LA CADENA DE VALOR DEL CACAO EN PERÚ Y SU OPORTUNIDAD EN EL MERCADO MUNDIAL

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Barrientos Felipa, Pedro

2015-01-01

El objetivo de este trabajo es describir las características de la cadena de valor del cacao en Perú. Para ello se realiza un estudio de tipo documental que relata el desempeño de los mercados de comodities agrarios, la comercialización de estos, el funcionamiento de la cadena en el País y la explicación de la estrategia nacional para este producto. Como resultado se plantea que el contexto en que se desarrolla el cacao peruano presenta ventajas debido a los problemas que tienen los productor...

Almacenamiento aireado de maíz en los Llanos Orientales

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Alfonso Parra Coronado

1993-01-01

Full Text Available En este artículo se presenta una metodología de trabajo desarrollada en el Departamento de Ingeniería Agrícola de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Santafé de Bogotá, D.C., con el fin de realizar estudios de almacenamiento de granos con aireación en regiones tropicales. La metodología se basa en la técnica de simulación matemática, mediante la cual es posible predecir simultáneamente, la variación meteorológica, el proceso de aireación y el proceso de deterioro de productos agrícolas y optimizar el dimensionamiento y operación de sistemas de almacenamiento con aireación. Se presentan los resultados obtenidos del estudio de almacenamiento con aireación de maíz desgranado en la región de los Llanos Orientales; se proporcionan recomendaciones específicas para la operación del sistema.

Presencia de metales pesados en cultivo de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) orgánico

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Huamaní-Yupanqui, Hugo Alfredo; Huauya-Rojas, Miguel ángel; Mansilla-Minaya, Luis Germán; Florida-Rofner, Nelino; Neira-Trujillo, Gilmer Milton

2012-01-01

La presencia de metales pesados en el cultivo de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) es actualmente un grave problema para agricultores y cooperativas de las regiones Huánuco y Ucayali, Perú. En el presente trabajo se evaluaron los contenidos de cadmio y plomo en suelos y hojas del cacao en estas regiones. Para el efecto se recolectaron y analizaron en laboratorio muestras tomadas en 22 parcelas con cultivos orgánicos de esta especie, 17 en la región Huánuco y cinco en la región Ucayali. Se realizaron...

Memorias organizacionales en la era del almacenamiento en la nube

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Javier De la Hoz Freyle

2014-04-01

Full Text Available Diversas investigaciones en el campo de la gestión del conocimiento se han centrado en el estudio de las memorias organizacionales como fórmula para obtener ventajas competitivas. La revolución de la internet ha cambiado la forma en cómo se consumen recursos de tecnologías de información (TI ya sea hardware o software, en parte gracias a la aparición de cloud computing (CC. El almacenamiento en la nube, o cloud storage (CS, es un tipo de servicio en CC que permite la gestión de archivos en internet como si se tratase de un disco duro local, creando una serie de nuevas oportunidades para el desarrollo de las memorias organizacionales en el manejo de los recursos de conocimiento. En este artículo se expone una revisión de la literatura de las memorias organizacionales soportadas por CS, realizada mediante una revisión bibliográfica, para exponer sus beneficios, ventajas y dificultades, con el fin de proponer alternativas en el desarrollo de estos artefactos en la elaboración de iniciativas de gestión del conocimiento.

Estudio de alternativas de almacenamiento en proyectos de análisis predictivo

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Rodríguez Sevilla, Carlos

2018-01-01

Con este trabajo trataremos de contextualizar las diferencias entre los posibles métodos de almacenamiento de un proyecto de análisis predictivo. Para ello el método seguido incluye el desarrollo en R de un proyecto genérico de análisis predictivo que se utilizará como base para estudiar las consecuencias de la elección del método de almacenamiento. Como opciones se han elegido tres sistemas representando los paradigmas de almacenamiento más comunes que encontramos en la actualidad: PostgreSQ...

La cadena de valor del cacao en Perú y su oportunidad en el mercado mundial

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Barrientos Felipa, Pedro; Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos

2015-01-01

El objetivo de este trabajo es describir las características de la cadena de valor del cacao en Perú. Para ello se realiza un estudio de tipo documental que relata el desempeño de los mercados de comodities agrarios, la comercialización de estos, el funcionamiento de la cadena en el País y la explicación de la estrategia nacional para este producto. Como resultado se plantea que el contexto en que se desarrolla el cacao peruano presenta ventajas debido a los problemas que tienen los productor...

Presencia de metales pesados en cultivo de cacao (Theobroma cacao L. orgánico

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Hugo Alfredo Huamaní-Yupanqui

2012-12-01

Full Text Available La presencia de metales pesados en el cultivo de cacao (Theobroma cacao L. es actualmente un grave problema para agricultores y cooperativas de las regiones Huánuco y Ucayali, Perú. En el presente trabajo se evaluaron los contenidos de cadmio y plomo en suelos y hojas del cacao en estas regiones. Para el efecto se recolectaron y analizaron en laboratorio muestras tomadas en 22 parcelas con cultivos orgánicos de esta especie, 17 en la región Huánuco y cinco en la región Ucayali. Se realizaron análisis de correlación de Pearson entre los contenidos de plomo y cadmio disponibles en el suelo con variables foliares (P, Mg, Ca, Zn, Cd, Pb y del suelo (arena, arcilla y K. En los suelos, sólo en el caso de potasio se presentan deficiencias; mientras que en el tejido foliar se presentaron deficiencias de N, P, K, Mg y Zn. Los valores promedio de cadmio y plomo disponible en los suelos fueron 0.53 y 3.02 ppm y en las hojas de cacao de 0.21 y 0.58 ppm respectivamente.

Evaluación del desempeño de un secador solar directo sobre semillas de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.

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Enrique Romero Frasca

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Se desarrolló un secador solar directo con un diseño basado en dispositivos deshidratadores rudimentarios de uso regular, en granjas cacaoteras de Tabasco; con el objetivo de evaluar su desempeño en la obtención de cacao seco con- forme a la NMX-F-352-S-1980, mediante una exposición a luz solar durante cuatro días. Re- sultados: disminución paulatina del contenido de humedad hasta en un 7.50%, en promedio, en un producto con valor comercial a insertarse en el mercado.

Identificación de un gen codificante de polifenol oxidasa (PPO en Theobroma cacao L. (cacao de Ecuador

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Jaime Morante-Carriel

2017-12-01

Full Text Available En Ecuador, las plantaciones de cacao presentan bajos promedios de producción debido a la diversidad de patógenos, especialmente a la infección por Moniliophthora roreri (monilia. Se cree que existe una relación entre el ataque del hongo y el aumento de los niveles de expresión de genes codificantes de polifenol oxidasas (PPOs como mecanismo de defensa ante patógenos y herbívoros en diferentes plantas. Para la identificación de genes que codifican para PPOs, se seleccionaron hojas de cacao Nacional, provenientes de plantas resistentes y susceptibles a monilia, ubicadas en la Finca Experimental La Represa, propiedad de la Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo. Se afinó un protocolo de extracción de ARN total de alta calidad para hojas de cacao recalcitrantes. Después de su retrotranscripción a ADNc, se realizaron ensayos de amplificación por PCR con diferentes primers, diseñados a partir de secuencias conservadas de PPOs. Los productos de amplificación permitieron la identificación de un gen de 961 pb, similar a un gen que codifica para la PPO predictiva de Theobroma cacao depositada en NCBI (XP_017978715.1 La identificación de este gen, es fundamental para evaluar a futuro los niveles de expresión y cuantificación en diferentes estados de desarrollo del fruto. Dicha cuantificación permitirá proponer herramientas de control para monilia y construir las bases para el mejoramiento genético del cacao Nacional.

Valoración económica del almacenamiento de agua y carbono en la comunidad campesina Villa de Junín

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Miguel Vila Balbin

2015-12-01

Full Text Available El objetivo ha sido estimar el valor económico que generan los bofedales en el almacenamiento de agua y carbono en la comunidad campesina Villa de Junín en el departamento de Junín, Perú. El proceso de recolección de datos a estado enfocado en datos meteorológicos (temperatura y precipitación, datos de la actividad económica predominante (ganadería, recolección de muestras de suelo para hallar el contenido de carbono y capacidad volumétrica; posteriormente se hizo la comparación del beneficio percibido por la actividad ganadera y el beneficio que se podría obtener por los servicios que brinda un bofedal (almacenamiento de agua y carbono. Entre los resultados respecto a la precipitación anual se ha determinado 22 367 664 m3/año, del cual un 42,56 % (9 294 933,67 m3/ año regresa a la atmósfera a través del proceso de la evapotranspiración, quedando una oferta hídrica disponible de 13 072 730,33 m3/año, que representa un 57,44 % de la oferta hídrica total; la productividad hídrica es de 0,01 S/./m3. El costo de oportunidad que tiene la ganadería es de 200,38 S/./ha /año; el valor económico de agua y carbono es de S/. 48 974 181,79 y S/. 44 305 010,31 respectivamente. Se concluye que el almacenamiento de agua y carbono brindan mayores ingresos económicos a la población que la actividad ganadera.

EL CACAO: AYER, HOY Y SIEMPRE EN EL DESARROLLO SOCIOECONÓMICO Y CULTURAL DEL MUNDO, NORTE DE SANTANDER Y CÚCUTA

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Pilar Eugenia Ramírez Villar

2013-01-01

Este artículo es un breve relato de la historia del cacao en el mundo, en Colombia y en Cúcuta, surge de un trabajo de investigación histórico y retoma historias de Venezuela, Colombia, Francia, África, Italia, entre otros países que protagonizaron o ayudaron a que el cacao surgiera en la región y se posicionara en el sector productivo. La conclusión de la investigación está basada en el recuento según la región de Norte de Santander y Cúcuta, mostrando datos curiosos de la evolución del caca...

Efecto del tiempo de almacenamiento, el tipo de músculo y el genotipo del animal sobre las pérdidas por goteo en carne cruda de cerdo

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Bermúdez M Fanhor

2009-09-01

Full Text Available En un diseño factorial con arreglo en parcelas subdivididas se analizó el efecto del tiempo de almacenamiento (24, 48 y 72 h a 6 °C, el tipo de músculo (Longissimus dorsi, Tríceps brachii, Bíceps femoris y el genotipo de animal (tres razas puras: Yorkshire, Landrace, Duroc; dos genotipos: F1 por el cruce Yorkshire x Landrace (YL, cruce de la F1 x Duroc (F1D sobre las pérdidas por goteo en carne cruda de cerdo. Las muestras se tomaron a las 24 h postmortem y se almacenaron durante 72 h. El mayor porcentaje de pérdida se presentó para la carne obtenida a partir del músculo Bíceps femoris proveniente de los animales pertenecientes al genotipo F1. El porcentaje de pérdida por goteo más alto se presentó durante las primeras 24 h. Los resultados indicaron diferencias estadísticas altamente significativas (P < 0.01 para los efectos individuales genotipo, tipo de músculo y tiempo de almacenamiento sobre el porcentaje de pérdida por goteo.

Estado legal mundial del cadmio en cacao (Theobroma cacao): fantasía o realidad

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Jiménez Tobón, Claudia Stella

2015-01-01

Colombian cacao is well positioned in the international markets, given its taste and aroma. There is, however, a concern under contamination terms at a national level, because there is cadmium in the seeds. This metal, in case of being accumulated in the human body, is the cause of several and serious diseases that slowly deteriorate it. Even though the fact that in 2019 the European Community will start to demand a maximum level of the cadmium allowed in the cacao and its derivat...

Crecimiento de plántulas de cacao (Theobroma cacao L. en diferentes tamaños de contenedor

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Mónica Andrea Osorio G.

2017-12-01

Full Text Available El volumen del contenedor para la propagación del cacao es determinante, ya que su tamaño influye en el crecimiento y desarrollo de las plántulas, siendo un factor definitivo para el establecimiento del cultivo. En este trabajo se comparó el efecto que tienen diferentes tamaños de contenedor 0,01; 0,02 y 0,1m3 (volumen de sustrato y la duración en vivero, sobre el crecimiento de plantas de cacao, además, se evaluaron los cambios en el sustrato confinado. Se sembraron semillas de cacao en contenedores de diferentes alturas: 25, 45 y 70cm. Se midió la temperatura de las hojas y se colectaron plántulas, para cuantificar la biomasa particionada y crecimiento de la raíz principal. Simultáneamente fueron evaluadas la resistencia a la penetración, la temperatura, la humedad y la porosidad del sustrato. Los resultados evidenciaron diferencias significativas (P<0,05 en la acumulación de fitomasa total. En los contenedores de mayor tamaño (0,1m3 hubo mayor biomasa total, mayor longitud de raíces: 62,17cm, el sustrato presentó menor resistencia a la penetración (0,52Kg cm-2 y temperatura. La temperatura de las hojas se relacionó directamente con la temperatura del suelo e inversamente con la humedad del suelo. Se comprobó que el tamaño del contenedor afecta las características físicas del sustrato y el crecimiento de las plantas, lo cual sugiere que con 0,02m2 (con 45cm altura del contenedor las plantas pueden permanecer 180 días en vivero.

Estado de la moniliasis del cacao causada por moniliophthora roreri en colombia

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Correa Alvarez, Javier; Castro Martínez, Sergio; Coy, Jairo

2014-01-01

La Moniliasis es una enfermedad fúngica que ataca el cultivo de cacao, causada por el basidiomycete Mo-niliophthora roreri. Está presente en la mayoría de los países latinoamericanos y se adapta a diversidad de ambientes. En Colombia la enfermedad es devastadora y las estrategias de control tradicional han generado resultados colaterales como el fortalecimiento de la resistencia genética de cepas del hongo en algunas regiones. En esta revisión, se recopilan los aspectos biológicos y agronó...

Trichoderma species from the cacao agroecosystem with biocontrol potential of Moniliophthora roreri

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Omar Reyes-Figueroa

2016-01-01

Full Text Available La moniliasis del cacao ( Moniliophthora roreri es la principal limitante parasítica de la producción de cacao ( Theobroma cacao en México. Una alternativa sostenible para el control de la enfermedad es el uso del hongo Trichoderma . El objetivo del presente estudio fue seleccionar aislamientos nativos de Trichoderma con las mejores características antagónicas y fisiológicas in vitro, para el control de M. roreri . Para ello, se caracterizaron 50 aislamientos de Trichoderma , obtenidos del agroecosistema cacao. El crecimiento micelial y la producción de conidios a 25, 30 y 35 °C se consideraron variables fisiológicas. El micoparasitismo, antibiosis y antagonismo potencial fueron las variables antagónicas. Se encontraron diferencias significativas ( P = 0.0001 en todas las variables evaluadas . El intervalo de temperatura óptima para el crecimiento micelial y producción de conidios fue de 25 a 30 °C. El micoparasitismo varió de 0 a 100 % y solo los aislamientos de seis especies mostraron esta característica. La antibiosis osciló entre 6.8 y 55.5 %, y el antagonismo potencial varió de 3.4 a 69 %. Trichoderma virens (TTC017 y T. harzianum (TTC090, TTC039, TTC073 mostraron el mejor biocontrol potencial in vitro , por lo que son cepas prometedoras para futuras investigaciones sobre control biológico de la moniliasis del cacao.

Cacao 3 (Cc 3, Arte rupestre del formativo temprano en Antofagasta de la Sierra, Catamarca, Argentina

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Alvaro Rodrigo Martel

2004-01-01

Full Text Available En el presente trabajo hemos abordado el estudio de la producción del arte rupestre del sitio Cacao 3 –Cc3- (Antofagasta de la Sierra, Catamarca con relación a las prácticas socioculturales de grupos agropastoriles del periodo Formativo Temprano en la Puna meridional argentina, haciendo hincapié en el emplazamiento del sitio y su asociación contextual con las demás evidencias arqueológicas conocidas para el área de estudio y estableciendo las relaciones entre las manifestaciones rupestres de Cc3 con las de otros sitios, a nivel micro y macrorregional, a través de indicadores estilísticos

INFLUENCIA DE LA ÉPOCA DE COSECHA EN LA CALIDAD DEL LICOR DE CACAO TIPO NACIONAL

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Milton Alexis Ruíz Pinargote

2014-12-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la influencia de las épocas de cosecha (invierno y verano sobre las características físicas, sensoriales y bromatológicas del cacao nacional perteneciente al jardín clonal de la ESPAM MFL. Los análisis se efectuaron a partir de muestras de almendras secas evaluándose porcentaje de fermentación, almendras violetas, peso de semillas y testa, sabores básicos y específicos, pH, acidez, ceniza y grasa. Los datos fueron procesados mediante la prueba de T para encontrar diferencias entre épocas usando el programa estadístico INFOSTAT versión 2008. Los resultados muestran significación estadística para la fermentación entre las épocas del año, el mayor porcentaje de fermentación obtenido fue de 96.5 % del clon EET-19 en verano, mientras que en invierno sobresalió el clon EET-103. El perfil sensorial de los sabores específicos obtuvo mayores diferencias en el sabor floral con respecto al frutal y nuez, además de los sabores básicos con niveles medios y altos entre épocas; las propiedades bromatológicas acidez y ceniza fueron parecidas entre invierno y verano; contrario al pH y grasa que varían significativamente entre épocas. Se concluye que las épocas del año influyen sobre las propiedades físicas, sensoriales y bromatológicas del cacao nacional.

Tecnologías de almacenamiento de información en el ambiente digital

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Salvador E. Vázquez-Moctezuma

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Las bibliotecas han funcionado por mucho tiempo como depósitos de información, a la cual facilitan el acceso recogiéndola y preservándola. Actualmente el entorno ha cambiado y las bibliotecas se enfrentan al reto de contener un creciente volumen de información digital, de ahí que son necesarias las tecnologías de información masiva. Este trabajo tiene como propósito revisar los métodos de sistemas de almacenamiento de datos masivos, por lo cual se describen y analizan cuatro tipos de tecnologías de almacenamiento en datos: DAS, NAS, SAN y almacenamiento en nube; para ello se utilizó el método documental. Se encontró escasa literatura sobre los sistemas de almacenamiento digital vistos desde la perspectiva de las ciencias de la información, razón por la cual se retoman publicaciones del área de ciencias de la computación e ingeniería en sistemas para comprender el tópico. Se concluye que el almacenamiento de los datos en la era digital se lleva a cabo de forma concentrada y distribuida.

La moniliasis un desafio para lograr la sostenibilidad del sistema cacao en México

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Sandra Isabel Ramírez González

2013-05-01

Full Text Available Para México el cacao, más que un producto alimenticio, representa tradición, un gran legado cultural por preservar, una gran fuente de riquezas naturales y generador de empleos. Tiene sembradas 81 600 ha., una producción de 43 000 ha toneladas, y rendimiento de 597 kg/ha lo que le permite estar entre los 12 principales países productores, pero en el 11.º lugar por su bajo rendimiento. La actividad productiva está ejercida, principalmente, por pequeños productores quienes dependen de ella para su sustento.  El reciente ingreso de la moniliasis hace tambalear la producción ya que este hongo, ataca directamente a los frutos, ocasionando pérdidas totales en la producción. Aunque no hay reportes oficiales, se estima que la producción para el presente ciclo productivo disminuyó en un 50% y se considera que para el próximo sea del 70%, dado el avance acelerado de la enfermedad, con las consecuentes repercusiones económicas, sociales y ambientales. Esta enfermedad está presente en 11 países centro y suramericanos a los cuales ha afectado profundamente. No obstante, existen avances en su manejo, lo cual ha permitido a países como Ecuador, Bolivia y Colombia sobreponerse y llegar a una buena producción. De tal manera que la moniliasis es un gran desafío que permitirá lograr la sostenibilidad del sistema cacao en México, ya que existen diversas oportunidades para el sector, tales como la aceleración de su proceso de modernización en un contexto de sostenibilidad. La diversificación del sistema con maderas principalmente “preciosas”, frutales, especias y flores tropicales, renovación de las plantaciones con materiales mexicanos de altos rendimientos y calidad organoléptica bajo sistemas de producción orgánica, lo que le permitirá al productor acceder a mercados especializados, atraer turismo ecológico, buscar incentivos productivos, ecológicos y de captura de carbono, lo cual mejoraría la sostenibilidad del sistema. Las

Exportación de nibs de cacao nativo de fino aroma con niveles de cadmio <= 0.5 mg/kg

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Santa Cruz Muñoz, Iris Magaly

2016-01-01

La tesis expone un plan de negocios que surge a raíz de la demanda creciente internacional del cacao debido a una demanda de un chocolate con mayor contenido de cacao, la cual debe satisfacer normas sociales, saludables, ecológicas y éticas del cual el Perú es reconocido como país productor de Cacao de Fino Aroma. Asimismo, existe la amenaza que tienen los productores latinoamericanos de cacao por haberse encontrado altos niveles de cadmio en granos de cacao, siendo este perjudicial para la s...

Tiempo de almacenamiento del cormo y su efecto en el crecimiento y producción de plátano (Musa AAB Dominico Hartón

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Manuel Aristizábal L

2013-12-01

Full Text Available Se evaluó el efecto del tiempo de almacenamiento del material de siembra sobre el crecimiento y producción del plátano (Musa AAB, utilizando cormos de plantas sanas libres de tejido necrosado.La mitad de ellos fueron sumergidos durante 60 min en una solución de 15 g de carbofurán y 20 g de manzate en 10 L de agua, después de lo cual tanto los cormos tratados como los no tratados fueron colocados sobre el suelo y cubiertos con hojas frescas de plátano. Cada semana, durante un período de 6 semanas, se tomó la cantidad necesaria de cormos para plantar a una distancia de 3m entre surcos y 2m entre plantas, en un diseño de parcelas divididas con cuatro repeticiones y 10 plantas por repetición. En floración se hicieron registros de altura de planta, diámetro del pseudotallo, número de hojas funcionales presentes y hojas jóvenes manchadas; en cosecha se registró el peso de los racimos y se calculó el peso promedio del dedo en cada uno de ellos. Se encontró que el almacenamiento del cormo reduce el crecimiento de la planta sin afectar la severidad de la Sigatoka del plátano, igualmente reduce de forma severa y significativa el peso del racimo y el tamaño de dedo; no obstante, el tratamiento preventivo del cormo tiene efecto positivo en el crecimiento y producción de la planta, aunque no reduce el daño causado por el envejecimiento del material de propagación.

Efecto del ácido giberélico y la 6-bencilaminopurina sobre el desarrollo de yemas en injertos de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.

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Cárdenas-Hernández Julián F.

2010-04-01

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Gran parte de los cultivos de cacao en el país son viejos y necesitan ser renovados debido a sus bajos rendimientos. Por esta razón se aborda la producción masiva de plántulas injertadas con materiales de alta productividad, que sin embargo presentan problemas en el prendimiento y desarrollo de las yemas. En el Centro de Investigación Nataima-Corpoica (Espinal, Tolima, plántulas de cacao del clon IMC67 tratadas con desbrote apical fueron injertadas con yemas de los clones CCN51 e ICS95. El ensayo siguió un diseño completamente aleatorizado con siete tratamientos, tres de ellos correspondientes a concentraciones de 5, 10 y 15 mg L-1 de ácido giberélico (AG3, y otros tres aplicando 6-bencilaminopurina (6BAP en las mismas concentraciones, más un testigo sin aplicación de hormonas. Cada 3 días se midieron la altura, el diámetro, la longitud, el número de hojas y el área foliar del injerto, además de su masa fresca y seca al final del experimento, el cual duró 30 días. El AG3 permitió alcanzar los mayores valores en longitud, número de hojas, área foliar y masa fresca y seca del injerto. Para los mismos parámetros, los tratamientos con 6BAP alcanzaron valores similares a los obtenidos con AG3 (con diferencias estadísticas en algunos casos, además de los mayores diámetros del injerto. Dentro de las aplicaciones de AG3, la realizada a una concentración de 10 mg L-1 mostró los mejores resultados en ambos clones. Sin la aplicación de hormonas, las yemas del clon ICS95 desarrollaron una mayor área foliar y alcanzaron mayores valores de masa fresca y seca que las yemas del clon CCN51. Sin embargo, después de aplicar los tratamientos, los dos clones presentaron valores similares.

Selección de genotipos de cacao (Theobroma cacao L. con resistencia a escoba de bruja (Moniliophthora perniciosa en Los Ríos, Ecuador

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Omar Miguel Tarqui Freire

2017-07-01

Full Text Available El Programa de Mejoramiento del Cacao y el Café en el INIAP EET-Pichilingue ha estado estudiando, durante varios años, los genotipos de cacao más altos (Theobroma cacao L. caracterizados por la resistencia genética a las principales enfermedades, especialmente la escoba de brujas (Moniliophthora perniciosa Factor limitante para su cultivo en varios países de América Central y del Sur. El objetivo de la investigación fue identificar y seleccionar los clones de cacao con una baja incidencia de la enfermedad de la escoba de brujas. Se probaron 21 genotipos (14 resultantes de Amazonas x Amazonas y (4 de Amazonas x Cruces Nacionales. Entre la población derivada de cruces nacionales vs. nacionales, no se encontraron genotipos mostrando resistencia a la enfermedad. Además, se seleccionó INIAPT 074 del cruce entre CCN 51 x B 60 y TIP 1 y TAP 6 como clones de control. Se evaluaron las siguientes características: Número de mazorcas sanas (MS, Peso fresco (PF, Número de mazorcas enfermas (ME, Número de escobas vegetativas (EBveg, Número de escobas portadoras (EBcojin y Número de chirimoyas. Un análisis de componentes principales y un análisis de conglomerados se realizaron utilizando el método de Ward y se construyó un dendrograma para determinar la similitud entre las características productivas y sanitarias. Se determinó que los genotipos resultantes del cruce amazónico x amazónico: INIAPT 527, INIAPT 560 e INIAPT 526 presentaron menor incidencia de escobas y se identificaron como fuentes de resistencia genética a Moniliophthora perniciosa.

Evaluación de fungicidas sistémicos y de contacto en el control de la moniliasis (Moniliophthora roreri) del cacao (Theobroma cacao).

OpenAIRE

Quevedo Damián, Isaí

2012-01-01

La moniliasis causada por Moniliophthora roreri, es una de las enfermedades más destructivas del cacao en América. Afecta exclusivamente al fruto en cualquier etapa de desarrollo, causando pérdidas de hasta el 100% de la producción. Las prácticas culturales han sido el método más aplicado para el combate de la enfermedad, por lo que la selección de fungicidas adecuados contra M. roreri que puedan ser incluidos en programas de manejo de la enfermedad. El objetivo de la presente investigación f...

Estudio del comportamiento de la brotación foliar, la floración y la fructificación del cacao

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Tovar Germán

1991-06-01

Full Text Available

Se estudiaron los ritmos de brotación foliar, floración y fructificación en una plantación joven de híbridos de cacao. La brotación foliar tuvo un comportamiento rítmico y la duración del ciclo del renuevo fue de, aproximadamente, ocho semanas. En algunos periodos la brotación apareció después de periodos de lluvia que siguieron a periodos marcados de sequia (1984. Sin embargo, en 1985 cuando la precipitación fue abundante a lo largo del año, el ritmo de la brotación fue sensiblemente igual la floración tuvo un comportamiento bimodal a lo largo del año, siendo más importante el pico del primer semestre. La formación de frutos tuvo una distribución normal a través del año y 1a mayor parte se forma en el segundo semestre. La tasa de cuajamiento de frutos fue mayor durante los meses de tendencia seca y, en general, aumenta cuando la floración declina.

Almacenamiento de energía mediante aire comprimido: Plantas CAES.

OpenAIRE

Muñoz Diez de la Cortina, Alejandro

2015-01-01

El presente proyecto estudia el estado del arte en cuanto a tecnología CAES se refiere, en un intento de compilación de la información disponible en distintos medios de divulgación científica e ingenieril, y haciendo una presentación de las distintas mejoras y desarrollos posibles de la tecnología así como de un acercamiento a las dos plantas ya existentes que utilizan este medio de almacenamiento de energía. El núcleo del proyecto se encuentra en el estudio de los sistemas ...

El mercado mundial del cacao

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Quintero R, María Liliana; Díaz Morales, Katty Marisabel

2004-01-01

Los cambios que ha experimentado la economía mundial en los últimos años han afectado significativamente las relaciones de intercambio de los países productores de materias primas, implicando transformaciones en su economía. Bajo este escenario el presente artículo tiene como objetivo caracterizar el comercio mundial de cacao en grano. Para ello se plantea inicialmente la descripción y evolución de las principales variables que afectan el comercio mundial de este rubro, así como los cambios e...

Escoba de bruja en Cacao, ciencia y tecnología

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Tovar Rodríguez Germán

1986-12-01

Full Text Available El Comité Científico de la Asociación Colombiana de Fltopatologla ha tenido a bien, para esta sexta reunión de nuestra sociedad, dedicar una parte Importante de ésta al examen y reflexión sobre dos problemas patológicos del cacao de amplia repercusión en el proceso productivo y en el progreso social del pals, como son "la Monlllasls" y la "Escoba de Bruja". Sobre esta base, es importante precisar claramente la intención del mensaje que quiero transmitir a este congreso de técnicos y científicos, que no es otro que el de propiciar y estimular un amplio debate sobre el problema de la "Escoba de Bruja" del cacao, dentro de un marco, donde la perspectiva del componente tecnológico se conjugue con los aspectos de política agraria, institucionales, económicos, sociales y administrativos, indispensables para tomar y sustentar posiciones objetivas acerca de este problema.

Heavy metal accumulation in leaves and beans of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in major cacao growing regions in Peru.

Science.gov (United States)

Arévalo-Gardini, Enrique; Arévalo-Hernández, Cesar O; Baligar, Virupax C; He, Zhenli L

2017-12-15

Peru is one of the leading exporters of organic cacao beans in the world. However, the accumulation of heavy metals in cacao beans represents a problem for cocoa bean export and chocolate quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution and accumulation of heavy metals in cacao leaves and cocoa beans in three major cacao growing regions of Peru. The study was conducted in cacao plantations of 10 to 15years old in three regions of Peru: North (Regions of Tumbes, Piura, Cajamarca, and Amazonas); Center (Regions of Huánuco and San Martin) and South (Junin and Cuzco). Samples of leaf and cacao beans were collected from 70 cacao plantations, and the nature of cacao clone or genotype sampled was recorded. The concentrations of heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in leaves and beans were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Overall, concentrations of heavy metals were below the critical limits; however, the presence of high levels of Cd in cacao grown in Amazonas, Piura, and Tumbes regions is of primary concern. Plantations of cacao with different cacao clones show differences in Cd accumulation both in leaves and cocoa beans. Therefore, it is promising to screen low Cd accumulator cacao genotypes for safe production of cacao on lightly to moderately Cd contaminated soils. Also, synergism between Zn and Cd present both in plant and soil suggests that Zn has a direct effect on Cd accumulation in cacao. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

PAISAJE NATURAL Y CULTURAL DEL CACAO FINO DE AROMA COMO OFERTA AGROTURÍSTICA EN MANABÍ

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Luis Dionicio Andrade Alcívar; Henry Xavier Mendoza Ponce

2015-01-01

El objetivo de la investigación fue diagnosticar los recursos turísticos que conforman los paisajes naturales y culturales asociados al circuito cacao fino de aroma en Manabí. Se desarrolló una propuesta metodológica para la obtención de los resultados, y para la determinación del potencial de esos componentes en el diseño de ofertas agroturísticas en la misma provincia. El diagnóstico situacional como primera fase para el diseño de ofertas agroturísticas, considera antecedentes de estudio...

Métodos utilizados para el tratamiento de las borras de tanques de almacenamiento en la industria del petróleo

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Gómez Ocampo, Leidy Johanna; Gómez Domínguez, María Patricia

2015-01-01

Artículo de Revisión para optar el título de (Especialista en Ingeniería de Procesos y Refinación de Petróleo y Petroquímicos Básicos).-- Universidad de San Buenaventura, Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura, Artes y Diseño, 2015 El tratamiento de los residuos peligrosos tipo borras generados en los tanques de almacenamiento de la industria del petróleo constituye hoy día uno de los problemas ambientales más graves a nivel mundial. Se han estudiado diferentes métodos de tratamient...

Cocoa Bean (Theobroma cacao L.Drying Kinetics Cinética del Secado de Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.

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Ndukwu MacManus Chinenye

2010-12-01

Full Text Available Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L. is widely produced in West Africa and South America and is a great economic tree crop, with so many industrial uses. In this work, the experimental drying kinetics of foreign species was investigated, and the experiments were carried out under isothermal conditions, using heated batch drier at 55, 70 and 81 ºC. The moisture ratio data obtained from change of moisture content with the drying time was fit to two thin layer drying model with good results. A faster drying process was observed at a higher drying temperature resulting in higher drying rates which is advantageous when evaluating costs. Fick’s second law of diffusion was used to predict effective diffusivity using experimental data assuming that the variation of diffusivity with temperature can be expressed by an Arrhenius type function, and the values of diffusivity obtained ranged from 6.137 x 10-10 to 2.1855 x 10-9 m2 s-1 for the temperature used. The Arrhenius constant (D is predicted at 8.64 x 10-4 m2 s-1 while the activation energy was predicted at 39.94 kJ mol-1.El cacao (Theobroma cacao L. es ampliamente producido en el Oeste de África y Sudamérica y es un cultivo de gran importancia económica, con muchos usos industriales. En este trabajo se investigó la cinética del secado experimental de especies foráneas, y se realizaron experimentos bajo condiciones isotérmicas, usando un secador discontinuo en caliente a 55, 70 y 81 °C. Los datos de relación de humedad obtenidos desde el cambio de contenido de humedad con el tiempo de secado se ajustaron a un modelo de secado de dos capas delgadas con buenos resultados. Se observó un proceso de secado más rápido a una temperatura de secado mayor resultando en mayores tasas de secado, lo que es ventajoso al evaluar costos. La segunda ley de difusión de Fick se usó para predecir difusividad efectiva usando datos experimentales, asumiendo que la variación de difusividad con la temperatura puede ser

Efecto del Tostado Sobre los Metabolitos Secundarios y la Actividad Antioxidante de Clones de Cacao Colombiano / Effect of Roasting on the Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activity of Colombian Cocoa Clones

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Sandra Zapata Bustamante

2014-12-01

Full Text Available Resumen. El tostado es una de las operaciones tecnológicas másimportantes en el procesamiento de los granos de cacao; esteproceso conduce a la formación de los productos de la reacciónde Maillard (RM los cuales son cruciales para el desarrollo dela calidad organoléptica de los granos de cacao y sus productosasociados. En el presente estudio se evaluó el efecto del tostadosobre el contenido de metabolitos secundarios y la actividadantioxidante en cinco clones de cacao cultivados en Colombia.En los extractos metanólicos de los diferentes clones de cacao sedeterminó el contenido de fenoles totales, taninos condensados,antocianinas totales, catequina y epicatequina, teobromina ycafeína. Además, se determinó la actividad antioxidante pormedio de la actividad atrapadora del radical ABTS•+, el métodoORAC y la capacidad atrapadora de radicales superóxido. Enconclusión, el efecto del tostado en los clones de cacao no tuvo uncomportamiento uniforme sobre los cambios en los contenidos delos diversos metabolitos secundarios y la actividad antioxidante. /  Abstract. Roasting is one of the most important technologicaloperations in the processing of cocoa beans; this process leads tothe formation of products of the Maillard reaction (RM, which arecrucial for the development of organoleptic quality of cocoa beansand its associated products. The aim of this study was to evaluatethe effect of roasting on the content of secondary metabolites andantioxidant activity in five Colombian cocoa clones, by differentmethodologies. The methanolic extracts of the cocoa beans wereanalyzed for total phenols content, condensed tannins, totalantiocianins, catechin and epicatechin, theobromine and caffeine.The antioxidant activity was determined by ABTS assay, ORACmethod and superoxide radical scavenging method. The effect ofroasting on cocoa clones did not have an unspecified behavior. Inconclusion, the effect of roasting of cacao clones was not uniformon the

Apuntes sobre el Cultivo del Cacao

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Ochoa Horacio

1940-03-01

Full Text Available Por muchos años permaneció el cultivo del cacao en nuestro país, en un deplorable atraso técnico; el agricultor a duras penas si tenía conocimientos generales de su explotación y, de una industria que tuvo su auge debido a la extensividad de las plantaciones, hoy sólo resta una reducida porción de ella. ¿Qué factores operaron esa tan notoria reducción hasta el punto de que exportadores en otros tiempos nos convertimos en importadores obligados de ese producto? Hay muchas razones de orden técnico y de orden económico. Los cacaotaleros obtenían halagadoras retribuciones cuando el jornal consistía en la alimentación que se le daba a la peonada y cuando, generoso, añadía una sobretasa en dinero. Bajo ese sistema de explotación, el descuadre que pudiera ocasionar tanto las enfermedades criptogámicas como los plagas, no era suficiente como para provocar el pesimismo en el hacendado y por tanto inducirlo al abandono de la plantación. A medida que las condiciones sociales del campesino se fueron modificando y su standard de vida aumentaba, cambió fundamentalmente el mecanismo de la industria Se observó entonces que los árboles morían y que era pobre la producción; que lo que en tiempos pasados fuera un negocio lucrativo, se les había convertido en una actividad improductiva y, para controlar estos fenómenos que se generalizaban en todas las zonas cacaotaleras, opusieron la ignorancia, el rutinarismo y la desidia. Lentamente se han ido modificando los conceptos antiguos sobre el trabajo cultural y los cuidados que con relación a las enfermedades y plagas requiere este delicado cultivo; la rutina está echando paso atrás y las experiencias científicas que procuran la prosperidad del plantío, se ponen en práctica en algunas zonas . Esto da esperanza para la reconstitución de la industria cacaotalera en nuestro país, que cuenta con inmensas regiones de óptima calidad para hacerla florecer sobre bases nuevas, con

Evaluación de tres tipos de empaque (bolsas de polietileno para almacenamiento de guayaba manzana (Psidium guajava var., Klom sali

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Luis Román Ardila Núñez

1999-05-01

Full Text Available La Universidad Nacional de Colombia, a través del Departamento de Ingeniería Agrícola de Santafé de Bogotá, ha venido adelantando investigación sobre manejo postcosecha de productos hortofrutícolas, con miras a minimizar las pérdidas de estos productos y a conservar su calidad. En el presente artículo se muestran los resultados obtenidos de comportamiento del fruto guayaba manzana (Psidium guajava varoKlom Sali, al ser almacenado en frío con bolsas de polietileno de baja densidad de tres tipos: abierto, perforado y cerrado, a una temperatura de 10ºC y humedad relativa de 95 %. Se compararon los resultados durante los días del almacenamiento, tomando como base los índices de madurez del fruto, tales como la pérdida de peso, la intensidad respiratoria, la firmeza, el contenido de ácidos, el contenido de sólidos solubles y el pH. Además, se tomaron datos del almacenamiento de este fruto en bolsas abiertas del mismo tipo, en condiciones ambiente (temperatura 20,1 ºC y humedad relativa de 50,3 %, lo cual se utilizó como testigo. De esta investigación se concluyó que la mejor condición de almacenamiento es en frío con bolsa cerrada, pues el producto conserva mejor su calidad que en los otros dos tipos de empaques evaluados.

Hibridación de fuentes de energía renovables no gestionables con sistemas de almacenamiento distribuido de aire comprimido o licuado

OpenAIRE

Soto Pérez, Fernando

2016-01-01

Esta Tesis tiene por objeto el estudio del almacenamiento en forma de aire (comprimido o licuado) de la electricidad generada mediante energía renovable no gestionable y que no se puede verter a la red por razones técnicas o de saturación. El interés de diferir la entrega de energía a la red, también se vincula a motivos económicos, al posibilitar la venta del kWh a un precio más alto. Con este fin, se ha considerado la posibilidad de utilizar un sistema de almacenamiento artificial que ...

Gene flow and genetic diversity in cultivated and wild cacao (Theobroma cacao) in Bolivia.

Science.gov (United States)

Chumacero de Schawe, Claudia; Durka, Walter; Tscharntke, Teja; Hensen, Isabell; Kessler, Michael

2013-11-01

The role of pollen flow within and between cultivated and wild tropical crop species is little known. To study the pollen flow of cacao, we estimated the degree of self-pollination and pollen dispersal distances as well as gene flow between wild and cultivated cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). We studied pollen flow and genetic diversity of cultivated and wild cacao populations by genotyping 143 wild and 86 cultivated mature plants and 374 seedlings raised from 19 wild and 25 cultivated trees at nine microsatellite loci. A principal component analysis distinguished wild and cultivated cacao trees, supporting the notion that Bolivia harbors truly wild cacao populations. Cultivated cacao had a higher level of genetic diversity than wild cacao, presumably reflecting the varied origin of cultivated plants. Both cacao types had high outcrossing rates, but the paternity analysis revealed 7-14% self-pollination in wild and cultivated cacao. Despite the tiny size of the pollinators, pollen was transported distances up to 3 km; wild cacao showed longer distances (mean = 922 m) than cultivated cacao (826 m). Our data revealed that 16-20% of pollination events occurred between cultivated and wild populations. We found evidence of self-pollination in both wild and cultivated cacao. Pollination distances are larger than those typically reported in tropical understory tree species. The relatively high pollen exchange from cultivated to wild cacao compromises genetic identity of wild populations, calling for the protection of extensive natural forest tracts to protect wild cacao in Bolivia.

Actividad antioxidante de clones de cacao (Theobroma cacao l.) finos y aromáticos cultivados en el estado de Chiapas-México

OpenAIRE

Ramírez González, Martha Beatriz; Cely Niño, Víctor Hugo; Ramírez, Sandra Isabel

2013-01-01

Objetivo: determinar la capacidad antioxidante y contenido de grasa de clones de cacao, provenientes de especies nativas del Estado de Chiapas, México. Materiales y métodos: en extractos de 34 muestras semillas de cacao diluidas en metanol al 95% y clasificadas según pH en tres grupos: I (5,52-5,90), II (5,91- 6,28) y III (6,29-6,67), se realizaron ensayos analíticos de variables físicas y químicas. Se evaluó la inhibición de radicales 2,2-difenil-2-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) a 517 nm, el contenid...

La escoba de bruja del cacao [Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel Singer] en la región del Piedemonte Llanero de Colombia: perfil de pérdidas de frutos de cacao por marchitamiento de pepinos, agentes criptogámicos e insectos

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Tovar Germán

1991-06-01

Full Text Available

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la perdida de frutos de cacao debidas a la infección ocasionada por C. perniciosa, en el contexto de las pérdidas totales a causa de diferentes factores. Se encontró que el 10,5% de los frutos se perdió por los ataques de escoba de bruja y que las mayores pérdidas registradas eran debidas al marchitamiento fisiológico. Los frutos fueron más susceptibles a la enfermedad en el transcurso de sus dos primeros meses de edad, con una pérdida del 88% del total de los frutos afectados por la escoba de bruja. La distribución de frutos enfermos de acuerdo con el estrato del árbol no mostró diferencias importantes, siendo proporcional a tres estratos diferenciados en el árbol.

Efecto preventivo de un extracto de cacao enriquecido en polifenoles sobre ratas con alteraciones endocrino metabólicas inducidas por sacarosa

OpenAIRE

Villagarcía, Hernán Gonzalo; González Arbeláez, Luisa Fernanda; Castro, María Cecilia; Ríos, José Luis; Massa, María Laura; Schinella, Guillermo Raúl; Francini, Flavio

2016-01-01

Existe una creciente evidencia de que el consumo de ciertos alimentos, suplementos alimenticios o bebidas tradicionales puede reducir el daño oxidativo en diferentes sistemas biológicos. Alimentos derivados del cacao, tales como polvos de cacao, chocolate y otros productos relacionado con el cacao son alimentos ricos en polifenoles derivados de las semillas fermentadas, tostados y procesados industrialmente de Theobroma cacao L. (Sterculiaceae). Estos productos, consumidos en todo el mundo...

ANÁLISIS ESTRUCTURAL DE LA CARNE DE JAMÓN DURANTE EL PROCESO DE COCCIÓN Y TEMPERATURA DE ALMACENAMIENTO

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María González H, M.Sc

2009-12-01

Full Text Available Objetivo. Determinar los cambios estructurales de jamón de cerdo por efecto del proceso de cocción y temperatura de almacenamiento. Materiales y métodos. Fueron realizados seis tratamientos, utilizando tres temperaturas internas de cocción (72, 75 y 78°C a una temperatura de almacenamiento de 4°C. Un tratamiento definido como patrón absoluto, cocido hasta alcanzar una temperatura interna de 72°C, sin tiempo de retención en cocción y un patrón relativo, elaborado bajo las mismas condiciones del patrón absoluto pero almacenado a 0°C. En cada ensayo, fueron realizadas observaciones con microscopio óptico de luz sobre la estructura del tejido muscular y análisis instrumental de textura los días 0, 26 y 42. Los datos obtenidos en este estudio fueron examinados mediante un análisis de varianza de una vía. Resultados. Los resultados reportaron que el jamón cocido a una temperatura de 75°C y tiempo de retención en cocción de 5 minutos, es más efectivo para disminuir el efecto negativo de la separación por pérdida de integridad estructural de las microfibrillas y de la estructura de la red de colágeno. El incremento en la dureza fue reportado para todos los tratamientos al final del periodo de almacenamiento. Conclusiones. El tratamiento que mejor comportamiento presentó a nivel microscópico fue el elaborado a 75°C como temperatura de cocción y 5 min de retención, donde las fibras de colágeno del tejido conectivo mantienen una arquitectura mas ordenada junto con la fibra muscular a lo largo del tiempo.

Genetic diversity and spatial structure in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) germplasm from Bolivia

Science.gov (United States)

Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is an important economic crop widely cultivated in the Bolivian Amazon. The germplasm group used by the Bolivian farmers was called “Cacao Nacional Boliviano” (CNB). Wild cacao populations are also found in the Beni River and in the valleys of Andes foot hills. Using DNA...

21 CFR 163.110 - Cacao nibs.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... CONSUMPTION CACAO PRODUCTS Requirements for Specific Standardized Cacao Products § 163.110 Cacao nibs. (a... is “cacao nibs”, “cocoa nibs”, or “cracked cocoa”. (1) When the cacao nibs, or the cacao beans from...

Efecto de la temperatura y tiempo de tostado en los caracteres sensoriales y en las propiedades químicas de granos de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) procedente de Uchiza, San Martín – Perú para la obtención de NIBS

OpenAIRE

Aldave Palacios, Gladis Josefina

2016-01-01

Estudia las variedades de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) CCN-51 e ICS-6, procedentes del distrito de Uchiza, provincia de Tocache, departamento de San Martín, en Perú. Efectúa el tratamiento térmico de tostado a las temperaturas de 120 y 130 °C por 40 y 50 minutos, los nibs de cacao (granos de cacao tostados y pelados) son evaluados sensorialmente por seis jueces entrenados. La evaluación estadística mediante la prueba no paramétrica de Wilcoxon no halla diferencia significativa entre los tratami...

ESTUDIO DE LA DIVERSIDAD GENÉTICA DE 20 ACCESIONES DE CACAO (Theobroma cacao L. MEDIANTE AP-PCR DE LA COLECCIÓN DEL CENTRO DEL CACAO DE AROMA TENGUEL EN LA FINCA EXPERIMENTAL LA BUSETA

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Mercedes Susana Carranza Patiño

2008-06-01

Full Text Available El presente estudio consistió en determinar la diversidad genética basada en los marcadores RAPD´s (Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA de 20 accesiones de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.de la variedad Nacional, con características de productividad, y niveles de resistencia, susceptibilidad y tolerancia a las rincipales enfermedades causadas por hongos como Ceratocistys fimbriata, Moniliophtora roreri y Crinipelis perniciosa. Este germoplasma de cacao se encuentra localizado en el Centro de Cacao de Aroma Tenguel, en la Finca Experimental “La Buseta” propiedad de la Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo. La extracción de ADN se la realizó utilizando el protocolo de Doyle & Doyle (1990 con algunas modificaciones. 14 oligonucleótidos fueron utilizados para la obtención de marcadores RAPD´s, de los cuales 9 amplificaron productos reproducibles OPA-15, OPC-07, OPC-9, OPC-4, OPC-3, OPC-1, OPA-12 OPC-13 y OPA-7. Los productos de amplificación fueron migrados en geles de agarosa al 1.2% a 90 voltios por una hora. Los marcadores moleculares fueron analizados por medio de una matriz de datos binarios para calcular las distancias genéticas. Los nueve cebadores utilizados generaron 67 bandas de las cuales 59 (88% fueron polimórficas. El dendrograma mostró dos grupos A y B, en el grupo A se incluyo dos accesiones, y en el grupo B se encuentran los 18 restantes el cual incluye 2 subgrupos B1 y B2 en el subgrupo B1 se incluye la accesión (L-22-H-40, y en el subgrupo B2 están incluidas las accesiones que poseen características de productividad. El nivel de diversidad más alto se obtuvo con los oligonucleótidos OPC 04 (0.80, OPC 07 (0.82. El cebador OPC 01 (0.37 reportó el nivel más bajo. Las accesiones (L-22-H-40 (O.75, (L-34-H-07 (0.86 y el (L-42-H-60 (0.72 presentaron los niveles de variabilidad más altos, siendo los valores más bajos los mostrados por las accesiones (L-26-H-64 (O.48 y (L-23-H63 (O.47. El valor de la diversidad

Efectos del sistema de conservación sobre la fertilidad de oocitos de yamú (Brycon amazonicus) durante cortos períodos de almacenamiento

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Velasco-Santamaría, Yohana M.; Corredor-Santamaría, Wilson; Cruz-Casallas, Pablo E.

2006-01-01

El objetivo fue evaluar los efectos del sistema de conservación sobre la fertilidad de oocitos de yamú (Brycon amazonicus) durante cortos períodos de almacenamiento. Se utilizaron hembras y machos adultos tratados con extracto de hipófisis de carpa para estimular la ovulación y aumentar el volumen...... larvas. Bajo los tres sistemas de conservación, DO aumentó con el tiempo, siendo mayor (pmayores DO fueron observados en oocitos conservados a T°R (p

Sistema para el almacenamiento de la información geológica en empresas del níquel

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mirelis Rasúa-López

2000-03-01

Full Text Available En el presente artículo se exponen las características de un sistema computarizado para el almacenamiento y consulta de la información geológica llamado PinExplorer, y realizado por encargo de la Empresa Pinares S.A. Soportado sobre Delphi 4, PinExplorer se inserta totalmente en interfaz de Windows 95 y de Windows NT, trabaja eficientemente en red, tiene un diseño normalizado de las bases de datos, y estas pueden ser importadas y exportadas de forma conveniente con la garantía de validación correspondiente. Para mayor seguridad, las bases se almacenan en formato comprimido y protegidas con contraseña. Por sus características, PinExplorer puede ser implementado en cualquiera de las empresas del níquel de nuestro país.

Estado de la moniliasis del cacao causada por Moniliophthora roreri en Colombia

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Javier Correa Álvarez

2014-12-01

Full Text Available La moniliasis es una enfermedad fúngica que ataca el cultivo de cacao, causada por el basidiomycete Moniliophthora roreri. Está presente en la mayoría de los países latinoamericanos y se adapta a diversidad de ambientes. En Colombia la enfermedad es devastadora y las estrategias de control tradicional han generado resultados colaterales como el fortalecimiento de la resistencia genética de cepas del hongo en algunas regiones. En esta revisión, se recopilan los aspectos biológicos y agronómicos más relevantes del hongo, entre ellos, origen y distribución, ciclo de vida, formas de control y trabajos de investigación realizados con el fin de entender la genética y evolución de este patógeno. Finalmente, se propone incrementar el número de estudios en investigación básica, con miras a entender cómo ha sido la evolución de su genoma en hábitats que favorecen la variación genética. Con este conocimiento se podría avanzar en programas biotecnológicos de control y prevención de la enfermedad.

Interculturalidad y grado de adopción del cultivo del cacao en el distrito de Santa María de Nieva, Condorcanqui, Amazonas, Perú

OpenAIRE

Almestar Montenegro, José Salomón

2015-01-01

Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Escuela de Posgrado. Maestría en Innovación Agraria para el Desarrollo Rural El objetivo general de esta investigación fue analizar el efecto de los factores sociales y culturales en el grado de adopción de cacao entre productores agrícolas del distrito de Santa María de Nieva, en la provincia de Condorcanqui, en la región Amazonas. La investigación se llevó a cabo en cuatro comunidades Awajún (Santa Rosa de Pagkintsa, Tayuntsa, Putuyacat y Najain Pa...

Optimización de Almacenamiento de Video Utilizando Reconocimiento Facial

OpenAIRE

Jacobo Aispuro, Nestor Paul

2016-01-01

Todos los dispositivos electrónicos que capturan imagen en video requieren almacenar la información que pasa a través del lente de la cámara. Partiendo de ese hecho la presente propuesta de tesis, plantea reducir la cantidad de información que se guarda en dispositivos de almacenamiento a través de la detección e identificación facial. Para comprobar el argumento anterior, se desarrolló un prototipo el cual implementa el algoritmo Viola-Jones para realizar la detección de rostros en tiem...

Cambios de las propiedades físico-químicas y perfil de ácidos grasos en cacao de Chuao, durante el beneficio

OpenAIRE

Lares Amaiz, Mary; Pérez Sira, Elevina; Álvarez Fernández, Clímaco; Perozo González, José; El Khori, Sandra

2013-01-01

El beneficio del cacao Theobroma cacao, en Venezuela, cambia de una región a otra y está influenciado por las condiciones ambientales de la región, lo cual trae consigo variaciones en la calidad de los productos finales y poco se ha reportado en relación a esto. Es por ello, que el objetivo del presente trabajo fue caracterizar las propiedades fisicoquímicas y el perfil de ácidos grasos de los granos de cacao de la cosecha denominada “San Juanera” en la región de Chuao y en diferentes etapas ...

El consumo de cacao en Venezuela y en el Mundo desde una perspectiva sostenible (1960-2014)

OpenAIRE

Quintero Rizzuto, Liliana; Anido R., José Daniel; Azuaje, Antonio

2017-01-01

Con origen probable en la cuenca amazónica, el consumo del Theobroma cacao L. se difundió rápidamente al resto de América, de Europa y del mundo. A partir de estadísticas oficiales y otras fuentes bibliográficas y hemerográficas, el objetivo de este artículo es caracterizar el consumo de cacao y de sus productos derivados, tanto al nivel mundial (a partir de la década de 1960) como de Venezuela (a partir de 1949), desde una perspectiva sostenible. Es una investigación documental, ...

Modificaciones en la grasa del atún blanco (Thunnus alalunga debidas a la fabricación y almacenamiento de su conserva

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Navarro, María P.

1991-06-01

Full Text Available Modifications in fatty acid composition in white tuna (Thunnus alalunga ocurring at each stage of the cannig process, boiling and sterilization in soybean oil, were studied. Boiling was performed in brine and two sterilization times (55 and 90 minutes as well as the effects of storage for one year were tested. Boiling had no effect on fatty acid composition or the n-3/n-6 ratio. However canned tuna absorbed soybean oil during sterilization, causing an increase of the percentage of C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 and a decrease in C20:5 and C22:6. Therefore, unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids (PS/S ratio changed and the n-3/n-6 ratio declined from 7.03 to 0.59 compared with raw tuna. Due to the whole fat enrichment, canned fish showed a slight loss of PUFA (C20:5 and C22:6 and a increase of C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3. The latter effect was more marked in the preserves as a consequence of one year storage. The convenience of using for cannig an oil containing a lower amount of polyunsaturated fatty acid in order to remain the original n-3/n-6 ratio of the raw tuna is discussed.Se estudiaron los cambios que se producen en la grasa del atún blanco en cada una de las etapas que intervienen en el proceso de fabricación y almacenamiento de su conserva: cocción en salmuera y esterilización practicada en aceite de soja. Se estudiaron dos tiempos diferentes de esterilización (55 y 90 minutos y el almacenamiento por espacio de 1 año. La cocción en salmuera no afectó a la composición en ácidos grasos de los lípidos del pescado ni a la relación n-3/n-6. Sin embargo, durante la esterilización, el atún absorbió el aceite utilizado como cobertura, lo que produjo un aumento porcentual en el nivel de C18:1, C18:2, C18:3 y una disminución en C20:5 y C22:6. La relación ácidos grasos insaturados a saturados (PS/S cambió y la n-3/n-6 disminuyó desde 7,03 a 0,59 comparado con atún crudo. En el pescado en conserva, debido al enriquecimiento total

Theobroma cacao

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

Although, several paralogous genes encoding different isozymes of Sus have been identified and characterized in multiple plant genomes, to date detailed information about the Sus genes is lacking for cacao. This study reports the identification of six novel Sus genes from economically important cacao tree. Analyses of the ...

PAISAJE NATURAL Y CULTURAL DEL CACAO FINO DE AROMA COMO OFERTA AGROTURÍSTICA EN MANABÍ

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Luis Dionicio Andrade Alcívar

2015-10-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de la investigación fue diagnosticar los recursos turísticos que conforman los paisajes naturales y culturales asociados al circuito cacao fino de aroma en Manabí. Se desarrolló una propuesta metodológica para la obtención de los resultados, y para la determinación del potencial de esos componentes en el diseño de ofertas agroturísticas en la misma provincia. El diagnóstico situacional como primera fase para el diseño de ofertas agroturísticas, considera antecedentes de estudios similares en Ecuador, la caracterización de las fincas de cacaoteros, la descripción de la localización geográfica de las áreas potenciales y localización del circuito y la evaluación de los recursos naturales y culturales asociativos del circuito; para ello se realizó recopilación documental, entrevista y cartográfica. Se concluye que el diagnóstico de los recursos constitutivos de los paisajes naturales y culturales es el sustento para precisar en un circuito: cuál es el recorrido, cuáles los atractivos y la descripción de las posibles experiencias a vivenciar.

Review of vegetative propagation of cacao ( Theobroma cacao L ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Parmi les facteurs physiologiques influençant la propagation de cacao par les boutures de cacao, les différences du clonage, la surface foliaire, l'âge physiologique, les traits anatomiques, les facteurs nutritionnels et biochimiques exercent la plus forte influence. Les clones d'Upper Amazon et de Trinitario prennent les ...

Efectos del Almacenamiento y de la Cocción sobre el Contenido de Glicoialcaloides en Papa (Solanum Iuberosum

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Villa Marín Héctor

1989-06-01

Full Text Available Los glicoalcaloides son O-glicósidos derivados de alcaloides 3 hidroxi-esteroides. Son bases débiles, ligeramente solubles en agua, solubles en ácidos débiles y alcoholes acidificados. Los que se encuentran en la papa (Solanum tuberosum son α-solanina y α-chaconina. A partir de ciertas concentraciones pueden manifestarse como mutagénicos, teratogénicos y carcinogénicos. Valores superiores a 1O mg/1OOg de tubérculo fresco imparten un sabor amargo. Contenidos de 20 mg/1OOg o más, dan sensación de quemadura. Se han reportado muertes a niveles de 30 mg/1OOg. Se estudiaron los efectos del almacenamiento y de la cocción sobre el contenido de glicoalcaloides totales (cuantitativo y el sabor amargo (cualitativo, en las dos variedades de papa de mayor consumo en Antioquia: ICA puracé y DIACOL capiro, bajo las condiciones de temperatura 16 y 21.5 °C. Los contenidos de glicoalcaloides totales fueron: 1.5 mg/1OOg en el tubérculo fresco variedad DIACOL capiro y 2.6 mg/1OOg para la variedad ICA puracé. Al pasar de 15 a 30 días el almacenamiento de las dos variedades a ambas temperaturas, se incrementaron los glicoalcaloides totales. No obstante, estos valores están por debajo de los niveles que inciden en el sabor amargo y más distantes aún de los considerados tóxicos. Con respecto a la cocción, hubo una clara reducción en el contenido de los glicoalcaloides. Para la variedad ICA puracé, hubo menores niveles de glicoalcaloides a la temperatura 21.5 °C, pero la variedad DIACOL capiro no mostró esa diferencia.

Determinación de la concentración de cadmio en un chocolate colombiano con 65% de cacao y chocolates extranjeros con diferentes porcentajes de cacao

OpenAIRE

Echeverry, A.; Reyes, H.

2016-01-01

Se evaluó de forma cualitativa y cuantitativa la presencia de cadmio en un chocolate amargo con 65% de cacao producido en Colombia y en chocolates extranjeros con diferentes porcentajes de cacao. Para la preparación de las muestras se tomaron 0,5 gramos y se realizó una digestión ácida con ácido nítrico concentrado (HNO3 65%). La determinación del metal se llevó a cabo por medio de la técnica de espectrofotometría de absorción atómica de llama (FAAS). Se determinó el límite de detección (LOD)...

Competitividad de las organizaciones productoras de cacao (Theobroma cacao l en el sureste de Nicaragua

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Norman Javier Saballos

2018-02-01

Full Text Available Se identificó los factores relacionados a la competitividad de las organizaciones de productores que comercializaron cacao durante el 2014, en la región sureste de Nicaragua. Para identificar los factores relacionados a la competitividad, se estudiaron a través de la “Cadena de Valor” cada una de las actividades primarias y de apoyo, así los indicadores de la competitividad; la productividad, calidad del producto, costos, cuota de mercado, permanencia en el mercado y la rentabilidad. El estudio se realizó mediante encuestas a representantes de siete organizaciones.

Review of vegetative propagation of cacao ( Theobroma cacao L ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Cet article fait une révision de facteurs environnementaux favorables et les diffecultés techniques qui ont limité l'utilisation extensive de propagation végétative pour la multiplication de cacao. Inclus dans les facteurs extérieurs importante influençcant l'enracinement de boutures de cacao saont: la lumière, la température, ...

ANÁLISIS DEL MANEJO DE RESIDUOS SÓLIDOS HOSPITALARIOS EN EL HOSPITAL NACIONAL CARLOS ALBERTO SEGUÍN ESCOBEDO, ESSALUD. AREQUIPA, 2009

OpenAIRE

ARANA ZEVALLOS, MARÍA ELENA

2014-01-01

ANTECEDENTES ASPECTOS LEGALES DEFINICIÓN DE RESIDUOS SOLIDOS HOSPITALARIOS CLASIFICACIÓN DE LOS RESIDUOS SOLIDOS HOSPITALARIOS RESIDUOS BIOMÉDICOS CICLO DEL MANEJO DE RESIDUOS SOLIDOS HOSPITALARIOS DIAGNOSTICO ETAPAS DEL MANEJO DE LOS RESIDUOS SOLIDOS HOSPITALARIOS ACONDICIONAMIENTO SEGREGACIÓN Y ALMACENAMIENTO PRIMARIO ALMACENAMIENTO INTERMEDIO TRANSPORTE INTERNO ALMACENAMIENTO FINAL RECOLECCIÓN EXTERNA DISPOSICIÓN FINAL TECNOLOGÍAS DE TRATAMIENTO DE RESIDUOS SOLIDOS HOSPITALARIOS CRITERIOS ...

Soil microorganisms and plant diseases associated to cocoa (Theobroma cacao L. genotypes in the Ecuadorian Amazon

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Jorge Antonio Freile Almeida

2018-01-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar la relación de los microorganismos del suelo y las principales enfermedades que afectan los clones promisorios de cacao (Theobroma cacao L. en la Amazonía Ecuatoriana. Se evaluaron los clones EET-95, EET-96, EET-103 y CCN-51, respectivamente, éste último utilizado como control, para ello, se determinó la cantidad de bacterias, hongos y actinomicetos totales, expresados en unidades formadoras de colonias (UFC por gramo de suelo, presentes en la rizósfera de los tres clones de cacao, así como la aparición de las principales enfermedades que atacan al cultivo del cacao. Los datos fueron analizados estadísticamente mediante ANOVA de un factor y prueba HSD de Tukey p≤0,05. Las bacterias fueron los microorganismos de mayor asociación a los clones en este estudio, seguido de actinomicetos y hongos. El clon CCN-51 presentó la mayor cantidad de bacterias, los clones EET-96 y EET-103, presentaron mayor incidencia de actinomicetos y el clon EET-103, la mayor presencia de hongos. La enfermedad escoba de bruja, cuyo agente causal es Cripinellis perniciosa Sthael Singer., afectó en menor medida a los clones EET-103 y CCN-51, mientras que la moniliasis causada por el hongo Moniliophthora roreri (Cif & Par Evans et al., puso en evidencia al clon EET-103 con la mayor incidencia de esta enfermedad y conversivamente al clon CCN-51 con la menor incidencia del patógeno.

Proximate Composition, Extraction, and Purification of Theobromine from Cacao Pod Husk (Theobroma Cacao L.

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Van Tang Nguyen

2017-04-01

Full Text Available The aims of this study were to determine the proximate composition of cacao pod husk as well as the optimal conditions for extraction and purification of theobromine from cacao pod husk. The results indicated that cacao pod husk had high contents of moisture and carbohydrate (87.06% and 11.03% by fresh weight, respectively, but low contents of crude protein, crude lipid, and ash (0.31%, 0.12%, and 1.48% by fresh weight, respectively. The optimal conditions for extraction of theobromine from cacao pod husk were of 70% ethanol, with an extraction time of 90 min, and 1 as the number of extractions. A concentration of 10% by volume of 10% lead acetate solution was the best selection for purification of the crude extracts containing theobromine from cacao pod husk. Under these optimal conditions, theobromine content obtained from cacao pod husk was 6.79 mg/100 g dry weight. The finding from this study is a valuable contribution for obtaining theobromine from an abundant, inexpensive, renewable, and sustainable source for potential application in the nutraceutical, medical, and pharmaceutical industries.

Resultados Preliminares sobre Estudios de Evapotranspiración del Cacao.

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Navarrete S. Cristóbal

1960-06-01

Full Text Available El objeto de este trabajo fue determinar los requerimientos de agua por el cacaotero. De los múltiples métodos que existen para este fin, solo el que hace uso de la evapotranspirometría da la solución deseada. El método se basa en que el agua del suelo establece un equilibrio entre el agua que entra, como resultado de la precipitación y el agua que sale a través de la evaporación y transpiración. Para este estudio se están usando cuatro evapotranspirómetros de 2 x 2 metros en la parte superior y 1.20 metros de profundidad: un quinto tanque sirve de fosa colectora, donde se tienen las canecas que recogen las aguas de drenajes. A los evapotranspirómetros se trasplantaron cacaoteros de tres y medio años de edad del Clon 6. Posteriormente fueron rellenados consuelo del mismo lugar y procedente de la excavación. La estación de evapotranspirometría se localizó en medio de una plantación comerciaal de cacao del clon 6 de la misma edad, en la que se ha demarcado una zona buffer de 50 x 50 mts., ésta se riega en la misma forma que los tanques evapotranspirómetros. A éstos se les aplica una cantidad medida de agua cuando no llueve en las 24 horas anteriores. La evapotranspiración potencial se mide restando del agua aplicarla la la cantidad recogida en las canecas, esto se hace para cada tanque todos los días a las 8 a.m. Además de la evapotranspiración potencial, diariamente se toman datos metereológicos en aparatos localizados junto a los tanques experimentales. La información para tres meses; indica que el agua de lluvia sólo suministró el 42.19% y el 63.33% de los requerimientos de agua para el cacaotero en los meses de febrero y marzo respectivamente. En el mes de abril la precipitación fue superior a los requerimientos de agua, va que el consumo fue de 58.46 mm. Y la precipitación de 129.5 mm. Debido a la información tan escasa (tres meses solamente aquí presentada, es imposible, por el momento

Estudio sobre el almacenamiento de agua helada en los sistemas de climatización centralizados; Study about cooling water storage in centralized air conditioning system

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Mario Espín Pérez

2015-04-01

Full Text Available El desarrollo de este artículo se basa en el estudio del almacenamiento de agua helada en los sistemas de climatización. Para desplazar el consumo eléctrico fuera del horario pico, como herramienta para pretender  incrementar  la eficiencia energética y disminuir el costo de la energía eléctrica en los hoteles con clima tropical. Para ello se procede a la estimación del perfil de carga térmica del hotel Jagua mediante el software TRNSYS, diseño y comprobación del sistema de almacenamiento de agua helada incorporado a las condiciones actuales de la instalación mediante modelos matemáticos que describen su funcionamiento. El objetivo es, evaluar e ilustrar los posibles efectos cuantitativos y cualitativos del almacenamiento de agua helada en el sistema de clima centralizado de la edificación. El trabajo que se presenta se enmarca en los esfuerzos para desarrollar el uso de tecnologías sustentables y la evaluación de sistemas industriales asistidos por computadora en Cuba. The development of this paper is based on the study of cold water storage in air conditioning systems. To offset power consumption off-peak, as a tool to increase energy efficiency claim and reduce the cost of electricity in tropical hotels. To do this we proceed to estimate the thermal load profile Jagua by TRNSYS software, system design and testing of chilled water storage built into the current conditions of the system using mathematical models to describe their operation. The objective is to evaluate and illustrate the quantitative and qualitative effects of cold water storage in the building centralized climate system. The work presented is part of the efforts to develop the use of sustainable technologies and evaluation of computer-aided industrial systems in Cuba.

El cacao y sus productos como fuente de antioxidantes: Efecto del procesamiento The cocoa and its products as antioxidant source: Processing effect

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Janeth Aidé Perea-Villamil

2009-08-01

Full Text Available Objetivo: Evaluar el contenido de polifenoles y la actividad antioxidante de productos derivados del cacao obtenidos bajo diferentes condiciones de procesamiento. Materiales y métodos: Las muestras fueron tomadas durante las etapas de procesamiento del chocolate amargo, chocolate de mesa con azúcar, chocolate clavos y canela y un sucedáneo de chocolate obtenido a partir de polvo de cacao y grasa vegetal. El contenido de polifenoles se midió usando el método de Folin-Ciocalteu y la actividad antioxidante fue evaluada sobre los radicales 2,2-difenil-2-picrilhidrazil (DPPH y 2,2’-azino-bis-(3-etiltiazolina-bencenosulfónico-6 (ABTS. Adicionalmente se evaluó la habilidad reductora de las muestras sobre el hierro usando el método de FRAP. Resultados: Todos los productos estudiados presentaron diferencias significativas en contenido total de polifenoles y actividad antioxidante frente a las diferentes especies radicalarias. El chocolate amargo presentó el mayor contenido de polifenoles y la mayor actividad antioxidante después de las semillas de cacao secas y fermentadas. Conclusión: Existe una correlación directa entre el contenido de polifenoles y la actividad antioxidante, pero estas variables se ven afectadas por el proceso de transformación del grano, especialmente durante la etapa de tostado, en la que se presenta una pérdida de polifenoles y de actividad antioxidante alrededor del 23% con respecto a la materia prima sin tratar. Salud UIS 2009; 41: 128-134Objective: To evaluate the content of polyphenols and the antioxidant activity of cocoa products obtained under different processing conditions. Materials and methods: The samples were taken during the processing stages of the chocolate with sugar, chocolate with cloves and cinnamon, bitter chocolate and chocolate from cocoa powder and vegetable oil. The content of polyphenols was measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu’s method; the antioxidant activity was evaluated on the 2

Extracción de nutrientes por los frutos de cacao en dos localidades en Costa Rica.

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Parménides Furcal Beriguete

2016-12-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar la extracción de nutrientes en frutos de clones de cacao (Theobroma cacao. El estudio se hizo en plantaciones de cacao de siete años, en las localidades de Katira, Guatuso y el Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica, entre los meses de marzo a agosto del año 2014. El diseño experimental utilizado fue completamente al azar con tres repeticiones; para el análisis se mezclaron por separado las semillas y la cáscara de tres frutos, para formar una repetición de cada uno de los siete clones de cacao seleccionados por el CATIE por su tolerancia a moniliasis (Moniliophthora roreri, calidad y altos rendimientos. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que de una tonelada de semillas secas de estos clones, incluyendo la cáscara del fruto, se extraen entre 33,45 a 37,80 kg de nitrógeno (N, entre 40,35 y 50,64 kg de potasio (K, y de fósforo (P en un rango de 7,33 a 8,37 kg. El orden de extracción de los nutrientes fue: K>N>P>Mg>Ca>Mn>Fe>Zn>B=Cu.

In silico analysis of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) genes that involved in pathogen and disease responses

Science.gov (United States)

Agung, Muhammad Budi; Budiarsa, I. Made; Suwastika, I. Nengah

2017-02-01

Cocoa bean is one of the main commodities from Indonesia for the world, which still have problem regarding yield degradation due to pathogens and disease attack. Developing robust cacao plant that genetically resistant to pathogen and disease attack is an ideal solution in over taking on this problem. The aim of this study was to identify Theobroma cacao genes on database of cacao genome that homolog to response genes of pathogen and disease attack in other plant, through in silico analysis. Basic information survey and gene identification were performed in GenBank and The Arabidopsis Information Resource database. The In silico analysis contains protein BLAST, homology test of each gene's protein candidates, and identification of homologue gene in Cacao Genome Database using data source "Theobroma cacao cv. Matina 1-6 v1.1" genome. Identification found that Thecc1EG011959t1 (EDS1), Thecc1EG006803t1 (EDS5), Thecc1EG013842t1 (ICS1), and Thecc1EG015614t1 (BG_PPAP) gene of Cacao Genome Database were Theobroma cacao genes that homolog to plant's resistance genes which highly possible to have similar functions of each gene's homologue gene.

EFECTO DE UN GEL DE THEOBROMA CACAO EN EL CONTROL DE CARIES VESTIBULAR EN PACIENTES CON TRATAMIENTO DE ORTODONCIA. CONSULTA PRIVADA. AREQUIPA. 2014

OpenAIRE

SALAS LINARES, MARY JULISSA

2015-01-01

THEOBROMA CACAO GENERALIDADES DESCRIPCIÓN ORIGEN Y EXTENSIÓN CLASIFICACIÓN CIENTÍFICA VARIEDADES DEL CACAO DISTRIBUCIÓN USOS MEDICINALES EFECTO ANTICARIOGÉNICO GEL CARIES DENTAL FACTORES DE RIESGO MICROORGANISMOS IMPLICADOS EN LA CARIES DENTAL CARIES EN EL ESMALTE CLASIFICACIÓN DE LA CARIES MÉTODOS DE DETECCIÓN DE CARIES CRITERIOS ICDAS

Molecular characterization of an earliest cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) collection from Peruvian Amazon using microsatllite DNA markers

Science.gov (United States)

Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is indigenous to the Amazon region of South America. The Peruvian Amazon harbors a large number of diverse cacao populations. Since the 1930s, several numbers of populations have been collected from the Peruvian Amazon and maintained as ex situ germplasm repositories in ...

La reestructuración de los sectores del café y el cacao en México y Ecuador. Control agroempresarial de la tierra y trabajo campesino

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Thomas Paul Henderson

2017-01-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de este artículo es examinar las luchas autónomas del campesinado contemporáneo y ofrecer un análisis de las dinámicas emergentes entre exportadoras transnacionales y productores directos. Se basa en trabajo de campo con productores de café en el sureste de México y productores de cacao en la costa ecuatoriana. Las relaciones directas entre exportadoras y productores impactan sobre la autonomía económica de los últimos de manera contradictoria, porque aumentan algunos aspectos de su autonomía mientras se restringen otros. Por ejemplo, el control de la producción y del trabajo campesino se transfiere cada vez más del productor al capital.

Amazon Web Services: alternativa para el almacenamiento de información

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Cristhian Leonardo Tolosa Cuadrado

2014-05-01

Full Text Available Este artículo reseñó la computación en la nube y de algunos de sus servicios de almacenamiento en sistemas gestores de bases de datos relacionales y no relacionales ofrecidos por Amazon bajo el modelo de la infraestructura como servicio (IaaS ‘infrastructure as a service’. Se realiza una comparación entre los sistemas tradicionales de almacenamiento en las organizaciones y la infraestructura como servicio, para dar a conocer las ventajas y las desventajas de la adopción de nuevas tecnologías en el ámbito personal, organizacional y académico en cuanto al almacenamiento y procesamiento de la información. Además, se describen los diferentes servicios de bases de datos ofrecidos por Amazon Web Services, los cuales ofrecen el servicio de almacenamiento según las necesidades y las tecnologías que el usuario necesite.

Gene structure, phylogeny and expression profile of the sucrose synthase gene family in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.).

Science.gov (United States)

Li, Fupeng; Hao, Chaoyun; Yan, Lin; Wu, Baoduo; Qin, Xiaowei; Lai, Jianxiong; Song, Yinghui

2015-09-01

In higher plants, sucrose synthase (Sus, EC 2.4.1.13) is widely considered as a key enzyme involved in sucrose metabolism. Although, several paralogous genes encoding different isozymes of Sus have been identified and characterized in multiple plant genomes, to date detailed information about the Sus genes is lacking for cacao. This study reports the identification of six novel Sus genes from economically important cacao tree. Analyses of the gene structure and phylogeny of the Sus genes demonstrated evolutionary conservation in the Sus family across cacao and other plant species. The expression of cacao Sus genes was investigated via real-time PCR in various tissues, different developmental phases of leaf, flower bud and pod. The Sus genes exhibited distinct but partially redundant expression profiles in cacao, with TcSus1, TcSus5 and TcSus6, being the predominant genes in the bark with phloem, TcSus2 predominantly expressing in the seed during the stereotype stage. TcSus3 and TcSus4 were significantly detected more in the pod husk and seed coat along the pod development, and showed development dependent expression profiles in the cacao pod. These results provide new insights into the evolution, and basic information that will assist in elucidating the functions of cacao Sus gene family.

Heavy metal accumulations in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) leaves and cocoa beans grown at three main cacao growing regions of Peru

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Peru is one of the leading exporters of organic cocoa beans in the world. However, the accumulation of heavy metals in cacao beans represents a considerable quality problem. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution and accumulation of heavy metals in cacao plants grown at three dif...

First typology of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) systems in Colombian Amazonia, based on tree species richness, canopy structure and light availability.

Science.gov (United States)

Suárez Salazar, Juan Carlos; Ngo Bieng, Marie Ange; Melgarejo, Luz Marina; Di Rienzo, Julio A; Casanoves, Fernando

2018-01-01

We present a typology of cacao agroforest systems in Colombian Amazonia. These systems had yet to be described in the literature, especially their potential in terms of biodiversity conservation. The systems studied are located in a post-conflict area, and a deforestation front in Colombian Amazonia. Cacao cropping systems are of key importance in Colombia: cacao plays a prime role in post conflict resolution, as cacao is a legal crop to replace illegal crops; cacao agroforests are expected to be a sustainable practice, promoting forest-friendly land use. We worked in 50 x 2000 m2 agroforest plots, in Colombian Amazonia. A cluster analysis was used to build a typology based on 28 variables characterised in each plot, and related to diversity, composition, spatial structure and light availability for the cacao trees. We included variables related to light availability to evaluate the amount of transmitted radiation to the cacao trees in each type, and its suitability for cacao ecophysiological development. We identified 4 types of cacao agroforests based on differences concerning tree species diversity and the impact of canopy spatial structure on light availability for the cacao trees in the understorey. We found 127 tree species in the dataset, with some exclusive species in each type. We also found that 3 out of the 4 types identified displayed an erosion of tree species diversity. This reduction in shade tree species may have been linked to the desire to reduce shade, but we also found that all the types described were compatible with good ecophysiological development of the cacao trees. Cacao agroforest systems may actually be achieving biodiversity conservation goals in Colombian Amazonia. One challenging prospect will be to monitor and encourage the conservation of tree species diversity in cacao agroforest systems during the development of these cropping systems, as a form of forest-friendly management enhancing sustainable peace building in Colombia.

Variabilidad genética de Moniliophthora perniciosa (Stahel Aime y Phillips-Mora, comb. nov. (Agaricales - Marasmiaceae en variedades de cacao (Theobroma cacao L. Genetic variability of Moniliophthora perniciosa (Stahel Aime & Phillips-Mora, comb. nov. (Agaricales - Marasmiaceae in varieties of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.

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Carolina Osorio-Solano

2012-04-01

Full Text Available Moniliophthora perniciosa, agente causante de la ‘escoba de bruja’ en cacao (Theobroma cacao, presenta una elevada variabilidad genética y discrepancias en su taxonomía y es una de las enfermedades más importantes en plantaciones cacaoteras que ocasiona pérdidas económicas a nivel mundial cercanas a 70%, y de 40% a nivel nacional. La caracterización de la diversidad genética de los biotipos es importante para la ejecución de proyectos encaminados al manejo de este patógeno y el desarrollo de materiales resistentes de cacao. En este estudio se analizaron 12 aislamientos del hongo obtenidos de diferentes materiales de cacao. Cada una de las muestras se evaluó con marcadores moleculares que tienen como blanco una región del ADN ribosomal (ADNr nuclear conocida como ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer, una región intergénica (IGS-1 y cinco secuencias simples repetidas (SSR. El marcador IGS-1 permitió la determinación del biotipo C, no obstante se encontró una variabilidad genética evidente dentro de este biotipo, aún no registrada. El análisis de la diversidad genética de M. perniciosa por medio de marcadores microsatélite arrojó un valor total de 0.4260, una heterocigosidad total de 0.6143 y un índice de información polimórfica (PIC de 0.3407, valores considerados de rango medio a alto para los aislamientos estudiados y que estiman la variabilidad genética presente en M. perniciosa.Moniliophthora perniciosa, the founder agent of the ‘witch’s broom’ on cocoa (Theobroma cacao L. is one of the most important diseases in cocoa plantations, causing economic losses close to 70% worldwide and 40% nationwide. It shows a high genetic variability and discrepancies in its taxonomy. Characterization of the genetic diversity of biotypes is important for projects aimed towards the handling of this pathogen and the development of resistant cocoa materials. Twelve isolations of the fungus were analyzed in this study from different

EVOLUCIÓN DE PARÁMETROS FISICOQUÍMICOS DE QUESILLO HUILENSE, EN ALMACENAMIENTO REFRIGERADO

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ERIKA TATIANA CORTÉS-MACÍAS

Full Text Available Se estudió la evolución de los parámetros físico-químicos que pueden afectar la estabilidad y por tanto la decisión de compra o consumo de quesillo huilense, elaborado y empacado de forma artesanal y semi-industrializado y almacenado en refrigeración. 50 quesillos de 250 g elaborados y empacados artesanalmente en hojas de plátano conformaron los tratamientos T1 y T3 y 25 quesillos empacados al vacío elaborados de forma semindustrial el tratamiento T2; todas las muestras se transportaron en termos de poliestireno expandido el mismo día de su producción hasta el laboratorio, cinco quesillos de cada tratamiento fueron destinados a ensayos de caracterización el mismo día de su arribo al laboratorio (0 días, midiendo humedad, actividad de agua, pH, acidez titulable, textura y color y el resto fueron analizados en lotes de 5 quesillos a los 5, 10, 15 y 20 días de almacenamiento refrigerado (4°C±1. Los atributos de calidad en quesillo huilense evolucionaron de manera similar a otros tipos de quesos frescos en función del tiempo de almacenamiento; los cambios más notorios son el cambio en el color superficial que se torna blanco crema y un ligero incremento en la dureza; estos cambios no deben ser razón para decidir rechazo por parte del consumidor.

Caracterización de cultivares de cacao (Theobroma cacao L) por su respuesta de defensa a Moniliophthora roreri y su polimorfismo de SSRs

OpenAIRE

Martínez Botello, Darwin Hernando

2015-01-01

La moniliasis del Cacao producida por Moniliophthora roreri, es un hongo basidiomiceto considerado como la enfermedad potencial más limitante de la producción en el cultivo en Colombia. La respuesta de defensa frente a su infección actualmente es considerada como susceptible en todos los materiales comerciales utilizados para el cultivo en el mundo. En Colombia, recientemente se han identificado algunos materiales regionales con un comportamiento fitosanitario en campo favorabl...

Pasado y presente del uso de plantas silvestres con órganos subterráneos de almacenamiento comestibles en la Patagonia

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Juan J. Ochoa

2011-07-01

Full Text Available El presente trabajo es la primara aproximación acerca del papel de las plantas con órganos de almacenamiento subterráneos comestibles (POAS en la Patagonia, desde una perspectiva temporal y espacial, al integrar datos etnohistóricos y etnográficos actuales ligados al uso de las POAS. El 75 % de las 54 fuentes analizadas mencionan el uso de POAS en la alimentación humana de la Patagonia. Las POAS silvestres comestibles registradas ascienden a 51 especies, siendo mayor el conjunto de POAS con raíces comestibles. La estepa y zonas ecotonales resultaron las de mayor riqueza de POAS, probablemente vinculado a adaptaciones ecológicas de éstas a la aridez en el primer caso, como a la alta diversidad relativa que presentan los ecotonos, en el segundo. El registro etnohistórico mostró discontinuidades marcadas, siendo pocas las especies presentes por más de un siglo, destacándose la continuidad documental de A. tuberosa desde el siglo XVIII al presente, así como la incorporación reciente de especies exóticas. Las fuentes etnohistóricas revisadas y su contraste con datos etnobotánicos recientes de campo sugieren dinamismo en los patrones de utilización, que a lo largo del tiempo han llevado al abandono del uso de las POAS en la práctica alimentaria de la Patagonia. Las singularidades encontradas respecto a lo temporal y espacial pueden vincularse tanto a los conocimientos locales y específicos desarrollados a lo largo del tiempo por los habitantes de la Patagonia, como también a las circunstancias sociopolíticas y académicas de cada una de las fuentes analizadas.

La investigación sobre la epidemiología de la escoba de bruja del cacao [Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel Singer] en el Piedemonte Llanero de Colombia : consideraciones generales

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Tovar Germán

1991-06-01

Full Text Available Los problemas fitosanitarios constituyen uno de los factores depresivos más importantes de la producción del cacao. Cualquiera que sea la forma social de producción es importante racionalizar al máximo la tecnología de manejo de los problemas. La investigación bajo diferentes condiciones agroecológicas, sociales y económicas permite establecer la dinámica en el comportamiento de enfermedades e insectos dañinos para proponer las alternativas de solución, en función de las características del sistema productivo.

La escoba de bruja del cacao [Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel Singer] en la región del Piedemonte Llanero de Colombia : estudio de parámetros de resistencia en hibridos comerciales y clones de cacao

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Tovar Germán

1991-06-01

Full Text Available Se estimaron algunos parámetros para la evaluación de la resistencia del cacao a C.perniciosa y se evaluó la respuesta a la infección de un grupo de híbridos comerciales y sus respectivos clones parentales. El grupo de híbridos inoculados en la radícula mostró, en general, tasas y porcentajes de infección importantes y no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre híbridos para las variables longitud de raicillas, altura de plántulas, diámetro del nudo cotiledonar y la relación entre la base del hipocótilo y el diámetro del nudo cotiledonar. De las cuatro variables evaluadas, la última es la que tiene una relación más estrecha con la susceptibilidad a nivel histológico, las otras variables son en  cierta medida dependientes de ésta y/o del vigor de cada hibrido como en el caso de la altura. La inoculación de los híbridos en la yerna terminal mostró un alto porcentaje de plántulas infectadas (65 a 85% y las tasas de infección fueron significativamente más altas (0,68 que en las inoculaciones en la radícula (0,27. Sin embargo, no todas las infecciones de 1averna terminal formaron escobas típicas (53,7%, sino que un porcentaje notable (36,2% correspondió a escobas látigo y un 16% a hipertrofias localizadas. Las pruebas sobre clones dieron respuestas ampliamente diferentes para el porcentaje de plántulas infectadas y el nivel de la respuesta fue menor, lo que indica una menor susceptibilidad. Algunos clones solo desarrollaron escobas látigo no esporulantes mientras que otros mostraron un bajo porcentaje de escobas típicas. Por consiguiente, los clones tienen una ventaja comparativa importante en relación con los híbridos en lo que concierne a la resistencia a escoba de bruja.

Análisis del diseño de voladuras con cargas compactas en la cantera de áridos El Cacao

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José A. Otaño-Noguel

2006-03-01

Full Text Available Durante las  voladuras primarias en la cantera de áridos El Cacao se obtiene un alto porcentaje de pedazos con dimensiones superiores a los admitidos por los eslabones siguientes de la cadena tecnológica, lo que provoca la necesidad de la fragmentación secundaria,  trayendo esto aparejado numerosos inconvenientes, el encarecimiento de las labores y el incremento  del  costo  de  producción. Para un diseño racional de las voladuras se requiere conocer las propiedades físicas de las rocas así como la acción de la explosión en el medio. En el presente trabajo  se  determinan esas propiedades y se ofrecen los resultados del estudio de la acción de la explosión en el medio provocado por la detonación de una carga compacta de sustancia explosiva.

First typology of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) systems in Colombian Amazonia, based on tree species richness, canopy structure and light availability

Science.gov (United States)

Suárez Salazar, Juan Carlos; Melgarejo, Luz Marina; Di Rienzo, Julio A.; Casanoves, Fernando

2018-01-01

Aim and background We present a typology of cacao agroforest systems in Colombian Amazonia. These systems had yet to be described in the literature, especially their potential in terms of biodiversity conservation. The systems studied are located in a post-conflict area, and a deforestation front in Colombian Amazonia. Cacao cropping systems are of key importance in Colombia: cacao plays a prime role in post conflict resolution, as cacao is a legal crop to replace illegal crops; cacao agroforests are expected to be a sustainable practice, promoting forest-friendly land use. Material and methods We worked in 50 x 2000 m2 agroforest plots, in Colombian Amazonia. A cluster analysis was used to build a typology based on 28 variables characterised in each plot, and related to diversity, composition, spatial structure and light availability for the cacao trees. We included variables related to light availability to evaluate the amount of transmitted radiation to the cacao trees in each type, and its suitability for cacao ecophysiological development. Main results We identified 4 types of cacao agroforests based on differences concerning tree species diversity and the impact of canopy spatial structure on light availability for the cacao trees in the understorey. We found 127 tree species in the dataset, with some exclusive species in each type. We also found that 3 out of the 4 types identified displayed an erosion of tree species diversity. This reduction in shade tree species may have been linked to the desire to reduce shade, but we also found that all the types described were compatible with good ecophysiological development of the cacao trees. Main conclusions and prospects Cacao agroforest systems may actually be achieving biodiversity conservation goals in Colombian Amazonia. One challenging prospect will be to monitor and encourage the conservation of tree species diversity in cacao agroforest systems during the development of these cropping systems, as a form of

First typology of cacao (Theobroma cacao L. systems in Colombian Amazonia, based on tree species richness, canopy structure and light availability.

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Juan Carlos Suárez Salazar

Full Text Available We present a typology of cacao agroforest systems in Colombian Amazonia. These systems had yet to be described in the literature, especially their potential in terms of biodiversity conservation. The systems studied are located in a post-conflict area, and a deforestation front in Colombian Amazonia. Cacao cropping systems are of key importance in Colombia: cacao plays a prime role in post conflict resolution, as cacao is a legal crop to replace illegal crops; cacao agroforests are expected to be a sustainable practice, promoting forest-friendly land use.We worked in 50 x 2000 m2 agroforest plots, in Colombian Amazonia. A cluster analysis was used to build a typology based on 28 variables characterised in each plot, and related to diversity, composition, spatial structure and light availability for the cacao trees. We included variables related to light availability to evaluate the amount of transmitted radiation to the cacao trees in each type, and its suitability for cacao ecophysiological development.We identified 4 types of cacao agroforests based on differences concerning tree species diversity and the impact of canopy spatial structure on light availability for the cacao trees in the understorey. We found 127 tree species in the dataset, with some exclusive species in each type. We also found that 3 out of the 4 types identified displayed an erosion of tree species diversity. This reduction in shade tree species may have been linked to the desire to reduce shade, but we also found that all the types described were compatible with good ecophysiological development of the cacao trees.Cacao agroforest systems may actually be achieving biodiversity conservation goals in Colombian Amazonia. One challenging prospect will be to monitor and encourage the conservation of tree species diversity in cacao agroforest systems during the development of these cropping systems, as a form of forest-friendly management enhancing sustainable peace building in

Characterization of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L. Farming Systems in the Norte de Santander Department and Assessment Their Sustainability / Caracterización de los Sistemas de Producción de Cacao (Theobroma cacao L. en el Departamento de Norte de Santander

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Jesús Arturo Ramírez Sulvarán

2014-03-01

. constituye una alternativa válida para impulsar el desarrollo sostenible en el noreste colombiano. Sin embargo, se carece de la información básica necesaria sobre los sistemas de producción de cacao para la instrumentación de planes que permitan mejorar su desempeño y sostenibilidad. Para este estudio, se consideraron cuatro municipios del departamento de Norte de Santander: Teorama, Bucarasica, Cúcuta y San Calixto, los cuales fueron seleccionados debido a que poseen condiciones adecuadas de seguridad, asistentes de campo y son representativos del departamento en cuanto a  roducción de cacao. El objetivo fue obtener información básica para la toma de acciones locales, específicas y participativas hacia la sostenibilidad de los sistemas de producción de cacao, considerando los componentes socio-económicos, tecnológicos y agroecológicos, y sus relaciones, evaluándolos de acuerdo a los principios de la agricultura sostenible. Se realizaron cuatro etapas: (1 análisis de datos secundarios, (2 formulación y evaluación de indicadores de sostenibilidad, (3 diseño, instrumentación y análisis de los datos de la encuesta y (4 validación por los agricultores de la información obtenida y priorización de problemas. Los resultados indican que hay un solo sistema de producción de cacao del tipo familiar-mercantil de baja tecnología. La mayor parte de los productores reciben bajos ingresos y las necesidades básicas de salud, educación y servicios públicos no están satisfechas. Los recursos de suelo y agua se están degradando. En general, el sistema de producción tiende a la insostenibilidad y se requieren acciones integrales para cambiar esta situación.

Efecto del Uso del Suelo en la Capacidad de Almacenamiento Hídrico en el Páramo de Sumapaz - Colombia / Effect of Land Use on Water Holding Capacity in the Sumapaz Paramo- Colombia

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Martha Constanza Daza Torres

2014-03-01

Full Text Available Los páramos son ecosistemas importantes por su función natural como reguladores hídricos donde sus suelos juegan un papel fundamental. Sin embargo, son sistemas frágiles que pueden sufrir degradación con cambios en el uso del suelo. Este estudio se realizó con el fin de evaluar cambios en las propiedades físicas de un suelo de páramo relacionadas con su capacidad de almacenamiento de agua cuando se someten a diferentes usos. El trabajo se llevó a cabo en el área del Parque Natural Nacional del Sumapaz (Cundinamarca-Colombia, donde se seleccionó un tipo de suelo representativo de una misma unidad cartográfica de suelos bajo diferentes usos (cultivos de papa, ganadería, suelo en descanso con vegetación de barbecho y suelos con vegetación nativa, como tratamiento testigo; se realizaron tres calicatas por cada uso, se tomaron muestras de los cuatro lados de la calicata por horizonte y se evaluaron propiedades del suelo como retención de humedad, densidad aparente, porosidad total, distribución de la porosidad y contenido de carbono orgánico. Se encontró que la capacidad de almacenamiento de humedad del suelo se percibió disminuida para todos los usos hasta en un 60%; la densidad aparente aumentó hasta un 16% y la porosidad total disminuyó hasta en un 23% de los suelos con diferente uso al ser comparados con el suelo del tratamiento testigo. El cultivo de papa y los lotes en descanso presentaron los menores valores de porcentaje de carbono orgánico, porosidad, retención de humedad, a capacidad de campo y punto de marchitez permanente; y altos valores de densidad aparente en comparación con el suelo con vegetación nativa. El cambio del uso del suelo disminuyó la capacidad de retención de agua, afectando la función ambiental de los páramos como reguladores hídricos. / Paramo grasslands are important ecosystems due to natural function as water regulator where soils play a fundamental role. However, paramo grasslands are

Análisis y modelado del comportamiento de lixiviación de metales de sedimentos contaminados en contacto con fugas de CO2 procedentes de sistemas de captura y almacenamiento de carbono (CAC)

OpenAIRE

Payán Fraile, María de la Cruz

2013-01-01

RESUMEN: La Captura y Almacenamiento de Carbono (CAC)es una técnica objeto de intensivo estudio por la comunidad investigadora internacional debido a su potencial para reducir los gases de efecto invernadero. Es importante evaluar las consecuencias de las potenciales fugas de CO2 de sistemas CAC en sedimentos y en el fondo marino. Los metales y contaminantes orgánicos se liberarían de sedimentos contaminados debido a la acidificación del agua de mar. El objetivo de esta tesis es generar conoc...

Evaluación de propiedades antioxidantes y fisicoquímicas de una bebida mixta durante almacenamiento refrigerado

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Margareth Santander-M

2017-06-01

Full Text Available En la actualidad, los consumidores tienden a adquirir alimentos funcionales, los cuales satisfacen los requerimientos nutricionales y adicionalmente aportan beneficios a la salud. El creciente interés en el estudio de bebidas con estas características ha contribuido al desarrollo de productos elaborados a partir de la mezcla de leche y frutas. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar una bebida mixta de leche UHT descremada con pulpa de tomate de árbol, analizando sus características antioxidantes y fisicoquímicas, mediante la determinación del contenido de ácido ascórbico, compuestos fenólicos, carotenoides y su estabilidad durante el almacenamiento bajo refrigeración. La capacidad antioxidante se estudió a través del método DPPH, el ácido ascórbico y los carotenoides fueron analizados mediante cromatografía líquida de alto rendimiento y se empleó el método de Folin-Ciocalteu para determinar fenoles totales en la bebida. Se encontró que la bebida mixta presentó compuestos bioactivos reconocidos por sus propiedades funcionales. Durante las primeras dos semanas de almacenamiento refrigerado se observó una disminución significativa (P<0,05 del contenido de compuestos bioactivos. Hubo una reducción en el contenido de fenoles totales de 33,150±2,020 a 21,467±1,360mg equivalentes de ácido gálico (GAE/100mL, al igual que en la concentración de ácido ascórbico de 12,967±0,603 a 5,167±0,321mg/100mL y en el de β-caroteno de 243,00±5,66 a 146,50±2,12μg/100mL, lo cual se reflejó en la disminución de la capacidad antioxidante de la bebida en un rango de 3,450±0,041 a 1,581±0,025 de Trolox mmol/L. El pH y los sólidos solubles totales se mantuvieron constantes, mientras que la acidez aumentó significativamente durante la primera semana de almacenamiento.

Mutation breeding against black pod (Phytophthora pod rot) disease of cacao (Theobroma cacao)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Opeke, L.K.

1977-01-01

Black pod rot disease, caused by Phytophthora palmivora, is an important disease of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in Nigeria and other cacao producing countries of West Africa and Latin America. A naturally occurring source of genetic resistance to the disease has not been found. This paper completes the report, the first part of which was published in Induced Mutations in Vegetatively Propagated Plants, IAEA, Vienna (1973). The survivors of the irradiated seedlings reported on in this publication were transplanted to the field along with their controls. When the Phytophthora pod disease season began in 1973, all experimental plants along with the controls were sprayed with active and freshly prepared dense sporangial suspension of P. palmivora. Observations on Phytophthora infection were recorded at two-weekly intervals for three months. Results were pooled for each set of experimental plants, after having confirmed that no marked difference appeared among individual plants of each group. Contrary to the observations recorded at the nursery stage, all experimental plants that showed no infection indicated disease infection levels normally characteristic of the F 3 Amazon cultivar of Cacao in Nigeria. Although the nursery and the field data are difficult to reconcile and interpret, it is suggested that probably temporary disease tolerance/resistance, which some irradiated plants showed at the nursery (seedling) stage, was lost as the plants matured, thus suggesting different resistance factor systems for juvenile and mature cacao trees. (author)

Estabilidad en el almacenamiento congelado de rebanadas de lomo de atún rojo (Thunnus sp. empacadas en atmósfera modificada con CO2

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Myrna Luisa Medina Bracamonte

2014-12-01

Full Text Available La disponibilidad atún rojo fresco, entero y rebanado, como todo producto pesquero fresco está restringida para los consumidores en zonas distantes a los centros de producción por su estabilidad limitada en el almacenamiento. Por ello la industria pesquera en general, en la época de mayor producción, recurre a la congelación para conservar el excedente de producción, y al empacado para protegerlo del ambiente frío y seco del congelador, evitar su deshidratación y “quemaduras por frío”. El surgimiento del Empacado en Atmósfera Modificada como alternativa para incrementar la vida útil de productos alimenticios despertó la inquietud de evaluar la estabilidad de rebanadas de lomo de atún rojo (Thunnus sp. fresco, congeladas y empacadas con 100 % de CO2 durante su almacenamiento a las temperaturas convencionales para su distribución y venta, -10 y -18 ºC, evaluando la estabilidad química, física, microbiológica y sensorial de las rebanadas de lomo de atún rojo durante ≈ 4 meses de almacenamiento congelado. El 50 % de las rebanadas se congeló a -10 ºC (Tratamiento 1 y el 50 % restante a -18 ºC (Tratamiento 2. Las rebanadas congeladas se empacaron individualmente, el 50 % en atmósfera de 100 % de CO2 conservando la proporción 1:2 (rebanada:gas y el 50 % restante en atmósfera de aire. Se almacenaron a la temperatura correspondiente: Tratamiento 1 a -10 ºC y Tratamiento 2 a -18 ºC durante 111 días. Al final del almacenamiento el tratamiento P2 (100 % CO2 ofreció mejor barrera a la pérdida de humedad, favoreció la estabilidad de la fracción de proteínas solubles en solución salina. Las muestras P2 tuvieron mayor aceptación sensorial, fueron las más oscuras y rojas, con menor recuento microbiológico, coincidiendo con el menor contenido en bases volátiles totales. A -10 ºC la atmósfera de 100 % de CO2 no evitó la “quemadura por frío” y los panelistas percibieron el “olor a pescado”.

Management of Chinese Rose Beetle (Adoretus sinicus) Adults Feeding on Cacao (Theobroma cacao) Using Insecticides

Science.gov (United States)

Spafford, Helen; Ching, Alexander; Manley, Megan; Hardin, Chelsea; Bittenbender, Harry

2016-01-01

The Chinese rose beetle (Adoretus sinicus Burmeister (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)) is an introduced, widely-established pest in Hawai’i. The adult beetles feed on the leaves of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), which can lead to defoliation and even death of young trees. We evaluated the impact of five commercially available products with different active ingredients (imidacloprid, azadirachtin, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill., kaolin clay, and pyrethrin) and the presence or absence of weed mat cover in reducing adult beetle feeding on sapling cacao in the field. The use of weed mat cover reduced feeding damage compared to the untreated control, as did foliar application of imidacloprid, azadirachtin, and B. bassiana. In the laboratory, field-collected adult beetles were presented cacao leaf samples dipped in one of the five products and compared to a control. Beetles exposed to pyrethrin died rapidly. Among the other treatments, only exposure to imidacloprid significantly reduced survival relative to the control. Beetles fed very little on leaf samples with azadirachtin but their longevity was not significantly reduced. Imidacloprid, azadirachtin, and weed mat application had the most promise for reducing adult Chinese rose beetle feeding damage in young cacao and deserve further investigation for successful management of this significant pest. PMID:27348004

Theobroma cacao L.:

OpenAIRE

Kalvatchev, Zlatko; Garzaro, Domingo; Guerra Cedezo, Franklin

2003-01-01

1.- Artículos Cartay, Rafael. "Los productos típicos y su reglamentación. Una tentativa de aplicación de la denominación de origen al cacao venezolano" Kalvatchev, Zlatko; Garzaro, Domingo; Guerra Cedezo, Franklin. "Theobroma Cacao L.: Un nuevo enfoque para nutrición y salud" Anido, Daniel; Gutiérrez, Alejandro. "La demanda de las calorías en Venezuela 1970-1995: Algunas evidencias empíricas" Molina, Luisa Elena. "Notas sobre la situación de la producción primaria de arroz en Ven...

Colombia a Source of Cacao Genetic Diversity As Revealed by the Population Structure Analysis of Germplasm Bank of Theobroma cacao L.

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Jaime A. Osorio-Guarín

2017-11-01

Full Text Available Beans of the species Theobroma cacao L., also known as cacao, are the raw material to produce chocolate. Colombian cacao has been classified as a fine flavor cacao that represents the 5% of cacao world’s production. Colombian genetic resources from this species are conserved in ex situ and in-field germplasm banks, since T. cacao has recalcitrant seeds to desication and long-term storage. Currently, the collection of T. cacao of the Colombian Corporation of Agricultural Research (CORPOICA has approximately 700 germplasm accessions. We conducted a molecular analysis of Corpoica’s cacao collection and a morphological characterization of some accessions with the goal to study its genetic diversity and population structure and, to select interesting accessions for the cacao’s breeding program. Phenotypic evaluation was performed based on 18 morphological traits and 4 biochemical traits. PCA analysis of morphological traits explained 60.6% of the total variation in seven components and 100% of the total variation of biochemical traits in four components, grouping the collection in 4 clusters for both variables. We explored 565 accessions from Corpoica’s germplasm and 252 accessions from reference populations using 96 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP molecular markers. Molecular patterns of cacao Corpoica’s collection were obtained amplifying specific alleles in a Fluidigm platform that used integrated circuits of fluids. Corpoica’s collection showed highest genetic diversity [Expected Heterozygosity (HE = 0.314, Observed Heterozygosity (HO = 0.353] that is reduced when reference populations were included in the dataset (HE = 0.294, HO = 0.261. The collection was divided into four clusters based on population structure analysis. Cacao accessions from distinct groups showed some taxonomic concordance and reflected their geographic origins. For instance, accessions classified as Criollo were clearly differentiated in one group and we

Estudios sobre Cacao 1.Incidencia de la "Pasmazón de los Pepinos" en Algunos Cacaos Venezolanos

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Ciferri R.

1948-12-01

Full Text Available Se investigó la incidencia de la pudrición de la mazorca del cacao por el Phytophthora palmivora Butler sobre diferentes grupos de variedades de cacao cultivadas en el ambiente subárido de regadío en Ocumare de la Costa, Estado Aragua, Venezuela. Se ha averiguado que la infección sistémica de dichas mazorcas proviene de la infección primaria de los cojines florales, habiéndose estudiado su curso y sus características. Entre otras cosas se notó que, aunque es verdad que el período de mayor susceptibilidad a la infección sistémica es el que corre desde el fin del estado de pepino del fruto (fruto mayor de 9-10 centímetros, o sea de 75 a 90 días de edad y el fin del período de desarrollo del fruto (140 a 150 días a contar desde la fecundación de la flor, puede haber un estado precoz de infección de la mazorca joven, el cual no ocurre nunca antes de los quince días de edad, esto es, en el período de máxima incidencia de la enfermedad fisiológica conocida como "pasmazón de los pepinos". Dicha infección es exclusivamente sistémica y puede afectar hasta las dos quintas partes de los pepinos que cuelgan de cojines infectados. Observóse que el chancro del tallo, que por lo regular sigue a la infección del cojín floral, no es tan dañino como comúnmente se afirma, pero que sus daños económicos se deben a la improductividad producida en el cojín infectado. El Criollo de concha decolorada es más susceptible a la infección por Phytophthora que el de concha morada y el híbrido forastero venezolano el cual, a su vez, parece más susceptible a la infección del cojín floral que los demás grupos de variedades. En un lapso de 10 meses los frutos infectados por medio del cojín floral representan los tres cuartos o cuatro quintos del total. La presencia de pigmento antociánico en la cáscara de la mazorca no madura parece conferir una relativa resistencia a la infección por el Phytophthora; empero, en el Forastero

Evaluación microbiológica y sensorial de fermentados de pozol blanco, con cacao (Theobroma cacao y coco (Cocos nucifera

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Román Jiménez Vera

2010-07-01

Full Text Available El pozol es una bebida de maíz que se consume en el sureste de México y en algunos países de Centroamérica. Se puede consumir recién elaborado o fermentado. Tradicionalmente se consume solo (pozol blanco, aunque también es común agregarle cacao o coco. En este trabajo se evaluaron cambios microbiológicos durante la fermentación natural a temperatura ambiental, de tres tipos de pozol: blanco, con cacao y coco. La concentración de bacterias coliformes disminuyó a partir del tercer día de fermentación y a los 12 días se obtuvo una concentración de 2,20 log UFC/g. En las bacterias lácticas se observó el mayor crecimiento; ellas alcanzaron una concentración de 8,00 log UFC/g a los 3 días de fermentación que se mantuvo durante los 9 días siguientes. Se realizaron pruebas de nivel de agrado y preferencia con 31 jueces consumidores. La adición de ingredientes como el cacao o el coco no mejoraron el nivel de agrado entre los consumidores evaluados (p > 0,05. El pozol blanco y fresco fue el preferido (32 %. En el futuro, estos resultados pueden ser utilizados para clasificar al pozol como una bebida funcional, debido a la presencia de bacterias lácticas en concentración similar a la encontrada en el yogur.

Genetic Structure and Molecular Diversity of Cacao Plants Established as Local Varieties for More than Two Centuries: The Genetic History of Cacao Plantations in Bahia, Brazil.

Science.gov (United States)

Santos, Elisa S L; Cerqueira-Silva, Carlos Bernard M; Mori, Gustavo M; Ahnert, Dário; Mello, Durval L N; Pires, José Luis; Corrêa, Ronan X; de Souza, Anete P

2015-01-01

Bahia is the most important cacao-producing state in Brazil, which is currently the sixth-largest country worldwide to produce cacao seeds. In the eighteenth century, the Comum, Pará and Maranhão varieties of cacao were introduced into southern Bahia, and their descendants, which are called 'Bahian cacao' or local Bahian varieties, have been cultivated for over 200 years. Comum plants have been used to start plantations in African countries and extended as far as countries in South Asia and Oceania. In Brazil, two sets of clones selected from Bahian varieties and their mutants, the Agronomic Institute of East (SIAL) and Bahian Cacao Institute (SIC) series, represent the diversity of Bahian cacao in germplasm banks. Because the genetic diversity of Bahian varieties, which is essential for breeding programs, remains unknown, the objective of this work was to assess the genetic structure and diversity of local Bahian varieties collected from farms and germplasm banks. To this end, 30 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to genotype 279 cacao plants from germplasm and local farms. The results facilitated the identification of 219 cacao plants of Bahian origin, and 51 of these were SIAL or SIC clones. Bahian cacao showed low genetic diversity. It could be verified that SIC and SIAL clones do not represent the true diversity of Bahian cacao, with the greatest amount of diversity found in cacao trees on the farms. Thus, a core collection to aid in prioritizing the plants to be sampled for Bahian cacao diversity is suggested. These results provide information that can be used to conserve Bahian cacao plants and applied in breeding programs to obtain more productive Bahian cacao with superior quality and tolerance to major diseases in tropical cacao plantations worldwide.

Comparison of polyphenol concentration and composition between genetically diverse cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) accessions selected for high yield and disease resistance

Science.gov (United States)

There is abundant evidence that consumption of cacao and dark chocolate promotes human health and that the main cacao components contributing positive health effects are polyphenols. The polyphenols in cacao bean constitute 12–18% dry weight of the whole bean and are predominantly catechins (37% w/w...

Association mapping for #Phytophthora# pod rot resistance in a cacao (#Theobroma cacao# L.) population grown in farmers' field

OpenAIRE

Efombagn, Mousseni Ives Bruno; Sounigo, Olivier; Courtois, Brigitte; Fouet, Olivier; Jeanneau, Mélanie; Lemainque, Arnaud; Pavek, Sylvana; Lanaud, Claire

2016-01-01

Phytophthora pod rot (PPR) caused by the specie Phytophthora megakarya is an important disease of cacao tree. Association mapping identified markers linked to PPR resistance in a cacao population of 260 trees planted under high disease pressure in a single plantation in a farmer's field. These cacao trees were derived from both selfing and full-sib progenies. The resistance traits were assessed through field observations of the natural pod attacks of the disease on the trunk (PRTnk) or the ca...

High-resolution melt and morphological analyses of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) from cacao: tools for the control of Cacao swollen shoot virus spread.

Science.gov (United States)

Wetten, Andy; Campbell, Colin; Allainguillaume, Joël

2016-03-01

Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) are key vectors of badnaviruses, including Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV), the most damaging virus affecting cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). The effectiveness of mealybugs as virus vectors is species dependent, and it is therefore vital that CSSV resistance breeding programmes in cacao incorporate accurate mealybug identification. In this work, the efficacy of a CO1-based DNA barcoding approach to species identification was evaluated by screening a range of mealybugs collected from cacao in seven countries. Morphologically similar adult females were characterised by scanning electron microscopy, and then, following DNA extraction, were screened with CO1 barcoding markers. A high degree of CO1 sequence homology was observed for all 11 individual haplotypes, including those accessions from distinct geographical regions. This has allowed the design of a high-resolution melt (HRM) assay capable of rapid identification of the commonly encountered mealybug pests of cacao. HRM analysis readily differentiated between mealybug pests of cacao that cannot necessarily be identified by conventional morphological analysis. This new approach, therefore, has potential to facilitate breeding for resistance to CSSV and other mealybug-transmitted diseases. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.

Cacao use and the San Lorenzo Olmec

Science.gov (United States)

Powis, Terry G.; Cyphers, Ann; Gaikwad, Nilesh W.; Grivetti, Louis; Cheong, Kong

2011-01-01

Mesoamerican peoples had a long history of cacao use—spanning more than 34 centuries—as confirmed by previous identification of cacao residues on archaeological pottery from Paso de la Amada on the Pacific Coast and the Olmec site of El Manatí on the Gulf Coast. Until now, comparable evidence from San Lorenzo, the premier Olmec capital, was lacking. The present study of theobromine residues confirms the continuous presence and use of cacao products at San Lorenzo between 1800 and 1000 BCE, and documents assorted vessels forms used in its preparation and consumption. One elite context reveals cacao use as part of a mortuary ritual for sacrificial victims, an event that occurred during the height of San Lorenzo's power. PMID:21555564

Actividad antibacteriana de la cáscara de cacao, Theobroma cacao L

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Oscar Cuéllar G.

2012-12-01

Full Text Available Objetivo. Evaluar la actividad antibacteriana de diferentes fracciones de la cáscara de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.. Materiales y métodos. Se evaluó la actividad antibacteriana mediante el método de difusión en agar de diferentes fracciones de la cáscara de cacao, empleando cepas autóctonas y de referencia ATCC. Posteriormente, se hizo un análisis de estas fracciones por cromatografía líquida de alta eficiencia y cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas. Resultados. La fracción clorofórmica presentó actividad antibacteriana frente a Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 y Streptococcus agalactiae (autóctona, con porcentajes de inhibición de 34.90% (100 μg/μl y 52.40% (100 μg/μl respectivamente. También se evidenció una concentración mínima inhibitoria de 512 μg/ml frente a Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 y de 128 μg/ml frente a Streptococcus agalactiae. Conclusiones. Este trabajo es el primer reporte a saber en Colombia sobre actividad antibacteriana in vitro de la cáscara de cacao, el cual resulta ser un avance importante para esta agroindustria. Esta investigación abre paso a otros estudios relacionados para establecer el espectro de inhibición frente a otros microorganismos.

ASSESSMENT OF CACAO SEEDS OF “GAPOKTAN” AT LINTAS SEKAYAM SANGGAU WEST KALIMANTAN

OpenAIRE

Azri

2015-01-01

Cacao seeds price at farmers level in 2013 is IDR 800 per kg. Expected by implementing technology cacao seeds be processed products such as cocoa powder can increase added value for cacao farmers. From aspect of expected processing most cacao must fermented with Indonesian cacao quality standard requirements in accordance with SNI 01-2323-2002 so that quality of cacao Indonesia can be accepted in international market. Cacao seeds done after fermented cacao seeds for three up to...

Circulación y consumo de cacao en la ciudad de México en el siglo XVIII

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Enriqueta Quiroz

2014-01-01

Full Text Available La investigación se refiere a la importancia delconsumo de cacao en la ciudad de México en elsiglo XVIII; señala las dimensiones de su comercio, como también calcula los volúmenes decacao ingresados a la capital y menciona losprincipales circuitos a través de los cuales seabastecía. Del mismo modo percibe las fricciones que se generaron para surtir de cacao a la ciudad de México, al grado de entrar en competencia con la demanda de los mercados atlánticos. Se considera que el estudio permite tener un acercamiento a la integración que tuvo laciudad de México con el resto de los mercadoslocales y del ámbito centro y sudamericano. Deese modo, se considera que particularmente ladescripción de aquellas interconexiones permitevisualizar la integración de los mercados hispanoamericanos en función de la demanda degrandes centros urbanos, tales como la capitalnovohispana.

La escoba de bruja del cacao en la región del Piedemonte Llanero de Colombia: el viento como agente de diseminación de Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel singer

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Tovar Germán

1991-06-01

Full Text Available

Se estudio la importancia de la diseminación de C. perniciosa a través del viento, el ritmo estacional de captura de basidiosporas y su relación con la fructificación del hongo y la liberación circadiana de las esporas en función del clima. Además se analizaron algunos aspectos sobre gradientes de la enfermedad en plantaciones  comerciales. Se estableció una correlación altamente significativa (P< 0,01 entre la fructificación del hongo y la captura de basidiosporas. EI ritmo de liberación y dispersión fue significativamente constante, con una captura máxima entre las 02:00 y las 07:00 h. La regresión de la captura con la humedad relativa mostro una respuesta de tipo cuadrático (I" = 0,62 con un punto óptimo de humedad del 96%. La evaluación de gradientes secundarios en una plantación de cacao hibrido de 3 y 5 años de edad mostró una correlación negativa altamente significativa entre el índice de escobas/árbol y la distancia al área foco. Los coeficientes de correlación encontrados estuvieron entre r= -0,92 y r = -0,98. EI horizonte de infección promedio para tres focos estudiados fue de 200 m. Teniendo en cuenta las edades de los cultivos se estimó un progreso de la enfermedad de 66,6 m/año, a partir del foco.

IDENTIFICACIÓN DE HONGOS MICORRÍZICOS ARBUSCULARES EN SISTEMAS AGROFORESTALES CON CACAO EN EL TRÓPICO HÚMEDO ECUATORIANO

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Oscar Oswaldo Prieto-Benavides

2012-01-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de este trabajo fue aislar e identificar hongos formadores de micorriza arbuscular asociados a sistemas agroforestales con cacao (Theobroma cacao L.. Se muestrearon cinco sistemas ubicados en fincas de la zona central del trópico húmedo ecuatoriano, en la provincia de Los Ríos, en los cantones Quevedo y Valencia: fincas La Represa, La Propiedad, La Unión, Fátima y Mi Recuerdo. Las muestras de suelo y raíces se recolectaron en la época seca entre los meses de junio y diciembre del 2009. Los géneros de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares encontrados fueron los siguientes: Gigaspora, Acaulospora, Glomus y Scutellospora. En todos los sitios muestreados el género con mayor representatividad en cantidad de esporas encontradas por gramo de suelo fue Glomus, mientras que para Gigaspora hubo la menor cantidad de esporas. También se evaluó el porcentaje de colonización micorrízica existente en T. cacao donde el mayor porcentaje de densidad de colonización se encontró en las muestras recolectadas de las fincas Mi Recuerdo y La Unión, y el menor porcentaje en la finca La Propiedad.

Moniliophthora roreri (Cif y Par Evans et al. en el cultivo de cacao

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Fernando David Sánchez Mora

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Más de un siglo, el cacao (Theobroma cacaoL. en el Ecuador ha sido fuente importante de ingresos para losagricultoresy de divisas para el país, llegando a ser uno de los exportadores más grandes a nivel mundial.Posteriormente, perdió paulatinamente ese estatus debido al ataque de enfermedades, entre ellas la moniliasiscausada por [Moniliophthoraroreri(Cif y ParEvanset al.]. Esta enfermedad puede causar daños hasta del80% en la producción. Actualmente no existe mucha información actualizada y científica, sobre su ocurrencia,sintomatología, etiología, epidemiología, ciclo de vida y manejo o estrategias de controlde la mencionadaenfermedad, por la tanto se realiza esta revisión con estos tópicos importantes, aportando con esto a esta áreadel conocimiento.

Enraizamiento de Estacas de Cacao Defoliadas (Teobroma Cacao

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Delisle A.

1947-06-01

Full Text Available Los factores más importantes que controlan el enraizamiento de estacas de cacao son: adecuada cantidad de humedad y de agua. Para controlar estos factores muchos métodos han empleado con éxito. Es importante hacer notar que uno de los principales inconvenientes relacionados con este problema es el mantenimiento de las hojas en estado verde y sanas en las estacas. Variaciones en la cantidad de sombra y humedad tienden frecuentemente a producir en las hojas amarillamientos y parches negruzcos aun en las bien acondicionadas y generalmente estas estacas acaban por morirse. De acuerdo con Pyke (Second Anual Report on Cacao Research 1932 la caída de las hojas por deficiencia en el sombreado origina principalmente la pérdida de las estacas; esto es, las estas que retienen sus hojas v verdes y sanas enraizan casi siempre.

Fritura industrial de patatas crisps. Influencia del grado de insaturación de la grasa de fritura sobre la estabilidad oxidativa durante el almacenamiento

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Wittig, Emma

2001-12-01

Full Text Available Oxidative stability of crisps fried in two vegetable oils: sunflower oil (SO and partially hydrogenated sunflower oil (PHSO, was studied. Crisps were stored at temperature at daylight, at 40ºC in oven, and a -23ºC as a control. Evaluation of the samples was carried out by chemical and sensory analyses. Rancid odour and flavour were detected at 180 and 49 days of storage, at room temperature and 40ºC respectively. In parallel, Peroxide value (PV, polar compounds (PC and TGox increased, while alpha tocopherol (AT and the induction time (IT decreased, confirming the low oxidative stability of the crisps fried in SO. On the contrary, crisps fried in PHSO, showed a good oxidative stability in both storage conditions until the end of the storage (210 days. Chemical analyses confirmed the high stability of crisps fried in PHSO and hence the influence of fatty acid composition in crisps shelf life. Statistical analysis showed a good correlation between PV, PC, TGox and AT. Finally, shelf life of crisps fried in SO was estimated from PV and it was found that one day of storage at 40ºC was equivalent at 4.9 days at room temperature.Se estudia la estabilidad oxidativa de patatas crisps elaboradas con dos aceites: girasol (AG, girasol parcialmente hidrogenado (AGPH. Las patatas se almacenan a temperatura ambiente con luz, a 40ºC en estufa de aire forzado, y a -23ºC, como control. La evaluación durante el almacenamiento se realiza mediante métodos químicos y sensoriales. El olor y sabor rancio del producto elaborado con AG, se manifestó a 180 y 49 días, a temperatura ambiente y 40ºC respectivamente, aumentando, en paralelo, el índice de peróxidos (IP, los compuestos polares (CP y los triglicéridos oxidados (TGox, y disminuyendo la concentración de alfa tocoferol (AT y el tiempo de inducción (TI, confirmando la inestabilidad del producto. Las patatas crisps elaboradas en AGPH se mostraron estables a temperatura ambiente y 40�

Efecto de las cepas nativas Paecilomyces sp. (Bainier y Lecanicillium sp. (Zimm en el control de Carmenta foraseminis Eichlin (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae en cultivos de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.

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Wilmer Figueroa Medina

2013-07-01

Full Text Available El pasador del fruto, Carmenta foraseminis Eichlin, es un insecto que ha acentuado su ataque en cultivos de cacao (Theobroma cacao L. en los últimos años en Norte de Santander (Colombia. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la patogenicidad de las cepas nativas Giav-3 Paecilomyces sp. y Giav-4 Lecanicillium sp. sobre larvas de C. foraseminis. Para el efecto, se realizaron aislamientos a partir de muestras de suelo recolectadas en el municipio de Tibú, Norte de Santander. Después de obtenidos los cultivos puros se procedió a la caracterización macroscópica y microscópica para la identificación del género de los aislados mediante claves taxonómicas. La infección fue realizada mediante inmersión de larvas en las suspensiones de los aislados en concentraciones de 0, 10(6, 10(7 y 10(8 conidios/ml. En ambos aislados se observó una tendencia lineal respecto a la mortalidad, la cual fue directamente proporcional a las concentraciones del inóculo. La CL50 y CL90 para Giav-3 fue de 10(6.95 y 10(8.70 conidios/ml y para Giav-4 de 10(6.6 y 10(8.04 conidios/ml, respectivamente. Lo cual indica que esta última requirió la menor concentración de inóculo para eliminar el 50% y 90% de la población tratada, lo que supone una mayor efectividad contra las larvas.

Sistema de almacenamiento secundario a medida para aulas GNU/Linux

OpenAIRE

Andradas Izquierdo, Roberto

2013-01-01

A lo largo de los últimos años, la evolución de la electrónica y las tecnologías de comunicación ha permitido plantear escenarios anteriormente impensables, como por ejemplo, la disponibilidad de la información independientemente de su ubicación. También, gracias a la mejora en las tecnologías de almacenamiento de datos, ha sido viable el almacenamiento masivo de información en cantidades nunca antes vistas. En concreto, la aplicación de estas tecnologías en los entornos de aulas informáti...

Efecto del Hierro en el Desarrollo de las Raíces de las Plantas

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Correa Velásquez Jairo

1964-08-01

Full Text Available Se investigó el efecto del hierro en el desarrollo de las raíces del cacao, el café y el fríjol. También se observó la velocidad de recuperación de la clorofila en plantas cloróticas de cacao y café, al agregarles cantidades crecientes de hierro, y el efecto de dicha recuperación sobre el desarrollo radical. Además, se estudió el grado de absorción y movilización de Fe50 en plantas de cacao, y el efecto de distintas dosis de hierro en el crecimiento de raíces aisladas cacao, café y fríjol. Las plantas fueron cultivadas en el invernadero en solución HoagIand N° 2 sin Fe y las raíces para cultivo se obtuvieron de semillas germinadas en el laboratorio. Se usaron plantas de cacao del clon uf 668 de 3 meses y de café (variedad caturra con la misma edad. El hierro radiactivo utilizado fue en forma de cloruro (Fe59 cl 3 y el agregado a la solución o al follaje, en forma de quelato (Fe E. D. T. A.. Las adiciones de este elemento se hicieron cuando las plantas mostraban síntomas característicos de su deficiencia. Hubo una recuperación casi total de la clorosis y tanto el volumen como la longitud radical aumentaron con las aplicaciones crecientes de hierro, aunque la longitud relativa de los tallos mostró una tendencia decreciente. En las hojas de cacao se presentó una acumulación del Fe y su movilización hacia los demás órganos de la planta fue lenta y en proporción reducida en relación con el total absorbido. Igual cosa sucedió con el Fe50 suministrado a las raíces. No se pudieron observar los efectos del Fe en el crecimiento de raíces aisladas de cacao, café y fríjol, pues el desarrollo fue muy reducido, debido a que la rápida oxidación de los tejidos (al separar aquéllas del resto de la planta redujo la viabilidad a unos pocos días.

Coffee vs. Cacao: A Case Study from the Vietnamese Central Highlands

Science.gov (United States)

Ha, Dang Thanh; Shively, Gerald

2005-01-01

Mr. Nam, the vice chair of a village in Dak Lak province of Vietnam, was keen to protect farmers in his village from the sharp decline in prices of coffee ("Coffea canephora" Pierre ex Froehner). He did this by encouraging farmers in his village to plant cacao ("Theobroma cacao" L. subsp. "cacao"). Cacao was suitable…

Calidad físico química y sensorial de granos y licor de cacao (Theobroma Cacaol. Usando cinco métodos de fermentación

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MSc. José Nicasio Quevedo Guerrero

2018-04-01

Full Text Available La investigación se realizó en la Granja Experimental Santa Inés de la Universidad Técnica de Machala, durante el segundo semestre del 2016. El objetivo de la investigación fue comparar la eficiencia los fermentadores más usados por los pequeños productores cacaoteros de El Oro, en el beneficio de los granos de cacao, con un nuevo método denominado rotor de madera, propuesto por los autores del presente trabajo, mediante el análisis de variables físico-químicas y la evaluación sensorial del licor de cacao. El ensayo constó de los tratamientos: saco de yute (T1, rotor de madera (T2, rumo o montón (T3, caja de madera (T4 y balde plástico (T5, los cuales se evaluaron bajo un diseño de bloques al azar con tres repeticiones. El secado se efectuó de forma natural en marquesinas bajo cubierta de plástico calibre 6. El análisis de variables químicas, físicas y sensoriales reveló diferencias significativas (p < 0.05 entre tratamientos. El T2 registró 96% de calidad física del grano y el mejor perfil sensorial con calificaciones altas en sabores cacao, floral, frutal, nuez y caramelo y calificaciones bajas en sabor astringente y amargo. La fermentación se desarrolló dentro de la plantación de cacao, esto permitió la presencia de Drosophila melanogaster M., vector de Saccharomyces cerevisiae y otras levaduras que pudieron haber inferido en la calidad de los granos. Palabras clave: Astringente, pizarrosas, Drosophila melanogaster M., levaduras.

Algunos productos básicos de la agricultura venezolana: añil, cacao y tabaco

OpenAIRE

Zubiri Marín, Ma. Teresa

1997-01-01

El siglo XVIII es propicio a la economía venezolana, cuya base se encuentra en la agricultura, fundamentalmente en el cultivo y comercio del cacao y del tabaco, yen la ganadería. El trueque o intercambio de bienes y servicios ha sido sustituido en su mayor parte por un sistema monetario que facilita las operaciones comerciales y otorga al sistema económico una cierta estabilidad. Al mismo tiempo, la calidad inmejorable de los cultivos que produce un suelo fértil y bien regado por diversos río...

Horticultural traits associated with cacao accessions recommended for Puerto Rico

Science.gov (United States)

Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is an important agricultural product from which the international chocolate industry is based upon. Increasing demand for chocolate, especially in emerging markets in Asia, coupled with reduced worldwide production has led to shortfalls in cacao ‘bean’ supplies. Deficits...

Phytophthora megakarya and P. palmivora, closely related causal agents of cacao black pod induce similar reactions when infecting pods of a susceptible cacao genotype

Science.gov (United States)

Phytophthora megakarya (Pmeg) and Phytophthora palmivora (Ppal) cause black pod rot of Theobroma cacao. Of these two clade 4 species; Pmeg is more virulent and is displacing Ppal on cacao in many cacao production areas in Africa. To understand the advantages Pmeg has over Ppal, we compared symptom...

Transposon fingerprinting using low coverage whole genome shotgun sequencing in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) and related species.

Science.gov (United States)

Sveinsson, Saemundur; Gill, Navdeep; Kane, Nolan C; Cronk, Quentin

2013-07-24

Transposable elements (TEs) and other repetitive elements are a large and dynamically evolving part of eukaryotic genomes, especially in plants where they can account for a significant proportion of genome size. Their dynamic nature gives them the potential for use in identifying and characterizing crop germplasm. However, their repetitive nature makes them challenging to study using conventional methods of molecular biology. Next generation sequencing and new computational tools have greatly facilitated the investigation of TE variation within species and among closely related species. (i) We generated low-coverage Illumina whole genome shotgun sequencing reads for multiple individuals of cacao (Theobroma cacao) and related species. These reads were analysed using both an alignment/mapping approach and a de novo (graph based clustering) approach. (ii) A standard set of ultra-conserved orthologous sequences (UCOS) standardized TE data between samples and provided phylogenetic information on the relatedness of samples. (iii) The mapping approach proved highly effective within the reference species but underestimated TE abundance in interspecific comparisons relative to the de novo methods. (iv) Individual T. cacao accessions have unique patterns of TE abundance indicating that the TE composition of the genome is evolving actively within this species. (v) LTR/Gypsy elements are the most abundant, comprising c.10% of the genome. (vi) Within T. cacao the retroelement families show an order of magnitude greater sequence variability than the DNA transposon families. (vii) Theobroma grandiflorum has a similar TE composition to T. cacao, but the related genus Herrania is rather different, with LTRs making up a lower proportion of the genome, perhaps because of a massive presence (c. 20%) of distinctive low complexity satellite-like repeats in this genome. (i) Short read alignment/mapping to reference TE contigs provides a simple and effective method of investigating

Potencial de actividad antioxidante de extractos fenólicos de Theobroma cacao L. (cacao)

OpenAIRE

Quiñones Gálvez, Janet; Trujillo Sánchez, Reinaldo; Capdesuñer Ruiz, Yanelis; Quirós Molina, Yemeys; Hernández de la Torre, Martha

2013-01-01

Introducción: Theobroma cacao L. (cacao), familia Sterculiaceae, es una planta rica en fenoles, los cuales en las plantas son de especial interés por su potente actividad antioxidante, dada esencialmente por sus propiedades redox, que pueden desempeñar un papel importante en la absorción y neutralización de los radicales libres. Objetivos: seleccionar un clon promisorio en la producción de compuestos fenólicos, determinar los órganos con mayor contenido de fenoles, establecer el cultivo in vi...

La escoba de bruja del cacao [Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel Singer] : descripción de síntomas de la enfermedad

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Tovar Germán

1991-06-01

Full Text Available La descripción de síntomas de la enfermedad es un compendia de las observaciones sobre las diversas manifestaciones de la enfermedad en yemas vegetativas, cojines florales, frutos y plántulas procedentes de semillas infectadas, derivado de estudios sistemáticos sobre la infección de C  perniciosa en el cacao (Tlieobroma cacao L con el fin de contribuir al reconocimiento y diagnóstico de la enfermedad.

Cacao, flavanolen, en hart- en vaatziekten: Stand van de wetenschap

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Buijsse, B.; Kromhout, D.

2010-01-01

De gedachte dat cacao gezondheidseffecten bezit is niet nieuw. Al in de 18e eeuw werd verondersteld dat cacao een veelvoud aan kwalen kon verlichten, alleen ontbrak hiervoor lange tijd de wetenschappelijke onderbouwing. Nadat halverwege de jaren negentig van de vorige eeuw werd ontdekt dat cacao

Eficiencia fisiológica de uso de NPK en clones autoincompatible y autocompatible de cacao (Theobroma cacao L. en Colombia

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Yina Jazbleidi Puentes-Páramo

2016-06-01

Full Text Available La investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar la eficiencia fisiológica de N-P-K en clones de cacao de sabor y aroma autocompatible (CCN-51, ICS-95 y autoincompatible: (TSH-565, ICS-39, con la finalidad de determinar la capacidad de producción de grano seco por unidad de nutriente absorbido. Se utilizó un diseño en bloques completos al azar con cinco tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones, los tratamientos fueron diseñados a partir del nivel de fertilidad natural del suelo (TR-Tratamiento de referencia y sobre este el 25, 50, 75 y 100% más de Nitrógeno-Fósforo-Potasio (N-P-K, correspondiente al T1, T2, T3 y T4. Los resultados evidencian que hay diferencias altamente significativas entre clones para los nutrientes N-P-K absorbidos, exhibiendo mayor absorción de nitrógeno, seguido de potasio y por ultimo fósforo, en este sentido, el clon autocompatible CCN-51 mostro mayor habilidad de absorción para la mayoría de nutrientes, excepto fósforo, sin embargo, no es generalizada la mayor habilidad para clones autocompatibles con respecto a clones autoincompatibles.  La mayor eficiencia fisiológica de uso de nutrientes N-P-K se presentó en el tratamiento uno y la menor capacidad de producción de grano seco de cacao por unidad de nutriente se presentó con la dosis nutricional más alta en el tratamiento cuatro, lo cual sugiere que a mayor dosis disminuye la eficiencia fisiológica de uso de nitrógeno, fósforo y potasio de los clones.

Validación funcional de extractos polifenólicos de cacao mediante ensayos in vivo con organismos modelo

OpenAIRE

Peláez Soto, Ana

2016-01-01

Los polifenoles son los principales antioxidantes de la dieta y a ellos se les atribuyen múltiples propiedades beneficiosas, como la prevención de enfermedades cardiovasculares, tumorales y degenerativas, que pueden aparecer como consecuencia del estrés oxidativo. El cacao representa una fuente interesante de polifenoles en la dieta, dado su amplio consumo y su riqueza en estos compuestos bioactivos. La actividad antioxidante de los polifenoles en general, y en concreto de los polifenoles del...

Fermentation of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) seeds with a hybrid Kluyveromyces marxianus strain improved product quality attributes.

Science.gov (United States)

Leal, Gildemberg Amorim; Gomes, Luiz Humberto; Efraim, Priscilla; de Almeida Tavares, Flavio Cesar; Figueira, Antonio

2008-08-01

Fermentation of Theobroma cacao (cacao) seeds is an absolute requirement for the full development of chocolate flavor precursors. An adequate aeration of the fermenting cacao seed mass is a fundamental prerequisite for a satisfactory fermentation. Here, we evaluated whether a controlled inoculation of cacao seed fermentation using a Kluyveromyces marxianus hybrid yeast strain, with an increased pectinolytic activity, would improve an earlier liquid drainage ('sweatings') from the fermentation mass, developing a superior final product quality. Inoculation with K. marxianus increased by one third the volume of drained liquid and affected the microorganism population structure during fermentation, which was detectable up to the end of the process. Introduction of the hybrid yeast affected the profile of total seed protein degradation evaluated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, with improved seed protein degradation, and reduction of titrable acidity. Sensorial evaluation of the chocolate obtained from beans fermented with the K. marxianus inoculation was more accepted by analysts in comparison with the one from cocoa obtained through natural fermentation. The increase in mass aeration during the first 24 h seemed to be fundamental for the improvement of fermentation quality, demonstrating the potential application of this improved hybrid yeast strain with superior exogenous pectinolytic activity.

Efecto del pH, la luz y la concentración de sacarosa en la Embriogénesis somática de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.

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Lisette Valverde Cerdas

2016-03-01

Full Text Available Se llevó a cabo una investigación con el fin de establecer la metodología adecuada para inducir embriogénesis somática en cacao, a partir de semillas maduras. Se estudió el efecto del pH, la luz y la concentración de sacarosa sobre la respuesta embriogénica. Los dos cultivares mostraron diferente respuesta morfogénica y en ambos, estuvo influenciada por el pH, la luz y la concentración de sacarosa. La mejor respuesta embriogénica se obtuvo con un pH de 6,7. El número de embriones producidos fue mayor bajo condiciones de oscuridad que en presencia de luz. La formación de callo y la diferenciación de embriones somáticos estuvo directamente influenciada por la concentración de azúcar en el medio de cultivo. La mayor cantidad de embriones se obtuvo con niveles de sacarosa entre 4% y 6% para el híbrido UF-613xIMC-67 y niveles entre 2% y 4% de sacarosa para el cultivar CATIE-1000. Se presento una embriogénesis somática directa. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren la necesidad de continuar realizando estudios con esta especie.

Shade tree diversity and aboveground carbon stocks in Theobroma cacao agroforestry systems: implications for REDD+ implementation in a West African cacao landscape.

Science.gov (United States)

Dawoe, Evans; Asante, Winston; Acheampong, Emmanuel; Bosu, Paul

2016-12-01

The promotion of cacao agroforestry is one of the ways of diversifying farmer income and creating incentives through their inclusion in REDD+ interventions. We estimated the aboveground carbon stocks in cacao and shade trees, determined the floristic diversity of shade trees and explored the possibility of implementing REDD+ interventions in cacao landscapes. Using replicated multi-site transect approach, data were collected from nine 1-ha plots established on 5 km long transects in ten cacao growing districts in Ghana West Africa. Biomass of cacao and shade trees was determined using allometric equations. One thousand four hundred and one (1401) shade trees comprising 109 species from 33 families were recorded. Total number of species ranged from 34 to 49. Newbouldia laevis (Bignoniacea) was the most frequently occurring specie and constituted 43.2 % of all shade trees. The most predominant families were Sterculiaceae and Moraceae (10 species each), followed by Meliaceae and Mimosaceae (8 species each) and Caesalpiniacaea (6 species). Shannon diversity indices (H', H max and J') and species richness were low compared to other similar studies. Shade tree densities ranged from 16.2 ± 3.0 to 22.8 ± 1.7 stems ha -1 and differed significantly between sites. Carbon stocks of shade trees differed between sites but were similar in cacao trees. The average C stock in cacao trees was 7.45 ± 0.41 Mg C ha -1 compared with 8.32 ± 1.15 Mg C ha -1 in the shade trees. Cacao landscapes in Ghana have the potential of contributing to forest carbon stocks enhancement by increasing the stocking density of shade trees to recommended levels.

Variación de las propiedades físicas de la grasa de cacao con la temperatura

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de Dios Alvarado, Juan

1994-10-01

Full Text Available Values of physical properties determined at different temperatures in fat extracted from fresh cacao seeds (Theobroma cacao are presented. Linear relationships define the effect of temperature on the refraction index, density and surface tension, a logarithmic function was established for viscosity. The values of density and viscosity are used to determine the coefficient of volumetric thermal expansion and activation energy, respectively. Data of specific heat, thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity are included. In addition a melting and solidification points. The information can be used at ambient temperatures or greater current in the elaboration of chocolate and other cocoa products.

Se presentan los valores experimentales de varias propiedades físicas determinadas en grasa obtenida de semillas de cacao (Theobroma cacao a diferentes temperaturas. El efecto de la temperatura sobre el índice de refracción, la densidad y la tensión superficial, es descrito en forma satisfactoria por ecuaciones lineales, en el caso de la viscosidad esta relación inversa es logarítmica. Los datos de la densidad se utilizan para determinar el coeficiente volumétrico de expansión térmica y los de la viscosidad para cuantificar la energía de activación.
Se incluyen los datos del calor específico, de la difusividad térmica y de la conductividad térmica, conjuntamente con los puntos de fusión y de solidificación.
Estos datos técnicos pueden ser utilizados a temperaturas ambientales y superiores que son comunes durante la elaboración de chocolates u otras tecnologías que utilizan cacao.

Cacao y encomienda en la Alcaldía Mayor de Sonsonate, siglo XVI

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Tous, Meritxell

2011-12-01

Full Text Available This paper analyzes the importance of cocoa in the Alcaldía Mayor of Sonsonate, particularly in the Izalco region, during the last pre-Columbian period and also its exploitation during the XVIth century. It is demonstrated that, during the first half of these century, despite of the development of the encomienda system, the natives significantly controlled the production and exchange of cocoa, and also the property of the land. Nevertheless, during the second half of this century, the increase of cocoa production induced serious perturbations in the Indian communities because of the demographic collapse, the usurpation of the lands and the ladinoization processes.

Este estudio analiza la importancia del cacao en la Alcaldía Mayor de Sonsonate, especialmente en la región de los Izalcos, durante el último periodo prehispánico así como su explotación en el XVI. Se demuestra que, durante la primera mitad de este siglo, a pesar del desarrollo de la encomienda, la población indígena controló, en buena medida, la producción y el intercambio del cacao, así como la propiedad de la tierra. También se pone de manifiesto que, a partir de la segunda mitad de este mismo siglo, el incremento de la producción cacaotera provocó daños irreversibles en las comunidades indígenas debido al más que notable descenso demográfico, a la usurpación de sus tierras y a los procesos de ladinización.

Estabilidad de la actividad neutralizante del antiveneno ofídico conservado a 4°C y a 16°C contra el veneno de Cascabel (Crotalus durissus cumanensis de Colombia

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Jaime Ramírez

1995-12-01

Full Text Available Se determinó la actividad neutralizante de la letalidad de varios lotes de antiveneno polivalente (no liofilizado, producidos por el Instituto Nacional de Salud, los cuales fueron retados contra una mezcla de venenos de cascabel (Crotalus durissus cumanensis de Colombia. Se compara la actividad de los diferentes lotes almacenados en oscuridad a las temperaturas de 4°C y 16°C. Se estableció el porcentaje remanente de la potencia de cada lote para cada temperatura en los diferentes años a lo largo del período del estudio. Se concluye que el antiveneno almacenando en las condiciones recomendadas, mantiene casi la totalidad de la capacidad de neutralización (97.9% luego de tres años de almacenamiento, lo quecorresponde a lafechade expiración del producto. En cambio, el antiveneno almacenado a 16°C y oscuridad, luego de dos años de almacenamiento, mantiene el 87.9% de su capacidad protectora contra veneno de cascabel, protección similara la encontrada bajo las mismas condiciones de almacenamiento, paraveneno de Taya X, pasados dos años de almacenamiento (l, sustentando la recomendación de descartar el producto, transcurridos dos años de almacenamiento en estas condiciones.

Sulawesi cacao (Theobroma cacao, l.) performances under two different agricultural system in east coast of Central Sulawesi

Science.gov (United States)

Muslimin; Wijayanti, W.; Anshary, A.; Basri, Z.; Cruz, A. F.; Suwastika, I. N.; Shiina, T.

2018-04-01

Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is one major agricultural commodity from central Sulawesi, which is significantly affected by a range of pest and diseases including Cacao Pod Borer (CPB), Pod Rod Diseases (PRD), and Vascular Streak Dieback (VSD). Intensive and extensive approaches, including introduction of various new superior cultivars/clones, and development of eco-friendly agricultural system were implemented in order to overtake that problem. Here, we observed the performance of three different clones (namely: Sulawesi 1, MCC01, and Tadulako-1) in two different locations (Parigi and Poso-which located along east coast of central Sulawesi province), and under two different Agricultural management system (echo-friendly-intensive and Non-Intensive). All clones tested showed their well-adapted and suitable to local conditions. The performance of each clone can be improved by intensive management system. Based on all observed parameters (number of wet bean per pot, bean count, fat and shell percentage, and percentage of infection) it convincingly showed that intensive management system was working well in improving the quality and quantity of cacao beans production, and it fit to commercial requirements. The highest rate of infection was by Phytophthora, and no significant differences on the overall performances. Clones of Sulawesi-1 and MCC01 most likely was better than Tadulako-1.

Comparison of two cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) clones for the effect of pollination intensity on fruit set and seed content

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Falque, M.; Lesdalons, C.; Eskes, A.B.

1996-01-01

We compared the influence of pollination intensity (PI) on fruit set and seed number per pod in two cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) clones, IFC5 (Forastero Lower-Amazon Amelonado), which is self-compatible and known to produce a high number of seeds per pod under open pollination, and SCA6 (Forastero

[Transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis associated with cacao (Theobroma cacao) plantations in Tabasco].

Science.gov (United States)

Carrada Figueroa, Georgina Del Carmen; Leal Ascencio, Víctor Javier; Jiménez Sastré, Alejandro; López Álvarez, Jorge

2014-01-01

Tabasco is the Mexican state that reported the highest number (37.4%) of patients with leishmaniasis during 1990-2011. Close to 90% of these patients lived in Chontalpa, where the municipality of Cunduacán accounted for the majority of the cases. One of the characteristics of this region is that houses are located within cacao plantations. To determine if cacao plantations are a risk factor for leishmaniasis transmission in locations of Cunduacán, Tabasco. We performed an analytical and retrospective study of 115 locations in Cunduacán, analyzing the number of localities with or without patients with leishmaniasis registered between 2000-2011 and, additionally, if they had cacao plantations, using a map where different crops were georeferenced. We measured the magnitude of the association (odds ratio, 95% CI). During the period 2000-2011, cases of leishmaniasis were reported in 77 (67.0%) Cunduacán locations, of these, 55 (71.4%) had cocoa plantations, five (6.5%) of banana, five (6.5%) of cane, and 12 (15.6%) had no crops georeferenced. We found that cocoa crops are a risk factor for the transmission of leishmaniasis (OR: 3.438; 95% CI: 1,526-7,742). The probability of transmission of leishmaniasis in areas with cocoa crops is greater than in communities without this crop.

Mining of expressed sequence tag libraries of cacao

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) provide researchers with a quick and inexpensive route for discovering new genes, data on gene expression and regulation, and also provide genic markers that help in constructing genome maps. Cacao is an important perennial crop of humid tropics. Cacao EST sequences, as available ...

Acción colectiva y cadenas de valor. Estudio de caso : cadena de cacao y UNOCACE

OpenAIRE

Troya Rocha, María Belén

2013-01-01

la tesis expone un análisis de la cadena de valor del cacao, en su contexto internacional - nacional, y de la cadena de valor de una organización de segundo grado, como UNOCACE, en un marco de tiempo de diez años (2002 – 2012). Los elementos de estudio se basaron en la metodología de acción colectiva de Julio Berdegué y la plataforma RURALTER. Con el fin de exponer el rol determinante de la acción colectiva en las cadenas productivas. Dentro del análisis se identificó que las condiciones norm...

The ATC, the centralized temporary storage facility for the spanish nuclear spend fuel; El ATC, la instalación de Almacenamiento Temporal Centralizado de Combustible Nuclear Gastado Español

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

González Fernández-Conde, A.; Gónzalez Gandal, R.; Larrosa Peruga, O.; Medinilla Téllez, G.; Navarro Santos, M.

2016-07-01

The ATC, strategic project contained in the Sixth Radioactive Waste General Plan approved by the Government in 2006, is the temporary storage facility of centralized nature intended to store the spent nuclear fuel generated by Spanish NPP during their operation life, for other so-called special waste arising either from the ATC operation itself or from NPP dismantling, and for vitrified waste generated as a result of fuel reprocessing from Vandellós 1 NPP. The main functions of the ATC are the reception of transport casks, encapsulation of spent fuel, and storage of such canister in dry vaults with passive cooling by natural convection; and additionally, the temporary storage of storage casks with spent fuel, of other special waste in canisters, and finally of secondary waste generated during the operation of the facility. The facility estimated operation lifetime is 60 years, and its safety structures, systems and components are designed considering the requirements according to the Spanish nuclear regulations and using best international practices. In the detailed design, major Spanish and some foreign nuclear sector engineering companies are taking part. [Spanish] El ATC, proyecto estratégico recogido en el Sexto Plan General de Residuos Radiactivos aprobado por el Gobierno en 2006, es la instalación de almacenamiento temporal de carácter centralizado destinada para el combustible nuclear gastado generado por las centrales nucleares españolas durante su proceso de operación, así como de otros residuos denominados especiales originados por la propia operación o durante el desmantelamiento de las citadas centrales nucleares, así como los residuos vitrificados originados como consecuencia del reproceso del combustible de la central nuclear de Vandellós I. Las principales funciones del ATC son la recepción de los contenedores de transporte, encapsulado del combustible y almacenamiento de dichas cápsulas en bóvedas en seco con refrigeración pasiva por

Diseño del sistema scada del proceso de transporte de cemento para holcim-Ecuador

OpenAIRE

Coronel Perez, Ivan Ariolfo; Arreaga Medina, Miguel Angel; Manssur Hanna, Alberto

2009-01-01

Entre los diferentes procesos de fabricación de cemento se encuentra el de transportación del producto y es en este punto en el cual desarrollamos el siguiente proyecto, el mismo tiene por objeto diseñar un sistema automático para operar dicha línea de transporte, empezando en los silos de almacenamiento al granel hasta las máquinas envasadoras desde donde se lo despacha al mercado de consumo. La automatización permitirá a la empresa una operación más veloz y estable del transporte del ...

THE ISOLATION OF COMPOUND POLYPHENOL FROM WAJO DISTRICT CACAO BEAN AND CACAO WASTE THROUGH FERMENTATION PROCESS

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Muhammad Wijaya

2016-10-01

Full Text Available This research aims to utilize the liquid smoke, charcoal, oil and gas that have been produced from cocoa waste shell from fast pyrolysis technology at 125-500 oC. The charcoal of the cocoa waste was analyzed using a bomb calorimeter at 5925 cal/g showed that it contains 52.02% of lignin; 17.27% of alpha cellulose and 19.56% of hemicellulose, respectively. The HPLC analysis of Wajo district cacao bean resulted in polyphenol compound as 308.35. GC-MS analysis of cocoa shell liquid smoke that pyrolized at 125-500 oC produces severals compounds such as acetic acid, n-buthane, methyl esther, propanoac acid, butanoac acid, methyl pyridine, 1-hydroxy-2-propanone, and mequinol. The FTIR analysis of cocoa bean showed a hydroxyl group at 3450.65 cm-1, carbonyl group at 1730.15 cm-1, CH group at 719.45-607.58 cm-1. The crystallinity degree of Wajo District cocoa shell analyzed using XRD was 26,50%. The existence of chemical compounds in liquid smoke products have been found as raw chemicals.  Content of biomass carbon at these cacao waste increased according to the increase of pyrolisis temperature, while the carbon emission of these three materials decreased as the temperature increased. Compound polyphenol from cacao bean has a potent as anti oxidant that is friendly  for environmental and healthy.   Keywords: cacao  bean, fermentation,  polyphenol,  and  chemical

Soil microbial communities under cacao agroforestry and cover crop systems in Peru

Science.gov (United States)

Cacao (Theobroma cacao) trees are grown in tropical regions worldwide for chocolate production. We studied the effects of agroforestry management systems and cover cropping on soil microbial communities under cacao in two different replicated field experiments in Peru. Two agroforestry systems, Imp...

Physicochemical properties and antioxidant capacity of raw, roasted and puffed cacao beans.

Science.gov (United States)

Hu, SuJung; Kim, Byung-Yong; Baik, Moo-Yeol

2016-03-01

The antioxidant capacity and attributable bioactive compounds of puffed cacao beans were investigated. Roasting was carried out at 190°C for 15min and puffing was performed at 4-7kgf/cm(2). Cacao beans puffed at 4kgf/cm(2) showed the highest total polyphenols (23.16mgGAE/gsample) and total flavonoids (10.65mgCE/gsample) (pbeans reflected the total polyphenols and flavonoids measured. The quantities of theobromine, catechin, epicatechin, and procyanidin B2 were higher in cacao beans puffed at 4kgf/cm(2) than in roasted cacao beans. Puffed cacao beans received a good sensory score in flavor, but sourness increased as puffing pressure increased. Thus, these results suggest that, in cacao bean processing, puffing could be an alternative to roasting, which provide a rich taste and high antioxidant capacity. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

CACAO facility. Radioactive targets at Orsay

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bacri, C.O.; Petitbon-Thevenet, V.; Mottier, J.; Lefort, H.; Durnez, A.; Fortuna, F.

2014-01-01

CACAO, Chimie des Actinides et Cibles radioActives a Orsay (actinide chemistry and radioactive targets at Orsay), is a new laboratory dedicated to the fabrication and characterization of radioactive targets. It is supported by the radiochemistry group and the stable target service of the IPNO. The recurring needs of physicists working in the nuclear fuel cycle physics and the growing difficulties to obtain radioactive targets elsewhere were the main motivating factors behind the construction of this new laboratory. The first targets of 235,238 U and 232 Th have already been prepared although the full operating licenses still need to be obtained. In this paper, the installation and the equipment of CACAO will be described. An extensive study of a U test target fabricated by the CACAO laboratory has been performed and results are reported here. The different techniques used to characterize the deposit are presented and the outcome is discussed. (author)

Genetic diversity of naturalized cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in Puerto Rico

Science.gov (United States)

Identification of genetically diverse cacao with disease resistance, high productivity and desirable organoleptic traits is vitally important to the agricultural crop’s long-term sustainability. Environmental changes, pests and diseases as well as nation’s sovereign property rights have led to a de...

POLYPHENOLS DISTRIBUTION AND RESERVE SUBSTANCES ANALYSIS IN CACAO SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS

OpenAIRE

GALLEGO RÚA, Adriana María; HENAO RAMÍREZ, Ana María; URREA TRUJILLO, Aura Inés; ATEHORTÚA GARCÉS, Lucía

2016-01-01

In order to understand the causes of lack of regeneration in cacao somatic embryos, two cacao varieties with different responses to regeneration potential were described based on their capacity to store different compounds. It is well known that seed reserves play a central role in the regenerative capability of somatic embryos; thus, we followed histochemical changes and reserve fluctuations of proteins, polysaccharides and polyphenols during somatic embryogenesis (SE) in the two cacao varie...

Concentración y pureza del ADN de muestras sanguíneas en papel Whatman FTA almacenadas entre 1 a 3 años.

OpenAIRE

Pachajoa Londoño, Harry Mauricio; Osorio, Julio; Hurtado, Paula

2013-01-01

El papel Whatman FTA es una alternativa para transportar y almacenar diferentes tipos de muestras y optimizar el tiempo, espacio de almacenamiento y costos. Desde hace varios años se utiliza este método de forma rutinaria y muchos centros médicos almacenan muestras por periodos de tiempo prolongados. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto del tiempo de almacenamiento de muestras de sangre en papel Whatman sobre la concentración del ADN. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizaron 110 muestras de sangre perif...

Sieving Effect of Sorting Machine with Vibration Table Type on Cacao Pod Based Compost

OpenAIRE

Soekarno, Siswoyo; Suharyanto, Edy; Arif, Ahmad Hudi

2009-01-01

Cacao pod is the biggest part (70% of weight) of Cacao, which was not optimaly utilized.Cacao podis one of organic material that can be functioned as an organic fertilizer, such as compost. When utilizedwith right proportion, organic fertilizer is safe for plants and not degrades the soil composition. Compostingprocess is one of utilization form of Cacao pod. The size reduction of cacao pod in the organic fertilizerprocess would help to accelerate the composting process. Smaller particle size...

La Escoba de Bruja de Algunos Árboles de Sombrío del Cacao, (Erythrina y Tabebuia en Venezuela. Una Enfermedad de Origen no Criptogámico.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ciferri R.

1949-06-01

Full Text Available Se menciona aquí la nueva extensión de una "escoba de bruja" de las especies de Erythrina usadas como sombrío del cacao, en la península de Paria, en Venezuela. En forma más restringida existe también en la misma región una "escoba de bruja" en la Tabebuia pentaphylla árbol que también es usado con el mismo objetivo. Ambas enfermedades se consideran de origen no criptogámico y se presume que sean debidas a un virus. Se emite la hipótesis de que ambas enfermedades estén relacionadas entre sí. Como en esta zona existe la enfermedad del "chancro" o "cáncer" de la corteza en las mismas especies, debida al Calostilbe striispora, se considera completamente inconveniente el cultivo de las Erythrinas susceptibles en dicha zona, más aún que en las otras regiones cacaotaleras de Venezuela.

Development and characterization of microsatellites for the cacao fungal pathogen Moniliophthora roreri

Science.gov (United States)

Cacao is an important cash crop in Central and South America and a valuable food commodity in the United States and the global economy. The fungus Moniliophthora roreri infects and destroys cacao fruits and threatens the production of cacao in South and Central America and the Caribbean. To understa...

Anti-HIV and immunomodulation activities of cacao mass lignin-carbohydrate complex.

Science.gov (United States)

Sakagami, Hiroshi; Kawano, Michiyo; Thet, May Maw; Hashimoto, Ken; Satoh, Kazue; Kanamoto, Taisei; Terakubo, Shigemi; Nakashima, Hideki; Haishima, Yuji; Maeda, Yuuichi; Sakurai, Koji

2011-01-01

Recently, a prominent antiviral and macrophage stimulatory activity of cacao lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC) has been reported. However, the solubility and sterility of LCC have not been considered yet. In the present study, complete solubilisation and sterilisation was achieved by autoclaving under mild alkaline conditions and the previously reported biological activities were re-examined. LCCs were obtained by 1% NaOH extraction and acid precipitation, and a repeated extraction-precipitation cycle. Nitric oxide (NO) and cytokine productions were assayed by the Griess method and ELISA, respectively. Inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression was determined by Western blot analysis. Superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical and nitric oxide radical-scavenging activity was determined by ESR spectroscopy. Cacao mass LCC showed reproducibly higher anti-HIV activity than cacao husk LCC. Cacao mass LCC, up to 62.5 μg/ml, did not stimulate mouse macrophage-like cells (RAW264.7 and J774.1) to produce NO, nor did it induce iNOS protein, in contrast to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cacao mass LCC and LPS synergistically stimulated iNOS protein expression, suggesting a different point of action. Cacao mass LCC induced tumour necrosis factor-α production markedly less than LPS, and did not induce interleukin-1β, interferon-α or interferon-γ. ESR spectroscopy showed that cacao mass LCC, but not LPS, scavenged NO produced from NOC-7. This study demonstrated several new biological activities of LCCs distinct from LPS and further confirmed the promising antiviral and immunomodulating activities of LCCs.

Verification of genetic identity of introduced cacao germplasm in ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

In the present study, high-throughput genotyping with SNP markers was used to fingerprint 160 cacao trees in the germplasm collection at the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG). ... Keywords: Cacao, conservation, chocolate, DNA fingerprint, molecular marker, tropical plant, off-type, true-to-type, West Africa.

Estabilidad de papas crisps sometidas a diferentes condiciones de almacenamiento

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Wittig, Emma

2001-08-01

Full Text Available The progression of deterioration of crisps stored at room temperature (day light and darkness, and in darkness at 40ºC and -23ºC (control was evaluated. The samples were obtained from a leader industry of the chilean market. The potatoes were evaluated until the panel detected significant difference (0.05>p for «strange» odour and flavour. Chemical evaluation was performed on the oil extracted from the potatoes. Sensory evaluation showed significant differences (0.05>p against control at 48, 72 and 9 days of storage at daylight and darkness room temperature, and 40ºC respectively. During the frying process about 80% of terbutilhydroquinone (TBHQ was lost, delta and gamma tocopherol decreased around 43 and 30% respectively. Thermic deterioration was the most important during frying while only oxidation increased during storage. A relationship between sensory and chemical deterioration was established. It was found that, for the same polar compound percentage, a period of time around 7 times higher was necessary at room temperature in darkness, than at 40ºC.Se evaluó la progresión del deterioro de papas crisps almacenadas a temperatura ambiente en presencia de luz y en oscuridad, así como 40ºC y –23ºC (control en oscuridad. Se trabajó con muestras que provinieron de una industria líder en el mercado chileno. El deterioro se evaluó sensorialmente sobre las hojuelas hasta que el panel obtuvo significación para olor y sabor extraño y químicamente en el aceite extraído de las mismas. La evaluación sensorial indicó que se obtuvieron diferencias significativas (0.05>p contra el control a los 48, 72 y 9 días de almacenamiento a T ambiente en presencia de luz, en oscuridad y 40ºC, respectivamente. Durante el proceso de fritura se produjo una pérdida del orden de 80% de terbutilhidroquinona (TBHQ, delta y gama tocoferol disminuyeron entre un 43 y 30% respectivamente. El deterioro predominante fue de tipo t

EFECTODEDOS NIVELES DE GRASA SOBRE LA VIDA ÚTIL SENSORIAL DEL QUESO CAMPESINO

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

NC López

2009-01-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo se determina y compara la vida útil sensorial del denominado queso campesino colombiano. Los resultados muestran que el nivel de grasa inuye en la aceptabilidad y aumenta la vida útil sensorial debido, posiblemente, a que durante el almacenamiento la grasa láctea desarrolla un avor (sabor y aroma y una textura agradables hasta los 40 a 45 días de almacenamiento en el queso rico en grasa y entre 25 y 30 días de almacenamiento en el queso semigraso. Los descriptores de textura: arenoso, chicloso, áspero, granuloso y duro, fueron frecuentes en las sensaciones que contribuyeron a la disminución de la aceptabilidad del queso semigraso. Se estableció que la textura, medida sensorialmente, puede ser el descriptor crítico para estimar la vida útil sensorial y para diferenciar la calidad sensorial del queso campesino, lo mismo que el recuento de hongos y levaduras. Se encontró que los parámetros sicoquímicos como pH y humedad no son adecuados para establecer la fecha de vencimiento del queso campesino. Se obtuvo también una diferencia del 47% más de rendimiento del queso campesino rico en grasa comparado con el semigraso. Estos resultados llevan a plantear la importancia de la grasa láctea como factor determinante en la aceptabilidad, la vida útil sensorial y el rendimiento quesero, en el desarrollo de productos lácteos. Teniendo en cuenta que actualmente la demanda de los consumidores es hacia los alimentos bajos en grasa, se sugiere el desarrollo de quesos magros con sustitutos de grasa como una alternativa para la industria láctea.

Cacao Crop Management Zones Determination Based on Soil Properties and Crop Yield

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Perla Silva Matos de Carvalho

Full Text Available ABSTRACT: The use of management zones has ensured yield success for numerous agricultural crops. In spite of this potential, studies applying precision agricultural techniques to cacao plantations are scarce or almost nonexistent. The aim of the present study was to delineate management zones for cacao crop, create maps combining soil physical properties and cacao tree yield, and identify what combinations best fit within the soil chemical properties. The study was conducted in 2014 on a cacao plantation in a Nitossolo Háplico Eutrófico (Rhodic Paleudult in Bahia, Brazil. Soil samples were collected in a regular sampling grid with 120 sampling points in the 0.00-0.20 m soil layer, and pH(H2O, P, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, H+Al, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, SB, V, TOC, effective CEC, CEC at pH 7.0, coarse sand, fine sand, clay, and silt were determined. Yield was measured in all the 120 points every month and stratified into annual, harvest, and early-harvest cacao yields. Data were subjected to geostatistical analysis, followed by ordinary kriging interpolation. The management zones were defined through a Fuzzy K-Means algorithm for combinations between soil physical properties and cacao tree yield. Concordance analysis was carried out between the delineated zones and soil chemical properties using Kappa coefficients. The zones that best classified the soil chemical properties were defined from the early-harvest cacao yield map associated with the clay or sand fractions. Silt content proved to be an inadequate variable for defining management zones for cacao production. The delineated management zones described the spatial variability of the soil chemical properties, and are therefore important for site-specific management in the cacao crop.

Immunomodulatory properties of cacao extracts – potential consequences for medical applications

Science.gov (United States)

Becker, Kathrin; Geisler, Simon; Ueberall, Florian; Fuchs, Dietmar; Gostner, Johanna M.

2013-01-01

Anti-inflammatory properties of cacao, fruits of Theobroma cacao L. (Sterculiaceae), are well documented, and therapeutic applications are described for gastrointestinal, nervous, and cardiovascular abnormalities. Most, if not all of these disease conditions involve inflammation or immune activation processes. The pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and related biochemical pathways like tryptophan breakdown by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and neopterin formation are deeply involved in their pathogenesis. Neopterin concentrations and the kynurenine to tryptophan ratio (Kyn/Trp, an estimate of IDO activity) are elevated in a significant proportion of patients with virus infections, cancer, autoimmune syndrome, neurodegeneration, and coronary artery disease. Moreover, higher neopterin and Kyn/Trp concentrations are indicative for poor prognosis. When investigating the effect of aqueous or ethanolic extracts of cacao on IFN-γ, neopterin and Kyn/Trp concentrations in mitogen-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, breakdown of tryptophan by IDO, and formation of neopterin and IFN-γ were dose-dependently suppressed. The effects observed in the cell-based assays are associated with the antioxidant activity of the cacao extracts as determined by the cell-free oxygen radical absorption capacity assay. The influence of cacao extracts on IDO activity could be of particular relevance for some of the beneficial health effects ascribed to cacao: tryptophan breakdown by IDO is strongly involved in immunoregulation, and the diminished availability of tryptophan limits the biosynthesis of neurotransmitter serotonin. The inhibition of tryptophan breakdown by cacao constituents could thus be relevant not only for immune system restoration in patients, but also contribute to mood elevation and thereby improve quality of life. However, the available data thus far are merely in vitro only and future studies need to investigate the influence of cacao on

A physiological production model for cacao : results of model simulations

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Zuidema, P.A.; Leffelaar, P.A.

2002-01-01

CASE2 is a physiological model for cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) growth and yield. This report introduces the CAcao Simulation Engine for water-limited production in a non-technical way and presents simulation results obtained with the model.

The relic Criollo cacao in Belize- genetic diversity and relationship with Trinitario and other cacao clones held in the International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad

Science.gov (United States)

Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is native to the South American rainforest but it was domesticated in Mesoamerica. The relic Criollo cocoa in Belize has been well known in the premium chocolate market for its high-quality. Knowledge of genetic diversity in this variety is essential for efficient conserva...

Path analysis of phenotypic traits in young cacao plants under drought conditions.

Science.gov (United States)

Santos, Emerson Alves Dos; Almeida, Alex-Alan Furtado de; Branco, Marcia Christina da Silva; Santos, Ivanildes Conceição Dos; Ahnert, Dario; Baligar, Virupax C; Valle, Raúl René

2018-01-01

Drought is worldwide considered one of the most limiting factors of Theobroma cacao production, which can be intensified by global climate changes. In this study, we aimed to investigate the phenotypic correlation among morphological characteristics of cacao progenies submitted to irrigation and drought conditions and their partitions into direct and indirect effects. Path analysis with phenotypic plasticity index was used as criteria for estimation of basic and explanatory variables. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Cacao Research Center (CEPEC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil, in a randomized block 21 x 2 factorial arrangement [21 cacao progenies obtained from complete diallel crosses and two water regimes (control and drought)] and six replications. In general, drought conditions influenced biomass production in most progenies, causing significant reductions in total leaf area, leaf number, leaf biomass, fine-roots length (diameter cacao progenies drought tolerant.

CACAO TO COCOA TO CHOCOLATE: HEALTHY FOOD?

OpenAIRE

ROYA KELISHADI

2010-01-01

ABSTRACT Chocolate is derived from cocoa beans - the fruit of the cacao tree or Theobroma cacao (the latin term: food of the gods). Recent published articles demonstrate that the quality and quantity of the antioxidants in cocoa and chocolate are very high and their flavonoids are believed to reduce the number of free radicals in the body that contribute to medical problems, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer and also to offer some anti-aging health benefits. Cocoa can lower the leukot...

Análisis de factores que afectan la caracterización de las propiedades del carbón

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Natalia Cifuentes Baquero

2016-01-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo se estudia el problema relacionado con la variación de las propiedades del carbón bituminoso, utilizado en una planta de energía eléctrica colombiana. La estrategia implementada fue la metodología de diseño de experimentos (DOE para encontrar lascausas de estas variaciones, cambiando las condiciones de almacenamiento, afectadas por el clima y las diferentes formas de manejo de muestras. El estudio contempla el diseño, desarrollo y análisis de tres experimentos con el fin de identificar la influencia de parámetros como el tiempo y utilización del carbón almacenado, el clima antes del consumo y algunos procedimientos de muestreo y de esta forma explicar la divergencia entre las propiedades del carbón medidas en el patio y durante la trituración justo antes de ser quemado. Los resultados mostraron que el tiempo de almacenamiento en el patio y el desempeño del sistema automático de muestreo son la causa principal del problema.

Soil physical and chemical properties of cacao farms in the south western region of cameroon

Science.gov (United States)

The low macro nutrient content (K, Ca and Mg) in soils under cacao is one of the major causes of the poor cacao (Theobroma cacao L) yields. Efforts were made to assess the major physical and chemical properties of soils from some important cacao zones of the South West Region of Cameroon in order t...

Nuevos centros de almacenamiento inca en Huánuco Pampa

OpenAIRE

Ordóñez Inga, Carlo José Alonso

2013-01-01

Se proporcionan nuevos alcances sobre la identificación y el estudio de nuevos lugares de almacenamiento o colcas asociados al Centro Administrativo Inca de Huánuco Pampa, los mismos que no fueron reconocidos por otros investigadores que trabajaron en la zona.

Diseño e implementación de un prototipo de vehículo solar con almacenamiento de energía

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Juan Pablo Arévalo Molina

2014-01-01

Full Text Available En esta investigación se realizó el diseño, la construcción, implementación y las pruebas de un vehículo alimentado por energía solar, que contiene un sistema de almacenamiento de energía para la alimentación de dos motores para producir el movimiento de una estructura por un tiempo determinado, teniendo en cuenta la incidencia de la luz solar y la carga y descarga de la batería que será el suministro de energía para la estructura. Inicialmente se hizo el diseño del componente eléctrico del vehículo teniendo como parámetros prioritarios: el voltaje, corriente, tiempo de carga y descarga de la batería, dependiendo de la carga colocada a los motores y muchos otros factores que pueden incidir en el funcionamiento del vehículo, teniendo presente la construcción del componente mecánico, las dimensiones y peso adecuado para el buen funcionamiento del vehículo. Por ultimo, se realizó la implementación y pruebas de este carro, determinando su efectividad y los tiempos de funcionamiento.

Fertilizer requirements of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in South-Western Nigeria

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Wessel, M.

1971-01-01

The studies reported on were conducted in the period 1961-1970 when the author was employed by the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria at Ibadan, formerly a sub-station of the West African Cocoa Research Institute.

In the first three chapters information is given on the cacao industry and on

Origin, dispersal and current global distribution of cacao genetic diversity

Science.gov (United States)

Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is cultivated globally as the unique source of cocoa butter and powder for the confectionery industries. In spite of its economical importance, cocoa was and continues to be dominantly produced in low-input and low-output systems. Production constraints, including depletio...

Cacao diseases: important threats to chocolate production worldwide.

Science.gov (United States)

Ploetz, Randy C

2007-12-01

ABSTRACT Theobroma cacao, cacao, is an ancient, neotropical domesticate. It is now grown throughout the humid, lowland tropics and is the basis of a multibillion dollar confectionary trade. Diverse diseases impact production of the crop. They reduce yields by ca. 20%, but could cause far greater losses if certain highly damaging diseases were to become more widely distributed. Among the most potentially dangerous of these diseases are frosty pod, caused by Moniliophthora roreri, and witches' broom, caused by M. perniciosa (previously Crinipellis perniciosa). These two diseases occur only in the Western Hemisphere, and severe losses would follow their introduction to West Africa and Asia, where ca. 86% of all cacao production occurs. Elsewhere, Cacao swollen shoot virus and the damaging black pod agent, Phytophthora megakarya, are found in Western Africa; whereas vascular streak dieback, caused by Oncobasidium theobromae, is present only in Asia. Breeding programs are challenged by minimal resistance to some of the diseases. Progress that has been made is threatened by the "emergence" of other serious diseases, such as Ceratocystis wilt (Ceratocystis cacaofunesta). During this symposium, new insights are discussed on the biology, origins, pathology and phylogeny of the pathogens; as well as the biological, chemical and genetic management of the diseases that they cause.

Antimicrobial and plant growth-promoting properties of the cacao endophyte Bacillus subtilis ALB629.

Science.gov (United States)

Falcäo, L L; Silva-Werneck, J O; Vilarinho, B R; da Silva, J P; Pomella, A W V; Marcellino, L H

2014-06-01

To investigate the effects of the endophyte Bacillus subtilisALB629 on the growth of cacao seedlings at early developmental stage and to evaluate its antimicrobial properties. Germinating cacao seeds were inoculated with ALB629, and seedlings growth was evaluated 30 days later. Significant increase (P cacao-grafting procedure in the field, ALB629 increased the grafting success rate (24%), indicating its protective effect. In addition, this Bacillus secretes an antagonist compound, as shown by the antifungal activity of the cell-free culture. Bacillus subtilisALB629 promotes cacao root growth, besides promoting growth of the aerial part of cacao seedlings. It has antimicrobial properties and produces an antifungal compound. ALB629 presented beneficial characteristics for cacao cultivation, being a good biological control agent candidate. Furthermore, it is a potential source of antifungal compound with potential for commercial exploitation. © 2014 The Society for Applied Microbiology.

EFECTO DE DOS NIVELES DE GRASA SOBRE LA VIDA ÚTIL SENSORIAL DEL QUESO CAMPESINO

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

López N. C.

2009-09-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo se determina y compara la vida útil sensorial del denominado queso campesino colombiano. Los resultados muestran que el nivel de grasa influye en la aceptabilidad y aumenta la vida útil sensorial debido, posiblemente, a que durante el almacenamiento la grasa láctea desarrolla un flavor (sabor y aroma y una textura agradables hasta los 40 a 45 días de almacenamiento en el queso rico en grasa y entre 25 y 30 días de almacenamiento en el queso semigraso. Los descriptores de textura: arenoso, chicloso, áspero, granuloso y duro, fueron frecuentes en las sensaciones que contribuyeron a la disminución de la aceptabilidad del queso semigraso. Se estableció que la textura, medida sensorialmente, puede ser el descriptor crítico para estimar la vida útil sensorial y para diferenciar la calidad sensorial del queso campesino, lo mismo que el recuento de hongos y levaduras. Se encontró que los parámetros fisicoquímicos como pH y humedad no son adecuados para establecer la fecha de vencimiento del queso campesino. Se obtuvo también una diferencia del 47% más de rendimiento del queso campesino rico en grasa comparado con el semigraso. Estos resultados llevan a plantear la importancia de la grasa láctea como factor determinante en la aceptabilidad, la vida útil sensorial y el rendimiento quesero, en el desarrollo de productos lácteos. Teniendo en cuenta que actualmente la demanda de los consumidores es hacia los alimentos bajos en grasa, se sugiere el desarrollo de quesos magros con sustitutos de grasa como una alternativa para la industria láctea.

La moniliasis un desafio para lograr la sostenibilidad del sistema cacao en México

OpenAIRE

Ramírez González, Sandra Isabel

2013-01-01

Para México el cacao, más que un producto alimenticio, representa tradición, un gran legado cultural por preservar, una gran fuente de riquezas naturales y generador de empleos. Tiene sembradas 81 600 ha., una producción de 43 000 ha toneladas, y rendimiento de 597 kg/ha lo que le permite estar entre los 12 principales países productores, pero en el 11.º lugar por su bajo rendimiento. La actividad productiva está ejercida, principalmente, por pequeños productores quienes dependen de ella para...

Almacenamiento y flujo de carbono en suelos áridos como servicio ambiental: Un ejemplo en el noroeste de México

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Fernando Ayala Niño

2018-04-01

Full Text Available El suelo se concibe como soporte de infraestructura y medio de producción agrícola, en tanto que los servicios ambientales que provee son poco valorados y reconocidos. Entre ellos, la captura y almacenamiento de carbono (C son un punto focal de interés científico por la enorme cantidad que almacena el suelo. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: (1 revisar los diferentes componentes, procesos y características que se presentan en los suelos áridos para el almacenamiento de C y (2 estimar el flujo y contenido de C en los suelos de la región semiárida de La Paz, BCS, noroeste de México, mediante dos estudios de caso. Dieciséis perfiles de suelo fueron descritos y muestreados considerando la geomorfología representativa para determinar los contenidos de carbono orgánico (COS e inorgánico del suelo (CIS. Los valores estimados en 0.15 a 44.25 Mg ha 1 para COS y 0.045 a 28.19 Mg ha 1 para CIS, superan lo reportado para los suelos de Baja California Sur con 16 Mg ha-1. Valores de flujos de CO2 obtenidos de 22 meses de mediciones mensuales fueron muy variables (-0.058 a 0.828 µmol s-1 m-2, valores positivos de respiración sólo se registraron tras el paso de lluvias extraordinarias. Valores negativos se asocian a la captura de CO2 a través de organismos fotosintéticamente activos como las costras biológicas del suelo, las cuales, bajo condiciones específicas de humedad y temperatura, en conjunto con los microorganismos del suelo, presentan evidencias de funcionamiento como fuente y sumidero de C. El presente estudio contribuye al entendimiento sobre el potencial que tienen los suelos de la región árida del noroeste de México en la provisión de SA por captura de C y coadyuva a incrementar el conocimiento de las CBS y su función en la relación suelo-ecosistema.

Embriogénesis somática secundaria en el genotipo de cacao (Theobroma cacao L. inifap 1 y su descripción histológica

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A. Alejandro-Lázaro

2015-01-01

Full Text Available La embriogénesis somática aplicada para la propagación clonal de plantas de cacao, aun es de baja eficiencia, por lo que el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la respuesta de los cotiledones procedentes de embriones somáticos primarios como fuente de explante para inducir embriogénesis somática secundaria (ESS en presencia de fitohormonas y sin estas en el genotipo de cacao inifap 1, asi como describir los eventos de la ESS desde los 30 hasta los 240 días de cultivo. El uso de las fitohormonas ácido 2,4-Diclorofenoxiácetico (2,4-D y thidiazuron (TDZ son importantes para inducir la embriogénesis somática (ES primaria en cacao. Adicionalmente para generar la ESS se han utilizado fitohormonas. En la presente investigación, fueron establecidos cuatro tratamientos con fregmentos de cotiledón, con 2,4-D y TDZ en forma combinada e independiente, incluyendo un testigo sin fitohormonas. Los resultados mostraron, que los fragmentos de cotiledón cultivados sin fitohormonas favorece la ESS, obteniendo un promedio de seis embriones somáticos secundarios (ESs a los 210 días de cultivo contra uno para el tratamiento suplementado con TDZ. El meristemo apical y radicular se presentó en un periodo de 240 días, se observaron embriones somáticos con estructuras externas como: cotiledones, ápices y raíces. Los resultados mostraron que la exclusión del 2,4-D y el thidiazuron no son importantes para inducir la ESS. El mayor número de ESs se encontró en un medio desprovisto de fitohormonas por lo que esta información es relevante, debido a que los explantes de cotiledones procedentes de embriones somáticos primarios, generan mayor número de ESs en esta especie. Estos resultados constituyen el primer reporte de la inducción de la ESs sin fitohormonas.

Efecto in vitro de aceites esenciales de tres especies de Lippia sobre Moniliophthora roreri (Cif. y Par. Evans et al., agente causante de la moniliasis del cacao (Theobroma cacao L.

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Betty Stefany Lozada

2012-04-01

Full Text Available Se evaluó el efecto antifúngico in vitro de cinco aceites esenciales (AEs (AE1, AE2, AE3, AE4 y AE5 extraídos de Lippia origanoides, L. citriodora y L. alba sobre aislados de monilia (Moniliophthora roreri obtenidos de frutos de cacao infectados provenientes de San Vicente de Chucurí, Santander, Colombia. Las plantas de Lippia fueron colectadas en cinco localidades colombianas. Los aislados de monilia (M1, M2, M3, M4 y M5 fueron caracterizados por su morfología, germinación y crecimiento en medios de cultivo. La actividad antifúngica de diferentes concentraciones de los AEs fue evaluada contra el aislado M2 y la cepa de M. roreri (ATCC 64239, para determinar su efecto sobre la germinación y la inhibición del crecimiento micelial. Los AEs estudiados inhibieron 100% de la germinación y del crecimiento micelial cuando fueron utilizados en concentraciones de 800 - 1000 µg/ml. Concentraciones de 200 µg/ml también mostraron efecto sobre los aislamientos fúngicos, siendo los AEs obtenidos de L. origanoides (AE2 y AE3 los más activos. Estos estaban compuestos principalmente por timol, p-cimeno, g-terpineno, acetato de timilo, carvacrol, b-mirceno, trans-b-cariofileno. Diferencias significativas (P < 0.05 sobre la susceptibilidad se observaron entre las dos cepas fúngicas estudiadas, siendo en general más susceptible el aislado M2 que la cepa ATCC. Los AEs de L. origanoides son candidatos para ser usados como posibles biofungicidas en el control de la moniliasis. Son necesarios estudios futuros orientados a determinar la actividad in vivo antifúngica de estos AEs y sus principales componentes.

Antimicrobial effects of ionizing radiation on artificially and naturally contaminated cacao beans

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Restaino, L.; Myron, J.J.J.; Lenovich, L.M.; Bills, S.; Tscherneff, K.

1984-01-01

With an initial microbial level of ca. 10 7 microorganisms per g of Ivory Coast cacao beans, 5 kGy of gamma radiation from a Co 60 source under an atmosphere of air reduced the microflora per g by 2.49 and 3.03 logs at temperatures of 35 and 50 0 C, respectively. Bahia cacao beans were artificially contaminated with dried spores of Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium citrinum, giving initial fungal levels of 1.9 x 10 4 and 1.4 x 10 3 spores per g of whole Bahia cacao beans, respectively. The average D 10 values for A. flavus and P. citrinum spores on Bahia cacao beans were 0.66 and 0.88 kGy, respectively. 12 references

Carbon and water fluxes above a cacao plantation in Sulawesi, Indonesia

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Falk, U.; Ibrom, A.

2003-04-01

The investigation of interactions between biosphere and atmosphere of the major land use types of the tropical rain forest margin area in South East Asia and quantification of the impact that land use change from undisturbed primary rain forest to pasture has on these interactions is task of subprogramme B1 within the DFG-funded project STORMA (Stability of Rain Forest Margins). In order to fulfill the projects tasks the different major land use types have to be investigated and each ecosystem characterized one by one and compared to a reference site in an undisturbed primary rain forest, to see the changes in the atmosphere-biospheric interactions, i. e. in water and carbon household, with land use change and thus the impact on regional climate. One of the major land use types in the valleys around the Lore Lindu National Park on Sulawesi are Cacao plantations, Theobroma cacao. A site in the Palolo valley near the village Nopu was chosen as research site since the area there is covered with small Cacao fields which form to one big area of Cacao and matches the requirements of the applied research approach. Since Cacao trees need to be shaded especially when younger, shadow trees had been planted and trees of the former forest had been left standing to serve as wind breaks and sun shades. The plantations in Nopu, Palolo valley, consist not only of fields of cultivated Cacao, but also serve as environment and home to the farmers and their families. The whole area of Cacao plantation is interspersed with wooden farm houses, which are also sources of carbon dioxide due to cooking or small power plants etc. and thus have to be taken into account when looking at the carbon household of this specific ecosystem. An estimation of the components of the carbon and water household and the contribution of the humans living within this environment to the carbon household of Cacao plantations of this ecosystem is subject of this presentation. From December 2001 until April 2002

LA DISCREPANCIA ENTRE LOS RESULTADOS DE LAS PRUEBAS VESTIBULARES (CALÓRICA Y VHIT EN PACIENTES CON ENFERMEDAD DE MÉNIÈRE NO SE DEBE A LA DISFUNCIÓN DEL SISTEMA DE ALMACENAMIENTO DE VELOCIDAD

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Paloma Eza Núñez

2018-05-01

Full Text Available Introducción y objetivo:Las pruebas de función vestibular en pacientes con la Enfermedad de Ménière (EM aportan información sobre el déficit de los distintos receptores de cada oído y sobre el estado de compensación. La congruencia entre los resultados de la prueba calórica (CAL, el sillón rotatorio (ROT y el vHIT es importante cuando realizamos el screening de pacientes con vestibulopatía. Sin embargo, muchas veces encontramos discrepancias en los resultados. Esto puede ser debida a las propiedades de cada test o a la disfunción del mecanismo vestibular central de almacenamiento de velocidad que se caracteriza por la medidad de la constante de tiempo (CT de la fase lenta del nistagmo provocado al realizar la prueba del sillón rotatorio.  La hipótesis del trabajo es: las discrepancias entre ambas pruebas es debida a las características propias de cada una que deberían poder detectarse en ROT y en particular, en la medida de la CT.  Material y Método: Los pacientes incluidos fueron diagnosticados de EM unilateral de acuerdo a los criterios de la AAO-HNS. Para analizar los resultados de ROT se utilizaron los datos de un grupo de sujetos normales voluntarios. Todos fueron sometidos a CAL, VHIT y ROT (aceleración sinusoidal armónica y prueba impulsiva. Para el análisis estadístico los pacientes se dividieron en tres grupos: NN (CAL y vHIT normal, AN (CAL patológico y vHIT normal y AA (CAL y vHIT patológicos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo para analizar las diferencias entre los tres grupos y en el caso de los resultados de ROT, con el grupo control. El análisis estadístico se realizó con SPSS (versión 19Resultados:Los resultados se muestran en la Tabla 1.CAL y vHIT: los resultados se resumen en la figura 1. ROT: en la figura 2 se representan las medias de fase y ganancia de los pacientes comparados con el grupo control. En la tabla 2 se muestran los valores de p para cada frecuencia analizada respecto al valor en

Abscisic Acid and the Maturation of Cacao Embryos in Vitro 1

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Pence, Valerie Creaser

1992-01-01

Abscisic acid (ABA) was tested for its ability to affect development of immature zygotic embryos of cacao (Theobroma cacao) in vitro, by adding exogenous ABA, fluridone, or mefluidide to cultured embryos. Endogenous ABA levels, measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, were increased by exogenous ABA or by culture on sucrose increasing to 21%, and were decreased by fluridone and, to a lesser extent, by mefluidide. The effects of these on maturation were measured as effects on anthocyanins, lipids, and fatty acid saturation, all of which increase with maturation of the cacao embryo. Maturation was stimulated by increasing sucrose and, to a lesser degree, the addition of ABA, but decreasing endogenous ABA by treating with fluridone significantly inhibited all maturation parameters. Although desiccation tolerance does not develop in cacao embryos, these results suggest that ABA and sucrose are both needed for the initiation of events associated with maturation in vitro. PMID:16668805

Evaluation of soil amendments as a remediation alternative for cadmium contaminated soils under cacao plantations

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Elevated plant-available cadmium (Cd) in soils results in contamination to cacao (Theobroma cacao L) beans. Effectiveness of vermicompost and zeolite in reducing available Cd in three cacao-growing soils was studied under laboratory conditions. Sorption-desorption experiments were conducted in soils...

Cacao usage by the earliest Maya civilization.

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Hurst, W Jeffrey; Tarka, Stanley M; Powis, Terry G; Valdez, Fred; Hester, Thomas R

2002-07-18

The Maya archaeological site at Colha in northern Belize, Central America, has yielded several spouted ceramic vessels that contain residues from the preparation of food and beverages. Here we analyse dry residue samples by using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to atmospheric-pressure chemical-ionization mass spectrometry, and show that chocolate (Theobroma cacao) was consumed by the Preclassic Maya as early as 600 bc, pushing back the earliest chemical evidence of cacao use by some 1,000 years. Our application of this new and highly sensitive analytical technique could be extended to the identification of other ancient foods and beverages.

Suppressive effects of cacao polyphenols on the development of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.

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Natsume, Midori; Baba, Seigo

2014-01-01

Previous studies in humans have shown that the cacao polyphenols, (-)-epicatechin and its oligomers, prevent in vitro and ex vivo low-density lipoprotein oxidation mediated by free radical generators and metal ions and also reduce plasma LDL-cholesterol levels. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of cacao polyphenols on the development of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (-/-) mice. Mice aged 8 weeks (n = 90) were randomized into three groups, and fed either normal mouse chow (controls) or chow supplemented with 0.25 or 0.40 % cacao polyphenols for 16 weeks. The mean plaque area in cross-sections of the brachiocephalic trunk was measured and found to be lower in the 0.25 % cacao polyphenol group than in the control group (p cacao polyphenol group (p cacao polyphenols inhibit the development of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (-/-) mice by reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses.

Reestructuración del layout de la zona de picking en una bodega industrial

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Martín Darío Arango Serna

2010-12-01

Full Text Available Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar una propuesta orientada al mejoramiento de los procesos de distribución y Picking en la bodega de una empresa del sector industrial. Este presenta, inicialmente el marco teórico y la problemática, finaliza con la presentación del caso empresarial objeto de estudio. Las actividades relacionadas con el almacenamiento de materiales son de las que más interfieren en los costos logísticos totales en una empresa o cadena de suministro. Una de las actividades primordiales para intentar reducir los costos operativos es la optimización de los espacios requeridos en el almacenamiento. La finalidad del estudio radica principalmente en la disminución de los tiempos de preparación de pedido para lograr una mejora en el servicio y en la reducción del área destinada al almacenamiento para mitigar los costos de operación. / The main objective of this paper is to present a proposal aimed at improving the distribution and picking processes in a warehouse of an industrial company. Initially, it outlines the theory and problem to be solved, and concludes with a description of a case study. Warehousing activities affect the total logistics costs of a company or supply chain most; thus, optimizing the required spaces for warehousing is one of the most important activities when attempting to reduce operative costs in a company. The purpose of this study is to reduce the time required for picking activities and, therefore, obtain an improvement in the service and a reduction of the area used in the warehouse, which leads to cost reductions.

Carbon Storage in Soil Size Fractions Under Two Cacao Agroforestry Systems in Bahia, Brazil

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Gama-Rodrigues, Emanuela F.; Ramachandran Nair, P. K.; Nair, Vimala D.; Gama-Rodrigues, Antonio C.; Baligar, Virupax C.; Machado, Regina C. R.

2010-02-01

Shaded perennial agroforestry systems contain relatively high quantities of soil carbon (C) resulting from continuous deposition of plant residues; however, the extent to which the C is sequestered in soil will depend on the extent of physical protection of soil organic C (SOC). The main objective of this study was to characterize SOC storage in relation to soil fraction-size classes in cacao ( Theobroma cacao L.) agroforestry systems (AFSs). Two shaded cacao systems and an adjacent natural forest in reddish-yellow Oxisols in Bahia, Brazil were selected. Soil samples were collected from four depth classes to 1 m depth and separated by wet-sieving into three fraction-size classes (>250 μm, 250-53 μm, and cacao AFSs, the C contained in the macroaggregate fraction might become stabilized in the soil. The study shows the role of cacao AFSs in mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emission through accumulation and retention of high amounts of organic C in the soils and suggests the potential benefit of this environmental service to the nearly 6 million cacao farmers worldwide.

Cacao Cultivation under Diverse Shade Tree Cover Allows High Carbon Storage and Sequestration without Yield Losses.

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Abou Rajab, Yasmin; Leuschner, Christoph; Barus, Henry; Tjoa, Aiyen; Hertel, Dietrich

2016-01-01

One of the main drivers of tropical forest loss is their conversion to oil palm, soy or cacao plantations with low biodiversity and greatly reduced carbon storage. Southeast Asian cacao plantations are often established under shade tree cover, but are later converted to non-shaded monocultures to avoid resource competition. We compared three co-occurring cacao cultivation systems (3 replicate stands each) with different shade intensity (non-shaded monoculture, cacao with the legume Gliricidia sepium shade trees, and cacao with several shade tree species) in Sulawesi (Indonesia) with respect to above- and belowground biomass and productivity, and cacao bean yield. Total biomass C stocks (above- and belowground) increased fivefold from the monoculture to the multi-shade tree system (from 11 to 57 Mg ha-1), total net primary production rose twofold (from 9 to 18 Mg C ha-1 yr-1). This increase was associated with a 6fold increase in aboveground biomass, but only a 3.5fold increase in root biomass, indicating a clear shift in C allocation to aboveground tree organs with increasing shade for both cacao and shade trees. Despite a canopy cover increase from 50 to 93%, cacao bean yield remained invariant across the systems (variation: 1.1-1.2 Mg C ha-1 yr-1). The monocultures had a twice as rapid leaf turnover suggesting that shading reduces the exposure of cacao to atmospheric drought, probably resulting in greater leaf longevity. Thus, contrary to general belief, cacao bean yield does not necessarily decrease under shading which seems to reduce physical stress. If planned properly, cacao plantations under a shade tree cover allow combining high yield with benefits for carbon sequestration and storage, production system stability under stress, and higher levels of animal and plant diversity.

Influence of low light intensity and soil flooding on cacao physiology

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Growth and development of plants frequently are limited by multiple abiotic stresses that occur simultaneously in the environment. Cabruca’ an agroforestry system is a main cropping system invariably adapted for cultivation of cacao in southern Bahia, Brazil. In this system of management cacao is gr...

Cacao Phylloplane: The First Battlefield against Moniliophthora perniciosa, Which Causes Witches' Broom Disease.

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Almeida, D S M; Gramacho, K P; Cardoso, T H S; Micheli, F; Alvim, F C; Pirovani, C P

2017-07-01

The phylloplane is the first contact surface between Theobroma cacao and the fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa, which causes witches' broom disease (WBD). We evaluated the index of short glandular trichomes (SGT) in the cacao phylloplane and the effect of irrigation on the disease index of cacao genotypes with or without resistance to WBD, and identified proteins present in the phylloplane. The resistant genotype CCN51 and susceptible Catongo presented a mean index of 1,600 and 700 SGT cm -2 , respectively. The disease index in plants under drip irrigation was reduced by approximately 30% compared with plants under sprinkler irrigation prior to inoculation. Leaf water wash (LWW) of the cacao inhibited the germination of spores by up to 98%. Proteins from the LWW of CCN51 were analyzed by two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by tandem mass spectrometry. The gel showed 71 spots and identified a total of 42 proteins (28 from the plant and 14 from bacteria). Proteins related to defense and synthesis of defense metabolites and involved in nucleic acid metabolism were identified. The results support the hypothesis that the proteins and water-soluble compounds secreted to the cacao phylloplane participate in the defense against pathogens. They also suggest that SGT can contribute to the resistance of cacao.

Almacenamiento en frío de los bulbos y uso de paclobutrazol para producir tulipán en macetas Bulb cold storage and use of paclobutrazol for pot tulip production

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N. Francescangeli

2007-06-01

Full Text Available Se compararon los efectos del paclobutrazol (PBZ y del tiempo de almacenamiento en frío de los bulbos (TA sobre características comerciales de tulipán Tulipa gesneriana L. (Leen van der Mark en maceta. Se evaluaron las concentraciones de PBZ: 0 y 5 ppm aplicadas por inmersión de bulbos durante 24 horas, previo al transplante, y los TA a 5 °C: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 y 12 semanas. La temperatura promedio del aire de los ocho ciclos fue: 15 a 15,7 °C. El PBZ no afectó la longitud del ciclo, y los TA explicaron el 83% de la variabilidad en la duración del período transplante- momento de la venta, con una relación inversa. El PBZ no afectó el tamaño de la flor. La altura en el momento de la venta y a fin de floración mostró interacción de los tratamientos: a mayor TA aumentó la altura en todos los casos, pero este incremento fue menor en las plantas tratadas con PBZ. Sin utilizar PBZ y con bulbos de 5 a 8 semanas de almacenamiento fue posible producir plantas comerciales de altura equivalente o menor a las obtenidas con bulbos de 12 semanas de almacenamiento tratados con PBZ a 5 ppm por inmersión durante 24 horas.The effect of bulb cold storage time (ST and paclobutrazol (PBZ on commercial characteristics of pot tulips Tulipa gesneriana L. (Leen van der Mark was tested. PBZ concentrations (0 and 5 ppm applied by dipping bulbs for 24 hours before transplanting and 5 °C ST (5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 weeks were evaluated. Mean air temperature throughout the experiment remained between 15 and 15.7 °C. PBZ did not affect the duration of the cycle. ST explained 83% of the variation in the duration of the period transplant-sale time, and the relationship was inverse. PBZ did not affect flower size. There was a significant interaction between treatments for plant height at sale time and at the end of flowering: plant height increased with ST in all cases, but the increase was lower in the PBZ treated plants. Without PBZ and with bulbs

El sistema granito-mineralización de uranio de El Berrocal como análogo natural de un almacenamiento de residuos radiactivos

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Astudillo, J.

1993-08-01

Full Text Available This work summarizes the analogical study of the radioactive elements and rare earths are deposits applied to the modelling and validation of the migration/retention processes of the high level radioactive artificial isotopes in a geological environment. The geological, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the El Berrocal granite- U mineralization system suggest that this system cannot be considered as a global natural analogue for a radioactive waste repository. However, the low-temperature hydrothermal processes, which affected it, including that one which originated the uraniferous mineralization, as well as the weathering processes, can be considered as geochemical processes analogous to those that could take place in a high level radioactive repository.En este trabajo se resume la aplicación del estudio analógico de los yacimientos de elementos radiactivos a la modelización y validación de los procesos de migración/retención de los radioisótopos artificiales de alta actividad, en un medio geológico. Las características geológicas, mineralógicas y geoquímicas del sistema granito-mineralización de uranio de El Berrocal sugieren que dicho sistema no puede considerarse como un análogo natural global de un almacenamiento de residuos radiactivos. Sin embargo, los procesos hidrotermales de baja temperatura que lo afectaron, incluido el que originó la mineralización uranífera, así como los de alteración supergénica, pueden considerarse como procesos geoquímicos análogos a los que podrían tener lugar en un almacenamiento de residuos radiactivos de alta actividad.

Concentration of Cadmium in Cacao Beans and its Relationship with Soil Cadmium in Southern Ecuador

Science.gov (United States)

The concentration of cadmium (Cd) in cacao (Theobroma cacao, L.) beans above a critical level (0.6 mg kg-1 established by the European Union) has raised concerns of safety in the consumption of cacao-based chocolate (dark chocolate). Currently, little is available regarding Cd concentration in soil,...

A genetically anchored physical framework for Theobroma cacao cv. Matina 1-6.

Science.gov (United States)

Saski, Christopher A; Feltus, Frank A; Staton, Margaret E; Blackmon, Barbara P; Ficklin, Stephen P; Kuhn, David N; Schnell, Raymond J; Shapiro, Howard; Motamayor, Juan Carlos

2011-08-16

The fermented dried seeds of Theobroma cacao (cacao tree) are the main ingredient in chocolate. World cocoa production was estimated to be 3 million tons in 2010 with an annual estimated average growth rate of 2.2%. The cacao bean production industry is currently under threat from a rise in fungal diseases including black pod, frosty pod, and witches' broom. In order to address these issues, genome-sequencing efforts have been initiated recently to facilitate identification of genetic markers and genes that could be utilized to accelerate the release of robust T. cacao cultivars. However, problems inherent with assembly and resolution of distal regions of complex eukaryotic genomes, such as gaps, chimeric joins, and unresolvable repeat-induced compressions, have been unavoidably encountered with the sequencing strategies selected. Here, we describe the construction of a BAC-based integrated genetic-physical map of the T. cacao cultivar Matina 1-6 which is designed to augment and enhance these sequencing efforts. Three BAC libraries, each comprised of 10× coverage, were constructed and fingerprinted. 230 genetic markers from a high-resolution genetic recombination map and 96 Arabidopsis-derived conserved ortholog set (COS) II markers were anchored using pooled overgo hybridization. A dense tile path consisting of 29,383 BACs was selected and end-sequenced. The physical map consists of 154 contigs and 4,268 singletons. Forty-nine contigs are genetically anchored and ordered to chromosomes for a total span of 307.2 Mbp. The unanchored contigs (105) span 67.4 Mbp and therefore the estimated genome size of T. cacao is 374.6 Mbp. A comparative analysis with A. thaliana, V. vinifera, and P. trichocarpa suggests that comparisons of the genome assemblies of these distantly related species could provide insights into genome structure, evolutionary history, conservation of functional sites, and improvements in physical map assembly. A comparison between the two T. cacao

A genetically anchored physical framework for Theobroma cacao cv. Matina 1-6

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Kuhn David N

2011-08-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background The fermented dried seeds of Theobroma cacao (cacao tree are the main ingredient in chocolate. World cocoa production was estimated to be 3 million tons in 2010 with an annual estimated average growth rate of 2.2%. The cacao bean production industry is currently under threat from a rise in fungal diseases including black pod, frosty pod, and witches' broom. In order to address these issues, genome-sequencing efforts have been initiated recently to facilitate identification of genetic markers and genes that could be utilized to accelerate the release of robust T. cacao cultivars. However, problems inherent with assembly and resolution of distal regions of complex eukaryotic genomes, such as gaps, chimeric joins, and unresolvable repeat-induced compressions, have been unavoidably encountered with the sequencing strategies selected. Results Here, we describe the construction of a BAC-based integrated genetic-physical map of the T. cacao cultivar Matina 1-6 which is designed to augment and enhance these sequencing efforts. Three BAC libraries, each comprised of 10× coverage, were constructed and fingerprinted. 230 genetic markers from a high-resolution genetic recombination map and 96 Arabidopsis-derived conserved ortholog set (COS II markers were anchored using pooled overgo hybridization. A dense tile path consisting of 29,383 BACs was selected and end-sequenced. The physical map consists of 154 contigs and 4,268 singletons. Forty-nine contigs are genetically anchored and ordered to chromosomes for a total span of 307.2 Mbp. The unanchored contigs (105 span 67.4 Mbp and therefore the estimated genome size of T. cacao is 374.6 Mbp. A comparative analysis with A. thaliana, V. vinifera, and P. trichocarpa suggests that comparisons of the genome assemblies of these distantly related species could provide insights into genome structure, evolutionary history, conservation of functional sites, and improvements in physical map

Efecto del enlatado en aceite y salmuera y su posterior almacenamiento sobre los lípidos de la bacoreta (Euthynnus alletteratus

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Aubourg, Santiago P.

1995-04-01

Full Text Available Changes produced in the lipid fraction of Little Tunny during canning in oil and in brine and during its subsequent storage were studied in order to compare the effect of both dipping procedures. The effect of the type of covering medium on both the total lipid composition and on the phospholipid fraction was determined.
Canning in oil was shown to lead to certain changes in the composition of the final product, there being a decrease in the phospholipid and fatty acid (16:0,18:0, 20:4ω6, 20:5ω3, 24:1ω9 and 22:6ω content of the total lipids. Furthermore, the presence of triglycerides in the oil used for canning leads to increases in some fatty acids (oleic and linoleic in the samples. The lipid content of samples canned in brine were lower than initial values. This difference due to processing was not detected in samples canned in oil.
The phospholipid study showed the presence of 1-O-alk-1-enyl-ether chains, the qualitative and quantitative composition of which was studied. The thermal treatment Involved in both dipping procedures provoked a sharp decrease in the plasmalogen content, while the polyunsaturated fatty acid composition was significantly lower ¡n the oil canned samples than in the raw samples. This decrease due to processing can be explained as an effect of the heat and of the extraction capacity of the oil.

Se estudiaron los cambios producidos en la fracción lipídica de la bacoreta como resultado de su enlatado en dos modalidades distintas (aceite vegetal y salmuera y su posterior almacenamiento. El efecto del medio de cobertura se estudió sobre la composición lipídica total y sobre la fracción fosfolipídica.
La comparación de los dos tipos de enlatado demostró que la presencia del aceite de cobertura puede provocar modificaciones en la composición del producto final como el descenso del contenido de fosfolípidos y de numerosos ácidos grasos (16:0,18:0,20:4ω6, 20:5ω3, 24:ω9 y 22:6ω3

Impact of soils and cropping systems on composition of mineral elements of dry cacao beans

Science.gov (United States)

In view of its high economic value, cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) researchers are seeking technological innovations that increase production and improve the quality of cacao beans. The objective of this study was to characterize the mineral (P, K, Ca, Mg, Si, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd, Ba) composition of caca...

Prediction of Cacao (Theobroma cacao) Resistance to Moniliophthora spp. Diseases via Genome-Wide Association Analysis and Genomic Selection.

Science.gov (United States)

McElroy, Michel S; Navarro, Alberto J R; Mustiga, Guiliana; Stack, Conrad; Gezan, Salvador; Peña, Geover; Sarabia, Widem; Saquicela, Diego; Sotomayor, Ignacio; Douglas, Gavin M; Migicovsky, Zoë; Amores, Freddy; Tarqui, Omar; Myles, Sean; Motamayor, Juan C

2018-01-01

Cacao ( Theobroma cacao ) is a globally important crop, and its yield is severely restricted by disease. Two of the most damaging diseases, witches' broom disease (WBD) and frosty pod rot disease (FPRD), are caused by a pair of related fungi: Moniliophthora perniciosa and Moniliophthora roreri , respectively. Resistant cultivars are the most effective long-term strategy to address Moniliophthora diseases, but efficiently generating resistant and productive new cultivars will require robust methods for screening germplasm before field testing. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) and genomic selection (GS) provide two potential avenues for predicting the performance of new genotypes, potentially increasing the selection gain per unit time. To test the effectiveness of these two approaches, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and GS on three related populations of cacao in Ecuador genotyped with a 15K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray for three measures of WBD infection (vegetative broom, cushion broom, and chirimoya pod), one of FPRD (monilia pod) and two productivity traits (total fresh weight of pods and % healthy pods produced). GWAS yielded several SNPs associated with disease resistance in each population, but none were significantly correlated with the same trait in other populations. Genomic selection, using one population as a training set to estimate the phenotypes of the remaining two (composed of different families), varied among traits, from a mean prediction accuracy of 0.46 (vegetative broom) to 0.15 (monilia pod), and varied between training populations. Simulations demonstrated that selecting seedlings using GWAS markers alone generates no improvement over selecting at random, but that GS improves the selection process significantly. Our results suggest that the GWAS markers discovered here are not sufficiently predictive across diverse germplasm to be useful for MAS, but that using all markers in a GS framework holds

Prediction of Cacao (Theobroma cacao Resistance to Moniliophthora spp. Diseases via Genome-Wide Association Analysis and Genomic Selection

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Michel S. McElroy

2018-03-01

Full Text Available Cacao (Theobroma cacao is a globally important crop, and its yield is severely restricted by disease. Two of the most damaging diseases, witches’ broom disease (WBD and frosty pod rot disease (FPRD, are caused by a pair of related fungi: Moniliophthora perniciosa and Moniliophthora roreri, respectively. Resistant cultivars are the most effective long-term strategy to address Moniliophthora diseases, but efficiently generating resistant and productive new cultivars will require robust methods for screening germplasm before field testing. Marker-assisted selection (MAS and genomic selection (GS provide two potential avenues for predicting the performance of new genotypes, potentially increasing the selection gain per unit time. To test the effectiveness of these two approaches, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS and GS on three related populations of cacao in Ecuador genotyped with a 15K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP microarray for three measures of WBD infection (vegetative broom, cushion broom, and chirimoya pod, one of FPRD (monilia pod and two productivity traits (total fresh weight of pods and % healthy pods produced. GWAS yielded several SNPs associated with disease resistance in each population, but none were significantly correlated with the same trait in other populations. Genomic selection, using one population as a training set to estimate the phenotypes of the remaining two (composed of different families, varied among traits, from a mean prediction accuracy of 0.46 (vegetative broom to 0.15 (monilia pod, and varied between training populations. Simulations demonstrated that selecting seedlings using GWAS markers alone generates no improvement over selecting at random, but that GS improves the selection process significantly. Our results suggest that the GWAS markers discovered here are not sufficiently predictive across diverse germplasm to be useful for MAS, but that using all markers in a GS framework holds

Unexpected Genome Variability at Multiple Loci Suggests Cacao Swollen Shoot Virus Comprises Multiple, Divergent Molecular Variants.

Science.gov (United States)

Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) [Badnavirus, Caulimoviridae] causes swollen shoot disease of Theobroma cacao L. in West Africa. Since ~2000, various diagnostic tests have failed to detect CSSV in ~50-70% of symptomatic cacao plants, suggesting the possible emergence of new, previously uncharacteriz...

NONLINEAR MODELS FOR DESCRIPTION OF CACAO FRUIT GROWTH WITH ASSUMPTION VIOLATIONS

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JOEL AUGUSTO MUNIZ

2017-01-01

Full Text Available Cacao (Theobroma cacao L. is an important fruit in the Brazilian economy, which is mainly cultivated in the southern State of Bahia. The optimal stage for harvesting is a major factor for fruit quality and the knowledge on its growth curves can help, especially in identifying the ideal maturation stage for harvesting. Nonlinear regression models have been widely used for description of growth curves. However, several studies in this subject do not consider the residual analysis, the existence of a possible dependence between longitudinal observations, or the sample variance heterogeneity, compromising the modeling quality. The objective of this work was to compare the fit of nonlinear regression models, considering residual analysis and assumption violations, in the description of the cacao (clone Sial-105 fruit growth. The data evaluated were extracted from Brito and Silva (1983, who conducted the experiment in the Cacao Research Center, Ilheus, State of Bahia. The variables fruit length, diameter and volume as a function of fruit age were studied. The use of weighting and incorporation of residual dependencies was efficient, since the modeling became more consistent, improving the model fit. Considering the first-order autoregressive structure, when needed, leads to significant reduction in the residual standard deviation, making the estimates more reliable. The Logistic model was the most efficient for the description of the cacao fruit growth.

Cacao diseases: a global perspective from an industry point of view.

Science.gov (United States)

Hebbar, Prakash K

2007-12-01

ABSTRACT Diseases of cacao, Theobroma cacao, account for losses of more than 30% of the potential crop. These losses have caused a steady decline in production and a reduction in bean quality in almost all the cacao-producing areas in the world, especially in small-holder farms in Latin America and West Africa. The most significant diseases are witches' broom, caused by Moniliophthora perniciosa, which occurs mainly in South America; frosty pod rot, caused by M. roreri, which occurs mainly in Central and northern South America; and black pod disease, caused by several species of Phytophthora, which are distributed throughout the tropics. In view of the threat that these diseases pose to the sustainability of the cacao crop, Mars Inc. and their industry partners have funded collaborative research involving cacao research institutes and governmental and nongovernmental agencies. The objective of this global initiative is to develop short- to medium-term, low-cost, environmentally friendly disease-management strategies until disease tolerant varieties are widely available. These include good farming practices, biological control and the rational or minimal use of chemicals that could be used for integrated pest management (IPM). Farmer field schools are used to get these technologies to growers. This paper describes some of the key collaborative partners and projects that are underway in South America and West Africa.

SISTEMA SOLAR DE CALENTAMIENTO DEL AGUA DEL ALBERGUE DE “TEMAXCALAPA, VERACRUZ”

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Jorge Arturo del Angel Ramos

2011-02-01

Full Text Available En el presente reporte, se presenta el cálculo de un sistema solar de calentamiento de agua parauso doméstico en un albergue de estudiantes del estado de Veracruz, México. Se hace énfasisespecial en el cálculo de la capacidad del tanque de almacenamiento del agua caliente, para lo cualse introducen algunos aspectos novedosos con respecto a los tradicionales y se presenta las diferenciasentre ambos criterios y sus resultados de diseño.  The sizing of a solar water heating system is presented for domestic use in a housing forstudents of the state of Veracruz, Mexico. A special emphasis is made in the calculation ofthe hot water storage tank capacity, in which some novel aspects are introduced with regardto the traditional ones and differences between both approaches and their design results arepresented.

Production and characterization of nickel nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes by electroless and its application to hydrogen storage; Produccion y caracterizacion de nanoparticulas de niquel sobre nanotubos de carbono por electroless y su aplicacion en el almacenamiento de hidrogeno

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Figueroa-Torres, Mayra Zyzlila; Dominguez-Rios, Carlos [Centro de Investigacion en Materiales Avanzados, Chihuahua, Chihuahua (Mexico); Cabanas-Moreno, Jose Gerardo; Suarez-Alcantara, Karina [Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ESFM-IPN, Mexico, D.F. (Mexico); Aguilar-Elguezabal, Alfredo [Centro de Investigacion en Materiales Avanzados, Chihuahua, Chihuahua (Mexico)

2009-09-15

The search for an appropriate storage system for the transportation industry to enable implementing the use of hydrogen as an energy carrier has become a strategic research concern. Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are potentially interesting materials for the storage of hydrogen. This work investigates the deposition condition for dispersing nickel nanoparticles in one single step using the electroless technique on the surface of carbon nanotubes. It also studied the influence on the ability to store hydrogen. The materials were characterized using sweep electron and transmission microscopy. The surface areas of the materials were determined with nitrogen adsorption isotherms. The hydrogen storage capacity was studied at a temperature of 77 K and atmospheric pressure, as well as at 303 K and pressures of de 0.1-5 MPa. The results show that highly dispersed spherical nickel nanoparticles were obtained on carbon nanotubes with an average size of 3-9 nm. The addition of nickel on carbon nanotubes significantly improves the hydrogen storage capacity, finding that at 303 K and 5 MPa the increment factor was as much as twice that of nanotubes without nickel. [Spanish] La busqueda de un sistema de almacenamiento apropiado para la industria del transporte se ha convertido en un tema estrategico de investigacion para poder implementar el uso del hidrogeno como portador de energia. Los nanotubos de carbono (NTC) son materiales potencialmente interesantes en el almacenamiento de hidrogeno. En este trabajo se investigaron las condiciones de deposito para dispersar en un solo paso nanoparticulas de niquel por la tecnica de electroless sobre la superficie de los nanotubos de carbono y se estudio su influencia en la capacidad de almacenamiento de hidrogeno. Los materiales se caracterizaron por microscopia electronica de barrido y transmision. Mediante isotermas de adsorcion de nitrogeno se determino el area superficial de los materiales. La capacidad de almacenamiento de hidrogeno se

Tree spacing impacts the individual incidence of Moniliophthora roreri disease in cacao agroforests.

Science.gov (United States)

Ngo Bieng, Marie Ange; Alem, Laudine; Curtet, Chloé; Tixier, Philippe

2017-11-01

Using conventional pesticides in crop protection has raised serious environmental concerns and there is therefore a need for integrated pest management (IPM) methods. In this paper, we found that the spacing of trees can impact disease, which could result in a reduction in pesticide applications and may act as a potential IPM method. We studied Frosty Pod Rot (FPR) in 20 cacao agroforests in Costa Rica (Upala region). Using a generalized linear mixed model, we analyzed the impact of the neighborhood composition and distance from a studied cacao individual on its individual FPR incidence. We found that the number of cacao tree neighbors in a radius of 3.7 m and the number of fruit trees in a radius of 4.3 m had a significant negative influence on the incidence of FPR on individual cacao trees. Moreover, cacao tree neighbors had the most significant local influence compared to the neighborhood of other taller categories such as fruit or forest trees. The mechanisms involved are related to the barrier effect, due to the effectiveness of the cacao tree's architecture as an efficient barrier against FPR spore dispersal. This paper provides new insights into optimization of the spatial environment around each host as an original IPM method. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Transferencia de calor durante la congelación, el almacenamiento y la descongelación de alimentos

OpenAIRE

Salvadori, Viviana Olga

1994-01-01

En el presente trabajo se estudian distintos aspectos relacionados con la congelación y el almacenamiento de productos congelados, con los siguientes objetivos: - Optimizar el diseño de sistemas para la congelación o almacenamiento de alimentos a través de un mejor conocimiento de los fenómenos de transferencia de calor que tienen lugar en los mismos. Esto involucra un adecuado dimensionamiento de los equipos con el consiguiente ahorro en los costos de inversión. - Desar...

Maduración poscosecha de la feijoa (Acca sellowiana Berg tratada con CaCl2 en tres temperaturas de almacenamiento

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Ramírez Juan Manuel

2005-06-01

Full Text Available

Con la finalidad de comprobar los efectos retardantes del calcio en la maduración de los frutos de feijoa (Acca sellowiana Berg, cultivar Quimba, se realizó un estudio sobre la aplicación poscosecha, mediante inmersiones de tres soluciones distintas de cloruro de calcio (5%, 10% y 15% y un testigo. La aplicación de CaCl2 prolongó la vida de almacenamiento de los fru­tos, ya que los tratamientos permitieron a los frutos so­portar las condiciones de almacenamiento. Se observó un efecto importante en la disminución de las pérdidas de peso; los frutos tratados con el porcentaje de calcio más alto (15% presentaron las menores pérdidas de peso en cada temperatura. En las fejioas almacenadas a temperatura ambiente (18° C, se observó que la in­cidencia de enfermedades fue más pequeña en los fru­tos tratados con CaCl2. La velocidad de pérdida de la firmeza de los frutos también se vio fortalecida por la adición de calcio. Con relación a las propiedades quí­micas de los frutos, no se presentaron diferencias sig­nificativas entre los tratamientos con cloruro de calcio para cada temperatura de almacenamiento; las feijoas tratadas con CaCl presentaron niveles superiores de sólidos solubles totales, a pesar de no ser significativos estadísticamente.

Storage of Hydrogen in the Ti-Zr System; Almacenamiento de hidrogeno en el sistema Ti-Zr

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Salmones, J.; Zeifert, B. [Instituto Politecnico Nacional, ESIQIE, Mexico D.F. (Mexico)]. E-mail: jose_salmones@yahoo.com.mx; Ortega-Aviles, M. [Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico D.F. (Mexico); Contreras-Larios, J. L. [Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico D.F. (Mexico); Garibay-Febles, V. [Instituto Mexicano del Petroleo, Mexico D.F. (Mexico)

2009-09-15

This research was conducted to contribute to the study of hydrogen storage systems, synthesizing and characterizing two Ti-Zr based systems: I) titanium dioxide (TiO{sub 2}) + zirconium acetylacetonate (C{sub 20}H{sub 28}O{sub 8}Zr) and II) titanium dioxide (TiO{sub 2}) + zirconium tetrachloride (ZrCl{sub 4}). Both systems were prepared using mechanical grinding under the same conditions, with a composition of 50% Ti and Zr weights and grinding times of 2, 5, 7, 15, 30 and 70 hours. The samples were evaluated with hydrogen absorption tests and characterized with BET, DRX and MET. The results of hydrogen storage for one absorption-desorption cycle, at ambient temperature and pressure, showed that the samples from system I absorbed the greatest amount of hydrogen, but did not desorb them, while samples from system II liberated the hydrogen absorbed in them. The increase in temperature from mechanical grinding is directly associated with changes in the adsorption capacity of hydrogen, the size of the particle and formation of new components, as shows by BET measurements, XRD diffractograms and MET micrographs. The formation of Ti and Zr oxide nanoparticles in the samples in series II were associated with the desorption capacity of hydrogen. [Spanish] Esta investigacion se realizo para contribuir al estudio de sistemas para almacenamiento de hidrogeno, sintetizando y caracterizando dos sistemas base Ti-Zr: I) dioxido de titanio (TiO{sub 2}) + acetilacetonato de zirconio (C{sub 20}H{sub 28}O{sub 8}Zr) y II) dioxido de titanio (TiO{sub 2}) + tetracloruro de zirconio (ZrCl{sub 4}). Ambos sistemas se prepararon por molienda mecanica a las mismas condiciones, con composicion de 50% en peso de Ti y Zr y tiempos de molienda de 2, 5, 7, 15, 30 y 70 hrs. Las muestras fueron evaluadas mediante pruebas de absorcion de hidrogeno y caracterizadas por BET, DRX y MET. Los resultados de almacenamiento de hidrogeno para un ciclo de absorcion-desorcion, a presion y temperatura ambientes

Making a chocolate chip: development and evaluation of a 6K SNP array for Theobroma cacao.

Science.gov (United States)

Livingstone, Donald; Royaert, Stefan; Stack, Conrad; Mockaitis, Keithanne; May, Greg; Farmer, Andrew; Saski, Christopher; Schnell, Ray; Kuhn, David; Motamayor, Juan Carlos

2015-08-01

Theobroma cacao, the key ingredient in chocolate production, is one of the world's most important tree fruit crops, with ∼4,000,000 metric tons produced across 50 countries. To move towards gene discovery and marker-assisted breeding in cacao, a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) identification project was undertaken using RNAseq data from 16 diverse cacao cultivars. RNA sequences were aligned to the assembled transcriptome of the cultivar Matina 1-6, and 330,000 SNPs within coding regions were identified. From these SNPs, a subset of 6,000 high-quality SNPs were selected for inclusion on an Illumina Infinium SNP array: the Cacao6kSNP array. Using Cacao6KSNP array data from over 1,000 cacao samples, we demonstrate that our custom array produces a saturated genetic map and can be used to distinguish among even closely related genotypes. Our study enhances and expands the genetic resources available to the cacao research community, and provides the genome-scale set of tools that are critical for advancing breeding with molecular markers in an agricultural species with high genetic diversity. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Kazusa DNA Research Institute.

Differential expression of jasmonate biosynthesis genes in cacao genotypes contrasting for resistance against Moniliophthora perniciosa.

Science.gov (United States)

Litholdo, Celso G; Leal, Gildemberg A; Albuquerque, Paulo S B; Figueira, Antonio

2015-10-01

The resistance mechanism of cacao against M. perniciosa is likely to be mediated by JA/ET-signaling pathways due to the preferential TcAOS and TcSAM induction in a resistant genotype. The basidiomycete Moniliophthora perniciosa causes a serious disease in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), and the use of resistant varieties is the only sustainable long-term solution. Cacao resistance against M. perniciosa is characterized by pathogen growth inhibition with reduced colonization and an attenuation of disease symptoms, suggesting a regulation by jasmonate (JA)/ethylene (ET) signaling pathways. The hypothesis that genes involved in JA biosynthesis would be active in the interaction of T. cacao and M. perniciosa was tested here. The cacao JA-related genes were evaluated for their relative quantitative expression in susceptible and resistant genotypes upon the exogenous application of ET, methyl-jasmonate (MJ), and salicylic acid (SA), or after M. perniciosa inoculation. MJ treatment triggered changes in the expression of genes involved in JA biosynthesis, indicating that the mechanism of positive regulation by exogenous MJ application occurs in cacao. However, a higher induction of these genes was observed in the susceptible genotype. Further, a contrast in JA-related transcriptional expression was detected between susceptible and resistant plants under M. perniciosa infection, with the induction of the allene oxide synthase gene (TcAOS), which encodes a key enzyme in the JA biosynthesis pathway in the resistant genotype. Altogether, this work provides additional evidences that the JA-dependent signaling pathway is modulating the defense response against M. perniciosa in a cacao-resistant genotype.

Nitrogen forms and levels influence on growth and nutrition of cacao

Science.gov (United States)

Ammonium and nitrate are the major forms of N present in tropical soils. A climatically controlled growth chamber experiment was conducted to assess the influence of forms (NO3-, NH4+, and mix of NO3- + NH4+) and levels (1.5 to 12.0 mM) of N on the growth and nutrition of cacao (Theobroma cacao L). ...

Almacenamiento de carbono en tres tipos de uso de la tierra, para promover el manejo en áreas degradadas de Cumandá - Ecuador

OpenAIRE

Miranda Ruiz, Aracely Eshelita

2017-01-01

En países de Europa y América se conoce la capacidad que tienen la forestería análoga (FA) como una técnica de restauración alternativa y de secuestro de carbono, sin embargo, aún falta información sobre el potencial de secuestro de carbono en el componente aéreo y bajo el suelo en áreas de bosque análogo, plantaciones forestales de monocultivo y pasturas degradadas. Se estimó el potencial de almacenamiento de carbono orgánico (CO) del suelo hasta 1 m de profundidad y el carbono contenido en ...

Cacao biotechnology: current status and future prospects.

Science.gov (United States)

Wickramasuriya, Anushka M; Dunwell, Jim M

2018-01-01

Theobroma cacao-The Food of the Gods, provides the raw material for the multibillion dollar chocolate industry and is also the main source of income for about 6 million smallholders around the world. Additionally, cocoa beans have a number of other nonfood uses in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Specifically, the potential health benefits of cocoa have received increasing attention as it is rich in polyphenols, particularly flavonoids. At present, the demand for cocoa and cocoa-based products in Asia is growing particularly rapidly and chocolate manufacturers are increasing investment in this region. However, in many Asian countries, cocoa production is hampered due to many reasons including technological, political and socio-economic issues. This review provides an overview of the present status of global cocoa production and recent advances in biotechnological applications for cacao improvement, with special emphasis on genetics/genomics, in vitro embryogenesis and genetic transformation. In addition, in order to obtain an insight into the latest innovations in the commercial sector, a survey was conducted on granted patents relating to T. cacao biotechnology. © 2017 The Authors. Plant Biotechnology Journal published by Society for Experimental Biology and The Association of Applied Biologists and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Análisis de series de tiempo en el pronóstico de la demanda de almacenamiento de productos perecederos

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Arturo Contreras Juárez

2016-10-01

Full Text Available Los pronósticos son una herramienta que proporciona un estimado cuantitativo de la probabilidad de eventos futuros. La relevancia de incorporar pronósticos en la demanda de almacenamiento en productos perecederos dentro de la cadena de frío deriva de su importancia económica y social. Este caso de estudio presenta una empresa con tendencia de crecimiento dedicada al almacenamiento de productos perecederos e incorpora técnicas de pronósticos de series de tiempo, en el volumen de ingreso y egreso de los productos en una cámara frigorífica, con el fin de estimar el volumen de almacenamiento para prever los requerimientos de instalaciones adicionales, personal y materiales necesarios para la movilidad de los productos.

Production and robustness of a Cacao agroecosystem: effects of two contrasting types of management strategies.

Science.gov (United States)

Sabatier, Rodolphe; Wiegand, Kerstin; Meyer, Katrin

2013-01-01

Ecological intensification, i.e. relying on ecological processes to replace chemical inputs, is often presented as the ideal alternative to conventional farming based on an intensive use of chemicals. It is said to both maintain high yield and provide more robustness to the agroecosystem. However few studies compared the two types of management with respect to their consequences for production and robustness toward perturbation. In this study our aim is to assess productive performance and robustness toward diverse perturbations of a Cacao agroecosystem managed with two contrasting groups of strategies: one group of strategies relying on a high level of pesticides and a second relying on low levels of pesticides. We conducted this study using a dynamical model of a Cacao agroecosystem that includes Cacao production dynamics, and dynamics of three insects: a pest (the Cacao Pod Borer, Conopomorpha cramerella) and two characteristic but unspecified beneficial insects (a pollinator of Cacao and a parasitoid of the Cacao Pod Borer). Our results showed two opposite behaviors of the Cacao agroecosystem depending on its management, i.e. an agroecosystem relying on a high input of pesticides and showing low ecosystem functioning and an agroecosystem with low inputs, relying on a high functioning of the ecosystem. From the production point of view, no type of management clearly outclassed the other and their ranking depended on the type of pesticide used. From the robustness point of view, the two types of managements performed differently when subjected to different types of perturbations. Ecologically intensive systems were more robust to pest outbreaks and perturbations related to pesticide characteristics while chemically intensive systems were more robust to Cacao production and management-related perturbation.

Polyphenols distributions and reserve substances analysis in cacao somatic embryogenesis

OpenAIRE

Adriana María Gallego Rúa; Ana María Henao Ramírez; Aura Inés Urrea Trujillo; Lucía Atehortúa Garcés

2016-01-01

ABSTRACTIn order to understand the causes of lack of regeneration in cacao somatic embryos, two cacao varieties with different responses to regeneration potential were described based on their capacity to store different compounds. It is well known that seed reserves play a central role in the regenerative capability of somatic embryos; thus, we followed histochemical changes and reserve fluctuations of proteins, polysaccharides and polyphenols during somatic embryogenesis (SE) in the two cac...

Efecto in vitro de aceites esenciales de tres especies de Lippia sobre Moniliophthora roreri (Cif. y Par. Evans et al., agente causante de la moniliasis del cacao (Theobroma cacao L.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Lozada Betty Stefany

2012-11-01

Full Text Available

Se evaluó el efecto antifúngico in vitro de cinco aceites esenciales (AEs (AE1, AE2, AE3, AE4 y AE5 extraídos de Lippia origanoides, L. citriodora y L. alba sobre aislados de monilia (Moniliophthora roreri obtenidos de frutos de cacao infectados provenientes de San Vicente de Chucurí, Santander, Colombia. Las plantas de Lippia fueron colectadas en cinco localidades colombianas. Los aislados de monilia (M1, M2, M3, M4 y M5 fueron caracterizados por su morfología, germinación y crecimiento en medios de cultivo. La actividad antifúngica de diferentes concentraciones de los AEs fue evaluada contra el aisla- do M2 y la cepa de M. roreri (ATCC 64239, para determinar su efecto sobre la germinación y la inhibi- ción del crecimiento micelial. Los AEs estudiados inhibieron 100% de la germinación y del crecimiento micelial cuando fueron utilizados en concentraciones de 800 - 1000 µg/ml. Concentraciones de 200 µg/ml también mostraron efecto sobre los aislamientos fúngicos, siendo los AEs obtenidos de L. ori- ganoides (AE2 y AE3 los más activos. Estos estaban compuestos principalmente por timol, p-cimeno,

y-terpineno, acetato de timilo, carvacrol, 1-mirceno, trans-1ccariofileno. Diferencias significativas (P <

Incorporación de materiales de cambio de fase en placas de yeso para almacenamiento de energía térmica mediante calor latente: caracterización térmica del material mediante la técnica DSC

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Oliver, A.

2011-06-01

Full Text Available Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC is a thermal analysis technique which has been used for more than three decades to measure the temperatures and heat flows associated with transitions in materials as a function of time. Other techniques, are Differential Thermal Analysis DTA and Conventional Calorimetry. There is great uncertainty in the values supplied by the manufacturers (because they are referred to pure substances and the DSC should be used to get more accurate values. It will be analyzed the thermal storage capacity depending on temperature for several compound materials formed by some aggregates, mainly gypsum and phase change materials, in various proportions. The results have been compared with other building materials such as gypsum boards and brick layer. The suitability of the new construction material for thermal energy storage will be assessed in comparison with other materials traditionally used for this purpose.

La Calorimetría Diferencial de Barrido es una técnica de análisis térmico, usada desde hace décadas, para medir la entalpía asociada al cambio de fase de un material como función del tiempo y de la temperatura. Otras técnicas menos utilizadas son la Calorimetría Convencional el Análisis Térmico Diferencial. Existe una gran incertidumbre en los valores de propiedades suministrados por los fabricantes (puesto que éstos se refieren a las sustancias puras y es conveniente utilizar DSC para tener valores más exactos. Se va a analizar la capacidad de almacenamiento térmico en función de la temperatura de varios materiales compuestos formados por los mismos agregados -principalmente yeso y material de cambio de fase- en distintas proporciones. Los valores obtenidos se comparan con otros materiales constructivos, yeso laminado y ladrillo. También se verifica la idoneidad del nuevo material constructivo para el almacenamiento de energía térmica frente a otros materiales utilizados

Morphological, Physiological, and Taxonomic Characterization of Actinobacterial Isolates Living as Endophytes of Cacao Pods and Cacao Seeds.

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Tchinda, Romaric Armel Mouafo; Boudjeko, Thaddée; Simao-Beaunoir, Anne-Marie; Lerat, Sylvain; Tsala, Éric; Monga, Ernest; Beaulieu, Carole

2016-01-01

Vascular plants are commonly colonized by endophytic actinobacteria. However, very little is known about the relationship between these microorganisms and cacao fruits. In order to determine the physiological and taxonomic relationships between the members of this community, actinobacteria were isolated from cacao fruits and seeds. Among the 49 isolates recovered, 11 morphologically distinct isolates were selected for further characterization. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene allowed the partition of the selected isolates into three phylogenetic clades. Most of the selected endophytic isolates belonged to the Streptomyces violaceusniger clade. Physiological characterization was carried out and a similarity index was used to cluster the isolates. However, clustering based on physiological properties did not match phylogenetic lineages. Isolates were also characterized for traits commonly associated with plant growth-promoting bacteria, including antibiosis and auxin biosynthesis. All isolates exhibited resistance to geldanamycin, whereas only two isolates were shown to produce this antibiotic. Endophytes were inoculated on radish seedlings and most isolates were found to possess plant growth-promoting abilities. These endophytic actinobacteria inhibited the growth of various plant pathogenic fungi and/or bacteria. The present study showed that S. violaceusniger clade members represent a significant part of the actinobacterial community living as endophytes in cacao fruits and seeds. While several members of this clade are known to be geldanamycin producers and efficient biocontrol agents of plant diseases, we herein established the endophytic lifestyle of some of these microorganisms, demonstrating their potential as plant health agents.

COMPARATIVE GENOME ANALYSES OF MONILIOPHTHORA PERNICIOSA AND MONILIOPHTHORA RORERI: TWO CLOSELY RELATED PHYTOPATHOGENIC BASIDIOMYCETES THAT CAUSE DISTINCTLY DIFFERENT DISEASES OF THEOBROMA CACAO

Science.gov (United States)

Theobroma cacao (cacao), the source of chocolate, is a tropical understory tree. Fungal diseases such as Witches’ Broom Disease (WBD) and Frosty Pod Rot Disease (FPRD) of cacao have devastated cacao production in much of the Western Hemisphere and are threats to the main cacao producing regions in A...

Proteome analysis during pod, zygotic and somatic embryo maturation of Theobroma cacao.

Science.gov (United States)

Niemenak, Nicolas; Kaiser, Edward; Maximova, Siela N; Laremore, Tatiana; Guiltinan, Mark J

2015-05-15

Two dimensional electrophoresis and nano-LC-MS were performed in order to identify alterations in protein abundance that correlate with maturation of cacao zygotic and somatic embryos. The cacao pod proteome was also characterized during development. The recently published cacao genome sequence was used to create a predicted proteolytic fragment database. Several hundred protein spots were resolved on each tissue analysis, of which 72 variable spots were subjected to MS analysis, resulting in 49 identifications. The identified proteins represent an array of functional categories, including seed storage, stress response, photosynthesis and translation factors. The seed storage protein was strongly accumulated in cacao zygotic embryos compared to their somatic counterpart. However, sucrose treatment (60 g L(-1)) allows up-regulation of storage protein in SE. A high similarity in the profiles of acidic proteins was observed in mature zygotic and somatic embryos. Differential expression in both tissues was observed in proteins having high pI. Several proteins were detected exclusively in fruit tissues, including a chitinase and a 14-3-3 protein. We also identified a novel cacao protein related to known mabinlin type sweet storage proteins. Moreover, the specific presence of thaumatin-like protein, another sweet protein, was also detected in fruit tissue. We discuss our observed correlations between protein expression profiles, developmental stage and stress responses. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Molecular characterization of previously elusive badnaviruses associated with symptomatic cacao in the New World.

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Chingandu, Nomatter; Zia-Ur-Rehman, Muhammad; Sreenivasan, Thyail N; Surujdeo-Maharaj, Surendra; Umaharan, Pathmanathan; Gutierrez, Osman A; Brown, Judith K

2017-05-01

Suspected virus-like symptoms were observed in cacao plants in Trinidad during 1943, and the viruses associated with these symptoms were designated as strains A and B of cacao Trinidad virus (CTV). However, viral etiology has not been demonstrated for either phenotype. Total DNA was isolated from symptomatic cacao leaves exhibiting the CTV A and B phenotypes and subjected to Illumina HiSeq and Sanger DNA sequencing. Based on de novo assembly, two apparently full-length badnavirus genomes of 7,533 and 7,454 nucleotides (nt) were associated with CTV strain A and B, respectively. The Trinidad badnaviral genomes contained four open reading frames, three of which are characteristic of other known badnaviruses, and a fourth that is present in only some badnaviruses. Both badnaviral genomes harbored hallmark caulimovirus-like features, including a tRNA Met priming site, a TATA box, and a polyadenylation-like signal. Pairwise comparisons of the RT-RNase H region indicated that the Trinidad isolates share 57-71% nt sequence identity with other known badnaviruses. Based on the system for badnavirus species demarcation in which viruses with less than 80% nt sequence identity in the RT-RNase gene are considered members of separate species, these isolates represent two previously unidentified badnaviruses, herein named cacao mild mosaic virus and cacao yellow vein banding virus, making them the first cacao-infecting badnaviruses identified thus far in the Western Hemisphere.

ESTABILIDAD DE ALMACENAMIENTO DE ENSILADOS BIOLÓGICOS A PARTIR DE RESIDUOS DE PESCADO INOCULADOS CON BACTERIAS ÁCIDO -LÁCTICAS

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MS Holguín

2009-01-01

Full Text Available Se elaboraron cuatro muestras por triplicado de ensilados biológicos para alimentación animal a partir de residuos de pescado, utilizando melaza como fuente de carbohidratos para el crecimiento de cuatro cepas de bacterias ácido-lácticas (BAL aisladas de los mismos, sometidos a un tiempo de incubación de 72 horas y temperatura de 35 °C (±2 °C para acidificar el producto como método de conservación. A continuación los ensilados se almacenaron durante 180 días a temperatura ambiente para evaluar la estabilidad en anaquel, por medio de análisis químicos, composición química proximal, aminograma, recuentos microbiológicos y algunos de tipo organoléptico del producto terminado. Las cepas fueron eficientes en el proceso de fermentación, causando inhibición del crecimiento de microorganismos indeseables y aportando características organolépticas agradables. El ensilado elaborado con la cepa C14 provocó el descenso del pH en menos de 72 horas de incubación. Ninguno de los productos sufrió deterioro evidente durante el almacenamiento; presentaron porcentajes aceptables de proteína, grasa, cenizas, carbohidratos y aminoácidos, que hacen del producto una fuente utilizable en formulaciones de alimentos para animales.

PRENDIMIENTO DE DOS TIPOS DE INJERTOS EN CACAO EN DISTINTAS FASES LUNARES, SIUNA 2014

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Mario Reyes Martínez

2016-05-01

Full Text Available Sin duda, los productores saben de la influencia lunar y sobre el movimiento de la savia en las plantas en determinados momentos, debido a los conocimientos ancestrales y experiencias adquiridas. Sin embargo, en relación al prendimiento de injertos en cacao (Theobroma cacao, existen pocos estudios científicos que demuestren tales efectos. El objetivo principal del estudio fue comparar los efectos de las fases lunares en el prendimiento de dos tipos de injertos en cacao. Para ello se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo bifactorial, con tres repeticiones por cada una de las fases y un universo de 576 plantas. La variable de medición únicamente fue el prendimiento de las plantas que se injertaron. Los datos fueron procesados en el programa Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS versión 21 y se sometieron al análisis de varianza ANDEVA con un nivel de confianza del 95%. Los análisis revelan que existen diferencias significativas para las técnicas de injertación (p=0.011<0.05 y se obtuvo mayores prendimientos en los injertos de yema sobre los de bisel. Con respecto al efecto de las fases lunares sobre los dos tipos de injertos no se encontró evidencia estadística (p=0.950>0.05. En base al análisis combinado de varianza no existen diferencias significativas para la interacción fases lunares y técnicas de injertación puesto que (p=0.761>0.05. Summary There is no doubt the producers know of the moon influence and the sap movement in plants at certain moments, due to the ancestral knowledge and experiences gained. However, in relation to the root taking of grafts in cocoa (Theobroma cacao, there are few scientific studies that demonstrate such effects. The main objective of this study was to compare the effects of moon phases in the root taking of two types of grafts in cocoa. To do this we used a complete randomized design with bifactorial order, with three replays for each of the phases and a universe of 576

la labor del editor y del arquitecto de información

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Alcides A. Velásquez P.

2007-01-01

Full Text Available Los nuevos medios digitales han transformado las posibilidades de distribución, adquisición, manipulación, almacenamiento y producción comunicativa. Así mismo, han impactado las tecnologías de medios previas, incluyendo la imagen, la imagen en movimiento y el texto escrito. Estos nuevos medios de expresión reflejan un momento histórico particular, y potencian un nuevo tipo de construcción simbólica. Sin embargo, por su relativa novedad, aún no han construido completamente su propio lenguaje, por lo que es necesario explorar sus características propias. Esta exploración de las propiedades del medio puede llevarnos a comprender la manera como éste puede hacer converger tópicos de la comunicación y las ciencias de la información relacionados con la escritura y la lectura; así como la labor del editor y del arquitecto de la información.

Association mapping of fruit, seed and disease resistance traits in Theobroma cacao L

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An association mapping approach was employed to find markers for color, size, girth and mass of fruits; seed number and butterfat content; and resistance to black pod and witches’ broom diseases in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). Ninety-five microsatellites (SSRs) and 775 single nucleotide polymorphisms...

Cadmium bioaccumulation and gastric bioaccessibility in cacao: A field study in areas impacted by oil activities in Ecuador

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Barraza, F.; Schreck, E.; Lévêque, T.; Uzu, G.; López, F.; Ruales, J.; Prunier, J.; Marquet, A.; Maurice, L.

2017-01-01

Cacao from South America is especially used to produce premium quality chocolate. Although the European Food Safety Authority has not established a limit for cadmium (Cd) in chocolate raw material, recent studies demonstrate that Cd concentrations in cacao beans can reach levels higher than the legal limits for dark chocolate (0.8 mg kg −1 , effective January 1st, 2019). Despite the fact that the presence of Cd in agricultural soils is related to contamination by fertilizers, other potential sources must be considered in Ecuador. This field study was conducted to investigate Cd content in soils and cacao cultivated on Ecuadorian farms in areas impacted by oil activities. Soils, cacao leaves, and pod husks were collected from 31 farms in the northern Amazon and Pacific coastal regions exposed to oil production and refining and compared to two control areas. Human gastric bioaccessibility was determined in raw cacao beans and cacao liquor samples in order to assess potential health risks involved. Our results show that topsoils (0–20 cm) have higher Cd concentrations than deeper layers, exceeding the Ecuadorian legislation limit in 39% of the sampling sites. Cacao leaves accumulate more Cd than pod husks or beans but, nevertheless, 50% of the sampled beans have Cd contents above 0.8 mg kg −1 . Root-to-cacao transfer seems to be the main pathway of Cd uptake, which is not only regulated by physico-chemical soil properties but also agricultural practices. Additionally, natural Cd enrichment by volcanic inputs must not be neglected. Finally, Cd in cacao trees cannot be considered as a tracer of oil activities. Assuming that total Cd content and its bioaccessible fraction (up to 90%) in cacao beans and liquor is directly linked to those in chocolate, the health risk associated with Cd exposure varies from low to moderate. - Highlights: • Cd in cacao beans is enriched 4 times compared to soils contents. • Cd bioaccumulates in beans mainly through root

Genetic identity, ancestry and parentage in farmer selections of cacao from Aceh, Indonesia revealed by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers

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Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is the source of cocoa powder and butter used for chocolate and this species originated in the rainforests of South America. Indonesia is the 3rd largest cacao producer in the world with an annual cacao output of 0.55 million tons. Knowledge of on-farm genetic diversity is...

Development of a marker assisted selection program for cacao.

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Schnell, R J; Kuhn, D N; Brown, J S; Olano, C T; Phillips-Mora, W; Amores, F M; Motamayor, J C

2007-12-01

ABSTRACT Production of cacao in tropical America has been severely affected by fungal pathogens causing diseases known as witches' broom (WB, caused by Moniliophthora perniciosa), frosty pod (FP, caused by M. roreri) and black pod (BP, caused by Phytophthora spp.). BP is pan-tropical and causes losses in all producing areas. WB is found in South America and parts of the Caribbean, while FP is found in Central America and parts of South America. Together, these diseases were responsible for over 700 million US dollars in losses in 2001 (4). Commercial cacao production in West Africa and South Asia are not yet affected by WB and FP, but cacao grown in these regions is susceptible to both. With the goal of providing new disease resistant cultivars the USDA-ARS and Mars, Inc. have developed a marker assisted selection (MAS) program. Quantitative trait loci have been identified for resistance to WB, FP, and BP. The potential usefulness of these markers in identifying resistant individuals has been confirmed in an experimental F(1) family in Ecuador.

Characterization of Pseudomonas chlororaphis from Theobroma cacao L. rhizosphere with antagonistic activity against Phytophthora palmivora (Butler).

Science.gov (United States)

Acebo-Guerrero, Y; Hernández-Rodríguez, A; Vandeputte, O; Miguélez-Sierra, Y; Heydrich-Pérez, M; Ye, L; Cornelis, P; Bertin, P; El Jaziri, M

2015-10-01

To isolate and characterize rhizobacteria from Theobroma cacao with antagonistic activity against Phytophthora palmivora, the causal agent of the black pod rot, which is one of the most important diseases of T. cacao. Among 127 rhizobacteria isolated from cacao rhizosphere, three isolates (CP07, CP24 and CP30) identified as Pseudomonas chlororaphis, showed in vitro antagonistic activity against P. palmivora. Direct antagonism tested in cacao detached leaves revealed that the isolated rhizobacteria were able to reduce symptom severity upon infection with P. palmivora Mab1, with Ps. chlororaphis CP07 standing out as a potential biocontrol agent. Besides, reduced symptom severity on leaves was also observed in planta where cacao root system was pretreated with the isolated rhizobacteria followed by leaf infection with P. palmivora Mab1. The production of lytic enzymes, siderophores, biosurfactants and HCN, as well as the detection of genes encoding antibiotics, the formation of biofilm, and bacterial motility were also assessed for all three rhizobacterial strains. By using a mutant impaired in viscosin production, derived from CP07, it was found that this particular biosurfactant turned out to be crucial for both motility and biofilm formation, but not for the in vitro antagonism against Phytophthora, although it may contribute to the bioprotection of T. cacao. In the rhizosphere of T. cacao, there are rhizobacteria, such as Ps. chlororaphis, able to protect plants against P. palmivora. This study provides a theoretical basis for the potential use of Ps. chlororaphis CP07 as a biocontrol agent for the protection of cacao plants from P. palmivora infection. © 2015 The Society for Applied Microbiology.

Dissimilarity of Ant Communities Increases with Precipitation, but not Reduced Land-Use Intensity, in Indonesian Cacao Agroforestry

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Damayanti Buchori

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Land-use degradation and climate change are well-known drivers of biodiversity loss, but little information is available about their potential interaction. Here, we focus on the effects of land-use and precipitation on ant diversity in cacao agroforestry. In Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, we selected 16 cacao agroforestry plots with a shaded vs. unshaded plot in each of eight villages differing in precipitation (1032–2051 mm annual rainfall. On each plot, 10 cacao trees with similar size and age (7–10 years were selected for hand collection of ants on each cacao tree and the soil surface. In total, we found 80 ant species belonging to five subfamilies. Land-use intensification (removal of shade trees and precipitation had no effect on species richness of ants per cacao tree (alpha diversity and, in an additive partitioning approach, within-plot beta diversity. However, higher precipitation (but not shade significantly increased ant species dissimilarity across cacao trees within a plot, with ant species showing contrasting responses to precipitation. Reduced precipitation causing drought stress appeared to contribute to convergence of ant community structure, presumably via reduced heterogeneity in cacao tree growth. In conclusion, reduced precipitation greatly influenced ant community dissimilarity and appeared to be more important for ant community structure than land-use intensification.

Molecular characterization of cocoa beans from different geographical origins: a metabolomics approach with a focus on peptides, amino acids and aroma compounds

OpenAIRE

Marseglia, Angela

2015-01-01

Il cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) e il cioccolato sono fra i prodotti alimentari più apprezzati nel mondo. Il nome 'Theobroma' significa 'cibo degli dei', sottolineando le quasi divine qualità nutritive del cacao e del cioccolato. I prodotti a base di cacao sono ottenuti a partire dalle fave di cacao, che rappresentano i semi della pianta del cacao, la quale cresce in una zona geografica limitata, di circa 20 gradi a nord e a sud dell'equatore. I prodotti a base di cioccolato sono ottenuti con un...

Agroforestry systems of timber species and cacao: survival and growth during the early stages

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Wilmer Espinoza

2013-08-01

Full Text Available In recent times, increased emphasis has been placed on diversifying the types of trees to shade cacao (Theobromacacao L. and to achieve additional services. Agroforestry systems that include profitable and native timber trees are a viable alternative but it is necessary to understand the growth characteristics of these species under different environmental conditions. Thus, timber tree species selection should be based on plant responses to biotic and abiotic factors. The aims of this study were (1 to evaluate growth rates and leaf area indices of the four commercial timber species: Cordia thaisiana, Cedrela odorata, Swietenia macrophylla and Tabebuia rosea in conjunction with incidence of insect attacks and (2 to compare growth rates of four Venezuelan Criollo cacao cultivars planted under the shade of these four timber species during the first 36 months after establishment. Parameters monitored in timber trees were: survival rates, growth rates expressed as height and diameter at breast height and leaf area index. In the four Cacao cultivars: height and basal diameter. C. thaisiana and C. odorata had the fastest growth and the highest survival rates. Growth rates of timber trees will depend on their susceptibility to insect attacks as well as to total leaf area. All cacao cultivars showed higher growth rates under the shade of C. odorata. Growth rates of timber trees and cacao cultivars suggest that combinations of cacao and timber trees are a feasible agroforestry strategy in Venezuela.

Procedimiento para la obtención de una solución favorecedora del crecimiento de plantas a partir de aguas de lavado del proceso de elaboración de aceitunas verdes estilo español y uso de dicha solución

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Romero Barranco, Concepción; Medina Pradas, Eduardo; Castro Gómez-Millán, Antonio de; Brenes Balbuena, Manuel; Santos, Berta de los; Romero, Fernando

2011-01-01

La presente invención se refiere a un procedimiento para la obtención de una solución favorecedora del crecimiento de plantas a partir de aguas de lavado del proceso de elaboración de aceitunas verdes estilo español o sevillano, caracterizado porque comprende las siguientes etapas: (a) acidificación del agua de lavado hasta un valor de pH inferior a 3 unidades; (b) almacenamiento del agua en condiciones anaeróbicas; y (c) elevación del pH del concentrado hasta un valor superior a 4 unidades. ...

Vida útil sensorial del queso mantecoso por pruebas aceleradas

OpenAIRE

Sánchez-González, Jesús Alexander; Pérez Cueva, Joel André

2016-01-01

El objetivo del presente trabajo de investigación fue estimar la vida útil sensorial del queso mantecoso, de marcas comercializadas en Cajamarca, envasado al vacío: "cefop" y envasado a la presión atmosférica: "huacariz"; mediante pruebas aceleradas. Para este propósito, el queso "huacariz" se almacenó a 20, 28, 35 y 40 °C, mientras que para el queso "cefop" se trabajó con 20, 28 y 35 °C de almacenamiento, realizándose con éstos pruebas de aceptabilidad sensorial en función al tiempo de almac...

Macro and micro nutrient uptake parameters and use efficiency in cacao genotypes influenced by deficient to excess levels of soil K

Science.gov (United States)

Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is an important economic crop for many of the tropical countries. Adequate levels of soil K are essential for good growth and achieving high cocoa bean yields. Soils under cacao invariably have low levels of plant available K to support good cacao growth. Growth chamber ex...

Adsorción de plomo y cadmio en sistema continuo de lecho fijo sobre residuos de cacao

OpenAIRE

Jose Lara; Candelaria Tejada; Angel Villabona; Alfonso Arrieta; Clemente Granados Conde

2016-01-01

Se evaluó el desempeño de la cáscara de cacao como material residual adsorbente de metales pesados (Plomo y Cadmio) en solución acuosa sintética, mediante un sistema continuo de lecho fijo. El trabajo experimental consistió en determinar el efecto de la altura del lecho en la remoción de estos contaminantes, manteniendo constantes parámetros como el pH, velocidad de flujo y concentración inicial de los metales. Las pruebas de adsorción presentaron una remoción de 91,32 y 87,80%...

Breeding for disease resistance in cacao

Science.gov (United States)

Cacao production must increase in order to meet the projected rise in the demand for chocolate. Approximately one-third of global production is lost annually to diseases and insects. Four diseases account for the greatest losses worldwide: black pod, caused by four Phytophthora spp; witches’ broom...

Fungal and plant gene expression during the colonization of cacao seedlings by endophytic isolates of four Trichoderma species.

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Bailey, B A; Bae, H; Strem, M D; Roberts, D P; Thomas, S E; Crozier, J; Samuels, G J; Choi, Ik-Young; Holmes, K A

2006-11-01

Endophytic isolates of Trichoderma species are being considered as biocontrol agents for diseases of Theobroma cacao (cacao). Gene expression was studied during the interaction between cacao seedlings and four endophytic Trichoderma isolates, T. ovalisporum-DIS 70a, T. hamatum-DIS 219b, T. harzianum-DIS 219f, and Trichoderma sp.-DIS 172ai. Isolates DIS 70a, DIS 219b, and DIS 219f were mycoparasitic on the pathogen Moniliophthora roreri, and DIS 172ai produced metabolites that inhibited growth of M. roreri in culture. ESTs (116) responsive to endophytic colonization of cacao were identified using differential display and their expression analyzed using macroarrays. Nineteen cacao ESTs and 17 Trichoderma ESTs were chosen for real-time quantitative PCR analysis. Seven cacao ESTs were induced during colonization by the Trichoderma isolates. These included putative genes for ornithine decarboxylase (P1), GST-like proteins (P4), zinc finger protein (P13), wound-induced protein (P26), EF-calcium-binding protein (P29), carbohydrate oxidase (P59), and an unknown protein (U4). Two plant ESTs, extensin-like protein (P12) and major intrinsic protein (P31), were repressed due to colonization. The plant gene expression profile was dependent on the Trichoderma isolate colonizing the cacao seedling. The fungal ESTs induced in colonized cacao seedlings also varied with the Trichoderma isolate used. The most highly induced fungal ESTs were putative glucosyl hydrolase family 2 (F3), glucosyl hydrolase family 7 (F7), serine protease (F11), and alcohol oxidase (F19). The pattern of altered gene expression suggests a complex system of genetic cross talk occurs between the cacao tree and Trichoderma isolates during the establishment of the endophytic association.

Trichoderma theobromicola and T. paucisporum: two new species isolated from cacao in South America.

Science.gov (United States)

Samuels, Gary J; Suarez, Carmen; Solis, Karina; Holmes, Keith A; Thomas, Sarah E; Ismaiel, Adnan; Evans, Harry C

2006-04-01

Trichoderma theobromicola and T. paucisporum spp. nov. are described. Trichoderma theobromicola was isolated as an endophyte from the trunk of a healthy cacao tree (Theobroma cacao, Malvaceae) in Amazonian Peru; it sporulates profusely on common mycological media. Trichoderma paucisporum is represented by two cultures that were obtained in Ecuador from cacao pods partially infected with frosty pod rot, Moniliophthora roreri; it sporulates sporadically and most cultures remain sterile on common media and autoclaved rice. It sporulates more reliably on synthetic low-nutrient agar (SNA) but produces few conidia. Trichoderma theobromicola was reintroduced into cacao seedlings through shoot inoculation and was recovered from stems but not from leaves, indicating that it is an endophytic species. Both produced a volatile/diffusable antibiotic that inhibited development of M. roreri in vitro and on-pod trials. Neither species demonstrated significant direct in vitro mycoparasitic activity against M. roreri.

Carbon storage in soil size fractions under two cacao agroforestry systems in Bahia, Brazil.

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Gama-Rodrigues, Emanuela F; Ramachandran Nair, P K; Nair, Vimala D; Gama-Rodrigues, Antonio C; Baligar, Virupax C; Machado, Regina C R

2010-02-01

Shaded perennial agroforestry systems contain relatively high quantities of soil carbon (C) resulting from continuous deposition of plant residues; however, the extent to which the C is sequestered in soil will depend on the extent of physical protection of soil organic C (SOC). The main objective of this study was to characterize SOC storage in relation to soil fraction-size classes in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) agroforestry systems (AFSs). Two shaded cacao systems and an adjacent natural forest in reddish-yellow Oxisols in Bahia, Brazil were selected. Soil samples were collected from four depth classes to 1 m depth and separated by wet-sieving into three fraction-size classes (>250 microm, 250-53 microm, and <53 microm)-corresponding to macroaggregate, microaggregate, and silt-and-clay size fractions-and analyzed for C content. The total SOC stock did not vary among systems (mean: 302 Mg/ha). On average, 72% of SOC was in macroaggregate-size, 20% in microaggregate-size, and 8% in silt-and-clay size fractions in soil. Sonication of aggregates showed that occlusion of C in soil aggregates could be a major mechanism of C protection in these soils. Considering the low level of soil disturbances in cacao AFSs, the C contained in the macroaggregate fraction might become stabilized in the soil. The study shows the role of cacao AFSs in mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emission through accumulation and retention of high amounts of organic C in the soils and suggests the potential benefit of this environmental service to the nearly 6 million cacao farmers worldwide.

A Larger Chocolate Chip—Development of a 15K Theobroma cacao L. SNP Array to Create High-Density Linkage Maps

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Donald Livingstone

2017-12-01

Full Text Available Cacao (Theobroma cacao L. is an important cash crop in tropical regions around the world and has a rich agronomic history in South America. As a key component in the cosmetic and confectionary industries, millions of people worldwide use products made from cacao, ranging from shampoo to chocolate. An Illumina Infinity II array was created using 13,530 SNPs identified within a small diversity panel of cacao. Of these SNPs, 12,643 derive from variation within annotated cacao genes. The genotypes of 3,072 trees were obtained, including two mapping populations from Ecuador. High-density linkage maps for these two populations were generated and compared to the cacao genome assembly. Phenotypic data from these populations were combined with the linkage maps to identify the QTLs for yield and disease resistance.

A Larger Chocolate Chip-Development of a 15K Theobroma cacao L. SNP Array to Create High-Density Linkage Maps.

Science.gov (United States)

Livingstone, Donald; Stack, Conrad; Mustiga, Guiliana M; Rodezno, Dayana C; Suarez, Carmen; Amores, Freddy; Feltus, Frank A; Mockaitis, Keithanne; Cornejo, Omar E; Motamayor, Juan C

2017-01-01

Cacao ( Theobroma cacao L.) is an important cash crop in tropical regions around the world and has a rich agronomic history in South America. As a key component in the cosmetic and confectionary industries, millions of people worldwide use products made from cacao, ranging from shampoo to chocolate. An Illumina Infinity II array was created using 13,530 SNPs identified within a small diversity panel of cacao. Of these SNPs, 12,643 derive from variation within annotated cacao genes. The genotypes of 3,072 trees were obtained, including two mapping populations from Ecuador. High-density linkage maps for these two populations were generated and compared to the cacao genome assembly. Phenotypic data from these populations were combined with the linkage maps to identify the QTLs for yield and disease resistance.

Association mapping of seed and disease resistance traits in Theobroma cacao L.

Science.gov (United States)

Motilal, Lambert A; Zhang, Dapeng; Mischke, Sue; Meinhardt, Lyndel W; Boccara, Michel; Fouet, Olivier; Lanaud, Claire; Umaharan, Pathmanathan

2016-12-01

Microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphism markers that could be used in marker assisted breeding of cacao were identified for number of filled seeds, black pod resistance and witches' broom disease resistance. An association mapping approach was employed to identify markers for seed number and resistance to black pod and witches' broom disease (WBD) in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). Ninety-five microsatellites (SSRs) and 775 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were assessed on 483 unique trees in the International Cocoa Genebank Trinidad (ICGT). Linkage disequilibrium (LD) and association mapping studies were conducted to identify markers to tag the phenotypic traits. Decay of LD occurred over an average 9.3 cM for chromosomes 1-9 and 2.5 cM for chromosome 10. Marker/trait associations were generally identified based on general linear models (GLMs) that incorporated principal components from molecular information on relatedness factor. Seven markers (mTcCIR 8, 66, 126, 212; TcSNP368, 697, 1370) on chromosomes 1 and 9 were identified for number of filled seeds (NSEED). A single marker was found for black pod resistance (mTcCIR280) on chromosome 3, whereas six markers on chromosomes 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10 were detected for WBD (mTcCIR91, 183; TcSNP375, 720, 1230 and 1374). It is expected that this association mapping study in cacao would contribute to the knowledge of the genetic determinism of cocoa traits and that the markers identified herein would prove useful in marker assisted breeding of cacao.

Accurate determination of genetic identity for a single cacao bean, using molecular markers with a nanofluidic system, ensures cocoa authenticity and traceability

Science.gov (United States)

Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is an important tropical crop since it is the source of cocoa butter and powder for the confectionery industry. Production and marketing of premium high-value fine flavored cacao provide opportunities for cacao growers, the chocolate industry and consumers. The higher far...

Cadmium bioaccumulation and gastric bioaccessibility in cacao: A field study in areas impacted by oil activities in Ecuador.

Science.gov (United States)

Barraza, F; Schreck, E; Lévêque, T; Uzu, G; López, F; Ruales, J; Prunier, J; Marquet, A; Maurice, L

2017-10-01

Cacao from South America is especially used to produce premium quality chocolate. Although the European Food Safety Authority has not established a limit for cadmium (Cd) in chocolate raw material, recent studies demonstrate that Cd concentrations in cacao beans can reach levels higher than the legal limits for dark chocolate (0.8 mg kg -1 , effective January 1st, 2019). Despite the fact that the presence of Cd in agricultural soils is related to contamination by fertilizers, other potential sources must be considered in Ecuador. This field study was conducted to investigate Cd content in soils and cacao cultivated on Ecuadorian farms in areas impacted by oil activities. Soils, cacao leaves, and pod husks were collected from 31 farms in the northern Amazon and Pacific coastal regions exposed to oil production and refining and compared to two control areas. Human gastric bioaccessibility was determined in raw cacao beans and cacao liquor samples in order to assess potential health risks involved. Our results show that topsoils (0-20 cm) have higher Cd concentrations than deeper layers, exceeding the Ecuadorian legislation limit in 39% of the sampling sites. Cacao leaves accumulate more Cd than pod husks or beans but, nevertheless, 50% of the sampled beans have Cd contents above 0.8 mg kg -1 . Root-to-cacao transfer seems to be the main pathway of Cd uptake, which is not only regulated by physico-chemical soil properties but also agricultural practices. Additionally, natural Cd enrichment by volcanic inputs must not be neglected. Finally, Cd in cacao trees cannot be considered as a tracer of oil activities. Assuming that total Cd content and its bioaccessible fraction (up to 90%) in cacao beans and liquor is directly linked to those in chocolate, the health risk associated with Cd exposure varies from low to moderate. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Transient Expression of CRISPR/Cas9 Machinery Targeting TcNPR3 Enhances Defense Response in Theobroma cacao.

Science.gov (United States)

Fister, Andrew S; Landherr, Lena; Maximova, Siela N; Guiltinan, Mark J

2018-01-01

Theobroma cacao , the source of cocoa, suffers significant losses to a variety of pathogens resulting in reduced incomes for millions of farmers in developing countries. Development of disease resistant cacao varieties is an essential strategy to combat this threat, but is limited by sources of genetic resistance and the slow generation time of this tropical tree crop. In this study, we present the first application of genome editing technology in cacao, using Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation to introduce CRISPR/Cas9 components into cacao leaves and cotyledon cells. As a first proof of concept, we targeted the cacao Non-Expressor of Pathogenesis-Related 3 (TcNPR3) gene, a suppressor of the defense response. After demonstrating activity of designed single-guide RNAs (sgRNA) in vitro , we used Agrobacterium to introduce a CRISPR/Cas9 system into leaf tissue, and identified the presence of deletions in 27% of TcNPR3 copies in the treated tissues. The edited tissue exhibited an increased resistance to infection with the cacao pathogen Phytophthora tropicalis and elevated expression of downstream defense genes. Analysis of off-target mutagenesis in sequences similar to sgRNA target sites using high-throughput sequencing did not reveal mutations above background sequencing error rates. These results confirm the function of NPR3 as a repressor of the cacao immune system and demonstrate the application of CRISPR/Cas9 as a powerful functional genomics tool for cacao. Several stably transformed and genome edited somatic embryos were obtained via Agrobacterium -mediated transformation, and ongoing work will test the effectiveness of this approach at a whole plant level.

Theobroma cacao L. pathogenesis-related gene tandem array members show diverse expression dynamics in response to pathogen colonization.

Science.gov (United States)

Fister, Andrew S; Mejia, Luis C; Zhang, Yufan; Herre, Edward Allen; Maximova, Siela N; Guiltinan, Mark J

2016-05-17

The pathogenesis-related (PR) group of proteins are operationally defined as polypeptides that increase in concentration in plant tissues upon contact with a pathogen. To date, 17 classes of highly divergent proteins have been described that act through multiple mechanisms of pathogen resistance. Characterizing these families in cacao, an economically important tree crop, and comparing the families to those in other species, is an important step in understanding cacao's immune response. Using publically available resources, all members of the 17 recognized pathogenesis-related gene families in the genome of Theobroma cacao were identified and annotated resulting in a set of ~350 members in both published cacao genomes. Approximately 50 % of these genes are organized in tandem arrays scattered throughout the genome. This feature was observed in five additional plant taxa (three dicots and two monocots), suggesting that tandem duplication has played an important role in the evolution of the PR genes in higher plants. Expression profiling captured the dynamics and complexity of PR genes expression at basal levels and after induction by two cacao pathogens (the oomycete, Phytophthora palmivora, and the fungus, Colletotrichum theobromicola), identifying specific genes within families that are more responsive to pathogen challenge. Subsequent qRT-PCR validated the induction of several PR-1, PR-3, PR-4, and PR-10 family members, with greater than 1000 fold induction detected for specific genes. We describe candidate genes that are likely to be involved in cacao's defense against Phytophthora and Colletotrichum infection and could be potentially useful for marker-assisted selection for breeding of disease resistant cacao varieties. The data presented here, along with existing cacao-omics resources, will enable targeted functional genetic screening of defense genes likely to play critical functions in cacao's defense against its pathogens.

First report of frosty pod rot caused by Moniliophthora roreri on cacao in Bolivia

Science.gov (United States)

Frosty pod rot (FPR) is a devastating cacao disease caused by the basidiomycete Moniliophthora roreri (Aime and Phillips-Mora, 2005). The disease is confined to 13 countries in Central and South America and constitutes a permanent threat for cacao cultivation worldwide. In July 2012, FPR was detect...

Repression of calcitonin gene-related peptide expression in trigeminal neurons by a Theobroma cacao extract.

Science.gov (United States)

Abbey, Marcie J; Patil, Vinit V; Vause, Carrie V; Durham, Paul L

2008-01-17

Cocoa bean preparations were first used by the ancient Maya and Aztec civilizations of South America to treat a variety of medical ailments involving the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems. Diets rich in foods containing abundant polyphenols, as found in cocoa, underlie the protective effects reported in chronic inflammatory diseases. Release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) from trigeminal nerves promotes inflammation in peripheral tissues and nociception. To determine whether a methanol extract of Theobroma cacao L. (Sterculiaceae) beans enriched for polyphenols could inhibit CGRP expression, both an in vitro and an in vivo approach was taken. Treatment of rat trigeminal ganglia cultures with depolarizing stimuli caused a significant increase in CGRP release that was repressed by pretreatment with Theobroma cacao extract. Pretreatment with Theobroma cacao was also shown to block the KCl- and capsaicin-stimulated increases in intracellular calcium. Next, the effects of Theobroma cacao on CGRP levels were determined using an in vivo model of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) inflammation. Capsaicin injection into the TMJ capsule caused an ipsilateral decrease in CGRP levels. Theobroma cacao extract injected into the TMJ capsule 24h prior to capsaicin treatment repressed the stimulatory effects of capsaicin. Our results demonstrate that Theobroma cacao extract can repress stimulated CGRP release by a mechanism that likely involves blockage of calcium channel activity. Furthermore, our findings suggest that the beneficial effects of diets rich in cocoa may include suppression of sensory trigeminal nerve activation.

Cacao Intensification in Sulawesi: A Green Prosperity Model Project

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Moriarty, K.; Elchinger, M.; Hill, G.; Katz, J.; Barnett, J.

2014-09-01

NREL conducted eight model projects for Millennium Challenge Corporation's (MCC) Compact with Indonesia. Green Prosperity, the largest project of the Compact, seeks to address critical constraints to economic growth while supporting the Government of Indonesia's commitment to a more sustainable, less carbon-intensive future. This study evaluates techniques to improve cacao farming in Sulawesi Indonesia with an emphasis on Farmer Field Schools and Cocoa Development Centers to educate farmers and for train the trainer programs. The study estimates the economic viability of cacao farming if smallholder implement techniques to increase yield as well as social and environmental impacts of the project.

Use of radio-active phosphorus in determining the efficiency of fertilizer utilization by cacao plantation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ahenkorah, Y.

1975-01-01

Both 32 P labelled phosphate solution and superphosphate were used in studying 1) in situ root distribution and activity of twenty year old Amelonado cacao (Theobroma Cacao L.) during wet and dry seasons, and 2) the efficiency of fertilizer utilization by the cacao plantation. The 32 P content of the leaves was used to determine patterns of root activity. Uptake of 32 P was greatest during the wet season and root activity highest within the upper 3 cm soil layer in both wet and dry seasons. Highest 32 P activity was obtained at a distance of 120-160 cm, and lowest at 91 cm from the base of the tree. For maximum utilization of phosphate fertilizer by a plantation of twenty year old Amelonado cacao, planted at 240 cm x 240 cm spacing, the fertilizer should be broadcast during the wet season. Under low soil moisture conditions, the placement of 32 P labelled superphosphate provides information on the relative availability of fertilizer or soil phosphorus and does not necessarily reflect the activity of the root profile. Active roots of cacao tend to be more extensive and are capable of exploring a much larger area than hitherto expected

Fluorescent detection of (-)-epicatechin in microsamples from cacao seeds and cocoa products: Comparison with Folin-Ciocalteu method.

Science.gov (United States)

Ramirez-Sanchez, Israel; Maya, Lisandro; Ceballos, Guillermo; Villarreal, Francisco

2010-12-01

Polyphenolic compounds of the flavanoid family are abundantly present in cacao seed and its cocoa products. Results from studies using cocoa products indicate beneficial effects of flavanols on cardiovascular endpoints. Evidence indicates that (-)-epicatechin is the main cacao flavanol associated with cardiovascular effects, so the accurate quantification of its content in cacao seeds or cocoa products is important. Common methods for the quantification of phenolic content in cocoa products are based on the reaction of phenols with colorimetric reagents such as the Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) In this study, we compared the FC method of phenolic determinations using 2 different standards (gallic acid and (-)-epicatechin) to construct calibration curves. We compare these results with those obtained from a simple fluorometric method (Ex(280)/Em(320) nm) used to determine catechin/(-)-epicatechin content in samples of cacao seeds and cocoa products. Values obtained from the FC method determination of polyphenols yield an overestimation of phenol (flavonoid) content when gallic acid is used as standard. Moreover, the epicatechin is a more reliable standard because of its abundance in cacao seeds and cocoa products. The use of fluorometric spectra yields a simple and highly quantitative means for a more precise and rapid quantification of cacao catechins. Fluorometric values are essentially in agreement with those reported using more cumbersome methods. In conclusion, the use of fluorescence emission spectra is a quick, practical and suitable means to quantifying catechins in cacao seeds and cocoa products.

EFFECT OF FERMENTED CACAO POD SUPPLEMENTATION ON SHEEP RUMEN MICROBIAL FERMENTATION

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S. Wulandari

2015-09-01

Full Text Available The objective of this research was to improve beneficial value of cacao pod as sheep feedingredients comprising up to 50% total feed. This research was conducted in two stages. Stage 1 wascacao pod fermentation. Completely randomized design with 3x3 factorial patterns was used in thisstage, in which factor I was microbial inoculum dosage of 0%, 0.05% and 0.1% and factor II wasincubation period of 0, 3 and 6 days. Result demonstrated that six-day fermentation with 0.05%microbial inoculum could lower cacao NDF, ADF and theobromine. The optimum inoculum dosage andfermentation time from stage 1 was applied to stage 2. Stage 2 was rumen microbial fermentation test.This research administrated 3x3 of latin square design. In period I sheep were fed with CF0 (nonfermentedcomplete feed, in period II sheep were given CF 1 (complete feed containing fermentedcacao pod and in period III sheep were given CF2 (fermented complete feed based cacao pod. Resultdemonstrated that pH value of sheep microbial liquid in treatment of CF0, CF1 and CF2 was in normalpH range and did not affect volatile fatty acids (VFA and ammonia. In conclusion, supplementing up to 50% of feed with complete feed containing fermented or non-fermented cacao pod did not affect theprocess of rumen microbial fermentation.

Influencia de la temperatura y el tiempo de almacenamiento en la conservación del fruto de mango (Manifera indica L. variedad Van Dyke Influence of temperature and storage time on quality of mango fruit (Mangifera indica l. variety Van Dyke

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Galvis Jesús A.

2002-08-01

Full Text Available Mangos (Mangifera índica L. Variedad Van Dyke en grado de madurez fisiológica, se almacenaron en tres temperaturas de refrigeración (12, 10 Y 7°C y H. R del 85 - 90%, por tiempos de 10, 20 y 30 días. Adicionalmente se almacenaron mangos a 18°C por 15 días, los cuales fueron tomados como testigo. Los mangos fueron cosechados de la finca Frutol, localizada
en el municipio de El Espinal, departamento del Tolima.
Temperatura media 29°C, altitud 431 m.s.n.m, humedad
relativa del 70%, precipitación promedio anual 1368
mm. Durante el almacenamiento se evaluaron características
fisicas como porcentaje de pérdidas de peso, dureza del
fruto y de la pulpa. Además se evaluaron algunos cambios
químicos y bioquímicos como la variación de los °Brix, el pH, el porcentaje de acidez, el contenido de sacarosa, glucosa y fructosa y de ácidos (cítrico, málico, succínico y ascórbico. Finalmente se evaluaron los cambios de color de la corteza.
Del estudio se concluyó que la mejor temperatura de
almacenamiento fue 12°C, en la cual el fruto maduró
hasta alcanzar la madurez organoléptica en el día 30, lo
cual equivale al doble del tiempo de conservación respecto
a los mangos almacenados a 18°C. El mango resultó ser sensible a las temperaturas de 10 y 7°C, la cual se caracterizó por la interrupción del proceso de maduración siendo más graves los daños por frío en la temperatura de 7°C. En la temperatura de 10°C, se presentó evolución de los cambios que caracterizan la maduración hasta el día 20, pero entre el día 21 y el día 30 los cambios fueron interrumpidos, lo que indica que los daños por frío se hicieron irreversibles a partir del día 21.Mangos variety Van Dyke harvested at physiologic maturity were stored at low temperatures (12, 10 and 7°C, 85% RH, for 10, 20 and 30 days. Control mangos were stored at 18°C by 15 days. The fruits were harvested in the Frutol

Cacao genetic resources research at the USDA-ARS Tropical Agriculture Research Station, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico

Science.gov (United States)

The current USDA ARS Tropical Agriculture Research Station’s (TARS) cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) collection in Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, consists of 262 clonally propagated accessions. Each accession is represented by six individual trees grafted onto a common ‘Amelonado’ seedling rootstock and planted ...

Repression of calcitonin gene-related peptide expression in trigeminal neurons by a Theobroma cacao extract☆

Science.gov (United States)

Abbey, Marcie J.; Patil, Vinit V.; Vause, Carrie V.; Durham, Paul L.

2008-01-01

Ethnopharmacological relevance Cocoa bean preparations were first used by the ancient Maya and Aztec civilizations of South America to treat a variety of medical ailments involving the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems. Diets rich in foods containing abundant polyphenols, as found in cocoa, underlie the protective effects reported in chronic inflammatory diseases. Release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) from trigeminal nerves promotes inflammation in peripheral tissues and nociception. Aim of the study To determine whether a methanol extract of Theobroma cacao L. (Sterculiaceae) beans enriched for polyphenols could inhibit CGRP expression, both an in vitro and an in vivo approach was taken. Results Treatment of rat trigeminal ganglia cultures with depolarizing stimuli caused a significant increase in CGRP release that was repressed by pretreatment with Theobroma cacao extract. Pretreatment with Theobroma cacao was also shown to block the KCl- and capsaicin-stimulated increases in intracellular calcium. Next, the effects of Theobroma cacao on CGRP levels were determined using an in vivo model of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) inflammation. Capsaicin injection into the TMJ capsule caused an ipsilateral decrease in CGRP levels. Theobroma cacao extract injected into the TMJ capsule 24 h prior to capsaicin treatment repressed the stimulatory effects of capsaicin. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that Theobroma cacao extract can repress stimulated CGRP release by a mechanism that likely involves blockage of calcium channel activity. Furthermore, our findings suggest that the beneficial effects of diets rich in cocoa may include suppression of sensory trigeminal nerve activation. PMID:17997062

Del soporte papel perforado y cinta magnética...al disco 3D holográfico anatómico-nanotecnológico: nuevos soportes magneto-ópticos y ópticos de almacenamiento masivo de información

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Nadia Villarejo Sánchez

2008-02-01

Full Text Available Se describe en este artículo, en primer lugar la evolución que los soportes tecnológicos magnéticos, magneto-ópticos y ópticos han experimentado a lo largo de la historia desde el nacimiento de las primeras cintas de papel perforadas y mag-néticas muy rudimentarias en el proceso de lectura y escritura de información, hasta el desarrollo de la última tecnología holográfica 3D anatómica-nanotecnológica; soporte óptico de almacenamiento masivo de información de última generación, y en segundo lugar se enumeran y explican las aplicaciones posibles, que las nuevas tecnologías digitales de captura de caracteres escritos (OCR, y los nuevos soportes magneto-ópticos y ópticos, aportan en la conservación, preservación y difusión del patrimonio bibliográfico y documental español en el siglo XXI.

Embriogénesis somática secundaria en el genotipo de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) inifap 1 y su descripción histológica

OpenAIRE

Lázaro, A. Alejandro; Azpeitia-Morales, A.; Sáenz-Carbonell, L.; Mirafuentes Hernández, F.

2015-01-01

La embriogénesis somática aplicada para la propagación clonal de plantas de cacao, aun es de baja eficiencia, por lo que el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la respuesta de los cotiledones procedentes de embriones somáticos primarios como fuente de explante para inducir embriogénesis somática secundaria (ESS) en presencia de fitohormonas y sin estas en el genotipo de cacao inifap 1, asi como describir los eventos de la ESS desde los 30 hasta los 240 días de cultivo. El uso de las fi...

Embriogénesis somática secundaria en el genotipo de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) inifap 1 y su descripción histológica

OpenAIRE

A. Alejandro-Lázaro; A. Azpeitia-Morales; L. Sáenz-Carbonell; F . Mirafuentes Hernández

2015-01-01

La embriogénesis somática aplicada para la propagación clonal de plantas de cacao, aun es de baja eficiencia, por lo que el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la respuesta de los cotiledones procedentes de embriones somáticos primarios como fuente de explante para inducir embriogénesis somática secundaria (ESS) en presencia de fitohormonas y sin estas en el genotipo de cacao inifap 1, asi como describir los eventos de la ESS desde los 30 hasta los 240 días de cultivo. El uso de l...

Concentration of cadmium in cacao beans and its relationship with soil cadmium in southern Ecuador

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chavez, E.; He, Z.L.; Stoffella, P.J.; Mylavarapu, R.S.; Li, Y.C.; Moyano, B.; Baligar, V.C.

2015-01-01

Cadmium (Cd) content in cacao beans above a critical level (0.6 mg kg −1 ) has raised concerns in the consumption of cacao-based chocolate. Little is available regarding Cd concentration in soil and cacao in Ecuador. The aim of this study was to determine the status of Cd in both, soils and cacao plants, in southern Ecuador. Soil samples were collected from 19 farms at 0–5, 5–15, 15–30, and 30–50 cm depths, whereas plant samples were taken from four nearby trees. Total recoverable and extractable Cd were measured at the different soil depths. Total recoverable Cd ranged from 0.88 to 2.45 and 0.06 to 2.59, averaged 1.54 and 0.85 mg kg −1 , respectively in the surface and subsurface soils whereas the corresponding values for M3-extractable Cd were 0.08 to 1.27 and 0.02 to 0.33 with mean values of 0.40 and 0.10 mg kg −1 . Surface soil in all sampling sites had total recoverable Cd above the USEPA critical level for agricultural soils (0.43 mg kg −1 ), indicating that Cd pollution occurs. Since both total recoverable and M3-extractable Cd significantly decreased depth wise, anthropogenic activities are more likely the source of contamination. Cadmium in cacao tissues decreased in the order of beans > shell > > leaves. Cadmium content in cacao beans ranged from 0.02 to 3.00, averaged 0.94 mg kg −1 , and 12 out of 19 sites had bean Cd content above the critical level. Bean Cd concentration was highly correlated with M3- or HCl-extractable Cd at both the 0–5 and 5–15 cm depths (r = 0.80 and 0.82 for M3, and r = 0.78 and 0.82 for HCl; P < 0.01). These results indicate that accumulation of Cd in surface layers results in excessive Cd in cacao beans and M3- or HCl-extractable Cd are suitable methods for predicting available Cd in the studied soils. - Highlights: • > 60% of the studied sites had a Cd content in cacao beans above the critical level. • Bean Cd concentration was closely correlated with available Cd in soil. • Soil Cd contamination is

Concentration of cadmium in cacao beans and its relationship with soil cadmium in southern Ecuador

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Chavez, E. [University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, Indian River Research and Education Center, Fort Pierce, FL 34945 (United States); Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral, Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnologicas del Ecuador, Guayaquil, Guayas (Ecuador); He, Z.L., E-mail: zhe@ufl.edu [University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, Indian River Research and Education Center, Fort Pierce, FL 34945 (United States); Stoffella, P.J. [University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, Indian River Research and Education Center, Fort Pierce, FL 34945 (United States); Mylavarapu, R.S. [University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, Soil and Water Science Department, Gainesville, FL 33611 (United States); Li, Y.C. [University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead, FL 33031 (United States); Moyano, B. [Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral, Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnologicas del Ecuador, Guayaquil, Guayas (Ecuador); Baligar, V.C. [United State Department of Agriculture, ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 (United States)

2015-11-15

Cadmium (Cd) content in cacao beans above a critical level (0.6 mg kg{sup −1}) has raised concerns in the consumption of cacao-based chocolate. Little is available regarding Cd concentration in soil and cacao in Ecuador. The aim of this study was to determine the status of Cd in both, soils and cacao plants, in southern Ecuador. Soil samples were collected from 19 farms at 0–5, 5–15, 15–30, and 30–50 cm depths, whereas plant samples were taken from four nearby trees. Total recoverable and extractable Cd were measured at the different soil depths. Total recoverable Cd ranged from 0.88 to 2.45 and 0.06 to 2.59, averaged 1.54 and 0.85 mg kg{sup −1}, respectively in the surface and subsurface soils whereas the corresponding values for M3-extractable Cd were 0.08 to 1.27 and 0.02 to 0.33 with mean values of 0.40 and 0.10 mg kg{sup −1}. Surface soil in all sampling sites had total recoverable Cd above the USEPA critical level for agricultural soils (0.43 mg kg{sup −1}), indicating that Cd pollution occurs. Since both total recoverable and M3-extractable Cd significantly decreased depth wise, anthropogenic activities are more likely the source of contamination. Cadmium in cacao tissues decreased in the order of beans > shell > > leaves. Cadmium content in cacao beans ranged from 0.02 to 3.00, averaged 0.94 mg kg{sup −1}, and 12 out of 19 sites had bean Cd content above the critical level. Bean Cd concentration was highly correlated with M3- or HCl-extractable Cd at both the 0–5 and 5–15 cm depths (r = 0.80 and 0.82 for M3, and r = 0.78 and 0.82 for HCl; P < 0.01). These results indicate that accumulation of Cd in surface layers results in excessive Cd in cacao beans and M3- or HCl-extractable Cd are suitable methods for predicting available Cd in the studied soils. - Highlights: • > 60% of the studied sites had a Cd content in cacao beans above the critical level. • Bean Cd concentration was closely correlated with available Cd in soil. • Soil

Accurate determination of genetic identity for a single cacao bean, using molecular markers with a nanofluidic system, ensures cocoa authentication.

Science.gov (United States)

Fang, Wanping; Meinhardt, Lyndel W; Mischke, Sue; Bellato, Cláudia M; Motilal, Lambert; Zhang, Dapeng

2014-01-15

Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), the source of cocoa, is an economically important tropical crop. One problem with the premium cacao market is contamination with off-types adulterating raw premium material. Accurate determination of the genetic identity of single cacao beans is essential for ensuring cocoa authentication. Using nanofluidic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping with 48 SNP markers, we generated SNP fingerprints for small quantities of DNA extracted from the seed coat of single cacao beans. On the basis of the SNP profiles, we identified an assumed adulterant variety, which was unambiguously distinguished from the authentic beans by multilocus matching. Assignment tests based on both Bayesian clustering analysis and allele frequency clearly separated all 30 authentic samples from the non-authentic samples. Distance-based principle coordinate analysis further supported these results. The nanofluidic SNP protocol, together with forensic statistical tools, is sufficiently robust to establish authentication and to verify gourmet cacao varieties. This method shows significant potential for practical application.

Sieving Effect of Sorting Machine with Vibration Table Type on Cacao Pod Based Compost

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Siswoyo Soekarno

2009-10-01

Full Text Available Cacao pod is the biggest part (70% of weight of Cacao, which was not optimaly utilized.Cacao podis one of organic material that can be functioned as an organic fertilizer, such as compost. When utilizedwith right proportion, organic fertilizer is safe for plants and not degrades the soil composition. Compostingprocess is one of utilization form of Cacao pod. The size reduction of cacao pod in the organic fertilizerprocess would help to accelerate the composting process. Smaller particle size would faster interacting withenvironment, so the composting process would be well accelerated if compared to the material with biggersize. Chopping machine of Cacao pod is used to cut the biomass to be small particle in order to be able tobe utilized as some important necessity, i.e. fertilizer or farm animals feed. However, Varies compost sizewas one of the problems faced in the composting process. Therefore, the sorting process was needed tobe done after chopping process, so the compost size became uniform and fulfill the user demand. Thisresearch was aimed at knowing the slope effect of sorting machine and rotation speed (RPM. The methodused in analyzing the results of this research was comparing the treatment factors, which are shown withhistogram. As the super small size of compost recommended for applying in the fertilizing process, so theoptimum treatment combination for having high mass fraction of SS compost grade was achieved at 12oslope of sieve table and 1400 RPM motor rotation speed. As bigger the particle densities of the compostsize as smaller the compost porosity. Mass loss was very low at all treatment combination with the valuearound 0.43-1.33%, so the sieving efficiency can be said very high.

Cacao in México: Restrictive factors and productivity levels

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Julio Díaz-José

2014-12-01

Full Text Available Cacao (Theobroma cacao L. represents one of the most important agricultural crops of the humid Mexican tropics. In the last 10 yr, approximately 23.000 t of this grain were no longer produced per cycle. The objective of this study was to identify characteristics and factors that restrict production in the states of Tabasco and Chiapas. A survey was applied to obtain information about 184 producers and their plantations by two-stage sampling. Descriptive statistics were calculated and multilevel models were adjusted to analyze the information. Results show that there are differences (P < 0.05 in cacao yield between municipalities (380 kg ha-1 + u,o j is the estimated residual for each municipality. Crop productivity levels are higher in the state of Tabasco than in Chiapas (644 and 344 kg ha-1, respectively. Incidence of frosty pod rot of cacoa, also known as moniliasis, induced by Moniliophthora roreri [(Cif H.C. Evans, Stalpers, Samson & Benny 1978] is significantly greater (P < 0.05 in the state of Chiapas (60% than in Tabasco (48%.Producers who carry out more crop management practices increase yields and decrease the pathogen's impact on their plantations. Results suggest the need to apply differentiated public policies to promote production within each region or municipality.

Aprendizajes del Accidente de San Juan Ixhuatepec-México Learning from the Accident in San Juan Ixhuatepec-Mexico

OpenAIRE

Antioco López-Molina; Richart Vázquez-Román; Christian Díaz-Ovalle

2012-01-01

El índice Dow de fuego y explosión y la metodología del análisis cuantitativo del riesgo son aplicados para analizar uno de los accidentes más desafortunados en la historia mexicana: la explosión de tanques de almacenamiento de gas en la planta de San Juan Ixhuatepec en México. Estimaciones adicionales de la sobrepresión y radiación térmica producida durante el siniestro son llevadas a cabo para explicar el efecto dominó producido como consecuencia del incidente. Estas estimaciones dan eviden...

Novel receptor-like kinases in cacao contain PR-1 extracellular domains.

Science.gov (United States)

Teixeira, Paulo José Pereira Lima; Costa, Gustavo Gilson Lacerda; Fiorin, Gabriel Lorencini; Pereira, Gonçalo Amarante Guimarães; Mondego, Jorge Maurício Costa

2013-08-01

Members of the pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR-1) family are well-known markers of plant defence responses, forming part of the arsenal of the secreted proteins produced on pathogen recognition. Here, we report the identification of two cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) PR-1s that are fused to transmembrane regions and serine/threonine kinase domains, in a manner characteristic of receptor-like kinases (RLKs). These proteins (TcPR-1f and TcPR-1g) were named PR-1 receptor kinases (PR-1RKs). Phylogenetic analysis of RLKs and PR-1 proteins from cacao indicated that PR-1RKs originated from a fusion between sequences encoding PR-1 and the kinase domain of a LecRLK (Lectin Receptor-Like Kinase). Retrotransposition marks surround TcPR-1f, suggesting that retrotransposition was involved in the origin of PR-1RKs. Genes with a similar domain architecture to cacao PR-1RKs were found in rice (Oryza sativa), barrel medic (Medicago truncatula) and a nonphototrophic bacterium (Herpetosiphon aurantiacus). However, their kinase domains differed from those found in LecRLKs, indicating the occurrence of convergent evolution. TcPR-1g expression was up-regulated in the biotrophic stage of witches' broom disease, suggesting a role for PR-1RKs during cacao defence responses. We hypothesize that PR-1RKs transduce a defence signal by interacting with a PR-1 ligand. © 2013 BSPP AND JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD.

Incidencia de microorganismos mesófilos en la producción del agua de bebida envasada

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Y. R. Corredor

1994-09-01

Full Text Available Con el fin de determinar una posible incidencia de microorganismos mesófilos en la producción del agua de bebida envasada, se analizaron los factores más importantes implicados en la producción. Para determinar la calidad del agua, se almacenó en diferentes tipos de envases (policarbonato, vidrio, polietileno de alta densidad (PAD, polietileno de baja densidad (PBD y polipropileno coextruído con polietileno (PCP, y posteriormente se realizaron recuentos totales para microorganismos mesófilos y número más probable paracoliformes totales y Pseudomona aeruginosa obteniéndose menores recuentos en el agua envasada  en vidrio. Posteriormente, se compararon los tratamientos de descontaminación del agua (cloraciónozonización utilizando dos tipos de envase (PBD y PCP, para determinar el material y tratamiento que conservan mejor las características organolépticas-fisicoquimicas y la menor incidencia de microorganismos mesófilos durante el tiempo de almacenamiento del producto. El envase más adecuado es el de PCP de calibre 2,5 con el tratamiento de cloro 0,6 pm; también se demostró que el crecimiento bacteria no fue un producto más del almacenamiento y el tipo de envase, ya que al realizar el muestre0 de los sistemas de producción, el agua fue siempre potable. Finalmente, se realizó un panel de saboreo, obteniéndose una preferencia del 80% de los encuestados, hacia el envase de PCP con el tratamiento de cloro.

QTL mapping for resistance to frosty pod and black pod diseases in an f1 population of Theobroma cacao L

Science.gov (United States)

Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is a native crop of the Americas; however severe losses due to frosty pod (FP) [Moniliophthora roreri (Cif. and Par.)], and black pod (BP) [Phytophthora palmivora (Butl.) Butl.] have reduced cacao in the Americas to only 13.0% of world production. Agronomic practices to co...

La escoba de bruja del cacao [Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel Singer] en la región del Piedemonte Llanero de Colombia: estudio de la fructificación del hongo

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Tovar Germán

1991-06-01

Full Text Available

La producción de basidiocarpos de C. perniciosa fue evaluada sobre escobas suspendidas y escobas en el suelo, en condiciones de un cultivo comercial de cacao. La fructificación del hongo guardó la estrecha relación con la precipitación y la curva anual siguió el patrón de las lluvias con un primer máximo en mayo y un segundo pica en agosto. La fructificación en el piedemonte llanero colombiano tiende a ser óptima y tiene una alta correlación (P< 0,01 con la precipitación mensual con un máximo de basidiocarpos entre 200 y 300 mm de precipitación. La fructificación fue más alta entre 12 y 14 días de lluvia por mes, condición que es corriente en la zona del piedemonte entre marzo y noviembre. La fructificación en las escobas suspendidas mostró que no todas las escobas producen basidiocarpos en todas las semanas. Las escobas de cojín floral tuvieron un índice de basidiocarpos significativamente mayor que el de las escobas de yema vegetativa y, además, la producción de escobas de cojín a partir del séptimo año fue muy superior a la de yemas. La producción de basidiocarpos sobre escobas suspendidas fue, aproximadamente, un 60% mayor que en las escobas en el suelo. EI patrón de producción de basidiocarpos sigue una distribución anual de tipo normal con un máximo entre mayo y junio. Las escobas sobre el suelo se meoteorizan rápidamente y raramente sobrepasan los 6 meses en comparación con las escobas suspendidas que resisten entre 18 y 24 meses. EI riesgo de infección de frutos en el tronco y ramas primarias con el inóculo originado sobre las escobas en el suelo es mínimo, a pesar de que el promedio de basidiocarpos por escoba fue de 5,0 en los meses de mayor valor (mayo - agosto y de que Ia cantidad de escobas en el suelo fue 10 veces mayor a la de una plantación severamente afectada (2000

Feasibility study of thermal processing of cacao shells with energy utilization. Haalbaarheidsstudie thermische verwerking cacaodop met energiebenutting

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

De Vries, R; Pfeiffer, A E [KEMA Milieu Technologie, Arnhem (Netherlands)

1994-05-27

A cacao factory in Zaanstad, Netherlands, produces cacao shells, which are applied as filling material in fodder. However, while the development of the market and environmental regulations are uncertain, the option to use cacao shells as an energy source to generate heat and/or electricity seems to be attractive. Attention is paid to the consequences of the combustion of cacao shells for which two variants are considered: (1) only heat production which covers the total heat demand; (2) combined generation of power and heat, which saves natural gas and electricity. Surplus power can be supplied to the grid. Descriptions of the systems for the two variants are given, as well as the costs and benefits. A preference for one of the two variants depends on the market sales for cacao shells. If it is decided to put the chosen installation to tender it is recommended to investigate further the subsidy options and the possibility of cooperation with the energy utility sector. In the appendix the results of the flue gas purification concept are presented. 5 figs., 6 tabs., 1 appendix

COMPARACIÓN MEDIANTE UN ESTUDIO PROSPECTIVO Y ALEATORIZADO DE DOS MÉTODOS DE REPOSICIÓN EN UNIDADES DE ENFERMERÍA EN HOSPITALIZACIÓN POLIVALENTE DE AGUDOS CON ALMACENAMIENTO MEDIANTE DOBLE CAJETÍN

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José Luis Bernal

2017-01-01

Full Text Available Fundamentos: Los sistemas de almacenamiento mediante doble ca - jetín aumentan la satisfacción del personal de enfermería y disminuyen los inventarios, pero no se conocen las implicaciones de que sea el personal de logística quién determine la necesidad de reposición. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar si encomendar dicha responsabilidad a este personal en unidades de hospitalización polivalente de agudos entraña un mayor riesgo de pedidos extraordinarios. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio experimental, prospectivo aleatorizado con enmascaramiento. Los pedidos extraordinarios se consideraron variable de respuesta; los correspondientes a valoraciones del personal de logística se incluyeron en el grupo de intervención y los del personal de enfermería, en el de control. La concordancia entre observadores se analizó con el método de Bland- Altman; la diferencia entre grupos, con la U de Mann-Whitney y se calculó la incidencia acumulada de pedidos extraordinarios y su riesgo relativo. Resultados: La cantidad media solicitada por el personal de logística y el de enfermería fue 29,9 (DE:167,4 y 36 (DE:190 unidades respectiva - mente, la diferencia media entre observadores fue 6,11 (DE:128,95 uni - dades y no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos (p = 0,430. La incidencia de pedidos extraordinarios fue 0,64% en el grupo de intervención y 0,15% en el de control; el riesgo relativo, 2,31 (0,83 – 6,48 y el número de casos necesarios para un pedido extraordinario, 516. Conclusión: El riesgo de pedidos extraordinarios en unidades de hos - pitalización con almacenamiento mediante doble cajetín no está asociado con la categoría profesional del personal que identifica las necesidades de reposición.

Caracterización bromatológica del polen apícola argentino

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Bertha Baldi Coronel

2004-01-01

Full Text Available Con el propósito de conocer si el polen apícola para uso alimentario conserva sus características nutricionales luego de las diferentes prácticas tecnológicas para su manipuleo y envasado y posterior almacenamiento, se analizaron muestras del producto fraccionado destinadas al comercio interno, recolectadas de los lugares de venta al público. Se estudiaron la composición químico-nutricional y microbiológica, las características sensoriales y granulométricas atinentes a su calidad comercial, y se relevaron las condiciones higiénico-sanitarias, de almacenamiento, procedimiento de fraccionado, tipos de envases utilizados y vida útil declarada. Estos datos se pusieron en referencia con los obtenidos para productos deshidratados, y los resultados obtenidos se contrastaron con las normas internacionales y el Código Alimentario Argentino. Los resultados indican que el producto presenta una buena alternativa comercial por su presentación en granos de tamaño adecuado, de buena consistencia y características organolépticas normales. El almacenamiento no ha influido en la composición físico-química y el secado aplicado ha permitido obtener la humedad adecuada para mantener una buena conservación durante el período de vida útil.

Unique haplotypes of cacao trees as revealed by trnH-psbA chloroplast DNA

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Nidia Gutiérrez-López

2016-04-01

Full Text Available Cacao trees have been cultivated in Mesoamerica for at least 4,000 years. In this study, we analyzed sequence variation in the chloroplast DNA trnH-psbA intergenic spacer from 28 cacao trees from different farms in the Soconusco region in southern Mexico. Genetic relationships were established by two analysis approaches based on geographic origin (five populations and genetic origin (based on a previous study. We identified six polymorphic sites, including five insertion/deletion (indels types and one transversion. The overall nucleotide diversity was low for both approaches (geographic = 0.0032 and genetic = 0.0038. Conversely, we obtained moderate to high haplotype diversity (0.66 and 0.80 with 10 and 12 haplotypes, respectively. The common haplotype (H1 for both networks included cacao trees from all geographic locations (geographic approach and four genetic groups (genetic approach. This common haplotype (ancient derived a set of intermediate haplotypes and singletons interconnected by one or two mutational steps, which suggested directional selection and event purification from the expansion of narrow populations. Cacao trees from Soconusco region were grouped into one cluster without any evidence of subclustering based on AMOVA (FST = 0 and SAMOVA (FST = 0.04393 results. One population (Mazatán showed a high haplotype frequency; thus, this population could be considered an important reservoir of genetic material. The indels located in the trnH-psbA intergenic spacer of cacao trees could be useful as markers for the development of DNA barcoding.

Co-occurrence of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Fusarium decemcellulare and Lasiodiplodia theobromae isolates in cushion galls disease of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.

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Castillo Daynet Sosa del

2016-04-01

Full Text Available Flowery cushion gall of cacao is a disease complex with six types. Fusarium decemcellulare have been isolated from both flowery and green point galls and recognized as the etiological agent of the disease. In the present work we: i identified by ITS-rDNA sequencing and/or taxonomy the cultivable fungal species or Operative Taxonomic Units (OTUs associated with the five symptoms of cushion galls in cacao from Venezuela, and ii determined the gall inducing capacity on cacao peeled seeds after 45 days of inoculation with suspensions of mycelia/ spores from distinct isolate types. The whole isolate collection rendered an abundance of 113 isolates with a richness of 39 OTUs (27 and eight identified at the species or genera levels, respectively, and in unidentified fungi. The dominant recovered species (≈36% were F. decemcellulare and Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Some isolates of F. decemcellulare, L. theobromae, F. equiseti, Fusarium spp., F. solani, F. incarnatum, Rhizocthonia solani and Penicillium sp. were pathogenic. Some other isolates of the first six mentioned taxa behave as non-pathogenic. Furthermore, pathogenic and non-pathogenic isolates can also co-occur within a single plant and gall type. Moreover, 2-5 species within a single gall symptom in a single tree were identified (not necessarily at the same point in the tree, indicating a broad diversity of co-occurring taxa.

Use of Trichoderma fungi in spray solutions to reduce Moniliophthora roreri infection of Theobroma cacao fruits in Northeastern Costa Rica.

Science.gov (United States)

Seng, John; Herrera, Geovanny; Vaughan, Christopher S; McCoy, Michael B

2014-09-01

Cacao (Theobroma cacao) is an important cash crop in tropical climates such as that of Latin America. Over the past several decades, the infection of cultivated cacao by Moniliophthllora roreri, known commonly as "monilia", has significantly hindered cacao production in Latin America. Studies have proposed the use of Trichoderma sp. fungi in biocontrol treatments to prevent and reduce monilia infection, yet tests of Trichoderma-containing spray treatments on cacao agroforests have produced mixed results. Researchers and agricultural workers have suggested that addition of soil, fly ash, or other carbon sources to a Trichoderma spray may improve its efficacy in fighting monilia. To test these suggestions, we designed a series of spray mixtures including Thichoderma cultures, soil, and all necessary controls. We applied the spray mixtures to 80 cacao trees (20 trees for each of four resistant-selected clones to monilia) at the FINMAC organic cacao plantation in Pueblo Nuevo de Guacimo, Limón Province, in northeastern Costa Rica in March-April 2013. Five treatments were applied (control, water, water plus sterilized soil, water plus Trichoderma, and water plus sterilized soil plus Trichoderma). Each treatment was applied to four trees of each clone. We monitored the incidence of monilia infection under each spray treatment over the course of 35d. We found that spraying entire cacao trees two times with a mixture containing Trichoderma and sterilized soil significantly reduced the incidence of monilia infection by 11% (p ≤ 0.05) in only 35d, as compared to the control. This reduction in loss of cacao pods translates into an increase of plantation mean productivity of 1,500 kg dried beans/ha by 198 kg/ha up to 1,698 kg/ha or by a total increase over the whole 110 ha plantation by 21,780 kg. We propose that using such an antifungal spray over the whole course of a crop cycle (120 days) would decrease infection incidence even more. Application of this fungal control

Algunas Características de los Cacaos Criollos de Venezuela

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Ciferri R.

1949-03-01

Full Text Available Se indican algunas características morfológicas y biométricas de los cacaos "Criollo de cáscara morada" y "Criollo de cáscara decolorada", observadas en un cacaotal de Venezuela y las cuales se comparan con las de algunos de sus cruces, así más afines, como más alejados, que en conjunto forman el Forastero Venezolano. Se llama la atención sobre unos tipos de cacao muy valiosos, derivados de los cruzamientos entre estos dos tipos de Criollo, mencionados. Se indica, además, la distribución de dichos Criollos en Venezuela.

De jacht op het geheim van cacao

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Hollman, P.C.H.

2008-01-01

Je kans op een dodelijke hartaanval halveert als je elke dag een groot paaseitje pure chocolade eet, blijkt uit een recente Nederlandse epidemiologische studie. En ook andere studies laten zien dat consumptie van cacao beschermt tegen hart- en vaatziekten. Maar het is nog een raadsel hoe dat precies

Optimización de la aceptabilidad general mediante pruebas afectivas y metodología de superficie de respuesta de una bebida a base de una mezcla seca de polvo de cacao

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Elena Chau Loo Kung

2013-01-01

Full Text Available El presente trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo principal optimizar la aceptabilidad general mediante pruebas afectivas y metodología de superficie de respuesta de una bebida a base de una mezcla seca de polvo de cacao. Se obtuvieron formulaciones de mezclas de polvo de cacao con diferentes concentraciones del 15%, 17,5% y 20%, así mismo con concentraciones de lecitina de 0,1%; 0,3%; y 0,5% manteniendo constante el contenido de azúcar (25%, vainillina (1% que incluyeron al polvo de cacao con diferente valor de pH: natural (pH 5 y alcalinizado (pH 6,5 y pH 8 y agua por diferencia al 100%, generándose un total de quince tratamientos a evaluar, según el diseño Box-Behnken para tres factores. Los tratamientos fueron sometidos a pruebas de grado de satisfacción para establecer la aceptabilidad en general. El tratamiento que incluía polvo de cacao al 17,5% de concentración, pH 6,5 y una concentración de lecitina de 0,3% obtuvo los mejores niveles de aceptabilidad. Se utilizó el programa Statgraphics Plus 5.1 para obtener el tratamiento con máxima aceptabilidad que correspondió a polvo de cacao a pH 6,81, con una concentración de 18,24% y lecitina de soya en un 0,28% con tendencia a lo obtenido en las pruebas de grado de satisfacción. Finalmente se caracterizó fisicoquímicamente y microbiológicamente a la formulación óptima así mismo se le evaluó sensorialmente obteniendo una aceptabilidad de 6,17.

El nombre 'Forastero' no más: A new protocol for meaningful cacao germplasm classification.

Science.gov (United States)

The title of this article (The name ‘Forastero’ no more) is to convey an attempt in this paper to try to convince the cacao scientific community not to use the term Forastero to identify cacao germplasm of non-Criollo origin. The term Forastero originated in Latin America to differentiate the intro...

Contribución de los bosques tropicales de montaña en el almacenamiento de carbono en Colombia

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Adriana Yepes

2015-03-01

Full Text Available Los bosques tropicales de montaña (BTM en la región Andina de Colombia se encuentran por encima de 1 500m, y han sido fuertemente deforestados. A pesar de la presunción general de que la productividad y las reservas de carbono en estos ecosistemas son bajas, los estudios al respecto son escasos. Este estudio tuvo por objetivo i estimar la biomasa aérea (BA de los bosques localizados en el sur de la región Andina colombiana, ii identificar el potencial de almacenamiento de carbono en bosques dominados por el roble negro Colombobalanus excelsa e identificar la relación entre la BA y la altitud, y iii analizar su papel en mecanismos de conservación, como el Pago por Servicios Ambientales (PSA y la Reducción de Emisiones por deforestación y Degradación (REDD+. Veintiséis parcelas de 0.25ha fueron distribuidas al azar, y se midieron todos los árboles con D≥10cm. Los resultados obtenidos de BA y carbono almacenado fueron similares a los reportados para bosques tropicales de tierras bajas. Esto se puede explicar por la abundancia y dominancia de C. excelsa, que contribuye con más del 81% de la BA/carbono; el error asociado a las estimaciones fue de 10.58%. Se encontró una relación negativa y significativa entre la BA y la altitud, pero los valores más altos de BA estuvieron en las altitudes medias (≈1 700-1 800m, donde las condiciones ambientales podrían ser favorables para su crecimiento. El potencial de almacenamiento de carbono de estos bosques fue alto. Los resultados permiten tener elementos importantes para entender el papel de los BTM como sumideros de carbono. Sin embargo, si la tasa histórica de deforestación en el área de estudio continúa, las emisiones brutas de CO2e a la atmósfera podrían convertirlos en una fuente de emisiones importante. Actualmente, los BTM son vulnerables a la deforestación, especialmente los bosques de roble negro debido a su valor comercial. Teniendo en cuenta el alto potencial de

Cambio en azúcares fermentables en la remolacha azucarera almacenada en atmósferas aerobia y anaerobia para la producción de etanol

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Juan Manuel Vargas Ramírez

2014-06-01

Full Text Available Los métodos de almacenamiento de largo plazo son necesarios para preservar los azúcares fermentables en la remolacha y permitir el funcionamiento exitoso a lo largo del año en las plantas procesadoras para la obtención de etanol. Se estudió el almacenamiento anaeróbico de la remolacha azucarera como una alternativa al almacenamiento convencional en pilas a la intemperie utilizado actualmente en fábricas de azúcar de remolacha. Los resultados experimentales indican una pérdida de <15% en el total de los azúcares fermentables en la remolacha azucarera almacenada anaeróbicamente durante 14 semanas a 4 °C. Después de 14 semanas de almacenamiento, 99 ± 4% de los azúcares fermentables iniciales fueron preservados en la remolacha almacenada en condiciones aeróbicas a 4 °C. El almacenamiento aeróbico y anaeróbico de remolacha azucarera a 25 ° C conserva 82 ± 9 y 48 ± 11% del contenido de azúcar fermentable, respectivamente. Los azúcares fermentables y etanol en exudados contribuyeron insignificantemente (<3% para el rendimiento del etanol global de remolacha azucarera después del almacenamiento.

Infection of non-host model plant species with the narrow-host-range Cacao swollen shoot virus.

Science.gov (United States)

Friscina, Arianna; Chiappetta, Laura; Jacquemond, Mireille; Tepfer, Mark

2017-02-01

Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) is a major pathogen of cacao (Theobroma cacao) in Africa, and long-standing efforts to limit its spread by the culling of infected trees have had very limited success. CSSV is a particularly difficult virus to study, as it has a very narrow host range, limited to several tropical tree species. Furthermore, the virus is not mechanically transmissible, and its insect vector can only be used with difficulty. Thus, the only efficient means to infect cacao plants that have been experimentally described so far are by particle bombardment or the agroinoculation of cacao plants with an infectious clone. We have genetically transformed three non-host species with an infectious form of the CSSV genome: two experimental hosts widely used in plant virology (Nicotiana tabacum and N. benthamiana) and the model species Arabidopsis thaliana. In transformed plants of all three species, the CSSV genome was able to replicate, and, in tobacco, CSSV particles could be observed by immunosorbent electron microscopy, demonstrating that the complete virus cycle could be completed in a non-host plant. These results will greatly facilitate the preliminary testing of CSSV control strategies using plants that are easy to raise and to transform genetically. © 2016 BSPP AND JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD.

Fertilisation minérale du cacaoyer ( Theobroma cacao L.) en Côte d ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

En Côte d'Ivoire, le cacaoyer (Theobroma cacao L.) est traditionnellement cultivé selon un système extensif et itinérant, utilisant du matériel végétal peu performant. Les rendements en cacao sont donc faible (260 à 600 kg·ha-1·an-1). Pour améliorer la productivité des cacaoyères, les chercheurs ivoiriens ont mis au point ...

Adsorción de plomo y cadmio en sistema continuo de lecho fijo sobre residuos de cacao

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Jose Lara

2016-12-01

Full Text Available Se evaluó el desempeño de la cáscara de cacao como material residual adsorbente de metales pesados (Plomo y Cadmio en solución acuosa sintética, mediante un sistema continuo de lecho fijo. El trabajo experimental consistió en determinar el efecto de la altura del lecho en la remoción de estos contaminantes, manteniendo constantes parámetros como el pH, velocidad de flujo y concentración inicial de los metales. Las pruebas de adsorción presentaron una remoción de 91,32 y 87,80% respectivamente para Pb y Cd después de transcurridos 4,5 h La medición de las concentraciones en solución acuosa de los iones metálicos se hizo por adsorción atómica. Se evaluó el ajuste de los modelos matemáticos de Thomas, Dosis-Respuesta, Adams-Bohart y BDST (Bed-Depht Service Time analysis, para predecir el comportamiento dinámico de la columna y obtener los parámetros cinéticos correspondientes. Para los modelos de Thomas y de Dosis-Respuesta, se observó que los valores de la capacidad inicial de adsorción, q0, disminuyeron al aumentar la altura del lecho, esto pudo deberse a una transferencia de masa más lenta, concentración más baja y aumento dela capacidad de adsorción, mientras que los modelos de Adams-Bohart y BDST, la capacidad de adsorción volumétrica, N0, decrece al aumentar el bioadsorbente en la columna. Los resultados presentados en este estudio indican que los residuos de cacao pueden ser usados para la remoción de metales pesados presentes en aguas residuales satisfactoriamente.

Making a chocolate chip: development and evaluation of a 6K SNP array for Theobroma cacao.

Science.gov (United States)

Theobroma cacao, the key ingredient in chocolate production, is one of the world's most important tree fruit crops, with ~4,000,000 metric tons produced across 50 countries. To move towards gene discovery and marker-assisted breeding in cacao, a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) identification pr...

Present spatial diversity patterns of Theobroma cacao L. in the neotropics reflect genetic differentiation in pleistocene refugia followed by human-influenced dispersal.

Science.gov (United States)

Thomas, Evert; van Zonneveld, Maarten; Loo, Judy; Hodgkin, Toby; Galluzzi, Gea; van Etten, Jacob

2012-01-01

Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is indigenous to the Amazon basin, but is generally believed to have been domesticated in Mesoamerica for the production of chocolate beverage. However, cacao's distribution of genetic diversity in South America is also likely to reflect pre-Columbian human influences that were superimposed on natural processes of genetic differentiation. Here we present the results of a spatial analysis of the intra-specific diversity of cacao in Latin America, drawing on a dataset of 939 cacao trees genotypically characterized by means of 96 SSR markers. To assess continental diversity patterns we performed grid-based calculations of allelic richness, Shannon diversity and Nei gene diversity, and distinguished different spatially coherent genetic groups by means of cluster analysis. The highest levels of genetic diversity were observed in the Upper Amazon areas from southern Peru to the Ecuadorian Amazon and the border areas between Colombia, Peru and Brazil. On the assumption that the last glaciation (22,000-13,000 BP) had the greatest pre-human impact on the current distribution and diversity of cacao, we modeled the species' Pleistocene niche suitability and overlaid this with present-day diversity maps. The results suggest that cacao was already widely distributed in the Western Amazon before the onset of glaciation. During glaciations, cacao populations were likely to have been restricted to several refugia where they probably underwent genetic differentiation, resulting in a number of genetic clusters which are representative for, or closest related to, the original wild cacao populations. The analyses also suggested that genetic differentiation and geographical distribution of a number of other clusters seem to have been significantly affected by processes of human management and accompanying genetic bottlenecks. We discuss the implications of these results for future germplasm collection and in situ, on farm and ex situ conservation of cacao.

Frosty pod of cacao: a disease with a limited geographic range but unlimited potential for damage.

Science.gov (United States)

Phillips-Mora, W; Wilkinson, M J

2007-12-01

ABSTRACT Moniliophthora roreri, the cause of frosty pod rot (FP), is a specialized fungal pathogen (family Marasmiaceae) that invades only actively growing pods of cacao, Theobroma cacao, and related species of Theobroma and Herrania. FP damages pods and the commercially important seeds that some of these species produce. M. roreri was confined to northwestern South America until the 1950s. Its appearance in Panama in 1956 signaled a change in its geographic distribution. Now, it is found in 11 countries in tropical America. The fungus is currently in an active dispersal phase, possibly due to an increase in human-mediated spread. FP is more destructive than black pod (Phytophthora spp.) and more dangerous and difficult to control than witches' broom, caused by Moniliophthora (Crinipellis) perniciosa. The aggressiveness of M. roreri, its capacity to survive different environmental conditions, its rapid natural dispersal, its propensity for man-mediated dispersal, and the susceptibility of most commercial cacao genotypes, all indicate that FP presents a substantial threat to cacao cultivation worldwide.

Proanthocyanidin synthesis in Theobroma cacao: genes encoding anthocyanidin synthase, anthocyanidin reductase, and leucoanthocyanidin reductase.

Science.gov (United States)

Liu, Yi; Shi, Zi; Maximova, Siela; Payne, Mark J; Guiltinan, Mark J

2013-12-05

The proanthocyanidins (PAs), a subgroup of flavonoids, accumulate to levels of approximately 10% total dry weight of cacao seeds. PAs have been associated with human health benefits and also play important roles in pest and disease defense throughout the plant. To dissect the genetic basis of PA biosynthetic pathway in cacao (Theobroma cacao), we have isolated three genes encoding key PA synthesis enzymes, anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) and leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR). We measured the expression levels of TcANR, TcANS and TcLAR and PA content in cacao leaves, flowers, pod exocarp and seeds. In all tissues examined, all three genes were abundantly expressed and well correlated with PA accumulation levels, suggesting their active roles in PA synthesis. Overexpression of TcANR in an Arabidopsis ban mutant complemented the PA deficient phenotype in seeds and resulted in reduced anthocyanidin levels in hypocotyls. Overexpression of TcANS in tobacco resulted in increased content of both anthocyanidins and PAs in flower petals. Overexpression of TcANS in an Arabidopsis ldox mutant complemented its PA deficient phenotype in seeds. Recombinant TcLAR protein converted leucoanthocyanidin to catechin in vitro. Transgenic tobacco overexpressing TcLAR had decreased amounts of anthocyanidins and increased PAs. Overexpressing TcLAR in Arabidopsis ldox mutant also resulted in elevated synthesis of not only catechin but also epicatechin. Our results confirm the in vivo function of cacao ANS and ANR predicted based on sequence homology to previously characterized enzymes from other species. In addition, our results provide a clear functional analysis of a LAR gene in vivo.

IMPLICACIONES TERRITORIALES DE UNA GRAN OBRA HIDRÁULICA: EL EMBALSE DEL TRANCO (CABECERA DEL GUADALQUIVIR

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Eduardo Araque Jiménez

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Situado en la cabecera del Guadalquivir, el embalse del Tranco fue durante muchos años el de mayor capacidad de almacenamiento de agua de toda Andalucía. Sus aportaciones resultaron fundamentales para el sostenimiento del regadío en el gran valle bético, al tiempo que con sus aguas pudo generarse una parte de la energía eléctrica que se precisaba para la modernización del aparato productivo andaluz y la mejora de las condiciones de vida en multitud de hogares en el valle del Guadalquivir. Frente a estas perspectivas tan halagüeñas, las aguas embalsadas en el Tranco apenas tuvieron repercusiones socioeconómicas positivas para la Sierra de Segura. Las expropiaciones masivas a las que dio origen tanto la construcción del embalse como la repoblación forestal que lo acompañó, propiciaron la emigración masiva de centenares de vecinos, muchas veces en condiciones de extrema precariedad. Por otro lado, las aguas del Tranco nunca se utilizaron para la expansión del regadío por algunos de los fértiles valles próximos al embalse, ni la electricidad generada a pie de presa llegó a los hogares serranos, que siguieron careciendo de este servicio durante muchos años.

Moniliophthora roreri, causal agent of cacao frosty pod rot.

Science.gov (United States)

Bailey, Bryan A; Evans, Harry C; Phillips-Mora, Wilbert; Ali, Shahin S; Meinhardt, Lyndel W

2017-12-01

Taxonomy: Moniliophthora roreri (Cif.) H.C. Evans et al. ; Phylum Basidiomycota; Class Agaricomycetes; Order Agaricales; Family Marasmiaceae; Genus Moniliophthora. Biology: Moniliophthora roreri attacks Theobroma and Herrania species causing frosty pod rot. Theobroma cacao (cacao) is the host of major economic concern. Moniliophthora roreri is a hemibiotroph with a long biotrophic phase (45-90 days). Spore masses, of apparent asexual origin, are produced on the pod surface after initiation of the necrotrophic phase. Spores are spread by wind, rain and human activity. Symptoms of the biotrophic phase can include necrotic flecks and, in some cases, pod malformation, but pods otherwise remain asymptomatic. Relationship to Moniliophthora perniciosa: Moniliophthora roreri and Moniliophthora perniciosa, causal agent of witches' broom disease of cacao, are closely related. Their genomes are similar, including many of the genes they carry which are considered to be important in the disease process. Moniliophthora perniciosa, also a hemibiotroph, has a typical basidiomycete lifestyle and morphology, forming clamp connections and producing mushrooms. Basidiospores infect meristematic tissues including flower cushions, stem tips and pods. Moniliophthora roreri does not form clamp connections or mushrooms and infects pods only. Both pathogens are limited to the Western Hemisphere and are a threat to cacao production around the world. Agronomic importance: Disease losses caused by frosty pod rot can reach 90% and result in field abandonment. Moniliophthora roreri remains in the invasive phase in the Western Hemisphere, not having reached Brazil, some islands within the Caribbean and a few specific regions within otherwise invaded countries. The disease can be managed by a combination of cultural (for example, maintenance of tree height and removal of infected pods) and chemical methods. These methods benefit from regional application, but can be cost prohibitive. Breeding for

Moniliophthora roreri (Cif y Par) Evans et al. en el cultivo de cacao

OpenAIRE

Sánchez Mora, Fernando David; Garcés Fiallos, Felipe Rafael

2012-01-01

More than a century, cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in Ecuador has been an important source of income for farmers and currency for the country, becoming one of the biggest exporters worldwide. Then, gradually lost that status due to the attack of diseases, including moniliasis caused by [Moniliophthora roreri (Cif and Par) Evans et al.]. It can cause damage of up to 80% in production. Currently there is little scientific date information on its occurrence, symptoms, etiology, epidemiology, life c...

Use of Trichoderma fungi in spray solutions to reduce Moniliophthora roreri infection of Theobroma cacao fruits in Northeastern Costa Rica

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John Seng

2014-09-01

Full Text Available Cacao (Theobroma cacao is an important cash crop in tropical climates such as that of Latin America. Over the past several decades, the infection of cultivated cacao by Moniliophthora roreri, known commonly as “monilia”, has significantly hindered cacao production in Latin America. Studies have proposed the use of Trichoderma sp. Fungi in biocontrol treatments to prevent and reduce monilia infection, yet tests of Trichoderma-containing spray treatments on cacao agroforests have produced mixed results. Researchers and agricultural workers have suggested that addition of soil, fly ash, or other carbon sources to a Trichoderma spray may improve its efficacy in fighting monilia. To test these suggestions, we designed a series of spray mixtures including Trichoderma cultures, soil, and all necessary controls. We applied the spray mixtures to 80 cacao trees (20 trees for each of four resistant-selected clones to monilia at the FINMAC organic cacao plantation in Pueblo Nuevo de Guacimo, Limón Province, in northeastern Costa Rica in March-April 2013. Five treatments were applied (control, water, water plus sterilized soil, water plus Trichoderma, and water plus sterilized soil plus Trichoderma. Each treatment was applied to four trees of each clone. We monitored the incidence of moniliainfection under each spray treatment over the course of 35d. We found that spraying entire cacao trees two times with a mixture containing Trichoderma and sterilized soil significantly reduced the incidence of monilia infection by 11% (p<0.05 in only 35d, ascompared to the control. This reduction in loss of cacao pods translates into an increase of plantation mean productivity of 1 500kg dried beans/ha by 198kg/ha up to 1 698kg/ha or by a total increase over the whole 110ha plantation by 21 780kg. We propose that using such an antifungal spray over the whole course of a crop cycle (120 days would decrease infection incidence even more. Application of this fungal

Linear capacity storage devices; Memoires lineaires a condensateurs; Linejnye kondensatornye nakopitel'nye ustrojstva; Dispositivos de almacenamiento de condensador, con caracteristicas lineales

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Brovchenko, V G [Ordena Lenina Institut Atomnoj Ehnergii Imeni I.V. Kurchatova AN, SSSR (Russian Federation)

1962-04-15

reste pratiquement constant lorsque la tension du condensateur varie. La penthode a une forte resistance interne; il s'ensuit qu'apres le passage de l'impulsion incidente le courant qui traverse la penthode est presque egal a la valeur initiale, et la charge accumulee par le condensateur se trouve maintenue. La duree de la memoire est limitee par les valeurs de la resistance a la sortie de la generatrice et de la penthode haute frequence. Pour augmenter la duree de la memoire, on peut placer une diode devant le condensateur. (author) [Spanish] En esta memoria se examina el problema de la linealidad del almacenamiento de datos en circuitos de almacenamiento con condensador. Se describen dos circuitos de almacenamiento de respuesta lineal dentro de una amplia gama de amplitudes de las senales de salida. En uno de los circuitos la senal de error se mide con un amplificador diferencial. Gracias al elevado factor de amplificacion, el aparato funciona con caracteristicas sensiblemente lineales. El otro circuito esta disenado para trabajar con impulsos de una duracion del orden del nanosegundo. Los impulsos de entrada de anchura normal cierran el circuito de un pentodo en cuyo anodo se halla el condensador que actua como ''memoria''. Como el condensador se carga desde el anodo por medio de un generador, la intensidad de corriente de carga permanece casi constante aunque la tension del condensador varie durante la medicion. El pentodo tiene una gran resistencia interna, de modo que al terminar el impulso de entrada, la corriente que atraviesa el pentodo tiene casi la misma intensidad que al principio, quedando asi almacenada la carga acumulada por el condensador. La duracion de la ''memoria'' esta limitada por los valores de la resistencia de salida del generador de corriente y por la resistencia interna R{sub i} del pentodo. Para prolongar la duracion de la ''memoria'' se puede colocar un diodo delante del condensador. (author) [Russian] Rassmatrivayutsya voprosy linejnosti

Cacao diseases-the trilogy revisited.

Science.gov (United States)

Evans, Harry C

2007-12-01

ABSTRACT This paper reviews the significant advances by the diseases themselves, as well as by the scientists, in the intervening period since the disease trilogy was first delimited in 1989. The impact of these diseases, black pod, witches' broom, and frosty pod rot, has increased dramatically. In addition, there have been radical changes in the taxonomic profiles of these pathogens, which have been based on both traditional (morphological, cytological) and modern (molecular) approaches. Black pod is caused by a complex of Phytophthora species, in which P. palmivora still is the most important worldwide. However, recent invasion of the principal cacao-growing countries of West Africa by the more virulent P. megakarya has been cause for concern. The latter evolved in the ancient forests straddling the Cameroon-Nigerian border as a primary coloniser of fallen fruit. Conversely, frosty pod rot, caused by Moniliophthora roreri, and witches' broom, caused by M. (Crinipellis) perniciosa, both neotropical diseases, are hemibiotrophic, coevolved pathogens. Respectively, M. roreri arose on Theobroma gileri in submontane forests on the north-western slopes of the Andes, whereas M. perniciosa developed as a complex of pathotypes with a considerably wider geographic and host range within South America; the cacao pathotype evolved on that host in the Amazon basin. The inter-relationships of these vicariant species and their recent spread are discussed, together with control strategies.

Enhanced somatic embryogenesis in Theobroma cacao using the homologous BABY BOOM transcription factor.

Science.gov (United States)

Florez, Sergio L; Erwin, Rachel L; Maximova, Siela N; Guiltinan, Mark J; Curtis, Wayne R

2015-05-16

Theobroma cacao, the chocolate tree, is an important economic crop in East Africa, South East Asia, and South and Central America. Propagation of elite varieties has been achieved through somatic embryogenesis (SE) but low efficiencies and genotype dependence still presents a significant limitation for its propagation at commercial scales. Manipulation of transcription factors has been used to enhance the formation of SEs in several other plant species. This work describes the use of the transcription factor Baby Boom (BBM) to promote the transition of somatic cacao cells from the vegetative to embryonic state. An ortholog of the Arabidopsis thaliana BBM gene (AtBBM) was characterized in T. cacao (TcBBM). TcBBM expression was observed throughout embryo development and was expressed at higher levels during SE as compared to zygotic embryogenesis (ZE). TcBBM overexpression in A. thaliana and T. cacao led to phenotypes associated with SE that did not require exogenous hormones. While transient ectopic expression of TcBBM provided only moderate enhancements in embryogenic potential, constitutive overexpression dramatically increased SE proliferation but also appeared to inhibit subsequent development. Our work provides validation that TcBBM is an ortholog to AtBBM and has a specific role in both somatic and zygotic embryogenesis. Furthermore, our studies revealed that TcBBM transcript levels could serve as a biomarker for embryogenesis in cacao tissue. Results from transient expression of TcBBM provide confirmation that transcription factors can be used to enhance SE without compromising plant development and avoiding GMO plant production. This strategy could compliment a hormone-based method of reprogramming somatic cells and lead to more precise manipulation of SE at the regulatory level of transcription factors. The technology would benefit the propagation of elite varieties with low regeneration potential as well as the production of transgenic plants, which

Ciclos térmicos para mejorar la eficiencia en la regasificación del gas natural licuado

OpenAIRE

Romero Gómez, Manuel

2016-01-01

[Resumen] El proceso de regasificación del gas natural licuado (GNL) es una fuente de exergía susceptible de ser recuperada. Esta exergía disponible del GNL tiene su origen en la baja temperatura que posee el gas natural (GN) cuando se licua, para facilitar su transporte y almacenamiento. Para su distribución final hacia los consumidores, el GNL debe ser regasificado. En la regasificación mediante los sistemas convencionales, sea mediante intercambiadores de calor con agua de m...

Yield performance and bean quality traits of cacao propagated by grafting and somatic embryo-derived cuttings

Science.gov (United States)

Cacao (Theobroma cacao) has great potential as a component of a small tropical farming system. It adapts to a wide range of soils of climatic conditions, grows well under minimum tillage, adapts to temporary intercropping, has the potential of being sold in local and export markets and the pods are ...

Biomarcadores del metabolismo y nutrición de hierro

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Carmen Gloria Sermini

Full Text Available RESUMEN La anemia por deficiencia de hierro continúa siendo la deficiencia nutricional más abundante en el mundo, y son los lactantes, preescolares, mujeres en edad fértil y embarazadas los grupos de mayor susceptibilidad. Debido a esto es que se hace necesario el conocer los mecanismos de regulación de captación, transporte y absorción del metal a nivel celular, principalmente a nivel del enterocito y, una vez que el hierro entra a la circulación, conocer cuáles son los biomarcadores que permiten realizar un seguimiento del estatus del hierro corporal. En esta revisión mostramos, en primer lugar, cómo se regula la entrada de hierro a nivel de la célula del epitelio intestinal, mostrando las principales proteínas involucradas (transportadores de entrada y salida de hierro, oxido-reductasas, proteína de almacenamiento y, para finalizar, hacemos un recuento de los principales biomarcadores del metabolismo de hierro una vez que este ha entrado y circula por el organismo.

Study of Seed Germination by Soaking Methode of Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.

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Sulistyani Pancaningtyas

2014-12-01

Full Text Available Study of germination methods conduct to get information about seed viability based on germination rate, percentage of germination and vigority. Germination methods was studied to get the efficiency and effectivity of germination, easy to handle, low costs with high vigority. Sand and gunny sack methods  for germination, need extensive place  and 3-4 days germination period after planting. This research will study the alternative of germination method with soaking. This method can be accelerating  germination rate and effectively place usage without decreasing the quality of cacao seedling.The research was done at Kaliwining Experimental Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institue. This research consist of two experiment was arranged based on factorial completely random design. First experiment will observed to compared germination rate and the second experiment will observed seedling quality between soaking and wet gunny sack germination method.The results showed that length of radicel on soaking method longer than wet gunny sack method. Growth of radicel started from 2 hours after soaking, moreover length of radicel at 4 hours after soaking have significant different value with gunny sack method. On 24 hours after soaking have 3,69 mm and 0,681 mm on wet gunny sack treatment. Except lengt of hipocotyl, there is not different condition between seedling that out came  from soaking and wet gunny sack method. Length of hipocotyl on 36 hours after soaking have 9,15 cm and significant different between wet gunny sack germination method that have 5,40 cm. Keywords : seed germination, soaking method, Theobroma cacao L., cocoa seedlings

Vascular Streak Dieback of cacao in Southeast Asia and Melanesia: in planta detection of the pathogen and a new taxonomy.

Science.gov (United States)

Samuels, Gary J; Ismaiel, Adnan; Rosmana, Ade; Junaid, Muhammad; Guest, David; McMahon, Peter; Keane, Philip; Purwantara, Agus; Lambert, Smilja; Rodriguez-Carres, Marianela; Cubeta, Marc A

2012-01-01

Vascular Streak Dieback (VSD) disease of cacao (Theobroma cacao) in Southeast Asia and Melanesia is caused by a basidiomycete (Ceratobasidiales) fungus Oncobasidium theobromae (syn. =Thanatephorus theobromae). The most characteristic symptoms of the disease are green-spotted leaf chlorosis or, commonly since about 2004, necrotic blotches, followed by senescence of leaves beginning on the second or third flush behind the shoot apex, and blackening of infected xylem in the vascular traces at the leaf scars resulting from the abscission of infected leaves. Eventually the shoot apex is killed and infected branches die. In susceptible cacao the fungus may grow through the xylem down into the main stem and kill a mature cacao tree. Infections in the stem of young plants prior to the formation of the first 3-4 lateral branches usually kill the plant. Basidiospores released from corticioid basidiomata developed on leaf scars or along cracks in the main vein of infected leaves infect young leaves. The pathogen commonly infects cacao but there are rare reports from avocado. As both crops are introduced to the region, the pathogen is suspected to occur asymptomatically in native vegetation. The pathogen is readily isolated but cultures cannot be maintained. In this study, DNA was extracted from pure cultures of O. theobromae obtained from infected cacao plants sampled from Indonesia. The internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), consisting of ITS1, 5.8S ribosomal RNA and ITS2, and a portion of nuclear large subunit (LSU) were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences placed O. theobromae sister to Ceratobasidium anastomosis groups AG-A, AG-Bo, and AG-K with high posterior probability. Therefore the new combination Ceratobasidium theobromae is proposed. A PCR-based protocol was developed to detect and identify C. theobromae in plant tissue of cacao enabling early detection of the pathogen in plants. A second species of Ceratobasidium, Ceratobasidium ramicola

Influence of thermosiphonic flow with the height tank relative to a flat solar collector; Influencia del flujo termosifonico con la altura del termotanque relativo a un colector solar plano

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Barrera C, Enrique; Arias T, Jorge E; Lugo L, Raul; Cano M, Francisco J [Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico, D.F. (Mexico)

2000-07-01

In this work the effect of the height of the storage tank, with respect to a solar collector is studied. In order to obtain an adequate operation of the thermosiphonic flow system, the storage tank must be located above the upper part of the solar collector, although the height it has not been specified. In order to study this aspect, we studied the operation of a flat solar collector, in thermosiphonic regime, heated with a source of artificial energy (solar simulator based on tungsten lamps). The temperature profiles of storage deposit (temperature stratification) were analyzed as a function of different storage tank heights, which influence the storage tank temperatures profile and the inlet and outlet water temperature of the solar collector. These experiments also affect the thermosiphonic flow and, therefore the efficiency of the solar collector. In each experiment the same solar radiation level was used, which let us make sensitive comparisons regarding just the parameters of interest. The results obtained are reported. [Spanish] En este trabajo, se estudia el efecto de la altura del deposito de almacenamiento, respecto de un colector solar. Se sabe que para que se obtenga un funcionamiento adecuado de un sistema de flujo termosifonico, el deposito debe situarse por encima del colector solar, aunque no se ha especificado, cual puede ser una mejor altura. Con el fin de estudiar esta problematica en el presente trabajo se investigo el funcionamiento de un colector solar plano, en regimen termosifonico, accionado con una fuente de energia artificial (simulador solar basado en lamparas de tungsteno); se analizan los perfiles de temperatura del deposito de almacenamiento como funcion de las diferentes alturas estudiadas, los cuales son claves en el perfil de temperatura del agua de entrada y salida del colector solar, del flujo termosifonico alcanzado y por tanto de la eficiencia del colector solar. En cada experimento realizado, se utilizo el mismo nivel de

Respon Pertumbuhan Bibit Kakao (Theobroma Cacao L.) TerhadapPemberian Pupuk Guano Dan KCl

OpenAIRE

Rajagukguk, Pispa; Siagian, Balonggu; Rosanty Lahay, Ratna

2015-01-01

Addition of guano in cultivation of cacao seedling is the one step to use organic fertilizer thatcomes from animal feces and it is used to add soil nutrient for the growth of cocoa seedlings, aswell addition of KCl is used to add soil nutrient too. For that purpose addition guano and KCl aimsto increase growth of cacao in cultivation of seedling. This research had been conducted atexperimental field of agriculture fakulty University of North Sumatera in October 2013 - January2014 using factor...

Respon pertumbuhan bibit kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) terhadap pemberian pupuk guano dan KCl

OpenAIRE

Rajagukguk, Pispa

2015-01-01

Addition of Guano in Cultivation of Cacao Seedling is the one of step to use organic fertilizer that comes from animal feces in the world. For that purpose addition guano aims to increase growth of Cacao in Cultivation of Seedling. This research had been conducted at experimental field of Fakultas Pertanian USU in October 2013 - January 2014 using factorial randomized block design with two factor, i.e. addition dose of Guano (0, 75 , 150 , 225 g/polibag) and dose of KCl (0 , ...

Genetic diversity and parentage in farmer selections of cacao from Southern Sulawesi, Indonesia revealed by microsatellite markers.

Science.gov (United States)

Dinarti, Diny; Susilo, Agung W; Meinhardt, Lyndel W; Ji, Kun; Motilal, Lambert A; Mischke, Sue; Zhang, Dapeng

2015-12-01

Indonesia is the third largest cocoa-producing country in the world. Knowledge of genetic diversity and parentage of farmer selections is important for effective selection and rational deployment of superior cacao clones in farmers' fields. We assessed genetic diversity and parentage of 53 farmer selections of cacao in Sulawesi, Indonesia, using 152 international clones as references. Cluster analysis, based on 15 microsatellite markers, showed that these Sulawesi farmer selections are mainly comprised of hybrids derived from Trinitario and two Upper Amazon Forastero groups. Bayesian assignment and likelihood-based parentage analysis further demonstrated that only a small number of germplasm groups, dominantly Trinitario and Parinari, contributed to these farmer selections, in spite of diverse parental clones having been used in the breeding program and seed gardens in Indonesia since the 1950s. The narrow parentage predicts a less durable host resistance to cacao diseases. Limited access of the farmers to diverse planting materials or the strong preference for large pods and large bean size by local farmers, may have affected the selection outcome. Diverse sources of resistance, harbored in different cacao germplasm groups, need to be effectively incorporated to broaden the on-farm diversity and ensure sustainable cacao production in Sulawesi.

Genetic diversity and parentage in farmer selections of cacao from Southern Sulawesi, Indonesia revealed by microsatellite markers

Science.gov (United States)

Dinarti, Diny; Susilo, Agung W.; Meinhardt, Lyndel W.; Ji, Kun; Motilal, Lambert A.; Mischke, Sue; Zhang, Dapeng

2015-01-01

Indonesia is the third largest cocoa-producing country in the world. Knowledge of genetic diversity and parentage of farmer selections is important for effective selection and rational deployment of superior cacao clones in farmers’ fields. We assessed genetic diversity and parentage of 53 farmer selections of cacao in Sulawesi, Indonesia, using 152 international clones as references. Cluster analysis, based on 15 microsatellite markers, showed that these Sulawesi farmer selections are mainly comprised of hybrids derived from Trinitario and two Upper Amazon Forastero groups. Bayesian assignment and likelihood-based parentage analysis further demonstrated that only a small number of germplasm groups, dominantly Trinitario and Parinari, contributed to these farmer selections, in spite of diverse parental clones having been used in the breeding program and seed gardens in Indonesia since the 1950s. The narrow parentage predicts a less durable host resistance to cacao diseases. Limited access of the farmers to diverse planting materials or the strong preference for large pods and large bean size by local farmers, may have affected the selection outcome. Diverse sources of resistance, harbored in different cacao germplasm groups, need to be effectively incorporated to broaden the on-farm diversity and ensure sustainable cacao production in Sulawesi. PMID:26719747

Time-Related Changes in Volatile Compounds during Fermentation of Bulk and Fine-Flavor Cocoa (Theobroma cacao Beans

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Juan Manuel Cevallos-Cevallos

2018-01-01

Full Text Available Chocolate is one of the most consumed foods worldwide and cacao fermentation contributes to the unique sensory characteristics of chocolate products. However, comparative changes in volatiles occurring during fermentation of Criollo, Forastero, and Nacional cacao—three of the most representative cultivars worldwide—have not been reported. Beans of each cultivar were fermented for five days and samples were taken every 24 hours. Volatiles from each sample were adsorbed into a solid phase microextraction fiber and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Aroma potential of each compound was determined using available databases. Multivariate data analyses showed partial clustering of samples according to cultivars at the start of the fermentation but complete clustering was observed at the end of the fermentation. The Criollo cacao produced floral, fruity, and woody aroma volatiles including linalool, epoxylinalool, benzeneethanol, pentanol acetate, germacrene, α-copaene, aromadendrene, 3,6-heptanedione, butanal, 1-phenyl ethenone, 2-nonanone, and 2-pentanone. Nacional cacao produced fruity, green, and woody aroma volatiles including 2-nonanone, 3-octen-1-ol, 2-octanol acetate, 2-undecanone, valencene, and aromadendrene. The Forastero cacao yielded floral and sweet aroma volatiles such as epoxylinalool, pentanoic acid, benzeneacetaldehyde, and benzaldehyde. This is the first report of volatiles produced during fermentation of Criollo, Forastero, and Nacional cacao from the same origin.

Development of a tomographic system adapted to 3D measurement of contaminated wounds based on the Cacao concept (Computer aided collimation Gamma Camera); Developpement a partir du concept CACAO (Camera A Collimation Assistee par Ordinateur) d'un systeme tomographique adapte a la mesure 3D de plaies contaminees

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Douiri, A

2002-03-01

The computer aided collimation gamma camera (CACAO in French) is a gamma camera using a collimator with large holes, a supplementary linear scanning motion during the acquisition and a dedicated reconstruction program taking full account of the source depth. The CACAO system was introduced to improve both the sensitivity and the resolution in nuclear medicine. This thesis focuses on the design of a fast and robust reconstruction algorithm in the CACAO project. We start by an overview of tomographic imaging techniques in nuclear medicine. After modelling the physical CACAO system, we present the complete reconstruction program which involves three steps: 1) shift and sum 2) deconvolution and filtering 3) rotation and sum. The deconvolution is the critical step that decreases the signal to noise ratio of the reconstructed images. We propose a regularized multi-channel algorithm to solve the deconvolution problem. We also present a fast algorithm based on Splines functions and preserving the high quality of the reconstructed images for the shift and the rotation steps. Comparisons of simulated reconstructed images in 2D and 3D for the conventional system (CPHC) and CACAO demonstrate the ability of CACAO system to increase the quality of the SPECT images. Finally, this study concludes with an experimental approach with a pixellated detector conceived for a 3D measurement of contaminated wounds. This experimentation proves the possible advantages of coupling the CACAO project with pixellated detectors. Moreover, a variety of applications could fully benefit from the CACAO system, such as low activity imaging, the use of high-energy gamma isotopes and the visualization of deep organs. Moreover the combination of the CACAO system with a pixels detector may open up further possibilities for the future of nuclear medicine. (author)

Health Benefits of Methylxanthines in Cacao and Chocolate

Science.gov (United States)

Franco, Rafael; Oñatibia-Astibia, Ainhoa; Martínez-Pinilla, Eva

2013-01-01

One may wonder why methylxanthines are so abundant in beverages used by humans for centuries, or in cola-drinks that have been heavily consumed since their appearance. It is likely that humans have stuck to any brew containing compounds with psychoactive properties, resulting in a better daily life, i.e., more efficient thinking, exploring, hunting, etc., however, without the serious side effects of drugs of abuse. The physiological effects of methylxanthines have been known for a long time and they are mainly mediated by the so-called adenosine receptors. Caffeine and theobromine are the most abundant methylxanthines in cacao and their physiological effects are notable. Their health-promoting benefits are so remarkable that chocolate is explored as a functional food. The consequences of adenosine receptor blockade by natural compounds present in cacao/chocolate are here reviewed. Palatability and health benefits of methylxanthines, in general, and theobromine, in particular, have further contributed to sustain one of the most innocuous and pleasant habits: chocolate consumption. PMID:24145871

Health Benefits of Methylxanthines in Cacao and Chocolate

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Rafael Franco

2013-10-01

Full Text Available One may wonder why methylxanthines are so abundant in beverages used by humans for centuries, or in cola-drinks that have been heavily consumed since their appearance. It is likely that humans have stuck to any brew containing compounds with psychoactive properties, resulting in a better daily life, i.e., more efficient thinking, exploring, hunting, etc., however, without the serious side effects of drugs of abuse. The physiological effects of methylxanthines have been known for a long time and they are mainly mediated by the so-called adenosine receptors. Caffeine and theobromine are the most abundant methylxanthines in cacao and their physiological effects are notable. Their health-promoting benefits are so remarkable that chocolate is explored as a functional food. The consequences of adenosine receptor blockade by natural compounds present in cacao/chocolate are here reviewed. Palatability and health benefits of methylxanthines, in general, and theobromine, in particular, have further contributed to sustain one of the most innocuous and pleasant habits: chocolate consumption.

Health benefits of methylxanthines in cacao and chocolate.

Science.gov (United States)

Franco, Rafael; Oñatibia-Astibia, Ainhoa; Martínez-Pinilla, Eva

2013-10-18

One may wonder why methylxanthines are so abundant in beverages used by humans for centuries, or in cola-drinks that have been heavily consumed since their appearance. It is likely that humans have stuck to any brew containing compounds with psychoactive properties, resulting in a better daily life, i.e., more efficient thinking, exploring, hunting, etc., however, without the serious side effects of drugs of abuse. The physiological effects of methylxanthines have been known for a long time and they are mainly mediated by the so-called adenosine receptors. Caffeine and theobromine are the most abundant methylxanthines in cacao and their physiological effects are notable. Their health-promoting benefits are so remarkable that chocolate is explored as a functional food. The consequences of adenosine receptor blockade by natural compounds present in cacao/chocolate are here reviewed. Palatability and health benefits of methylxanthines, in general, and theobromine, in particular, have further contributed to sustain one of the most innocuous and pleasant habits: chocolate consumption.

Cacao breeding in Bahia, Brazil - strategies and results

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Uilson Vanderlei Lopes

2011-01-01

Full Text Available Cacao was introduced in Bahia in 1756, becoming later the largest producer state in the country. In order to supportthe planting of cacao in the region, a breeding program was established by CEPEC at the beginning of the 1970s. For a long time,the program consisted in testing new hybrids (full-sibs and releasing a mixture of the best ones to farmers. Lately, particularly afterthe witches´ broom arrival in the region, in 1989, recurrent breeding strategies were implemented, aiming mainly the developmentof clones. From 1993 to 2010, more than 500 progenies, accumulating 30 thousand trees, were developed by crossing many parentswith resistance to witches´ broom, high yield and other traits. In this period, more than 500 clones were put in trials and 39 clonesand 3 hybrids were released to farmers. In this paper the strategies and results achieved by the program are reviewed. Overall theprogram has good interface with pathology and genomic programs.

Characterization of pecan nut expeller cake and effect of storage on its microbiological and oxidative quality; Caracterización de la torta prensada de nuez de pecan y efecto del almacenamiento sobre su calidad microbiológica y oxidativa

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Marchetti, L.; Romero, L.; Andrés, S.C.; Califano, A.N.

2017-07-01

Pecan nut expeller cake (PNEC), a by-product of pecan oil extraction, was characterized and the effect of packaging and storage conditions was investigated. Samples were packaged under vacuum or in normal atmosphere and stored (10 or 20 ºC) for 12 months. Its composition, water and oil absorption, fatty acids profile, lipid oxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS), antioxidant activity [Diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl] radical, DPPH● and [(2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] radical cation, ABTS●+), and microbiological quality were analyzed. PNEC showed high lipid and fiber contents (51.4 and 21.6 g/100g, respectively) with good water and oil absorption capacity. Vacuum storage at 10 ºC preserved antioxidant capacity (TBARS: malondialdehyde= 0.23 mg/kg, IC50 DPPH = 9.0 mg/mL, and IC50 ABTS = 21 mg/mL after one year storage). Extremely low mold and yeast levels were found in PNEC in low permeability vacuum packages, regardless of the storage temperature. Thus, PNEC could retain suitable quality attributes for up to 12 months using the right combination of packaging and temperature. [Spanish] La torta de prensada de nuez de pecan (PNEC), un sub-producto dela extracción de aceite de pecan, fue caracterizado y se investigó el efecto del embalaje y condiciones de almacenamiento. Las muestras fueron envasadas con y sin vacío y almacenadas (10 o 20ºC) durante 12 meses. Se analizó la composición, absorción de agua y aceite, perfiles de ácidos grasos, oxidación lipídica (sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico, TBARS), actividad antioxidante [radical (difenil-1-(2,4,6-trinitrofenil) hidracilo] DPPH● y catión radical [ácido (2,2′-azinobis-(3-etilbenzotiazolin-6-sulfónico)], ABTS●+) y calidad microbiológica. El PNEC mostró altos contenidos de lípidos y fibra (51.4 y 21.6 g/100g, respectivamente) con buenas capacidades de absorción de agua y aceite. El almacenamiento bajo vacío a 10º

Identificación y propuesta de mejoramiento de la gestión del conocimiento en el Centro de Desarrollo Agropecuario y Agroindustrial (CEDEAGRO: Sena - Regional Boyacá

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Claudia Patricia Nuñez I.

2012-08-01

Full Text Available Rev.esc.adm.neg El propósito de este artículo es evaluar la forma de gestionar el conocimiento en el Centro de Desarrollo Agropecuario y Agroindustrial Cedeagro del SENA, Regional Boyacá y plantear una propuesta para su mejoramiento. Se da gran importancia a la identificación de las dimensiones que permiten medir la GC en la organización, determinando las siguientes: generación y adquisición, almacenamiento y protección, transmisión y uso del conocimiento. Los resultados, obtenidos a través de un análisis descriptivo, ponen de manifiesto que el Centro gestiona conocimiento y tiene un estado aceptable; sin embargo debe optimizar los procesos de generación y almacenamiento, sin dejar de lado los de transferencia y uso con el fin de mejorar la acción de la organización. Por otro lado se hace el análisis de factores comunes por el método de componentes principales, encontrándose que los elementos que más inciden en la GC, son la construcción de ideas y nuevas formas de hacer las cosas de forma colectiva con equipos de trabajo, el almacenamiento de conocimiento en depósitos de información, el uso de software especializado para compartir información y el poseer información suficiente y necesaria para tomar decisiones. Finalmente se diseña una propuesta de mejoramiento para la Gestión del Conocimiento en Cedeagro.

The causal agents of witches' broom and frosty pod rot of cacao (chocolate, Theobroma cacao) form a new lineage of Marasmiaceae.

Science.gov (United States)

Aime, M C; Phillips-Mora, W

2005-01-01

The two most devastating diseases of cacao (Theobroma cacao)--the source of chocolate--in tropical America are caused by the fungi Crinipellis perniciosa (witches' broom disease) and Moniliophthora roreri (frosty pod rot or moniliasis disease). Despite the agricultural, socio-economic and environmental impact of these fungi, most aspects of their life cycles are unknown, and the phylogenetic relationships of M. roreri have yet to be conclusively established. In this paper, extensive phylogenetic analyses of five nuclear gene regions (28S rDNA, 18S rDNA, ITS, RPB1, and EF1-alpha) confirm that C. perniciosa and M. roreri are sister taxa that belong in the Marasmiaceae (euagarics). Furthermore, these taxa form part of a separate and distinct lineage within the family. This lineage includes the biotrophic fungi Moniliophthora perniciosa comb. nov. and M. roreri, as well as one undescribed endophytic species. The sister genera to Moniliophthora are Marasmius, Crinipellis and Chaetocalathus, which consist mainly of saprotrophic litter fungi.

Los sistemas de almacenamiento inka de Tinyaq, Ayacucho, Perú

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2000-01-01

Full Text Available LES ENTREPÔTS INKA À TINYAQ, AYACUCHO, PÉROU. L’occcupation inka de la vallée d'Ayacucho a été peu étudiée par les archéologues. Il est clair que la vallée d'Ayacucho a été incorporée à l’empire Inka, mais nous connaissons très mal le rôle qu'elle y a joué. Seuls quelques villages inka ont été localisés dans la vallée malgré des études variées. Cela a amené certaines personnes à avancer que la vallée d'Ayacucho n’a joué aucun rôle dans la politique de l’empire. Cependant, la récente découverte d’entrepôts inka à Tinyaq suggère clairement que la vallée n’était pas abandonnée, comme beaucoup le prétendent. Notre but dans cet article est d’évaluer l’importance des structures inka à Tinyaq. Sur la base de ces données, notre hypothèse est que cette vallée faisait partie des zones de production du Tawantinsuyo. Un aspecto de la arqueología regional de Ayacucho que ha recibido poca atención de los arqueólogos, es el caso de la ocupación inka. Si bien el valle de Ayacucho formó parte del Tawantinsuyo, poco es lo que se sabe del rol del mismo dentro de la política administrativa inka. Los varios trabajos de reconocimiento arqueológico realizados en el valle, solamente han dado como resultado la ubicación de muy pocos asentamientos inka. En base a esta información, a menudo se sostiene que el valle en referencia no jugó rol alguno dentro del esquema imperial inka. Sin embargo, la ubicación de los sistemas de almacenamiento de Tinyaq sugiere que este valle no fue del todo abandonado, como muchos sostienen. En este ensayo, es nuestro propósito evaluar el significado de los depósitos de Tinyaq. En base a esta información, sugerimos que el valle de Ayacucho formó parte de las zonas productivas del Tawantinsuyo. SYSTEMS OF INKA STORAGE AT TINYAQ, AYACUCHO, PERU. The Inka occupation of the Ayacucho Valley is a subject that has received little attention by archaeologists. Although it is evident

TcCYPR04, a Cacao Papain-Like Cysteine-Protease Detected in Senescent and Necrotic Tissues Interacts with a Cystatin TcCYS4.

Science.gov (United States)

Cardoso, Thyago Hermylly Santana; Freitas, Ana Camila Oliveira; Andrade, Bruno Silva; Sousa, Aurizangela Oliveira de; Santiago, André da Silva; Koop, Daniela Martins; Gramacho, Karina Peres; Alvim, Fátima Cerqueira; Micheli, Fabienne; Pirovani, Carlos Priminho

2015-01-01

The interaction amongst papain-like cysteine-proteases (PLCP) and their substrates and inhibitors, such as cystatins, can be perceived as part of the molecular battlefield in plant-pathogen interaction. In cacao, four cystatins were identified and characterized by our group. We identified 448 proteases in cacao genome, whereof 134 were cysteine-proteases. We expressed in Escherichia coli a PLCP from cacao, named TcCYSPR04. Immunoblottings with anti-TcCYSPR04 exhibited protein increases during leaf development. Additional isoforms of TcCYSPR04 appeared in senescent leaves and cacao tissues infected by Moniliophthora perniciosa during the transition from the biotrophic to the saprophytic phase. TcCYSPR04 was induced in the apoplastic fluid of Catongo and TSH1188 cacao genotypes, susceptible and resistant to M. perniciosa, respectively, but greater intensity and additional isoforms were observed in TSH1188. The fungal protein MpNEP induced PLCP isoform expression in tobacco leaves, according to the cross reaction with anti-TcCYSPR04. Several protein isoforms were detected at 72 hours after treatment with MpNEP. We captured an active PLCP from cacao tissues, using a recombinant cacao cystatin immobilized in CNBr-Sepharose. Mass spectrometry showed that this protein corresponds to TcCYSPR04. A homology modeling was obtained for both proteins. In order to become active, TcCYSPR04 needs to lose its inhibitory domain. Molecular docking showed the physical-chemical complementarities of the interaction between the cacao enzyme and its inhibitor. We propose that TcCYSPR04 and its interactions with cacao cystatins are involved in the senescence and necrosis events related to witches' broom symptoms. This molecular interaction may be the target for future interventions to control witches' broom disease.

The CACAO Method for Smoothing, Gap Filling, and Characterizing Seasonal Anomalies in Satellite Time Series

Science.gov (United States)

Verger, Aleixandre; Baret, F.; Weiss, M.; Kandasamy, S.; Vermote, E.

2013-01-01

Consistent, continuous, and long time series of global biophysical variables derived from satellite data are required for global change research. A novel climatology fitting approach called CACAO (Consistent Adjustment of the Climatology to Actual Observations) is proposed to reduce noise and fill gaps in time series by scaling and shifting the seasonal climatological patterns to the actual observations. The shift and scale CACAO parameters adjusted for each season allow quantifying shifts in the timing of seasonal phenology and inter-annual variations in magnitude as compared to the average climatology. CACAO was assessed first over simulated daily Leaf Area Index (LAI) time series with varying fractions of missing data and noise. Then, performances were analyzed over actual satellite LAI products derived from AVHRR Long-Term Data Record for the 1981-2000 period over the BELMANIP2 globally representative sample of sites. Comparison with two widely used temporal filtering methods-the asymmetric Gaussian (AG) model and the Savitzky-Golay (SG) filter as implemented in TIMESAT-revealed that CACAO achieved better performances for smoothing AVHRR time series characterized by high level of noise and frequent missing observations. The resulting smoothed time series captures well the vegetation dynamics and shows no gaps as compared to the 50-60% of still missing data after AG or SG reconstructions. Results of simulation experiments as well as confrontation with actual AVHRR time series indicate that the proposed CACAO method is more robust to noise and missing data than AG and SG methods for phenology extraction.

Qualité du cacao camerounais : Facteurs influençant la présence et l ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

La qualité du cacao peut être influencée par la microflore fongique, en particulier toxinogène. Des cabosses de cacao, récoltées dans la région de Kumba au Cameroun, ont subi deux types de traitements post-récolte (fermentation en caisse et en tas de cabosses saines ou blessées). La numération des moisissures ...

C and N Content in Density Fractions of Whole Soil and Soil Size Fraction Under Cacao Agroforestry Systems and Natural Forest in Bahia, Brazil

Science.gov (United States)

Rita, Joice Cleide O.; Gama-Rodrigues, Emanuela Forestieri; Gama-Rodrigues, Antonio Carlos; Polidoro, Jose Carlos; Machado, Regina Cele R.; Baligar, Virupax C.

2011-07-01

Agroforestry systems (AFSs) have an important role in capturing above and below ground soil carbon and play a dominant role in mitigation of atmospheric CO2. Attempts has been made here to identify soil organic matter fractions in the cacao-AFSs that have different susceptibility to microbial decomposition and further represent the basis of understanding soil C dynamics. The objective of this study was to characterize the organic matter density fractions and soil size fractions in soils of two types of cacao agroforestry systems and to compare with an adjacent natural forest in Bahia, Brazil. The land-use systems studied were: (1) a 30-year-old stand of natural forest with cacao (cacao cabruca), (2) a 30-year-old stand of cacao with Erythrina glauca as shade trees (cacao + erythrina), and (3) an adjacent natural forest without cacao. Soil samples were collected from 0-10 cm depth layer in reddish-yellow Oxisols. Soil samples was separated by wet sieving into five fraction-size classes (>2000 μm, 1000-2000 μm, 250-1000 μm, 53-250 μm, and cacao AFS soils consisted mainly (65 %) of mega-aggregates (>2000 μm) mixed with macroaggregates (32-34%), and microaggregates (1-1.3%). Soil organic carbon (SOC) and total N content increased with increasing soil size fraction in all land-use systems. Organic C-to-total N ratio was higher in the macroaggregate than in the microaggregate. In general, in natural forest and cacao cabruca the contribution of C and N in the light and heavy fractions was similar. However, in cacao + erythrina the heavy fraction was the most common and contributed 67% of C and 63% of N. Finding of this study shows that the majority of C and N in all three systems studied are found in macroaggregates, particularly in the 250-1000 μm size aggregate class. The heavy fraction was the most common organic matter fraction in these soils. Thus, in mature cacao AFS on highly weathered soils the main mechanisms of C stabilization could be the physical

EFFECT LINDAK CACAO FRUIT MATURITY (THEOBROMA CACAO, F) WITH HIGH LEVEL OF POLYPHENOLS AS ANTIOXIDANT

OpenAIRE

Langkong, Jumriah

2013-01-01

Lindak cacao beans has polyphenol compounds that has a function as antioxidants which is important for the body to ward off a disease like cancer. The content of polyphenols in cocoa pods, influenced by post-harvest and processing. In addition, also influenced by fruit maturity level of lindak cocoa maturity level A (colored yellow on the entire surface of the fruit), B (yellow on the groove and back fruits), and C (colored yellow on the flow of fruit). The purpose of this study was to ana...

Cambios postcosecha del hongo comestible huitlacoche (Ustilago maydis (D. C. Corda

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A. Martínez-Flores

2008-01-01

Full Text Available El huitlacoche [(Ustilago maydis (D.C. Corda] ha sido un importante alimento en la dieta de los habitantes de la región Centro-Sur de México desde épocas precolombinas. Recientemente, su aceptación a nivel mundial se ha incrementado. A pesar de que es un producto muy perecedero no existen estudios postcosecha, por lo cual, el objetivo de este estudio fue identificar el cambio de parámetros físicos y fisiológicos en postcosecha de huitlacoche entero (mazorca y desgranado (agallas a temperatura ambiente, 3 y 10 °C, durante 11 días. Se evaluó el cambio de aspecto, color, pérdida de peso, respiración, producción de etileno y cambio en aminoácidos. La respiración promedio del huitlacoche entero a temperatura ambiente, 10 y 3 °C fue de 320.8, 120.8 y 71. 5 mlCO2·kg- 1·h-1, respectivamente; en tanto que para el desgranado fue de 372.8, 346.7 y 164.1 mlCO2·kg-1·h-1 a temperatura ambiente, 10 y 3 °C respectivamente. A los 7 días de almacenamiento, el hongo presentó pérdida de peso arriba del 80, 60 y 22 % a temperatura ambiente, 10 y 3 °C respectivamente. Se encontraron 18 aminoácidos, del contenido total los esenciales representaron 37.8 % de los cuales lisina representó el 27.2 %. Después del almacenamiento, el huitlacoche no mostró un cambio importante en el contenido de aminoácidos. A 3 °C el huitlacoche entero conservó mejor su apariencia, color y peso. No se detectó producción de etileno en las temperaturas evaluadas.

EVALUACIÓN DE LA CALIDAD MICROBIOLÓGICA DEL AGUA PARA CONSUMO Y DEL AGUA RESIDUAL EN UNA POBLACIÓN DE BOGOTÁ (COLOMBIA)

OpenAIRE

Venegas B, Camilo; Mercado R, Marcela; Campos, María Claudia

2014-01-01

En Colombia el acceso al agua potable y a sistemas de saneamiento no están garantizados para buena parte de la población, por lo que el consumo de agua contaminada genera enfermedades de origen hídrico. La alternativa más utilizada para el acceso al agua potable es su almacenamiento dentro de las viviendas y la improvisación de sistemas de alcantarillado que generalmente se encuentran a cielo abierto. Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad microbiológica del agua utilizada para consumo y el agua residu...

From whole-body counting to imaging: The computer aided collimation gamma camera project (CACAO)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Jeanguillaume, C.; Begot, S.; Quartuccio, M.; Douiri, A.; Ballongue, P

2000-07-01

Whole-body counting is the method of choice for in vivo detection of contamination. To extend this well established method, the possible advantages of imaging radiocontaminants are examined. The use of the CACAO project is then studied. A comparison of simulated reconstructed images obtained by the CACAO project and by a conventional gamma camera used in nuclear medicine follows. Imaging a radionuclide contaminant with a geometrical sensitivity of 10{sup -2} seems possible in the near future. (author)

From whole-body counting to imaging: The computer aided collimation gamma camera project (CACAO)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jeanguillaume, C.; Begot, S.; Quartuccio, M.; Douiri, A.; Ballongue, P.

2000-01-01

Whole-body counting is the method of choice for in vivo detection of contamination. To extend this well established method, the possible advantages of imaging radiocontaminants are examined. The use of the CACAO project is then studied. A comparison of simulated reconstructed images obtained by the CACAO project and by a conventional gamma camera used in nuclear medicine follows. Imaging a radionuclide contaminant with a geometrical sensitivity of 10 -2 seems possible in the near future. (author)

Comparison of the Economic Aspects of the Treatment and Storage of Fission Products from Installations Processing Irradiated Natural Uranium; Aspects Economiques Compares du Traitement et du Stockage des Produits de Fission Issus des Usines de Traitement de l'Uranium Naturel Irradie; Sravnitel'nye ehkonomicheskie aspekty obrabotki i khraneniya produktov deleniya, poluchaemykh na zavodakh po pererabotke obluchennogo prirodnogo urana; Aspectos Economicos Comparados del Tratamiento y del Almacenamiento de los Productos de Fision que Salen de las Plantas de Tratamiento de Uranio Natural Irradiado

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Thiriet, L.; Lesur, P.; Giraud, R. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Paris (France); Wanlin, J. [Societe Saint-Gobain Techniques Nouvelles, Paris (France)

1966-02-15

reservoirs pouvant etre construits, et on determine la taille et la cadence optimales de leur mise en service, compte tenu des caracteristiques des produits de fission a stocker et pour diverses capacites de l'usine de traitement de l'uranium naturel irradie. Ils montrent que, si le cout de stockage depend des hypotheses faites sur la duree de vie des installations, le taux d'interet, les frais d'exploitation, le choix de la politique optimale par contre (tailles et cadences de mise en service) est independant de ces hypotheses et n'est lie qu'a la loi de variation du cout des reservoirs selon leur taille. On obtient ainsi le cout optimise de stockage indefini de ces effluents. Dans une troisieme partie, les auteurs comparent a cette solution du stockage indefini d'autres politiques possibles de gestion des produits de fission: vitrification et separation du Cs et du Sr. Ils situent economiquement ces diverses alternatives et esquissent des solutions possibles a long terme. (author) [Spanish] Despues de recordar las principales practicas administrativas que suelen aplicarse a los productos de fision, los autores exponen sucintamente las caracteristicas tecnicas esenciales de las instalaciones de almacenamiento en acero inoxidable (en medio acido) utilizadas en Francia y analizan la estructura de sus costos. Muestran hasta que punto esos costos dependen de la radiactividad de las soluciones almacenadas y del calor que desprenden. En la segunda parte de la memoria se examina el costo del almacenamiento segun las dimensiones de los depositos que pueden construirse, se determinan las dimensiones optimas de estos depositos y se indica el ritmo mas conveniente para su puesta en servicio teniendo en cuenta las caracteristicas de los productos de fision que es preciso almacenar y las diversas capacidades de las plantas de tratamiento de uranio natural irradiado. Se demuestra que si bien el costo del almacenamiento depende de algunas hipotesis (duracion de la vida util de las

Verificación del método analítico de espectroscopia de absorción atómica con horno de grafito para la cuantificación de cadmio en almendra de cacao (Theobroma cacao).

OpenAIRE

Araujo Abad, Lourdes Salomé

2016-01-01

The objective of this work was to verify the performance parameters of the analytical method of atomic absorption spectroscopy with graphite furnace for quantification of cadmium in cocoa (Theobroma cacao) almond, for which a protocol was prepared, analyzes were performed on the certified reference material (MRC), the concentration of cadmium in dry cocoa beans four farms (Farm A, B, C and D) located in the cocoa zone of the country, Flavio Alfaro Manabí, was determined an...

Effects of habitat management on different feeding guilds of herbivorous insects in cacao agroforestry systems

OpenAIRE

Novais, Samuel M. A.; Macedo-Reis, Luiz E.; DaRocha, Wesley D.; Neves, Frederico S.

2016-01-01

AbstractHuman pressure on natural habitats increases the importance of agroforests for biodiversity conservation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of cacao traditional cultivation system (CTCS) on the conservation of the herbivorous insect community when compared with a monodominant rubber agroforest, a type of agricultural system for cacao cultivation. The insects were sampled in three habitats in Southeastern Bahia, Brazil: native forests, CTCS and rubber agroforests. In...

Modified pectin from Theobroma cacao induces potent pro-inflammatory activity in murine peritoneal macrophage.

Science.gov (United States)

Amorim, Juliana C; Vriesmann, Lucia Cristina; Petkowicz, Carmen L O; Martinez, Glaucia Regina; Noleto, Guilhermina R

2016-11-01

In vitro effects of acetylated pectin (OP) isolated from cacao pod husks (Theobroma cacao L.), its partially deacetylated and de-esterified form (MOP), and a commercial homogalacturonan (PG) were investigated on murine peritoneal macrophages. MOP stood out among the studied pectins. After 48h of incubation, compared with the control group, it was able to promote significant macrophage morphological differentiation from resident to activated stage and also stimulated nitric oxide production, which reached a level of 85% of that of LPS stimulus. In the presence of the highest tested concentration of MOP (200μg·mL -1 ), the levels of the cytokines TNF-α (6h) and IL-12 and IL-10 (48h) increased substantially in relation to untreated cells. Our results show that the partial deacetylation and de-esterification of pectin extracted from cacao pod husks (T. cacao L.) produced a polymer with greater ability than its native form to activate macrophages to a cytotoxic phenotype. Like this, they provide the possibility of a therapeutic application to MOP, which could lead to a decreased susceptibility to microbial infection besides antitumor activity. Additionally, the present results also corroborate with the proposition of that the chemical modifications of the biopolymers can result in an improved molecule with new possibilities of application. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DIMENSIONES DE LA GESTIÓN DEL CONOCIMIENTO Y DE LA GESTIÓN DE LA CALIDAD: UNA REVISIÓN DE LA LITERATURA

OpenAIRE

Tarí Guilló, J.J.; García Fernández, M.

2009-01-01

El objetivo de este artículo es identificar las dimensiones de la gestión del conocimiento y de la gestión de la calidad para ayudar a los investigadores a medir en futuros estudios ambos conceptos y su posible influencia en los resultados de la empresa. Para ello, se realiza una revisión de la literatura sobre gestión del conocimiento y gestión de la calidad. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que las dimensiones creación, transferencia y almacenamiento y, aplicación y uso forman parte del co...

DETERMINACIÓN DEL TIEMPO DE MEZCLA EN UN TANQUE DE ALMACENAMIENTO PARA AGUA POTABLE MEDIANTE DINÁMICA DE FLUIDOS COMPUTACIONAL -CFD- Determining the Blend Time in a Drinking Water Storage Tank through Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD

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Santiago Laín

2011-12-01

Full Text Available Para estimar el comportamiento hidráulico de un tanque de almacenamiento de agua potable se usó un programa para la simulación de dinámica computacional de fluidos, evaluando numéricamente los perfiles de velocidad y el tiempo de mezcla. Los perfiles de velocidad mostraron un valor máximo a la salida de 0,76 m.s-1 y velocidades de 0,2 m.s-1 cerca de las paredes, propiciando zonas de recirculación cerca del chorro de entrada. La inyección del trazador y el coeficiente de variación para 17 puntos de monitoreo en el tanque resultaron en un tiempo de mezcla de 19,06 horas y se verificó que cerca de las paredes la mezcla es menos eficiente que en la trayectoria del chorro de entrada. El volumen necesario que debe entrar al tanque para que haya buena mezcla resultó inversamente proporcional a la masa de agua almacenada.In order to estimate the hydraulic behavior of a drinking water storage tank, Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD simulation program was used to numerically evaluate blend speed and time profiles. Speed profiles showed a maximum value when leaving at 0.76 m.s-1 and 0.2 m.s-1 speeds near walls, creating recirculation areas near the inlet stream. Injection of tracer and the variation coefficient for 17 monitoring points in the tank resulted in a blend time of 19.06 hours and it was found that the blend near walls is less efficient than in the inlet stream trajectory. Necessary volume to enter the tank in order to achieve a good blend was inversely proportional to the water mass stored.

Development of a tomographic system adapted to 3D measurement of contaminated wounds based on the Cacao concept (Computer aided collimation Gamma Camera)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Douiri, A.

2002-03-01

The computer aided collimation gamma camera (CACAO in French) is a gamma camera using a collimator with large holes, a supplementary linear scanning motion during the acquisition and a dedicated reconstruction program taking full account of the source depth. The CACAO system was introduced to improve both the sensitivity and the resolution in nuclear medicine. This thesis focuses on the design of a fast and robust reconstruction algorithm in the CACAO project. We start by an overview of tomographic imaging techniques in nuclear medicine. After modelling the physical CACAO system, we present the complete reconstruction program which involves three steps: 1) shift and sum 2) deconvolution and filtering 3) rotation and sum. The deconvolution is the critical step that decreases the signal to noise ratio of the reconstructed images. We propose a regularized multi-channel algorithm to solve the deconvolution problem. We also present a fast algorithm based on Splines functions and preserving the high quality of the reconstructed images for the shift and the rotation steps. Comparisons of simulated reconstructed images in 2D and 3D for the conventional system (CPHC) and CACAO demonstrate the ability of CACAO system to increase the quality of the SPECT images. Finally, this study concludes with an experimental approach with a pixellated detector conceived for a 3D measurement of contaminated wounds. This experimentation proves the possible advantages of coupling the CACAO project with pixellated detectors. Moreover, a variety of applications could fully benefit from the CACAO system, such as low activity imaging, the use of high-energy gamma isotopes and the visualization of deep organs. Moreover the combination of the CACAO system with a pixels detector may open up further possibilities for the future of nuclear medicine. (author)

The genome sequence of the most widely cultivated cacao type and its use to identify candidate genes regulating pod color.

Science.gov (United States)

Motamayor, Juan C; Mockaitis, Keithanne; Schmutz, Jeremy; Haiminen, Niina; Livingstone, Donald; Cornejo, Omar; Findley, Seth D; Zheng, Ping; Utro, Filippo; Royaert, Stefan; Saski, Christopher; Jenkins, Jerry; Podicheti, Ram; Zhao, Meixia; Scheffler, Brian E; Stack, Joseph C; Feltus, Frank A; Mustiga, Guiliana M; Amores, Freddy; Phillips, Wilbert; Marelli, Jean Philippe; May, Gregory D; Shapiro, Howard; Ma, Jianxin; Bustamante, Carlos D; Schnell, Raymond J; Main, Dorrie; Gilbert, Don; Parida, Laxmi; Kuhn, David N

2013-06-03

Theobroma cacao L. cultivar Matina 1-6 belongs to the most cultivated cacao type. The availability of its genome sequence and methods for identifying genes responsible for important cacao traits will aid cacao researchers and breeders. We describe the sequencing and assembly of the genome of Theobroma cacao L. cultivar Matina 1-6. The genome of the Matina 1-6 cultivar is 445 Mbp, which is significantly larger than a sequenced Criollo cultivar, and more typical of other cultivars. The chromosome-scale assembly, version 1.1, contains 711 scaffolds covering 346.0 Mbp, with a contig N50 of 84.4 kbp, a scaffold N50 of 34.4 Mbp, and an evidence-based gene set of 29,408 loci. Version 1.1 has 10x the scaffold N50 and 4x the contig N50 as Criollo, and includes 111 Mb more anchored sequence. The version 1.1 assembly has 4.4% gap sequence, while Criollo has 10.9%. Through a combination of haplotype, association mapping and gene expression analyses, we leverage this robust reference genome to identify a promising candidate gene responsible for pod color variation. We demonstrate that green/red pod color in cacao is likely regulated by the R2R3 MYB transcription factor TcMYB113, homologs of which determine pigmentation in Rosaceae, Solanaceae, and Brassicaceae. One SNP within the target site for a highly conserved trans-acting siRNA in dicots, found within TcMYB113, seems to affect transcript levels of this gene and therefore pod color variation. We report a high-quality sequence and annotation of Theobroma cacao L. and demonstrate its utility in identifying candidate genes regulating traits.

Theobroma cacao extract attenuates the development of Dermatophagoides farinae-induced atopic dermatitis-like symptoms in NC/Nga mice.

Science.gov (United States)

Kang, Heerim; Lee, Chang Hyung; Kim, Jong Rhan; Kwon, Jung Yeon; Son, Myoung-Jin; Kim, Jong-Eun; Lee, Ki Won

2017-02-01

Cacao beans from Theobroma cacao are an abundant source of polyphenols, particularly flavonoids. Previous studies demonstrated that cacao flavanols decrease pro-inflammatory cytokines resulting in the alleviation of allergic symptoms. We sought to investigate the effects of cacao extract (CE) on Dermatophagoides farinae extract (DFE)-induced atopic dermatitis (AD)-like symptoms. CE attenuated DFE-induced AD-like symptoms as assessed by skin lesion analyses, dermatitis score, and skin thickness. Histopathological analysis revealed that CE suppressed DFE-induced immune cell infiltration into the skin. These observations occurred concomitantly with the downregulation of inflammatory markers including serum immunoglobulin (Ig) E, chemokine; thymus and activation-regulated chemokine and macrophage-derived chemokine as well as the skin-derived cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and interferon-γ. CE also significantly alleviated transepidermal water loss and increased skin hydration. These results suggest that CE, a natural phytochemical-rich food, has potential therapeutic efficacy for the treatment of AD. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Evaluación oxidativa de las mezclas de aceites de leguminosas del Desierto de Sonora con aceites de maíz y soja durante su almacenamiento

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Vázquez-Moreno, L.

2001-12-01

por lo que se consideró de interés evaluar el proceso de oxidación durante el almacenamiento por 122 días de mezclas en los aceites de: Mezquite Prosopis juliflora, Gatuña Mimosa grahamii, Palo fierro Olneya tesota, Vinorama Acacia constricta, Palo de brea Cercidium praecox y Palo verde Parkinsonia aculeata con aceites de soja y maíz en proporciones 1:1, 2:1 y 3:1. Los parámetros evaluados fueron: Indice de Peróxidos (I.P, de yodo (I.I, de Acidez (I.A, así como el valor de p-Anisidina (p-A. Las mezclas de los aceites silvestres con el de maíz mostraron valores iniciales de I.P. en un rango de 2 a 4 meq/Kg y a los 122 días el valor fue de 4 a 7 meq/Kg mientras que las mezclas con el aceite de soja los valores iniciales fueron de 3 a 6 meq/Kg y al final fueron de 8 a 15 meq/Kg. Los valores de I.I. e I.A. no presentaron diferencias entre las mezclas de los aceites silvestres con el de maíz. Los aceites silvestres mezclados con el de soja incrementaron el I.I. en las tres proporciones estudiadas, y en el I.A. presentaron un ligero incremento en la proporción 1:1. En el valor de p-Anisidina de las mezclas de aceites silvestres con maíz se obtuvo un pequeño aumento el cual fue menor en las mezclas 3:1, a diferencia de las mezclas con aceite de soja el incremento fue mayor y solo en las mezclas con aceite de gatuña y palo fierro los valores menores se observaron en las mezclas 3:1. Los aceites de gatuña y palo fierro mezclados con aceite de maíz presentaron los menores incrementos en los índices de oxidación evaluados. Los aceites de palo fierro y gatuña mezclados con aceite de maíz no presentaron cambios en la concentración de ácidos palmítico y araquidico du rante el almacenamiento. La concentración del ácido oleico en los aceites de mezquite (3:1, gatuña (1:1, 2:1 y 3:1, vinorama (3:1, así como los ácidos linoleico y erucico en gatuña en sus tres mezclas no presentaron cambios ni alteración durante el almacenamiento, por lo que se

Diallel Analysis and Growth Parameters as Selection Tools for Drought Tolerance in Young Theobroma cacao Plants.

Science.gov (United States)

Dos Santos, Emerson Alves; Almeida, Alex-Alan Furtado de; Ahnert, Dario; Branco, Marcia Christina da Silva; Valle, Raúl René; Baligar, Virupax C

2016-01-01

This study aimed to estimate the combining ability, of T. cacao genotypes preselected for drought tolerance through diallel crosses. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions at the Cacao Research Center (CEPEC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil, in a completely randomized block design, in an experimental arrangement 21 x 2 [21 complete diallel crosses and two water regimes (control and stressed)]. In the control, soil moisture was kept close to field capacity, with predawn leaf water potential (ΨWL) ranging from -0.1 to -0.5 MPa. In the drought regime, the soil moisture was reduced gradually by decreasing the amount of water application until ΨWL reached -2.0 to -2.5 MPa. Significant differences (p cacao crosses, except for SCA-6 x IMC-67, Catongo x SCA, MOC-01 x Catongo, Catongo x IMC-67 and RB-40 x Catongo. Multivariate analysis showed that stem diameter (CD), total leaf area (TLA), leaf dry biomass (LDB), stem dry biomass (SDB), root dry biomass (RDB), total dry biomass (TDB), root length (RL), root volume (RV), root diameter (RD) cacao genotypes in to tolerant and intolerant to soil water deficit.

Nuevos usos del cemento

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Páez Balaca, A.

1977-04-01

Full Text Available In this article, the evolution of the different systems of transporting and storing submarine oil and its by-products (petroleum gas and natural gas, is dealt with stressing the importance of the use of concrete boats. Due to the high cost of oil pipelines, we have passed from tanks built on land to prestressed concrete tanks which can be berthed at great depths or anchored to the bottom to keep them afloat, it being possible to unmoor them for transferring them. Transporting and storing liquated gas leads US to see the advantages of prestressed concrete over steel, as the latter becomes brittle at low temperatures, whereas the former's strength increases. The different forms and possible sections are analyzed, stressing the great importance of the solution of the double concrete hull with pearlite insulation. Finally, a study is made of «light concretes », not the classical types used as thermal and acoustic insulation, but the semi-heavy ones made with expanded clay, high quality sand and P-450 cement, which technique is not yet as developed in Spain at might be wished.En este artículo se trata la evolución de los distintos sistemas de transporte y almacenamiento del petróleo submarino y sus derivados (gas de petróleo y gas natural, resaltando la importancia del uso de barcos de hormigón. Debido al gran coste de los oleoductos, se ha pasado de los tanques construidos en tierra firme a los depósitos de hormigón pretensado que pueden estar fondeados a gran profundidad o anclados al fondo para mantenerlos flotantes, existiendo la posibilidad de poder desamarrarlos para su traslado. El transporte y almacenamiento del gas licuado nos hace ver las ventajas del hormigón pretensado sobre el acero, pues éste se vuelve quebradizo a bajas temperaturas, mientras aquél aumenta su resistencia. Se analizan las diferentes formas y secciones posibles, destacando la gran importancia de la solución del doble casco de hormigón con

Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in elite clones of Theobroma cacao Embriogênese somática e regeneração in vitro de clones elite de Theobroma cacao

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Thiago Édson Ribeiro da Silva

2008-10-01

Full Text Available The objective of this work was to evaluated a procedure for somatic embryogenesis and regeneration of cacao (Theobroma cacao L. elite clones. Petal explants from cacao clones TSH 565 and TSH 1188 were cultured on PCG and SCG-2 media, for calli growth. Somatic embryos were formed on the surface of embryogenic calli after transfer to embryo development (ED medium. Clone TSH 565 showed a higher embryogenic potential than TSH 1188. The best combination of carbon source for embryo induction in ED medium was genotype-specific. Embryogenic callus formations increased in micropore tape-sealed Petri dishes, irrespective of cacao genotype. Mature somatic embryos were successfully converted into plantlets.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar um procedimento para embriogênese somática e regeneração de clones elite de cacau. Pétalas dos clones de cacau TSH 565 e TSH 1188 foram cultivadas em meios PCG e SCG-2 para o crescimento de calos. Embriões somáticos desenvolveram-se na superfície dos calos embriogênicos, após a transferência para o meio ED. O clone TSH 565 apresentou maior potencial embriogênico do que o TSH 1188. A melhor combinação de fonte de carbono quanto à indução de embriões em meio ED foi específica do genótipo. A formação de calos embriogênicos foi superior em placas de Petri seladas com fita hipoalergênica, independentemente do genótipo. Embriões maduros de ambos os genótipos foram convertidos em plântulas.

CACAO TO COCOA TO CHOCOLATE: HEALTHY FOOD?

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ROYA KELISHADI

2010-12-01

Full Text Available ABSTRACT Chocolate is derived from cocoa beans - the fruit of the cacao tree or Theobroma cacao (the latin term: food of the gods. Recent published articles demonstrate that the quality and quantity of the antioxidants in cocoa and chocolate are very high and their flavonoids are believed to reduce the number of free radicals in the body that contribute to medical problems, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer and also to offer some anti-aging health benefits. Cocoa can lower the leukotriene/ prostacyclin ratio and is shown to have beneficial effects on platelets and possibly inflammation and vessel dilation. They inhibit low-density lipoprotein (LDL oxidation, raise the high-density lipoprotein (HDL level and reduce the thrombotic tendency. Their antioxidant catechin content is four times that of tea. They help the body process nitric oxide. Their flavanols and procyanidins have inhibitory effects on hemolysis, they can also attribute as a defense against reactive oxygen species (ROS and can inhibit their carcinogenic processes. Also they are shown to inhibit growth and polyamine biosynthesis of human colonic cancer cells. They contain tryptophan and anandamide, which lessen anxiety, promote relaxation and trigger the production of endorphins. Cocoa can prevent dental caries and may play a regulating role in the function of the immune system and prevent infectious and autoimmune diseases. It stimulates lactase enzyme activity. Although caffeine may be harmful in large dose, chocolate contains it in small amount in comparison to coffee and tea. Negative effects of chocolate on childhood hyperactivity and migraine  as well as tension headaches are controversial. Since the theobromine content of chocolate relaxes the esophageal sphincter, patients suffering from heartburn should avoid it. Cocoa can trigger some allergic reactions such as atopic dermatitis. This article reviews the potential health benefits and disadvantages of cocoa

Dynamic changes in pod and fungal physiology associated with the shift from biotrophy to necrotrophy during the infection of Theobroma cacao by Moniliophthora roreri

Science.gov (United States)

Where it occurs in South and Central America, M. roreri (Mr) causes a destructive pod disease (frosty pod rot) on Theobroma cacao (cacao). Hand pollinated cacao pods were inoculated with Mr spores in the field and assessed for disease symptoms over a 90 day period. On average, pods showed symptoms o...

La escoba de bruja del cacao [Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel Singer] en la región del Piedemonte Llanero de Colombia: la dinámica de la producción de escobas y el periodo de latencia

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Tovar Germán

1991-06-01

Full Text Available

El objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar la dinámica   de la formación de escobas en el tiempo, el periodo verde y el periodo seco de la escoba y Ia capacidad de regeneración de las mismas después de su remoción. EI estudio se realizo durante varios años en tres plantaciones hibridas de cacao de 5, 7 Y 12 años. Las tasas de infección variaron de un año a otro y estuvieron relacionadas con la cantidad de inóculo inicial (Xo. La proporción de enfermedad de un año a otro o incremento anual del numero de escobas fue relativamente constante con un intervalo de variación entre 1: 1,5, Y 1: 2,5. La mayor parte de las escobas tuvieron un periodo verde entre 4 y 6 semanas. El periodo seco o de inducción de la fructificación del hongo fue variable y su duración depende de la época del año en que ocurre la infección, con un mínima de 14 semanas y un máximo de 54 semanas. EI ciclo de la enfermedad es predominantemente anual a monocíclico dentro de un año y poliético a través de varios años, lo cual determina la periocidad anual de la pacta fitosanitaria de las escobas para el control de Ia enfermedad. La brotación enferma después de la remoción de las escobas fue de 6,3% y su desarrollo fue escaso (3 em, lo cual sugiere que la poda fitosanitaria de las escobas es una medida eficaz desde el punto de vista de reducción del inóculo (xo, estrategia de control especialmente relevante.

C and N content in density fractions of whole soil and soil size fraction under cacao agroforestry systems and natural forest in Bahia, Brazil.

Science.gov (United States)

Rita, Joice Cleide O; Gama-Rodrigues, Emanuela Forestieri; Gama-Rodrigues, Antonio Carlos; Polidoro, Jose Carlos; Machado, Regina Cele R; Baligar, Virupax C

2011-07-01

Agroforestry systems (AFSs) have an important role in capturing above and below ground soil carbon and play a dominant role in mitigation of atmospheric CO(2). Attempts has been made here to identify soil organic matter fractions in the cacao-AFSs that have different susceptibility to microbial decomposition and further represent the basis of understanding soil C dynamics. The objective of this study was to characterize the organic matter density fractions and soil size fractions in soils of two types of cacao agroforestry systems and to compare with an adjacent natural forest in Bahia, Brazil. The land-use systems studied were: (1) a 30-year-old stand of natural forest with cacao (cacao cabruca), (2) a 30-year-old stand of cacao with Erythrina glauca as shade trees (cacao + erythrina), and (3) an adjacent natural forest without cacao. Soil samples were collected from 0-10 cm depth layer in reddish-yellow Oxisols. Soil samples was separated by wet sieving into five fraction-size classes (>2000 μm, 1000-2000 μm, 250-1000 μm, 53-250 μm, and 2000 μm) mixed with macroaggregates (32-34%), and microaggregates (1-1.3%). Soil organic carbon (SOC) and total N content increased with increasing soil size fraction in all land-use systems. Organic C-to-total N ratio was higher in the macroaggregate than in the microaggregate. In general, in natural forest and cacao cabruca the contribution of C and N in the light and heavy fractions was similar. However, in cacao + erythrina the heavy fraction was the most common and contributed 67% of C and 63% of N. Finding of this study shows that the majority of C and N in all three systems studied are found in macroaggregates, particularly in the 250-1000 μm size aggregate class. The heavy fraction was the most common organic matter fraction in these soils. Thus, in mature cacao AFS on highly weathered soils the main mechanisms of C stabilization could be the physical protection within macroaggregate structures thereby

Trichoderma martiale sp. nov., a new endophyte from sapwood of Theobroma cacao with a potential for biological control.

Science.gov (United States)

Hanada, Rogério E; de Jorge Souza, T; Pomella, Alan W V; Hebbar, K Prakash; Pereira, José O; Ismaiel, Adnan; Samuels, Gary J

2008-11-01

The new species Trichoderma martiale was isolated as an endophyte from sapwood in trunks of Theobroma cacao (cacao, Malvaceae) in Brazil. Based on sequences of translation-elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) and RNA polymerase II subunit (rpb2) T. martiale is a close relative of, and morphologically similar to, T. viride, but differs in the production of discrete pustules on corn meal-dextrose agar (CMD) and SNA, in having a faster rate of growth, and in being a tropical endophyte. This new species was shown, in small-scale, in situ field assays, to limit black pod rot of cacao caused by Phytophthora palmivora, the cause of black pod disease.

Shade tree spatial structure and pod production explain frosty pod rot intensity in cacao agroforests, Costa Rica.

Science.gov (United States)

Gidoin, Cynthia; Avelino, Jacques; Deheuvels, Olivier; Cilas, Christian; Bieng, Marie Ange Ngo

2014-03-01

Vegetation composition and plant spatial structure affect disease intensity through resource and microclimatic variation effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the independent effect and relative importance of host composition and plant spatial structure variables in explaining disease intensity at the plot scale. For that purpose, frosty pod rot intensity, a disease caused by Moniliophthora roreri on cacao pods, was monitored in 36 cacao agroforests in Costa Rica in order to assess the vegetation composition and spatial structure variables conducive to the disease. Hierarchical partitioning was used to identify the most causal factors. Firstly, pod production, cacao tree density and shade tree spatial structure had significant independent effects on disease intensity. In our case study, the amount of susceptible tissue was the most relevant host composition variable for explaining disease intensity by resource dilution. Indeed, cacao tree density probably affected disease intensity more by the creation of self-shading rather than by host dilution. Lastly, only regularly distributed forest trees, and not aggregated or randomly distributed forest trees, reduced disease intensity in comparison to plots with a low forest tree density. A regular spatial structure is probably crucial to the creation of moderate and uniform shade as recommended for frosty pod rot management. As pod production is an important service expected from these agroforests, shade tree spatial structure may be a lever for integrated management of frosty pod rot in cacao agroforests.

Application of glycerol as a foliar spray activates the defence response and enhances disease resistance of Theobroma cacao.

Science.gov (United States)

Zhang, Yufan; Smith, Philip; Maximova, Siela N; Guiltinan, Mark J

2015-01-01

Previous work has implicated glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) as a mobile inducer of systemic immunity in plants. We tested the hypothesis that the exogenous application of glycerol as a foliar spray might enhance the disease resistance of Theobroma cacao through the modulation of endogenous G3P levels. We found that exogenous application of glycerol to cacao leaves over a period of 4 days increased the endogenous level of G3P and decreased the level of oleic acid (18:1). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were produced (a marker of defence activation) and the expression of many pathogenesis-related genes was induced. Notably, the effects of glycerol application on G3P and 18:1 fatty acid content, and gene expression levels, in cacao leaves were dosage dependent. A 100 mm glycerol spray application was sufficient to stimulate the defence response without causing any observable damage, and resulted in a significantly decreased lesion formation by the cacao pathogen Phytophthora capsici; however, a 500 mm glycerol treatment led to chlorosis and cell death. The effects of glycerol treatment on the level of 18:1 and ROS were constrained to the locally treated leaves without affecting distal tissues. The mechanism of the glycerol-mediated defence response in cacao and its potential use as part of a sustainable farming system are discussed. © 2014 BSPP AND JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD.

The genome sequence of the most widely cultivated cacao type and its use to identify candidate genes regulating pod color

Science.gov (United States)

2013-01-01

Background Theobroma cacao L. cultivar Matina 1-6 belongs to the most cultivated cacao type. The availability of its genome sequence and methods for identifying genes responsible for important cacao traits will aid cacao researchers and breeders. Results We describe the sequencing and assembly of the genome of Theobroma cacao L. cultivar Matina 1-6. The genome of the Matina 1-6 cultivar is 445 Mbp, which is significantly larger than a sequenced Criollo cultivar, and more typical of other cultivars. The chromosome-scale assembly, version 1.1, contains 711 scaffolds covering 346.0 Mbp, with a contig N50 of 84.4 kbp, a scaffold N50 of 34.4 Mbp, and an evidence-based gene set of 29,408 loci. Version 1.1 has 10x the scaffold N50 and 4x the contig N50 as Criollo, and includes 111 Mb more anchored sequence. The version 1.1 assembly has 4.4% gap sequence, while Criollo has 10.9%. Through a combination of haplotype, association mapping and gene expression analyses, we leverage this robust reference genome to identify a promising candidate gene responsible for pod color variation. We demonstrate that green/red pod color in cacao is likely regulated by the R2R3 MYB transcription factor TcMYB113, homologs of which determine pigmentation in Rosaceae, Solanaceae, and Brassicaceae. One SNP within the target site for a highly conserved trans-acting siRNA in dicots, found within TcMYB113, seems to affect transcript levels of this gene and therefore pod color variation. Conclusions We report a high-quality sequence and annotation of Theobroma cacao L. and demonstrate its utility in identifying candidate genes regulating traits. PMID:23731509

TcNPR3 from Theobroma cacao functions as a repressor of the pathogen defense response.

Science.gov (United States)

Shi, Zi; Zhang, Yufan; Maximova, Siela N; Guiltinan, Mark J

2013-12-06

Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) NON-EXPRESSOR OF PR1 (NPR1) is a transcription coactivator that plays a central role in regulating the transcriptional response to plant pathogens. Developing flowers of homozygous npr3 mutants are dramatically more resistant to infection by the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae, suggesting a role of NPR3 as a repressor of NPR1-mediated defense response with a novel role in flower development. We report here the characterization of a putative NPR3 gene from the tropical tree species Theobroma cacao (TcNPR3). Like in Arabidopsis, TcNPR3 was constitutively expressed across a wide range of tissue types and developmental stages but with some differences in relative levels compared to Arabidopsis. To test the function of TcNPR3, we performed transgenic complementation analysis by introducing a constitutively expressing putative TcNPR3 transgene into an Arabidopsis npr3 mutant. TcNPR3 expressing Arabidopsis plants were partially restored to the WT pathogen phenotype (immature flowers susceptible to bacterial infection). To test TcNPR3 function directly in cacao tissues, a synthetic microRNA targeting TcNPR3 mRNA was transiently expressed in cacao leaves using an Agrobacterium-infiltration method. TcNPR3 knock down leaf tissues were dramatically more resistance to infection with Phytophthora capsici in a leaf bioassay, showing smaller lesion sizes and reduced pathogen replication. We conclude that TcNPR3 functions similar to the Arabidopsis NPR3 gene in the regulation of the cacao defense response. Since TcNPR3 did not show a perfect complementation of the Arabidopsis NPR3 mutation, the possibility remains that other functions of TcNPR3 remain to be found. This novel knowledge can contribute to the breeding of resistant cacao varieties against pathogens through molecular markers based approaches or biotechnological strategies.

Assessing genetic diversity in java fine-flavor cocoa (theobroma cacao l.) Germplasm by simple sequence repeat (ssr) markers

Science.gov (United States)

Indonesia is the 3rd largest cocoa producing countries in the world, with an annual cacao bean production of 572,000 tons. The currently cultivated cacao varieties in Indonesia were inter-hybrids of various clones introduced from the Americas since the 16th century. Among them, “Java cocoa” is a wel...

Radionuclides in coffee, cacao and chocolate in Serbia during 2006-2007

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mraovic, T.; Jankovic-Mandic, Lj; Mraovic, T.)

2007-01-01

The object of this work was monitoring radioactivity in 88 products of coffee, cacao and chocolate in Serbia during 2006-2007. The each product contained legal criterion for radionuclide safety. (author) [sr

Identificación de suelos susceptibles a riesgos de erosión y con mayor capacidad de almacenamiento de agua Identification of soils susceptible to risk erosion and with hight capacity of water storage

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Velásquez Valencia Henry

Full Text Available La investigación se basó en el desarrollo de siete etapas metodológicas con criterios de integralidad, análisis holístico, secuencia lógica, participación y sencillez, destacándose los siguientes aspectos: Conceptualización y contextualización, muestreo de suelos, procesamiento de la información, espacialización de la información, identificación de zonas susceptibles a riesgos de erosión y con mayor capacidad de almacenamiento de agua, recomendaciones de manejo y socialización de la investigación. La propuesta metodológica se validó y ajustó mediante un caso de estudio en la vereda Chicoral, subcuenca del río Bitaco, municipio de La Cumbre, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Mediante procesos de participación y concertación con los actores socioeconómicos del área de estudio se lograron diagnosticar las causas y consecuencias que intervienen en procesos de degradación física del suelo y a la vez se localizaron los sitios con mayor potencialidad de almacenamiento de agua, factores importantes para la planificación y uso racional de los recursos naturales en una cuenca hidrográfica.The investigation was carried out in seven methodological steps under integral approaches, holistic analysis, logical sequence, participation and simplicity. The following aspects were highlighted: Conceptualization and contextualizacion, soil sampling , data processing, data spacializatión of the information, identification of susceptible areas to risk erosion with higher capacity of water storage, management norms and socialization of the investigation. The methodological proposal was validated and adjusted by a case of study in the rural areas of Chicoral, watershed of the Bitaco river, Municipality of La Cumbre, Cauca Valley, Colombia. Using participation processes and agreement with the communities of the study area, the diagnostic of the causes and consequences that intervene in processes of physical soil degradation were reached. At the same

Clero catedralicio y consumo de chocolate en el Burgos del Setecientos

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Francisco José Sanz de la Higuera

2014-10-01

Full Text Available La distribución y el consumo de chocolate invadieron, como una «fiebre» persistente, la cultura material y las prácticas alimenticias en el Setecientos. Las viviendas castellanas se dotaron, de manera creciente, de chocolateras y mancerinas, en las cuales verter el ansiado y nutritivo chocolate. El cacao llegaba, con más o menos prodigalidad, a las lonjas y tiendas de las ciudades y a las alacenas y despensas de las viviendas. Los clérigos no fueron ajenos a ese proceso e incluso protagonizaron una problemática colectiva, la del Cabildo catedralicio, con el objetivo manifiesto –preñado en muchas ocasiones de ansiedad y de tirantez con la empresa suministradora y con las autoridades municipales y estatales– de conseguir una logística sostenible de la materia prima, el cacao, para sus hogares.

Phytophthora megakarya and P. palmivora, closely related causal agents of cacao black pod rot, underwent increases in genome sizes and gene numbers by different mechanisms

Science.gov (United States)

Phytophthora megakarya (Pmeg) and P. palmivora (Ppal) are closely related species causing black pod rot of cacao. While Ppal is a cosmopolitan plant pathogen, cacao is the only known host of importance for Pmeg. Pmeg is more virulent on cacao than Ppal. Therefore, we have sequenced both the Pmeg and...

Diseño del sistema de automatización de la fabricación de pinturas y del sistema para la transferencia fiscal del látex en la fábrica pintec, de Guayaquil

OpenAIRE

Espol; Salazar Aguirre, Jorge Patricio

2016-01-01

Se analizó el proceso de fabricación de pinturas. Se identificaron las deficiencias y se hicieron las propuestas de mejoras. Las propuestas de mejoras se realizaron en dos áreas: área de almacenamiento de látex y área de fabricación de pinturas. Se propuso mejorar el control del inventario y transferencia de látex desde los camiones de transporte de látex y controlar con exactitud el llenado de los tanques de preparación de pinturas según las recetas establecidas para la fabricación, así como...

Incorporation du coprah et des cuticules de cacao et d'arachide ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Incorporation du coprah et des cuticules de cacao et d'arachide dans l'aliment du ( tilapia du nil( ( Oreohromis niloticus , linné, 1758) eleve en etang : Effet sur la croissance et la composition biochimique.

Cacao diseases: A history of old enemies and new encounters

Science.gov (United States)

This book reviews the current knowledge of cacao pathogens and their management methods. Topics discussed include the history, biology, and genetic diversity of Moniliophthora (causing witches’ broom and frosty pod rot) and Phytophthora species (causing black pod rot) that cause diseases resulting i...

Valoración Económica del Manglar por el Almacenamiento de Carbono, Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta

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Arnold De la Peña

2014-01-01

Full Text Available La Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta (CGSM genera diferentes bienes y servicios ambientales, por ejemplo, sumidero de carbono, hábitat de flora y fauna, despensa de alimentos y materias primas, entre otros. Se presenta una aproximación a la cuantificación monetaria del servicio de almacenamiento de carbono, con el fin de establecer información base para las decisiones de su uso. Lo anterior se hizo con base en muestreo de campo de 15 árboles de manglar y en mediciones realizadas en cuatro estaciones de monitoreo de la CGSM (Caño Grande, Rinconada, Aguas Negras y Luna por INVEMAR (2008. Para tal fin, se estimó la biomasa aérea total, las existencias de carbono y de dióxido de carbono equivalente (CO2e discriminada por especie y zona. Los resultados indican que en términos relativos el bosque de manglar de la CGSM puede almacenar entre 6,9 (la Luna y 45,7 (Rinconada t C ha-1. La valoración monetaria se encuentran entre US$ 87,76 y 591,41 t CO2e ha-1, según los precios pagados por el Banco Mundial, correspondiente a los Certificados de Emisiones Reducidas (CERs forestales no permanentes. El valor monetario amplia la importancia de iniciar un proceso que permita incorporar estos beneficios económicos a los actuales mecanismos de mercado y contribuyan a los esfuerzos locales de conservación.Palabras Clave: Manglar; almacenamiento de carbono; biomasa aérea; dióxido de carbono equivalente y valoración económica. Economic Valuation of Mangrove for the Carbon Storage in the Ciénaga Grande de Santa MartaAbstractThe Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta (CGSM Generate Different Environmental goods and services, for instance, carbon sink, habitat for flora and fauna, stocks of foods and raw materials, etc. This paper presents an attempt to value in monetary terms the service of carbon storage, with the aim to establish inputs for the decisions process of used. This paper presents an Attempt to Terms Monetary value in the service of carbon storage

Predicting extra virgin olive oil freshness during storage by fluorescence spectroscopy; Predicción de la frescura del aceite de oliva virgen extra durante el almacenamiento mediante espectroscopía de fluorescencia

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Aparicio-Ruiz, R.; Tena, N.; Romero, I.; Aparicio, R.; García-González, D.L.; Morales, M.T.

2017-07-01

afectadas por procesos de fermentación. El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar diferentes metodologías propuestas para evaluar la calidad del aceite de oliva virgen con implicaciones en la frescura y el envejecimiento del aceite, destacando las posibilidades de las rápidas técnicas espectrofluorométricas para evaluar la frescura del aceite verificando la evolución de los pigmentos durante el almacenamiento. El cambio observado en las características espectrales seleccionadas y su modelado matemático a lo largo del tiempo se comparó con el modelo aceptado para predecir la cantidad de pirofeofitina a, que se basa en estudios isocinéticos. Los dos modelos matemáticos descritos en este estudio pusieron de manifiesto la utilidad de los pigmentos en la predicción de la vida útil del aceite de oliva virgen extra. La mejor regresión se obtuvo para 655 nm (R2-ajustado = 0,91), longitud de onda que coincide con la banda distintiva de pigmentos.

Variación de las propiedades físicas de la grasa de cacao con la temperatura

OpenAIRE

de Dios Alvarado, Juan

1994-01-01

Values of physical properties determined at different temperatures in fat extracted from fresh cacao seeds (Theobroma cacao) are presented. Linear relationships define the effect of temperature on the refraction index, density and surface tension, a logarithmic function was established for viscosity. The values of density and viscosity are used to determine the coefficient of volumetric thermal expansion and activation energy, respectively. Data of specific heat, thermal diffusivity and therm...

pH relationship and nutrient availability for cacao in an Entisol from the Colombian Amazon

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Gelber Rosas-Patiño

2017-09-01

Full Text Available Liming is a common practice in acid soil manage-ment; however, the information on liming in cacao soils of the Colombian Amazon region is precarious. Incubation curves were built in a highly acid Typic Udorthents cultivated with cacao (Theobroma cacao L. - Malvaceae, for which increasing doses (0 - 1 - 3 - 5 - 7 - 9 -11 Mg/ha of dolomite lime (Ca M g (CO32 and calcium carbonate (CaCO3 were used, in order to establish the type and amount of liming material (ME with better reactivity, and the one that is better favored with the acidity changes: pH, Al3+, H+, total acidity. Models to estimate the ME dose needed to manage the soil in order to obtain the desired pH (≥5.5 were generated. Sub-sequently, the soil was then limed under field conditions and pH, Al3+, Al in solution (Alsol, aluminum saturation (SAI, cation exchange capacity (CEC and N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, B, Fe and Mn availability were evaluated. The results show that the greatest reaction of liming materials in these soils occurs after 60 days; applications of 7 Mg/ha allowed to raise the pH from 5.5 to 6.0 and decreases Al and Fe levels. These changes improved the CECand nutrient availability (Ca, Mg, P, Zn for cacao without affecting other nutrients such as N and K.

Computer aided collimation gamma (Cacao): a new approach in measuring and visualizing the distribution of X and gamma ray emitters in contaminate wounds; Cacao (camera a collimation assistee par ordinateur): une nouvelle approche pour reconstruire et visualiser des contaminations d'emetteurs X et gamma dans les blessures

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Douiri, A. [Hopital Pitie-Salpetriere (LENA), 75 - Paris (France); Jeanguillaume, C. [Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Larrey, Service de Medecine Nucleaire, 49 - Angers (France); Franck, D.; Carlan, L. de [Institut de Radioprotection et de Surete Nucleaire, IRSN, Dept. de Protection de la Sante de l' Homme et de Dosimetrie, 92 - Fontenay aux Roses (France); Quartuccio, M.; Begot, S. [Faculte des Sciences d' Orsay (LPS), 91 - Orsay (France)

2003-07-01

The treatment of contaminated wounds can be greatly improved by visualizing the distribution of the radioactivity that is present. The low sensitivity of the conventional Anger camera means that it can only be used where there is a high level of activity. Moreover, these gamma cameras cannot make full use of the recent progress made in high spatial resolution semi-conductor detectors. In order to increase sensitivity while at the same time maintaining a sufficient resolution of the reconstructed image, the principle of the Computer aided collimation gamma camera (CACAO in French) was proposed as a possible means of using gamma cameras in intern dosimetry. This principle is based on the combined use of collimators with holes that are wider- than the intrinsic resolution of the detector, circular and linear scanning movements, a detector sensitive to the source depth and a specific reconstruction algorithm. This article presents the recent developments of the CACAO system and illustrates by a theoretical and experimental study, its performances compared with the classic tomography system. We start with a general overview of the CACAO system and its reconstruction algorithm. First of all, the superiority of the CACAO system is demonstrated by a simulation ,study. Then, an experimental bench was developed using an implanted silicon pixel detector specifically designed to allow the visualization of a subject contaminated with low energy X and gamma emitters. The study presented here shows images obtained from a phantom composed of three sources of Americium {sup 341}Am. Although the comparison between the conventional and CACAO approaches were not carried out with optimal parameters, especially for CACAO, the initial results show that CACAO has an improved sensitivity and a superior resolution. Finally, the transposition of this system to the practical study of contaminated wounds is discussed. (authors)

Determination of theobromine, theophylline, and caffeine in by-products of cupuacu and cacao seeds by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Science.gov (United States)

Lo Coco, F; Lanuzza, F; Micali, G; Cappellano, G

2007-01-01

Theobromine, theophylline, and caffeine are determined simultaneously by a rapid and selective reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with UV detection in by-products of cupuacu and cacao seeds. The determination is carried out in the raw and roasted ground cupuacu seeds and in the corresponding powders obtained after pressure treatment. The by-products of both cupuacu seeds and cacao seeds are obtained under the same technological conditions. The HPLC method uses isocratic elution with a mobile phase of methanol-water-acetic acid (80:19:1) (v/v) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and UV absorbance detection at 275 nm. Total elution time for these analytes is less than 10 min, and the detection limit for all analytes is 0.1 mg/g. The amounts of theobromine and caffeine found in all the cupuacu samples are one or more orders of magnitude lower than those from cacao. Theophylline is found in all cacao samples except for the roasted ground paste, and it is only found in the roasted ground paste in the cupuacu samples.

Influence of fruit maturity and calyx drying on cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana l., stored at 18°C Influencia de la madurez del fruto y del secado del cáliz en uchuva (Physalis peruviana l., almacenada a 18°C

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Moreno Paola

2006-12-01

Full Text Available

Cape gooseberry fruits at the maturity stages 3 (yellow greenish or 5 (yellow orange and with calyx drying for 6 hours at 18 or 24ºC, were stored at the temperature of 18ºC and 85 % relative humidity for 20 days, to evaluate physical-chemical and physiological changes. The cape gooseberry, a climacteric fruit, presented the maximum of respiration between 6 and 8 days of storage. The 6th day of storage seems to be crucial due to the very high metabolism and the maximum contents of sugars and acids on this day. Soluble solids tended to increase and the titratable acids went to diminish. The fruit's sugar content was characterized by a major concentration of sucrose, followed by glucose and fructose. While the citric acid showed its highest level at the sixth storage day that of the tartaric acid increased constantly up to 18 days. The fruit maturity stage 3 is that which best conserved the sugars and organic acids evaluated. The maturity index influenced more than calyx drying the postharvest behavior of cape gooseberry. Calyx drying at 24ºC caused the highest climacteric peak and originated the highest loss of fresh weight in fruits harvested at maturity index 5.

Key words: Physalis peruviana; respiration; climacteric fruit; Brix degrees; organic acids; sugars.

Frutos de uchuva en estados de madurez 3 (amarillo verdoso ó 5 (amarillo naranja y con secado del cáliz durante seis horas a 18 y 24ºC, se almacenaron a temperatura ambiente (18ºC y humedad relativa del 75% durante 20 días, con el fin de evaluar cambios físico-químicos y fisiológicos. La uchuva, fruto climatérico, presentó el máximo de respiración entre los 6 y 8 días de almacenamiento. El día 6 de almacenamiento parece ser crucial debido al metabolismo muy elevado y los contenidos más altos de azúcares y ácidos. Los sólidos solubles totales tendieron a aumentar, la acidez titulable a disminuir. El contenido de azúcares se caracterizó por

Variability and correlation of physical attributes of soils cultivated with cacao trees in two climate zones in southern Bahia, Brazil

Science.gov (United States)

Cacao (Theobroma cacao) is a very important crop in southern Bahia, Brazil, which needs good climate and soil conditions and management for great productivity. In this region, the culture is developed in a large variety of soils, which indicates differentiated products. The aim of this study was to ...

Differential gene expression by Moniliophthora roreri while overcoming cacao tolerance in the field.

Science.gov (United States)

Bailey, Bryan A; Melnick, Rachel L; Strem, Mary D; Crozier, Jayne; Shao, Jonathan; Sicher, Richard; Phillips-Mora, Wilberth; Ali, Shahin S; Zhang, Dapeng; Meinhardt, Lyndel

2014-09-01

Frosty pod rot (FPR) of Theobroma cacao (cacao) is caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Moniliophthora roreri. Cacao clones tolerant to FPR are being planted throughout Central America. To determine whether M. roreri shows a differential molecular response during successful infections of tolerant clones, we collected field-infected pods at all stages of symptomatology for two highly susceptible clones (Pound-7 and CATIE-1000) and three tolerant clones (UF-273, CATIE-R7 and CATIE-R4). Metabolite analysis was carried out on clones Pound-7, CATIE-1000, CATIE-R7 and CATIE-R4. As FPR progressed, the concentrations of sugars in pods dropped, whereas the levels of trehalose and mannitol increased. Associations between symptoms and fungal loads and some organic and amino acid concentrations varied depending on the clone. RNA-Seq analysis identified 873 M. roreri genes that were differentially expressed between clones, with the primary difference being whether the clone was susceptible or tolerant. Genes encoding transcription factors, heat shock proteins, transporters, enzymes modifying membranes or cell walls and metabolic enzymes, such as malate synthase and alternative oxidase, were differentially expressed. The differential expression between clones of 43 M. roreri genes was validated by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The expression profiles of some genes were similar in susceptible and tolerant clones (other than CATIE-R4) and varied with the biotrophic/necrotropic shift. Moniliophthora roreri genes associated with stress metabolism and responses to heat shock and anoxia were induced early in tolerant clones, their expression profiles resembling that of the necrotrophic phase. Moniliophthora roreri stress response genes, induced during the infection of tolerant clones, may benefit the fungus in overcoming cacao defense mechanisms. © 2014 BSPP AND JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD.

Genetic Population Structure of Cacao Plantings within a Young Production Area in Nicaragua

Science.gov (United States)

Trognitz, Bodo; Scheldeman, Xavier; Hansel-Hohl, Karin; Kuant, Aldo; Grebe, Hans; Hermann, Michael

2011-01-01

Significant cocoa production in the municipality of Waslala, Nicaragua, began in 1961. Since the 1980s, its economic importance to rural smallholders increased, and the region now contributes more than 50% of national cocoa bean production. This research aimed to assist local farmers to develop production of high-value cocoa based on optimal use of cacao biodiversity. Using microsatellite markers, the allelic composition and genetic structure of cacao was assessed from 44 representative plantings and two unmanaged trees. The population at Waslala consists of only three putative founder genotype spectra (lineages). Two (B and R) were introduced during the past 50 years and occur in >95% of all trees sampled, indicating high rates of outcrossing. Based on intermediate allelic diversity, there was large farm-to-farm multilocus genotypic variation. GIS analysis revealed unequal distribution of the genotype spectra, with R being frequent within a 2 km corridor along roads, and B at more remote sites with lower precipitation. The third lineage, Y, was detected in the two forest trees. For explaining the spatial stratification of the genotype spectra, both human intervention and a combination of management and selection driven by environmental conditions, appear responsible. Genotypes of individual trees were highly diverse across plantings, thus enabling selection for farm-specific qualities. On-farm populations can currently be most clearly recognized by the degree of the contribution of the three genotype spectra. Of two possible strategies for future development of cacao in Waslala, i.e. introducing more unrelated germplasm, or working with existing on-site diversity, the latter seems most appropriate. Superior genotypes could be selected by their specific composite genotype spectra as soon as associations with desired quality traits are established, and clonally multiplied. The two Y trees from the forest share a single multilocus genotype, possibly representing the

Genome-wide identification and characterization of cacao WRKY transcription factors and analysis of their expression in response to witches' broom disease.

Science.gov (United States)

Silva Monteiro de Almeida, Dayanne; Oliveira Jordão do Amaral, Daniel; Del-Bem, Luiz-Eduardo; Bronze Dos Santos, Emily; Santana Silva, Raner José; Peres Gramacho, Karina; Vincentz, Michel; Micheli, Fabienne

2017-01-01

Transcriptional regulation, led by transcription factors (TFs) such as those of the WRKY family, is a mechanism used by the organism to enhance or repress gene expression in response to stimuli. Here, we report on the genome-wide analysis of the Theobroma cacao WRKY TF family and also investigate the expression of WRKY genes in cacao infected by the fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa. In the cacao genome, 61 non-redundant WRKY sequences were found and classified in three groups (I to III) according to the WRKY and zinc-finger motif types. The 61 putative WRKY sequences were distributed on the 10 cacao chromosomes and 24 of them came from duplication events. The sequences were phylogenetically organized according to the general WRKY groups. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that subgroups IIa and IIb are sister groups and share a common ancestor, as well as subgroups IId and IIe. The most divergent groups according to the plant origin were IIc and III. According to the phylogenetic analysis, 7 TcWRKY genes were selected and analyzed by RT-qPCR in susceptible and resistant cacao plants infected (or not) with M. perniciosa. Some TcWRKY genes presented interesting responses to M. perniciosa such as Tc01_p014750/Tc06_p013130/AtWRKY28, Tc09_p001530/Tc06_p004420/AtWRKY40, Tc04_p016130/AtWRKY54 and Tc10_p016570/ AtWRKY70. Our results can help to select appropriate candidate genes for further characterization in cacao or in other Theobroma species.

Application of Genome Wide Association and Genomic Prediction for Improvement of Cacao Productivity and Resistance to Black and Frosty Pod Diseases

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J. Alberto Romero Navarro

2017-11-01

Full Text Available Chocolate is a highly valued and palatable confectionery product. Chocolate is primarily made from the processed seeds of the tree species Theobroma cacao. Cacao cultivation is highly relevant for small-holder farmers throughout the tropics, yet its productivity remains limited by low yields and widespread pathogens. A panel of 148 improved cacao clones was assembled based on productivity and disease resistance, and phenotypic single-tree replicated clonal evaluation was performed for 8 years. Using high-density markers, the diversity of clones was expressed relative to 10 known ancestral cacao populations, and significant effects of ancestry were observed in productivity and disease resistance. Genome-wide association (GWA was performed, and six markers were significantly associated with frosty pod disease resistance. In addition, genomic selection was performed, and consistent with the observed extensive linkage disequilibrium, high predictive ability was observed at low marker densities for all traits. Finally, quantitative trait locus mapping and differential expression analysis of two cultivars with contrasting disease phenotypes were performed to identify genes underlying frosty pod disease resistance, identifying a significant quantitative trait locus and 35 differentially expressed genes using two independent differential expression analyses. These results indicate that in breeding populations of heterozygous and recently admixed individuals, mapping approaches can be used for low complexity traits like pod color cacao, or in other species single gene disease resistance, however genomic selection for quantitative traits remains highly effective relative to mapping. Our results can help guide the breeding process for sustainable improved cacao productivity.

Genome-wide identification and characterization of cacao WRKY transcription factors and analysis of their expression in response to witches' broom disease

Science.gov (United States)

Silva Monteiro de Almeida, Dayanne; Oliveira Jordão do Amaral, Daniel; Del-Bem, Luiz-Eduardo; Bronze dos Santos, Emily; Santana Silva, Raner José; Peres Gramacho, Karina; Vincentz, Michel

2017-01-01

Transcriptional regulation, led by transcription factors (TFs) such as those of the WRKY family, is a mechanism used by the organism to enhance or repress gene expression in response to stimuli. Here, we report on the genome-wide analysis of the Theobroma cacao WRKY TF family and also investigate the expression of WRKY genes in cacao infected by the fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa. In the cacao genome, 61 non-redundant WRKY sequences were found and classified in three groups (I to III) according to the WRKY and zinc-finger motif types. The 61 putative WRKY sequences were distributed on the 10 cacao chromosomes and 24 of them came from duplication events. The sequences were phylogenetically organized according to the general WRKY groups. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that subgroups IIa and IIb are sister groups and share a common ancestor, as well as subgroups IId and IIe. The most divergent groups according to the plant origin were IIc and III. According to the phylogenetic analysis, 7 TcWRKY genes were selected and analyzed by RT-qPCR in susceptible and resistant cacao plants infected (or not) with M. perniciosa. Some TcWRKY genes presented interesting responses to M. perniciosa such as Tc01_p014750/Tc06_p013130/AtWRKY28, Tc09_p001530/Tc06_p004420/AtWRKY40, Tc04_p016130/AtWRKY54 and Tc10_p016570/ AtWRKY70. Our results can help to select appropriate candidate genes for further characterization in cacao or in other Theobroma species. PMID:29084273

Two Theobroma cacao genotypes with contrasting pathogen tolerance show aberrant transcriptional and ROS responses after salicylic acid treatment.

Science.gov (United States)

Fister, Andrew S; O'Neil, Shawn T; Shi, Zi; Zhang, Yufan; Tyler, Brett M; Guiltinan, Mark J; Maximova, Siela N

2015-10-01

Understanding the genetic basis of pathogen susceptibility in various crop plants is crucial to increasing the stability of food, feed, and fuel production. Varietal differences in defence responses provide insights into the mechanisms of resistance and are a key resource for plant breeders. To explore the role of salicylic acid in the regulation of defence in cacao, we demonstrated that SA treatment decreased susceptibility to a pod rot pathogen, Phytophthora tropicalis in two genotypes, Scavina 6 and Imperial College Selection 1, which differ in their resistance to several agriculturally important pathogens. Transient overexpression of TcNPR1, a major transcriptional regulator of the SA-dependent plant immune system, also increased pathogen tolerance in cacao leaves. To explore further the genetic basis of resistance in cacao, we used microarrays to measure gene expression profiles after salicylic acid (SA) treatment in these two cacao genotypes. The two genotypes displayed distinct transcriptional responses to SA. Unexpectedly, the expression profile of the susceptible genotype ICS1 included a larger number of pathogenesis-related genes that were induced by SA at 24h after treatment, whereas genes encoding many chloroplast and mitochondrial proteins implicated in reactive oxygen species production were up-regulated in the resistant genotype, Sca6. Sca6 accumulated significantly more superoxide at 24h after treatment of leaves with SA. These experiments revealed critical insights regarding the molecular differences between cacao varieties, which will allow a better understanding of defence mechanisms to help guide breeding programmes. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology.

Biological control of Black Pod Disease and Seedling Blight of cacao caused by Phytophthora Species using Trichoderma from Aceh Sumatra

Science.gov (United States)

The cocoa tree, Theobroma cacao L., suffers large yield losses in Aceh Indonesia to the disease black pod rot, caused by Phytophthora spp. Despite having the largest area under cacao production in Sumatra, farmers in the Aceh region have low overall production because of losses to insect pests and b...

Optimization of the general acceptability though affective tests and response surface methodology of a dry cacao powder mixture based beverage

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Elena Chau Loo Kung

2013-09-01

Full Text Available This research work had as main objective optimizing the general acceptability though affective tests and response surface methodology of a dry cacao powder mixture based beverage. We obtained formulations of mixtures of cacao powder with different concentrations of 15%, 17.5% and 20%, as well as lecithin concentrations of 0.1%; 0.3%; and 0.5% maintaining a constant content of sugar (25 %, Vanillin (1% that included cacao powder with different pH values: natural (pH 5 and alkalinized (pH 6.5 and pH 8 and water by difference to 100%, generating a total of fifteen treatments to be evaluated, according to the Box-Behnen design for three factors. The treatments underwent satisfaction level tests to establish the general acceptability. The treatment that included cacao powder with a concentration of 17.5 %, pH 6.5 and lecithin concentration of 0.3 % obtained the best levels of acceptability. The software Statgraphics Plus 5.1 was used to obtain the treatment with maximum acceptability that corresponded to cacao powder with pH 6.81, with a concentration of 18.24 % and soy lecithin in 0.28% with a tendency to what was obtained in the satisfaction levels tests. Finally we characterized in a physical-chemistry and microbiological way the optimum formulation as well as evaluated sensitively obtaining an acceptability of 6.17.

Preliminares al Estudio del Chancro y la Fusariosis del Cacao

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Garcés O. Carlos

1939-08-01

Full Text Available El presente estudio es el fruto de año y medio de investigaciones continuas, durante las cuales el autor ha pretendido recoger el máximum de observaciones personales que puede obtenerse cuando, a más de la deficiencia técnica y de laboratorio que ocurre en quienes se inician en Patología Vegetal, se dispone de medios que requiere habilidad y conocimientos profundos por parte del observador y considerable campo de experimentación. No hay por este motivo creación de doctrinas sino simplemente exposición de observaciones experimentales, que pueden estar erradas por deficiencia técnica, pero que se han efectuado con gran pulcritud de conciencia. El autor agradece sinceramente q quienes con voluntad inmejorable se prestaron a suministrarle toda clase de datos relacionados con este estudio y rinde homenaje de cordial reconocimiento al doctor Ramón Mejía Franco, constante propulsor de sus esfuerzos y guía seguro en la mayor parte de las experimentaciones.

Independent Origins of Yeast Associated with Coffee and Cacao Fermentation.

Science.gov (United States)

Ludlow, Catherine L; Cromie, Gareth A; Garmendia-Torres, Cecilia; Sirr, Amy; Hays, Michelle; Field, Colburn; Jeffery, Eric W; Fay, Justin C; Dudley, Aimée M

2016-04-04

Modern transportation networks have facilitated the migration and mingling of previously isolated populations of plants, animals, and insects. Human activities can also influence the global distribution of microorganisms. The best-understood example is yeasts associated with winemaking. Humans began making wine in the Middle East over 9,000 years ago [1, 2]. Selecting favorable fermentation products created specialized strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae [3, 4] that were transported along with grapevines. Today, S. cerevisiae strains residing in vineyards around the world are genetically similar, and their population structure suggests a common origin that followed the path of human migration [3-7]. Like wine, coffee and cacao depend on microbial fermentation [8, 9] and have been globally dispersed by humans. Theobroma cacao originated in the Amazon and Orinoco basins of Colombia and Venezuela [10], was cultivated in Central America by Mesoamerican peoples, and was introduced to Europeans by Hernán Cortés in 1530 [11]. Coffea, native to Ethiopia, was disseminated by Arab traders throughout the Middle East and North Africa in the 6(th) century and was introduced to European consumers in the 17(th) century [12]. Here, we tested whether the yeasts associated with coffee and cacao are genetically similar, crop-specific populations or genetically diverse, geography-specific populations. Our results uncovered populations that, while defined by niche and geography, also bear signatures of admixture between major populations in events independent of the transport of the plants. Thus, human-associated fermentation and migration may have affected the distribution of yeast involved in the production of coffee and chocolate. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

TICs Aplicadas a la Enseñanza del Aparato Digestivo

OpenAIRE

Algieri, Rubén Daniel; Mazzoglio y Nabar, Martín Javier; Dogliotti, Claudia Gabriela; Gazzotti, Andrea

2009-01-01

Las Tecnologías de la Información y de la Comunicación (TICs) son tecnologías digitales para almacenamiento, transmisión y recepción de informaciones. La sociedad cambió y la educación universitaria debe adecuarse a la presencia de la informática y otras TICs. Las formas de estudio y abordajes del sistema digestivo, sumados a la importancia de sus relaciones anatómicas, lo constituyen un vasto campo para la implementación de TICs. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la importancia de las ...

Diagnóstico y mejoramiento del proceso de logística en el negocio de nutrición animal. Caso de implementación en la planta de alimentos Balanceados Pronaca - Puembo

OpenAIRE

Meneses V., Lenin Fernando; Sánchez V., Silvia Janneth

2013-01-01

El propósito de este trabajo fue gestionar mejoras en los procesos de Abastecimiento, Distribución y Almacenamiento del Área Logística. Se realizó un diagnóstico de situación inicial del proceso logístico utilizando para ello un estudio de tiempos y movimientos en el proceso de recepción y despacho tanto de materia prima como de producto terminado. Para el mejoramiento del proceso logístico se empleó el ciclo de Deming que comprende las etapas de: Planificar, Hacer, Verificar y Actuar; tomand...

Diseño del proceso de obtención y estudio de estabilidad de la pulpa refinada de arazá

OpenAIRE

Quiñonez Cobos, Monica; Miranda S., Luis

2009-01-01

La tesis de grado se divide básicamente en tres partes: La primera parte trata acerca del manejo poscosecha de la fruta, para lo que se determinó el estado fisiológico de cosecha, la resistencia al apilamiento de la fruta y la temperatura óptima de almacenamiento. La segunda parte abarca el diseño del proceso de obtención de la pulpa de arazá, para lo cual se debió hacer un estudio de cuáles eran los factores que influían en el deterioro de la pulpa, posteriormente se realizaron pru...

Caracterización ecológica de lombrices nativas (Pheretima sp., Eudovoscolex sp. y Periscolex sp. bajo diferentes usos del suelo (Guaviare, Colombia Ecological characterization of nature earthworm (Pheretima sp., Eudovoscolex sp. y Periscolex sp. under different soil uses (Guaviare, Colombia

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Fuentes Baca Anamaría

1998-12-01

Full Text Available Se caracterizaron las poblaciones de lombrices de tierr.a de las especies Pheretimasp., Eudovoscolexsp. y Periscolex sp., presentes en un Typic Dystropept del municipio El Retorno (Guaviare, Colombia, bajo ocho tipos de usos (pradera sin pastoreo, pradera con semipastoreo, arreglo silvopastoril, cultivos de chontaduro y cacao socolado, rastrojo de cinco años, rastrojo de segundo crecimiento y bosque, utilizando 10 unidades de muestreo por cobertura y evaluando parámetros de abundancia, densidad y biomasa en relación con algunas características físico-químicas del suelo. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas entre las cantidades totales de huevos y adultos en el sistema silvopastoril vs. las praderas y en la pradera con semipastoreo vs. pradera sin pastoreo y de adultos en la cobertura chontaduro (Bactrys gasipaes - kudzu vs. cacao (Theobroma cacao. En varios casos, las respuestas de biomasa y densidad no fueron coincidentes. Mientras que en bosque natural las especies se distribuyen por igual, en las demás coberturas se presentan diferentes patrones de distribución. Se encontraron correlaciones entre biomasa, densidad y abundancia de lombrices con los contenidos de fósforo y magnesio y con la densidad aparente del suelo.
Earthworm populations of Pheretima sp., Eudovoscolex sp. and Periscolex sp found in Typic Dystropepts from El Retorno (Guaviare, Colombia were evaluated for eight different soil uses. Ten experimental units were used to evaluate abundance, density and biomass, as related to soil physico-chemical characteristics. Results showed significant differences between total amount of eggs and adults under forest pasture combinet use vs grazing, and, grazing plus partially grazing vs non-pasture grazing, and, adults in chontaduro (Bactrys gasipaes - Kudzu vs cacao (Theobroma cacao covering. Biomass and densities answers did not show similar results while in undisturbed forest the species have the same pattern

Genome analysis methods: Theobroma cacao [PGDBj Registered plant list, Marker list, QTL list, Plant DB link and Genome analysis methods[Archive

Lifescience Database Archive (English)

Full Text Available Theobroma cacao ... 2n=20 ... 2011 Sanger (WGS), Roche/454 , Illumina 26 Gb 326 Mb 16.7x... Newbler 4,792 25,912 EUGene following specific training for T. cacao 28,798 CIRAD; http://cocoagendb.cirad.fr Dec2010 Dec2010 10.1038/ng.736 21186351 ...

Secamiento Descendente del Yarumo (Cecropia Tessmanii

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Obregón Botero. Rafael

1972-12-01

Full Text Available El estudio de muchas enfermedades que afectan plantas tropicales, como en el caso del género Cecropia, es muy difícil, debido a la carencia de bibliografía, ya que en muchos géneros no se han adelantado estudios, ni siquiera someros, de sus parásitos o de sus dolencias de origen no parasitario. En el caso presente, no fue posible encontrar dato alguno que pudiera encaminarnos en el estudio de esta nueva enfermedad del yarumo. Creemos, a pesar de que el presente trabajo no representa un estudio completo de problema, que tiene dos aspectos importantes: 1.El iniciar el estudio de los enemigos que pueda tener una planta tan poco estudiada y a la vez de tantas posibilidades como fuente de materia prima. 2.Relacionar los parásitos de este género, con enfermedades de otras plantas que viven en esos mismos climas y medios ambientes, esas ya sí, de reconocida importancia económica, como son las del cacao, el caucho y algunos árboles maderables.

Algoritmo con mínimo almacenamiento de memoria para el cálculo de caída de tensión en redes de distribución

OpenAIRE

Sánchez Miño, Santiago; Ruiz Ruiz, Raúl A.

1987-01-01

El presente trabajo describe algunas técnicas de mínimo almacenamiento de matrices porosas. Se hace un análisis de las ventajas de uno de estos algoritmos sobre los métodos tradicionales que utilizan técnicas matriciales para resolver las redes de sistemas de energía eléctrica. Finalmente, se describe los programas de computación para aplicar el método de mínimo almacenamiento en el cálculo de la caída de tensión en redes de distribución.

EFECTO DE CAMBIOS EN MANEJO POSCOSECHA SOBRE LA CALIDAD Y VIDA ÚTIL DEL CULANTRO COYOTE PARA EXPORTACIÓN (Eryngium foedium L.

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María del Milagro Cerdas Araya

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Se determinó el efecto de varias modifi-caciones en prácticas poscosecha del culantro coyote para exportación: sacudido manual de los rollos de culantro; sustitución de bandas de hule por gazas plásticas; uso del tensoactivo (TA, Vega-A-Kleen, 15 g.l-1; centrifugado a 3 velocidades; 2 materiales de empaque; y 3 tem-peraturas de almacenamiento, sobre la mejora de los procesos y la calidad del culantro. El sacudido manual de rollos amarrados con ligas provocó más daños mecánicos (87% que sin amarre (63%. El uso del TA permitió hasta 30% más eliminación de agua durante 5 minutos de escurrido pasivo y facilitó la recuperación de insectos respecto al lavado con agua (37 vs 19 /rollo y este efecto fue mayor al combinarlo con el sacudido (56 y 48 /rollo, resp.. El escurrido con centrífuga manual aceleró el drenaje del exceso de agua, de 33 ml/100 g a 25 rpm, a 84 ml/100 g 50 y 75 rpm durante el primer minuto, con escasa remoción adicional de agua a tiem-pos mayores (2-5 min. Los daños mecánicos fueron 15 y 20% menores a 25 y 50 rpm, en contraste con 30% a 75 rpm. La sustitución de ligas por gazas plásticas para amarrar los rollos redujo los daños mecánicos de hojas en 11%. El almacenamiento a 10°C permitió conservar la calidad del producto por 15 días, con menos de 5% de amarillamiento y de 1% de daños por necrosis y Cercospora para los 2 tipos de empaque.

Computer aided collimation gamma (Cacao): a new approach in measuring and visualizing the distribution of X and gamma ray emitters in contaminate wounds

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Douiri, A.; Jeanguillaume, C.; Franck, D.; Carlan, L. de; Quartuccio, M.; Begot, S.

2003-01-01

The treatment of contaminated wounds can be greatly improved by visualizing the distribution of the radioactivity that is present. The low sensitivity of the conventional Anger camera means that it can only be used where there is a high level of activity. Moreover, these gamma cameras cannot make full use of the recent progress made in high spatial resolution semi-conductor detectors. In order to increase sensitivity while at the same time maintaining a sufficient resolution of the reconstructed image, the principle of the Computer aided collimation gamma camera (CACAO in French) was proposed as a possible means of using gamma cameras in intern dosimetry. This principle is based on the combined use of collimators with holes that are wider- than the intrinsic resolution of the detector, circular and linear scanning movements, a detector sensitive to the source depth and a specific reconstruction algorithm. This article presents the recent developments of the CACAO system and illustrates by a theoretical and experimental study, its performances compared with the classic tomography system. We start with a general overview of the CACAO system and its reconstruction algorithm. First of all, the superiority of the CACAO system is demonstrated by a simulation ,study. Then, an experimental bench was developed using an implanted silicon pixel detector specifically designed to allow the visualization of a subject contaminated with low energy X and gamma emitters. The study presented here shows images obtained from a phantom composed of three sources of Americium 341 Am. Although the comparison between the conventional and CACAO approaches were not carried out with optimal parameters, especially for CACAO, the initial results show that CACAO has an improved sensitivity and a superior resolution. Finally, the transposition of this system to the practical study of contaminated wounds is discussed. (authors)

Islas de calor urbano en Tampico, México. Impacto del microclima a la calidad del hábitat

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Carlos Alberto Fuentes Pérez

2014-01-01

Full Text Available De todas las modificaciones climáticas por causa urbana, las térmicas son las más conocidas por los propios ciudadanos. La acción transformadora del espacio natural sobre el que se realiza el emplazamiento de la ciudad, llega a ser productora en gran medida de sus condiciones ambientales, incluida la climatología urbana. Todo proceso de urbanización sustituye los suelos y áreas naturales por superficies construidas, cuyos materiales se caracterizan por una baja reflectividad, con disminución de la capacidad de absorción de agua y un comportamiento térmico propicio para el almacenamiento y la emisión de calor. Estos elementos coadyuvan a realzar la temperatura atmosférica de la ciudad en relación con su entorno menos urbanizado a través de un fenómeno conocido como efecto de islas de calor urbano, produciendo un impacto del microclima a la calidad del hábitat. La presente investigación experimental aplicada tiene como objetivo, demostrar la metodología de investigación adoptada, para realizar las islas de calor urbanas en Tampico, México.

Towards the understanding of the cocoa transcriptome: Production and analysis of an exhaustive dataset of ESTs of Theobroma cacao L. generated from various tissues and under various conditions.

Science.gov (United States)

Argout, Xavier; Fouet, Olivier; Wincker, Patrick; Gramacho, Karina; Legavre, Thierry; Sabau, Xavier; Risterucci, Ange Marie; Da Silva, Corinne; Cascardo, Julio; Allegre, Mathilde; Kuhn, David; Verica, Joseph; Courtois, Brigitte; Loor, Gaston; Babin, Regis; Sounigo, Olivier; Ducamp, Michel; Guiltinan, Mark J; Ruiz, Manuel; Alemanno, Laurence; Machado, Regina; Phillips, Wilberth; Schnell, Ray; Gilmour, Martin; Rosenquist, Eric; Butler, David; Maximova, Siela; Lanaud, Claire

2008-10-30

Theobroma cacao L., is a tree originated from the tropical rainforest of South America. It is one of the major cash crops for many tropical countries. T. cacao is mainly produced on smallholdings, providing resources for 14 million farmers. Disease resistance and T. cacao quality improvement are two important challenges for all actors of cocoa and chocolate production. T. cacao is seriously affected by pests and fungal diseases, responsible for more than 40% yield losses and quality improvement, nutritional and organoleptic, is also important for consumers. An international collaboration was formed to develop an EST genomic resource database for cacao. Fifty-six cDNA libraries were constructed from different organs, different genotypes and different environmental conditions. A total of 149,650 valid EST sequences were generated corresponding to 48,594 unigenes, 12,692 contigs and 35,902 singletons. A total of 29,849 unigenes shared significant homology with public sequences from other species.Gene Ontology (GO) annotation was applied to distribute the ESTs among the main GO categories.A specific information system (ESTtik) was constructed to process, store and manage this EST collection allowing the user to query a database.To check the representativeness of our EST collection, we looked for the genes known to be involved in two different metabolic pathways extensively studied in other plant species and important for T. cacao qualities: the flavonoid and the terpene pathways. Most of the enzymes described in other crops for these two metabolic pathways were found in our EST collection.A large collection of new genetic markers was provided by this ESTs collection. This EST collection displays a good representation of the T. cacao transcriptome, suitable for analysis of biochemical pathways based on oligonucleotide microarrays derived from these ESTs. It will provide numerous genetic markers that will allow the construction of a high density gene map of T. cacao

Towards the understanding of the cocoa transcriptome: Production and analysis of an exhaustive dataset of ESTs of Theobroma cacao L. generated from various tissues and under various conditions

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Ruiz Manuel

2008-10-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Theobroma cacao L., is a tree originated from the tropical rainforest of South America. It is one of the major cash crops for many tropical countries. T. cacao is mainly produced on smallholdings, providing resources for 14 million farmers. Disease resistance and T. cacao quality improvement are two important challenges for all actors of cocoa and chocolate production. T. cacao is seriously affected by pests and fungal diseases, responsible for more than 40% yield losses and quality improvement, nutritional and organoleptic, is also important for consumers. An international collaboration was formed to develop an EST genomic resource database for cacao. Results Fifty-six cDNA libraries were constructed from different organs, different genotypes and different environmental conditions. A total of 149,650 valid EST sequences were generated corresponding to 48,594 unigenes, 12,692 contigs and 35,902 singletons. A total of 29,849 unigenes shared significant homology with public sequences from other species. Gene Ontology (GO annotation was applied to distribute the ESTs among the main GO categories. A specific information system (ESTtik was constructed to process, store and manage this EST collection allowing the user to query a database. To check the representativeness of our EST collection, we looked for the genes known to be involved in two different metabolic pathways extensively studied in other plant species and important for T. cacao qualities: the flavonoid and the terpene pathways. Most of the enzymes described in other crops for these two metabolic pathways were found in our EST collection. A large collection of new genetic markers was provided by this ESTs collection. Conclusion This EST collection displays a good representation of the T. cacao transcriptome, suitable for analysis of biochemical pathways based on oligonucleotide microarrays derived from these ESTs. It will provide numerous genetic markers that will allow

Towards the understanding of the cocoa transcriptome: Production and analysis of an exhaustive dataset of ESTs of Theobroma cacao L. generated from various tissues and under various conditions

Science.gov (United States)

Argout, Xavier; Fouet, Olivier; Wincker, Patrick; Gramacho, Karina; Legavre, Thierry; Sabau, Xavier; Risterucci, Ange Marie; Da Silva, Corinne; Cascardo, Julio; Allegre, Mathilde; Kuhn, David; Verica, Joseph; Courtois, Brigitte; Loor, Gaston; Babin, Regis; Sounigo, Olivier; Ducamp, Michel; Guiltinan, Mark J; Ruiz, Manuel; Alemanno, Laurence; Machado, Regina; Phillips, Wilberth; Schnell, Ray; Gilmour, Martin; Rosenquist, Eric; Butler, David; Maximova, Siela; Lanaud, Claire

2008-01-01

Background Theobroma cacao L., is a tree originated from the tropical rainforest of South America. It is one of the major cash crops for many tropical countries. T. cacao is mainly produced on smallholdings, providing resources for 14 million farmers. Disease resistance and T. cacao quality improvement are two important challenges for all actors of cocoa and chocolate production. T. cacao is seriously affected by pests and fungal diseases, responsible for more than 40% yield losses and quality improvement, nutritional and organoleptic, is also important for consumers. An international collaboration was formed to develop an EST genomic resource database for cacao. Results Fifty-six cDNA libraries were constructed from different organs, different genotypes and different environmental conditions. A total of 149,650 valid EST sequences were generated corresponding to 48,594 unigenes, 12,692 contigs and 35,902 singletons. A total of 29,849 unigenes shared significant homology with public sequences from other species. Gene Ontology (GO) annotation was applied to distribute the ESTs among the main GO categories. A specific information system (ESTtik) was constructed to process, store and manage this EST collection allowing the user to query a database. To check the representativeness of our EST collection, we looked for the genes known to be involved in two different metabolic pathways extensively studied in other plant species and important for T. cacao qualities: the flavonoid and the terpene pathways. Most of the enzymes described in other crops for these two metabolic pathways were found in our EST collection. A large collection of new genetic markers was provided by this ESTs collection. Conclusion This EST collection displays a good representation of the T. cacao transcriptome, suitable for analysis of biochemical pathways based on oligonucleotide microarrays derived from these ESTs. It will provide numerous genetic markers that will allow the construction of a high

Diseño de un sistema para el control estadístico del proceso de producción en una empresa enlatadora de atún

OpenAIRE

Garaicoa Camacho, Francisco; Edith Rada, Rosa

2009-01-01

El desarrollo de esta tesis contempla el diseño de un sistema para el control estadístico del proceso de producción en una empresa enlatadora atún, empleando herramientas estadísticas para elevar la calidad de la empresa y mediante la utilización de un software facilitando el proceso de análisis y almacenamiento de resultados. En su primera parte se determina un marco teórico sobre el control de calidad, control estadístico del proceso, ciclo de deming y las herramientas estadísticas para...

Hacia una representación del conocimiento basada en la percepción

OpenAIRE

Prieto González, Lisardo

2017-01-01

Mención Internacional en el título de doctor Esta Tesis define un marco de referencia para crear un modelo de representación del conocimiento inspirándose en la componente biológica cognitiva. Con ello se pretende conseguir un meta-modelo que se comporte de manera análoga a cómo funciona el sistema de adquisición, representación y almacenamiento de la información en los seres humanos, considerando los principales componentes cognitivos asociados: la percepción, el conocimiento y la memoria...

Identification of soils susceptible to risk erosion and with hight capacity of water storage Identificación de suelos susceptibles a riesgos de erosión y con mayor capacidad de almacenamiento de agua

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Escobar Chalarca Carlos Alberto

2007-09-01

Full Text Available The investigation was carried out in seven methodological steps under integral approaches, holistic analysis, logical sequence, participation and simplicity. The following aspects were highlighted: Conceptualization and contextualizacion, soil sampling , data processing, data spacializatión of the information, identification of susceptible areas to risk erosion with higher capacity of water storage, management norms and socialization of the investigation. The methodological proposal was validated and adjusted by a case of study in the rural areas of Chicoral, watershed of the Bitaco river, Municipality of La Cumbre, Cauca Valley , Colombia. Using participation processes and agreement with the communities of the study area, the diagnostic of the causes and consequences that intervene in processes of physical soil degradation were reached. At the same time, the places with higher potentiality of water storage were localized. All of these factors are important for planning and rational use of the natural resources in a watershed.La investigación se basó en el desarrollo de siete etapas metodológicas con criterios de integralidad, análisis holístico, secuencia lógica, participación y sencillez, destacándose los siguientes aspectos: Conceptualización y contextualización, muestreo de suelos, procesamiento de la información, espacialización de la información, identificación de zonas susceptibles a riesgos de erosión y con mayor capacidad de almacenamiento de agua, recomendaciones de manejo y socialización de la investigación. La propuesta metodológica se validó y ajustó mediante un caso de estudio en la vereda Chicoral, subcuenca del río Bitaco, municipio de La Cumbre, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Mediante procesos de participación y concertación con los actores socioeconómicos del área de estudio se lograron diagnosticar las causas