018-05-01

    Full Text Available Aluminium metal matrix composites has gained importance in recent time because of its improved mechanical and metallurgical properties. The welding of aluminium metal matrix composites using conventional welding process has got many demerits so in order to overcome them a solid state welding process is to be employed. To achieve a good strength weld in the aluminium metal matrix composite bars an efficient and most preferred technique is friction welding. In this work the aluminium metal matrix composite AA7075 + 10 % vol SiC-T6 is selected and friction welded. The combination of friction welding process parameters such as spindle speed, friction pressure, upset pressure and burn-off- length for joining the AA7075 + 10 % vol SiCP-T6 metal matrix composite bars are selected by Taguchi’s design of experiment. The optimum friction welding parameters were determined for achieving improved ultimate tensile strength and the hardness using grey relational analysis. A combined grey relational grade is found from the determined grey relational coefficient of the output responses and the optimum friction welding process parameters were obtained as spindle speed – 1200 rpm, friction pressure – 100 MPa, upset pressure – 250 MPa, Burn-off-Length – 2 mm. Analysis of variance (ANOVA performed shows that the friction pressure is the most significant friction welding parameter that influences the both the ultimate tensile strength and hardness of friction welded AA7075 + 10 % volSiCP-T6 joints. The fractured surface under microstructure study also revealed good compliance with the grey relational grade result. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.24.2.17725

  15. Phosphoproteomics Reveals Regulatory T Cell-Mediated DEF6 Dephosphorylation That Affects Cytokine Expression in Human Conventional T Cells

    KAUST Repository

    Joshi, Rubin N.

    2017-09-25

    Regulatory T cells (Tregs) control key events of immune tolerance, primarily by suppression of effector T cells. We previously revealed that Tregs rapidly suppress T cell receptor (TCR)-induced calcium store depletion in conventional CD4CD25 T cells (Tcons) independently of IP levels, consequently inhibiting NFAT signaling and effector cytokine expression. Here, we study Treg suppression mechanisms through unbiased phosphoproteomics of primary human Tcons upon TCR stimulation and Treg-mediated suppression, respectively. Tregs induced a state of overall decreased phosphorylation as opposed to TCR stimulation. We discovered novel phosphosites (T595_S597) in the DEF6 (SLAT) protein that were phosphorylated upon TCR stimulation and conversely dephosphorylated upon coculture with Tregs. Mutation of these DEF6 phosphosites abrogated interaction of DEF6 with the IP receptor and affected NFAT activation and cytokine transcription in primary Tcons. This novel mechanism and phosphoproteomics data resource may aid in modifying sensitivity of Tcons to Treg-mediated suppression in autoimmune disease or cancer.

  16. Stress corrosion cracking of an aluminum alloy used in external fixation devices.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Cartner, Jacob L; Haggard, Warren O; Ong, Joo L; Bumgardner, Joel D

    2008-08-01

    Treatment for compound and/or comminuted fractures is frequently accomplished via external fixation. To achieve stability, the compositions of external fixators generally include aluminum alloy components due to their high strength-to-weight ratios. These alloys are particularly susceptible to corrosion in chloride environments. There have been several clinical cases of fixator failure in which corrosion was cited as a potential mechanism. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of physiological environments on the corrosion susceptibility of aluminum 7075-T6, since it is used in orthopedic external fixation devices. Electrochemical corrosion curves and alternate immersion stress corrosion cracking tests indicated aluminum 7075-T6 is susceptible to corrosive attack when placed in physiological environments. Pit initiated stress corrosion cracking was the primary form of alloy corrosion, and subsequent fracture, in this study. Anodization of the alloy provided a protective layer, but also caused a decrease in passivity ranges. These data suggest that once the anodization layer is disrupted, accelerated corrosion processes occur. (c) 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  17. Obtención por vía pulvimetalúrgica de materiales compuestos de matriz de aluminio reforzados con nitruros

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Fogagnolo, J. B.

    2000-08-01

    Full Text Available The use of aluminium metal matrix composites as structural materials is increasing continuously, mainly in the automotive and aerospace industries. The development of new kind of reinforcements is one of the areas of greater interest in current researches. This work investigates the use of nitrides as reinforcement for composite materials, with Al 6061 matrix, obtained by powder metallurgy and extrusion, presenting their microstructural features and their mechanical characteristics.

    La utilización de los materiales compuestos de matriz de aluminio como materiales estructurales está en continuo crecimiento principalmente en la industria automovilística y aeroespacial. El desarrollo de nuevos tipos de refuerzos es una de las áreas de mayor interés en las más actuales investigaciones. Este trabajo investiga el uso de nitruros como refuerzo en materiales compuestos, de matriz de aleación AA6061, obtenidos vía pulvimetalúrgica y extrusión, presentando los aspectos microestruturales y las características mecánicas.

  18. EIS, Mott Schottky and EFM analysis of the electrochemical stability and dielectric properties of Ca-P-Ag and Ca-P-Si-Ag coatings obtained by plasma electrolytic oxidation in Ti6Al4V

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Sara María Leal-Marin

    2017-01-01

    Full Text Available El Ti6Al4V ELI (ASTM F136 es una de las aleaciones más empleadas en dispositivos de osteosíntesis y reemplazo articular. Sin embargo, las propiedades de esta aleación pueden ser mejoradas respecto a su biocompatibilidad y osteointegración con el tejido óseo a través de recubrimientos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el comportamiento electroquímico de un recubrimiento obtenido por oxidación por plasma electrolítico sobre Ti6Al4V ELI empleando soluciones electrolíticas enriquecidas con iones de PO4 2-, Ca+2, Si+4 y varias concentraciones de Ag+1. Los recubrimientos se caracterizaron mediante espectroscopia de impedancia electroquímica (EIS y Mott-Schottky (M-S en una celda de tres electrodos con una solución fisiológica simulada. El comportamiento electroquímico se contrastó con microscopía de fuerza electrostática (EFM, donde se analizó el potencial eléctrico del recubrimiento. Los resultados de EIS mostraron mejores propiedades de estabilidad frente a la corrosión en los sustratos recubiertos con Ca- P-Ag, comparados con los recubiertos con Ca-P-Si-Ag. Los espectros de Nyquist y Bode mostraron relajaciones relacionadas con la transferencia de carga hacia la doble capa electroquímica como reflejo de los cambios microestructurales y de conductividad de los recubrimientos, dada por la presencia particular en cada caso, de los elementos contenidos en estos. De acuerdo con los resultados de M-S, todas las muestras ensayadas presentaron un comportamiento con dopado tipo n, cuya conductividad incrementó con la inclusión de plata. Mediante EFM se observaron mayores contrastes en el potencial, fase y la amplitud de los recubrimientos con mayor cantidad de plata respecto al Ti6Al4V sin recubrir.

  19. Grain refinement of 7075Al alloy microstructures by inoculation with Al-Ti-B master alloy

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hotea, V.; Juhasz, J.; Cadar, F.

    2017-05-01

    This paper aims to bring some clarification on grain refinement and modification of high strength alloys used in aerospace technique. In this work it was taken into account 7075 Al alloy, and the melt treatment was carried out by placing in the form of master alloy wire ternary AlTiB the casting trough at 730°C. The morphology of the resulting microstructures was characterized by optical microscopy. Micrographs unfinished and finished with pre-alloy containing ternary Al5Ti1B evidence fine crystals, crystal containing no columnar structure and highlights the size of the dendrites, and intermetallic phases occurring at grain boundaries in Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy. It has been found that these intermetallic compounds are MgZn2 type. AlTiB master alloys finishing ensures a fine eutectic structure, which determines the properties of hardware and improving the mechanical properties of aluminum alloys used in aeronautical engineering.

  20. Desarrollo y caracterización de un material compuesto de matriz de aluminio 6061 y partículas de TiB2

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Plaza, L. M.

    2010-12-01

    Full Text Available The incorporation of ceramic particles has been one of the ways developed to improve the mechanical properties of aluminium alloys during the last years. The main objective of this work has been to develop the manufacturing process of the reinforced aluminium alloy and analyse its mechanical properties and microstructure. Details about an innovative MMC manufacturing process and the results obtained in the development of a new family of TiB2- reinforced aluminium alloys for forging and extrusion applications are presented. It has been observed that the considered manufacturing process, consisting in the fabrication of particles by SHS and their incorporation into the selected alloy, is a feasible process to manufacture reinforced alloys that can be subsequently extruded or forged. The final result is the development of a material suitable for extrusion and forging applications and that presents an improvement of fatigue and tensile properties of the matrix alloy.Una de las vías desarrolladas, en los últimos años, para la mejora de las propiedades mecánicas de las aleaciones de aluminio es la de la incorporación de refuerzos cerámicos en forma de partículas cerámicas. El objetivo principal del trabajo ha sido desarrollar el proceso de fabricación de una aleación de aluminio 6061 reforzada con partículas de diboruro de titanio, TiB2, y analizar las propiedades del material obtenido. Se ha observado que el proceso de fabricación planteado, consistente en la fabricación de las partículas por medio del proceso de síntesis autopropagada a alta temperatura SHS (Self propagating high temperature synthesis y su posterior incorporación a la aleación 6061, es un proceso viable para la fabricación de aleaciones reforzadas adecuadas para la realización de procesos subsiguientes de extrusión o forja. El resultado final es la obtención de un material adecuado para la fabricación de componentes extruidos y que presenta una mejora de sus

  1. Proceedings of the Structural Integrity Program Conference. Held in San Antonio, Texas on 29 November-1 December 1988

    Science.gov (United States)

    1989-05-01

    normal wear and tear (brakes, tires, etc.) and extended time between subsystem replacement or repair. - Normal aircraft horizontal takeoff and...T76 Dassault Test Program Inconel 718 2214-T6 Rockwell B-1 B Attachment Links 13-8 PH 7075-T73 International Pratt & Whitney TF-33 Compressor AMS...operational temperature range of 20°F to 100°F lead to the following final damping designs: 625 * 0.004 inch 3M ISD113 and 0.012 inch aluminum

  2. Fuel Tank Technology

    Science.gov (United States)

    1989-11-01

    fact, some investigators opposed the approach because the acid breakdown product of the reversion process serves to catalvze further reversion. t2C 80...the detail parts of the wing box are 7074-T73 and 7075-T6 aluminum. After fabrication the parts are subjected to a chromic acid anodize surface... polymethacrylic imide rigid expanded plastic. The brand name is ROHACEL. This material is resistant to JP-4, JP-5 and JP-8. It can be used at temperatures

  3. Peripheral Blood CCR4+CCR6+ and CXCR3+CCR6+ CD4+ T Cells Are Highly Permissive to HIV-1 Infection

    OpenAIRE

    Gosselin, Annie; Monteiro, Patricia; Chomont, Nicolas; Diaz-Griffero, Felipe; Said, Elias A.; Fonseca, Simone; Wacleche, Vanessa; El-Far, Mohamed; Boulassel, Mohamed-Rachid; Routy, Jean-Pierre; Sekaly, Rafick-Pierre; Ancuta, Petronela

    2009-01-01

    There is limited knowledge on the identity of primary CD4+ T cell subsets selectively targeted by HIV-1 in vivo. In this study, we established a link between HIV permissiveness, phenotype/homing potential, and lineage commitment in primary CD4+ T cells. CCR4+CCR6+, CCR4+CCR6−, CXCR3+CCR6+, and CXCR3+CCR6T cells expressed cytokines and transcription factors specific for Th17, Th2, Th1Th17, and Th1 lineages, respectively. CCR4+CCR6+ and CXCR3+CCR6+ T cells expressed the HIV coreceptors CCR5 a...

  4. Metalografía a color en aleaciones Al-Si comerciales. Optimización de las técnicas de caracterización microestructural mediante microscopía óptica de reflexión

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Vander-Voort, G. F.

    2010-10-01

    Full Text Available The present demand on alloy production with improved quality requires the optimization of the metallographic procedures used on its characterization. Traditional etching techniques commonly employed for phase identification by optical metallography in aluminium alloys are not always suitable for a detailed analysis of existing phases, nor to accurately predict the mechanisms that govern the solidification process in certain detail. This work explores the potential of colour metallography to reveal at its best as-cast microstructures in Al-Si 12 alloys. For this purpose a colour etching technique, specifically developed for aluminium alloys and based on the Weck reagent. The application of such etchant has allowed the qualitative characterization of the microstructure. And it has also shown the advantages of colour metallography over black and white (B&W etching techniques.La demanda de aleaciones con calidades optimizadas conlleva la mejora continua de estas calidades, lo que viene suscitando la necesidad de mejora y optimización permanentes de las técnicas de caracterización metalográfica. Las técnicas de ataque tradicionales, utilizadas en la observación microscópica de las aleaciones de aluminio, no permiten un análisis detallado de la evolución microestructural de las fases presentes ni de parte de los mecanismos que rigen la solidificación. En el presente trabajo, se explora el potencial de la metalografía en color aplicada a las estructuras de solidificación de aleaciones Al-Si 12. Se ha utilizado un procedimiento de ataque en color, basado en un reactivo desarrollado porWeck para aleaciones de aluminio. El empleo de esta técnica ha permitido la evaluación cualitativa de la microestructura. La técnica ha permitido revelar características microestructurales que los métodos de ataque en blanco-negro no revelan.

  5. Chitin-induced T6SS in Vibrio cholerae is dependent on ChiS activation.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Chourashi, Rhishita; Das, Suman; Dhar, Debarpan; Okamoto, Keinosuke; Mukhopadhyay, Asish K; Chatterjee, Nabendu Sekhar

    2018-05-01

    Vibrio cholerae regularly colonizes the chitinous exoskeleton of crustacean shells in the aquatic region. The type 6 secretion system (T6SS) in V. cholerae is an interbacterial killing device. This system is thought to provide a competitive advantage to V. cholerae in a polymicrobial community of the aquatic region under nutrient-poor conditions. V. cholerae chitin sensing is known to be initiated by the activation of a two-component sensor histidine kinase ChiS in the presence of GlcNAc2 (N,N'-diacetylchitobiose) residues generated by the action of chitinases on chitin. It is known that T6SS in V. cholerae is generally induced by chitin. However, the effect of ChiS activation on T6SS is unknown. Here, we found that ChiS inactivation resulted in impaired bacterial killing and reduced expression of T6SS genes. Active ChiS positively affected T6SS-mediated natural transformation in V. cholerae. ChiS depletion or inactivation also resulted in reduced colonization on insoluble chitin surfaces. Therefore, we have shown that V. cholerae colonization on chitinous surfaces activates ChiS, which promotes T6SS-dependent bacterial killing and horizontal gene transfer. We also highlight the importance of chitinases in T6SS upregulation.

  6. pVT-Second Virial Coefficients B(T ), Viscosity η(T ), and Self-Diffusion ρD(T) of the Gases: BF3, CF4, SiF4, CCl4, SiCl4, SF6, MoF6, WF6, UF6, C(CH3)4, and Si(CH3)4 Determined by Means of an Isotropic Temperature-Dependent Potential

    Science.gov (United States)

    Zarkova, L.; Hohm, U.

    2002-03-01

    We present results on self-consistent calculations of second pVT-virial coefficients B(T), viscosity data η(T), and diffusion coefficients ρD(T) for eleven heavy globular gases: boron trifluoride (BF3), carbon tetrafluoride (CF4), silicon tetrafluoride (SiF4), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), molybdenum hexafluoride (MoF6), tungsten hexafluoride (WF6), uranium hexafluoride (UF6), tetramethyl methane (C(CH3)4, TMM), and tetramethyl silane (Si(CH3)4, TMS). The calculations are performed mainly in the temperature range between 200 and 900 K by means of isotropic n-6 potentials with temperature-dependent separation rm(T) and potential well depth ɛ(T). The potential parameters at T=0 K (ɛ, rm, n) and the enlargement of the first level radii δ are obtained solving an ill-posed problem of minimizing the squared deviations between experimental and calculated values normalized to their relative experimental error. The temperature dependence of the potential is obtained as a result of the influence of vibrational excitation on binary interactions. This concept of the isotropic temperature-dependent potential (ITDP) is presented in detail where gaseous SF6 will serve as an example. The ITDP is subsequently applied to all other gases. This approach and the main part of the results presented here have already been published during 1996-2000. However, in some cases the data are upgraded due to the recently improved software (CF4, SF6) and newly found experimental data (CF4, SiF4, CCl4, SF6).

  7. Coarsening of AA6013-T6 Precipitates During Sheet Warm Forming Applications

    Science.gov (United States)

    Di Ciano, M.; DiCecco, S.; Esmaeili, S.; Wells, M. A.; Worswick, M. J.

    2018-03-01

    The use of warm forming for AA6xxx-T6 sheet is of interest to improve its formability; however, the effect warm forming may have on the coarsening of precipitates and the mechanical strength of these sheets has not been well studied. In this research, the coarsening behavior of AA6013-T6 precipitates has been explored, in the temperature range of 200-300 °C, and time of 30 s up to 50 h. Additionally, the effect of warm deformation on coarsening behavior was explored using: (1) simulated warm forming tests in a Gleeble thermo-mechanical simulator and (2) bi-axial warm deformation tests. Using a strong obstacle model to describe the yield strength (YS) evolution of the AA6013-T6 material, and a Lifshitz, Slyozov, and Wagner (LSW) particle coarsening law to describe the change in precipitate size with time, the coarsening kinetics were modeled for this alloy. The coarsening kinetics in the range of 220-300 °C followed a trend similar to that previously found for AA6111 for the 180-220 °C range. There was strong evidence that coarsening kinetics were not altered due to warm deformation above 220 °C. For warm forming between 200 and 220 °C, the YS of the AA6013-T6 material increased slightly, which could be attributed to strain hardening during warm deformation. Finally, a non-isothermal coarsening model was used to assess the potential reduction in the YS of AA6013-T6 for practical processing conditions related to auto-body manufacturing. The model calculations showed that 90% of the original AA6013-T6 YS could be maintained, for warm forming temperatures up to 280 °C, if the heating schedule used to get the part to the warm forming temperature was limited to 1 min.

  8. FRAP-T6: a computer code for the transient analysis of oxide fuel rods

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Siefken, L.J.; Shah, V.N.; Berna, G.A.; Hohorst, J.K.

    1983-06-01

    FRAP-T6 is a computer code which is being developed to calculate the transient behavior of a light water reactor fuel rod. This report is an addendum to the FRAP-T6/MODO user's manual which provides the additional user information needed to use FRAP-T6/MOD1. This includes model changes, improvements, and additions, coding changes and improvements, change in input and control language, and example problem solutions to aid the user. This information is designed to supplement the FRAP-T6/MODO user's manual

  9. Mechanism of N6-threonylcarbamoyladenonsine (t(6)A) biosynthesis: isolation and characterization of the intermediate threonylcarbamoyl-AMP.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Lauhon, Charles T

    2012-11-06

    Genetic and biochemical studies have recently implicated four proteins required in bacteria for the biosynthesis of the universal tRNA modified base N6-threonylcarbamoyl adenosine (t(6)A). In this work, t(6)A biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis has been reconstituted in vitro and found to indeed require the four proteins YwlC (TsaC), YdiB (TsaE), YdiC (TsaB) and YdiE (TsaD). YwlC was found to catalyze the conversion of L-threonine, bicarbonate/CO(2) and ATP to give the intermediate L-threonylcarbamoyl-AMP (TC-AMP) and pyrophosphate as products. TC-AMP was isolated by HPLC and characterized by mass spectrometry and (1)H NMR. NMR analysis showed that TC-AMP decomposes to give AMP and a nearly equimolar mixture of L-threonine and 5-methyl-2-oxazolidinone-4-carboxylate as final products. Under physiological conditions (pH 7.5, 37 °C, 2 mM MgCl(2)), the half-life of TC-AMP was measured to be 3.5 min. Both YwlC (in the presence of pyrophosphatase) and its Escherichia coli homologue YrdC catalyze the formation of TC-AMP while producing only a small molar fraction of AMP. This suggests that CO(2) and not an activated form of bicarbonate is the true substrate for these enzymes. In the presence of pyrophosphate, both enzymes catalyze clean conversion of TC-AMP back to ATP. Purified TC-AMP is efficiently processed to t(6)A by the YdiBCE proteins in the presence of tRNA substrates. This reaction is ATP independent in vitro, despite the known ATPase activity of YdiB. The estimated rate of conversion of TC-AMP by YdiBCE to t(6)A is somewhat lower than the initial rate from L-threonine, bicarbonate and ATP, which together with the stability data, is consistent with previous studies that suggest channeling of this intermediate.

  10. Advances in the Characterization of the T-Cell Response to Human Herpesvirus-6

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Derek J. Hanson

    2018-06-01

    Full Text Available Human herpesvirus (HHV 6 is thought to remain clinically latent in most individuals after primary infection and to reactivate to cause disease in persons with severe immunosuppression. In allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, reactivation of HHV-6 species B is a considerable cause of morbidity and mortality. HHV-6B reactivation is the most frequent cause of infectious meningoencephalitis in this setting and has been associated with a variety of other complications such as graft rejection and acute graft versus host disease. This has inspired efforts to develop HHV-6-targeted immunotherapies. Basic knowledge of HHV-6-specific adaptive immunity is crucial for these endeavors, but remains incomplete. Many studies have focused on specific HHV-6 antigens extrapolated from research on human cytomegalovirus, a genetically related betaherpesvirus. Challenges to the study of HHV-6-specific T-cell immunity include the very low frequency of HHV-6-specific memory T cells in chronically infected humans, the large genome size of HHV-6, and the lack of an animal model. This review will focus on emerging techniques and methodological improvements that are beginning to overcome these barriers. Population-prevalent antigens are now becoming clear for the CD4+ T-cell response, while definition and ranking of CD8+ T-cell antigens and epitopes is at an earlier stage. This review will discuss current knowledge of the T-cell response to HHV-6, new research approaches, and translation to clinical practice.

  11. Induction of NFATc2 expression by interleukin 6 promotes T helper type 2 differentiation.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Diehl, Sean; Chow, Chi-Wing; Weiss, Linda; Palmetshofer, Alois; Twardzik, Thomas; Rounds, Laura; Serfling, Edgar; Davis, Roger J; Anguita, Juan; Rincón, Mercedes

    2002-07-01

    Interleukin (IL)-6 is produced by professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. It has been previously shown that APC-derived IL-6 promotes the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into effector T helper type 2 (Th2) cells. Here, we have studied the molecular mechanism for IL-6-mediated Th2 differentiation. During the activation of CD4+ T cells, IL-6 induces the production of IL-4, which promotes the differentiation of these cells into effector Th2 cells. Regulation of IL-4 gene expression by IL-6 is mediated by nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), as inhibition of NFAT prevents IL-6-driven IL-4 production and Th2 differentiation. IL-6 upregulates NFAT transcriptional activity by increasing the levels of NFATc2. The ability of IL-6 to promote Th2 differentiation is impaired in CD4+ T cells that lack NFATc2, demonstrating that NFATc2 is required for regulation of IL-4 gene expression by IL-6. Regulation of NFATc2 expression and NFAT transcriptional activity represents a novel pathway by which IL-6 can modulate gene expression.

  12. SÍNTESIS DE ÓXIDOS CONDUCTORES TRANSPARENTES DE ÓXIDO DE ZINC DOPADO CON ALUMINIO POR COPRECIPITACIÓN QUÍMICA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Silvia Maioco

    2013-01-01

    Full Text Available Los óxidos de zinc dopados con Al (AZO son promisorios reemplazantes de los óxidos de indio dopados con Sn (ITO pero sus películas delgadas muestran un amplio rango de propiedades fuertemente dependientes de las condiciones del proceso de deposición. Se examinan cerámicos de granulometría submicrométrica de óxido de zinc dopado con 1% de aluminio, preparados por coprecipitación en solución acuosa, a partir de Zn(NO32 y Al(NO33, sinterizados a 1200°C y subsecuentemente templados en atmósfera controlada de 10-16 atm de oxígeno, a 1000°C. La resistividad eléctrica disminuye en dos órdenes de magnitud en las primeras dos horas de templado y el coeficiente Seebeck cambia de -140 a -50 μV/K gradualmente en 8 h. Se concluye que el aumento de la movilidad domina sobre el de densidad de portadores, inducido por cambios de la estequiometria metal oxígeno.

  13. Dynamic Response and Microstructure Evolution of AA2219-T4 and AA2219-T6 Aluminum Alloys

    Science.gov (United States)

    Olasumboye, A.; Owolabi, G.; Odeshi, A.; Zeytinci, A.; Yilmaz, N.

    2018-02-01

    In this study, the dynamic deformation behavior of AA2219 aluminum alloy was investigated in two different temper conditions: T4 and T6, with a view to determining the effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and flow behavior of the material under high strain rates. Split Hopkinson pressure bar experiment was used in determining the dynamic response of the alloy while a digital image correlation system was employed in visualizing and tracking the surface deformation of the specimens. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to assess the microstructure of the material after following standard metallographic specimen preparation techniques. The results obtained showed heterogeneous deformation of the alloy in the two temper conditions. It was observed that the dynamic mechanical behavior of each sample preparation was dependent on its strength properties due to aging type, which in turn controls the metamorphosis of the strengthening precipitates and the initial microstructure. At the maximum strain rate of 3500 s-1, transformed bands leading to crack nucleation was observed in the AA2219-T4 aluminum alloy while AA2219-T6 had fractured at the same strain rate. The modes of crack formation and growth in the two alloys were found to be similar: nucleation, growth and coalescence of voids. However, shear band bifurcation phenomenon was observed only in the AA2219-T6 alloy.

  14. Investigation of the T4 and T6 heat treatment cycles of semi-solid processed aluminium alloy A356

    CSIR Research Space (South Africa)

    Moller, H

    2008-01-01

    Full Text Available of the solution treatment time at 540 C from 6 hours to 1 hour does not alter the T4 or T6 tensile properties of the SSM processed A356 alloy. Slightly better impact properties are obtained with the shorter solution treatment. This could lead to time and energy...

  15. A Demonstration using Low-kt Fatigue Specimens of a Method for Predicting the Fatigue Behaviour of Corroded Aircraft Components

    Science.gov (United States)

    2013-03-01

    predictions of infinite life, i.e. runouts . For this reason the NASGRO dataset was not used in the Criticality Model. UNCLASSIFIED DSTO-RR-0390...JSM-6490 SEM at DSTO. The fracture surfaces of the specimens were removed using an abrasive cut-off wheel , cleaned using water and analytical grade...Pitting Bolthole in NASA Space Shuttle wheels 7075-T6 EDM EDM Low-kt fatigue specimen Wei [133] 2024-T3/Thickness not stated 500 h in 0.5M

  16. High-field, high-T/sub c/ superconductivity in U6Fe and U6Co

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    DeLong, L.E.; Hall, L.N.; Malik, S.K.; Crabtree, G.W.; Lwpl, W.; Gschneidner, K. A. Jr.

    1986-06-01

    Upper critical field data for U 6 Fe and U 6 Co are found to be markedly inconsistent with the weak coupling WHHM model. Nevertheless, excellent quantitative fits of H/sub c/ 2 vs T are obtained by using a modifiction of the WHHM model in which the orbital field is multiplied by a temperature-dependent enhancement factor

  17. REMOCIÓN DE ARSÉNICO (V ASISTIDA POR OXIDACIÓN UV SOLAR EN UN FOTO-REACTOR TUBULAR DE SECCIÓN CIRCULAR

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ramiro Escalera Vásquez

    2010-01-01

    Full Text Available Se ha construido y caracterizado un foto-reactor tubular de sección circular para su aplicación al tratamiento de aguas subterráneas contaminadas con Arsénico, As(V, utilizando las técnica de la Remoción de Arsénico por Oxidación Solar (RAOS. El concentrador solar que posee una capacidad de radiación equivalente a 2,8 soles, fue construido reciclando materiales desechados: tubos de vidrio proveniente de lámparas de Ne y tubos de desagüe sanitario de 6” (PVC, recubiertos por láminas de aluminio. Pruebas simultáneas sin agitación,realizadas aplicando la radiación UV solar a aguas sintéticas, demostraron que la remoción de As(V en el foto-reactor es más rápida queen un tubo de vidrio sólo y en una botella PET de 2 litros, logrando remociones mayores al 98% en todos los casos. Los tiempos para la aparición de los flóculos de complejo Fe-citrato fueron de 40, 50 y 90 min respectivamente, para intensidades de radiación UVA integral (290-390 nm entre 50 y 70 Wm-2. Pruebas de irradiación seguidas de agitación controlada a 30-33 s-1 de gradiente de velocidad, demostraron que el foto-reactor acelera el proceso de formación de flóculos fácilmente sedimentables al cabo de 20-30 min de agitación. Los tiempos de irradiación óptimos para el foto-reactor, el tubo y la botella son de 15, 25 y 60 min, respectivamente. Pruebas en régimen de flujo continuo en un foto-reactor de aproximadamente 1 m2 de área, con un tiempo de residencia hidráulica (igual al tiempo de irradiación de 15 min, mostraron la formación inmediata de flóculos fácilmente sedimentables cuando se agitan a 33 s-1 durante 20-30 min, lográndose una remoción del 98,36% una concentración remanente de 16,5 mgL-1 de As(V en aguas decantadas. Esto significa que se pueden tratar aproximadamente 130 Lm-2 en una jornada de 6 horas de radiación UVA de 50-70 Wm-2 de intensidad.

  18. Inspection Correlation Study of Ultrasonic-Based In Situ Structural Health Monitoring Monthly Report for December 2014-January 2015

    Science.gov (United States)

    2015-05-01

    fatigue an induced ultrasonic elastic vibration (via piezoelectric transducers [ PZTs ]) propagates through the dogbone specimen. A receiver PZT picks up...inspection of fatigue crack growth in aluminum 7075-T6 dogbone specimens. Acellent Technologies, Inc., is supporting this project through providing...January 2015. 15. SUBJECT TERMS structural health monitoring, probabilistics, fatigue damage, guided waves, Lamb waves 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF

  19. Craving for alcohol and food during treatment for alcohol dependence: modulation by T allele of 1519T>C GABAAalpha6.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Han, Doug Hyun; Bolo, Nicholas; Daniels, Melissa A; Lyoo, In Kyoon; Min, Kyung Joon; Kim, Chang Hyun; Renshaw, Perry F

    2008-09-01

    Craving for alcohol and food has been studied in association with alcohol dependence and eating disorders, respectively. One subclass of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, 1519T>C GABA(A)alpha6 has been reported to be associated with both alcohol dependence and weight gain. In this study, we hypothesized that patients being treated for alcohol dependence would report decreased craving for alcohol, but an increased craving for food during a 4-week treatment period. We further hypothesized that the T allele of the 1519T>C GABA(A)alpha6 gene would modulate the extent of changes in craving for alcohol and food. This study included 98 male inpatients being treated for alcohol dependence. A 7-point visual analog scale was applied to evaluate relative levels of alcohol and food craving at baseline and again 4 weeks later. Body weight was also checked at the same periods. Genotyping of the 1519T>C SNP in GABA(A)alpha6 was carried out by restriction fragment length polymorphism. There were significant changes in craving for alcohol and food in all patients with alcohol dependence. During the treatment period, body weight increased in all patients with alcohol dependence. Changes in alcohol and food craving in T-allele carriers (CT + TT) of 1519T>C GABA(A)alpha6 were greater than those observed in CC homozygotes. In T-allele carriers, body weight significantly increased and the changes in weight showed a negative correlation with the change in the craving for alcohol and a positive correlation with the changes in craving for food. The current results suggest that in T-allele carriers the change in craving for alcohol during treatment for alcohol dependence is negatively associated with changes in craving for food. The T allele of the 1519T>C GABA(A)alpha6 gene may be one of the modulating factors associated with changes in craving for alcohol and food during treatment of patients with alcohol dependence.

  20. The isolation and characterization of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia T4-like bacteriophage DLP6.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Danielle L Peters

    Full Text Available Increasing isolation of the extremely antibiotic resistant bacterium Stenotrophomonas maltophilia has caused alarm worldwide due to the limited treatment options available. A potential treatment option for fighting this bacterium is 'phage therapy', the clinical application of bacteriophages to selectively kill bacteria. Bacteriophage DLP6 (vB_SmoM-DLP6 was isolated from a soil sample using clinical isolate S. maltophilia strain D1571 as host. Host range analysis of phage DLP6 against 27 clinical S. maltophilia isolates shows successful infection and lysis in 13 of the 27 isolates tested. Transmission electron microscopy of DLP6 indicates that it is a member of the Myoviridae family. Complete genome sequencing and analysis of DLP6 reveals its richly recombined evolutionary history, featuring a core of both T4-like and cyanophage genes, which suggests that it is a member of the T4-superfamily. Unlike other T4-superfamily phages however, DLP6 features a transposase and ends with 229 bp direct terminal repeats. The isolation of this bacteriophage is an exciting discovery due to the divergent nature of DLP6 in relation to the T4-superfamily of phages.

  1. De novo expression of human polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 6 (GalNAc-T6) in colon adenocarcinoma inhibits the differentiation of colonic epithelium

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Lavrsen, Kirstine; Dabelsteen, Sally; Vakhrushev, Sergey Y

    2018-01-01

    Aberrant expression of O-glycans is a hallmark of epithelial cancers. Mucin type O-glycosylation is initiated by a large family of UDP-GalNAc:polypeptide N-acetyl-galactosaminyltransferases (GalNAc-Ts), that target different proteins and are differentially expressed in cells and organs. Here we...... investigated the expression patterns of all of the GalNAc-Ts in colon cancer by analysing transcriptomic data. We found that GalNAc-T6 was highly upregulated in colon adenocarcinomas but absent in normal-appearing adjacent colon tissue. The results were verified by immunohistochemistry, suggesting that Gal......NAc-T6 plays a role in colon carcinogenesis. To investigate the function of GalNAc-T6 in colon cancer, we used precise gene targeting to produce isogenic colon cancer cell lines with a knockout/-rescue system for GalNAc-T6. GalNAc-T6 expression was associated with a cancer-like, dysplastic growth pattern...

  2. Crack Initiation and Growth Behavior at Corrosion Pit in 7075-T6 High Strength Aluminum Alloy

    Science.gov (United States)

    2013-06-01

    brass, etc.) have a very small impact in the aerospace industry. In other words, their usage is limited in aerospace systems, which at present are...rolling direction of the material has a profound impact on the growth of the pits. The pits have anisotropy and the largest dimension occurs along the...referred to as H13 . This is a specimen that was previously prepared by Sabelkin. Table 3.3: Specifications for the uni-axial test specimens. ∆K values are

  3. Preparation of bimodal grain size 7075 aviation aluminum alloys and their corrosion properties

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Wenming TIAN

    2017-10-01

    Full Text Available The bimodal grain size metals show improved strength and ductility compared to traditional metals; however, their corrosion properties are unknown. In order to evaluate the corrosion properties of these metals, the bimodal grain size 7075 aviation aluminum alloys containing different ratios of coarse (100 μm in diameter and fine (10 μm in diameter grains were prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS. The effects of grain size as well as the mixture degree of coarse and fine grains on general corrosion were estimated by immersion tests, electrochemical measurements and complementary techniques such as scanning electron microscope (SEM and transmission electron microscope-energy disperse spectroscopy (TEM-EDS. The results show that, compared to fine grains, the coarse grains have a faster dissolution rate in acidic NaCl solution due to the bigger size, higher alloying elements content and larger area fraction of second phases in them. In coarse grains, the hydrogen ions have a faster reduction rate on cathodic second phases, therefore promoting the corrosion propagation. The mixture of coarse and fine grains also increases the electrochemical heterogeneity of alloys in micro-scale, and thus the increased mixture degree of these grains in metal matrix accelerates the corrosion rate of alloys in acidic NaCl solution.

  4. Spark Plasma Sintering of a Gas Atomized Al7075 Alloy: Microstructure and Properties

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Orsolya Molnárová

    2016-12-01

    Full Text Available The powder of an Al7075 alloy was prepared by gas atomization. A combination of cellular, columnar, and equiaxed dendritic-like morphology was observed in individual powder particles with continuous layers of intermetallic phases along boundaries. The cells are separated predominantly by high-angle boundaries, the areas with dendritic-like morphology usually have a similar crystallographic orientation. Spark plasma sintering resulted in a fully dense material with a microstructure similar to that of the powder material. The continuous layers of intermetallic phases are replaced by individual particles located along internal boundaries, coarse particles are formed at the surface of original powder particles. Microhardness measurements revealed both artificial and natural ageing behavior similar to that observed in ingot metallurgy material. The minimum microhardness of 81 HV, observed in the sample annealed at 300 °C, reflects the presence of coarse particles. The peak microhardness of 160 HV was observed in the sample annealed at 500 °C and then aged at room temperature. Compression tests confirmed high strength combined with sufficient plasticity. Annealing even at 500 °C does not significantly influence the distribution of grain sizes—about 45% of the area is occupied by grains with the size below 10 µm.

  5. On modeling the CNC end milling characteristics of Al-7075/WC powder metallurgy composites

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hanuman, N. S. V. N.; Rao, P. Gangadhara; Kumar, B. Sudheer; Karthik, N.

    2017-07-01

    Surface finish and material removal rate are two important factors in the manufacturing which affect acceptability of the product which in turn reflects on the profitability of the organization. The worth of the production setup to produce the components with high material removal rate (MRR) without sacrificing the surface requirements can play vital role in sustainability and profitability of the organization. In this paper, the effect of process parameters on metal removal rate and surface roughness has been investigated in milling of Al7075-MMC with WC as reinforcement element. Cutting speed, feed and depth of cut have been taken as input factors in three level response surface methodologies used for experimentation. Mathematical models have been developed using response surface methodology to predict surface finish, and metal removal rate in term of machining parameters. Depth of cut and feed rate are found to be a dominant parameter for surface roughness; whereas feed rate mainly affects the metal removal rate. The results of mathematical models have been compared with the experimental and found to be in good agreement. The results of predicted model can be used in selection of process parameters to insure desired quality and improved productivity.

  6. Estudio de las propiedades mecánicas en materiales compuestos de matriz aluminio pulvimetalúrgicos conformados mediante forja o extrusión

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Busquets, D.

    2005-10-01

    Full Text Available We have developed composite materials from AA6061 aluminium alloy powders used as matrix and ceramics powders of boron carbide, silicon carbide and boron nitride, used as reinforcements in 2.5, 5.0, 1.5 and 10 % vol. by mechanical mixing and milling in planetary mill at 360 rpm vial velocity for 4 h followed of hot stamping and extrusion process on green compacts. Mechanical properties obtained from tensile tests are influenced by the heat treatment, reinforcement fractions and nature. Moreover, these mechanical characteristics are dependent from the processing route. Optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis revealed the microstructure of materials and let describe the tripartite relation; structure-processing-properties, of the developed materials.

    Partiendo de polvos de aleación de aluminio AA6061 empleada como matriz y de polvos cerámicos de carburo de boro, carburo de silicio y nitruro de boro, utilizados como refuerzo en fracciones volumétricas de 2,5, 5,0, 7,5 y 10 %, se ban desarrollado materiales compuestos, mediante la mezcla y molienda mecánica de estos polvos, en molino planetario a 360 rpm durante 4 h y posterior estampación y extrusión en caliente de compactos en verde. Las propiedades mecánicas se determinaron mediante ensayos de tracción, observándose gran influencia del tratamiento térmico, contenido y naturaleza del refuerzo, sobre estas propiedades. Por otro lado, se encontró que estas características son igualmente dependientes de la ruta de producción de estos materiales. Los análisis llevados a cabo mediante microscopía óptica y microscopía electrónica de barrido, permitieron describir la relación tripartita, estructura-procesamiento-propiedades, de los materiales aquí desarrollados.

  7. Estimating immunoregulatory gene networks in human herpesvirus type 6-infected T cells

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Takaku, Tomoiku; Ohyashiki, Junko H.; Zhang, Yu; Ohyashiki, Kazuma

    2005-01-01

    The immune response to viral infection involves complex network of dynamic gene and protein interactions. We present here the dynamic gene network of the host immune response during human herpesvirus type 6 (HHV-6) infection in an adult T-cell leukemia cell line. Using a pathway-focused oligonucleotide DNA microarray, we found a possible association between chemokine genes regulating Th1/Th2 balance and genes regulating T-cell proliferation during HHV-6B infection. Gene network analysis using an integrated comprehensive workbench, VoyaGene, revealed that a gene encoding a TEC-family kinase, ITK, might be a putative modulator in the host immune response against HHV-6B infection. We conclude that Th2-dominated inflammatory reaction in host cells may play an important role in HHV-6B-infected T cells, thereby suggesting the possibility that ITK might be a therapeutic target in diseases related to dysregulation of Th1/Th2 balance. This study describes a novel approach to find genes related with the complex host-virus interaction using microarray data employing the Bayesian statistical framework

  8. Hidro conversión de heptano sobre una bentonita colombiana y una saponita española pilarizadas con aluminio y activadas con ácido

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Manuel Fredy Molina C.

    2011-03-01

    Full Text Available El presente trabajo estudia una arcilla tipo esmectita, una bentonita colombiana, la cual fue sometida a modificación por pilarización con especies de aluminio, y a modificación por tratamiento con ácido clorhídrico de diferentes concentraciones. Igualmente, se empleó una saponita española modificada por pilarización con Al y tratada con ácido clorhídrico de diferentes concentraciones, con el objetode establecer un paralelo entre los dos tipos de arcillas en su comportamiento frente a las modificaciones estudiadas.Los sólidos fueron caracterizados por técnicas convencionales, tales como análisis químico, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, difracción de rayos X, acidez total y análisis de textura. Los resultados indican que los dos tipos dearcilla fueron igualmente pilarizados con Al, independientemente del origen de la esmectita de partida.Los resultados catalíticos en la hidroconversión de heptano, obtenidos sobre catalizadores bifuncionales (arcilla modificada impregnada con Pt revelan que la AlP-saponita es más eficiente en la isomerización que la AIP-bentonita. Esta mayor eficiencia es atribuida a la presencia de sitios ácidos fuertes tipo Si-OH ... Al, los cuales están presentes únicamente en las esmectitas, donde las sustituciones isomórficas están localizadas en las láminas tetraédricas. En montmorillonitas (bentonita, estas sustituciones se encuentran presentes en las láminas octaédricas, de manera que este tipo de sitios ácidos son reducidos o simplemente están ausentes.

  9. Fabrication of 6FDA-durene membrane incorporated with zeolite T and aminosilane grafted zeolite T for CO2/CH4 separation

    Science.gov (United States)

    Jusoh, Norwahyu; Fong Yeong, Yin; Keong Lau, Kok; Shariff, Azmi Mohd

    2017-08-01

    In the present work, zeolite T and aminosilane grafted zeolite T are embedded into 6FDA-durene polyimide phase for the fabrication of mixed matrix membranes (MMMs). FESEM images demonstrated that the improvement of interfacial adhesion between zeolite and polymer phases in MMM loaded with aminosilane grafted zeolite T was not significant as compared to zeolite T/6FDA-durene MMM. From the gas permeation test, CO2/CH4 selectivity up to 26.4 was achieved using MMM containing aminosilane grafted zeolite T, while MMM loaded with ungrafted zeolite T showed CO2/CH4 selectivity of 19.1. In addition, MMM incorporated with aminosilane grafted zeolite T particles successfully lies on Robeson upper bound 2008, which makes it an attractive candidate for CO2/CH4 separation.

  10. Joining by plating: optimization of occluded angle

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Dini, J.W.; Johnson, H.R.; Kan, Y.R.

    1978-11-01

    An empirical method has been developed for predicting the minimum angle required for maximum joint strength for materials joined by plating. This is done through a proposed power law failure function, whose coefficients are taken from ring shear and conical head tensile data for plating/substrate combinations and whose exponent is determined from one set of plated-joint data. Experimental results are presented for Al-Ni-Al (7075-T6) and AM363-Ni-AM363 joints, and the failure function is used to predict joint strengths for Al-Ni-Al (2024-T6), UTi-Ni-UTi, and Be-Ti-Be

  11. Polvos de Al-Al3Ti obtenidos mediante aleado mecánico y tratamiento térmico

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Gallardo, J. M.

    2005-12-01

    Full Text Available Mixed powders of aluminium and titanium (10 wt % have been mechanically alloyed in an Attritor mill. A metastable solution of titanium in an aluminium matrix is obtained. Changes produced on shape and particle size, structure and microstructure, have been studied when milling time varies between 2 and 10 h. The final processing is carried out for a milling time of 10 h, with approximately 9 wt % of titanium dissolved in the matrix. Finally, a heat treatment is carried out at different temperatures, up to a maximum of 625 °C, which produces the precipitation of different phases such as different structures of Al3Ti and Al4C3. The appearance of these second phases is characterized according to the selected heat treatment temperature.Polvos mezclados de aluminio y titanio (10 % en peso han sido aleados mecánicamente en un molino Attritor, obteniéndose una solución metaestable de titanio en la matriz de aluminio. Se han estudiado los cambios producidos en la forma y tamaño de las partículas, estructura y microestructura, al variar el tiempo de molienda entre 2 y 10 h. El procesado final se realiza para un tiempo de 10 h, habiéndose disuelto aproximadamente un 9 % en peso de titanio. Finalmente, se realiza un tratamiento térmico a diversas temperaturas, hasta un máximo de 625 °C, lo que produce la precipitación de diversas fases, como distintas estructuras de Al3Ti y Al4C3. La aparición de estas segundas fases es caracterizada en función de la temperatura de tratamiento utilizada.

  12. Hot granules medium pressure forming process of AA7075 conical parts

    Science.gov (United States)

    Dong, Guojiang; Zhao, Changcai; Peng, Yaxin; Li, Ying

    2015-05-01

    High strength aluminum alloy plate has a low elongation at room temperature, which leads to the forming of its components need a high temperature. Liquid or gas is used as the pressure-transfer medium in the existing flexible mould forming process, the heat resistance of the medium and pressurizing device makes the application of aluminum alloy plate thermoforming restricted. To solve this problem, the existing medium is replaced by the heat-resisting solid granules and the general pressure equipments are applied. Based on the pressure-transfer performance test of the solid granules medium, the feasibility that the assumption of the extended Drucker-Prager linear model can be used in the finite element analysis is proved. The constitutive equation, the yield function and the theoretical forming limit diagram(FLD) of AA7075 sheet are established. Through the finite element numerical simulation of hot granules medium pressure forming(HGMF) process, not only the influence laws of the process parameters, such as forming temperature, the blank-holder gap and the diameter of the slab, on sheet metal forming performance are discussed, but also the broken area of the forming process is analyzed and predicted, which are coincided with the technological test. The conical part whose half cone angle is 15° and relative height H/d 0 is 0.57, is formed in one process at 250°C. The HGMF process solves the problems of loading and seal in the existing flexible mould forming process and provides a novel technology for thermoforming of light alloy plate, such as magnesium alloy, aluminium alloy and titanium alloy.

  13. Protection of the 6 T YBCO insert in the 13 T Nb$_{3}$Sn Fresca II dipole

    CERN Document Server

    Stenvall, A.; Fazilleau, Ph.; Devaux, M.; Durante, M.; Lecrevisse, T.; Rey, J. -M.; Fleiter, J.; Sorbi, M.; Volpini, G.; Tixador, P.

    2013-01-01

    In the EuCARD project, we aim to construct a dipole magnet in YBCO producing 6 T in the background field of a 13 T Nb$_{3}$Sn dipole FRESCA II. This paper reviews the quench analysis and protection of the YBCO coil. In addition, a recommendation for the protection system of the YBCO coil is presented.

  14. T cell activation and differentiation is modulated by a CD6 domain 1 antibody Itolizumab.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Usha Bughani

    Full Text Available CD6 is associated with T-cell modulation and is implicated in several autoimmune diseases. We previously demonstrated that Itolizumab, a CD6 domain 1 (CD6D1 specific humanized monoclonal antibody, inhibited the proliferation and cytokine production by T lymphocytes stimulated with anti-CD3 antibody or when co-stimulated with ALCAM. Aberrant IL-17 producing CD4+ helper T-cells (Th17 have been identified as pivotal for the pathogenesis of certain inflammatory autoimmune disorders, including psoriasis. Itolizumab has demonstrated efficacy in human diseases known to have an IL-17 driven pathogenesis. Here, in in vitro experiments we show that by day 3 of human PBMC activation using anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 co-stimulation in a Th17 polarizing milieu, 15-35% of CD4+ T-cells overexpress CD6 and there is an establishment of differentiated Th17 cells. Addition of Itolizumab reduces the activation and differentiation of T cells to Th17 cells and decreases production of IL-17. These effects are associated with the reduction of key transcription factors pSTAT3 and RORγT. Further, transcription analysis studies in these conditions indicate that Itolizumab suppressed T cell activation by primarily reducing cell cycle, DNA transcription and translation associated genes. To understand the mechanism of this inhibition, we evaluated the effect of this anti-human CD6D1 mAb on ALCAM-CD6 as well as TCR-mediated T cell activation. We show that Itolizumab but not its F(ab'2 fragment directly inhibits CD6 receptor hyper-phosphorylation and leads to subsequent decrease in associated ZAP70 kinase and docking protein SLP76. Since Itolizumab binds to CD6 expressed only on human and chimpanzee, we developed an antibody binding specifically to mouse CD6D1. This antibody successfully ameliorated the incidence of experimental autoimmune encephalitis in the mice model. These results position CD6 as a key molecule in sustaining the activation and differentiation of T cells and an

  15. GIMAP6 is required for T cell maintenance and efficient autophagy in mice.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Pascall, John C; Webb, Louise M C; Eskelinen, Eeva-Liisa; Innocentin, Silvia; Attaf-Bouabdallah, Noudjoud; Butcher, Geoffrey W

    2018-01-01

    The GTPases of the immunity-associated proteins (GIMAP) GTPases are a family of proteins expressed strongly in the adaptive immune system. We have previously reported that in human cells one member of this family, GIMAP6, interacts with the ATG8 family member GABARAPL2, and is recruited to autophagosomes upon starvation, suggesting a role for GIMAP6 in the autophagic process. To study this possibility and the function of GIMAP6 in the immune system, we have established a mouse line in which the Gimap6 gene can be inactivated by Cre-mediated recombination. In mice bred to carry the CD2Cre transgene such that the Gimap6 gene was deleted within the T and B cell lineages there was a 50-70% reduction in peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Analysis of splenocyte-derived proteins from these mice indicated increased levels of MAP1LC3B, particularly the lipidated LC3-II form, and S405-phosphorylation of SQSTM1. Electron microscopic measurements of Gimap6-/- CD4+ T cells indicated an increased mitochondrial/cytoplasmic volume ratio and increased numbers of autophagosomes. These results are consistent with autophagic disruption in the cells. However, Gimap6-/- T cells were largely normal in character, could be effectively activated in vitro and supported T cell-dependent antibody production. Treatment in vitro of CD4+ splenocytes from GIMAP6fl/flERT2Cre mice with 4-hydroxytamoxifen resulted in the disappearance of GIMAP6 within five days. In parallel, increased phosphorylation of SQSTM1 and TBK1 was observed. These results indicate a requirement for GIMAP6 in the maintenance of a normal peripheral adaptive immune system and a significant role for the protein in normal autophagic processes. Moreover, as GIMAP6 is expressed in a cell-selective manner, this indicates the potential existence of a cell-restricted mode of autophagic regulation.

  16. Triiodothyronine (T3)-associated upregulation and downregulation of nuclear T3 binding in the human fibroblast cell (MRC-5)--stimulation of malic enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase, and 6-phosphogluconate-dehydrogenase by insulin, but not by T3

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Matzen, L E; Kristensen, S R; Kvetny, J

    1991-01-01

    The specific nuclear binding of triiodothyronine (T3) (NBT3) and the activity of malic enzyme (ME), glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6PD), and 6-phosphogluconate-dehydrogenase (6PGD) were studied in the human fibroblast cell (MRC-5). The overall apparent binding affinity (Ka) was 2.7 x 10(9) L.......mol-1 estimated from kinetic studies of nuclear T3 binding, and 2.5 x 10(9) L.mol-1 estimated from equilibrium studies. The scatchard plots were curvilinear and composed of a high-affinity binding site with Ka1 3.4 +/- 0.7 x 10(9) L.mol-1 and maximal binding capacity (MBC) MBC1 57.0 +/- 11.9 fmol/mg DNA...... and a low-affinity binding site with Ka2 2.9 +/- 1.1 x 10(8) L.mol-1 and MBC2 124.7 +/- 22.1 fmol/mg DNA (n = 6). Incubation of cells with 6 nmol/L T3 for 20 hours reduced NBT3 to 62.2% +/- 15.7% (P less than .01, n = 11). The Ka estimated from kinetic studies was reduced to 6.7 x 10(7) L.mol-1...

  17. Pre-treatments applied to oxidized aluminum surfaces to modify the interfacial bonding with bis-1,2-(triethoxysilyl)ethane (BTSE)

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kim, J.; Teo, M.; Wong, P.C.; Wong, K.C.; Mitchell, K.A.R.

    2005-01-01

    The methods of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been used to investigate aspects of the bonding of bis-1,2-(triethoxysilyl)ethane (BTSE) onto anodized samples of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy that have been subjected to the various pre-treatments considered in Part I. The oxide layer thins when this sample is subjected to a Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) treatment; topographical changes are detected by SEM after only 5 min, and the 'scallop structures' increase in size for longer times of the FPL treatment. These 7075-Al surfaces adsorb more BTSE than the high-purity Al samples considered in Part I, although the interfacial bonding indicated by the [AlOSi] + /[Al 2 O] + SIMS ratios measured for the former samples are constant for different times of FPL treatment, unlike the situation for high-purity Al. Heating anodized 7075-Al samples, either before or after FPL treatment, has no significant effect on the subsequent BTSE adsorption, but a H 2 plasma treatment can enhance the interfacial Al-O-Si bonding with a decrease in the total BTSE polymerization

  18. Pre-treatments applied to oxidized aluminum surfaces to modify the interfacial bonding with bis-1,2-(triethoxysilyl)ethane (BTSE)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kim, J. [Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1 (Canada); Teo, M. [Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1 (Canada); Wong, P.C. [Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1 (Canada); Wong, K.C. [Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1 (Canada); Mitchell, K.A.R. [Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1 (Canada)]. E-mail: karm@chem.ubc.ca

    2005-12-15

    The methods of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been used to investigate aspects of the bonding of bis-1,2-(triethoxysilyl)ethane (BTSE) onto anodized samples of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy that have been subjected to the various pre-treatments considered in Part I. The oxide layer thins when this sample is subjected to a Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) treatment; topographical changes are detected by SEM after only 5 min, and the 'scallop structures' increase in size for longer times of the FPL treatment. These 7075-Al surfaces adsorb more BTSE than the high-purity Al samples considered in Part I, although the interfacial bonding indicated by the [AlOSi]{sup +}/[Al{sub 2}O]{sup +} SIMS ratios measured for the former samples are constant for different times of FPL treatment, unlike the situation for high-purity Al. Heating anodized 7075-Al samples, either before or after FPL treatment, has no significant effect on the subsequent BTSE adsorption, but a H{sub 2} plasma treatment can enhance the interfacial Al-O-Si bonding with a decrease in the total BTSE polymerization.

  19. Prediction of shear and tensile strength of the diffusion bonded AA5083 and AA7075 aluminium alloy using ANN

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Sagai Francis Britto, A.; Raj, R. Edwin; Mabel, M. Carolin

    2017-01-01

    Diffusion bonding is a pressure welding technique to establish bonds by inter diffusion of atoms. Bonding characteristics were generated by varying the significant process conditions such as the bonding temperature, the pressing load and the duration of pressure while bonding the aluminium alloys AA5083 and AA7075. Deriving analytical correlation with the process variables to weld strength is quite involved due to the non-linear dependency of the process variables with the mechanical strength of the joints. An arbitrary function approximation mechanism, the artificial neural network (ANN) is therefore employed to develop the models for predicting the mechanical properties of the bonded joints. Back propagation technique, which alters the network weights to minimize the mean square error was used to develop the ANN models. The models were tested, validated and found to be satisfactory with good prediction accuracy.

  20. Prediction of shear and tensile strength of the diffusion bonded AA5083 and AA7075 aluminium alloy using ANN

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Sagai Francis Britto, A. [Department of Mechanical Engineering, St.Xavier' s Catholic College of Engineering, Nagercoil 629003,Tamil Nadu (India); Raj, R. Edwin, E-mail: redwinraj@gmail.com [Department of Mechanical Engineering, St.Xavier' s Catholic College of Engineering, Nagercoil 629003,Tamil Nadu (India); Mabel, M. Carolin [Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, St.Xavier' s Catholic College of Engineering, Nagercoil 629003,Tamil Nadu (India)

    2017-04-24

    Diffusion bonding is a pressure welding technique to establish bonds by inter diffusion of atoms. Bonding characteristics were generated by varying the significant process conditions such as the bonding temperature, the pressing load and the duration of pressure while bonding the aluminium alloys AA5083 and AA7075. Deriving analytical correlation with the process variables to weld strength is quite involved due to the non-linear dependency of the process variables with the mechanical strength of the joints. An arbitrary function approximation mechanism, the artificial neural network (ANN) is therefore employed to develop the models for predicting the mechanical properties of the bonded joints. Back propagation technique, which alters the network weights to minimize the mean square error was used to develop the ANN models. The models were tested, validated and found to be satisfactory with good prediction accuracy.

  1. Mechanical response of AA7075 aluminum alloy over a wide range of temperatures and strain rates

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Jin, Z.; Cassada, W.A. [Reynolds Metals Co., Chester, VA (United States). Corp. Res. and Dev.; Cady, C.M.; Gray, G.T. III

    2000-07-01

    The influence of temperature and strain rate on the flow stress and work hardening rate of a 7075 aluminum alloy was studied under compressive loading over the temperature range from 23 C to 470 C, and strain rates from 0.001 s{sup -1} and 2100 s{sup -1}. While the temperature dependence of the flow stress was found to be most significant at temperatures below 300 C, the strain rate dependence of the flow stress was found to be pronounced at temperatures above 23 C. Concurrently, the work hardening rate decreases significantly with increasing temperature between 23 C and 300 C and increases slightly at higher temperatures. The minimum work hardening rate is observed to occur at temperatures between 200 C and 300 C and shift to higher temperatures with increasing strain rate. A negative strain rate dependence of work hardening rate was observed at 23 C, although a positive strain rate dependence of work hardening rate occurs at higher temperatures. Analysis of the experimental data revealed three deformation regimes. (orig.)

  2. Valoración de los principales parámetros que definen la calidad de las superficies anodizadas en piezas de aluminio para la construcción. // Evaluation of anodized surfaces main parameters that define quality of aluminum parts.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    J. A. Pérez García

    2004-01-01

    Full Text Available Actualmente en la construcción de edificaciones se utiliza profusamente el aluminio en puertas, ventanas, pasamanos, etc.Con el objetivo de mejorar los parámetros que caracterizan sus cualidades estéticas y de resistencia a la corrosión, estosartículos son sometidos al proceso de anodizado. De todos los factores que intervienen en este proceso, se ha llegado aconocer que hay tres que tienen mayor relevancia en la obtención de la calidad deseada en las piezas: tratamiento previo dela superficie a anodizar, color a aplicar y espesor de la capa de recubrimiento. Este trabajo ofrece, sobre la base deexperimentos llevados a cabo, las relaciones cualitativas entre estos factores y los parámetros que caracterizan la calidaddesde el punto de vista estético (brillo, aspecto, textura y de su resistencia a la corrosión.Palabras claves: Aluminio, anodizado, calidad.__________________________________________________________________________Abstract.Aluminum articles such as windows and doors, etc are widely applied in modern building construction. In order to upgradeaesthetic and corrosion resistant properties of these articles the anodizing process is frequently used. Among all factors thatare involved in this process, there are three having high relevance in order to obtain the desired quality of the final product:previous surface treatment (before anodizing, color of the final article and anodized layers thickness. This paper offers thequalitative relationships between these factors and parameters characterizing corrosion resistance properties and aesthetics.Key words: Aluminun, anodize, quality.

  3. Determinación de la variación de entalpía de la interacción entre el herbicida glifosato, y los iones de calcio, zinc y aluminio en solución acuosa por calorimetría isotérmica de titulación.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Flavio Adriano Bastos

    2010-12-01

    Full Text Available El glifosato [N-(fosfonometil glicina] es una molécula no selectivo ampliamente utilizado en Brasil como un desecante en los cultivos sin labranza, entre las hileras de los cultivos perennes y para la eliminación de las malezas en ambientes acuáticos. Es el herbicida más usado en el mundo. Debido a la presencia de grupos amino, carboxílico y fosfónico en su molécula, este herbicida es capaz de formar complejos con metales fuertes. El objetivo de este trabajo fue la determinación de los parámetros de la termodinámica de las interacciones entre el glifosato y el calcio, cobre, zinc y aluminio por calorimetría isotérmica de titulación (ITC. Los experimentos se llevaron a cabo a 298,15 K en una solución acuosa de pH controlado y es igual a 2,00. El tratamiento de los datos se realizó por el Método de la Tangente. Los resultados para el cambio de entalpía (kJ.mol-1, la energía libre de Gibbs (kJ.mol-1 y cambio de entropía (J.mol-1K-1, fueron, respectivamente: Ca (II = + 0,07 ± 0,01; - 18,8 ± 0,5, 63,0 ± 2; Cu (II = + 6,24 ± 0,06, - 67,9 ± 0,5, 249 ± 2; Zn (II = + 0,25 ± 0,01, - 49,7 ± 0,5, 167 ± 2 e Al (III = + 6,84 ± 0,45, - 78,2 ± 0,5, 285 ± 2. Los complejos formados son entrópicamente impulsado, desde el punto de vista energético, las interacciones se presentan muy pobres, que pueden ser observadas por los valores positivos del cambio de entalpia. Esto se debe principalmente a la eliminación de las moléculas de agua de hidratación de los iones de metal para la mayor parte de la solución. Con la información actual, podemos concluir que la complejidad del herbicida con el ion de aluminio es más fuerte que con otro cationes.

  4. Super Polishing of Aluminum 6061-T6 Mirrors, Phase I

    Data.gov (United States)

    National Aeronautics and Space Administration — An innovative 2D super-polishing process for Aluminum 6061-T6 planar mirrors which removes diamond point turning (DPT) grooves and attains rms surface finishes below...

  5. Mechanical and tribological behaviour of molten salt processed self-lubricated aluminium composite under different treatments

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kannan, C.; Ramanujam, R.

    2018-05-01

    The aim of this research work is to evaluate the mechanical and tribological behaviour of Al 7075 based self-lubricated hybrid nanocomposite under different treated conditions viz. as-cast, T6 and deep cryo treated. In order to overcome the drawbacks associated with conventional stir casting, a combinational approach that consists of molten salt processing, ultrasonic assistance and optimized mechanical stirring is adopted in this study to fabricate the nanocomposite. The mechanical characterisation tests carried out on this nanocomposite reveals an improvement of about 39% in hardness and 22% in ultimate tensile strength possible under T6 condition. Under specific conditions, the wear rate can be reduced to the extent of about 63% through the usage of self-lubricated hybrid nanocomposite under T6 condition.

  6. Synthesis and structure of the extended phosphazane ligand [(1,4-C6H4){N(μ-PN(t)Bu)2N(t)Bu}2](4).

    Science.gov (United States)

    Sevilla, Raquel; Less, Robert J; García-Rodríguez, Raúl; Bond, Andrew D; Wright, Dominic S

    2016-02-07

    The reaction of the phenylene-bridged precursor (1,4-C6H4)[N(PCl2)2]2 with (t)BuNH2 in the presence of Et3N gives the new ligand precursor (1,4-C6H4)[N(μ-N(t)Bu)2(PNH(t)Bu)2]2, deprotonation of which with Bu2Mg gives the novel tetraanion [(1,4-C6H4){N(μ-N(t)Bu)2(PN(t)Bu)2}2](4-).

  7. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase: isoenzymatic pattern in Oesophagostomum venulosum, Trichuris ovis and T. suis.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Rodriguez, B; Cutillas, C; German, P; Guevara, D

    1991-12-01

    In the present communication we have studied the isoenzymatic pattern activity of the glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in Oesophagostomum venulosum, Trichuris ovis and T. suis, parasites of Capra hircus (goat), Ovis aries (sheep) and Sus scrofa domestica (pig) respectively, by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Different phenotypes have been observed in the G6PD isoenzymatic pattern activity in males and females of Oesophagostomum venulosum. Furthermore, G6PD activity has been assayed in Trichuris ovis collected from Ovis aries and Capra hircus. No differences have been observed in the isoenzymatic patterns attending to the different hosts. All the individuals exhibited one single band or two bands; this suggests a monomeric condition for G6PD in T. ovis. In T. suis the enzyme G6PD appeared as a single electrophoretic band in about 85.7% of the individuals.

  8. The influences of age on T lymphocyte subsets in C57BL/6 mice

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jing Xie

    2017-01-01

    Full Text Available The aim of this study is to evaluate the age related changes of T lymphocyte subsets in C57BL/6 mice and immune function. Multi-color immunofluorescence techniques that were used to analyse relative numbers of T lymphocyte subsets include CD4+, CD8+, naive and memory CD4+ and CD8+, CD8+CD28+ T cells in peripheral blood of C57BL/6 mice from different age groups (Group I: 2 months old; Group II: 7 months old; Group III: 21 months old; Splenocytes isolated from different group mice were stimulated with Con A to evaluate the proliferative ability. Compared with group I, group II had a significant reduction in the percentage of CD4+, naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and an increase in the percentage of CD8+ T cells, while group III had a significant reduction in the percentage of CD4+, naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and increase in the percentage of CD8+, memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood. Compared with group II, group III had a significant reduction in the percentage of naive CD8+ T cells and increase in the percentage of memory CD4+ and CD8+, CD8+CD28+ T cells in peripheral blood. The T lymphocyte proliferation in vitro showed that groups II and III had a lower proliferative capacity than group I, between groups II and III, there was not a significant difference. We provide relative values for the T lymphocyte subsets in the different age groups of C57BL/6 mice. The immune system began aging at 7 months old in C57BL/6 mice under a specific pathogen free environment.

  9. Reducción del tiempo y de la temperatura de sellado del aluminio anodizado con aditivos orgánicos

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Bautista, A.

    1998-05-01

    Full Text Available Different sealing processes of anode coatings in aluminium oxide have been industrially used for more than 30 years. In two of the preceeding decades a great effort was realized to reduce costs in the traditional hydrothermal sealing process in deionized boiling water (SHT, a very expensive process due to its endurance and high temperature on which it develops. New sealing procedures are proposed, on which by means of the use of organic additives, the time or the temperature of the SHT is essentially reduced.

    Diferentes procesos de sellado de las capas anódicas de óxido de aluminio se han utilizado industrialmente desde hace más de 30 años. En los dos decenios precedentes se ha realizado un gran esfuerzo para reducir los costes de la operación del sellado hidrotérmico tradicional, en agua desionizada a ebullición (SHT, una operación muy costosa por su duración y la temperatura a la que se desarrolla. Se proponen nuevos procedimientos de sellado en los que, mediante la utilización de aditivos orgánicos, se reduce sustancialmente el tiempo del SHT o la temperatura del mismo.

  10. Phase Evolution and Mechanical Behavior of the Semi-Solid SIMA Processed 7075 Aluminum Alloy

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Behzad Binesh

    2016-02-01

    Full Text Available Microstructural and mechanical behaviors of semi-solid 7075 aluminum alloy were investigated during semi-solid processing. The strain induced melt activation (SIMA process consisted of applying uniaxial compression strain at ambient temperature and subsequent semi-solid treatment at 600–620 °C for 5–35 min. Microstructures were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS, and X-ray diffraction (XRD. During the isothermal heating, intermetallic precipitates were gradually dissolved through the phase transformations of α-Al + η (MgZn2 → liquid phase (L and then α-Al + Al2CuMg (S + Mg2Si → liquid phase (L. However, Fe-rich precipitates appeared mainly as square particles at the grain boundaries at low heating temperatures. Cu and Si were enriched at the grain boundaries during the isothermal treatment while a significant depletion of Mg was also observed at the grain boundaries. The mechanical behavior of different SIMA processed samples in the semi-solid state were investigated by means of hot compression tests. The results indicated that the SIMA processed sample with near equiaxed microstructure exhibits the highest flow resistance during thixoforming which significantly decreases in the case of samples with globular microstructures. This was justified based on the governing deformation mechanisms for different thixoformed microstructures.

  11. IL-6 inhibits upregulation of membrane-bound TGF-beta 1 on CD4+ T cells and blocking IL-6 enhances oral tolerance

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kuhn, Chantal; Rezende, Rafael Machado; M'Hamdi, Hanane; da Cunha, Andre Pires; Weiner, Howard L.

    2016-01-01

    Oral administration of antigen induces regulatory T cells that express latent membrane-bound TGF-beta (LAP) and that have been shown to play an important role in the induction of oral tolerance. We developed an in vitro model to study modulation of LAP+ on CD4+ T cells. The combination of anti-CD3 mAb, anti-CD28 mAb and recombinant IL-2 induced expression of LAP on naïve CD4+ T cells, independent of FoxP3 or exogenous TGF-β. In vitro generated CD4+LAP+FoxP3− T cells were suppressive in vitro, inhibiting proliferation of naïve CD4+ T cells and IL-17A secretion by Th17 cells. Assessing the impact of different cytokines and neutralizing antibodies against cytokines we found that LAP induction was decreased in the presence of IL-6 and IL-21, and to a lesser extent by IL-4 and TNFα. IL-6 abrogated the in vitro induction of CD4+LAP+ T cells by STAT3 dependent inhibition of Lrrc32 (GARP), the adapter protein that tethers TGF-beta to the membrane. Oral tolerance induction was enhanced in mice lacking expression of IL-6R by CD4+ T cells and by treatment of wild-type mice with neutralizing anti-IL-6 mAb. These results suggest that pro-inflammatory cytokines interfere with oral tolerance induction and that blocking the IL-6 pathway is a potential strategy for enhancing oral tolerance in the setting of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. PMID:28039301

  12. Corrosion and nanomechanical behaviors of plasma electrolytic oxidation coated AA7020-T6 aluminum alloy

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Venugopal, A., E-mail: arjun_venu@hotmail.com [Materials and Metallurgy Group, Materials and Mechanical Entity, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram (India); Srinath, J. [Materials and Metallurgy Group, Materials and Mechanical Entity, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram (India); Rama Krishna, L. [International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials (ARCI), Balapur P.O., Hyderabad 500005 (India); Ramesh Narayanan, P.; Sharma, S.C.; Venkitakrishnan, P.V. [Materials and Metallurgy Group, Materials and Mechanical Entity, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram (India)

    2016-04-13

    Alumina coating was deposited on AA7020 aluminum alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) method. The corrosion, stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and nano-mechanical behaviors were examined by means of potentiodynamic polarization, slow strain rate test (SSRT) and nano-indentation tests. Potentiodynamic polarization (PP) was used to evaluate the corrosion resistance of the coating and slow strain rate test (SSRT) was used for evaluating the environmental cracking resistance in 3.5% NaCl solution. The mechanical properties (hardness and elastic modulus) were obtained from each indentation as a function of the penetration depth across the coating cross section. The above results were compared with similar PEO coated aluminum and magnesium alloys. Results indicated that PEO coating on AA7020 alloy significantly improved the corrosion resistance. However the environmental cracking resistance was found to be only marginal. The hardness and elastic modulus values were found to be much higher when compared to the base metal and similar PEO coated 7075 aluminum alloys. The fabricated coating also exhibited good adhesive strength with the substrate similar to other PEO coated aluminum alloys reported in the literature.

  13. Corrosión e inhibición en aleaciones de aluminio de media resistencia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Davó, B.

    2004-12-01

    Full Text Available The use of chromâtes in aluminum alloys with aeronautical applications has been limited because of the high toxicity of these compounds. This has spurred intensive efforts to develop alternative effective and innocuous inhibitors. In this work, corrosion inhibition of a light and high strength Al-Li-Cu alloy (8090 is studied in NaCl solutions with CeCl3 and LaCl3 lanthanide salts added. The corrosion rate is reduced at least one order of magnitude with concentrations between 100-10,000 ppm. SEM, EDS and XPS techniques are used to characterize the rare earth cations incorporated into the surface as oxides and hydroxides.

    La elevada toxicidad de los cromatos limita cada vez más su uso en los tratamientos superficiales que se aplican a las aleaciones de aluminio en la industria aeronáutica. Por ello, es urgente encontrar inhibidores, no sólo tan eficaces como los cromatos sino, también, inocuos. En este sentido, se ha estudiado la inhibición de la corrosión de una aleación ligera de alta resistencia Al-Li-Cu (8090 en soluciones de NaCl con sales lantánidas de CeCl3 y LaCl3. Se ha comprobado que concentraciones comprendidas entre 100 y 10.000 ppm disminuyen la cinética de corrosión, al menos, un orden de magnitud. La superficie se modifica por la formación de una capa de óxidos e hidróxidos del catión lantánido que se ha caracterizado mediante SEM, EDS y XPS.

  14. Modelación del perfil de soldadura y de la cavidad de vapor en la aleación de aluminio 5182 soldada con láser. // Welding profile and steam cavity modelation in aluminum 5182 alloy welded with laser.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    M. Pastor

    2002-09-01

    Full Text Available El presente trabajo incursiona en el desarrollo de modelos para predecir la forma de la cavidad de vapor y el perfil de laaleación de aluminio 5182 con soldadura láser, para lo cual ha sido empleado el paquete profesional de elementos finitosCOSMOS/M. La modelación de la soldadura ha sido realizada considerando como variable el grado de desenfoque del hazde láser, considerando el flujo de calor según un modelo Gaussiano, con un coeficiente de absorción de 0.24 para lacondición de haz enfocado y 0.16 para las condiciones de desenfoque negativo y positivo. La validez de los resultadosobtenidos se comprobó mediante los resultados obtenidos en pruebas experimentales.Palabras claves: Aleaciones de aluminio, láser de Nd:YAG._______________________________________________________________________AbstractThe purpose of this research is the study of laser welding process for the 5182 aluminum alloys and the development ofmodels by means of the COSMOS/M package, in order to predict the shape of the steam cavity and the weldingtemperatures profile. Modeling has been done considering the degree of defocusing. The heat flow applied on the modelswas a Gauss flow, with a coefficient of absorption of 0.24 for the condition of the focused face and 0.16 for the conditionsof negative and positive defocusing. The validity of the models has been demonstrated comparing their results with thoseobtained by experimental tests.Key words: Aluminum alloys, Nd: YAG laser.

  15. Estudio Comparativo de Sulfato de Aluminio y Semillas de Moringa oleifera para la Depuración de Aguas con Baja Turbiedad Comparative Study of Aluminum Sulfate and Moringa oleifera seeds as Coagulants in the Clarification of Water with Low Turbidity

    OpenAIRE

    Patrícia G.S Lédo; Raquel F.S Lima; João B.A Paulo; Marco A.C Duarte

    2009-01-01

    El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo investigar la eficiencia de dos coagulantes, el sulfato de aluminio y semillas de Moringa oleifera, para remoción de turbiedad en muestras del agua provenientes de la Laguna de Jiqui, estado del Rio Grande do Norte, Natal-Brasil. Las dosificaciones y pH de los coagulantes fueron variados entre límites establecidos. Se realizaron pruebas, en tubos de ensayo Jar-Test y medidas de movilidad electroforética para determinar el potencial Zeta y para determina...

  16. Excitonic Wigner crystal and high T sub c ferromagnetism in RB sub 6

    CERN Document Server

    Kasuya, T

    2000-01-01

    The mechanisms for the high T sub c ferromagnetism in La-doped divalent hexaborides DB sub 6 are studied in detail comparing with similar family materials, in particular with YbB sub 6 , EuB sub 6 and Ce monopnictides. It is shown that in DB sub 6 the light-electron-heavy-hole paired excitonic states form the Wigner crystal, or Wigner glass in actual materials, in which the conventional intersite electron exchange interactions similar to that in Ni dominate the pair singlet formation due to the intra pair mixing causing a ferromagnetic spin glass-like ordering of electron spins. In the La-doped system La sub x D sub 1 sub - sub x B sub 6 , the population of molecular La impurity states with giant moments increases as x approaches the optimal value x sub 0 approx 0.005 for high T sub c providing vacant states for the roton-like fluctuations, which cause the high T sub c at the boundary of the delocalization of electron carriers. Therefore, the critical La concentration for delocalization coincides with the opt...

  17. Influences of argon gas shielding on diffusion bonding of Ti-6Al-4V alloy to aluminum; Influencia del argón como gas protector en la difusión durante el proceso de unión de la aleación Ti6Al4V con el aluminio

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Akcaa, A.; Gursela, A.

    2017-09-01

    This study presents a diffusion bonding process of commercially pure aluminum to Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Prepared samples were exposed to temperature of 560, 600 and 640 °C for the bonding time of 30, 45 and 60 min at the atmosphere of argon gas and non-argon. Diffusion bonding is a dissimilar metal welding process which can be applied to the materials without causing any physical deformations. The processed samples were also metallographically prepared, optically examined followed by Vickers microhardness test in order to determine joint strength. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) were used in this work to investigate the compositional changes in order to observe the influence of atmosphere shielding in the transition zone. The result of tests and analyses were tried to be compared with the effect of argon shielding. The significant influences have been observed in the argon shielding during diffusion bonding process. [Spanish] Este estudio presenta los procesos de difusión durante la unión de aluminio puro con la aleación Ti6Al4V. Se expusieron probetas a las temperaturas de 560, 600 y 640 ºC durante un tiempo de unión de 30, 45 y 60 min en una atmósfera en presencia y ausencia de gas argón. La unión por difusión es un proceso de soldadura entre metales distintos que puede ser aplicado a los materiales sin causar deformaciones físicas. Las probetas procesadas fueron preparadas también metalográficamente, examinadas por miscroscopía óptica, seguido de ensayos de microdureza Vickers para determinar el límite elástico. Se utilizó microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM) y espectroscopía de energias dispersivas (EDS) para determinar los cambios en la composición y estudiar la influencia del argón como gas protector en la zona de transición. La influencia más importante se ha observado durante el proceso de difusión en estado sólido.

  18. Development, Integration, and Testing of a Nano-Satellite Coupling Mechanism Using Shape Memory Alloy for an Interference Joint

    Science.gov (United States)

    2012-12-01

    40  Figure 30.  Tyco Engineering Inc. Flexible Heater. From [14] .............................. 40  Figure 31.  Design Concept II Bottom...radial force, along with the materials’ coefficient of friction, produces the axial and torsional holding strength. The pressure between the two parts...commercially available with the required dimensions. Therefore, the bushings used in this thesis are from a solid AL 7075-T6 rod machined into bushings at

  19. IL-6 Inhibits Upregulation of Membrane-Bound TGF-β 1 on CD4+ T Cells and Blocking IL-6 Enhances Oral Tolerance.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kuhn, Chantal; Rezende, Rafael Machado; M'Hamdi, Hanane; da Cunha, Andre Pires; Weiner, Howard L

    2017-02-01

    Oral administration of Ag induces regulatory T cells that express latent membrane-bound TGF-β (latency-associated peptide [LAP]) and have been shown to play an important role in the induction of oral tolerance. We developed an in vitro model to study modulation of LAP + on CD4 + T cells. The combination of anti-CD3 mAb, anti-CD28 mAb, and recombinant IL-2 induced expression of LAP on naive CD4 + T cells, independent of Foxp3 or exogenous TGF-β. In vitro generated CD4 + LAP + Foxp3 - T cells were suppressive in vitro, inhibiting proliferation of naive CD4 + T cells and IL-17A secretion by Th17 cells. Assessing the impact of different cytokines and neutralizing Abs against cytokines, we found that LAP induction was decreased in the presence of IL-6 and IL-21, and to a lesser extent by IL-4 and TNF-α. IL-6 abrogated the in vitro induction of CD4 + LAP + T cells by STAT3-dependent inhibition of Lrrc32 (glycoprotein A repetitions predominant [GARP]), the adapter protein that tethers TGF-β to the membrane. Oral tolerance induction was enhanced in mice lacking expression of IL-6R by CD4 + T cells and by treatment of wild-type mice with neutralizing anti-IL-6 mAb. These results suggest that proinflammatory cytokines interfere with oral tolerance induction and that blocking the IL-6 pathway is a potential strategy for enhancing oral tolerance in the setting of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Copyright © 2017 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc.

  20. Description and assessment of structural and temperature models in the FRAP-T6 code

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Siefken, L.J.

    1983-01-01

    The FRAP-T6 code was developed at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) for the purpose of calculating the transient performance of light water reactor fuel rods during reactor transients ranging from mild operational transients to severe hypothetical loss-of-coolant accidents. An important application of the FRAP-T6 code is to calculate the structural performance of fuel rod cladding. The capabilities of the FRAP-T6 code are assessed by comparisons of code calculations with the measurements of several hundred in-pile experiments on fuel rods. The results of the assessments show that the code accurately and efficiently models the structural and thermal response of fuel rods

  1. [Effects of blueberry on apoptosis and expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in HSC-T6].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Lu, Shuang; Cheng, Mingliang; Yang, Demeng; Liu, Yang; Guan, Li; Wu, Jun

    2015-08-18

    To investigate the effects of blueberry on the apoptosis, expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in rat hepatic stellate cell (HSC-T6). 10% blueberry serum at low, middle and high dose, 10% Fu-Fang-Bie-Jia-Ruan-Gan tablet serum and 10% saline serum were prepared by method of serum pharmacology. Subcultured HSC-T6 was divided into saline serum control group, blueberry serum at low, middle, high dose and Fu-Fang-Bie-Jia-Ruan-Gan tablet serum group, and then was respectively incubated at different dose of 10% blueberry serum, 10% Fu-Fang-Bie-Jia-Ruan-Gan tablet serum and 10% saline serum for 72 hours.Apoptosis of HSC-T6 was detected using flow cytometry with annexin V FITC/PI double staining. The expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in HSC-T6 were examined using immunocytochemistry and Western blotting, respectively. There was no significant difference for HSC-T6 Bax protein expression in the low, middle and high dose blueberry serum groups, compared with saline serum control group, respectively.In the high-dose blueberry serum group HSC-T6 early and total apoptosis rate increased significantly compared with the saline serum control group (5.55% ± 0.98% vs 2.53% ± 0.46%, 7.01% ± 1.05% vs 2.96% ± 0.81%, both Pblueberry serum group showed no significant difference with the saline serum control group. Blueberry can induce HSC-T6 apoptosis by down-regulating Bcl-2 expression and decreasing the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax in HSC-T6 cells, so it may have potential interference effects on hepatic fibrosis.

  2. Involvement of Trichoderma asperellum strain T6 in regulating iron acquisition in plants.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Zhao, Lei; Wang, Fei; Zhang, Yaqing; Zhang, Jiaojiao

    2014-07-01

    Iron (Fe) deficiency is a major plant nutritional disorder in many parts of the world, particularly in areas with saline soils. Among the numerous root-associated microbes that are beneficial for plant nutrient uptake, Trichoderma spp. are the most effective rhizosphere fungi for enhancing plant growth and plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. To investigate the potential mechanisms of action of Trichoderma on insoluble Fe in the soil, which is difficult for plants to absorb and utilize, a high siderophore-producing strain of Trichoderma T6, was isolated from the rhizosphere of cucumber plants. The strain was identified as T. asperellum based on the morphological features and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Applying strain T6 to sterile soil could increase soil levels of Fe(2+) and siderophores, as well as increase Fe(2+) and Fe(3+)-chelate reductase (FCR) activity in cucumber tissues. Purified siderophore eluent (PSE) increased plant growth, thus confirming its role in plant growth promotion. Moreover, extracellular Fe(3+) reducing activity and three kinds of organic acids were detected in the culture filtrate of strain T6. These results indicate that strain T6 influences plant Fe absorption in several ways. Siderophore-based Fe chelation is effective in providing Fe to plants, organic acids, and Fe(3+) reducing enzymes may participate in the solubilization and reduction of insoluble Fe(3+) to Fe(2+). © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

  3. A Thermal Hydraulic Model of Melt Lubrication in Railgun Armatures

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Kothmann, R

    2003-01-01

    ... wear of 7075 aluminum sliding against ETP copper for face pressures ranging from 6 to 22 ksi. Discrepancies between calculated and experimental results are attributed to uncertainties in modeling the complex phase change behavior of aluminum alloy 7075 and uncertain conditions at the rail interface.

  4. IPv6 Convergence for IoT Cyber–Physical Systems

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Keith Nolan

    2018-03-01

    Full Text Available We describe the evolution of the IoT towards a heterogeneous multitopology network subject to dynamic change and volatility yet still capable of secure and dependable operation. As part of this evolution, we outline the key changes in wireless communications technologies and heterogeneous networking that have arisen during the development of the IoT. We briefly outline the emerging area of cyber–physical systems, and associated technical challenges. We then describe how IP convergence can be viewed as the narrow waist connecting endpoint devices and fieldbus devices with applications and services in new Industry 4.0, and cyber–physical system use cases. We outline how a protocol-packing approach can be used for encapsulating LoRaWAN frames with IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.11 frames. Extending this, we propose a method for ultracompressed IPv6 signaling, and detail how this can be achieved in an example low-power wide-area technology, namely LoRaWAN. To support our proposed approach, we provide real-world analyses where IPv6 commands undergo a process of ultracompression and are then conveyed to a LoRaWAN endpoint. We find that IPv6 command ultracompression can potentially support command packet sizes that are over 20x smaller than the reported worst-case maximum protocol data unit size of 81 bytes.

  5. Corrosion resistance of welded joints in 08Kh22N6T and 08Kh21N6M2T steels made with new electrodes

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Sidorkina, Y.S.; Leibzon, V.M.; Mankevich, T.V.; Sidlin, E.A.; Zheltova, G.A.

    1986-01-01

    This paper examines the corrosion resistance of 08Kh22N6T and 08Kh21N6M2T steels which would make it possible to ensure equal properties of all the zones of the welded joints. The investigations were carried out on the welded joints in the steels produced with new OZL-40 and OZL-41 electrodes and with standard TsL-11 and EA-400/10u electrodes. The chemical compositions of the steels and deposited metal are presented. The tests of the intercrystalline corrosion resistances of the welded joints in the steels in the as-welded condition and after heat treatment showed that the weld metal is not attacked by intercrystalline corrosion. The tests also showed that the welded joints in 08Kh22N6T steel made with the OZL-40 and TsL-11 electrodes are resistant to corrosion in 55% phosphoric acid at 90 C in 1% sulfuric acid, and in 25% formic acid at 80 C. The investigated steels made with the OZL-40 and OZL-41 electrode respectively show that the welded joints are resistant to intercrystalline and general corrosion, have high mechanical and processing properties and the electrodes, and can be used for welding equipment designed for service in alkaline, neutral, and slightly acid media

  6. Effect of T6 heat treatment on damping characteristics of Al/RHA ...

    Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

    Abstract. In the present work, effect of T6 heat treatment on the damping behaviour of aluminum/rice husk ash .... alloy-based composites, there is dearth of information on the damping ... fication. Using the process 4, 6 and 8% by weight, RHA.

  7. Role of dendritic cells infected with human herpesvirus 6 in virus transmission to CD4+ T cells

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Takemoto, Masaya; Imasawa, Takayoshi; Yamanishi, Koichi; Mori, Yasuko

    2009-01-01

    Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is a ubiquitous betaherpesvirus that predominantly infects and replicates in CD4 + T lymphocytes. However, the mechanism of HHV-6 transmission to T cells from the peripheral mucosa is unknown. Here we found that dendritic cells (DCs) can transmit HHV-6 to T cells, resulting in productive infection. In immature monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs) infected with HHV-6, viral early and late antigens were expressed, and nucleocapsids containing a DNA core were observed, although few virions were detected in the cytoplasm by electron microscopy, indicating that the maturation of HHV-6 virions may be incomplete in MDDCs. However, HHV-6 transmission from MDDCs to stimulated CD4 + T cells occurred efficiently in coculture of these cells, but not from MDDCs culture supernatants. This transmission was partially inhibited by treating the DCs with a viral DNA synthesis blocker, indicating that viral replication in MDDCs is required for this transmission. Furthermore, myeloid DCs and plasmacytoid DCs infected with HHV-6 could also transmit the virus to stimulated T cells. Thus, DCs may be the first cell population targeted by HHV-6 and could play an important role in the virus' transmission to T cells for their further propagation

  8. Subtle variation within conserved effector operon gene products contributes to T6SS-mediated killing and immunity.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Alteri, Christopher J; Himpsl, Stephanie D; Zhu, Kevin; Hershey, Haley L; Musili, Ninette; Miller, Jessa E; Mobley, Harry L T

    2017-11-01

    Type VI secretion systems (T6SS) function to deliver lethal payloads into target cells. Many studies have shown that protection against a single, lethal T6SS effector protein requires a cognate antidote immunity protein, both of which are often encoded together in a two-gene operon. The T6SS and an effector-immunity pair is sufficient for both killing and immunity. HereIn this paper we describe a T6SS effector operon that differs from conventional effector-immunity pairs in that eight genes are necessary for lethal effector function, yet can be countered by a single immunity protein. In this study, we investigated the role that the PefE T6SS immunity protein plays in recognition between two strains harboring nearly identical effector operons. Interestingly, despite containing seven of eight identical effector proteins, the less conserved immunity proteins only provided protection against their native effectors, suggesting that specificity and recognition could be dependent on variation within an immunity protein and one effector gene product. The variable effector gene product, PefD, is encoded upstream from pefE, and displays toxic activity that can be countered by PefE independent of T6SS-activity. Interestingly, while the entire pef operon was necessary to exert toxic activity via the T6SS in P. mirabilis, production of PefD and PefE alone was unable to exert this effector activity. Chimeric PefE proteins constructed from two P. mirabilis strains were used to localize immunity function to three amino acids. A promiscuous immunity protein was created using site-directed mutagenesis to change these residues from one variant to another. These findings support the notion that subtle differences between conserved effectors are sufficient for T6SS-mediated kin discrimination and that PefD requires additional factors to function as a T6SS-dependent effector.

  9. Optimisation of thermo mechanical treatments using cryogenic rolling and aging of the high strength aluminium alloy AlZn5.5MgCu (AA7075)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hunger, S.; Scholze, M.; Hockauf, M.; Wagner, M.F.X. [Chemnitz University of Technology, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Chemnitz (Germany); Fritsch, S.

    2011-07-15

    In this study, we consider the optimisation of mechanical properties and the microstructure of the high strength and difficult-to-work aluminium alloy AA7075 by cryogenic rolling. In order to reduce the grain size into the (ultra)fine-grained regime, cryogenic rolling is used to introduce different amount of plastic strain. We discuss how rolling at lower temperatures allows the introduction of higher strains on the one hand, and suppresses dynamic recovery and aging effectively on the other hand. Our results demonstrate that, in combination with an appropriate post-processing aging treatment, an outstanding combination of strength and ductility can be achieved. (Copyright copyright 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

  10. Performance and Thrust-to-Weight Optimization of the Dual-Expander Aerospike Nozzle Upper Stage Rocket Engine

    Science.gov (United States)

    2012-06-01

    for chamber cooling jacket, structural jacket, and O2 plumbing INCONEL ® 625 (Annealed) Aluminum 7075 T6 Not compatible with O2 or H2 / Useable for...Special Metals. INCONEL (R) alloy 625 . Publication Number SMC-063. Special Metals Corporation, 2006. [20] Haynes International. "Heat-Resistant Alloy...Copper (C17000 TH04) Oxygen-Free Copper (C10100 1180 Temper) Cobalt (Forged Electrolytic) INCONEL ® 718 (Annealed & Aged) Compatible with O2 / Useable

  11. Human T cell responses to the ESAT-6 antigen from Mycobacterium tuberculosis

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Ravn, P; Demissie, A; Eguale, T

    1999-01-01

    Human T cell responses to ESAT-6 and eight synthetic overlapping peptides were investigated in tuberculosis (TB) patients and control subjects from regions of high and low endemicity for TB. ESAT-6 was recognized by 65% of all tuberculin purified protein derivative-responsive TB patients, whereas...

  12. Defective i6A37 modification of mitochondrial and cytosolic tRNAs results from pathogenic mutations in TRIT1 and its substrate tRNA.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    John W Yarham

    2014-06-01

    Full Text Available Identifying the genetic basis for mitochondrial diseases is technically challenging given the size of the mitochondrial proteome and the heterogeneity of disease presentations. Using next-generation exome sequencing, we identified in a patient with severe combined mitochondrial respiratory chain defects and corresponding perturbation in mitochondrial protein synthesis, a homozygous p.Arg323Gln mutation in TRIT1. This gene encodes human tRNA isopentenyltransferase, which is responsible for i6A37 modification of the anticodon loops of a small subset of cytosolic and mitochondrial tRNAs. Deficiency of i6A37 was previously shown in yeast to decrease translational efficiency and fidelity in a codon-specific manner. Modelling of the p.Arg323Gln mutation on the co-crystal structure of the homologous yeast isopentenyltransferase bound to a substrate tRNA, indicates that it is one of a series of adjacent basic side chains that interact with the tRNA backbone of the anticodon stem, somewhat removed from the catalytic center. We show that patient cells bearing the p.Arg323Gln TRIT1 mutation are severely deficient in i6A37 in both cytosolic and mitochondrial tRNAs. Complete complementation of the i6A37 deficiency of both cytosolic and mitochondrial tRNAs was achieved by transduction of patient fibroblasts with wild-type TRIT1. Moreover, we show that a previously-reported pathogenic m.7480A>G mt-tRNASer(UCN mutation in the anticodon loop sequence A36A37A38 recognised by TRIT1 causes a loss of i6A37 modification. These data demonstrate that deficiencies of i6A37 tRNA modification should be considered a potential mechanism of human disease caused by both nuclear gene and mitochondrial DNA mutations while providing insight into the structure and function of TRIT1 in the modification of cytosolic and mitochondrial tRNAs.

  13. Design and manufacture of a 6-T wiggler magnet for the Daresbury SRS

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Ross, J.; Smith, K.

    1992-01-01

    The 6-T wiggler is an iron-cored, warm bore, superconducting dipole magnet destined for the SERC Daresbury Laboratory's 2-GeV Synchrotron Radiation Source to enhance the available radiation spectrum. The new wiggler will be inserted in the ring in addition to an existing 5-T wiggler, both of which will use the existing, although upgraded, refrigerator. The magnet is designed to provide a peak field of 6 T on the beam line. The design and manufacturing contract for this magnet was started in September 1989 and was preceded by a feasibility study, presented by Oxford Instruments in mid 1988. The major features of the magnet, along with a discussion of the early stages of manufacture, are described in the article

  14. Aging Behaviour of 6061 Al-15 vol% SiC Composite in T4 and T6 Treatments

    OpenAIRE

    Melby Chacko; Jagannath Nayak

    2014-01-01

    The aging behaviour of 6061 Al-15 vol% SiC composite was investigated using Rockwell B hardness measurement. The composite was solutionized at 350°C and quenched in water. The composite was aged at room temperature (T4 treatment) and also at 140°C, 160°C, 180°C and 200°C (T6 treatment). The natural and artificial aging behaviour of composite was studied using aging curves determined at different temperatures. The aging period for peak aging for different temperatures was identified. The time ...

  15. The diabetes type 1 locus Idd6 modulates activity of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cells.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Rogner, Ute Christine; Lepault, Françoise; Gagnerault, Marie-Claude; Vallois, David; Morin, Joëlle; Avner, Philip; Boitard, Christian

    2006-01-01

    The genetic locus Idd6 confers susceptibility to the spontaneous development of type 1 diabetes in the NOD mouse. Our studies on disease resistance of the congenic mouse strain NOD.C3H 6.VIII showed that Idd6 influences T-cell activities in the peripheral immune system and suggest that a major mechanism by which the Idd6 locus modifies diabetes development is via modulation of regulatory T-cell activities. Our transfer experiments using total splenocytes and purified T-cells demonstrated that the locus specifically controls the efficiency of disease protection mediated by the regulatory CD4(+)CD25(+) T-cell subset. Our data also implicate the Idd6 locus in controlling the balance between infiltrating lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells within the pancreatic islet.

  16. Different Competitive Capacities of Stat4 and Stat6 Deficient CD4+ T Cells during Lymphophenia-Driven Proliferation

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Sanchez-Guajardo, Vanesa Maria; Borghans, J.A.M.; Marquez, M.-E.

    2005-01-01

    The outcome of an immune response relies on the competitive capacities acquired through differentiation of CD4ﰀ T cells into Th1 or Th2 effector cells. Because Stat4 and Stat6 proteins are implicated in the Th1 vs Th2 generation and maintenance, respectively, we compare in this study the kinetics...... of Stat4ﰐ/ﰐ and Stat6ﰐ/ﰐ CD4ﰀ T cells during competitive bone marrow reconstitution and lymphopenia-driven proliferation. After bone marrow transplantation, both populations reconstitute the peripheral T cell pools equally well. After transfer into lymphopenic hosts, wild-type and Stat6ﰐ/ﰐ CD4ﰀ T cells...... show a proliferation advantage, which is early associated with the expression of an active phospho-Stat4 and the down-regulation of Stat6. Despite these differences, Stat4- and Stat6-deficient T cells reach similar steady state numbers. However, when both Stat4ﰐ/ﰐ and Stat6ﰐ/ﰐ CD4ﰀ T cells...

  17. Preferences of AAA/AAG codon recognition by modified nucleosides, τm5s2U34 and t6A37 present in tRNALys.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Sonawane, Kailas D; Kamble, Asmita S; Fandilolu, Prayagraj M

    2017-12-27

    Deficiency of 5-taurinomethyl-2-thiouridine, τm 5 s 2 U at the 34th 'wobble' position in tRNA Lys causes MERRF (Myoclonic Epilepsy with Ragged Red Fibers), a neuromuscular disease. This modified nucleoside of mt tRNA Lys , recognizes AAA/AAG codons during protein biosynthesis process. Its preference to identify cognate codons has not been studied at the atomic level. Hence, multiple MD simulations of various molecular models of anticodon stem loop (ASL) of mt tRNA Lys in presence and absence of τm 5 s 2 U 34 and N 6 -threonylcarbamoyl adenosine (t 6 A 37 ) along with AAA and AAG codons have been accomplished. Additional four MD simulations of multiple ASL mt tRNA Lys models in the context of ribosomal A-site residues have also been performed to investigate the role of A-site in recognition of AAA/AAG codons. MD simulation results show that, ASL models in presence of τm 5 s 2 U 34 and t 6 A 37 with codons AAA/AAG are more stable than the ASL lacking these modified bases. MD trajectories suggest that τm 5 s 2 U recognizes the codons initially by 'wobble' hydrogen bonding interactions, and then tRNA Lys might leave the explicit codon by a novel 'single' hydrogen bonding interaction in order to run the protein biosynthesis process smoothly. We propose this model as the 'Foot-Step Model' for codon recognition, in which the single hydrogen bond plays a crucial role. MD simulation results suggest that, tRNA Lys with τm 5 s 2 U and t 6 A recognizes AAA codon more preferably than AAG. Thus, these results reveal the consequences of τm 5 s 2 U and t 6 A in recognition of AAA/AAG codons in mitochondrial disease, MERRF.

  18. DESIGN AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THERMALLY ACTUATED BIMETALLIC MEMBRANES BY MICHELSON INTERFEROMETRY

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    JULIO ENRIQUE DUARTE

    2011-01-01

    Full Text Available En el presente trabajo se describen el diseño y la caracterización de membranas bimetálicas de Al-Si, con actuación térmica. El diseño se realizó empleando el método de los Elementos Finitos y se concentró en optimizar la relación de los espesores de las capas de aluminio y silicio. La defl exión de las membranas se determinó aplicando la técnica del Interferómetro de Michelson. En la etapa experimental se utilizaron membranas cuadradas de 5 mm de lado, con un espesor de 10 mm para el silicio y espesores de 4 y 1 mm para el aluminio. La caracterización entregó un desplazamiento máximo de 14 mm para la membrana con 4 mm de Al, lo cual es consistente con los resultados obtenidos numéricamente.

  19. Construcción de celdas calorimétricas metálicas con escudos adiabáticos

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Carlos A. Ruiz

    2010-07-01

    Full Text Available Se discuten los criterios de diseño y la caracterización térmica de ccldiis calorimétricas construidas en cobre dorado y aluminio, que son acopladas a un calorímetro de inmersión para el estudio de mojado de sólidos porosos. Los resultados muestran que las celdas metálicas presentan constantes fugas térmicas y tiempos de equilibrio menores que los hallados en las celdas de vidrios tradicionales tipo Dewar. Los mejores resultados se obtiene con la celda de aluminio provista de escudos adiabáticos flotantes, construidos en lámina del mismo material, con valores de constantes de fugas tcrinicas del orden de 3,5 * 10 ' min" ' y tiempos de equilibrio de solamente 8 minutos. La instalación calorimétrica completa se calibra secundariamente, con la determinación del calor de mezcla del sistema benccnociclohcxano; los resultados están en buen acuerdo con los registrados en la literatura.

  20. The Evolution of Plate and Extruded Products with High Strength and Fracture Toughness

    Science.gov (United States)

    Denzer, D. K.; Rioja, R. J.; Bray, G. H.; Venema, G. B.; Colvin, E. L.

    From the first use of 2017-T74 on the Junkers F13, improvements have been made to plate and extruded products for applications requiring the highest attainable strength and adequate fracture toughness. One such application is the upper wing of large aircraft. The progression of these product improvements achieved through the development of alloys that include 7075-(T6 & T76), 7150-(T6 & T77) and 7055-(T77 & T79) and most recently 7255-(T77 & T79) is reviewed. The most current advancements include aluminum-copper-lithium, alloy 2055 plate and extruded products that can attain strength equivalent to that of 7055-T77 with higher modulus, similar fracture toughness and improved fatigue, fatigue crack growth and corrosion performance. The achievement of these properties is explained in terms of the several alloy design principles. The highly desired and balanced characteristics make these products ideal for upper wing applications.

  1. CD6 and Linker of Activated T Cells are Potential Interaction Partners for T Cell-Specific Adaptor Protein.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hem, C D; Ekornhol, M; Granum, S; Sundvold-Gjerstad, V; Spurkland, A

    2017-02-01

    The T cell-specific adaptor protein (TSAd) contains several protein interaction domains, and is merging as a modulator of T cell activation. Several interaction partners for the TSAd proline-rich region and phosphotyrosines have been identified, including the Src and Tec family kinases lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase and interleukin 2-inducible T cell kinase. Via its Src homology 2 (SH2) domain, TSAd may thus function as a link between these enzymes and other signalling molecules. However, few binding partners to the TSAd SH2 domain in T cells are hitherto known. Through the use of in silico ligand prediction, peptide spot arrays, pull-down and immunoprecipitation experiments, we here report novel interactions between the TSAd SH2 domain and CD6 phosphotyrosine (pTyr) 629 and linker of activated T cells (LAT) pTyr 171 , pTyr 191 and pTyr 226 . © 2016 The Foundation for the Scandinavian Journal of Immunology.

  2. Complete Genome Sequence of the Soybean Symbiont Bradyrhizobium japonicum Strain USDA6T

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Nobukazu Uchiike

    2011-10-01

    Full Text Available The complete nucleotide sequence of the genome of the soybean symbiont Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain USDA6T was determined. The genome of USDA6T is a single circular chromosome of 9,207,384 bp. The genome size is similar to that of the genome of another soybean symbiont, B. japonicum USDA110 (9,105,828 bp. Comparison of the whole-genome sequences of USDA6T and USDA110 showed colinearity of major regions in the two genomes, although a large inversion exists between them. A significantly high level of sequence conservation was detected in three regions on each genome. The gene constitution and nucleotide sequence features in these three regions indicate that they may have been derived from a symbiosis island. An ancestral, large symbiosis island, approximately 860 kb in total size, appears to have been split into these three regions by unknown large-scale genome rearrangements. The two integration events responsible for this appear to have taken place independently, but through comparable mechanisms, in both genomes.

  3. Indigenous design and fabrication of a 6.5 T superconducting ...

    Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

    This includes a 6.5 T superconducting magnet and a vari- able temperature .... tronics) Hall sensor (of sensitivity ~10 µV/Oe at 5 mA DC excitation) by moving it to various axial positions and the measured coil constant is found to be very close ... developed across the magnet makes either of the diodes to conduct and allows.

  4. Structural Analysis of Kufasat Using Ansys Program

    Science.gov (United States)

    Al-Maliky, Firas T.; AlBermani, Mohamed J.

    2018-03-01

    The current work focuses on vibration and modal analysis of KufaSat structure using ANSYS 16 program. Three types of Aluminum alloys (5052-H32, 6061-T6 and 7075-T6) were selected for investigation of the structure under design loads. Finite element analysis (FEA) in design static load of 51 g was performed. The natural frequencies for five modes were estimated using modal analysis. In order to ensure that KufaSat could withstand with various conditions during launch, the Margin of safety was calculated. The results of deformation and Von Mises stress for linear buckling analysis were also performed. The comparison of data was done to select the optimum material for KufaSat structures.

  5. Caterpillar C7 and GEP 6.5L (T) Fuel System Durability Using 25% ATJ Fuel Blend

    Science.gov (United States)

    2015-02-01

    6.5L(T) diesel engines. With the technical issues presented in this report related to the CAT C7 evaluation and the desert operating condition GEP 6.5L...General Engine Products (GEP) 6.5L(T) diesel engines. These engines are representative of high density vehicles fielded by the U.S. Army tactical...Southwest Research Institute T - turbo TARDEC – Tank Automotive Research, Development, and Engineering Center TFLRF – TARDEC Fuels and Lubricants

  6. Fabrication of AA6061-T6 Plate Type Fuel Assembly Using Electron Beam Welding Process

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kim, Soosung; Seo, Kyoungseok; Lee, Donbae; Park, Jongman; Lee, Yoonsang; Lee, Chongtak

    2014-01-01

    AA6061-T6 aluminum alloy is easily welded by conventional GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding), LBW (Laser Beam Welding) and EBW. However, certain characteristics, such as solidification cracking, porosity, HAZ (Heat-affected Zone) degradation must be considered during welding. Because of high energy density and low heat input, especially LBW and EBW processes possess the advantage of minimizing the fusing zone and HAZ and producing deeper penetration than arc welding processes. In present study, to apply for the nuclear fuel plate fabrication and assembly, a fundamental EBW experiment using AA6061-T6 aluminum alloy specimens was conducted. Furthermore, to establish the welding process, and satisfy the requirements of the weld quality, EBW apparatus using an electron welding gun and vacuum chamber was developed, and preliminary investigations for optimizing the welding parameters of the specimens using AA6061-T6 aluminum plates were also performed. The EB weld quality of AA6061-T6 aluminum alloy for the fuel plate assembly has been also studied by the shrinkage measurement and weld inspection using computed tomography. This study was carried out to determine the suitable welding parameters and to evaluate tensile strength of AA6061-T6 aluminum alloy. In the present experiment, satisfactory electron beam welding process of the full-sized sample was being developed. Based on this fundamental study, fabrication of the plate-type fuel assembly will be provided for the future Ki-Jang research reactor project

  7. CCR6 is expressed on an IL-10-producing, autoreactive memory T cell population with context-dependent regulatory function.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Rivino, Laura; Gruarin, Paola; Häringer, Barbara; Steinfelder, Svenja; Lozza, Laura; Steckel, Bodo; Weick, Anja; Sugliano, Elisa; Jarrossay, David; Kühl, Anja A; Loddenkemper, Christoph; Abrignani, Sergio; Sallusto, Federica; Lanzavecchia, Antonio; Geginat, Jens

    2010-03-15

    Interleukin (IL)-10 produced by regulatory T cell subsets is important for the prevention of autoimmunity and immunopathology, but little is known about the phenotype and function of IL-10-producing memory T cells. Human CD4(+)CCR6(+) memory T cells contained comparable numbers of IL-17- and IL-10-producing cells, and CCR6 was induced under both Th17-promoting conditions and upon tolerogenic T cell priming with transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta. In normal human spleens, the majority of CCR6(+) memory T cells were in the close vicinity of CCR6(+) myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs), and strikingly, some of them were secreting IL-10 in situ. Furthermore, CCR6(+) memory T cells produced suppressive IL-10 but not IL-2 upon stimulation with autologous immature mDCs ex vivo, and secreted IL-10 efficiently in response to suboptimal T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation with anti-CD3 antibodies. However, optimal TCR stimulation of CCR6(+) T cells induced expression of IL-2, interferon-gamma, CCL20, and CD40L, and autoreactive CCR6(+) T cell lines responded to various recall antigens. Notably, we isolated autoreactive CCR6(+) T cell clones with context-dependent behavior that produced IL-10 with autologous mDCs alone, but that secreted IL-2 and proliferated upon stimulation with tetanus toxoid. We propose the novel concept that a population of memory T cells, which is fully equipped to participate in secondary immune responses upon recognition of a relevant recall antigen, contributes to the maintenance of tolerance under steady-state conditions.

  8. Obtención de microestructuras de grano ultrafino en aleaciones de aluminio mediante extrusión en canal angular (ECAE

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Alkorta, J.

    2004-04-01

    Full Text Available Al 5083 samples have been subjected to 90º equal-channel angular extrusion (ECAE at 270ºC. After ECAE, the microhardness was measured and the texture for the plane perpendicular to the extrusion direction was analysed by X-Rays and EBSD. The microstructure was characterized by optical microscopy and EBSD. As deformation accumulates the hardness increases until it reaches saturation at an effective strain of about ε∼4. With regard to the texture, it has been shown that a high density of {111} planes are oriented parallel to the shear plane of the last pass.

    Varias muestras de aluminio 5083 se han sometido a extrusiones en canal angular de 90º a 270ºC. A continuación se midieron las durezas de las muestras obtenidas y se caracterizó la textura en el plano perpendicular a la dirección de extrusión mediante Rayos-X y difracción de electrones retrodispersados (EBSD. La caracterización microestructural se hizo mediante microscopio óptico y EBSD. Se ha observado que la dureza aumenta sensiblemente con el grado de deformación y que alcanza un nivel máximo de saturación a partir de ε∼4. En cuanto a la textura, se observa que los planos {111} tienden a orientarse paralelos al plano de la última cortadura.

  9. Predictive Modeling of Structural Sensing for Aerospace Applications

    Science.gov (United States)

    2015-08-03

    wave speed, which equals 3129 m s−1 for our case study aluminium 2024-T3 alloy . The Figure 7.Modeshapes of vibrations of 1 mm thick aluminium beam with...experiments was a proof of concept that was performed on 3.4 mm thick aluminium 7075 T6 alloy plate (figure 11). The SH-PWAS was 15 mm× 15mm×1mm, and...0.2 mm. The mesh size of SH-PWAS elements was 0.5 mm and 4 elements, per the 1 mm thickness. A 1 mm aluminium 2024 alloy plate was used in our simu

  10. Possible association of 3' UTR +357 A>G, IVS11-nt 93 T>C, c.1311 C>T polymorphism with G6PD deficiency.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Sirdah, Mahmoud M; Shubair, Mohammad E; Al-Kahlout, Mustafa S; Al-Tayeb, Jamal M; Prchal, Josef T; Reading, N Scott

    2017-07-01

    Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is a common X-linked inherited enzymopathic disorder affecting more than 500 million people worldwide. It has so far been linked to 217 distinct genetic variants in the exons and exon-intron boundaries of the G6PD gene, giving rise to a wide range of biochemical heterogeneity and clinical manifestations. Reports from different settings suggested the association of intronic and other mutations outside the reading frame of the G6PD gene with reduced enzyme activity and presenting clinical symptoms. The present study aimed to investigate any association of other variations apart of the exonic or exonic intronic boundaries in the development of G6PD deficiency. Sixty-seven unrelated Palestinian children admitted to the pediatric hospital with hemolytic crises due to G6PD deficiency were studied. In our Palestinian cohort of 67 [59 males (M) and 8 females (F)] G6PD-deficient children, previously hospitalized for acute hemolytic anemia due to favism, molecular sequencing of the G6PD gene revealed four cases (3M and 1F) that did not have any of the variants known to cause G6PD deficiency, but the 3' UTR c.*+357A>G (rs1050757) polymorphism in association with IVS 11 (c.1365-13T>C; rs2071429), and c.1311C>T (rs2230037). We now provide an additional evidence form Palestinian G6PD-deficient subjects for a possible role of 3' UTR c.*+357 A>G, c.1365-13T>C, and/or c.1311C>T polymorphism for G6PD deficiency, suggesting that not only a single variation in the exonic or exonic intronic boundaries, but also a haplotype of G6PD should considered as a cause for G6PD deficiency.

  11. Cold metal transfer spot plug welding of AA6061-T6-to-galvanized steel for automotive applications

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Cao, R.; Huang, Q.; Chen, J.H.; Wang, Pei-Chung

    2014-01-01

    Highlights: • Two Al-to-galvanized steel spot plug welding joints were studied by CMT method. • The optimum process variables for the two joints were gotten by orthogonal test. • Connection mechanism of the two joints were discussed. -- Abstract: In this study, cold metal transfer (CMT) spot plug joining of 1 mm thick Al AA6061-T6 to 1 mm thick galvanized steel (i.e., Q235) was studied. Welding variables were optimized for a plug weld in the center of a 25 mm overlap region with aluminum 4043 wire and 100% argon shielding gas. Microstructures and elemental distributions were characterized by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. Mechanical testing of CMT spot plug welded joints was conducted. It was found that it is feasible to join Al AA6061T6-to-galvanized steel by CMT spot plug welding method. The process variables for two joints with Al AA6061T6-to-galvanized mild steel and galvanized mild steel-to-Al AA6061T6 are optimized. The strength of CMT spot welded Al AA6061T6-to-galvanized mild steel is determined primarily by the strength and area of the brazed interface. While, the strength of the galvanized mild steel-to-Al AA6061T6 joint is mainly dependent upon the area of the weld metal

  12. An extensive allelic series of Drosophila kae1 mutants reveals diverse and tissue-specific requirements for t6A biogenesis

    Science.gov (United States)

    Lin, Ching-Jung; Smibert, Peter; Zhao, Xiaoyu; Hu, Jennifer F.; Ramroop, Johnny; Kellner, Stefanie M.; Benton, Matthew A.; Govind, Shubha; Dedon, Peter C.; Sternglanz, Rolf; Lai, Eric C.

    2015-01-01

    N6-threonylcarbamoyl-adenosine (t6A) is one of the few RNA modifications that is universally present in life. This modification occurs at high frequency at position 37 of most tRNAs that decode ANN codons, and stabilizes cognate anticodon–codon interactions. Nearly all genetic studies of the t6A pathway have focused on single-celled organisms. In this study, we report the isolation of an extensive allelic series in the Drosophila ortholog of the core t6A biosynthesis factor Kae1. kae1 hemizygous larvae exhibit decreases in t6A that correlate with allele strength; however, we still detect substantial t6A-modified tRNAs even during the extended larval phase of null alleles. Nevertheless, complementation of Drosophila Kae1 and other t6A factors in corresponding yeast null mutants demonstrates that these metazoan genes execute t6A synthesis. Turning to the biological consequences of t6A loss, we characterize prominent kae1 melanotic masses and show that they are associated with lymph gland overgrowth and ectopic generation of lamellocytes. On the other hand, kae1 mutants exhibit other phenotypes that reflect insufficient tissue growth. Interestingly, whole-tissue and clonal analyses show that strongly mitotic tissues such as imaginal discs are exquisitely sensitive to loss of kae1, whereas nonproliferating tissues are less affected. Indeed, despite overt requirements of t6A for growth of many tissues, certain strong kae1 alleles achieve and sustain enlarged body size during their extended larval phase. Our studies highlight tissue-specific requirements of the t6A pathway in a metazoan context and provide insights into the diverse biological roles of this fundamental RNA modification during animal development and disease. PMID:26516084

  13. Acoustic emission under biaxial stresses in unflawed 21-6-9 and 304 stainless steel

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Hamstad, M.A.; Leon, E.M.; Mukherjee, A.K.

    1980-01-01

    Acoustic emission (AE) testing has been carried out with uniaxial and biaxial (2:1 stress ratio) stressing of smooth samples of 21-6-9 and 304 stainless steel (SS). Uniaxial testing was done with simple tensile and compression samples as well as with the special biaxial specimens. Biaxial tensile stressing was accomplished with a specially designed specimen, which had been used previously to characterize AE in 7075 aluminum under biaxial stressing. Results were obtained for air-melt and for vacuum-melt samples of 21-6-9 SS. The air-melt samples contain considerably more inclusion particles than the vacuum-melt samples. For the 304 SS, as received material was examined. To allow AE correlations with microstructure, extensive characterization of the 21-6-9 microstructure was carried out. Significant differences in AE occur in biaxially stressed specimens as compared to uniaxially stressed samples. 15 figures, 3 tables

  14. Microbiological features and clinical impact of the type VI secretion system (T6SS) in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates causing bacteremia.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kim, Jungok; Lee, Ji-Young; Lee, Haejeong; Choi, Ji Young; Kim, Dae Hun; Wi, Yu Mi; Peck, Kyong Ran; Ko, Kwan Soo

    2017-10-03

    We investigated the genetic background and microbiological features of T6SS-positive Acinetobacter baumannii isolates and clinical impact of the T6SS in patients with A. baumannii bacteremia. One hundred and 62 A. baumannii isolates from patients with bacteremia in 2 tertiary-care hospitals in Korea were included in this study. Approximately one-third (51/162, 31.5%) of the A. baumannii clinical isolates possessed the hcp gene, and the hcp-positive isolates were found in several genotypes in multilocus sequence typing. The expression and secretion of Hcp protein varied among the clinical isolates. A. baumannii isolates with detectable Hcp secretion (T6SS+) could better outcompete Escherichia coli compared with T6SS- isolates, including hcp-negative and inactivated hcp-positive isolates. In addition, T6SS+ isolates showed higher biofilm-forming activity and better survival in the presence of normal human serum than the T6SS- isolates. T6SS+ isolates were more frequently detected in patients with catheter-related bloodstream infection, haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, and patients receiving immunosuppressive agents. However, T6SS was not a prognostic factor for mortality. Our results suggest that the T6SS of A. baumannii is associated with virulence and contributes to infections in immunocompromised patients and those with implanted medical devices.

  15. Validación de un método analítico para la determinación cuantitativa de parabenos en el gel de hidróxido de aluminio Validation of an analytical method for the quantitative determination of parabens in aluminum hydroxide gel

    OpenAIRE

    Ernesto Benítez Hechavarría; Ciro Labrada Estrada; Enriqueta Martínez Martínez; Odalis Tamayo Fuentes; Esther Díaz Pérez

    2006-01-01

    Se realizó la valoración prospectiva de un método desarrollado para la cuantificación de metil y de propil parabeno en el gel de hidróxido de aluminio mediante cromatografía líquida de alta resolución en fase reversa, con columna RP18 (25* 0,4 cm) y detector UV-Visible a 254 nm. Se evaluaron los parámetros especificidad, linealidad, precisión, exactitud, y adecuación cromatográfica. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que el método cumple con las especificaciones establecidas para cada parámet...

  16. Role of step edges on the structure formation of α-6T on Ag(441)

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wagner, Thorsten; Fritz, Daniel Roman; Rudolfová, Zdena; Zeppenfeld, Peter

    2018-01-01

    Controlling the orientation of organic molecules on surfaces is important in order to tune the physical properties of the organic thin films and, thereby, increase the performance of organic thin film devices. Here, we present a scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and photoelectron emission microscopy (PEEM) study of the deposition of the organic dye pigment α-sexithiophene (α-6T) on the vicinal Ag(441) surface. In the presence of the steps on the Ag(441) surface, the α-6T molecules exclusively align parallel to the step edges oriented along the [1 1 bar0]-direction of the substrate. The STM results further reveal that the adsorption of the α-6T molecules is accompanied by various restructuring of the substrate surface: Initially, the molecules prefer the Ag(551) building blocks of the Ag(441) surface. The Ag(551) termination of the terraces is then changed to a predominately Ag(331) one upon completion of the first α-6T monolayer. When closing the two layer thick wetting layer, the original ratio of Ag(331) and Ag(551) building blocks ( ≈ 1:1) is recovered, but a phase separation into microfacets, which are composed either of Ag(331) or of Ag(551) building blocks, is found.

  17. Modelování IPv6 v prostředí OMNeT++

    OpenAIRE

    Černý, Marek

    2011-01-01

    OMNeT++ je diskrétní simulátor hojně používaný k vytváření nejrůznějších síťových simulací. Lze jej dále rozšířit např. frameworkem INET, který obsahuje modely protokolů a zařízení z prostředí TCP/IP síti. V této práci se soustředíme na zkoumání současných možností balíku INET modelovat internetový protokol verze 6. Obzvláště se zaměřujeme na podporu směrování. V rámci implementace pak byly vytvořeny moduly dual-stack směrovače a dual-stack klienta s podporou manuální i automatické IPv6 adres...

  18. Inhibition of the formation of intermetallic compounds in aluminum-steel welded joints by friction stir welding

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Torres López, Edwar A.

    2015-12-01

    Full Text Available Formation of deleterious phases during welding of aluminum and steel is a challenge of the welding processes, for decades. Friction Stir Welding (FSW has been used in an attempt to reduce formation of intermetallic compounds trough reducing the heat input. In this research, dissimilar joint of 6063-T5 aluminum alloy and AISI-SAE 1020 steel were welded using this technique. The temperature of welded joints was measured during the process. The interface of the welded joints was characterized using optical microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Additionally, composition measurements were carried out by X-EDS and DRX. The experimental results revealed that the maximum temperature on the joint studied is less than 360 °C. The microstructural characterization in the aluminum-steel interface showed the absence of intermetallic compounds, which is a condition attributed to the use of welding with low thermal input parameters.La unión de juntas aluminio-acero, sin la formación de fases deletéreas del tipo FexAly, ha sido, por décadas, un desafío para los procesos de soldadura. La soldadura por fricción-agitación ha sido empleada para intentar reducir el aporte térmico y evitar la formación de compuestos intermetálicos. Usando esta técnica fueron soldadas juntas disimilares de aluminio 6063-T5 y acero AISI-SAE 1020. La soldadura fue acompañada de medidas de temperatura durante su ejecución. La interfase de las juntas soldadas fue caracterizada utilizando microscopía óptica, electrónica de barrido y electrónica de transmisión. Adicionalmente fueron realizadas medidas puntuales X-EDS y DRX. Los resultados experimentales revelan que la temperatura máxima en la junta es inferior a 360 °C. La caracterización microestructural en la interfase aluminio-acero demostró la ausencia de compuestos intermetálicos, condición atribuida al uso de parámetros de soldadura con bajo aporte térmico.

  19. Differential cross section measurement for the 6Li(n,t)4He Reaction

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Zhang Guohui; Tang Guoyou; Chen Jinxiang; Shi Zhaomin

    2002-01-01

    The differential cross sections and integrated cross sections of the 6 Li(n,t) 4 He reaction were measured at 1.85 and 2.67 MeV by using a gridded ionization chamber. Neutrons were produced through the T(p, n) 3 He reaction. The absolute neutron flux was determined through the 238 U(n, f) reaction. Present results are compared with existing data

  20. Adaptive Controller for 6-DOF Parallel Robot Using T-S Fuzzy Inference

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Xue Jian

    2013-02-01

    Full Text Available 6-DOF parallel robot always appears in the form of Stewart platform. It has been widely used in industry for the benefits such as strong structural stiffness, high movement accuracy and so on. Space docking technology makes higher requirements of motion accuracy and dynamic performance to the control method on 6-DOF parallel robot. In this paper, a hydraulic 6-DOF parallel robot was used to simulate the docking process. Based on this point, this paper gave a thorough study on the design of an adaptive controller to eliminate the asymmetric of controlled plant and uncertain load force interference. Takagi-Sugeno (T-S fuzzy inference model was used to build the fuzzy adaptive controller. With T-S model, the controller directly imposes adaptive control signal on the plant to make sure that the output of plant could track the reference model output. The controller has simple structure and is easy to implement. Experiment results show that the controller can eliminate asymmetric and achieve good dynamic performance, and has good robustness to load interference.

  1. INDUSTRIA, EMISIONES GASEOSAS Y GESTIÓN AMBIENTAL URBANA Diagnóstico de las condiciones operativas de las fundiciones en Tandil, Argentina

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Beatriz Soledad Sosa

    2013-06-01

    Full Text Available De las problemáticas ambientales urbanas, las asociadas a la industria presentan especial interés para la gestión ambiental. La ciudad de Tandil en Argentina, debe su crecimiento económico y urbano a la actividad metalmecánica, -en particular a la fundición-, y a pesar de las crisis del sector, la actividad sigue siendo eje de crecimiento económico y urbano local. Esta investigación caracteriza -en términos productivos, operativos y ambientales- las industrias de fundición y evalúa las condiciones operativas de la gestión de emisiones gaseosas en el sector en el año 2010. Fue posible analizar unas 25 industrias sobre 30. La muestra fue representativa de los cinco procesos productivos identificados: aluminio (Al, aluminio/hierro (Al Fe, aluminio/bronce (Al Cu+Sn, aluminio/hierro/bronce (Al Fe Cu+Sn, hierro (Fe. Las variables analizadas fueron: materia prima de fusión, horno utilizado y, tamaño de la industria. Para la obtención de los datos de producción se aplicaron entrevistas estructuradas, y para determinar el tamaño de la industria  se usaron encuestas. Fue posible describir la situación productiva del sector a nivel local: La mayoría de las industrias destinan su producción al sector automotriz. Evaluando la relación tamaño y tipo de empresa, las fundiciones de Aluminio son pequeñas. En relación al hierro, están representados los tres tamaños empresariales posibles y existe una industria mediana que ocupa entre 51 y 230 empleados. Las condiciones operativas y de cumplimiento de la legislación en el control de los efluentes gaseosos analizados demandan identificar indicadores de seguimiento para la etapa de fusión del proceso para conocer con precisión los contaminantes resultantes y sus efectos ambientales.   

  2. Electrocoagulación aplicada al tratamiento de efluentes generadospor empresas de mantenimiento de motores.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Alicia Guevara

    2011-05-01

    Full Text Available La electrocoagulación es una operación que desestabiliza una emulsión y permite altos porcentajes de remoción de demanda química de oxígeno (DQO y turbiedad. En el presente trabajo se evaluó la electrocoagulación como técnica de tratamiento no convencional de efluentes generados por empresas de Mantenimiento de motores y para la evaluación de la operación se midieron los parámetros: DQO, tensoactivos, sólidos suspendidos y totales, turbiedad y concentración de aluminio, cobre y cinc. El efluente estudiado se caracterizó por ser altamente heterogéneo, así la DQO varió entre 10 500 mg/l y 14 700 mg/l. La turbiedad desde 619 NTU a 886 NTU. El rango de tensoactivos desde 86,6 mg/l a 221, 6 mg/l. La concentración inicial de aluminio fue 88 mg/l, de cobre fue 123 mg/l y de cinc fue 13 mg/l. La concentración inicial de sólidos suspendidos fue 340 mg/l y la concentración de sólidos totales fue 10 456 mg/l. En la investigación se establecieron los valores de las variables que influyen en la electrocoagulación para hacerla eficiente. El pH de operación que presenta mejores resultados es 9,7. La intensidad de corriente que se determinó como la más eficiente es de 1,8 A. Con esta intensidad de corriente se tiene una remoción de DQO de 32%, remoción de sólidos suspendidos de 98,3 %, remoción de turbiedad de 97,4 % y remoción de aluminio 88%, de cobre 87% y de cinc de 99%, El tiempo de residencia que requiere la operación es de 60 minutos.

  3. Effect of pin tool design on the material flow of dissimilar AA7075-AA6061 friction stir welds

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hasan, Mohammed M.; Ishak, M.; Rejab, M. R. M.

    2017-10-01

    Tool design is the most influential aspect in the friction stir welding (FSW) technology. Influence of pin tool geometry on material flow pattern are studied in this work during the FSW of dissimilar AA7075 and AA6061 aluminium alloys. Three truncated pin tool profiles (threaded, threaded with single flat, and unthreaded with single flat) were used to prepare the weldments. The workpieces were joined using a custom-made clamping system under 1100 rpm of spindle speed, 300 mm/min of traverse rate and 3° of tilt angle. The metallographic analysis showed that defect-free welds can be produced using the three pin tools with significant changes in the mixing stir zone structure. The results declared that the introducing of the flat on the cone of the probe deviates the pattern of the onion rings without changing the chemical composition of the created layers. This in turn improves the hardness distribution and tensile strength of the welded joint. It was also noted that both heat affected zone (HAZ) and thermal-mechanical affected zone (TMAZ) are similar in composition to their corresponding base materials (BM).

  4. Efecto de tres preservadores de la longevidad sobre la vida postcosecha de Rosa cv. Royalty

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    G. H. De la Cruz-Guzmán

    2007-01-01

    Full Text Available Se evaluó el efecto de tres tratamientos: a sulfato de aluminio 0.6 g·l-1; b 400 ppm de sulfato de 8-hidroxiquinoleina (8-HQS; c pulso con tiosulfato de plata (STS, 0.025 mM durante 20 minutos y agua destilada como testigo sobre consumo hídrico, peso fresco, diámetro floral, concentración de azúcares solubles totales en pétalos y longevidad en Rosa cv. Royalty. En el testigo el consumo de agua descendió significativamente al noveno día, no así en los otros tratamientos que se mantuvieron por arriba del testigo hasta el final del experimento. La menor tasa de pérdida de peso fresco se observó en el tratamiento con sulfato de aluminio (Al, seguido por STS, HQS y testigo respectivamente, sugiriendo una probable asociación inversa con la vida postcosecha. Las flores tratadas con sulfato de aluminio, resultaron estadísticamente diferentes en cuanto a su estado ornamental óptimo en los días 9, 10, 11, 12 y 14 de vida postcosecha, evaluados mediante la prueba de Kruskall-Wallis El diámetro floral fue mayor en las flores tratadas con STS (9 cm, seguido por sulfato de aluminio (7.6 cm; éste último mantuvo la apertura dos días más que STS. En cuanto a la concentración de azúcares solubles totales en estado de botón y flor abierta, no se registraron diferencias significativas (P>0.05 ni entre tratamientos ni estados florales.

  5. The PMIPv6-Based Group Binding Update for IoT Devices

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jianfeng Guan

    2016-01-01

    Full Text Available Internet of Things (IoT has been booming with rapid increase of the various wearable devices, vehicle embedded devices, and so on, and providing the effective mobility management for these IoT devices becomes a challenge due to the different application scenarios as well as the limited energy and bandwidth. Recently, lots of researchers have focused on this topic and proposed several solutions based on the combination of IoT features and traditional mobility management protocols, in which most of these schemes take the IoT devices as mobile networks and adopt the NEtwork MObility (NEMO and its variants to provide the mobility support. However, these solutions are in face of the heavy signaling cost problem. Since IoT devices are generally combined to realize the complex functions, these devices may have similar movement behaviors. Clearly analyzing these characters and using them in the mobility management will reduce the signaling cost and improve the scalability. Motivated by this, we propose a PMIPv6-based group binding update method. In particular, we describe its group creation procedure, analyze its impact on the mobility management, and derive its reduction ratio in terms of signaling cost. The final results show that the introduction of group binding update can remarkably reduce the signaling cost.

  6. 26 CFR 1.103(n)-6T - Determinations of population (temporary).

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-04-01

    ... 26 Internal Revenue 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Determinations of population (temporary). 1.103....103(n)-6T Determinations of population (temporary). Q-1: What is the proper method for determining population? A-1: All determinations of population must be made with respect to any calendar year on the basis...

  7. Identification and characterization of the ESAT-6 homologue of Mycobacterium leprae and T-cell cross-reactivity with Mycobacterium tuberculosis

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Geluk, Annemieke; van Meijgaarden, Krista E.; Franken, Kees L. M. C.; Subronto, Yanri W.; Wieles, Brigitte; Arend, Sandra M.; Sampaio, Elizabeth P.; de Boer, Tjitske; Faber, William R.; Naafs, Ben; Ottenhoff, Tom H. M.

    2002-01-01

    In this paper we describe identification and characterization of Mycobacterium leprae ESAT-6 (L-ESAT-6), the homologue of M. tuberculosis ESAT-6 (T-ESAT-6). T-ESAT-6 is expressed by all pathogenic strains belonging to the M. tuberculosis complex but is absent from virtually all other mycobacterial

  8. Renal cell carcinoma with t(6,11: A case report and review of literature

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    K S Jansi Prema

    2017-01-01

    Full Text Available Renal cell carcinomas (RCCs with t(6,11 are very rare tumours. Only a few cases have been reported so far. t(6,11 results in fusion of alpha gene and transcription factor EB (TFEB gene resulting in the overexpression of TFEB. The specific light and immunohistochemical features help in the diagnosis of this rare type of tumor. We report a case of t(6,11 RCC in a 38-year-old female who was incidentally found to have a right renal mass. We present this case to emphasize the typical light microscopic picture of this extremely rare tumor. Two population of cells are seen: larger cells with abundant cytoplasm and smaller cells with scant cytoplasm. Smaller cells are arranged around hyaline nodules resulting in the formation of characteristic pseudorosettes. Immunohistochemically, these tumors are diffusely positive for vimentin and focally positive for HMB 45 and CD 117. Knowledge about the typical biphasic light microscopic appearance and the characteristic immunohistochemical features help in the diagnosis of this rare type of translocation associated RCC.

  9. Allergic TH2 Response Governed by B-Cell Lymphoma 6 Function in Naturally Occurring Memory Phenotype CD4+ T Cells.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ogasawara, Takashi; Kohashi, Yuko; Ikari, Jun; Taniguchi, Toshibumi; Tsuruoka, Nobuhide; Watanabe-Takano, Haruko; Fujimura, Lisa; Sakamoto, Akemi; Hatano, Masahiko; Hirata, Hirokuni; Fukushima, Yasutsugu; Fukuda, Takeshi; Kurasawa, Kazuhiro; Tatsumi, Koichiro; Tokuhisa, Takeshi; Arima, Masafumi

    2018-01-01

    Transcriptional repressor B-cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl6) appears to regulate T H 2 immune responses in allergies, but its precise role is unclear. We previously reported that Bcl6 suppressed IL-4 production in naïve CD4 + T cell-derived memory T H 2 cells. To investigate Bcl6 function in allergic responses in naturally occurring memory phenotype CD4 + T (MPT) cells and their derived T H 2 (MPT H 2) cells, Bcl6 -manipulated mice , highly conserved intron enhancer (hcIE)-deficient mice , and reporter mice for conserved noncoding sequence 2 (CNS2) 3' distal enhancer region were used to elucidate Bcl6 function in MPT cells. The molecular mechanisms of Bcl6-mediated T H 2 cytokine gene regulation were elucidated using cellular and molecular approaches. Bcl6 function in MPT cells was determined using adoptive transfer to naïve mice, which were assessed for allergic airway inflammation. Bcl6 suppressed IL-4 production in MPT and MPT H 2 cells by suppressing CNS2 enhancer activity. Bcl6 downregulated Il4 expression in MPT H 2 cells, but not MPT cells, by suppressing hcIE activity. The inhibitory functions of Bcl6 in MPT and MPT H 2 cells attenuated allergic responses. Bcl6 is a critical regulator of IL-4 production by MPT and MPT H 2 cells in T H 2 immune responses related to the pathogenesis of allergies.

  10. Preparation of 6,6,1',1',6',6'-hexadeutero sucrose.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Gouy, Marie-Hélène; Danel, Mathieu; Gayral, Maud; Bouchu, Alain; Queneau, Yves

    2007-11-05

    The preparation of 6,6,1',1',6',6'-hexadeutero sucrose is reported. The synthesis is based on a triple oxidation of a protected sucrose 6,1',6'-triol to the corresponding 6,1',6'-tricarboxylic acid or ester, followed by reduction with lithium aluminium deuteride. This triple oxidation could be achieved either using cat. TEMPO-NaOCl (to the acid) or PDC-Ac(2)O-t-BuOH (to the t-butyl carboxylic ester).

  11. Estudio del mecanismo de reacción durante la refinación de magnesio de aleaciones de aluminio líquidas usando partículas de SiO2

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Flores, A.

    2008-04-01

    Full Text Available An analysis of the results regarding the permanent contact reaction that occurs between the Mg dissolved in molten aluminum and SiO2 particles is presented. The experiments were carried out at constant temperature and molten metal stirring velocity. In the Scanning Electron Microscope, the crystallographic characteristics of the reaction products were determined using the Electron Backscattered Diffraction Technique, thus allowing to establish the stoichiometry and the mechanism of reaction. The results indicate that the mechanism of reaction is governed by Al, Mg, and Si ions diffusion through the layers of reaction products composed of MgAl2O4 and Al2O3 phases. It was found that during the process the composition of the reaction products changed as the concentration of Mg in the boundary layer diminished.

    Se presentan y discuten los resultados de un estudio acerca de la reacción de contacto permanente que ocurre entre partículas de sílice y el magnesio disuelto en una aleación de aluminio líquida, a temperatura y velocidad de agitación constantes. Se obtuvieron muestras en función del tiempo de contacto, siendo caracterizadas mediante Difracción de Electrones Retrodispersados (EBSD en el Microscopio Electrónico de Barrido. Esto, permitió definir la estructura cristalina de los compuestos que se forman durante las reacciones involucradas y como consecuencia determinar la estequiometría y el mecanismo de reacción. Los resultados indicaron que dicho mecanismo está gobernado por la difusión de los iones de aluminio, magnesio y silicio a través de la porosidad de las capas de MgAl2O4 y Al2O3 que se forman como productos de reacción, encontrándose, además, que la composición de dichos productos cambiaba conforme la concentración de magnesio en la interfase sólido (SiO2-fundido (Al-Mg disminuía.

  12. Gamma-delayed deuteron emission of the 6Li(0+;T=1) halo state

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Tursunov, E.M.; Descouvemont, P.; Baye, D.

    2007-01-01

    M1 transitions from the 6 Li(0 + ;T=1) state at 3.563 MeV to the 6 Li(1 + ) ground state and to the α+d continuum are studied in a three-body model. The bound states are described as an α+n+p system in hyperspherical coordinates on a Lagrange mesh. The ground-state magnetic moment and the gamma width of the 6 Li(0 + ) resonance are well reproduced. The halo-like structure of the 6 Li(0 + ) resonance is confirmed and is probed by the M1 transition probability to the α+d continuum. The spectrum is sensitive to the description of the α+d phase shifts. The corresponding gamma width is around 1.0 meV, with optimal potentials. Charge symmetry is analyzed through a comparison with the β-delayed deuteron spectrum of 6 He. In 6 He, a nearly perfect cancellation effect between short-range and halo contributions was found. A similar analysis for the 6 Li(0 + ;T=1)γ decay is performed; it shows that charge-symmetry breaking at large distances, due to the different binding energies and to different charges, reduces this effect. The present branching ratio Γ γ (0 + →α+d)/Γ γ (0 + →1 + )∼1.3x10 -4 should be observable with current experimental facilities.

  13. Pediatric-specific\tAntimicrobial\tResistance\tPatterns\tof\tUrinary\tTract\tInfections: A\tSingle-Centre\tExperience\tfrom\tTurkey

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Yasar Kandur

    2016-12-01

    Full Text Available Objectives: Antimicrobial resistance of the causative microorganisms of pediatric urinary tract infection (UTI is a growing problem.\tThe\taim\tof\tthis\tstudy\tis\tto\tdetermine\tthe\tchanging\tpattern\tof\tantibiotic\tsusceptibility\tin\tUTIs\tin\tan\toutpatient\tsetting. Methods: We\tretrospectively\treviewed\tthe\tmedical\trecords\tof\tpediatric\tpatients\twith\tUTI\twho\twere\tfollowed-up\tin\tour\tcenter between\tJanuary-2014\tand\tMay-2015. Results: One hundred and seventy-one patients (M/F= 53/118;\tmean age 56 ± 47.2\tmonths with UTI were enrolled\tin this study.\tA\ttotal\tof\t231\turinary\tpathogens\twere\tisolated\tfrom\tUTI\tepisodes.\tThe\tmost\tcommon\tcausative\tagent\twas\tEscherichia\tcoli (E. coli (70.6% followed by Klebsiella spp. (16.5%, Proteus spp. (6.5%. One point eight percent of E. coli isolates were resistant to amikacin, 17.8% to gentamicin, 60.7% to TMP-SMX, 66,9% to ampicillin, 52.1% to cefixime, 46% to ceftriaxone, 54.6%\tto\tcefuroxime\tand\t4.9%\tto\tnitrofurantoin. Conclusions: TMP-SMX and nitrofurantoin are poor empirical choices for pediatric patients due high resistance rates and gastrointestinal side effects, respectively. Second and third -generation cephalosporins (cefixime may not be considered as appropriate\tempiric\tantibiotic\talternatives\tanymore\tgiven\ttheir\thigh\tresistance\trates\tin\tthe\tnext\tfew\tyears.\tPhysicians\twho\twork in\tthe\tprimary\thealth\tcare\tshould\tbe\tencouraged\tfor\tthe\tselection\tof\tmore\tappropriate\tantibiotics.

  14. Photostabilization of Rhodamine 6G in acetone by β-carotene and t-butyl hydroxyanisole

    OpenAIRE

    Aoki, Keisuke; Matsuda, Masahiro; Yamamoto, Daisuke; Abe, Yasuhiro; Akutsu, Shinya; Fujita, Koichi; Doi, Kazutaka; Kobayashi, Masami

    2011-01-01

    The photostability of Rhodamine 6G is of crucial importance for the organic light-emitting display of mobilephones. Photobleaching of Rhodamine 6G in acetone was not protected by β-carotene, but was efficientlyphotostabilized by t-butyl hydroxyanisole. The results indicate that photobleaching of Rhodamine 6G inacetone was not caused by singlet oxygen but some radical species.

  15. Radiation dose response in patients with favorable localized prostate cancer (Stage T1-T2, biopsy Gleason ≤6, and pretreatment prostate-specific antigen ≤10)

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kupelian, Patrick A.; Buchsbaum, Jeffrey C.; Reddy, Chandana A.; Klein, Eric A.

    2001-01-01

    Purpose: To study the radiation dose response as determined by biochemical relapse-free survival in patients with favorable localized prostate cancers, i.e., Stage T1-T2, biopsy Gleason score (bGS) ≤6, and pretreatment prostate-specific antigen (iPSA) ≤10 ng/mL. Methods and Materials: A total of 292 patients with favorable localized prostate cancer were treated with radiotherapy alone between 1986 and 1999. The median age was 69 years. Sixteen percent of cases (n=46) were African-American. The distribution by clinical T stage was as follows: T1/T2A, 243 (83%); and T2B/T2C, 49 (17%). The distribution by iPSA was as follows: ≤4 ng/mL, 49 (17%); and >4 ng/mL, 243 (83%). The mean iPSA level was 6.2 (median, 6.4). The distribution by bGS was as follows: ≤5 in 89 cases (30%) and 6 in 203 cases (70%). The median radiation dose was 70.0 Gy (range, 63.0-78.0 Gy). Doses of ≤70.0 Gy were delivered in 175 cases, 70.2-72.0 Gy in 24 cases, 74 Gy in 30 cases, and 78 Gy in 63 cases. For patients receiving 2 =5.7), and radiation dose (p=0.021, χ 2 =5.3) were independent predictors of outcome. Age (p=0.94), race (p=0.89), stage (p=0.45), biopsy GS (p=0.40), and radiation technique (p=0.45) were not. Conclusion: There is a clear radiation dose response in patients with favorable localized prostate cancers (i.e., Stage T1-T2, biopsy Gleason score ≤6, and iPSA ≤10 ng/mL). At least 74 Gy should be delivered to the prostate and periprostatic tissues. With our cohort of patients, longer follow-up will be needed to assess the importance of doses exceeding 74 Gy

  16. T6 heat treatment of semi-solid metal processed alloy A356

    CSIR Research Space (South Africa)

    Moller, H

    2008-01-01

    Full Text Available -exponential factor, Q the apparent activation energy in J/mol and R the universal gas constant = 8.314 J/mol K). The equations that describe the time to reach maximum hardness (tT6) are given by equation 1 (with prior natural aging time) and equation 2 (for... quench to artificial aging does not have an influence on the apparent activation energy (Q). It does, however, decrease the pre-exponential factor C, thereby resulting in a much faster artificial aging response. The apparent activation energies...

  17. CCR6 and NK1.1 distinguish between IL-17A and IFN-gamma-producing gammadelta effector T cells.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Haas, Jan D; González, Frano H Malinarich; Schmitz, Susanne; Chennupati, Vijaykumar; Föhse, Lisa; Kremmer, Elisabeth; Förster, Reinhold; Prinz, Immo

    2009-12-01

    Gammadelta T cells are a potent source of innate IL-17A and IFN-gamma, and they acquire the capacity to produce these cytokines within the thymus. However, the precise stages and required signals that guide this differentiation are unclear. Here we show that the CD24(low) CD44(high) effector gammadelta T cells of the adult thymus are segregated into two lineages by the mutually exclusive expression of CCR6 and NK1.1. Only CCR6+ gammadelta T cells produced IL-17A, while NK1.1+ gammadelta T cells were efficient producers of IFN-gamma but not of IL-17A. Their effector phenotype correlated with loss of CCR9 expression, particularly among the NK1.1+ gammadelta T cells. Accordingly, both gammadelta T-cell subsets were rare in gut-associated lymphoid tissues, but abundant in peripheral lymphoid tissues. There, they provided IL-17A and IFN-gamma in response to TCR-specific and TCR-independent stimuli. IL-12 and IL-18 induced IFN-gamma and IL-23 induced IL-17A production by NK1.1+ or CCR6+ gammadelta T cells, respectively. Importantly, we show that CCR6+ gammadelta T cells are more responsive to TCR stimulation than their NK1.1+ counterparts. In conclusion, our findings support the hypothesis that CCR6+ IL-17A-producing gammadelta T cells derive from less TCR-dependent selection events than IFN-gamma-producing NK1.1+ gammadelta T cells.

  18. Evaluation of Electron Beam Welding Performance of AA6061-T6 Plate-type Fuel Assembly

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kim, Soo-Sung; Seo, Kyoung-Seok; Lee, Don-Bae; Park, Jong-Man; Lee, Yoon-Sang; Lee, Chong-Tak

    2014-01-01

    As one of the most commonly used heat-treatable aluminum alloys, AA6061-T6 aluminum alloy is available in a wide range of structural materials. Typically, it is used in structural members, auto-body sheet and many other applications. Generally, this alloy is easily welded by conventional GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding), LBW (Laser Beam Welding) and EBW(Electron Beam Welding). However, certain characteristics, such as solidification cracking, porosity, HAZ (Heat-affected Zone) degradation must be considered during welding. Because of high energy density and low heat input, especially LBW and EBW processes possess the advantage of minimizing the fusing zone and HAZ and producing deeper penetration than arc welding processes. In present study, to apply for the plate-type nuclear fuel fabrication and assembly, a fundamental electron beam welding experiment using AA6061-T6 aluminum alloy specimens was conducted. Furthermore, to establish the suitable welding process, and satisfy the requirements of the weld quality, EBW apparatus using an electron welding gun and vacuum chamber was developed, and preliminary investigations for optimizing the welding parameters of the specimens using AA6061-T6 aluminum plates were also performed. The EB weld quality of AA6061-T6 aluminum alloy for the plate-type fuel assembly has been also studied by the weld penetrations of side plate to end fitting and fixing bar and weld inspections using computed tomography

  19. Gcn4 misregulation reveals a direct role for the evolutionary conserved EKC/KEOPS in the t6A modification of tRNAs.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Daugeron, Marie-Claire; Lenstra, Tineke L; Frizzarin, Martina; El Yacoubi, Basma; Liu, Xipeng; Baudin-Baillieu, Agnès; Lijnzaad, Philip; Decourty, Laurence; Saveanu, Cosmin; Jacquier, Alain; Holstege, Frank C P; de Crécy-Lagard, Valérie; van Tilbeurgh, Herman; Libri, Domenico

    2011-08-01

    The EKC/KEOPS complex is universally conserved in Archaea and Eukarya and has been implicated in several cellular processes, including transcription, telomere homeostasis and genomic instability. However, the molecular function of the complex has remained elusive so far. We analyzed the transcriptome of EKC/KEOPS mutants and observed a specific profile that is highly enriched in targets of the Gcn4p transcriptional activator. GCN4 expression was found to be activated at the translational level in mutants via the defective recognition of the inhibitory upstream ORFs (uORFs) present in its leader. We show that EKC/KEOPS mutants are defective for the N6-threonylcarbamoyl adenosine modification at position 37 (t(6)A(37)) of tRNAs decoding ANN codons, which affects initiation at the inhibitory uORFs and provokes Gcn4 de-repression. Structural modeling reveals similarities between Kae1 and bacterial enzymes involved in carbamoylation reactions analogous to t(6)A(37) formation, supporting a direct role for the EKC in tRNA modification. These findings are further supported by strong genetic interactions of EKC mutants with a translation initiation factor and with threonine biosynthesis genes. Overall, our data provide a novel twist to understanding the primary function of the EKC/KEOPS and its impact on several essential cellular functions like transcription and telomere homeostasis.

  20. Simulación y experimentación de laminación plana de placas de aluminio 6063

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Teresa Robert

    2011-06-01

    Full Text Available An experimental methodology was generated for understanding the theoretical and practical concepts inherent to cold flat rolling. Aluminium slabs about 100 mm length, 9 mm thickness with different widths: 10 and 30 mm were rolled. A constant 0.3 mm thickness reduction step was performed in order to achieve a thickness reduction greater than 80 %. In the Abaqus® commercial software, a mathematical model was implemented in order to obtain a greater understanding concerning how the process variables affect the fields of stresses and strains that are not observed experimentally. It was found, by mathematical simulation, that a superficial hardening in the plates was produced and the deformation obtained is heterogeneous, which is corroborated physically. Keywords: Flat rolling; 6063 Aluminium; Data acquisition system; Simulation Se generó una metodología experimental para el entendimiento teórico-práctico de los conceptos del proceso de laminación plana en frío. Se laminaron placas de aluminio de aproximadamente 100 mm de longitud y 9 mm de espesor, a diferentes anchos: 10 y 30 mm. Se seleccionó una razón de reducción constante de 0.3 mm para cada paso de laminación, hasta lograr una reducción superior al 80 % en espesor. Se implementó un modelo matemático en el paquete comercial Abaqus® con el fin de obtener un mayor entendimiento sobre la influencia de las variables del proceso (fuerza aplicada y dimensiones de las probetas en los campos de esfuerzos y deformaciones que, experimentalmente, no se pueden observar. Se encontró, mediante la simulación matemática, que se produce un endurecimiento superficial en las placas y que la deformación obtenida es heterogénea, lo cual se corrobora físicamente.

  1. Investigations on the influence of the shape factor and friction in compression processes of cylindrical billets of AA 6082-T6 aluminum alloy by numerical and experimental techniques; Investigaciones sobre la influencia del factor de forma y del rozamiento en procesos de compresion de piezas cilindricas de aleacion de aluminio AA 6082-T6 mediante tecnicas numericas y experimentales

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Marin, M. M.; Camacho, A. M.; Bernal, C.; Sebastian, M. A.

    2013-09-01

    The material characterization under similar load conditions to those applied during manufacturing is important in order to analyse Bulk Forming Compression Processes from a more realistic point of view. Open die forging of AA 6082-T6 aluminum alloy has been analysed by using experimental techniques and Finite Elements Method (FEM). The influence of the work piece geometry on the effects that friction produces in typical process variables such as applied forces, contact pressures and stresses and strains in work pieces has been analysed by FEM simulation. It has been shown that higher shape factors of the initial work piece geometry are recommended in such a way that friction effect is minimised. These results are interesting in order to decrease the required energy of the process and the tool wear, and could be used in further analysis of stamping processes. (Author)

  2. Strategies for optimizing organic solar cells. Correlation between morphology and performance in DCV6T-C{sub 60} heterojunctions

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Wynands, David

    2011-02-04

    This work investigates organic solar cells made of small molecules. Using the material system {alpha}{omega}-bis(dicyanovinylene)-sexithiophene (DCV6T)-C{sub 60} as model, the correlation between the photovoltaic active layer morphology and performance of the solar cell is studied. The chosen method for controlling the layer morphology is applying different substrate temperatures (T{sub sub}) during the deposition of the layer. In neat DCV6T layers, substrate heating induces higher crystallinity as is shown by X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The absorption spectrum displays a more distinct fine structure, a redshift of the absorption peaks by up to 11 nm and a significant increase of the low energy absorption band at T{sub sub}=120 C compared to T{sub sub}=30 C. Contrary to general expectations, the hole mobility as measured in field effect transistors and with the method of charge extraction by linearly increasing voltage (CELIV) does not increase in samples with higher crystallinity. In mixed layers, investigations by AFM and UV-Vis spectroscopy reveal a stronger phase separation induced by substrate heating, leading to larger domains of DCV6T. This is indicated by an increased grain size and roughness of the topography, the increase of the DCV6T luminescence signal, and the more distinct fine structure of the DCV6T related absorption. Based on the results of the morphology analysis, the effect of different substrate temperatures on the performance of solar cells with flat and mixed DCV6T-C{sub 60} heterojunctions is investigated. In flat heterojunction solar cells, a slight increase of the photocurrent by about 10% is observed upon substrate heating, attributed to the increase of DCV6T absorption. In mixed DCV6T:C{sub 60} heterojunction solar cells, much more pronounced enhancements are achieved. By varying the substrate temperature from -7 C to 120 C, it is shown that the stronger phase separation upon substrate heating facilitates the

  3. Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy is associated with mitochondrial ND6 T14502C mutation

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Zhao, Fuxin; Guan, Minqiang; Zhou, Xiangtian; Yuan, Meixia; Liang, Ming; Liu, Qi; Liu, Yan; Zhang, Yongmei; Yang, Li; Tong, Yi; Wei, Qi-Ping; Sun, Yan-Hong; Qu, Jia

    2009-01-01

    We report here the clinical, genetic, and molecular characterization of three Chinese families with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). There were variable severity and age of onset in visual impairment among these families. Strikingly, there were extremely low penetrances of visual impairment in these Chinese families. Sequence analysis of complete mitochondrial genomes in these pedigrees showed the homoplasmic T14502C (I58V) mutation, which localized at a highly conserved isoleucine at position 58 of ND6, and distinct sets of mtDNA polymorphisms belonging to haplogroups M10a, F1a1, and H2. The occurrence of T14502C mutation in these several genetically unrelated subjects affected by visual impairment strongly indicates that this mutation is involved in the pathogenesis of visual impairment. Here, mtDNA variants I187T in the ND1, A122V in CO1, S99A in the A6, and V254I in CO3 exhibited an evolutionary conservation, indicating a potential modifying role in the development of visual impairment associated with T14502C mutation in those families. Furthermore, nuclear modifier gene(s) or environmental factor(s) may play a role in the phenotypic manifestation of the LHON-associated T14502C mutation in these Chinese families.

  4. The nT1 translocation separates vulval regulatory elements from the egl-18 and elt-6 GATA factor genes.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Koh, Kyunghee; Bernstein, Yelena; Sundaram, Meera V

    2004-03-01

    egl-18 and elt-6 are partially redundant, adjacent genes encoding GATA factors essential for viability, seam cell development, and vulval development in Caenorhabditis elegans. The nT1 reciprocal translocation causes a strong Vulvaless phenotype, and an nT1 breakpoint was previously mapped to the left arm of LGIV, where egl-18/elt-6 are located. Here we present evidence that the nT1 vulval phenotype is due to a disruption of egl-18/elt-6 function specifically in the vulva. egl-18 mutations do not complement nT1 for vulval defects, and the nT1 breakpoint on LGIV is located within approximately 800 bp upstream of a potential transcriptional start site of egl-18. In addition, we have identified a approximately 350-bp cis-regulatory region sufficient for vulval expression just upstream of the nT1 breakpoint. By examining the fusion state and division patterns of the cells in the developing vulva of nT1 mutants, we demonstrate that egl-18/elt-6 prevent fusion and promote cell proliferation at multiple steps of vulval development.

  5. Prevalence of Autonomic Dysreflexia in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury above T6

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Eun Sun Lee

    2017-01-01

    Full Text Available Objective. To investigate the prevalence of autonomic dysreflexia (AD using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM and the autonomic dysfunction following spinal cord injury (ADFSCI questionnaire in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI above T6. Methods. Twenty-eight patients diagnosed with SCI above T6 were enrolled. ABPM and ADFSCI were utilized to assess AD. Using ABPM, systolic blood pressure (SBP, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate (HR were measured at 30-minute intervals. AD was defined as SBP 20 mmHg higher than basal SBP, and the number of AD events was counted. The ADFSCI questionnaire evaluates the severity and frequency of the AD symptoms. Results. According to the ABPM, AD occurred in 26 patients and AD events occurred 5.8±4.7 times. Average daytime and nighttime SBP were 119.9±18.8 mmHg and 123.8±21.2 mmHg, respectively, and the nighttime mean SBP appeared to be 4 mmHg higher than daytime mean SBP. These findings suggest the loss of nocturnal BP dipping in SCI patients. ADFSCI results revealed that 16 of the patients evaluated were symptomatic while 12 were asymptomatic. Conclusion. AD following SCI above T6 was highly prevalent and several patients seemed asymptomatic. These results suggest the necessity of proper diagnostic and therapeutic interventions for managing AD.

  6. Test data on electrical contacts at high surface velocities and high current densities for homopolar generators

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Brennan, M.; Tolk, K.M.; Weldon, W.F.; Rylander, H.G.; Woodson, H.H.

    1977-01-01

    Test data is presented for one grade of copper graphite brush material, Morganite CMlS, over a wide range of surface velocities, atmospheres, and current densities that are expected for fast discharge (<100 ms) homopolar generators. The brushes were run on a copper coated 7075-T6 aluminum disk at surface speeds up to 277 m/sec. One electroplated copper and three flame sprayed copper coatings were used during the tests. Significant differences in contact voltage drops and surface mechanical properties of the copper coatings were observed

  7. Mapping of the Pim-1 oncogene in mouse t-haplotypes and its use to define the relative map positions of the tcl loci t0(t6) and tw12 and the marker tf (tufted).

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ark, B; Gummere, G; Bennett, D; Artzt, K

    1991-06-01

    Pim-1 is an oncogene activated in mouse T-cell lymphomas induced by Moloney and AKR mink cell focus (MCF) viruses. Pim-1 was previously mapped to chromosome 17 by somatic cell hybrids, and subsequently to the region between the hemoglobin alpha-chain pseudogene 4 (Hba-4ps) and the alpha-crystalline gene (Crya-1) by Southern blot analysis of DNA obtained from panels of recombinant inbred strains. We have now mapped Pim-1 more accurately in t-haplotypes by analysis of recombinant t-chromosomes. The recombinants were derived from Tts6tf/t12 parents backcrossed to + tf/ + tf, and scored for recombination between the loci of T and tf. For simplicity all t-complex lethal genes properly named tcl-tx are shortened to tx. The Pim-1 gene was localized 0.6 cM proximal to the tw12 lethal gene, thus placing the Pim-1 gene 5.2 cM distal to the H-2 region in t-haplotypes. Once mapped, the Pim-1 gene was used as a marker for further genetic analysis of t-haplotypes. tw12 is so close to tf that even with a large number of recombinants it was not possible to determine whether it is proximal or distal to tf. Southern blot analysis of DNA from T-tf recombinants with a separation of tw12 and tf indicated that tw12 is proximal to tf. The mapping of two allelic t-lethals, t0 and t6 with respect to tw12 and tf has also been a problem.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

  8. TRAF6 is essential for maintenance of regulatory T cells that suppress Th2 type autoimmunity.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Go Muto

    Full Text Available Regulatory T cells (Tregs maintain immune homeostasis by limiting inflammatory responses. TRAF6 plays a key role in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity by mediating signals from various receptors including the T-cell receptor (TCR. T cell-specific deletion of TRAF6 has been shown to induce multiorgan inflammatory disease, but the role of TRAF6 in Tregs remains to be investigated. Here, we generated Treg-specific TRAF6-deficient mice using Foxp3-Cre and TRAF6-flox mice. Treg-specific TRAF6-deficient (cKO mice developed allergic skin diseases, arthritis, lymphadenopathy and hyper IgE phenotypes. Although TRAF6-deficient Tregs possess similar in vitro suppression activity compared to wild-type Tregs, TRAF6-deficient Tregs did not suppress colitis in lymphopenic mice very efficiently due to reduced number of Foxp3-positive cells. In addition, the fraction of TRAF6-deficient Tregs was reduced compared with wild-type Tregs in female cKO mice without inflammation. Moreover, adoptive transfer of Foxp3 (+ Tregs into Rag2(-/- mice revealed that TRAF6-deficient Tregs converted into Foxp3(- cells more rapidly than WT Tregs under lymphopenic conditions. Fate-mapping analysis also revealed that conversion of Tregs from Foxp3(+ to Foxp3(- (exFoxp3 cells was accelerated in TRAF6-deficient Tregs. These data indicate that TRAF6 in Tregs plays important roles in the maintenance of Foxp3 in Tregs and in the suppression of pathogenic Th2 type conversion of Tregs.

  9. Use of UV-irradiated bacteriophage T6 to kill extracellular bacteria in tissue culture infectivity assays

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Shaw, D.R.; Maurelli, A.T.; Goguen, J.D.; Straley, S.C.; Curtiss, R. III

    1983-01-01

    The authors have utilized 'lysis from without' mediated by UV-inactivated bacteriophage T6 to eliminate extracellular bacteria in experiments measuring the internalization, intracellular survival and replication of Yersinia pestis within mouse peritoneal macrophages and of Shigella flexneri within a human intestinal epithelial cell line. The technique described has the following characteristics: (a) bacterial killing is complete within 15 min at 37 0 C, with a >10 3 -fold reduction in colony-forming units (CFU); (b) bacteria within cultured mammalian cells are protected from killing by UV-inactivated T6; (c) the mammalian cells are not observably affected by exposure to UV-inactivated T6. This technique has several advantages over the use of antibiotics to eliminate extracellular bacteria and is potentially widely applicable in studies of the interactions between pathogenic bacteria and host phagocytic cells as well as other target tissues. (Auth.)

  10. 26 CFR 1.892-6T - Income of international organizations (temporary regulations).

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-04-01

    ... (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES Miscellaneous Provisions § 1.892-6T Income of international organizations (temporary regulations). (a) Exempt from tax. Subject to the provisions of section 1 of the... 26 Internal Revenue 9 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Income of international organizations (temporary...

  11. Negative differential resistance and switch behavior of T-BxNy (x, y = 5, 6, 11) molecular junctions

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wang, Shi-Liang; Yang, Chuan-Lu; Wang, Mei-Shan; Ma, Xiao-Guang; Xin, Jian-Guo

    2017-05-01

    The electronic transport properties of T-BxNy (x, y = 5, 6, 11) molecular junction are investigated based on first-principle density functional theory and non-equilibrium Green's function method. Strong negative differential resistance (NDR) behavior is observed for T-B5N6 molecule under negative and positive bias voltages, with an obvious switch effect for T-B6N5. However, only small NDR is shown for the complex of the two molecules. The projected device density of states, the spatial distribution of molecular orbitals, and the effect of transmission spectra under various bias voltages on the electronic transport properties are analyzed. The obvious effect of bias voltage on the changes in the electronic distribution of frontier molecular orbitals is responsible for the NDR or switch behavior. Therefore, different functional molecular devices can be obtained with different structures of T-BxNy.

  12. Multiaxial fatigue of cast aluminium EN AC-42000 T6 (G-AlSi7Mg0.3 T6 for automotive safety components under constant and variable amplitude loading

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    C.M. Sonsino

    2016-07-01

    Full Text Available Regarding the fatigue behaviour of EN AC-42000 T6 (A 356 T6, which is the most frequently used cast aluminium alloy for automotive safety components, especially under non-proportional constant and variable normal and shear stress amplitudes with changing principal stress directions, a poor level of knowledge was available. The reported investigations show that, under non-proportional normal and shear stresses, fatigue life is increased in contrast to ductile steels where life is reduced due to changing principal stress directions. This behaviour caused by the low ductility of this alloy (e < 10% compared to quenched and tempered steels suggests the application of the Normal (Principal Stress Hypothesis (NSH. For all of the investigated stress states under multiaxial constant and variable (Gaussian spectrum amplitudes without and with mean stresses, the NSH was able to depict the life increase by the non-proportionality and delivered, for most cases, conservative but non-exaggerated results.

  13. The potential of species-specific tagatose-6-phosphate (T6P) pathway in Lactobacillus casei group for galactose reduction in fermented dairy foods.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wu, Qinglong; Shah, Nagendra P

    2017-04-01

    Residual lactose and galactose in fermented dairy foods leads to several industrial and health concerns. There is very little information pertaining to manufacture of fermented dairy foods that are low in lactose and galactose. In the present study, comparative genomic survey demonstrated the constant presence of chromosome-encoded tagatose-6-phosphate (T6P) pathway in Lactobacillus casei group. Lactose/galactose utilization tests and β-galactosidase assay suggest that PTS Gal system, PTS Lac system and T6P pathway are major contributors for lactose/galactose catabolism in this group of organisms. In addition, it was found than lactose catabolism by Lb. casei group accumulated very limited galactose in the MRS-lactose medium and in reconstituted skim milk, whereas Streptococcus thermophilus and Lb. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (Lb. bulgaricus) strains secreted high amount of galactose extracellularly. Moreover, co-culturing Lb. casei group with Str. thermophilus showed significant reduction in galactose content, while co-culturing Lb. casei group with Lb. bulgaricus showed significant reduction in lactose content but significant increase in galactose content in milk. Overall, the present study highlighted the potential of Lb. casei group for reducing galactose accumulation in fermented milks due to its species-specific T6P pathway. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  14. Genome Sequence of Selenium-Solubilizing Bacterium Caulobacter vibrioides T5M6

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Wang, Yihua; Qin, Yanan; Kot, Witold

    2016-01-01

    Caulobacter vibrioides T5M6 is a Gram-negative strain that strongly solubilizes selenium (Se) mineral into Se(IV) and was isolated from a selenium mining area in Enshi, southwest China. This strain produces the phytohormone IAA and promotes plant growth. Here we present the genome of this strain...

  15. IL-6 trans-signaling licenses mouse and human tumor microvascular gateways for trafficking of cytotoxic T cells

    Science.gov (United States)

    Fisher, Daniel T.; Chen, Qing; Skitzki, Joseph J.; Muhitch, Jason B.; Zhou, Lei; Appenheimer, Michelle M.; Vardam, Trupti D.; Weis, Emily L.; Passanese, Jessica; Wang, Wan-Chao; Gollnick, Sandra O.; Dewhirst, Mark W.; Rose-John, Stefan; Repasky, Elizabeth A.; Baumann, Heinz; Evans, Sharon S.

    2011-01-01

    Immune cells are key regulators of neoplastic progression, which is often mediated through their release of cytokines. Inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 exert tumor-promoting activities by driving growth and survival of neoplastic cells. However, whether these cytokines also have a role in recruiting mediators of adaptive anticancer immunity has not been investigated. Here, we report that homeostatic trafficking of tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells across microvascular checkpoints is limited in tumors despite the presence of inflammatory cytokines. Intravital imaging in tumor-bearing mice revealed that systemic thermal therapy (core temperature elevated to 39.5°C ± 0.5°C for 6 hours) activated an IL-6 trans-signaling program in the tumor blood vessels that modified the vasculature such that it could support enhanced trafficking of CD8+ effector/memory T cells (Tems) into tumors. A concomitant decrease in tumor infiltration by Tregs during systemic thermal therapy resulted in substantial enhancement of Tem/Treg ratios. Mechanistically, IL-6 produced by nonhematopoietic stromal cells acted cooperatively with soluble IL-6 receptor–α and thermally induced gp130 to promote E/P-selectin– and ICAM-1–dependent extravasation of cytotoxic T cells in tumors. Parallel increases in vascular adhesion were induced by IL-6/soluble IL-6 receptor–α fusion protein in mouse tumors and patient tumor explants. Finally, a causal link was established between IL-6–dependent licensing of tumor vessels for Tem trafficking and apoptosis of tumor targets. These findings suggest that the unique IL-6–rich tumor microenvironment can be exploited to create a therapeutic window to boost T cell–mediated antitumor immunity and immunotherapy. PMID:21926464

  16. Aluminum triiodide induced complexation and structural rearrangement of the hexaphospha-pentaprismane cage, P6C4tBu4

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Al-Ktaifani, M. M.

    2009-01-01

    Treatment of P 6 C 4 t Bu 4 with the Lewis acid AlI 3 in toluene at room temperature unexpectedly results in a structural rearrangement affording the ionic complex [P 6 C 4 t Bu 4 H][AlI 4 ] which was fully characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and a single crystal X-ray diffraction study. Supportive evidence that the reaction might involve a simple intermediate Lewis acid-base adduct [AlI 3 (η 1 -P 6 C 4 t Bu 4 )] came from the isolation on one occasion of small number of crystals of the bis-Al adduct [(AlI)μ-(P 6 C 4 t Bu 4 )(AlI 3 )], whose molecular structure was also confirmed by a single crystal X-ray diffraction study. (author)

  17. Involvement of T6 pili in biofilm formation by serotype M6 Streptococcus pyogenes.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kimura, Keiji Richard; Nakata, Masanobu; Sumitomo, Tomoko; Kreikemeyer, Bernd; Podbielski, Andreas; Terao, Yutaka; Kawabata, Shigetada

    2012-02-01

    The group A streptococcus (GAS) Streptococcus pyogenes is known to cause self-limiting purulent infections in humans. The role of GAS pili in host cell adhesion and biofilm formation is likely fundamental in early colonization. Pilus genes are found in the FCT (fibronectin-binding protein, collagen-binding protein, and trypsin-resistant antigen) genomic region, which has been classified into nine subtypes based on the diversity of gene content and nucleotide sequence. Several epidemiological studies have indicated that FCT type 1 strains, including serotype M6, produce large amounts of monospecies biofilm in vitro. We examined the direct involvement of pili in biofilm formation by serotype M6 clinical isolates. In the majority of tested strains, deletion of the tee6 gene encoding pilus shaft protein T6 compromised the ability to form biofilm on an abiotic surface. Deletion of the fctX and srtB genes, which encode pilus ancillary protein and class C pilus-associated sortase, respectively, also decreased biofilm formation by a representative strain. Unexpectedly, these mutant strains showed increased bacterial aggregation compared with that of the wild-type strain. When the entire FCT type 1 pilus region was ectopically expressed in serotype M1 strain SF370, biofilm formation was promoted and autoaggregation was inhibited. These findings indicate that assembled FCT type 1 pili contribute to biofilm formation and also function as attenuators of bacterial aggregation. Taken together, our results show the potential role of FCT type 1 pili in the pathogenesis of GAS infections.

  18. Synergistic augmentation of ATP-induced interleukin-6 production by arsenite in HaCaT cells.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Sumi, Daigo; Asao, Masashi; Okada, Hideta; Yogi, Kuniko; Miyataka, Hideki; Himeno, Seiichiro

    2016-06-01

    Chronic arsenic exposure causes cutaneous diseases such as hyperkeratosis and skin cancer. However, little information has been available regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying these symptoms. Because extracellular ATP and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are involved in pathological aspects of cutaneous diseases, we examined whether sodium arsenite (As(III)) affects ATP-induced IL-6 production in human epidermal keratinocyte HaCaT cells. The results showed that the addition of As(III) into the medium of HaCaT cells dose dependently increased the production of IL-6 induced by extracellular ATP, although As(III) alone had no effect on IL-6 production. To elucidate the mechanism of the synergistic effect of As(III) on IL-6 production by extracellular ATP, we next examined the phosphorylation of p38, ERK and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), since we found that these signaling molecules were stimulated by exposure to extracellular ATP. The results indicated that ATP-induced phosphorylation of p38, ERK and EGFR was synergistically enhanced by co-exposure to As(III). To clarify the mechanisms underlying the enhanced phosphorylation of p38, ERK and EGFR by As(III), we explored two possible mechanisms: the inhibition of extracellular ATP degradation and the inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) activity by As(III). The degradation of extracellular ATP was not changed by As(III), whereas the activity of PTPs was significantly inhibited by As(III). Our results suggest that As(III) augments ATP-induced IL-6 production in HaCaT cells through enhanced phosphorylation of the EGFR and p38/ERK pathways, which is associated with the inhibition of PTPs activity.

  19. Eddy current standards - Cracks versus notches

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hagemaier, D. J.; Collingwood, M. R.; Nguyen, K. H.

    1992-10-01

    Eddy current tests aimed at evaluating cracks and electron-discharge machined (EDM) notches in 7075-T6 aluminum specimens are described. A comparison of the shape and amplitude of recordings made from both transverse and longitudinal scans of small EDM notches and fatigue cracks showd almost identical results. The signal amplitude and phase angle increased with an increase of EDM notch and crak size. It is concluded that equivalent eddy current results obtained from similar-size surface cracks and notches in aluminum can be used to establish a desired sensitivity level for inspection.

  20. Measurements of differential cross sections for the reactions 6,7Li(n,d)5,6He and 6,7Li(n,t)4,5He at 14.1 MeV

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Shirato, Shoji; Hata, Kazuhiro; Ando, Yoshiaki; Shibuya, Shinji; Shibata, Keiichi.

    1989-08-01

    A summary of our measured cross sections for the 14.1 MeV neutron-induced reactions on lithium isotopes has been presented. Our data were measured with two counter telescopes, each of which consisted of two gas proportional counters and silicon ΔE and E detectors. Measured energy spectra of deuterons and tritons from 6 Li(n,d)n 4 He and 7 Li(n,t)n 4 He, respectively, were analyzed by a simple final-state interaction theory. Measured angular distributions for these reactions as well as 6 Li(n,t) 4 He and 7 Li(n,d) 6 He were analyzed by exact finite-range distorted wave Born approximation (EFR-DWBA) calculations. Spectroscopic factors extracted from the EFR-DWBA analyses have been compared with theoretical predictions. (author)

  1. Estudio cinético de la eliminación de magnesio en las aleaciones de aluminio mediante la inyección de polvos de sílice

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Escobedo, J. C.

    2003-06-01

    Full Text Available A kinetic study on the magnesium removal from molten aluminium alloys using submerged SiO2 powders injection is presented. The variables analysed were the chemical content and the particle size of the solid agents, the melt temperature and the injection rate. It was possible to decrease the magnesium content from 1.2 to 0.02wt %, with a low inclusions content. As the main mechanism of the magnesium removal process is of diffusive type, the global process rate increases as the temperature and the injection rate are increased, while decreasing particle size. In all the cases studied, a first order global process was determined and the global rate constants were also evaluated.

    Se presenta un estudio cinético de la eliminación de magnesio de una aleación base aluminio líquida, utilizando la técnica de inyección de agentes sólidos base SiO2 transportados por un gas inerte. Las variables estudiadas son: la composición de los agentes sólidos, la temperatura del baño metálico, la velocidad de inyección y el tamaño de partícula de los agentes sólidos. Se logró disminuir el contenido de magnesio en la aleación, desde 1,2 hasta 0,02 % en peso, encontrándose que, debido a que el mecanismo que gobierna la cinética de eliminación de magnesio es de carácter difusivo, la velocidad de reacción aumenta al incrementarse la temperatura y la velocidad de inyección y al disminuirse el tamaño de partícula. También, se determinó que el proceso de eliminación de magnesio es de primer orden, evaluándose, además, las constantes de velocidad del proceso global a las diferentes condiciones experimentales empleadas.

  2. The influence of a aging thermal treatment on the mechanical properties of 6061 T6 and 6063 T5 aluminums

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Bohorquez, A.C.; Sierra C, M; Lemus, J

    2010-01-01

    Because of its light weight and its good mechanical properties, aluminum alloys have been used traditionally in the production of structural airplane components and car parts. Aluminum alloys with magnesium-silicon (Al-Mg-Si), 6XXX series, respond acceptably to the aging thermal treatment; because the magnesium and silicon permit precipitation hardening, which significantly changes the mechanical properties of this alloy. Two aluminums were selected for this study: 6061 T6 and 6063 T5, which were thermally treated at 120 o C, 150 o C and 180 o C for 8, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours with later quenching in water. An experimental design established the number of test specimens needed to analyze the phenomena. Later, tension tests were developed to verify the property changes undergone during the thermal treatment. The results are presented in performance graphs that show the influence of time and temperature on the mechanical properties of the chosen aluminums

  3. Modelación matemática del mezclado en ollas (cucharas de aluminio equipadas con la técnica de desgasificación rotor-inyector

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ramírez-Argáez, M. A.

    2006-06-01

    Full Text Available In this work a fundamental Eulerian mathematical model was developed to study fluid flow and mixing phenomena in aluminum ladles equipped with impeller for deshidrogenization treatment. The effect of critical process parameters such as rotor speed, depth of immersion, gas flow rate, and type of rotor on the mixing behavior and vortex formation was analyzed with this model. The model simulates operation with and without gas injection and it was developed on the commercial CFD code PHOENICS 3.4 in order to solve all conservation equations governing the process, i.e. continuity, 3D turbulent Navier-Stokes and the k-e turbulence model for a two-phase fluid flow problem using the Inter Phase Slip Algorithm (IPSA. In order to realistically represent the process, shape of the furnace and three kinds of impellers were drawn by employing Body Fitted Coordinates (BFC. From the results it was concluded that mixing behavior is highly dependent on the rotor speed and on the rotor type. Mixing time is improved when: 1 Impeller is located at a depth of 0.229m into the aluminum bath, 2 By using high rotor speeds, 3 By using ladles with a high aspect ratio of Diameter to Height, and 4By using an impeller with notches.

    Se desarrolló un modelo matemático Euleriano para analizar el flujo de fluidos y el mezclado en ollas (cucharas de tratamiento de aluminio equipadas con rotor-inyector, variando parámetros del proceso como la velocidad de giro del rotor, la distancia de inmersión de la flecha, el flujo de gas, el tipo de rotor y el factor de forma de la olla (cuchara (relación altura/diámetro. El modelo matemático simula la operación, con y sin inyección de gas, a través del rotor, empleando el código comercial PHOENICS donde se resolvieron las ecuaciones de continuidad, momento, especies químicas y turbulencia, k-e, de forma simultánea, tanto para la fase líquida como para la gaseosa. El dominio se dibujó, realistamente, empleando coordenadas

  4. The role of MAPK in CD4+ T cells toll-like receptor 9-mediated signaling following HHV-6 infection

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Chi, Jing; Wang, Fang; Li, Lingyun; Feng, Dongju; Qin, Jian; Xie, Fangyi; Zhou, Feng; Chen, Yun; Wang, Jinfeng; Yao, Kun

    2012-01-01

    Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) is an important immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory virus that primarily infects immune cells (mainly CD4 + T cells) and strongly suppresses the proliferation of infected cells. Toll-like receptors are pattern-recognition receptors essential for the development of an appropriate innate immune defense against infection. To understand the role of CD4 + T cells in the innate response to HHV-6 infection and the involvement of TLRs, we used an in vitro infection model and observed that the infection of CD4 + T cells resulted in the activation of JNK/SAPK via up-regulation of toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). Associated with JNK activation, annexin V-PI staining indicated that HHV-6A was a strong inducer of apoptosis. Apoptotic response associated cytokines, IL-6 and TNF-α also induced by HHV-6A infection.

  5. Caracterización mecánica de recubrimientos de aluminio por CVD-FBR sobre aceros inoxidables y resistencia a la oxidación en vapor de agua

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Diego Pérez-Muñoz

    2015-09-01

    Full Text Available Los recubrimientos de aluminio depositados sobre el acero inoxidable austenítico AISI 317 por Deposición Química de Vapor en Lecho Fluidizado (CVD-FBR presentan a altas temperaturas una reducción de la velocidad de corrosión de más de 80 veces. Se realizó la caracterización mecánica de los recubrimientos por medio de microdureza, nanoindentación, para conocer cómo se vieron afectas las propiedades mecánicas (en especial la dureza y el módulo de Young del recubrimiento y del sustrato luego de ser sometidos a la oxidación a alta temperatura. También se hicieron análisis por medio de Microscopia Electrónica de Barrido (MEB, para observar los cambios microestructurales, y de Microscopia de Fuerza Atómica (MFA, para observar cómo varía la topografía y el gradiente de rugosidad en función de la distancia recorrida por la punta del cantiléver durante los barridos.

  6. Comparison of the Effects of Tool Geometry for Friction Stir Welding Thin Sheet Aluminum Alloys for Aerospace Applications

    Science.gov (United States)

    Merry, Josh; Takeshita, Jennifer; Tweedy, Bryan; Burford, Dwight

    2006-01-01

    In this presentation, the results of a recent study on the effect of pin tool design for friction stir welding thin sheets (0.040") of aluminum alloys 2024 and 7075 are provided. The objective of this study was to investigate and document the effect of tool shoulder and pin diameter, as well as the presence of pin flutes, on the resultant microstructure and mechanical properties at both room temperature and cryogenic temperature. Specifically, the comparison between three tools will include: FSW process load analysis (tool forces required to fabricate the welds), Static Mechanical Properties (ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation), and Process window documenting the range of parameters that can be used with the three pin tools investigated. All samples were naturally aged for a period greater than 10 days. Prior research has shown 7075 may require post weld heat treatment. Therefore, an additional pair of room temperature and cryogenic temperature samples was post-weld aged to the 7075-T7 condition prior to mechanical testing.

  7. Identification of proteins specific for human herpesvirus 6-infected human T cells

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Balachandran, N.; Amelse, R.E.; Zhou, W.W.; Chang, C.K.

    1989-01-01

    Proteins specific for human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6)-infected human T cells (HSB-2) were examined by using polyclonal rabbit antibodies and monoclonal antibodies against HHV-6-infected cells and human sera. More than 20 proteins and six glycoproteins specific for HHV-6-infected cells were identified from [ 35 S]methionine- and [ 3 H]glucosamine-labeled total-cell extracts. Polyclonal rabbit antibodies immunoprecipitated 33 [ 35 S]methionine-labeled HHV-6-specific polypeptides with approximate molecular weights ranging from 180,000 to 31,000. In immunoprecipitation and Western immunoblot reactions, a patient's serum also recognized more than 30 HHV-6-specific proteins and seven glycoproteins. In contrast, sera from individuals with high-titered antibodies against other human herpesviruses reacted with fewer HHV-6-infected cell proteins, and only a 135,000-M r polypeptide was prominent. Monoclonal antibodies to HHV-6-infected cells reacted with single and multiple polypeptides specific for virus-infected cells and immunoprecipitated three distinct sets of glycoproteins, which were designated gp105k and gp82k, gp116k, gp64k, and gp54k, and gp102k

  8. Identification of proteins specific for human herpesvirus 6-infected human T cells

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Balachandran, N.; Amelse, R.E.; Zhou, W.W.; Chang, C.K.

    1989-01-01

    Proteins specific for human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6)-infected human T cells (HSB-2) were examined by using polyclonal rabbit antibodies and monoclonal antibodies against HHV-6-infected cells and human sera. More than 20 proteins and six glycoproteins specific for HHV-6-infected cells were identified from [ 35 S]methionine- and [ 3 H]glucosamine-labeled total-cell extracts. Polyclonal rabbit antibodies immunoprecipitated 33 [ 35 S]methionine-labeled HHV-6-specific polypeptides with approximate molecular weights ranging from 180,000 to 31,000. In immunoprecipitation and Western immunoblot reactions, a patient's serum also recognized more than 30 HHV-6-specific proteins and seven glycoproteins. In contrast, sera from individuals with high-titered antibodies against other human herpes viruses reacted with few HHV-6-infected cell proteins, and only a 135,000-M/sub r/ polypeptide was prominent. Monoclonal antibodies to HHV-6-infected cells reacted with single and multiple polypeptides specific for virus-infected cells and immunoprecipitated three distinct sets of glycoproteins, which were designated gp105K and gp92k, gp116k, gp64k, and gp54k, and gp102k

  9. Comportamiento a la corrosión electroquímica de aleaciones MgAl con recubrimientos de materiales compuestos Al/SiCp mediante proyección térmica

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Pardo, A.

    2010-04-01

    Full Text Available The corrosion protection of Mg-Al alloys by flame thermal spraying of Al/SiCp composite coatings was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. The volume fraction of SiC particles (SiCp varied between 5 and 30%. The as-sprayed Al/SiCp composite coatings revealed a high number of micro-channels, largely in the vicinity of the SiC particles, that facilitated the penetration of the electrolyte and the subsequent galvanic corrosion of the magnesium substrates. The application of a cold-pressing post-treatment reduced the degree of porosity of the coatings and improved the bonding at the coating/substrate and Al/SiC interfaces. This resulted in improved corrosion resistance of the coated specimens. The effectiveness of the coatings slightly decreased with the addition of 5-30 vol.% SiCp compared with the unreinforced thermal spray aluminium coatings.

    Se estudia, mediante espectroscopía de impedancia electroquímica en solución 3,5 % NaCl, la protección frente a la corrosión de aleaciones Mg-Al recubiertas por proyección térmica con materiales compuestos Al/SiCp. Se varió la fracción de volumen de las partículas de SiC (SiCp entre 5 y 30 %. Los recubrimientos efectuados por proyección térmica revelan un elevado número de microcanales, en la vecindad de las partículas de SiC, que facilitan la penetración del electrolito originando procesos de corrosión galvánica en los substratos de las aleaciones de magnesio. Un tratamiento posterior mediante la aplicación de una presión en frío reduce el grado de porosidad de los recubrimientos y mejora la unión, tanto entre el substrato y el recubrimiento como entre las partículas de aluminio y SiC, mejorando la resistencia a la corrosión de las aleaciones recubiertas. La efectividad de los recubrimientos disminuye ligeramente con la adición de SiCp cuando se comparan con los mismos recubrimientos de aluminio sin refuerzo.

  10. Environment-assisted cracking of cast WE43-T6 magnesium

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Marrow, T.J.; Bin Ahmad, A.; Khan, I.N.; Sim, S.M.A.; Torkamani, S.

    2004-01-01

    Environment-assisted cracking of WE43 cast magnesium (4.2 wt.% Yt, 2.3 wt.% Nd, 0.7% Zr, 0.8% HRE) in the T6 peak-aged condition was induced in ambient air in notched specimens. The mechanism of fracture was studied using electron backscatter diffraction, serial sectioning and in situ observations of crack propagation. Cracks initiated at the intergranular brittle intermetallic, and propagated by transgranular cleavage. These observations imply that a microstructural model for the static fatigue limit in cast magnesium alloys may be developed which includes the effects of notch-like defects such as porosity

  11. The Influence of Milling and Spark Plasma Sintering on the Microstructure and Properties of the Al7075 Alloy

    Science.gov (United States)

    Málek, Přemysl; Minárik, Peter; Novák, Pavel; Průša, Filip

    2018-01-01

    The compact samples of an Al7075 alloy were prepared by a combination of gas atomization, high energy milling, and spark plasma sintering. The predominantly cellular morphology observed in gas atomized powder particles was completely changed by mechanical milling. The continuous-like intermetallic phases present along intercellular boundaries were destroyed; nevertheless, a small amount of Mg(Zn,Cu,Al)2 phase was observed also in the milled powder. Milling resulted in a severe plastic deformation of the material and led to a reduction of grain size from several µm into the nanocrystalline region. The combination of these microstructural characteristics resulted in abnormally high microhardness values exceeding 300 HV. Consolidation through spark plasma sintering (SPS) resulted in bulk samples with negligible porosity. The heat exposition during SPS led to precipitation of intermetallic phases from the non-equilibrium microstructure of both gas atomized and milled powders. SPS of the milled powder resulted in a recrystallization of the severely deformed structure. An ultra-fine grained structure (grain size close to 500 nm) with grains divided primarily by high-angle boundaries was formed. A simultaneous release of stored deformation energy and an increase in the grain size caused a drop of microhardness to values close to 150 HV. This value was retained even after annealing at 425 °C. PMID:29614046

  12. The Influence of Milling and Spark Plasma Sintering on the Microstructure and Properties of the Al7075 Alloy

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Orsolya Molnárová

    2018-04-01

    Full Text Available The compact samples of an Al7075 alloy were prepared by a combination of gas atomization, high energy milling, and spark plasma sintering. The predominantly cellular morphology observed in gas atomized powder particles was completely changed by mechanical milling. The continuous-like intermetallic phases present along intercellular boundaries were destroyed; nevertheless, a small amount of Mg(Zn,Cu,Al2 phase was observed also in the milled powder. Milling resulted in a severe plastic deformation of the material and led to a reduction of grain size from several µm into the nanocrystalline region. The combination of these microstructural characteristics resulted in abnormally high microhardness values exceeding 300 HV. Consolidation through spark plasma sintering (SPS resulted in bulk samples with negligible porosity. The heat exposition during SPS led to precipitation of intermetallic phases from the non-equilibrium microstructure of both gas atomized and milled powders. SPS of the milled powder resulted in a recrystallization of the severely deformed structure. An ultra-fine grained structure (grain size close to 500 nm with grains divided primarily by high-angle boundaries was formed. A simultaneous release of stored deformation energy and an increase in the grain size caused a drop of microhardness to values close to 150 HV. This value was retained even after annealing at 425 °C.

  13. A Microstructural Evaluation of Friction Stir Welded 7075 Aluminum Rolled Plate Heat Treated to the Semi-Solid State

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ava Azadi Chegeni

    2018-01-01

    Full Text Available Two rolled plates of 7075 aluminum alloy were used as starting material. The plates were welded using a simultaneous double-sided friction stir welding (FSW process. One way of obtaining feedstock materials for Semi-solid processing or thixoforming is via deformation routes followed by partial melting in the semi-solid state. As both the base plate materials and the friction weld area have undergone extensive deformation specimens were subjected to a post welding heat-treatment in the semi-solid range at a temperature of 628 °C, for 3 min in order to observe the induced microstructural changes. A comparison between the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of friction stir welded plates was performed before and after the heat-treatment in the Base Metal (BM, the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ, the Thermomechanically Affected Zone (TMAZ and the Nugget Zone (NZ using optical microscopy, Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM and Vickers hardness tests. The results revealed that an extremely fine-grained structure, obtained in the NZ after FSW, resulted in a rise of hardness from the BM to the NZ. Furthermore, post welding heat-treatment in the semi-solid state gave rise to a consistent morphology throughout the material which was similar to microstructures obtained by the thixoforming process. Moreover, a drop of hardness was observed after heat treatment in all regions as compared to that in the welded microstructure.

  14. Corrosion of Continuous Fiber Reinforced Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites (CF-AMCs)

    Science.gov (United States)

    Tiwari, Shruti

    The first objective of this research is to study the atmospheric corrosion behavior of continuous reinforced aluminum matrix composites (CF-AMCs). The materials used for this research were alumina (Al2O3) and nickel (Ni) coated carbon (C) fibers reinforced AMCs. The major focus is to identify the correlation between atmospheric parameters and the corrosion rates of CF-AMCs in the multitude of microclimates and environments in Hawai'i. The micro-structures of CF-AMCs were obtained to correlate the microstructures with their corrosion performances. Also electrochemical polarization experiments were conducted in the laboratory to explain the corrosion mechanism of CF-AMCs. In addition, CF-AMCs were exposed to seven different test sites for three exposure periods. The various climatic conditions like temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), rainfall (RF), time of wetness (TOW), chloride (Cl- ) and sulfate (SO42-) deposition rate, and pH were monitored for three exposure period. Likewise, mass losses of CF-AMCs at each test site for three exposure periods were determined. The microstructure of the CF-AMCS showed that Al/C/50f MMCs contained a Ni-rich phase in the matrix, indicating that the Ni coating on the C fiber dissolved in the matrix. The intermetallic phases obtained in Al-2wt% Cu/Al 2O3/50f-T6 MMC and Al-2wt%-T6 monolith were rich in Cu and Fe. The intermetallic phases obtained in Al 7075/Al2O3/50f-T6 MMC and Al 7075-T6 monolith also contained traces of Mg, Zn, Ni, and Si. Electrochemical polarization experiment indicated that the Al/Al 2O3/50f Al-2wt% Cu/Al2O3/50f-T6 and Al 7075/Al2O3/50f-T6 MMC showed similar corrosion trends as their respective monoliths pure Al, Al-2wt%-T6 and Al 7075-T6 in both aerated and deaerated condition. Al2O3 fiber, being an insulator, did not have a great effect on the polarization behavior of the composites. Al/C/50f MMCs corroded at a much faster rate as compared to pure Al monolith due to the galvanic effect between C and Al

  15. Modificación superficial de aleaciones de base aluminio (anodizadas y no anodizadas mediante recubrimientos de sílice

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    García-Heras, M.

    2004-04-01

    Full Text Available Transparent and colourless silica coatings were deposited on anodising and non-anodising substrates of aluminium-base alloys (series 6063. Coatings were prepared by soLgel (dipping method from a silica alkoxide and a mixture of both silica alkoxide and silica alkylalkoxide. Preparations were optimised from viscosity, density, surface tension, and contact angle measurements. Densification was carried out at 60 and 120 °C. Reflectance attenuation of coated samples was analysed by UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy. The results indicated that -10 % of attenuation is reached. Durability and resistance against degradation tests of the metal/coating system were undertaken by immersion into aqueous solutions. Electrochemical impedance measurements and potential corrosion of the metallic substrate for variable times were performed.

    Se han depositado recubrimientos transparentes e incoloros de sílice sobre sustratos anodizados y no anodizados de aleaciones de base aluminio (serie 6063. Los recubrimientos se prepararon por sol-gel (inmersión-extracción a partir de un alcóxido de silicio y de una mezcla de alcóxido y alquilalcóxido de silicio. La optimización de las fonnulaciones se basó en medidas de viscosidad, densidad, tensión superficial y ángulo de contacto. La densificación se llevó a cabo a 60 y 120 °C. La atenuación de la reflectancia luminosa de las muestras recubiertas se analizó por espectroscopia UV-VIS-IRP. Los resultados indicaron que se alcanza casi un 10 % de atenuación. Los ensayos de durabilidad y resistencia a la degradación del sistema metal/recubrimiento se realizaron por inmersión en disoluciones acuosas, aplicando medidas de impedancia electroquímica y del potencial de corrosión del sustrato metálico, para tiempos variables.

  16. Differential cross section measurement for the {sup 6}Li(n,t){sup 4}He Reaction

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Guohui, Zhang; Guoyou, Tang; Jinxiang, Chen; Zhaomin, Shi [Beijing Univ., Beijing (China). Inst. of Heavy Ion Physics and MOE Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Physics; Zemin, Chen [Tsinghua Univ., Beijing (China). Dept. of Physics; Gledenov, Yu M; Sedysheva, M; Khuukhenkhuu, G [Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Dubna (Russian Federation)

    2002-06-01

    The differential cross sections and integrated cross sections of the {sup 6}Li(n,t){sup 4}He reaction were measured at 1.85 and 2.67 MeV by using a gridded ionization chamber. Neutrons were produced through the T(p, n){sup 3}He reaction. The absolute neutron flux was determined through the {sup 238}U(n, f) reaction. Present results are compared with existing data.

  17. The role of MAPK in CD4{sup +} T cells toll-like receptor 9-mediated signaling following HHV-6 infection

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Chi, Jing [Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province (China); Wang, Fang [Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province (China); Li, Lingyun [Department of Developmental Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province (China); Feng, Dongju [Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province (China); Qin, Jian [College of Foreign Languages, Hehai University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province (China); Xie, Fangyi; Zhou, Feng; Chen, Yun; Wang, Jinfeng [Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province (China); Yao, Kun, E-mail: yaokun@njmu.edu.cn [Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province (China)

    2012-01-05

    Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) is an important immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory virus that primarily infects immune cells (mainly CD4{sup +} T cells) and strongly suppresses the proliferation of infected cells. Toll-like receptors are pattern-recognition receptors essential for the development of an appropriate innate immune defense against infection. To understand the role of CD4{sup +} T cells in the innate response to HHV-6 infection and the involvement of TLRs, we used an in vitro infection model and observed that the infection of CD4{sup +} T cells resulted in the activation of JNK/SAPK via up-regulation of toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). Associated with JNK activation, annexin V-PI staining indicated that HHV-6A was a strong inducer of apoptosis. Apoptotic response associated cytokines, IL-6 and TNF-{alpha} also induced by HHV-6A infection.

  18. Prevention of allergic rhinitis by ginger and the molecular basis of immunosuppression by 6-gingerol through T cell inactivation.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kawamoto, Yoshiyuki; Ueno, Yuki; Nakahashi, Emiko; Obayashi, Momoko; Sugihara, Kento; Qiao, Shanlou; Iida, Machiko; Kumasaka, Mayuko Y; Yajima, Ichiro; Goto, Yuji; Ohgami, Nobutaka; Kato, Masashi; Takeda, Kozue

    2016-01-01

    The incidence of allergies has recently been increasing worldwide. Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated hypersensitivity is central to the pathogenesis of asthma, hay fever and other allergic diseases. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and its extracts have been valued for their medical properties including antinausea, antiinflammation, antipyresis and analgesia properties. In this study, we investigated the antiallergic effects of ginger and 6-gingerol, a major compound of ginger, using a mouse allergy model and primary/cell line culture system. In mice with ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic rhinitis, oral administration of 2% ginger diet reduced the severity of sneezing and nasal rubbing by nasal sensitization of OVA and suppressed infiltration of mast cells in nasal mucosa and secretion of OVA-specific IgE in serum. 6-Gingerol inhibited the expression of not only Th2 cytokines but also Th1 cytokines in OVA-sensitized spleen cells. Accordingly, 6-gingerol suppressed in vitro differentiation of both Th1 cells and Th2 cells from naïve T cells. In addition, 6-gingerol suppressed both superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)- and anti-CD3-induced T cell proliferation. 6-Gingerol also abrogated PMA plus ionomycin- and SEB-induced IL-2 production in T cells, suggesting that 6-gingerol affected T cell receptor-mediated signal transduction rather than the antigen-presentation process. Indeed, 6-gingerol inhibited the phosphorylation of MAP kinases, calcium release and nuclear localization of c-fos and NF-κB by PMA and ionomycin stimulation. Thus, our results demonstrate that 6-gingerol suppresses cytokine production for T cell activation and proliferation, thereby not causing B cell and mast cell activation and resulting in prevention or alleviation of allergic rhinitis symptoms. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  19. t(6;11) renal cell carcinoma (RCC): expanded immunohistochemical profile emphasizing novel RCC markers and report of 10 new genetically confirmed cases.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Smith, Nathaniel E; Illei, Peter B; Allaf, Mohamed; Gonzalez, Nilda; Morris, Kerry; Hicks, Jessica; Demarzo, Angelo; Reuter, Victor E; Amin, Mahul B; Epstein, Jonathan I; Netto, George J; Argani, Pedram

    2014-05-01

    Renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) harboring the t(6;11)(p21;q12) translocation were first described in 2001 and recently recognized by the 2013 International Society of Urological Pathology Vancouver Classification of Renal Neoplasia. Although these RCCs are known to label for melanocytic markers HMB45 and Melan A and the cysteine protease cathepsin K by immunohistochemistry (IHC), a comprehensive IHC profile has not been reported. We report 10 new t(6;11) RCCs, all confirmed by break-apart TFEB fluorescence in situ hybridization. A tissue microarray containing 6 of these cases and 7 other previously reported t(6;11) RCCs was constructed and immunolabeled for 21 different antigens. Additional whole sections of t(6;11) RCC were labeled with selected IHC markers. t(6;11) RCC labeled diffusely and consistently for cathepsin K and Melan A (13 of 13 cases) and almost always at least focally for HMB45 (12 of 13 cases). They labeled frequently for PAX8 (14 of 23 cases), CD117 (10 of 14 cases), and vimentin (9 of 13 cases). A majority of cases labeled at least focally for cytokeratin Cam5.2 (8 of 13 cases) and CD10 and RCC marker antigen (10 of 14 cases each). In contrast to a prior study's findings, only a minority of cases labeled for Ksp-cadherin (3 of 19 cases). The median H score (product of intensity score and percentage labeling) for phosphorylated S6, a marker of mTOR pathway activation, was 101, which is high relative to most other RCC subtypes. In summary, IHC labeling for PAX8, Cam5.2, CD10, and RCC marker antigen supports classification of the t(6;11) RCC as carcinomas despite frequent negativity for broad-spectrum cytokeratins and EMA. Labeling for PAX8 distinguishes the t(6;11) RCC from epithelioid angiomyolipoma, which otherwise shares a similar immunoprofile. CD117 labeling is more frequent in the t(6;11) RCC compared with the related Xp11 translocation RCC. Increased pS6 expression suggests a possible molecular target for the uncommon t(6;11) RCCs that

  20. t(6;11) Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) Expanded Immunohistochemical Profile Emphasizing Novel RCC Markers and Report of 10 New Genetically Confirmed Cases

    Science.gov (United States)

    Smith, Nathaniel E.; Illei, Peter B.; Allaf, Mohamed; Gonzalez, Nilda; Morris, Kerry; Hicks, Jessica; DeMarzo, Angelo; Reuter, Victor E.; Amin, Mahul B.; Epstein, Jonathan I.; Netto, George J.; Argani, Pedram

    2015-01-01

    Renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) harboring the t(6;11)(p21;q12) translocation were first described in 2001 and recently recognized by the 2013 International Society of Uro-logical Pathology Vancouver Classification of Renal Neoplasia. Although these RCCs are known to label for melanocytic markers HMB45 and Melan A and the cysteine protease cath-epsin K by immunohistochemistry (IHC), a comprehensive IHC profile has not been reported. We report 10 new t(6;11) RCCs, all confirmed by break-apart TFEB fluorescence in situ hybridization. A tissue microarray containing 6 of these cases and 7 other previously reported t(6;11) RCCs was constructed and immunolabeled for 21 different antigens. Additional whole sections of t(6;11) RCC were labeled with selected IHC markers. t(6;11) RCC labeled diffusely and consistently for cathepsin K and Melan A (13 of 13 cases) and almost always at least focally for HMB45 (12 of 13 cases). They labeled frequently for PAX8 (14 of 23 cases), CD117 (10 of 14 cases), and vimentin (9 of 13 cases). A majority of cases labeled at least focally for cytokeratin Cam5.2 (8 of 13 cases) and CD10 and RCC marker antigen (10 of 14 cases each). In contrast to a prior study's findings, only a minority of cases labeled for Ksp-cadherin (3 of 19 cases). The median H score (product of intensity score and percentage labeling) for phosphorylated S6, a marker of mTOR pathway activation, was 101, which is high relative to most other RCC subtypes. In summary, IHC labeling for PAX8, Cam5.2, CD10, and RCC marker antigen supports classification of the t(6;11) RCC as carcinomas despite frequent negativity for broad-spectrum cytokeratins and EMA. Labeling for PAX8 distinguishes the t(6;11) RCC from epithelioid angiomyolipoma, which otherwise shares a similar immunoprofile. CD117 labeling is more frequent in the t(6;11) RCC compared with the related Xp11 translocation RCC. Increased pS6 expression suggests a possible molecular target for the uncommon t(6;11) RCCs that

  1. Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy is associated with mitochondrial ND6 T14502C mutation

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Zhao, Fuxin [School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003 (China); Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003 (China); Guan, Minqiang [Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003 (China); Zhou, Xiangtian [School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003 (China); Yuan, Meixia; Liang, Ming [School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003 (China); Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003 (China); Liu, Qi [Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003 (China); Liu, Yan; Zhang, Yongmei [School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003 (China); Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003 (China); Yang, Li [Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children' s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 (United States); Tong, Yi [School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003 (China); The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005 (China); Wei, Qi-Ping; Sun, Yan-Hong [Department of Ophthalmology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacology, Beijing 100078 (China); Qu, Jia, E-mail: jqu@wzmc.net [School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003 (China); Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003 (China); and others

    2009-11-20

    We report here the clinical, genetic, and molecular characterization of three Chinese families with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). There were variable severity and age of onset in visual impairment among these families. Strikingly, there were extremely low penetrances of visual impairment in these Chinese families. Sequence analysis of complete mitochondrial genomes in these pedigrees showed the homoplasmic T14502C (I58V) mutation, which localized at a highly conserved isoleucine at position 58 of ND6, and distinct sets of mtDNA polymorphisms belonging to haplogroups M10a, F1a1, and H2. The occurrence of T14502C mutation in these several genetically unrelated subjects affected by visual impairment strongly indicates that this mutation is involved in the pathogenesis of visual impairment. Here, mtDNA variants I187T in the ND1, A122V in CO1, S99A in the A6, and V254I in CO3 exhibited an evolutionary conservation, indicating a potential modifying role in the development of visual impairment associated with T14502C mutation in those families. Furthermore, nuclear modifier gene(s) or environmental factor(s) may play a role in the phenotypic manifestation of the LHON-associated T14502C mutation in these Chinese families.

  2. The Genetic Deletion of 6q21 and PRDM1 and Clinical Implications in Extranodal NK/T Cell Lymphoma, Nasal Type

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Li Liang

    2015-01-01

    Full Text Available 6q21 genetic deletion has been frequently detected in extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal type (EN-NK/T-NT, and PRDM1 is considered as candidate gene. However, direct detection of PRDM1 deletion has not been well documented. We investigated genetic alterations of 6q21 and PRDM1 in 43 cases of EN-NK/T-NT and cell lines by FISH. PRDM1 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The correlation between genetic alteration and PRDM1 expression and the significance in clinic-pathologic were analyzed. Heterozygous deletion of 6q21 and/or PRDM1 was observed in 24 of 43 cases (55.81% of EN-NK/T-NT including 16 cases (37.21% for 6q21 deletion and 19 cases (44.19% for PRDM1 deletion. Similarly, heterozygous codeletion of 6q21 and PRDM1 was identified in NK92 and NKL cells. The heterozygous deletion of 6q21 and/or PRDM1 was correlated with PRDM1 expression. However, genetic deletion of 6q21 and/or PRDM1 was not correlated with clinicopathological features of EN-NK/T-NT, while PRDM1 expression showed positive effect on the outcome of patients as those as disease site, B symptom, and clinical stage. Thus, heterozygous deletion of 6q21 and/or PRDM1 was frequently detected in EN-NK/T-NT and correlated with downregulation of PRDM1. But the prognostic role of genetic deletion needs to be further evaluated in larger cohort.

  3. Myeloid Neoplasms with t(5;12 and ETV6-ACSL6 Gene Fusion, Potential Mimickers of Myeloid Neoplasm with PDGFRB Rearrangement: Case Report with Imatinib Therapy and Review of the Literature

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Javier De Luca-Johnson

    2016-01-01

    Full Text Available We report the second case of ETV6-ACSL6 associated myeloproliferative neoplasm that has received a full course of imatinib therapy. The patient was a 51-year-old previously healthy man who presented with three months of worsening dyspnea and was found to have a white count of 216,000/cmm, of which 84% were eosinophil lineage. Cytogenetic analysis revealed a t(5;12(q31~33;p13. FISH was negative for PDGFRB rearrangement but additional FISH testing demonstrated an ACSL6 rearrangement. ETV6-ACSL6 gene fusion is a rare abnormality that most often presents as a myeloproliferative-type disorder with prominent eosinophilia or basophilia. Review of the literature yielded a total of 11 previous cases. This gene fusion results in a t(5;12(q31~33;p13 that mimics the t(5;12 found in ETV6-PDGFRB neoplasms. Identification of the fusion genes involved in t(5;12 in eosinophilia-associated myeloproliferative disorders is crucial to direct an effective treatment plan. In particular, while tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy is effective in patients with PDGFRB rearrangement, there is little information on imatinib efficacy in patients with ETV6-ACSL6 gene fusion. Our patient was found to be nonresponsive to imatinib therapy.

  4. Influencia de algunos factores sobre la calidad del anodizado de piezas de aluminio para la construcción. // Influence of some factors over the quality of anodizing process of aluminum articles.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    J. A. Pérez García

    2004-01-01

    Full Text Available Ya ha sido establecido que de todos los factores que están presentes en el proceso de anodizado, hay tres que tienen la mayorpreponderancia: el tratamiento previo de la superficie a anodizar, el color a aplicar y el espesor de la capa anodizada. A su vez, elprimero de ellos es el que mayor influencia presenta. En este trabajo se presentan los resultados cuantitativos de la influencia deestos factores sobre la calidad de la superficie anodizada, expresada en función de los parámetros Ra , Ry y Rq de la superficieanodizada.Palabras claves: Aluminio, anodizado, calidad._____________________________________________________________________________AbstractIt has been established that there are three factors with the most relevance in the anodizing process: Previous surfacetreatment, color and thickness of the anodized layer. Besides, the influence of the first of them is several times moreimportant than the influence of the others. This paper presents the quantitative study of the influence of these factors overthe quality of the anodized surface, expressed in terms of parameters Ra, Ry and Rq.Key words: Aluminum, anodizing process, quality.

  5. Lost in Translation (LiT): IUPHAR Review 6.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Dollery, Colin T

    2014-05-01

    Translational medicine is a roller coaster with occasional brilliant successes and a large majority of failures. Lost in Translation 1 ('LiT1'), beginning in the 1950s, was a golden era built upon earlier advances in experimental physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology, with a dash of serendipity, that led to the discovery of many new drugs for serious illnesses. LiT2 saw the large-scale industrialization of drug discovery using high-throughput screens and assays based on affinity for the target molecule. The links between drug development and university sciences and medicine weakened, but there were still some brilliant successes. In LiT3, the coverage of translational medicine expanded from molecular biology to drug budgets, with much greater emphasis on safety and official regulation. Compared with R&D expenditure, the number of breakthrough discoveries in LiT3 was disappointing, but monoclonal antibodies for immunity and inflammation brought in a new golden era and kinase inhibitors such as imatinib were breakthroughs in cancer. The pharmaceutical industry is trying to revive the LiT1 approach by using phenotypic assays and closer links with academia. LiT4 faces a data explosion generated by the genome project, GWAS, ENCODE and the 'omics' that is in danger of leaving LiT4 in a computerized cloud. Industrial laboratories are filled with masses of automated machinery while the scientists sit in a separate room viewing the results on their computers. Big Data will need Big Thinking in LiT4 but with so many unmet medical needs and so many new opportunities being revealed there are high hopes that the roller coaster will ride high again. © 2014 The British Pharmacological Society.

  6. Dry Sliding Wear Charactristics of Aluminum 6061-T6, Magnesium AZ31 and Rock Dust Composite

    Science.gov (United States)

    Balachandar, R.; Balasundaram, R.; Rajkumar, G.

    2018-02-01

    In recent years, the use of aluminum composite is gaining popularity in a wide range of applications like automobiles, aerospace and constructions (both interior & exterior) panels etc., due to its high strength, low density characteristics. Various reinforcing materials are used with aluminum 6061-T6 in order to have better mechanical properties. The addition of 0.3% of magnesium AZ31 will increase the ultimate tensile strength by 25 %. The reinforcement of rock dust will decrease the density. Hence, in order to have an advantages of magnesium AZ31 and rock dust, in this work, these two constitutes are varied from 1% to 2% on the base material of Al6061-T6 in stir casting. To evaluate the wear characteristics, Pin on disc is used in these composites. The input parameters are speed, time & load. The output response is wear. To minimize the number of experiments, L9 orthogonal array is used. The test results showed that a composite of 97% of Al (6061-T6), 1% Mg (AZ31) & 2 % of rock dust produced less wear. To find the best value of operating parameter for each sample, ANN-GA is used.

  7. Thermally activated movement of screw dislocations in polygonized aluminum

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Pedro Tamayo-Meza

    2013-01-01

    Full Text Available La estabilidad mecánica y térmica resultantes del endurecimiento sub-estructural en gran medida determinan la consistencia de las estructuras poligonizadas bajo condiciones de servicio. Se estudia la evolución de las estructuras dislocacionales poligonizadas y se analizan los mecanismos de deformación plástica bajo condiciones de creep a elevada temperatura en un aluminio poligonizado. El papel que juegan las dislocaciones es fundamental para el desarrollo de la deformación plástica. No ha sido fácil explicar y entender la incidencia física de las dislocaciones sobre el comportamiento y forma de la curva σ – ε, y lo realizado adoleció de una serie de problemas, y estos prosiguen hasta el día de hoy. Debía encontrarse una estrecha correlación entre la estructura dislocacional que se estudiaba mediante microscopía electrónica de transmisión, TEM, bajo condiciones estáticas, y los valores del límite de fluencia, la resistencia a la deformación y el límite de ruptura del metal. Considerando que las estructuras poligonizadas surgen como resultado del tratamiento mecánico-térmico, o directamente bajo condiciones de creep de alta temperatura, es natural esperar que la inestabilidad de las estructuras poligonizadas debe observarse bajo condiciones de temperatura y carga mucho más severas que aquellas que las generaron. El estudio de la evolución de la estructura dislocacional poligonizada del aluminio, y el análisis de los mecanismos de la deformación plástica bajo condiciones de creep a elevadas temperaturas en un aluminio poligonizado de 99,3% de pureza, es el objeto de nuestro trabajo.

  8. Al-7075 Malzemesinin Freze Tezghamp305nda Delme amp304amp351leminde Farklamp305 Devir Ve amp304lerleme Hamp305zlaramp305 amp304in Oluamp351an Titreamp351imlerin amp304ncelenmesi

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    C. Sevim

    2015-04-01

    Full Text Available Abstract This study investigates the vibration of Al-7075 material during the drilling process by CNC milling machine using TIN covered drilling bit. A triaxial acceleration sensor is used for vibration tests. Drilling processes are made on same block for two different rate of feed five different number of revolution and without cooling liquid. The same series drilling bits are used in the course of each drilling processes. Vibration values which occur during the drilling process under different conditions are investigated and optimum vibration values are determined as 100 mmmin rate of feed and 1250 revmin.

  9. Jejunal brush border microvillous alterations in Giardia muris-infected mice: role of T lymphocytes and interleukin-6.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Scott, K G; Logan, M R; Klammer, G M; Teoh, D A; Buret, A G

    2000-06-01

    Intestinal colonization with the protozoan Giardia causes diffuse brush border microvillous alterations and disaccharidase deficiencies, which in turn are responsible for intestinal malabsorption and maldigestion. The role of T cells and/or cytokines in the pathogenesis of Giardia-induced microvillous injury remains unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the role of T cells and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the brush border pathophysiology of acute murine giardiasis in vivo. Athymic nude (nu(-)/nu(-)) CD-1 mice and isogenic immunocompetent (nu(+)/nu(+)) CD-1 mice (4 weeks old) received an axenic Giardia muris trophozoite inoculum or vehicle (control) via orogastric gavage. Weight gain and food intake were assessed daily. On day 6, segments of jejunum were assessed for parasite load, brush border ultrastructure, IL-6 content, maltase and sucrase activities, villus-crypt architecture, and intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) infiltration. Despite similar parasitic loads on day 6, infected immunocompetent animals, but not infected nude mice, showed a diffuse loss of brush border microvillous surface area, which was correlated with a significant reduction in maltase and sucrase activities and a decrease in jejunal IL-6 concentration. In both athymic control and infected mice, jejunal brush border surface area and disaccharidases were high, but levels of tissue IL-6 were low and comparable to the concentration measured in immunocompetent infected animals. In both immunocompetent and nude mice, infection caused a small but significant increase in the numbers of IELs. These findings suggest that the enterocyte brush border injury and malfunction seen in giardiasis is, at least in part, mediated by thymus-derived T lymphocytes and that suppressed jejunal IL-6 does not necessarily accompany microvillous shortening.

  10. The mTORC1-4E-BP-eIF4E axis controls de novo Bcl6 protein synthesis in T cells and systemic autoimmunity.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Yi, Woelsung; Gupta, Sanjay; Ricker, Edd; Manni, Michela; Jessberger, Rolf; Chinenov, Yurii; Molina, Henrik; Pernis, Alessandra B

    2017-08-15

    Post-transcriptional modifications can control protein abundance, but the extent to which these alterations contribute to the expression of T helper (T H ) lineage-defining factors is unknown. Tight regulation of Bcl6 expression, an essential transcription factor for T follicular helper (T FH ) cells, is critical as aberrant T FH cell expansion is associated with autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here we show that lack of the SLE risk variant Def6 results in deregulation of Bcl6 protein synthesis in T cells as a result of enhanced activation of the mTORC1-4E-BP-eIF4E axis, secondary to aberrant assembly of a raptor-p62-TRAF6 complex. Proteomic analysis reveals that this pathway selectively controls the abundance of a subset of proteins. Rapamycin or raptor deletion ameliorates the aberrant T FH cell expansion in mice lacking Def6. Thus deregulation of mTORC1-dependent pathways controlling protein synthesis can result in T-cell dysfunction, indicating a mechanism by which mTORC1 can promote autoimmunity.Excessive expansion of the T follicular helper (T FH ) cell pool is associated with autoimmune disease and Def6 has been identified as an SLE risk variant. Here the authors show that Def6 limits proliferation of T FH cells in mice via alteration of mTORC1 signaling and inhibition of Bcl6 expression.

  11. 26 CFR 1.897-6T - Nonrecognition exchanges applicable to corporations, their shareholders, and other taxpayers, and...

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-04-01

    ... with respect to certain tax avoidance transfers—(1) In general. The provisions of § 1.897-5T and... THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES Miscellaneous Provisions § 1.897-6T...)(2) with respect to the treaty exceptions to the imposition of tax. If a U.S. real property interest...

  12. Effects of Changing Stress Amplitude on the Rate of Fatigue-Crack Propagation in Two Aluminum Alloys

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hudson, C. Michael; Hardrath, Herbert F.

    1961-01-01

    A series of fatigue tests with specimens subjected to constant amplitude and two-step axial loads were conducted on 12-inch-wide sheet specimens of 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloy to study the effects of a change in stress level on fatigue-crack propagation. Comparison of the results of the tests in which the specimens were tested at first a high and then a low stress level with those of the constant-stress- amplitude tests indicated that crack propagation was generally delayed after the transition to the lower stress level. In the tests in which the specimens were tested at first a low and then a high stress level, crack propagation continued at the expected rate after the change in stress levels.

  13. Puertos menores, en Canarias. Puerto de Arrecife en Lanzarote

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Equipo Editorial

    2017-05-01

    Full Text Available En la ensenada de Los Mármoles, cuyo fondo se halla recubierto por un pequeño banco de arena de aproximadamente 1 m de espesor, se está construyendo una escollera de abrigo, cuya parte interior constituye un muelle de atraque.

  14. Assessment of read and write stability for 6T SRAM cell based on charge plasma DLTFET

    Science.gov (United States)

    Anju; Yadav, Shivendra; Sharma, Dheeraj

    2018-03-01

    To overcome the process variations due to random dopant fluctuations (RDFs) and complex annealing techniques a charge plasma based doping less TFET (CP-DLTFET) device has been proposed for designing of 6T SRAM cell. The proposed device also benefited by subthreshold slope, low leakage current, and low power supply. In this paper, to avoid the dependency of stability parameters of SRAM cell to supply voltage (Vdd), here N-curve metrics has been analyzed to determine read and write stability. Because N-curve provides stability analysis in terms of voltage and current as well as it gives combine stability analysis with the facility of an inline tester. Further, analyzing the N-curve metrics for different Vdd, cell ratio, and pull-up ratio assist in designing the configuration of transistors for the better read and write stability. Power metrics of N-curve gives the knowledge about read and write stability instead of using four metrics (SINM, SVNM, WTV, and WTI) of N-curve. Finally, in the 6T CP-DLTFET SRAM cell, read and write stability is tested by the interface trap charges (ITCs). The performance parameter of the 6T CP-DLTFET SRAM cell provides considerable read and write stability with less fabrication complexity.

  15. High levels of eukaryotic Initiation Factor 6 (eIF6) are required for immune system homeostasis and for steering the glycolytic flux of TCR-stimulated CD4+ T cells in both mice and humans.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Manfrini, Nicola; Ricciardi, Sara; Miluzio, Annarita; Fedeli, Maya; Scagliola, Alessandra; Gallo, Simone; Brina, Daniela; Adler, Thure; Busch, Dirk H; Gailus-Durner, Valerie; Fuchs, Helmut; Hrabě de Angelis, Martin; Biffo, Stefano

    2017-12-01

    Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 6 (eIF6) is required for 60S ribosomal subunit biogenesis and efficient initiation of translation. Intriguingly, in both mice and humans, endogenous levels of eIF6 are detrimental as they act as tumor and obesity facilitators, raising the question on the evolutionary pressure that maintains high eIF6 levels. Here we show that, in mice and humans, high levels of eIF6 are required for proper immune functions. First, eIF6 heterozygous (het) mice show an increased mortality during viral infection and a reduction of peripheral blood CD4 + Effector Memory T cells. In human CD4 + T cells, eIF6 levels rapidly increase upon T-cell receptor activation and drive the glycolytic switch and the acquisition of effector functions. Importantly, in CD4 + T cells, eIF6 levels control interferon-γ (IFN-γ) secretion without affecting proliferation. In conclusion, the immune system has a high evolutionary pressure for the maintenance of a dynamic and powerful regulation of the translational machinery. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  16. Development of Metallographic Etchants for the Microstructure Evolution of A6082-T6 BFSW Welds

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Abbas Tamadon

    2017-10-01

    Full Text Available BACKGROUND—The solid-phase joining of A6082-T6 plates by bobbin friction stir welding (BFSW is problematic. Better methods are needed to evaluate the microstructural evolution of the weld. However, conventional Al reagents (e.g., Keller’s and Kroll’s do not elucidate the microstructure satisfactorily, specifically regarding grain size and morphology within the weld region. APPROACH—We developed innovative etchants for metallographic observations for optical microscopy. RESULTS—The macrostructure and microstructure of A6082-T6 BFSW welds were clearly demonstrated by optical microscopy analysis. The microetching results demonstrated different microstructures of the Stir Zone (S.Z distinct from the Base Metal (B.M and Heat Affected Zone (HAZ & Thermo-mechanical Affected Zone (TMAZ. The micrographs showed a significant decrease in grain size from 100 μm in B.M to ultrafine 4–10 μm grains for the S.Z. Also, the grain morphology changed from directional columnar in the B.M to equiaxed in the S.Z. Furthermore, thermomechanical recrystallization was observed by the morphological flow of the grain distortion in HAZ and TMAZ. The etchants also clearly show the polycrystalline structure, microflow patterns, and the incoherent interface around inclusion defects. ORIGINALITY—Chemical compositions are identified for a suite of etchant reagents for metallographic examination of the friction-stir welded A6082-T6 alloy. The reagents have made it possible to reveal microstructures not previously evident with optical microscopy.

  17. EFECTO DE LA DENSIDAD DE CORRIENTE SOBRE LA MORFOLOGÍA Y LAS PROPIEDADES ELECTROQUÍMICAS EN PELÍCULAS ANÓDICAS POROSAS, CRECIDAS SOBRE AA 2024-T3 EFEITO DA DENSIDADE DE CORENTE SOBRE A MORFOLOGIA E AS PROPRIEDADES ELECTROQUÍMICAS EM FILMES ANÓDICOS POROSOS, CRESCIDOS SOBRE AA 2024-T3 EFFECT OF CURRENT DENSITY ON MORPHOLOGY AND ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES IN POROUS ANODIC FILMS GROWN ON 2024-T3 ALUMINIUM ALLOYS

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    William Aperador

    2011-06-01

    Full Text Available En este artículo se presenta el estudio de las propiedades electroquímicas de las películas anódicas porosas, crecidas sobre la aleación de aluminio AA 2024-T3, obtenidas con la técnica de corriente directa (DC con densidades de corriente de 10, 15 y 20 mA/cm² en una solución de H2SO4. El análisis morfológico se realizó con microscopia de fuerza atómica (AFM y permitió identificar que el aumento en la densidad de corriente genera mayor homogeneidad de la superficie y disminución en los valores de rugosidad. Con la medida de microdureza Vickers, se determinó que los anodizados mejoran su resistencia mecánica frente al sustrato. Para evaluar la resistencia a la corrosión se utilizaron la técnica de espectroscopia de impedancia electroquímica (EIS y las curvas de polarización Tafel. A partir de estas técnicas se determinó que el aumento en la densidad de corriente forma películas que incrementan la resistencia a la corrosión. Adicionalmente se modeló el comportamiento electroquímico de las películas producidas y se hizo la correlación con las imágenes obtenidas por microscopia electrónica de barrido (SEM.Neste artigo apresenta-se o estudo das propriedades eletroquímicas dos filmes anódicos porosos crescidos sobre a liga de aluminio AA 2024-T3, obtidos com a técnica de corrente direta (DC com densidades de corrente de 10, 15 e 20 mA/cm² em uma solução de H2SO4. A análise morfológica realizou-se com microscopia de força atómica (AFM e permitiu identificar que o aumento na densidade de corrente gera maior homogeneidade da superficie e diminuição nos valores de rugosidade. Com a medida de microdureza Vickers, determinou-se que os anodizados melhoram a sua resistência mecánica em frente ao substrato. Para avaliar a resistência à corrosâo utilizaram-se a técnica de espectroscopia de impedáncia eletroquímica (EIS e as curvas de polarização Tafel. A partir destas técnicas determinou-se que o aumento na

  18. Multi-response optimization of process parameters using Taguchi method and grey relational analysis during turning AA 7075/SiC composite in dry and spray cooling environments

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    P. C. Mishra

    2015-09-01

    Full Text Available Turning experiments were carried out on AA 7075/SiC composite workpiece in dry and spray cooling environments based on L16 Taguchi design of experiments. Multiple performance optimization of process parameters was performed using grey relational analysis. The performance characteristics considered were average surface roughness, cutting tool temperature and material removal rate. Uncoated carbide inserts were used for machining the workpiece in a high speed precision lathe. A grey relational grade obtained from grey relational analysis was used to optimize the process parameters. Optimal combination of process parameters was then determined by the Taguchi method using the grey relational grade as the performance index. Experimental results indicated that the turning in spray cooling environment was beneficial compared to that in dry environment for the quality response characteristics under consideration. Analysis of variance showed that feed was the most significant parameter for the multiple performance characteristics during turning in both the environments.

  19. Prevention of non-ductile fracture in 6061-T6 aluminum nuclear pressure vessels

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Yahr, G.T.

    1995-01-01

    The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee has approved rules for the use of 6061-T6 and 6061-T651 aluminum for the construction of Class 1 welded nuclear pressure vessels for temperatures not exceeding 149 C (300 F). Nuclear Code Case N-519 allows the use of this aluminum in the construction of low temperature research reactors such as the Advanced Neutron Source. The rules for protection against non-ductile fracture are discussed. The basis for a value of 25.3 MPa √m (23 ksi √in.) for the critical or reference stress intensity factor for use in the fracture analysis is presented. Requirements for consideration of the effects of neutron irradiation on the fracture toughness are discussed

  20. Exploring the effects of SiC reinforcement incorporation on mechanical properties of friction stir welded 7075 aluminum alloy: Fatigue life, impact energy, tensile strength

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Bahrami, Mohsen; Helmi, Nader; Dehghani, Kamran; Givi, Mohammad Kazem Besharati

    2014-01-01

    In the current research, the role of SiC nano-particles in improving the mechanical properties of friction stir welded (FSWed) 7075 aluminum alloy is investigated. To this end, friction stir welding (FSW) was conducted at 1250 rpm and 40 mm/min. The experiment carried out with and without incorporating SiC nano-particles along the joint line. Cross-sectional microstructures of the joints were characterized employing optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results achieved through X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the presence of SiC powders. Moreover, it was discovered that the volume fraction of the reinforcement particles was 20%. Along with an excellent bonding between SiC nano-particles and aluminum matrix, SEM photograph demonstrated a good dispersion of SiC reinforcements. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) results were also in tight agreement with the recent SEM microstructure. Thanks to the presence of SiC nano-particles, tensile strength, percent elongation, fatigue life, and toughness of the joint improved tremendously. The fracture morphologies were in good agreement with corresponding ductility results

  1. Exploring the effects of SiC reinforcement incorporation on mechanical properties of friction stir welded 7075 aluminum alloy: Fatigue life, impact energy, tensile strength

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bahrami, Mohsen, E-mail: Mohsen.bahrami@aut.ac.ir [Faculty of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (AUT), Hafez Avenue, Tehran (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Helmi, Nader [Faculty of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (AUT), Hafez Avenue, Tehran (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Dehghani, Kamran [Faculty of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (AUT), Hafez Avenue, Tehran (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Centre of Excellence in Smart Structures and Dynamical Systems (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Givi, Mohammad Kazem Besharati [Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran (Iran, Islamic Republic of)

    2014-02-10

    In the current research, the role of SiC nano-particles in improving the mechanical properties of friction stir welded (FSWed) 7075 aluminum alloy is investigated. To this end, friction stir welding (FSW) was conducted at 1250 rpm and 40 mm/min. The experiment carried out with and without incorporating SiC nano-particles along the joint line. Cross-sectional microstructures of the joints were characterized employing optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results achieved through X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the presence of SiC powders. Moreover, it was discovered that the volume fraction of the reinforcement particles was 20%. Along with an excellent bonding between SiC nano-particles and aluminum matrix, SEM photograph demonstrated a good dispersion of SiC reinforcements. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) results were also in tight agreement with the recent SEM microstructure. Thanks to the presence of SiC nano-particles, tensile strength, percent elongation, fatigue life, and toughness of the joint improved tremendously. The fracture morphologies were in good agreement with corresponding ductility results.

  2. Dynamic Mechanical Behaviors of 6082-T6 Aluminum Alloy

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Peng Yibo

    2013-01-01

    Full Text Available The structural components of high speed trains are usually made of aluminum alloys, for example, 6082. The dynamic mechanical behavior of the material is one of key factors considered in structural design and safety assessment. In this paper, dynamic mechanical experiments were conducted with strain rate ranging from 0.001 s−1 to 100 s−1 using Instron tensile testing machine. The true stress-strain curves were fitted based on experimental data. Johnson-Cook model of 6082-T6 aluminum alloy was built to investigate the effect of strain and strain rate on flow stress. It has shown that the flow stress was sensitive to the strain rate. Yield strength and tensile strength increased with a high strain rate, which showed strain rate effect to some extent. Fracture analysis was carried out by using Backscattered Electron imaging (BSE. As strain rate increased, more precipitates were generated in fracture.

  3. Laser beam welding and friction stir welding of 6013-T6 aluminium alloy sheet

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Braun, R.; Dalle Donne, C.; Staniek, G.

    2000-01-01

    Butt welds of 1.6 mm thick 6013-T6 sheet were produced using laser beam welding and friction stir welding processes. Employing the former joining technique, filler powders of the alloys Al-5%Mg and Al-12%Si were used. Microstructure, hardness profiles, tensile properties and the corrosion behaviour of the welds in the as-welded condition were investigated. The hardness in the weld zone was lower compared to that of the base material in the peak-aged temper. Hardness minima were measured in the fusion zone and in the thermomechanically affected zone for laser beam welded and friction stir welded joints, respectively. Metallographic and fractographic examinations revealed pores in the fusion zone of the laser beam welds. Porosity was higher in welds made using the filler alloy Al-5%Mg than using the filler metal Al-12%Si. Transmission electron microscopy indicated that the β '' (Mg 2 Si) hardening precipitates were dissolved in the weld zone due to the heat input of the joining processes. Joint efficiencies achieved for laser beam welds depended upon the filler powders, being about 60 and 80% using the alloys Al-5%Mg and Al-12%Si, respectively. Strength of the friction stir weld approached over 80% of the ultimate tensile strength of the 6013-T6 base material. Fracture occurred in the region of hardness minima unless defects in the weld zone led to premature failure. The heat input during welding did not cause a degradation of the corrosion behaviour of the welds, as found in continuous immersion tests in an aqueous chloride-peroxide solution. In contrast to the 6013-T6 parent material, the weld zone was not sensitive to intergranular corrosion. Alternate immersion tests in 3.5% NaCl solution indicated high stress corrosion cracking resistance of the joints. For laser beam welded sheet, the weld zone of alternately immersed specimens suffered severe degradation by pitting and intergranular corrosion, which may be associated with galvanic coupling of filler metal and

  4. 5,6-EET potently inhibits T-type calcium channels

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Cazade, M.; Bidaud, I.; Hansen, Pernille B. Lærkegaard

    2014-01-01

    T-type calcium channels (T-channels) are important actors in neuronal pacemaking, in heart rhythm, and in the control of the vascular tone. T-channels are regulated by several endogenous lipids including the primary eicosanoid arachidonic acid (AA), which display an important role in vasodilation...

  5. Type IIA string theory on T"6/(Z_2 x Z_6 x ΩR). Model building and string phenomenology with intersecting D6-branes

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Ecker, Jill

    2016-01-01

    In this doctoral thesis, various aspects of string model building and phenomenology are investigated within the framework of Type IIA string theory on the T"6/(Z_2 x Z_6 x ΩR) orbifold with discrete torsion. The aim is the reproduction of supersymmetric versions of well-known particle physics models using intersecting rigid D6-branes wrapped on fractional three-cycles. The models analyzed include the minimal supersymmetric Standard Model as well as supersymmetric Pati-Salam models, left-right symmetric models and SU(5) models. Systematic computer scans test numerous combinations of intersecting D6-branes in order to detect those that give rise to the correct chiral particle content of the considered models. For each type of the afore mentioned models, concrete examples will be found which satisfy the constraints on the particle spectrum and fulfill all consistency conditions. Finally, the thesis focuses on phenomenological aspects of the particle physics models found, including the detection of massless U(1) combinations, discrete Z_n-symmetries and cubic couplings such as the Yukawa couplings.

  6. ICOS and Bcl6-dependent pathways maintain a CD4 T cell population with memory-like properties during tuberculosis

    Science.gov (United States)

    Moguche, Albanus O.; Shafiani, Shahin; Clemons, Corey; Larson, Ryan P.; Dinh, Crystal; Higdon, Lauren E.; Cambier, C.J.; Sissons, James R.; Gallegos, Alena M.; Fink, Pamela J.

    2015-01-01

    Immune control of persistent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) requires a sustained pathogen-specific CD4 T cell response; however, the molecular pathways governing the generation and maintenance of Mtb protective CD4 T cells are poorly understood. Using MHCII tetramers, we show that Mtb-specific CD4 T cells are subject to ongoing antigenic stimulation. Despite this chronic stimulation, a subset of PD-1+ cells is maintained within the lung parenchyma during tuberculosis (TB). When transferred into uninfected animals, these cells persist, mount a robust recall response, and provide superior protection to Mtb rechallenge when compared to terminally differentiated Th1 cells that reside preferentially in the lung-associated vasculature. The PD-1+ cells share features with memory CD4 T cells in that their generation and maintenance requires intrinsic Bcl6 and intrinsic ICOS expression. Thus, the molecular pathways required to maintain Mtb-specific CD4 T cells during ongoing infection are similar to those that maintain memory CD4 T cells in scenarios of antigen deprivation. These results suggest that vaccination strategies targeting the ICOS and Bcl6 pathways in CD4 T cells may provide new avenues to prevent TB. PMID:25918344

  7. C57BL/6 mice need MHC class II Aq to develop collagen-induced arthritis dependent on autoreactive T cells.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Bäcklund, Johan; Li, Cuiqin; Jansson, Erik; Carlsen, Stefan; Merky, Patrick; Nandakumar, Kutty-Selva; Haag, Sabrina; Ytterberg, Jimmy; Zubarev, Roman A; Holmdahl, Rikard

    2013-07-01

    Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) has traditionally been performed in MHC class II A(q)-expressing mice, whereas most genetically modified mice are on the C57BL/6 background (expressing the b haplotype of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II region). However, C57BL/6 mice develop arthritis after immunisation with chicken-derived collagen type II (CII), but arthritis susceptibility has been variable, and the immune specificity has not been clarified. To establish a CIA model on the C57BL/6 background with a more predictable and defined immune response to CII. Both chicken and rat CII were arthritogenic in C57BL/6 mice provided they were introduced with high doses of Mycobacterium tuberculosis adjuvant. However, contaminating pepsin was strongly immunogenic and was essential for arthritis development. H-2(b)-restricted T cell epitopes on chicken or rat CII could not be identified, but expression of A(q) on the C57BL/6 background induced T cell response to the CII260-270 epitope, and also prolonged the arthritis to be more chronic. The putative (auto)antigen and its arthritogenic determinants in C57BL/6 mice remains undisclosed, questioning the value of the model for addressing T cell-driven pathological pathways in arthritis. To circumvent this impediment, we recommend MHC class II congenic C57BL/6N.Q mice, expressing A(q), with which T cell determinants have been thoroughly characterised.

  8. Evolución Microestructural en Uniones de la Aleación Ti-6Al-4V Mediante el Proceso de Soldadura de Punto por Fricción-agitación

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Flor Araceli Garcia-Castillo

    Full Text Available Resumen La soldadura de punto por fricción-agitación (Friction Stir Spot Welding, FSSW es un tema de reciente desarrollo e interés, principalmente en aleaciones de Titanio, ya que existen estudios previos realizados en aleaciones de aluminio, magnesio, aceros y polímeros. Las aleaciones de Titanio tienen una amplia aplicación en la industria aeronáutica, principalmente como componentes en el tren de aterrizaje en aviones comerciales, por lo cual este trabajo se centra en la aleación Ti-6Al-4V, este tipo de aleación presenta fases alfa (α y beta (β, brindado mejor balance en propiedades mecánicas de dureza y esfuerzo a la tensión. El proceso FSSW se realizó mediante un centro de maquinado de alta velocidad, utilizando una velocidad de rotación de 500 RPM, una velocidad de penetración de la herramienta de 2 mm/s y 3 s en tiempo de sostenimiento, en láminas con un espesor de 1,5 mm y una longitud de traslape de 20 mm. Los resultados mostraron el efecto de las variables del proceso de soldadura FSSW sobre la microestructura de la aleación Ti-6Al-4V ocasionada por el efecto térmico y la deformación plástica del proceso de la soldadura, concluyendo que una adecuada combinación de parámetros permite realizar una unión sin defectos.

  9. The Influence of T6 Heat Treatment to Hardness and Microstructure of Al-Si-Mg Alloys Materials

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Eddy Djatmiko; Budiarto

    2008-01-01

    Al-Si-Mg alloy is one of aluminium alloys that is suitable to be used as a car piston material. This is because it has some benefits such as light weight, corrosion resistance and interesting color but its mechanical properties do not meet criteria of JIS H5201. For that reason, to meet the standard, its mechanical properties need to be improved. Mechanical properties of this alloy can be improved using many ways. In this research the alloy was T6 heat treated (holding times 4 hour with treatment temperature variation of 30, 150, 180, 210, and 240 o C). Some tests were conducted to these new alloys including hardness test, impact test, phase identification and micro structural analysis. Test results showed that the change mechanical properties occurs due to increasing temperature during T6 heat treatment to these alloys. The optimum mechanical properties were obtained at treatment temperature of 210 o C. In this condition, the alloy has hardness of 93.30 HVN and impact strength of 5.13 J/cm 2 and these results fulfil JIS H5201 standard. The alloy microstructure showed hypoeutectic structure comprising primary aluminium dendrite and Al-Si-Mg eutectic mixture. The result of phase identification after T6 heat treatment showed that Al-Si-Mg alloys have α-Al phase, Si phase and MnAl 6 phase. (author)

  10. Síntesis coloidal de materiales nanoestructurados de Al-ZrAl3: Propiedades mecánicas mediante el ensayo miniatura de punzonado

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Díaz, L. A.

    2009-08-01

    Full Text Available This work describes a new method to obtain Al-Zr intermetallic nanostructured materials by using a colloidal processing technique. The combination of Al powders and zirconium IV-propoxide (C12H28O4Zr under controlled conditions results in a metal matrix composite with a homogeneous dispersion of intermetallics. Synthesis was carried out in a tubular furnace under argon and by hot pressing under the same atmospheric conditions. XDR and SEM were used to identify the intermetallic nanoparticles. The Vickers hardness of the ZrAl3 nanocomposites and the mechanical behaviour by small punch test were studied.

    En este trabajo se describe un nuevo método de procesamiento coloidal para obtener materiales nanoestructurados de base aluminio con partículas intermetálicas ZrAl3. A partir de una mezcla controlada en alcohol, de polvos de aluminio con un alcóxido precursor de zirconio (C12H28O4Zr se obtiene, mediante un tratamiento térmico en un horno convencional con atmósfera controlada o por prensado uniaxial en caliente, un polvo nanoestructurado formado por cristales de aluminio sobre los que cristalizan, de forma homogénea, nanopartículas intermetálicas de ZrAl3. La identificación del intermetálico se efectuó por difracción de rayos X y microscopía electrónica de barrido. El comportamiento mecánico de los materiales nanoestructurados desarrollados se evaluó a partir de ensayos de dureza y mediante el ensayo miniatura de punzonado (EMP. Los resultados muestran que la presencia del intermetálico de zirconio hasta un 1,0 % (en peso de zirconio aumenta la dureza y rigidez de la matriz de aluminio, al tiempo que incrementa su resistencia mecánica (límite elástico y resistencia a la tracción.

  11. Data development for ASTM E24.06.02 round robin program on instability prediction

    Science.gov (United States)

    Mccabe, D. E.

    1979-01-01

    Basis data for use in an ASTM E24.06.02 task group round robin activity was developed. Compact specimens were made of 2024-T351, 7075-T651 aluminum alloys, and 304 stainless steel. All were 12.7 mm thick and planar dimension variables incorporated were for 1T, 2T and 4T sizes. Representative raw data for each material and specimen size are contained herein. R-curves plotted in terms of delta a physical and delta a effective are plotted for each material.

  12. Co-existence of t(6;13)(p21;q14.1) and trisomy 12 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

    Science.gov (United States)

    de Oliveira, Fábio Morato; de Figueiredo Pontes, Lorena Lobo; Bassi, Sarah Cristina; Dalmazzo, Leandro Felipe Figueiredo; Falcão, Roberto Passetto

    2012-06-01

    We report a case of a 57-year-old man diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and presence of a rare t(6;13)(p21;q14.1) in association with an extra copy of chromosome 12. Classical cytogenetic analysis using the immunostimulatory combination of DSP30 and IL-2 showed the karyotype 47,XY,t(6;13)(p21;q14.1), +12 in 75% of the metaphase cells. Spectral karyotype analysis (SKY) confirmed the abnormality previously seen by G-banding. Additionally, interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization using an LSI CEP 12 probe performed on peripheral blood cells without any stimulant agent showed trisomy of chromosome 12 in 67% of analyzed cells (134/200). To the best of our knowledge, the association of t(6;13)(p21;q14.1) and +12 in CLL has never been described. The prognostic significance of these new findings in CLL remains to be elucidated. However, the patient has been followed up since 2009 without any therapeutic intervention and has so far remained stable.

  13. Rapid effects of 17beta-estradiol on epithelial TRPV6 Ca2+ channel in human T84 colonic cells.

    LENUS (Irish Health Repository)

    Irnaten, Mustapha

    2008-11-01

    The control of calcium homeostasis is essential for cell survival and is of crucial importance for several physiological functions. The discovery of the epithelial calcium channel Transient Receptor Potential Vaniloid (TRPV6) in intestine has uncovered important Ca(2+) absorptive pathways involved in the regulation of whole body Ca(2+) homeostasis. The role of steroid hormone 17beta-estradiol (E(2)), in [Ca(2+)](i) regulation involving TRPV6 has been only limited at the protein expression levels in over-expressing heterologous systems. In the present study, using a combination of calcium-imaging, whole-cell patch-clamp techniques and siRNA technology to specifically knockdown TRPV6 protein expression, we were able to (i) show that TRPV6 is natively, rather than exogenously, expressed at mRNA and protein levels in human T84 colonic cells, (ii) characterize functional TRPV6 channels and (iii) demonstrate, for the first time, the rapid effects of E(2) in [Ca(2+)](i) regulation involving directly TRPV6 channels in T84 cells. Treatment with E(2) rapidly (<5 min) enhanced [Ca(2+)](i) and this increase was partially but significantly prevented when cells were pre-treated with ruthenium red and completely abolished in cells treated with siRNA specifically targeting TRPV6 protein expression. These results indicate that when cells are stimulated by E(2), Ca(2+) enters the cell through TRPV6 channels. TRPV6 channels in T84 cells contribute to the Ca(2+) entry\\/signalling pathway that is sensitive to 17beta-estradiol.

  14. Interaction of GABA-mimetics with the taurine transporter (TauT, Slc6a6) in hyperosmotic treated caco-2, LLC-PK1 and rat renal SKPT cells

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Rasmussen, Rune Nørgaard; Lagunas, Candela; Plum, Jakob Munk

    2016-01-01

    The aim of the present study was to investigate if basic GABA-mimetics interact with the taurine transporter (TauT, Slc6a6), and to find a suitable cell based model that is robust towards extracellular changes in osmolality during uptake studies. Taurine uptake was measured in human Caco-2 cells....... Uptake of the GABA-mimetics gaboxadol and vigabatrin was investigated in SKPT cells, and quantified by liquid scintillation or HPLC-MS/MS analysis, respectively. The uptake rate of [(3)H]-taurine was Na(+) and Cl(-) and concentration dependent with taurine with an apparent Vmax of 6.3±1.6pmolcm(-2)min(-1......) and a Km of 24.9±15.0μM. β-alanine, nipecotic acid, gaboxadol, GABA, vigabatrin, δ-ALA and guvacine inhibited the taurine uptake rate in a concentration dependent manner. The order of affinity for TauT was β-alanine>GABA>nipecotic acid>guvacine>δ-ALA>vigabatrin>gaboxadol with IC50-values of 0.04, 1.07, 2...

  15. Effect of He+ fluence on surface morphology and ion-irradiation induced defect evolution in 7075 aluminum alloys

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ni, Kai; Ma, Qian; Wan, Hao; Yang, Bin; Ge, Junjie; Zhang, Lingyu; Si, Naichao

    2018-02-01

    The evolution of microstructure for 7075 aluminum alloys with 50 Kev helium ions irradiation were studied by using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The fluences of 1 × 1015, 1 × 1016 and 1 × 1017 ions cm-2 were selected, and irradiation experiments were conducted at room temperatures. The transmission process of He+ ions was simulated by using SRIM software, including distribution of ion ranges, energy losses and atomic displacements. Experimental results show that irradiated pits and micro-cracks were observed on irradiation sample surface, and the size of constituent particles (not including Mg2Si) decreased with the increasing dose. The x-ray diffraction results of the pair of peaks is better resolved in irradiated samples might indicate that the stressed structure consequence due to crystal defects (vacancies and interstitials) after He+ implantation. TEM observation indicated that the density of MgZn2 phase was significantly reduced after helium ion irradiation which is harmful to strength. Besides, the development of compressive stress produced a large amount of dislocation defects in the 1015 ions cm-2 sample. Moreover, higher fluence irradiation produced more dislocations in sample. At fluence of 1016 ions cm-2, dislocation wall formed by dislocation slip and aggregation in the interior of grains, leading to the refinement of these grains. As fluence increased to 1017 ions cm-2, dislocation loops were observed in pinned dislocation. Moreover, dislocation as effective defect sink, irradiation-induced vacancy defects aggregated to these sinks, and resulted in the formation of helium bubbles in dislocation.

  16. Histone deacetylase 1, 2, 6 and acetylated histone H4 in B- and T-cell lymphomas

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Marquard, L.; Poulsen, C.B.; Gjerdrum, L.M.

    2009-01-01

    AIMS: Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are novel therapeutics in the treatment of peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified (PTCL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), where, for unknown reasons, T-cell malignancies appear to be more sensitive than B-cell malignancies. The aim was to det......AIMS: Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are novel therapeutics in the treatment of peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified (PTCL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), where, for unknown reasons, T-cell malignancies appear to be more sensitive than B-cell malignancies. The aim...... was to determine HDAC expression in DLBCL and PTCL which has not previously been investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS: The expression of HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC6 and acetylated histone H4 was examined immunohistochemically in 31 DLBCL and 45 PTCL. All four markers showed high expression in both DLBCL and PTCL compared...

  17. Human CD134 (OX40) expressed on T cells plays a key role for human herpesvirus 6B replication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Nagamata, Satoshi; Nagasaka, Miwako; Kawabata, Akiko; Kishimoto, Kenji; Hasegawa, Daiichiro; Kosaka, Yoshiyuki; Mori, Takeshi; Morioka, Ichiro; Nishimura, Noriyuki; Iijima, Kazumoto; Yamada, Hideto; Kawamoto, Shinichiro; Yakushijin, Kimikazu; Matsuoka, Hiroshi; Mori, Yasuko

    2018-05-01

    CD134 (OX40), which is a cellular receptor for human herpesvirus-6B (HHV-6B) and expresses on activated T cells, may play a key role for HHV-6B replication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Therefore, we examined the CD134 expression on T cells and HHV-6B replication after allo-HSCT, and analyzed the correlation between them. Twenty-three patients after allo-HSCT were enrolled. The percentages of CD134-positive cells within the CD4 + and CD8 + cell populations were measured by flow cytometry, and the viral copy number of HHV-6B was simultaneously quantified by real-time PCR. The correlation between CD134 and HHV-6B viral load was then statistically analyzed. HHV-6B reactivation occurred in 11 of 23 patients (47.8%). CD134 expression was seen on T cells and was coincident with the time of peak viral load. The percentage of CD134-positive cells decreased significantly when HHV-6B DNA disappeared (p = .005 in CD4 + T cells, p = .02 in CD8 + T cells). In the 4 patients who underwent umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT), the viral load varied with the percentage of CD134-positive cells. In the comparison between the HHV-6B reactivation group and non-reactivation group, maximum percentages of CD134-positive cells among CD4 + T cells in reactivation group were significantly higher than those in non-reactivation group (p = .04). This is the first study to show that a correlation of CD134 expression on T cells with HHV-6B replication after allo-HSCT, especially in UCBT. The results possibly indicate that CD134 on T cells plays a key role for HHV-6B replication after allo-HSCT. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  18. Systematics of (n,t) reactions in medium and heavy mass nuclei at 14.6 MeV

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Woo, T.T.

    1979-01-01

    The production cross sections for (n,t) reactions of 14.6-MeV neutrons with isotopes of the natural elements Ca, Ti, Cr, Fe, Ni, Y, Mo, Pd, Cd, Sn, Pb, La, and with the enriched isotopes 86 Sr, 114 Cd, 130 Te, 205 Tl were measured by the activation technique using high-energy resolution gamma-ray spectrometry. The systematics for the (n,t) reactions were investigated as a function of the relative neutron excess. The experimentally determined values of the cross sections are in good agreement with values calculated by an empirical equation. The cross section ratios (n,t) and (n,p) reactions were calculated on the basis of the statistical model

  19. Interactions between the APOA5 -1131T>C and the FEN1 10154G>T polymorphisms on ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in serum phospholipids and coronary artery disease

    Science.gov (United States)

    Park, Ju Yeon; Paik, Jean Kyung; Kim, Oh Yoen; Chae, Jey Sook; Jang, Yangsoo; Lee, Jong Ho

    2010-01-01

    We determined the contribution of the combination of FEN1 10154G>T with the most significant association in the analysis of plasma arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4ω6) and the APOA5-1131T>C on phospholipid ω6PUFA and coronary artery disease (CAD). Patients with CAD (n = 807, 27–81 years of age) and healthy controls (n = 1123) were genotyped for FEN1 10154G>T and APOA5-1131T>C. We found a significant interaction between these two genes for CAD risk (P = 0.007) adjusted for confounding factors. APOA5-1131C allele carriers had a higher CAD risk [odds ratio (OR):1.484, 95% confidence interval (CI):1.31–1.96; P = 0.005] compared with APOA5-1131TT individuals in the FEN1 10154GG genotype group but not in the FEN1 10154T allele group (OR:1.096, 95%CI:0.84–1.43; P = 0.504). Significant interactions between these two genes were also observed for the AA proportion (P = 0.04) and the ratio of AA/linoleic acid (LA, 18:2ω6) (P = 0.004) in serum phospholipids of controls. The APOA5-1131C allele was associated with lower AA (P = 0.027) and AA/LA (P = 0.014) only in controls carrying the FEN1 10154T allele. In conclusion, the interaction between these genes suggests that the FEN1 10154T variant allele decreases AA and AA/LA in the serum phospholipids of carriers of the APOA5-1131C allele, but contributes no significant increase in CAD risk for this population subset despite their increased triglylcerides and decreased apoA5. PMID:20802161

  20. A novel 2,6-diisopropylphenyl-docosahexaenoamide conjugate induces apoptosis in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Altenburg, Jeffrey D.; Harvey, Kevin A.; McCray, Sharon; Xu, Zhidong [Cellular Biochemistry Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN (United States); Siddiqui, Rafat A., E-mail: rsiddiqu@iuhealth.org [Cellular Biochemistry Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN (United States); Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN (United States); Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN (United States)

    2011-07-29

    Highlights: {yields} 2,6-Diisopropylphenyl-docosahexaenoamide conjugates (DIP-DHA) inhibits the proliferation of T-cell leukemic cell lines. {yields} DIP-DHA resulted in increased activation of caspase-3, and caspase-7. {yields} DIP-DHA significantly downregulated CXCR4 surface expression. -- Abstract: We have previously characterized the effects of 2,6-diisopropylphenyl-docosahexaenoamide (DIP-DHA) conjugates and their analogs on the proliferation and progression of breast cancer cell lines. For this study, we investigated the effects of the DIP-DHA conjugate on 2 representative T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cell lines: CEM and Jurkat. Treatment of both cell lines with DIP-DHA resulted in significantly greater inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis than that of parent compounds, 2,6-diisopropylphenol (DIP) or docosahexaenoate (DHA). Treatment of the cells with DIP-DHA resulted in increased activation of caspase-3, and caspase-7. Furthermore, induction of apoptosis in both cell lines was reversed in the presence of a caspase family inhibitor. Treatment with DIP-DHA reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. These observations suggest that the effects are driven by intrinsic apoptotic pathways. DIP-DHA treatment also downregulated surface CXCR4 expression, an important chemokine receptor involved in cancer metastasis that is highly expressed in both CEM and Jurkat cells. In conclusion, our data suggest that the DIP-DHA conjugate exhibits significantly more potent effects on CEM and Jurkat cells than that of DIP or DHA alone. These conjugates have potential use for treatment of patients with T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.