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Sample records for allemands entre 1945-1961

  1. The red atom. The help at USSR of German scientists between 1945 and 1961. how did USSR recover the nazi uranium; L'atome rouge. L'aide a l'Urss des savants allemands entre 1945 et 1961. Comment l'Urss a recupere l'uranium nazi

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Andurand, R

    2009-07-15

    In the previous chapters was exposed the saga of German scientists that worked for Soviet scientists from 1945 to 1961 and allowed these ones to make up for the delay in a record time they had on the American people. However, without the help of German scientists, that were at exceptional level they would succeed regardless but they would take the same time than the others ones to reach the same result. To be complete, one should, in this fourth chapter, precise how the Soviet people succeeded to recover the uranium from the nazi nuclear programme. (N.C.)

  2. L’Allemagne : un non – lieu pour les exiles judéo-allemands après 1945 ?

    OpenAIRE

    Bohnekamp, Dorothea

    2017-01-01

    L’omniprésence de l’Allemagne dans les productions littéraires des exilés judéo-allemands en France après 1945 pose tout d’abord la question des différentes représentations de ce pays chez les rescapés. Le nombre important de métaphores spatiales interroge plus particulièrement le rôle de l’espace, matériel/urbain ou symbolique, dans la mémoire des émigrants et dans la reconstruction d’une Heimat souvent imaginaire. Après la guerre, cet attachement souvent ambivalent à l’Allemagne comme patri...

  3. The red atom. The help of german scientists to USSR between 1945-1961

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Andurand, R.

    2009-01-01

    In this issue is tackled the cooperation between German and Russian scientists in nuclear energy from 1945 to 1961 and especially about the uranium enrichment by gaseous diffusion of uranium hexafluoride in cascade. The problems they encountered and their solutions are related until the explosion of the first Russian atomic bomb even if it was not a bomb with enriched uranium but with plutonium got in a nuclear reactor. (N.C.)

  4. The red atom - the help to Russia of German scientists between 1945 - 1961

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Andurand, R.

    2009-01-01

    The fifth chapter of the cooperation between German scientists and USSR from 1945 to 1961 is tackled in this issue. It treats how the german scientists were ostracized and then, their return to Germany. The returns began in 1954. The lives of Gustav Hertz, Heinz Barwich, Bruno Pontecorvo, klaus Fuchs, Manfred von Ardenne, Peter Adolf von Thiessen, Max Christian Theodor Steenbeck, Gernot Zippe, Max Vollmer, are in relation with the development of nuclear research where they brought their contribution. (N.C.)

  5. Le savoir de l’Europe sur la Chine : transferts franco-allemands au miroir des encyclopédies (1750-1850)

    OpenAIRE

    Lehner, Georg

    2011-01-01

    Les dictionnaires encyclopédiques français et surtout la Description... de la Chine de Du Halde ont influencé durablement les informations sur la Chine contenues dans les encyclopédies allemandes. Toutefois, cette reprise et cette diffusion des travaux français ont également eu des effets en retour et ont conduit à de véritables interactions entre les encyclopédies allemandes et françaises. Les encyclopédies françaises portent mention des travaux des savants allemands ainsi que de leur écho e...

  6. Au rendez-vous allemand (2

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Agnès Bouvier

    2010-12-01

    Full Text Available La parution en 1857 des Études d’histoire religieuse d’Ernest Renan marque l’entrée en France des conceptions allemandes du mythe appliquées à l’histoire des textes sacrés. Or, cette date est aussi celle de la rencontre intellectuelle entre Renan et Flaubert, rencontre qui se matérialisera deux ans plus tard : au moment où Flaubert entreprend Salammbô, il accède aux travaux philologiques de la « nouvelle école » représentée en France par Renan. La supériorité de l’école allemande tient essentiellement selon Renan à sa capacité de penser le mythe comme un tout « indivis » irréductible à toute interprétation univoque : en dépit de certaines outrances des « rationalistes » et des « mythologues », dont il distingue nettement les deux types d’approche, Renan envisage l’exégèse allemande comme un progrès dont il montre les étapes et qu’il se propose d’achever en développant ce qu’il appelle une critique « sympathique ». Davantage qu’une méthode, il définit une posture critique d’adhésion à l’objet que Flaubert pourra mettre en oeuvre dans son roman.The publication in 1857 of Ernest Renan’s Études d’histoire religieuse signals the introduction in France of German ideas about myths applied to the history of religious texts. Now this date is also that of the intellectual encounter between Renan and Flaubert. Their actual meeting came about two years later. Indeed, while Flaubert was starting Salammbô, he discovered the philological studies of the “New School” represented in France by Renan. According to Renan the superiority of the German School was due to its capacity to comprehend the myth as an undivided whole irreducible to a univocal interpretation. Thus, despite the excesses of the “rationalists” and “mythologs”, whose methods he clearly distinguished, Renan considered the German exegesis a progress. He outlined its stages which he sought to complete by

  7. The red atom. The help at USSR of German scientists between 1945 and 1961. how did USSR recover the nazi uranium

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Andurand, R.

    2009-01-01

    In the previous chapters was exposed the saga of German scientists that worked for Soviet scientists from 1945 to 1961 and allowed these ones to make up for the delay in a record time they had on the American people. However, without the help of German scientists, that were at exceptional level they would succeed regardless but they would take the same time than the others ones to reach the same result. To be complete, one should, in this fourth chapter, precise how the Soviet people succeeded to recover the uranium from the nazi nuclear programme. (N.C.)

  8. Le Téméraire des Allemands : la perception de Charles le Téméraire dans l’espace allemand au XVe siècle

    OpenAIRE

    Dubray, Julien

    2017-01-01

    Nous chercherons dans ce travail à étudier la perception de Charles le Téméraire dans l’Empire à la fin du XV e siècle. Notre enquête se limitera aux régions de langue allemande. Pour ce faire, nous emploierons des sources diplomatiques, ainsi que des sources littéraires, tels que les poèmes et les lieder qui circulèrent du vivant du duc. Notre source principale consistera cependant en un corpus de chroniques réalisées entre la mort de Charles en 1477 et les premières années du XVI e siècle e...

  9. De Louis Delluc à Caligari... L'introduction du cinéma allemand en France

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    Marc Lavastrou

    2011-12-01

    Full Text Available Dès 1919, le boycott du cinéma allemand interdit toute confrontation avec les réalisations de l'ennemi héréditaire. Cette négation inquiète Louis Delluc qui réagit en publiant deux articles sur la situation du cinéma allemand. Ces chroniques proposent un premier état des lieux mais, sans film distribué, ces analyses restent lettre morte et ne font que souligner ce manque. Il faut attendre 1921 et la création de la revue Cinéa pour que Delluc organise la première projection du Cabinet du docteur Caligari. Cet événement prend vite une ampleur nationale. Le succès mondial de ce film démontre la possibilité d'un équilibre entre industrie mondialisée et spécificité nationale. Dès lors, le cinéma allemand peut servir de modèle pour la recherche d'une telle unité au sein du cinéma français dont la crise structurelle démontre son incapacité à s'adapter aux nouvelles exigences du marché global. Louis Delluc parvient donc à imposer les productions allemandes en France, mais il ne réussit cependant pas à effectuer la transition entre artisanat anarchique et industrie cinématographique rationalisée. Ainsi, une autre unité voit-elle le jour, dépassant les cadres nationaux pour s'inscrire sur le vaste espace européen ouvrant ainsi la voie à des échanges culturels et techniques franco-allemands.Seit 1919 verhindert das Verbot des deutschen Kinos in Frankreich jegliche Konfrontation mit den Produktionen des Erzfeindes. Diese Ablehnung des deutschen Films beschäftigt und beunruhigt Louis Delluc, der daraufhin zwei Artikel über die Situation des deutschen Films veröffentlicht. Seine Artikel zeigen einen ersten Stand der Dinge auf, der aber in Anbetracht fehlender deutscher Filmvorführungen keine weitere Beachtung findet. Erst im Jahr 1921 wird mit der Revue Cinéa, deren Gründer Delluc ist, eine erste Aufführung des Kabinett des Dr. Caligari organisiert. Dieses Ereignis nimmt schnell nationale Dimensionen an. Der

  10. Politics, Security and Early Ideas of ‘Greater Malaysia’, 1945-1961

    OpenAIRE

    Fernando, Joseph M.; Rajagopal, Shanthiah

    2017-01-01

    The formation of the Federation of Malaysia in 1963 remains a source of much debate among historians. The official announcement by the Prime Minister of Malaya, Tunku Abdul Rahman, on 27 May 1961, urging a closer association of Malaya, Singapore and the three British-controlled Borneo territories is viewed by some studies as the trigger that led to the formation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963. While this study recognizes that Tunku’s proposal of May 1961 was a catalyst to the formal negotia...

  11. Constitution d’un Corpus de Français Langue Etrangère destiné aux Apprenants Allemands

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    Fauth Camille

    2014-07-01

    Nationale de la Recherche et Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft attribué à l’équipe Parole du LORIA UMR 7503, Nancy – France et à l’Equipe de Linguistique Computationnelle et de Phonétique FR 4.7 de l’Université de la Sarre Sarrebruck – Allemagne dans lequel le français et l’allemand sont des langues cibles. Pour la paire allemand-français, peu de corpus parallèles sont disponibles. Nous présentons ici l’élaboration d’un corpus de productions orales de locuteurs natifs et non natifs pour la paire allemand-français. Notre corpus entend mettre au jour les déviations phonétiques et phonologiques que les locuteurs allemands produisent lorsqu’ils apprennent le français. Ce travail s’insère dans un projet plus global, Ce projet entend étudier les difficultés que les locuteurs français rencontrent lorsqu’ils apprennent l’allemand, et réciproquement. Aussi, cinquante locuteurs allemands seront recrutés dans des milieux universitaires et scolaires (niveau lycée en Allemagne et cinquante locuteurs français dans les mêmes milieux en France. Il s’agit pour les deux populations de produire d’une part le corpus en langue étrangère (en langue française pour les locuteurs allemands et en langue allemande pour les locuteurs français mais également le corpus en langue maternelle (en allemand pour les allemands et en français pour les français. Les corpus ainsi obtenus devraient nous permettre d’identifier les difficultés que les locuteurs allemands ou français rencontrent lorsqu’ils apprennent le français ou l’allemand. Les données de contrôle sont doubles puisque l’on pourra à la fois se référer aux productions des apprenants dans leur langue maternelle (ici l’allemand, mais également à celles de locuteurs natifs (ici germanophones. Nous ne présenterons ici que la constitution du corpus en français.

  12. Contes tragiques, Heimatfilme ou mélodrames ? Les générations allemandes et l’Holocauste

    OpenAIRE

    Loewy, Hanno

    2013-01-01

    Depuis 1980, des films allemands sur l’héritage national-socialiste, la Seconde Guerre mondiale et l’Holocauste, sont devenus des instruments de débat entre générations. Beaucoup de films, de Deutschland bleiche Mutter à Väter und Söhne, de Abrahams Gold à Land der Väter, Land der Söhne, ont essayé d’explorer la trajectoire de l’Histoire dans le microcosme de la famille et dans l’espace de la culture locale, via différents genres tels le Heimatfilm, le mélodrame, oscillant entre le conte de f...

  13. Hubert Damisch / Jean Dubuffet - Entrée en matière: correspondance 1961-1985, textes 1961-2014: édition établie, présentée et annotée

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Berrebi, S.

    2016-01-01

    French artist Jean Dubuffet and French art historian Hubert Damisch shared a long friendship between 1961—the year Damisch published his first essay on Dubuffet—and 1985—when the latter died. "Entrée en matière" gathers together all the texts written by Damisch on Dubuffet as well as a selection of

  14. Entre o mito e apropaganda politica : Janio Quadros e sua imagem publica (1959-1961)

    OpenAIRE

    Jefferson Jose Queler

    2008-01-01

    Resumo: Pretendo, neste texto, analisar a construção da imagem pública de Jânio Quadros entre 1959 e 1961. Durante este período, ele disputou as eleições presidenciais brasileiras e governou o país até sua renúncia à Presidência. De acordo com a historiografia ? numa posição similar quando comparada a posições comumente veiculadas pela memória coletiva -, o personalismo dele poderia ser apontado como o principal fator para explicar sua força política, e a propaganda política ajudaria a constr...

  15. Professor V. Weisskopf, CERN Director General (1961-1965)

    CERN Document Server

    1962-01-01

    Well known theoretical physicist Victor Weisskopf has died aged 93. Born in Austria, he later worked with Schrodinger in Berlin before emigrating to the US in 1937, where he joined the Manhattan project in 1944, and was witness to the Trinity Test in July 1945. In 1946 he became professor of physics at MIT. He took leave of absence to be Director General of CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Physics, from 1961-1965.

  16. Entre gueixas e samurais: a imigração japonesa nas revistas ilustradas (1897-1945)

    OpenAIRE

    Marcia Yumi Takeuchi

    2009-01-01

    Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar os debates em torno da imigração japonesa nas revistas ilustradas brasileiras publicadas nas cidades de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro, e na documentação diplomática, tendo em vista a difusão do antiniponismo na sociedade brasileira entre os anos 1897 e 1945. Buscarei comprovar, a partir da análise das charges e caricaturas publicadas nessas revistas, sejam de cunho literário ou irreverente (cômico), que a iconografia exerceu papel fundamental na construçã...

  17. Os periódicos acadêmicos de geografia francesa de 1940-1945. Entre a pobreza material e a resistência intelectual Les revues universitaires de géographie française de 1940 à 1945. Entre pénurie matérielle et résistance intellectuelle French Geographical Journals facing World War II. Between material scarcity and intellectual resistance

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Laurent Beauguitte

    2010-06-01

    Full Text Available Apesar da guerra e da escassez decorrente dela, apesar da ocupação e dos censores do governo de Vichy e alemaes, os geógrafos franceses cuidaram, entre 1940 e 1945 de continuar seus trabalhos científicos. Este artigo tem como objetivo destacar as condições de produção dos seis jornais da geografia francesa durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial e as atitudes dos geógrafos frente às notícias deste momento difícil. O impacto da escassez é facilmente quantificável, e também é possível encontrar sinais claros de resistência à ocupação e ao regime de Vichy. Falando da censura como dos prisioneiros de guerra ou das dificuldades diárias relacionadas à Segunda Guerra Mundial, os geógrafos aqui estudados escreviam sobre uma geografia do presente.Malgré la guerre et les pénuries qu’elle entraîne, malgré l’occupation et les censures tant vichystes qu’allemandes, les géographes français veillent de 1940 à 1945 à poursuivre leur activité scientifique. Cet article vise à mettre en lumière tant les conditions de production des six revues de géographie françaises durant la Seconde guerre mondiale que l’attitude des géographes vis à vis de l’actualité difficile de cette époque. Si l’impact des pénuries est aisément quantifiable, il est également possible de trouver des signes nets de résistance à l’Occupation et au régime de Vichy. Evoquant tant la censure que les prisonniers de guerre ou les difficultés quotidiennes liées à la Seconde guerre mondiale, les géographes étudiés ici écrivent une géographie au présent.Despite the war and the shortages it causes, despite the Occupation and both Vichy and German censorships, French geographers achieved, from 1940 to 1945, to continue their scientific work. This article aims to highlight both the production of French geographical journals during the World War II and the behaviour of geographers in this difficult time.If the impact of shortages can be

  18. Le dernier demi-siècle et les publications historiographiques alsaciennes

    OpenAIRE

    Vogler, Bernard

    2012-01-01

    La contribution étudie le rôle occupé par l’Institut d’Histoire d’Alsace à Strasbourg entre 1976 et 2003 et analyse les principaux  centres d’intérêt de l’historiographie récente : les effets de quatre changements de nationalité et de langue entre 1871 et 1945, les biographies collectives et individuelles, l’apport des historiens allemands et anglo-saxons. The feature studies the part occupied by the Institute of Alsatian History in Strasbourg between 1976 and 2003, and analyses the most i...

  19. "Y yo pasé, sereno entre los viles: Estado, Revolución e Iglesia en Cuba, 1959-1961"

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    Izaskun ÁLVAREZ CUARTERO

    2009-11-01

    Full Text Available RESUMEN: El presente artículo aborda las relaciones mantenidas entre la Iglesia católica y el gobierno de La Habana desde el triunfo de la Revolución hasta 1961, fecha de la salida de numerosos sacerdotes y religiosas de la isla. Se reconstruye y analiza un corto período de tiempo que marcaría un punto de inflexión en dichas relaciones, iniciando una nueva etapa dentro del largo proceso revolucionario cubano.ABSTRACT: The present article studies the relations between the Catholic Church and the govenment of Havana from the triumph of the Revolution to 1961; in this year, most of the priests and nuns were sent of the island. The article analyzes that time which means a valuable change in the nature of those relations, beginning a new phase within the long Cuban revolutionary process.

  20. 1945, Le jazz libère l’Allemagne... pour la seconde fois

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    Pascale Cohen-Avenel

    2010-11-01

    Full Text Available 1945, l’Allemagne vaincue est détruite, le régime en déroute, les morts innombrables, un grand nombre d’hommes faits prisonniers. La démocratie n’existe pas. Tout est à (reconstruire. Arrivent alors les troupes alliées et, avec les Américains, le jazz, une musique si prenante que bon nombre de jeunes d’Europe se laissent séduire immédiatement. Comme d’autres européens, les Allemands sont saisis par cette musique qui leur permet de se libérer, de s’exprimer et de le faire à l’unisson des autres États, vaincus ou vainqueurs. C’est au son de cette musique américaine, et plus tard du rock ‘n’ roll, qu’ils vont apprendre ou réapprendre la démocratie occidentale. Mais le triomphe de cette musique est-il seulement émancipateur ? N’est-il pas aussi le signe d’une domination du monde, nouvelle et sans partage, par le géant américain et sa puissance économique dont le plan Marshall incarne à la fois les bienfaits et la toute-puissance ? En fait, cette question est loin d’être inédite en Allemagne. Elle s’est déjà posée avec la même acuité en 1920, date à laquelle les Allemands furent confrontés pour la première fois au jazz dans des circonstances assez proches : une défaite humiliante, l’effondrement du régime, une démocratie imposée par les vainqueurs, la quête d’une culture et de valeurs démocratiques sans racines dans l’inconscient collectif, une possible émancipation des corps grâce à la danse après des années d’oppression et de militarisme. Car c’est dès 1920 que les Allemands découvrent le jazz, une musique alors non seulement américaine, mais noire, une musique qui semble primitive, mais qui incarne aussi les grandes villes les plus modernes du monde et une domination économique que les Allemands craignent depuis la fin du XXe siècle. D’économique, le « péril américain », se fait culturel par le biais de la danse. A moins qu’il n’offre enfin aux

  1. Dites 33. Les huit incipit allemands de Bouvard et Pécuchet (3

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    Loïc Windels

    2012-06-01

    Full Text Available Dans ce troisième volet de notre article, nous prenons l’occasion du dernier mot de l’incipit français pour entrer, par la porte des traductions, dans l’œuvre tout entière. Parmi les sept ou huit versions dont dispose la langue allemande, celle d’Hans-Horst Henschen semble seule proposer à son lecteur un début de récit mis en scène comme un mirage mélancolique. Ce faisant, le traducteur nous paraît inviter le lecteur français à relire à son tour l’entrée des deux copistes dans le livre comme une apparition au « désert » d’un boulevard parisien, un désert dont les sables nous ramèneront vers Saint Antoine, « dans la Thébaïde ».

  2. La conclusion d'un accord franco-allemand dans l'industrie des colorants en 1940-1941 : rapports de force et formes juridiques

    OpenAIRE

    Joly , Hervé

    2005-01-01

    L'accord conclu en 1941 entre le conglomérat dominant l'industrie chimique allemande, l'IG Farben, et les principaux producteurs français réuni autour du groupe Kuhlmann dans le secteur des colorants artificiels constitue sous l'Occupation un cas unique. C'est la seule prise de contrôle, sous la forme d'une participation majoritaire dans une société commune dénommée Francolor, de l'ensemble d'une branche industrielle nationale, de la fabrication à la commercialisation, par des intérêts allema...

  3. The red atom: the help to USSR of German scientists between 1945-1961

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Andurand, R.

    2010-01-01

    This article concludes the saga of German scientists who worked for the Soviets from 1945 to 1965 and helped them to fill in record time late they had on Americans. The last stage of this fascinating history is devoted to a comparative presentation of scientific and technological advances of France and the Soviet empire. (N.C.)

  4. L’Autriche face à la réunification allemande

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    Gérard Grelle

    2012-11-01

    Full Text Available La chute du Mur de Berlin, en 1989, fut certes pour l’Autriche un événement politique majeur, mais pas plus important que la fin du rideau de fer. En effet, quasiment « enclavée » entre plusieurs pays socialistes, l’Autriche considéra la disparition du rideau de fer comme une ouverture sans limite aux pays d’Europe Centrale et de l’Est. Au cours des vingt années qui suivirent ces événements, l’Autriche a largement contribué au développement politique, économique et social des pays de l’Est en pratiquant une politique d’échanges économiques et financiers avec ces pays afin d’aider à leur reconstruction. Dans un tel contexte, la chute du Mur de Berlin et la réunification allemande ont été appréhendées comme un simple élément du puzzle de la reconstruction européenne. Une telle stratégie a alors permis à l’Autriche de sortir définitivement de son inquiétude face à la persistance d’un danger « annexionniste » de la part de l’Allemagne.

  5. Les expulsés allemands. Des victimes en quête de reconnaissance

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    Florence Lelait

    2006-09-01

    Full Text Available Le débat sur le passé national-socialiste est récurrent en Allemagne de l’Ouest depuis 1945. Il connaît ces dernières années un tournant déclenché notamment par des publications scientifiques ou littéraires. En effet, le pays redécouvre qu’il n’a pas été seulement celui des bourreaux, mais aussi celui de victimes. Parmi elles, on compte notamment les millions de personnes expulsées des territoires allemands de l’Est et d’Europe centrale et orientale. Le pays a largement reconnu le statut de victime de cette population tant sur le plan législatif que sur le plan politique. Ceux-ci ont pourtant surenchéri en considérant d’emblée l’expulsion comme crime contre l’humanité, afin de faire valoir des revendications territoriales de moins en moins avouables au fil du temps. Ils ont par ailleurs entretenu cette image de victime et de souffrance de diverses manières dans le domaine culturel. Ils ont enfin utilisé le débat de ces dernières années et la compassion de leurs compatriotes vis-à-vis des expulsés de Yougoslavie et du Kosovo pour retrouver grâce aux yeux de l’opinion publique. Celle-ci trouve toutefois ses limites dans la confrontation récente de deux expositions A Berlin, qui témoignent de deux conceptions différentes de l’histoire.Desde 1945, el debate sobre el pasado nacionalsocialista es recurrente en Alemania del Oeste. Actualmente, está evolucionando gracias a publicaciones históricas y literarias. Efectivamente, Alemania descubre que no fue solamente un país de verdugos sino también de víctimas. Entre ellas están los millones de personas expulsadas de los territorios alemanes del este, de Europa central y oriental. El país reconoció ampliamente el estatuto de víctima de esta población, tanto desde el punto de vista legislativo como político. Sin embargo, sus representantes han sobrepujado de entrada al considerar la expulsión como un crimen contra la humanidad, para que se tome

  6. Un homme, deux cultures: Charles de Villers entre France et Allemagne, 1765-1815

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    Monique Bernard

    2016-03-01

    Full Text Available Les 25 et 26 juin 2015 s’est tenu à l’université de Lorraine à Metz un colloque international réunissant des universitaires français et allemands autour de la figure de Charles de Villers, intermédiaire culturel souvent méconnu entre la France et l’Allemagne, né en 1765 à Boulay, Lorraine, et décédé en 1815 à Göttingen, où il fut professeur dans les dernières années de sa vie. Le bicentenaire de sa mort – ainsi que le 250e anniversaire de sa naissance – furent l’occasion de cette rencontre franco-allemande, organisée conjointement par Nicolas Brucker, initiateur de ce projet, de l’Université de Lorraine à Metz, et Franziska Meier, de la Georg-August-Universität à Göttingen.

  7. The red atom: the help to USSR of German scientists between 1945-1961

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Andurand, R.

    2010-01-01

    In previous chapters has been exposed the saga of German scientists who worked for the Soviets from 1945 to 1965 and helped them to fill in record time the late that they had on Americans. However, without the help of German scientists, Russian scientists who were of an exceptional level would have succeeded anyway, but they would take the same time as the others for the same result. This article tells the uranium extraction by Belgians and the French organisation of uranium enrichment. The difficulties encountered by the French in relation with uranium hexafluoride enlighten the difficulties encountered by Russians and Germans on uranium enrichment that finally lead them to the uranium enrichment optimization. (N.C.)

  8. Entre a teoria parasitária e a oncologia experimental: uma proposta de sistematização da ciência oncológica em Portugal, 1889-1945 Between parasitic theory and experimental oncology: a proposal for systematizing oncological science in Portugal, 1889-1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Rui Manuel Pinto Costa

    2012-06-01

    Full Text Available Focaliza a produção de investigação biomédica sobre o estudo do câncer em Portugal entre 1889 e 1945. Recuperando os principais trabalhos realizados entre finais do século XIX e a primeira metade do XX, foi possível trazer a lume e delimitar um campo de ação científica ainda pouco estudado. Desde a introdução e consolidação dos princípios que definiram a oncologia experimental, detectam-se fases distintas de produção científica, oscilando entre a comprovação de teorias dominantes e a aplicação de métodos de criação artificial da doença. Propõe-se breve sistematização da orientação dos estudos dedicados à oncologia, organizados em patamares de investigação predominantes.This article deals with the bio-medical investigation of cancer studies in Portugal between 1889 and 1945. By examining the main works produced between the end of the nineteenth century and the middle of the twentieth century, it has been possible to illuminate and define a field of scientific endeavour which has been the scope of little study to date. Starting from the introduction and consolidation of the defining principles of experimental oncology, distinct phases can be discerned in the production of scientific material, alternating between support for the dominant theories and the application of methods for artificially creating the disease. In accordance with the principal phases of investigation, a brief systematic overview of the scope of these oncological studies is presented.

  9. Faut-il avoir peur de l’Allemagne? Représentations belges de la réunification allemande à travers 'Le Soir' et 'De Standaard'

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Geneviève Duchenne

    2012-11-01

    Full Text Available Cet article revisite deux grands titres de la presse quotidienne belge, à savoir De Standaard et Le Soir, pour découvrir les perceptions qui entourèrent les événements qui se sont succédés entre l’été 1989 et l’automne 1990. Comment les différentes composantes de la société belge ont-elles réagi aux perspectives ouvertes par la chute du mur de Berlin ? Existait-il un décalage entre des élites convaincues depuis longtemps de la nécessité vitale de faire l’Europe et une population mue par un sentiment européen fort peu passionné ? Existait-il des différences de perception entre le Nord et le Sud du pays ? La réunification allemande fut-elle l’enjeu d’un débat passionné ? Le cas échéant, comment ce débat fut-il instrumentalisé ? C’est à ces quelques questions que l’article entend répondre tout en oubliant pas qu’il faudra approfondir la recherche et l’élargir notamment à d’autres sources.

  10. François Couperin’s Allemandes for Harpsichord: Linguistic Characteristics of 18th Century French Oratory as an Interpretive Resource

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Beatriz Pavan

    2016-11-01

    Full Text Available This text discusses the linguistic characteristics of French oratory of the eighteenth century as an interpretive resource for François Couperin’s allemandes for harpsichord. The main objective was to investigate the oratory and its equivalence with the musical discourse of this time and place as a tool for interpreting the genre. The methodological approach followed was an analysis of the linguistic variations of French oratory of the eighteenth century and its correspondence with the allemandes of François Couperin contained in the four Livres de pièces de clavecin. Upon establishing the close relationship between the spoken language and musical expression, it was possible to apply the study of the suggested discourse to interpretative decisions.

  11. Alteridade privilegiada: confrontos futebolísticos entre brasileiros e argentinos na imprensa carioca (1939-1945 Favored otherness: depictions of soccer matches between Brazil and Argentina in the Rio de Janeiro press

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Tiago Lisboa Bartholo

    2012-04-01

    Full Text Available O artigo analisa como dois jornais do Rio de Janeiro constroem discursos sobre a nação e sobre o “ser brasileiro”, a partir do confronto com a seleção argentina de futebol em três ocasiões na Copa Roca (1939, 1940 e 1945 e no campeonato Sul-Americano de 1945. Os dados indicam a construção de dois tipos de discurso complementares relativos às derrotas e às vitórias da seleção brasileira. O primeiro evidencia a tensão entre “tradição” e “modernização”; o segundo privilegia a construção de estereótipos culturais sobre os brasileiros e os seus vizinhos argentinos, reforçando os ideais de civilité do homem europeu brancoThe aim of this article is to analyze the construction of nationalism and of cultural stereotypes about “being Brazilian” by focusing on the football matches with the Argentinean national team. We analyze reports in two dailies (Correio da Manhã and Jornal dos Sports during three Copa Roca tournaments (1939, 1940, and 1945 and during the South American Championship of 1945. The data give evidence of the construction of two complementary types of narrative: the first reveals a tension between “tradition” and “modernization”; the second points to the construction of cultural stereotypes about Brazilians and Argentineans that, in fact, reinforce ideals of civility related to images of European white manhood.

  12. APORTE PATRIMONIAL A PARTIR DEL PROCESO INMIGRATORIO CANARIO EN VENEZUELA Y EL ESTADO LARA ENTRE 1961 Y 1981

    OpenAIRE

    Pastrán Calles, Félix Reinaldo

    2017-01-01

    FULL TITLE PATRIMONIAL CONTRIBUTION FROM THE CANARY IMMIGRATION PROCESS IN VENEZUELA AND THE LARA STATE FROM 1961 TO 1981 RESUMEN El presente articulo tiene como objetivo reconocer el aporte patrimonial a partir del proceso inmigratorio canario en Venezuela y el Estado Lara, durante el periodo 1961 hasta 1981, periodo que abarca una amplitud de beneficios y desarrollo como resultado de acciones de canarios dentro del espacio geográfico venezolano. Metodológicamente se aplican los funda...

  13. The IHO as Actor The case of cannabis and the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961

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    James H. Mills

    2016-12-01

    Full Text Available After the Second World War the United Nations (UN assumed the role of the League of Nations in formulating and operating the international regulatory framework for narcotic drugs. It gathered masses of information from across countries and continents while acting as both a forum and an agent for the emergence of agreed approaches to a heterodox array of substances. This article will examine the story of the inclusion of cannabis in the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. It will argue that in the years after 1945, it was officials at the UN and the WHO that played crucial roles in shaping opinions of the drug and in securing its place in the Convention.

  14. O tradicionalismo monarquista (1928-1945

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    Teresa Malatian

    2013-04-01

    Full Text Available Pretende-se neste artigo abordar alguns aspectos do Catolicismo no Brasil entre 1928 e 1945, período em que se deu a fundação e o desenvolvimento do movimento monarquista Pátria-Nova na cidade de São Paulo, sob a chefia de Arlindo Veiga dos Santos. Para a análise foram utilizadas fontes manuscritas, imprensa e entrevistas de História Oral com participantes do movimento, numa perspectiva da cultura política tradicionalista. A análise permitiu verificar o envolvimento da Igreja na política na perspectiva do Neotomismo e de aportes dos pensadores tradicionalistas que se ramificaram em organizações do laicato como as congregações marianas e o Centro D.Vital.

  15. Dites 33. Les huit incipit allemands de Bouvard et Pécuchet (1

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    Loïc Windels

    2012-02-01

    Full Text Available « L’incipit d’un roman est un lieu stratégique primordial » – et cela vaut pour le roman traduit. C’est par lui que le lecteur étranger entre dans « l’univers diégétique » de l’œuvre originelle, qu’il passe le seuil « où se marquent les codes d’écriture et le pacte de lecture », et c’est par lui que le traducteur essaie de reconduire les promesses du titre et de l’attente. De l’incipit source, l’incipit cible hérite ainsi son importance stratégique, mais il y ajoute les enjeux propres à son activité, puisque c’est encore par lui que s’inaugure cette diglossie ambiguë où la voix du traducteur continue – dans le discours « autoritaire » – de faire entendre sa petite musique, sa façon bien à lui de parler la langue d’un auteur, et d’un auteur qu’il introduit non seulement dans une langue, mais parmi les livres écrits en cette langue, voire parmi ceux qui, comme lui, y furent depuis versés. L’incipit traduit étant bientôt retraduit, ce premier carrefour entre auteur, lecteur et traducteur devient vite un forum où ce beau monde discute, « le lieu d’une prise de position à l’égard des modèles possibles, d’un dialogue intertextuel avec d’autres débuts de romans [et d’autres traductions] avec lesquels et contre lesquels s’écrit le nouvel incipit » nouvellement traduit. Ces phrases que nous détournons au profit du transfert linguistique sont tirées d’une « étude génétique » d’Anne Herschberg Pierrot consacrée à la célèbre phrase inaugurale de Bouvard et Pécuchet, laquelle fait aussi l’objet de cet article triparti. Mais c’est en allemand que nous écouterons ses « combinaisons prosodiques » et tâcherons de surprendre « le travail de la signifiance ».

  16. Twórczość grupy Zero-61 na tle działań intermedialnych w sztuce polskiej po roku 1945

    OpenAIRE

    Lechowicz, Lech

    2017-01-01

    Praca stanowi cykl publikacji. Na rozprawę składają się teksty opublikowane oraz przygotowywane do publikacji dotyczące problematyki intermedialności w sztuce polskiej po roku 1945. Centralnym przykładem tego typu zjawisk jest analiza działalności grupy Zero-61 (1961-1969) przedstawiona w publikacji książkowej. Pozostałe teksty uzupełniają tło historyczne działalności grupy, bieżące konteksty w sztuce lat sześćdziesiątych oraz zjawiska występujące w intermedialnych praktykach w dekadac...

  17. Ciencia y saberes locales en la posguerra: la Asociación Internacional Americana para el Desarrollo Económico y Social (AIA y los programas de modernización de la agricultura en Brasil (1945-1961

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Marcio da Silva, Claiton

    2015-06-01

    Full Text Available It aims to discuss the work of American International Association for Economic and Social Development (AIA in Brazil. AIA’s work was characterized for a intense process of negotiation with local governments between 1946 and 1961. Contemporary to the rise of the ideology of modernization, AIA introduced some projects which were considered suitable for Latin America, as Brazil and Venezuela in special. Following the American experiences in supervised credit and extension work, this agency tried to adapt this models to local conditions, interpreting that successful projects earlier developed in United States could be also successful in Latin America. On the other hand, these set of experiences in Brazilian states like Minas Gerais had strong difficulties to be developed.Este artículo discute la actuación de la Asociación Internacional Americana para el Desarrollo Social y Económico (AIA en Brasil. La acción de la AIA se caracterizó por un intenso proceso de negociación entre 1946 y 1961. Contemporánea de la emergente ideología de la modernización, la AIA estudió los posibles proyectos adecuados para la América Latina, en especial Brasil y Venezuela. Inspirada en las experiencias norteamericanas del crédito rural, el extensionismo, entre otras estrategias de desarrollo, la agencia procuró adaptar estos modelos a las condiciones locales, partiendo de la base de que, desde el punto de vista de la AIA, los proyectos exitosos en Estados Unidos, si fueran adaptados, tendrían también éxito en los países en desarrollo. Sin embargo, las experiencias en la provincia brasileña de Minas Gerais demostraron grandes dificultades de ejecución.

  18. Grupo Archigram, 1961-1974.Uma Fábula da técnica

    OpenAIRE

    Pianta Costa Cabral, Claudia

    2002-01-01

    El tema de esta tesis es la producción del grupo inglés Archigram, constituido por Peter Cook (1936), Warren Chalk (1927-1987), Ron Herron (1930-1994), Dennis Crompton (1935), Michael Webb (1937) y David Greene (1937), articulado alrededor a la revista homónima publicada en Londres entre 1961 y 1974 (diez números). Dicha producción por lo tanto no consiste en obras construidas, pero en el conjunto de los proyectos, dibujos y textos desarrollados en estos años por los miembros del grupo, indi...

  19. Filantropia, poder público e combate à lepra (1920-1945 Philanthropy, government, and the fight against leprosy (1920-1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Vicente Saul Moreira dos Santos

    2011-12-01

    Full Text Available Durante a Primeira República (1889-1930, a criação das Sociedades de Assistência aos Lázaros e Defesa Contra a Lepra, na década de 1920, foi um marco nas relações entre as entidades assistenciais e os poderes públicos. Inicialmente aquelas entidades mantiveram autonomia decisória, mas suas diretrizes mudaram quando estabeleceram relações mais próximas com a política de combate à lepra, após a criação do Ministério da Educação e Saúde Pública, em 1930, no âmbito das reformas implementadas a partir de então, e, especialmente, durante a prolongada gestão de Gustavo Capanema à frente daquele ministério (1934-1945.The 1920s creation of Sociedades de Assistência aos Lázaros e Defesa Contra a Lepra under Brazil's First Republic (1889-1930 represented a milestone in relations between assistance organizations and the government. Although these organizations were at first autonomous decision-makers, their guidelines changed after they established closer relations with the government, which enacted reforms in policies to fight leprosy following the 1930 creation of the Ministry of Education and Public Health, especially during the long tenure of Minister Gustavo Capanema (1934-1945.

  20. 49 CFR 194.5 - Definitions.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-10-01

    ... National Contingency Plan (40 CFR part 300). Onshore oil pipeline facilities means new and existing pipe... 49 Transportation 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Definitions. 194.5 Section 194.5 Transportation... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY RESPONSE PLANS FOR ONSHORE OIL PIPELINES...

  1. Ensino agrícola e influência norte-americana no Brasil (1945-1961

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    Sonia Regina de Mendonça

    2010-12-01

    Full Text Available O artigo trata das redefinições sofridas pelo Ensino Agrícola no Brasil, a partir da conjuntura marcada pelo fim da II Guerra Mundial/Guerra Fria, quando inúmeros acordos de "cooperação técnica" seriam firmados entre os governos brasileiro e estadunidense, objetivando "recuperar" seu novo público-alvo: o trabalhador rural adulto e analfabeto.

  2. L’imagier franco-allemand du Monde et de la Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. Une rhétorique du Vivre-Ensemble

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Juliette Charbonneaux

    2014-04-01

    Full Text Available L’omniprésence et l’abondance des images associant en une figure dirigeants français et allemands dans les médias européens contemporains tendent à laisser penser que ce motif a toujours été là, disponible pour dire et écrire l’actualité. Pourtant, il semble peu probable qu’au sortir de la seconde guerre mondiale il en ait été de même. Dans cette perspective, l’article vise à déconstruire cet effet d’évidence en interrogeant le rôle et la place tenus par les images périodiques dans la construction et l’institution d’une figure du « vivre-ensemble » franco-allemand. Cette opération prend la forme d’une analyse socio-sémiotique : la réflexion porte à la fois sur les images — photographies et caricatures — et leurs légendes, sur leur agencement dans la page de journal et sur leurs conditions de production. La démarche procède également d’une double comparaison : en diachronie, dans un temps relativement long (de 1949 à 2012, et en synchronie, sur la base d’une confrontation de deux titres de presse quotidienne nationale de « référence », l’un français et l’autre allemand, Le Monde et la Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ. Une interrogation sur les conditions de possibilité de la présence de l’image dans ces deux périodiques permet d’abord de dégager combien la place de l’imagerie franco-allemande ne va pas de soi, mais résulte d’un processus de longue haleine. Toutefois, malgré défis et obstacles, à la fois techniques et idéologiques, la figure franco-allemande s’impose par le biais de la stabilisation de modèles de représentation qui en font un motif naturel et incontournable. Ainsi, des cadres éditoriaux pérennes favorisent son implantation et sa reconnaissance au quotidien. À l’intérieur de ces cadres, à la surface des images, la figuration de la ressemblance et de la proximité entre les dirigeants français et allemands contribue à forger la

  3. 21 CFR 184.1945 - Vitamin B12.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-04-01

    ... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2010-04-01 2009-04-01 true Vitamin B12. 184.1945 Section 184.1945 Food and... Substances Affirmed as GRAS § 184.1945 Vitamin B12. (a) Vitamin B12, also known as cyanocobalamin (C63H88Co... is used in food at levels not to exceed current good manufacturing practice. Vitamin B12 also may be...

  4. El movimiento comunista birmano y el fracaso de su utopía revolucionaria (1945-1975

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    Daniel Gomá

    2011-12-01

    Full Text Available El período entre 1945 y 1975 cubre la época en que el Partido Comunista de Birmania (PCB soñó con hacerse con el poder en Rangún, primero mediante una revolución no violenta y más tarde con el recurso de la lucha armada. En sus inicios, la revuelta comunista llegó a amenazar la estabilidad del gobierno democrático de la Birmania independiente pero no logró derrocarlo. La falta de unidad interna entre los marxistas, la fuerte resistencia de los gobiernos de Rangún y la pérdida de apoyos sociales, entre otros factores, socavaron progresivamente el poder del PCB e impidieron cualquier posibilidad de triunfo comunista. A mediados de los setenta el PCB había dejado de ser una amenaza para el Estado birmano.

  5. 49 CFR 19.45 - Cost and price analysis.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Cost and price analysis. 19.45 Section 19.45... Requirements Procurement Standards § 19.45 Cost and price analysis. Some form of cost or price analysis shall be made and documented in the procurement files in connection with every procurement action. Price...

  6. Trabajadores, economía de guerra y huelga general. Porto Alegre, 1942- 1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    García Schneider, Paula

    2011-01-01

    Full Text Available Entre los años 1942-1945, los trabajadores porto-alegrenses se encontraban inmersos en una economía que podríamos llamar de guerra. Esa economía tuvo implicancias en su calidad de vida, debido a la carestía, especulación y pérdida progresiva del salario real. Asimismo, si bien desde la implementación del Estado Novo en 1937 el gobierno se proponía domesticar a los trabajadores, en 1942, con la intromisión del Brasil en la Segunda Guerra Mundial para lograr la intensificación de la producción, fue recortada la legislación que protegía a los trabajadores. Se pretende a partir del análisis de la escasez de alimentos y aumento del costo de vida, analizar cómo esto afectaba la vida de los trabajadores porto-alegrenses, y a su vez, cómo los trabajadores en 1945 inician un movimiento huelguista en el marco de la crisis del Estado Novo. From 1942 to 1945, the workers of Porto Alegre were immersed in what could be called a war economy. That economy had consequences in their quality of life, given the scarcity, speculation and progressive loss of the real wages. Also, despite the implementation of the Estado Novo in 1937, an attempt to placate the workers; in 1942, with the involvement of Brazil in the Second World War and with the purpose of intensifying production, the legislation that protected workers was whittled down.Considering the information about food shortages and the increase in the cost of living, the impact on the life of the Porto Alegre worker is analyzed, as well as, the manner in which in 1945, the workers started a strike movement in the context of the crisis of the Estado Novo.

  7. Fútbol, nacionalismo y xenofobia en México: debates en la prensa sobre los jugadores extranjeros y naturalizados, 1943-1945

    OpenAIRE

    Carrillo Reveles, Veremundo

    2016-01-01

    Resumen: A partir de un debate en la prensa, se analizan las circunstancias que propiciaron la promulgación de un decreto presidencial, vigente entre 1945 y 2005, que restringía la participación de jugadores extranjeros y naturalizados en el balompié profesional de México. El fútbol, considerado como "arena pública", es el contexto con base en el cual se propone que en el fondo de la discusión sobre la restricción está la confrontación entre concepciones diversas sobre la pertenencia a la com...

  8. Les représentations de la réunification allemande dans l’ex-Yougoslavie

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    Laurent Hassid

    2012-06-01

    Full Text Available La réunification allemande a été perçue de manière différente dans les États de l’ex-Yougoslavie. En Serbie, république la plus peuplée de la Fédération et où se trouve le pouvoir central, elle est crainte comme le symbole d’une possible désintégration. En Croatie et en Slovénie s’est ainsi répandue l’idée que « si l’Allemagne peut se réunifier, la Yougoslavie peut bien se désintégrer » (Entretien avec Vladimir Radomirovic, ancien rédacteur en chef du quotidien serbe Politika et fondateur en 2009 de Pistaljka, site Internet qui dénonce la corruption dans les Balkans - www.pistaljka.rs. Au risque de provoquer une crise au sein de la CEE, l’Allemagne a poussé les autres grandes puissances du continent, dont la France, à reconnaître rapidement les indépendances des deux républiques. Pour comprendre les différentes représentations de la réunification allemande dans les Balkans, il est nécessaire d’étudier également les perceptions de la chute du Mur de Berlin, un an plus tôt. Symbole d’un communisme qui n’est pas tombé partout dans l’ex-Yougoslavie à partir de 1991, il a néanmoins grandement participé à la désintégration de la Fédération. Vingt ans après, l’Allemagne reste un acteur majeur dans la région, mais a abandonné une partie de son influence économique et politique au profit de l’Union européenne, notamment à partir de l’introduction de l’euro qui prend la place du mark, ancienne devise de référence.

  9. The Atomic Energy Commission's Annual Report to Congress for 1961. Major Activities in the Atomic Energy Programs, January - December 1961

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Seaborg, Glenn T.

    1962-01-31

    The document represents the 1961 Annual Report of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) to Congress. This year's report consists of four parts: Part One, The Atomic Energy Industry for 1961 and Related Activities; Part Two, Nuclear Power Programs for 1961; Part Three, Major Activities in Atomic Energy Programs; and Part Four, Regulatory Activities. Sixteen appendices are also included.

  10. Disciplinando la sociedad a través de la ciudad: El origen del urbanismo en Argentina y Brasil (1894-1945)

    OpenAIRE

    Joel Outtes

    2002-01-01

    Este artículo observa la génesis de un discurso sobre urbanismo en Brasil y Argentina entre 1894 y 1945, utilizando las ideas de Foucault de disciplina y su concepto de "bio-poder". Se discute el patrón demográfico de las grandes ciudades en ambos países desde 1890 en adelante. Los planes propuestos para las mismas ciudades en los años ´20 y sus representaciones urbanas, son analizados así como las ideas de reforma social, el papel de la higiene para el urbanismo, y la relación entre el taylo...

  11. Spirit Piagam Jakarta Dalam Undang-Undang Dasar 1945

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    Mujar Ibnu Syarif

    2016-10-01

    Full Text Available Abstract: In the second trial BPUPKI, both nationalist and Islamic groups consensual that the future of Indonesia's independence will be based on the principle "godhood by running Shari'ah obligation for adherents". The consensus seems to be built on the foundation is not solid. Therefore it is not surprising that one day after the proclamation of independence, the agreement re-questioned. That same day, PPKI held a hearing to review the deal. As a result, the clause contained in the Preamble of the 1945 Constitution was changed to "Based on Belief in God Almighty". After the issuance of a Presidential Decree, began the debate about the existence of the spirit of the Jakarta Charter in 1945 which is applicable in the context of Indonesian politics in this contemporary age.  Abstrak: Spirit Piagam Jakarta dalam Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 Pasca Lahirnya Dekrit Presiden 5 Juli 1959. Pada sidang kedua Badan Penyelidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (BPUPKI / Dokuritsu Zyunbi Tyosakai yang berlangsung sejak tanggal 10 hingga 16 Juli 1945, baik golongan nasionalis maupun golongan Islam berkonsensus bahwa masa depan Indonesia merdeka akan didasarkan pada sila "Ketuhanan dengan kewajiban menjalankan syari'at Islam bagi pemeluk-pemeluknya".  Penting dicatat, konsensus tersebut agaknya dibangun di atas landasan yang tidak kokoh. Karena itu, tidak aneh bila satu hari setelah proklamasi Kemerdekaan RI, tepatnya tanggal 18 Agustus 1945, kesepakatan tersebut kembali dipersoalkan. Pada hari itu juga, Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI yang dibentuk tanggal 7 Agustus 1945 dan diketuai oleh Soekarno, menyelenggarakan sidang untuk meninjau kembali kesepakatan tersebut. Dalam sidang tersebut, anak kalimat  yang terdapat dalam Pembukaan UUD 1945 (Piagam Jakarta, yakni: "Berdasarkan kepada Ketuhanan, dengan kewajiban menjalankan syari'at Islam bagi pemeluk-pemeluknya" diubah menjadi "Berdasar atas Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa".  Setelah

  12. La arquitectura de la Groβstadt : Berlín, 1900-1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mónica Vázquez Astorga

    2011-01-01

    Full Text Available El presente artículo recoge las conclusiones más importantes obtenidas durante mi estancia de investigación realizada en Berlín en el verano de 2009, que tuvo por objeto el estudio y análisis de la actividad arquitectónica desarrollada en Berlín antes y después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial y, en concreto, entre 1900 y 1945. Se valora también el contexto existente en esta ciudad tras las destrucciones ocasionadas por el segundo conflicto mundial, aludiendo a las diversas propuestas ideadas para su reconstrucción. Asimismo, se ha buscado establecer paralelismos con el panorama arquitectónico europeo.The following article includes the most important conclusions drawn from my research stay in Berlin during the summer of 2009. The main aim of my research was to study and analyse the architectural development carried out in Berlin between 1900 and 1945, before and after the II World War, taking also into account the prevailing context of the city due to the damages caused by this War, the numerous reconstruction projects put forward in that moment, together with an attempt to establish parallelisms with the European architectural prospect of that historical moment.

  13. An outline of 1961 program

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    1960-01-01

    The program of work for 1961 which the International Atomic Energy Agency's Board of Governors has presented to the Agency's General Conference for final approval provides for steady amplification of its work in technical assistance to specific projects, training of scientific personnel and scientific research. These activities and certain others are of special interest to those areas of the world that are less advanced in the utilization of atomic energy. This is in accord with the Agency's Statute which requires that it bear in mind 'the special needs of the under-developed areas of the world'. At the same time, the Board indicated that the 1961 program 'provides for activities intended to create a basis for general progress in the safe utilization of atomic energy for peaceful purposes which is of concern to all Member States. Thus the delay in the advent of generally economic nuclear power is used to build up the necessary technological infrastructure in the less developed countries and to establish an international framework of norms and regulations which an orderly and safe development of widespread nuclear industries will require'. Some highlights of the 1961 program are presented

  14. Project Trinity 1945-1946

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Maag, Carl

    1982-01-01

    This report describes the activities of an estimated 1,000 personnel, both military and civilian, in Project TRINITY, which culminated in detonation of the first nuclear device, in New Mexico in 1945...

  15. La Sala Amadís (1961–1975: arte y/o franquismo = Sala Amadís, 1961–1975: art and/or Francoism

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Daniel A. Verdú Schumann

    2015-01-01

    Full Text Available Este texto estudia la historia de la sala oficial Amadís entre 1961 y 1975. Para su realización se ha empleado documentación inédita del Archivo General de la Administración y se ha entrevistado a uno de sus directores, Juan Antonio Aguirre, así como a otra figura relevante de la administración cultural de la época, Juan Van-Halen Acedo. Los datos obtenidos sugieren una nueva lectura de su política de exposiciones, que estaría más cercana a la estrategia franquista de propaganda y (despolitización del informalismo en los años 50 y 60, que de ser un caballo de Troya modernizador fruto de la iniciativa de Aguirre.This paper analyses the history of the state-owned gallery Sala Amadís during 1961 and 1975. It is based on both unpublished documents from the Spanish General Administration Archive and a personal interview with one of its directors, Juan Antonio Aguirre, as well as with another relevant member of the cultural administration of the time, Juan Van-Halen Acedo. This new evidence leads to a different understanding of its exhibition policy, which seems to have been rather a follow-up of Francoist strategy of promoting and (depoliticizing Informalism in the 1950’s and 60’s than a modernizing Trojan Horse conceived solely by Aguirre.

  16. O Crisol: periódico das alunas do Colégio Americano (Porto Alegre/RS, 1945-1964 - O Crisol: the jornal by students of the Colégio Americano (Porto Alegre/RS, 1945-1964

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Dóris Bittencourt Almeida, Brasil

    2013-04-01

    Full Text Available Neste trabalho investiga-se o periódico O Crisol, produzido pelas alunas do Colégio Americano, uma escola de Porto Alegre/RS, entre os anos de 1945 e 1964. Esse periódicodiz muito à História da Educação, pois evidencia saberes e práticas que circulavam nacomunidade do Colégio e revela um pouco das representações da cultura juvenil daquele tempo. Aqui interessam os significados dos discursos difundidos pelo periódico nos processos de subjetivação provocados pelos textos e suas possíveis influências na construção das identidades das jovens leitoras e escritoras do jornal. A pesquisa identifica-se com os pressupostos teóricos da História Cultural e se inscreve no campo das práticas de leitura e escrita e de memórias juvenis, tendo como referenciais as concepções da cultura escrita enquanto produção discursiva de um determinado tempo e lugar.Palavras-chave: memórias juvenis, escritas escolares, práticas de escrita. O CRISOL: THE JORNAL BY STUDENTS OF THE COLÉGIO AMERICANO (PORTO ALEGRE/RS, 1945-1964 AbstractThis work investigates the journalO Crisolproduced by students of the Colégio Americano, a school in Porto Alegre/RS, between the years 1945 and 1964.The journal says much to the History of Education, as evidenced knowledges and pratices circulating in the community,showing a bit of representations of youth culture in that time. Herethe interest by meaning’s dissemination of speeches by the journal in the processes of subjectivation caused by texts and their possible influences on the construction of identities of young readers and writers of the newspaper. The research identifies with the theoreticals presuppositions o Cultural History and inscribed in the field of reading and writing practices and memories of youth, taking as reference the concepts of the writing culture as a discursive production of a determinated time and place.Key-words: youth’s memories, written school, writing practices. O CRISOL: EL

  17. Radioactive pollutions by iodine-131 in France, from November 1, 1961 to February 1, 1962; Les pollutions radioactives par l'iode 131 en France du 1er novembre 1961 au 1er fevrier 1962

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Jeanmaire, L; Michon, G

    1962-07-01

    The report gives all the results of iodine-131 measurements on 450 milk samples, on 27 animal thyroids, and on 311 human thyroids between November 1, 1961 and February 1, 1962. All these results and their interpretation show that the iodine concentrations, even if they have not attained a critical level have nevertheless come close to it, and that if the Soviet series of explosions had continued it would perhaps have been necessary to take sanitary precautions. The discussion concerns the determination of the moment when such steps should be taken. (authors) [French] Le rapport fournit l'ensemble des dosages d'iode 131 effectues sur 450 echantillons de lait, sur 27 thyroides animales et sur 311 thyroides humaines entre le 1er novembre 1961 et le 1er fevrier 1962. L'ensemble des resultats et leur interpretation montrent que les teneurs en iode, si elles n'ont pas atteint les niveaux critiques, s'en sont toutefois approchees et que si la serie des explosions sovietiques s'etait poursuivie, la situation aurait pu necessiter la mise en place de mesures sanitaires. La discussion porte sur la determination du moment ou de telles mesures doivent etre prises. (auteurs)

  18. Atomic assistance in 1961

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    1961-01-01

    More than 100 experts provided by the International Atomic Energy Agency will be working in different parts of the world this year, assisting the Agency's Member States in building up their national programs of peaceful atomic development. The total allocation of EPTA funds to the Agency for the two-year period 1961-62 is $1 393 600 (of which approximately half is available in 1961), and is meant not only for the provision of experts and equipment but also for training fellowships and regional projects. The countries which will receive Agency assistance in the form of experts and equipment this year are: Afghanistan, Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Burma, Ceylon, Chile, the Republic of China, Denmark, Greece, Guatemala, Iceland, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, the Republic of Korea, the Republic of Mali, Mexico, Morocco, Pakistan, the Philippines, Senegal, the Sudan, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, the United Arab Republic, Vietnam and Yugoslavia

  19. Maternalismo, políticas públicas e benemerência no Brasil (1930-1945 Maternalism, state policy, and women's philanthropic activities in Brazil (1930-1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Maria Lúcia Mott

    2001-01-01

    Full Text Available Este artigo tem por objetivos: 1. revisitar as propostas das entidades filantrópicas organizadas e administradas por mulheres na primeira metade do século XX; 2. repensar o papel que tiveram na elaboração de programas e no estabelecimento de políticas públicas; 3. chamar a atenção para a necessidade de uma releitura do movimento feminista brasileiro. O encaminhamento destes tópicos será feito a partir da análise do discurso maternalista. A pesquisa baseou-se principalmente na documentação levantada nos arquivos da Cruzada Pró Infância, entidade fundada em 1930, na cidade de São Paulo, e focalizará as propostas referentes à proteção da maternidade feitas pela sua diretora-presidente Pérola Byington, entre 1930-1945.The objectives of this study are: 1. To review the proposals of philanthropic entities, organized and managed by women in the first half of the 20th century; 2. To rethink the role they played elaborating programs and establishing public policies; 3. To call attention to the need of reviewing the Brazilian feminist movement. The guide for these topics will be based on the analysis of the maternalist discourse. The research was based on documents from the archives of the Cruzada Pró Infância (Crusade Pro-Childhood an entity founded in the city of Sao Paulo in 1930. It will focus on the proposals for maternity protection elaborated by Pérola Byington, its managing director between 1930-1945.

  20. Points of View: Herbert Bayer’s Exhibition Catalogue for the 1930 Section Allemande

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    Wallis Miller

    2017-01-01

    Full Text Available Sigfried Giedion called Herbert Bayer’s exhibition catalogue for the 1930 'Section Allemande' a “minor typographical masterpiece.” Like similar catalogues, it is inexpensive, provides an inventory list, has an introduction, functions as a guide, and is illustrated. However, the majority of its images are of installations, not their contents. Bayer accommodates the catalogue type for applied arts exhibitions by listing installations as objects, but he confronts the type by showing installations as display contexts that establish points of view, emulating, idealizing and interpreting the experience of the exhibition. By independently constructing ways of seeing and understanding the exhibition, the catalogue resists being an appendage to the exhibition, despite their close relationship. Giedion may have viewed Bayer’s catalogue as an important but secondary work of graphic design, but this article argues that it is of primary significance as an exhibition catalogue, an unusual essay on the book typology that is conscious of its history while moving outside — to other types of book design and to exhibitions — to transform it.

  1. Shoreline Variation between Puerto Chicama and Puémape, La Libertad, Perú (1961-2006 Variación de la línea de litoral entre puerto Chicama y Puémape, La Libertad, Perú (1961-2006

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    Carlos Tavares Correa

    2010-12-01

    Full Text Available A spatial -temporal analysis was made by using cartographic material and Geographic Information Systems techniques. Here we compared the setting of the littoral line of a sector minimally affected by human occupation (Puémape–Puerto Chicama with other sectors with moderate occupation (La Chira–Lurín to strongly modified (Salaverry–Las Delicias and the Miraflores Bay. During the period 1961-2006 in the sector Puémape – Puerto Chicama, we identified the predominance of the advance or stability of the coastal line. The sector La Chira – Lurín presented a setting similar, with the tendency to stability and, the sectors strongly intervened showed a setting openly erosive. To the contrary as expected, the rising of sea level due to global warming doesn’t seem to be the principal cause of beach erosion in Perú. This is mainly due to the strong human intervention in the coast because at undisturbed sectors the predominance is stability or advance of the littoral line.Mediante el empleo de material cartográfico y sistema de información geográfica (SIG, se realizó un análisis espacio-temporal, donde se comparó el comportamiento de la línea de litoral de un sector costero mínimamente afectado por la ocupación humana (Puémape–Puerto Chicama con otros sectores costeros con ocupación moderada (La Chira–Lurín a fuertemente modificada (Salaverry–Las Delicias y la bahía de Miraflores. Durante el período comprendido entre 1961 y 2006 para el sector Puémape–Puerto Chicama, se identificó el predominio del avance o estabilidad de la línea de costa. El sector La Chira–Lurín presentó un comportamiento similar, con tendencia a la estabilidad y los sectores fuertemente intervenidos presentaron un comportamiento netamente erosivo. Al contrario de lo esperado, la elevación del nivel del mar debido el calentamiento global no parece ser la causa principal de la erosión de playas en el Perú. Esta se debe principalmente a la

  2. Au rendez-vous allemand (1

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Agnès Bouvier

    2010-12-01

    Full Text Available Comment traduire, transporter un monde dans un autre, et y faire croire ? La solution de Flaubert pour Salammbô a été d’investir cette difficulté en se plaçant du côté des discours et récits de l’Antiquité, depuis les Anciens et avec eux, retrouvant la parole de l’autre à partir d’une attitude « sympathique » au savoir recueilli. Cette attitude est conforme aux injonctions contemporaines de la « nouvelle école » critique et historique venue d’Allemagne où la pensée de Herder, relayée par Renan, occupe de ce point de vue une place centrale. L’Histoire de la poésie des Hébreux de Herder, paru en 1783, est traduit en français en 1845. Il s’agit d’un ouvrage fondateur de la critique allemande en ce qu’il aborde le texte sacré dans sa dimension exclusivement textuelle. Son titre même est une invitation à envisager la Bible du point de vue de l’art, c’est-à-dire du côté de ses effets : l’exégèse biblique selon Herder doit passer par le déplacement du lieu critique et le développement chez le lecteur moderne d’une sensibilité esthétique identique à celle du lecteur original.How can you translate or transpose one world into another and make it believable?  Flaubert’s solution for Salammbô was to adopt the point of view of Antiquity.  Going back to Antiquity’s speeches and tales, from and with the Classics and our knowledge of them, he chose a sympathetic stance.  This attitude is in line with contemporary admonitions of the “new” critical and historical school that came from Germany where Herder’s thought, passed on by Renan, had a central role.  Herder’s History of Hebrew Poetry, published in 1783, was translated in 1845.  It is a seminal text of German criticism in that it approaches the sacred text in an exclusively textual dimension.  Even the title of his book is an invitation to consider the Bible from the point of view of art, that is, for its effects.

  3. 1961 / Eiki Nestor

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Nestor, Eiki, 1953-

    2007-01-01

    Hollandis või Taanis oli 1961. aastal Teise maailmasõja lõpust möödas 16 aastat, Eestis aga aastal 2007. Eesti ühiskonnas pakitsevatest probleemidest: ühtede jaoks on tähtis otsustada, kummal pool rindejoont Teises maailmasõjas eestlased sõdisid, teistele aga näib möödapääsmatu ja vajalik välja vabandada okupatsiooniaja kaasajooksiklust

  4. Journal of Glenn T. Seaborg (Chairman, US Atomic Energy Commission, 1961 through 1971), July 1, 1961--December 31, 1961

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Seaborg, G.T.

    1989-01-01

    This introduction to my journal of 1961--1971, covering my years of service as Chairman of the US Atomic Energy Commission, is written from the perspective of 1971, in order to reflect the attitudes expressed in my journal, which was written on a daily basis during that period. Thus, I express the points of view of that time rather than those of today (1988), which might occasionally be somewhat different. The journal consists of 25 volumes, averaging 700 pages each. This comprises about 15,000 items consisting of the approximately 4,000 daily journal entries and the average of about three attachments per day. The journal has three sections corresponding to each of the three presidents I served as chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission -- the first six volumes covering the John F. Kennedy years (February 1, 1961--November 22, 1963), the next 11 volumes covering the Lyndon B. Johnson years (November 22, 1963--January 20, 1969) and the final eight volumes, the Richard M. Nixon years and a few months of post-AEC chairman activities in Washington (January 20, 1969--November 6, 1971)

  5. Hiroshima August 6 1945; Hiroshima 6 aout 1945

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Villatoux, P.

    2009-07-01

    This book makes a comeback on this key event of the Second World War, from the US decision taken by H. Truman in 1945 to use the atomic bomb in Japan up to the geo-political swing which has been its direct consequence. The book allows to bring back the genesis of the Manhattan project, a herculean scientific and technological secret program, to which about 140000 scientists, technicians and engineers have taken part during less than three years. The design of this terrible weaponry has switched the world into a new era, the nuclear one

  6. L'impact de Quizlet sur la dynamique motivationnelle des élèves lors de l'apprentissage du vocabulaire allemand

    OpenAIRE

    André, Joanne; Berrio, Lucas; Pellet, Jean-Philippe

    2017-01-01

    Pour ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'effet que pouvait avoir les TIC sur la motivation des élèves. Nous nous sommes penchés sur la plate-forme web Quizlet qui propose différents outils pour réviser un contenu préalablement défini par l'enseignant. Ainsi, nous avons dirigé notre recherche sur l'impact de Quizlet sur la dynamique motivationnelle des élèves dans le cadre de l'apprentissage du vocabulaire allemand. Nous comparons cette méthode d'apprentissage avec les méthodes dites t...

  7. PERBANDINGAN PERENCANAAN PEMBANGUNAN NASIONAL SEBELUM DAN SESUDAH AMANDEMEN UNDANG-UNDANG DASAR 1945

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    Yesi Anggraini

    2016-04-01

    Full Text Available Comparing national development planning as the state policy in the broad outlines in the period before and after the amendment of the Constitution 1945 (UUD 1945 as well as to analyze the position of national development planning guidelines were created after the amendment of the Constitution 1945. Based normative juridical approach, by examining all the rules legislation relating to the legal issues is researched concluded that the First, there are some similarities and differences in the Platform for National Development Planning in the period before and after the 1945 amendment, as for the equation is the substance of the two, whereas the difference lies in the pattern of policy-making, as well as law formulation. Second, the Status Law on National Development Planning System (SPPN and the regulations under it is official documents which contain the cornerstone of development planning in the era of reforms as a change of planning from documents in the past.Keywords: National Development Planning System, the Constitution 1945

  8. Nuclear developments at the international inter govern mental level (1961); Developpements nucleaires sur le plan international intergouvernemental (1961)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Waynbaum, M [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1961-07-01

    The United Nations organisation and nuclear energy rose simultaneously, in 1945, to occupy an important place in the public eye. The spiritual succession of the League of Nations which had foundered during the war was taken up by the new organisation which sought to implant its political ideal in a more tangible reality, so that it might thereby be inspired by concrete and substantial objectives. This is one of the reasons for the existence of the dozen specialized agencies created by the family of the United Nations and dealing with Health, Culture, Agriculture, Finance, etc. Nuclear energy is one of these techniques. Becoming suddenly an important power factor and exploiting for itself the prestige of Science, it became the favorite domain for the growth of this new spirit, as much in its universal form in 1945 as in its more regional form which it was later to adopt. The achievements are numerous and of varying importance; they deserve te be studied carefully. (author) [French] L'organisation des Nations Unies et le nucleaire ont ete places simultanement, en 1945, au premier plan de la scene mondiale. La Societe des Nations ayant sombre pendant la guerre, son heritage spirituel fut recueilli par la nouvelle organisation qui chercha a enraciner son ideal politique dans une realite plus materielle, de facon a y puiser une nourriture concrete et substantielle. C'est une des raisons d'existence de la douzaine d'institutions specialisees gravitant dans la famille des Nations Unies et s'occupant de Sante, de Culture, d'Agriculture, de Finances, etc. Le nucleaire est l'une de ces techniques. Devenu soudainement un facteur primordial de puissance, Cristallisant a son benefice le prestige de la Science, c'etait un terrain de predilection pour le developpement du nouvel esprit, aussi bien sous la forme universelle de 1945, que sous les formes regionales qui ont vu le jour ensuite. Les travaux realises que nombreux, d'importance tres inegale. Ils meritent qu'on les examine

  9. Nuclear developments at the international inter govern mental level (1961); Developpements nucleaires sur le plan international intergouvernemental (1961)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Waynbaum, M. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1961-07-01

    The United Nations organisation and nuclear energy rose simultaneously, in 1945, to occupy an important place in the public eye. The spiritual succession of the League of Nations which had foundered during the war was taken up by the new organisation which sought to implant its political ideal in a more tangible reality, so that it might thereby be inspired by concrete and substantial objectives. This is one of the reasons for the existence of the dozen specialized agencies created by the family of the United Nations and dealing with Health, Culture, Agriculture, Finance, etc. Nuclear energy is one of these techniques. Becoming suddenly an important power factor and exploiting for itself the prestige of Science, it became the favorite domain for the growth of this new spirit, as much in its universal form in 1945 as in its more regional form which it was later to adopt. The achievements are numerous and of varying importance; they deserve te be studied carefully. (author) [French] L'organisation des Nations Unies et le nucleaire ont ete places simultanement, en 1945, au premier plan de la scene mondiale. La Societe des Nations ayant sombre pendant la guerre, son heritage spirituel fut recueilli par la nouvelle organisation qui chercha a enraciner son ideal politique dans une realite plus materielle, de facon a y puiser une nourriture concrete et substantielle. C'est une des raisons d'existence de la douzaine d'institutions specialisees gravitant dans la famille des Nations Unies et s'occupant de Sante, de Culture, d'Agriculture, de Finances, etc. Le nucleaire est l'une de ces techniques. Devenu soudainement un facteur primordial de puissance, Cristallisant a son benefice le prestige de la Science, c'etait un terrain de predilection pour le developpement du nouvel esprit, aussi bien sous la forme universelle de 1945, que sous les formes regionales qui ont vu le jour ensuite. Les travaux realises que nombreux, d

  10. MN Temperature Average (1961-1990) - Line

    Data.gov (United States)

    Minnesota Department of Natural Resources — This data set depicts 30-year averages (1961-1990) of monthly and annual temperatures for Minnesota. Isolines and regions were created using kriging and...

  11. MN Temperature Average (1961-1990) - Polygon

    Data.gov (United States)

    Minnesota Department of Natural Resources — This data set depicts 30-year averages (1961-1990) of monthly and annual temperatures for Minnesota. Isolines and regions were created using kriging and...

  12. Postwar Perspectives in Danish Musical Culture 1945

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Pedersen, Peder Kaj

    by Bernhard Christensen and Herman D. Koppel’s Symphony nr. 3, op. 39. Through a case study of those two works and the reception of their first performance in the cultural perspective sketched above some important tendencies in Danish music in the middle of the 20th century can be shown.......Few months after the end of the German occupation of Denmark in 1945, Gunnar Heerup in an essay (“Kulturen er udelelig” [Culture is indivisible], in: Levende musik, september 1945) argued, that Danish musical culture after the war had to aim at versatility and multiplicity. The national Danish...

  13. Supernova SN1961v - an explosion of a very massive star

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Utrobin, V.P.

    1983-01-01

    An investigation of the outburst of the unique supernova SN1961v in the galaxy NGC 1058 is carried out. An analysis of hydrodynamical models of supernoVa outbursts and a comparison with a considerable body of observational data on SN1961v clearly show that the SN1961v phenomenon is an explosion of a very massive star-with the mass of 2000 M and radiUs of about 100 R that results in expelling the envelope with the kinetic energy of 1.8x10 52 erg. The light curve of SN1961v furnishes direct evidence for a heterogeneity of the presupernova interior. The chemical composition produced during the evolution of the very massive star and in the final eXplosion must have a number of the essential features. In particular, hydrogen has to be underabundant relative to the solar content and distributed in the specific manner through the star. At late stages from February 1963 to February 1967, the light curve of SN1961v may be accoUnted for as interaction of the expelled envelope with the stellar wind of presupernova

  14. Projetos de (remodelação nacional no Romantismo

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Marcelo Chiaretto

    1995-10-01

    Full Text Available Ce travail cherche à démontrer la différence entre le romantisme allemand original et le mouvement romantique brésilien et latin, par rapport aux projects de (reformation national

  15. Menakar Kekuasaan Presiden dalam Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-undangan Menurut Undang-Undang Dasar 1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Rahayu Prasetianingsih

    2017-10-01

    Full Text Available Konstitusi dapat ditafsirkan berbeda-beda oleh masing-masing rezim yang berkuasa termasuk mengenai kekuasaan Presiden. Di Amerika Serikat berkembang pemikiran yang diperdebatkan apakah presiden memiliki kekuasaan yang sifatnya tersirat (implied power dari kekuasaan yang diberikan oleh konstitusinya, dan berkembang executive order sebagai implied power presiden. Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 sebelum perubahan dinilai memberikan kewenangan atau membuka celah tafsir yang besar pada kekuasaan Presiden. Dengan demikian, paradigma perubahan UUD 1945 diantaranya adanya keinginan untuk mengurangi kekuasaan tersebut. Tulisan ini akan membahas apakah UUD 1945 setelah perubahan telah memberikan kekuasaan yang cukup kepada presiden dan apa saja kewenangan yang merupakan turunan langsung dari kekuasaan presiden. Kekuasaan Presiden berdasarkan UUD 1945 juga mempunyai kecenderungan untuk bertambah seiring dengan berkembangnya sistem ketatangaraan bahkan untuk menjalankan pemerintahan, presiden dapat membentuk Peraturan Pemerintah dan Peraturan Presiden selain terlibat secara langsung dalam pembentukan UU dan dapat mengeluarkan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang dalam keadaan kegentingan yang memaksa (emergency law. Kewenangan presiden dalam pembentukan UU, Perpu dan PP secara tegas disebutkan dalam UUD 1945, sedangkan kewenangan pembentukan Perpres menjadi kewenangan yang ditafsirkan dari ketentuan Pasal 4 ayat (1 UUD 1945.

  16. Ludwik Fleck (1896-1961 e a translação do conhecimento: considerações sobre a genealogia de um conceito

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Leticia Barbosa

    Full Text Available RESUMO A racionalidade científica moderna tem sido questionada, nos últimos anos, de diversas maneiras, entre as quais destaca-se a translação do conhecimento - um método de pesquisa e ação que visa a incentivar a troca entre diferentes saberes, construindo um conhecimento comum voltado para a compreensão e transformação da realidade existente. Trata-se de um procedimento cada vez mais utilizado na avaliação participativa. O objetivo deste artigo é discutir em que medida as bases conceituais da translação do conhecimento podem estar associadas à ideia de 'coletivo de pensamento', desenvolvida por Ludwik Fleck (1896-1961 na obra 'Gênese e desenvolvimento de um fato científico' (1935.

  17. L’idée nationale en montagne et dans l’alpinisme : le cas du club alpin austro-allemand (DÖAV

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Michel Mestre

    2002-06-01

    Full Text Available L’institutionnalisation de la pratique de l’alpinisme sous la forme de clubs est un processus à part entière de l’histoire culturelle des pays. Elle s’est faite dans le cadre de conflits idéologiques, notamment le nationalisme, ce que le club alpin austro-allemand illustre parfaitement. En effet lors de sa création, le club alpin est de fait placé dans un contexte de choix entre une organisation de type « petite Allemagne » ou « grande Allemagne », et le choix effectué, à savoir un club alpin austro-allemand, donc représentatif d’une pensée grande Allemagne, est revendiqué par les fondateurs comme un acte fondamental non politique mais représentatif d’une spécificité culturelle. Après la Première Guerre mondiale le club s’engage pour l’abrogation du traité de Versailles, prône la revanche et le retour des territoires du Tyrol du sud au sein d’une communauté germanophone et laisse les éléments les plus extrêmes (völkisch pratiquer l’aryanisation du club. Enfin le club a largement cautionné une politique colonialiste qui transformait les alpinistes en explorateurs privilégiés de terres nouvelles et en porte-drapeaux de la germanité.The institutionalization of mountaineering clubs belongs to each nation’s cultural history. These processes were carried out throughout ideological conflicts such as nationalisms. The Austrian-German Club being one of the most prominent examples. Right at the beginning, the club’s original members had to choose between two different types of structure, embodying either an idea of « Little Germany » or of « Large Germany ». The type of club eventually chosen, i.e. an Austrian-German Club, (in other words « Large Germany », was not asserted by its founders as a political keystone, but much more as a fundamental act symbolizing a cultural specificity. After the first world war, the club stood for the abrogation of the Treaty of Versailles, advocating the

  18. From popular tribunals to purgative committees: violence and repression in Guipúzcoa during the Civil War and the early years of the Franco regime (1936-1945 | De los tribunales populares a las comisiones depuradoras: violencia y represión en Guipúzcoa durante la Guerra Civil y el primer franquismo (1936-1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Pedro Barruso Barés

    2005-12-01

    Full Text Available The wave of repression suffered by the population of Guipúzcoa between 1936 and 1945 broke the peaceful coexistence in a region which had been noted for its political moderation during the Second Republic. Accordingly, this article seeks to examine the different types of violence perpetrated in the region, and to highlight the most salient features of each of these, including their geographical and social impact and quantitative significance. Likewise, in the light of new sources, little known occurrences such as the repression of the clergy and the purging of Secondary Education are revealed. | El proceso represivo experimentado por la sociedad guipuzcoana entre 1936 y 1945 supuso una ruptura de la convivencia en un espacio que se había caracterizado por su moderación política a lo largo de la II República. Por este motivo, en el texto, se trata de analizar los distintos tipos de violencia que se produjeron en el territorio tratando de poner de manifiesto las características de cada uno de ellos, su incidencia geográfica y social sin perder de vista el aspecto cuantitativo. Del mismo modo se ponen de manifiesto, a la luz de nuevas fuentes, procesos poco conocidos como el de la represión del clero guipuzcoano o la depuración de la Enseñanza Secundaria entre otros.

  19. The Possibility of Vice-Presidents’ Authority Arrangement in the 1945 Constitution through Constitutional Amendment

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Fajar L. Suroso

    2016-04-01

    Full Text Available The debate over the vice-presidents’ authority reappeared in the administration of President Jokowi after the “authority expansion of the Chief of Presidency Staff” and the case of “Rizal Ramli vs Jusuf Kalla”. This article is intended to provide arguments for the idea of some parties to organize more explicit and detailed the authority of vice-president in the 1945 Constitution. The idea arises from the absence of further arrangement on the authority of vice-president in the 1945 Constitution. This article is systematized into 3 (three sub-theme; 1 the arrangement of the vice-presidents’ authority in the constitution for several countries; 2 The authority of the vice-president according to the 1945 Constitution, and 3 New resultant and the possibility of 1945 Constitution amendment. The result revealed a number of interesting things; 1 the constitutions of other countries do not specify the authority of the vice-president and put the vice-president as a “spare tire” when the president is absent; 2 no new resultant about the position and authority of the vice-president so that theoretically is not reason enough to regulate in detail the authority of the vice-president through the 1945 Constitution amendment; 3 arrangement in detail in the authority of vice-president in the 1945 Constitution holds the potential to confuse the presidential system design as the 1945 Constitution. Therefore, the possibility of vice-presidents’ authority arrangement in the 1945 Constitution through amendment is very small, both in terms of momentum and the substance of issues.

  20. 'Pflanze, Otto, Bismarck'

    OpenAIRE

    Burgaud, Stéphanie

    2013-01-01

    La somme que l’historien américain O.P. consacra au ministre prussien puis chancelier d’Empire, Otto von Bismarck, parut en 1990, fruit de plusieurs décennies de travail. Traduite en allemand en 1997 chez Beck, elle connut un immense succès académique. La posture de l’auteur, en retrait des débats historiographiques sur le Sonderweg, son impartialité affichée, et surtout l’analyse équilibrée qu’il menait entre période prussienne et impériale (particulièrement lisible dans la version allemande...

  1. The Black-footed Penguin Spheniscus demersus in Artiszoo Amsterdam, 1961-1982

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Leloup, Marie-Josée A.E.

    1982-01-01

    Black-footed Penguins, Spheniscus demersus, have been living in an open air enclosure in Artiszoo since 1961. Their numbers varied from 7 to 103 in the period under study extending from 1961 to 1982. The information used in this survey is derived from records made by the zoo keepers and from a study

  2. Chemical Processing Department monthly report, March 1961

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    1961-04-21

    This report for March 1961, from the Chemical Processing Department at HAPO, discusses the following: Production operation; Purex and Redox operation; Finished products operation; maintenance: Financial operations; facilities engineering; research; and employee relations.

  3. Works Technical Department progress report, March 1961

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    None

    1961-04-19

    This document details the activities of the Savannah River Works Technical Department during the month of March 1961. Topics discussed are: Reactor Technology, Separations Technology, Engineering Assistance, Health Physics, Laboratories Overview, and Technical Papers Issued.

  4. Antarctica: intellectual Armistice Since 1961

    Science.gov (United States)

    2015-05-21

    www.uscg.mil/hq/cg5/cg552/images/20140626%20Major%20Icebreaker%20Chart.pdf. 99 Ibid. 100 K. Zacny et al ., “Lunar Vader,” Journal of Aerospace...Data Center (NSIDC) have documented the impacts of climate change since 1988 and 1982 respectively...the 1961 Antarctic Treaty ratification hearings. Dr. Laurence Gould , a leading US geologist who accompanied Admiral Byrd on his 1957 Antarctic

  5. Reconstruction of the 1945 Wieringermeer Flood

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hoes, O. A. C.; Hut, R. W.; van de Giesen, N. C.; Boomgaard, M.

    2013-03-01

    The present state-of-the-art in flood risk assessment focuses on breach models, flood propagation models, and economic modelling of flood damage. However, models need to be validated with real data to avoid erroneous conclusions. Such reference data can either be historic data, or can be obtained from controlled experiments. The inundation of the Wieringermeer polder in the Netherlands in April 1945 is one of the few examples for which sufficient historical information is available. The objective of this article is to compare the flood simulation with flood data from 1945. The context, the breach growth process and the flood propagation are explained. Key findings for current flood risk management addresses the importance of the drainage canal network during the inundation of a polder, and the uncertainty that follows from not knowing the breach growth parameters. This case study shows that historical floods provide valuable data for the validation of models and reveal lessons that are applicable in current day flood risk management.

  6. 'ZANDER, Helmut, Anthroposophie in Deutschland, Theosophische Weltanschauung und gesellschaftliche Praxis 1884-1945'

    OpenAIRE

    Georget, Jean-Louis

    2013-01-01

    Le livre de H.Z. fait date en établissant les conditions de l’émergence et du développement de la théosophie, puis de l’anthroposophie dans un opus magistral de plus de 1800 pages, issu de sa thèse d’habilitation et de nombre de travaux qu’il a consacrés au sujet pendant des années. Dans le premier tome, les dix-neuf chapitres décrivent avec minutie la nébuleuse des associations théosophiques allemandes. L’auteur s’attache à leur histoire et à leur enracinement national et international. Il a...

  7. Sixty years of science at UNESCO 1945-2005

    CERN Document Server

    Zharov, V; Glaser, G; Richardson, J; de Padirac, B; Archibald, G

    2006-01-01

    Sixty Years of Science at UNESCO 1945-2005 offers an inside perspective on the past six decades of this engagement. Written by historians and scientists from all over the world as well as by former and active staff members, the story is enriched by an historical analysis of the first 20 years of the Organization's action in science. The volume traces through six parts the role played by UNESCO in the history of international science cooperation in an ever-changing world : I. Setting the Scene, 1945-1965 II. Basic Sciences and Engineering III. Environmental Sciences IV. Science and Society V. Overviews and Analyses and VI. Looking Ahead. It also features a list of chronological milestones set along the way.

  8. A LIBERDADE EM SARTRE: UNIDADE ENTRE PROJETO E ENGAJAMENTO

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Josiane Fátima Wambier

    2003-01-01

    Full Text Available O objetivo deste trabalho é refletir a liberdade em Sartre, tendo como base os textos: O existencialismo é um humanismo (1945 e Questão de método, a célebre introdução de Crítica da razão dialética (1960. A liberdade em Sartre é um tema filosófico e literário. No início do processo de sua trajetória intelectual, ela é encerrada dentro do cogito cartesiano: “penso, logo existo”. Apesar de ser concebida como uma pura subjetividade, ela também é entendida como projeto que se realiza na ação através do engajamento do homem no mundo. Posteriormente, ela é remetida para o plano histórico e relacionada com a necessidade no interior de uma tensão dialética entre objetividade e subjetividade. Mesmo nesta fase, o núcleo central do conceito sartreano de liberdade é conservado: a unidade entre projeto e engajamento.

  9. O Estado Novo português e a reforma do Estado colonial em Angola: o comportamento político das elites brancas (1961-1962

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Fernando Tavares PIMENTA

    2014-12-01

    Full Text Available Este artigo coloca em perspectiva a problemática das relações políticas e institucionais entre diferentes níveis de governação da administração colonial portuguesa e entre esta e os estratos superiores da comunidade branca de Angola. Para o efeito, definimos um triângulo analítico constituído por: a Estado central, representado pelo Ministério do Ultramar; b Estado colonial, representado pelo Governo Geral de Angola; c as elites brancas de Angola, representadas pelas respectivas associações económicas. A análise incide fundamentalmente no biénio 1961/1962, que coincidiu com o início da guerra de independência de Angola e com a subsequente experiência de reformismo colonial promovida por Adriano Moreira.

  10. Traducciones croatas de la literature hispánica entre los años 1945 y 1985

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Nataša Dragojević-Cacan

    1991-12-01

    Full Text Available Traducir los textos literarios supone un intercambio de conocimientos estéticos, científicos y culturales entre dos culturas que abre nuestros horizontes hacia Ia historia y los hechos de otros pueblos. Las traducciones literarias representan unos valores interculturales excepcionales e independientes. El nivel de desarrollo cultural y literario usualmente se mide por la cantidad y calidad de las traducciones. En el siglo veinte, con el desarrollo de los medias de comunicación, la obra traducida se ha convertido en un potente mediador entre el escritor o el texto original, y ellector de cultura diversa.

  11. Prairie chicken populations of the Sheyenne Delta in North Dakota, 1961-1987

    Science.gov (United States)

    Jerry D. Kobriger; David P. Vollink; Michael E. Mcneill; Kenneth F. Higgins

    1988-01-01

    Prairie chickens (Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus) were first censused on the Sheyenne Grasslands in 1961. The population was extremely low in the 1960's, gradually increased in the 1970's, and reached a peak of 410 in 1980. Sufficient evidence exists to link the increase in numbers of prairie chickens on the grasslands from 1961 through 1987...

  12. An outline of 1961 program;IAEA program of work

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1960-09-15

    The program of work for 1961 which the International Atomic Energy Agency's Board of Governors has presented to the Agency's General Conference for final approval provides for steady amplification of its work in technical assistance to specific projects, training of scientific personnel and scientific research. These activities and certain others are of special interest to those areas of the world that are less advanced in the utilization of atomic energy. This is in accord with the Agency's Statute which requires that it bear in mind 'the special needs of the under-developed areas of the world'. At the same time, the Board indicated that the 1961 program 'provides for activities intended to create a basis for general progress in the safe utilization of atomic energy for peaceful purposes which is of concern to all Member States. Thus the delay in the advent of generally economic nuclear power is used to build up the necessary technological infrastructure in the less developed countries and to establish an international framework of norms and regulations which an orderly and safe development of widespread nuclear industries will require'. Some highlights of the 1961 program are presented

  13. IMPLEMENTASI PRINSIP DEMOKRASI DAN NOMOKRASI DALAM STRUKTUR KETATANEGARAAN RI PASCA AMANDEMEN UUD 1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Martha Pigome

    2011-05-01

    Full Text Available The principle of democracy and nomocracy as state in the Constitution 1945 is the embodiment of the state that based on civil sovereignty and state characteristics that uphold the law. Implemention of those two principles changes the structure of the state that established the Constitutional Court. This institution known as the guardian of democracy of any process of political democatization and legal policy. The consitutional Court plays an important role in maintaining the state constitution (Constitution 1945. Constitutional Court have an authority to solve dispute elections and general election. This institution also have a role to judicial review of any statute that not synchronize with the Constitution 1945.

  14. Meteorological Data from the Russian Arctic, 1961-2000

    Data.gov (United States)

    National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — This data set contains monthly means of meteorological observation data from Russian stations from 1961-2000 (for most stations). The Russian station observations...

  15. La misión pentecostal escandinava en el Chaco argentino: Etapa formativa: 1914 - 1945 Scandinavian pentecostal mission in the Argentine Chaco: First stage: 1914-1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    César Ceriani Cernadas

    2011-01-01

    Full Text Available El trabajo propone una etnografía histórica sobre la misión pentecostal escandinava entre los aborígenes del Chaco Argentino durante su período formativo. Fue el misionero noruego Berger Johnsen (1888-1945 quien se instaló en el pueblo de Embarcación (provincia de Salta en 1914 con el objetivo de organizar una base misionera para el trabajo evangélico. La indagación pretende sumar conocimiento sobre esta corriente olvidada en los estudios sobre evangelización protestante en la región chaqueña tomando en cuenta cuatro ejes: 1. los valores, el imaginario y las prácticas del misionero nórdico; 2. la recepción aborigen del mensaje pentecostal, observada en los dirigentes y la memoria de los habitantes; 3. la coyuntura regional, religiosa, política y económica, que enmarcó estructuralmente el emprendimiento; 4. la realidad cultural sui generis de la misión de Embarcación, conformada por diversos grupos étnicos del corazón chaqueño y establecida en un naciente pueblo criollo.This paper proposes an historical ethnography of the Scandinavian Pentecostal mission among the aboriginal people of the Argentinean Chaco focusing on its former period. In 1914 a Norwegian missionary, Berger Johnsen (1888-1945, established a Pentecostal base in Embarcación (Province of Salta in order to embrace evangelical work. This study tries to add knowledge to this neglected trend in the studies about Protestant evangelism in the Chaco region. This will be done taking into account four topics: 1. the values, representations and practices of the Nordic missionary; 2. the aboriginal appropriation of the Pentecostal message; 3. the regional context, in terms of religion, politics and economy, framing the missionary enterprise; 4. the sui generis cultural reality of Embarcación mission, characterized by the presence of different ethnic groups from the central Chaco and a novel criollo town.

  16. CARMELITA PINTO FONTES E O GINÁSIO DE APLICAÇÃO DA FACULDADE CATÓLICA DE FILOSOFIA DE SERGIPE (1961-1967

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ane Rose de Jesus Santos Maciel

    2016-03-01

    Full Text Available Este artigo evidencia as ações pedagógicas da professora Carmelita Pinto Fontes no Ginásio de Aplicação da Faculdade Católica de Filosofia de Sergipe, entre os anos de 1961 a 1967. Esses estabelecimentos foram construídos como espaço de estágio para alunos concludentes dos cursos de Didática das Faculdades de Filosofia no Brasil, no entanto, tornaram-se um dos principais meios de divulgação de novas metodologias educacionais. Metodologicamente ancorado na pesquisa qualitativa, com apoio da História Cultural, da Educação e de Sergipe, além da História Oral, buscamos preencher lacunas deixadas pela historiografia da educação acerca de uma personagem importante para a configuração educacional que, através da educação, construiu sua trajetória intelectual em uma sociedade marcadamente masculina. Palavras-chave: Didática; Educação; Ginásio de Aplicação.   CARMELITA PINTO FONTES AND THE GYMNASIUM OF APPLICATION FROM THE CATHOLIC COLLEGE OF PHILOSOPHY OF SERGIPE (1961-1967 ABSTRACT This paper evidences the pedagogical actions from the professor Carmelita Pinto Fontes in the Gymnasium of Application from the Catholic College of Philosophy of Sergipe, through 1961 to 1967. These stablishment were built as a space of internship to senior students of the Didatic major from the Catholic College of Philosophy of Sergipe in Brazil; however, they became one of the main means for disseminating new educational technology. Methodologically anchored in qualitative research, with support of the Cultural History, Education and Sergipe, beyond of the Oral History, we seek to fill left gaps for the historiography of education about an important caracther to the educational configuration that built through education, her intellectual trajectory in a markedly male society. Keywords: Didatic; Education; Gymnasium of Application.   CARMELITA PINTO FONTES E O GIMNASIO DE APLICACIÓN DE LA FACULTAD CATÓLICA DE FILOSOFIA DE SERGIPE

  17. Voluntary participation, state involvement: Indonesian propaganda in the struggle for maintaining independence, 1945-1949

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Zara, M.Y.

    2016-01-01

    After the Japanese occupation (1942-1945), the Indonesian archipelago experienced an unprecedented struggle: the Dutch-Indonesian conflict of 1945-1949, also known as the Indonesian Revolution, or the Indonesian War of Independence. This study examines how the leadership of the Republic of Indonesia

  18. 77 FR 54652 - Draft Program Comment for Common Post-1945 Concrete and Steel Bridges

    Science.gov (United States)

    2012-09-05

    ... constructed by State transportation agencies after 1945, using reinforced concrete or steel beams and designs... proposed Program Comment: Program Comment for Common Post-1945 Concrete and Steel Bridges I. Introduction... reinforced concrete or steel beams and designs that quickly became standardized. These common bridge types...

  19. Hanford Laboratories Operation monthly activities report, March 1961

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    1961-04-15

    This is the monthly report for the Hanford Laboratories Operation, April 1961. Metallurgy, reactor fuels, chemistry, dosimetry, separation processes, reactor technology, financial activities, visits, biology operation, physics and instrumentation research, and employee relations are discussed.

  20. Hanford Laboratories Operation monthly activities report, February 1961

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    1961-03-15

    This is the monthly report for the Hanford Laboratories Operation, February 1961. Metallurgy, reactor fuels, chemistry, dosimetry, separation processes, reactor technology, financial activities, visits, biology operation, physics and instrumentation research, and employee relations are discussed.

  1. Hanford Laboratories Operation monthly activities report, January 1961

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    1961-02-15

    This is the monthly report for the Hanford Laboratories Operation, January 1961. Metallurgy, reactor fuels, chemistry, dosimetry, separation processes, reactor technology, financial activities, visits, biology operation, physics and instrumentation research, and employee relations are discussed.

  2. Hanford Laboratories Operation monthly activities report, April 1961

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    1961-05-15

    This is the monthly report for the Hanford Laboratories Operation, April 1961. Metallurgy, reactor fuels, chemistry, dosimetry, separation processes, reactor technology, financial activities, visits, biology operation, physics and instrumentation research, and employee relations are discussed.

  3. Hiroshima August 6 1945

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Villatoux, P.

    2009-01-01

    This book makes a comeback on this key event of the Second World War, from the US decision taken by H. Truman in 1945 to use the atomic bomb in Japan up to the geo-political swing which has been its direct consequence. The book allows to bring back the genesis of the Manhattan project, a herculean scientific and technological secret program, to which about 140000 scientists, technicians and engineers have taken part during less than three years. The design of this terrible weaponry has switched the world into a new era, the nuclear one

  4. Fallout forecasting: 1945-1962

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Kennedy, W.R. Jr.

    1986-03-01

    The delayed hazards of fallout from the detonations of nuclear devices in the atmosphere have always been the concern of those involved in the Test Program. Even before the Trinity Shot (TR-2) of July 16, 1945, many very competent, intelligent scientists and others from all fields of expertise tried their hand at the prediction problems. This resume and collection of parts from reports, memoranda, references, etc., endeavor to chronologically outline prediction methods used operationally in the field during Test Operations of nuclear devices fired into the atmosphere

  5. Signal Security in the Ardennes Offensive: 1944-1945

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Moe

    1997-01-01

    ...) during the Ardennes Offensive of 1944-1945. The work includes a brief introduction to the offensive and to the history of SIGSEC, and examines how the American and German armies safeguarded communications from the enemy...

  6. Symbolic Uses of the Berlin Wall, 1961-1989.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Bruner, Michael S.

    1989-01-01

    Examines samples from public discourse during the period 1961-1989, which reveal several different symbolic uses of the Berlin Wall. Suggests these differences reflect the never-completed struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union. (KEH)

  7. IMPLEMENTASI PRINSIP DEMOKRASI DAN NOMOKRASI DALAM STRUKTUR KETATANEGARAAN RI PASCA AMANDEMEN UUD 1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Martha Pigome

    2011-05-01

    Full Text Available The principle of democracy and nomocracy as state in the Constitution 1945 is the embodiment of the state that based on civil sovereignty and state characteristics that uphold the law. Implemention of those two principles changes the structure of the state that established the Constitutional Court. This institution known as the guardian of democracy of any process of political democatization and legal policy. The consitutional Court plays an important role in maintaining the state constitution (Constitution 1945. Constitutional Court have an authority to solve dispute elections and general election. This institution also have a role to judicial review of any statute that not synchronize with the Constitution 1945.   Keywords : Demoratization, Rule of Law, Constitution and Legal Policy

  8. Hanford Laboratories Operation monthly activities report, October 1961

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    1961-11-15

    This is the monthly report for the Hanford Laboratories Operation October 1961. Reactor fuels, chemistry, dosimetry, separation processes, reactor technology, financial activities, biology operation, physics and instrumentation research, operations research and synthesis, programming, and radiation protection operation are discussed.

  9. Hanford Laboratories Operation monthly activities report, August 1961

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    1961-09-15

    This is the monthly report for the Hanford Laboratories Operation August 1961. Reactor fuels, chemistry, dosimetry, separation processes, reactor technology, financial activities, biology operation, physics and instrumentation research, operations research and synthesis, programming, and radiation protection operation are discussed.

  10. L’intertexte entre le réel et l’imaginaire dans le cinéma de Wim Wenders

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Gustavo Coura Guimarães Castro

    2013-04-01

    Full Text Available Cet article interroge la façon dont le cinéma représente à l’écran la frontière qui existe entre le monde imaginaire des personnages et celui qu’on appelle «monde réel». Afin de vérifier la figuration à l’écran de cette relation parfois contradictoire, voir complémentaire, on fera une brève étude du film l’Etat des Choses (1982, de Wim Wenders. Le cinéaste est né en Allemagne, en 1945. Initialement, Wenders a étudié médicine et philosophie pendant deux ans, mais, en 1967, il a changé d’avis afin de poursuivre ses études dans l’audiovisuel. A partir de là, le réalisateur s’est fait connaître comme un des représentants les plus célèbres du «nouveau cinéma allemand». En 1978, il a été invité par Francis Ford Coppola pour participer au tournage du film Hammett. Ainsi, son cinéma a été toujours marqué par cette intersection culturelle entre l’Amérique et l’Europe. Notre objectif, dans cet article, est celui de mette en évidence les croisements du cinéma avec l’art, la relation des sujets avec l’espace, ainsi que les influences d’un sur l’autre dans les représentations cinématographiques. Notre référentiel théorique sera fondé, surtout, sur les notions de «fiction» et de «documentaire» chez François Niney. Nous espérons, à partir de cette réflexion, pouvoir comprendre plus en profondeur la façon dont Wenders travaille dans son film la métaphorisation de la lumière dans les mises en scènes, en proposant, en quelque sorte, un dialogue entre les concepts de «clarté» et d’«ombre», en ayant comme arrière-plan l’idée de fiction.This article shows the way that the cinema represents on the screen the boundaries between the imaginary world of the characters and the one that we used to call “real world”. In order to verify the representation on the screen of this contradictory relationship, sometimes complementary, we will do a brief study of the movie The State

  11. Early synchrotron design in the UK, 1945-50

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Lawson, J.D.

    1994-01-01

    In 1945 it was decided to initiate a programme of synchrotron development under the aegis of the newly formed Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell. The work was carried out at Malvern, in premises used during the war for radar research, mainly by scientists transferred shortly after the end of the war. Two 30 MeV machines were designed and constructed there, partly for use in physics research, and partly as prototypes for larger machines to be built in Glasgow and Oxford. The most notable achievement was the conversion of a small American betatron by Goward and Barnes to become the world's first synchrotron in 1946. The activities of the Malvern team during the five year period from 1945 are described; extensive references to the published literature and laboratory reports are made, but other material not recorded elsewhere is described. (author)

  12. Las temperaturas del territorio que se extiende desde el Cantábrico Oriental al Valle del Ebro durante el periodo internacional 1961-90

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Javier M. Pejenaute Goñi

    2001-01-01

    Full Text Available El presente articulo tiene por objeto el estudio de las temperaturas en el territorio comprendido entre el Cantábrico oriental y el Valle del Ebro, durante el periodo internacional 1961-90. Este territorio está ocupado por las comunidades del País Vasco, Navarra, La Rioja y Aragón. Se estudian las temperaturas medias, las máximas, las mínimas, el coeficiente de variación y las heladas. También se incluye en el análisis anual, el estudio de la amplitud térmica, los quintiles y la tendencia futura.The present article aims at studying the temperatures in an área that goes from the cantábrico oriental and Valle del Ebro, for the international period of time going from 1961- 90. Four autonomous cornmunities. País Vasco, Navarra, La Rioja and Aragón, are included in this territory. The object of study will be the average, máximum and mínimum temperatures, as well as the coefficient of variation and freezes. It will also be included in the annual analysis. the study of thermal amplitude, quintiles, and future trend.

  13. Irradiation Processing Department monthly report, May 1961

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    1961-06-15

    This document details activities of the irradiation processing department during the month of May, 1961. A general summary is included at the start of the report, after which the report is divided into the following sections: Research and Engineering Operations; production and Reactor Operations; Facilities Engineering Operation; Employee Relations Operation; and NPR Reactor.

  14. New Fellows and Honorary Fellow

    Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

    ... Discussion Meetings · Public Lectures · Lecture Workshops · Refresher Courses · Symposia. Home; Fellowship. Fellow Profile. Elected: 1945 Section: Engineering & Technology. Deshpande, D L . FNA. Date of birth: 2 September 1909. Date of death: 5 April 1961.

  15. 7 CFR 1945.18 - United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food and Agriculture Council (FAC).

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 13 2010-01-01 2009-01-01 true United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food and Agriculture Council (FAC). 1945.18 Section 1945.18 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL HOUSING SERVICE, RURAL BUSINESS-COOPERATIVE SERVICE, RURAL UTILITIES SERVICE...

  16. Changes in sediment volume in Alder Lake, Nisqually River Basin, Washington, 1945-2011

    Science.gov (United States)

    Czuba, Jonathan A.; Olsen, Theresa D.; Czuba, Christiana R.; Magirl, Christopher S.; Gish, Casey C.

    2012-01-01

    The Nisqually River drains the southwest slopes of Mount Rainier, a glaciated stratovolcano in the Cascade Range of western Washington. The Nisqually River was impounded behind Alder Dam when the dam was completed in 1945 and formed Alder Lake. This report quantifies the volume of sediment deposited by the Nisqually and Little Nisqually Rivers in their respective deltas in Alder Lake since 1945. Four digital elevation surfaces were generated from historical contour maps from 1945, 1956, and 1985, and a bathymetric survey from 2011. These surfaces were used to compute changes in sediment volume since 1945. Estimates of the volume of sediment deposited in Alder Lake between 1945 and 2011 were focused in three areas: (1) the Nisqually River delta, (2) the main body of Alder Lake, along a 40-meter wide corridor of the pre-dam Nisqually River, and (3) the Little Nisqually River delta. In each of these areas the net deposition over the 66-year period was 42,000,000 ± 4,000,000 cubic meters (m3), 2,000,000 ± 600,000 m3, and 310,000 ± 110,000 m3, respectively. These volumes correspond to annual rates of accumulation of 630,000 ± 60,000 m3/yr, 33,000 ± 9,000 m3/yr, and 4,700 ± 1,600 m3/yr, respectively. The annual sediment yield of the Nisqually (1,100 ± 100 cubic meters per year per square kilometer [(m3/yr)/km2]) and Little Nisqually River basins [70 ± 24 (m3/yr)/km2] provides insight into the yield of two basins with different land cover and geomorphic processes. These estimates suggest that a basin draining a glaciated stratovolcano yields approximately 15 times more sediment than a basin draining forested uplands in the Cascade Range. Given the cumulative net change in sediment volume in the Nisqually River delta in Alder Lake, the total capacity of Alder Lake since 1945 decreased about 3 percent by 1956, 8 percent by 1985, and 15 percent by 2011.

  17. Hanford Laboratories Operation monthly activities report, December 1961

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    1962-01-15

    The monthly report for the Hanford Laboratories Operation, May 1961. Reactor fuels, chemistry, dosimetry, separation processes, reactor technology, financial activities, biology operation, and physics and instrumentation research, operations research and synthesis operation, programming, laboratory auxiliaries operation, and technical administration operation are discussed.

  18. Hanford Laboratories Operation monthly activities report, November 1961

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    1961-12-15

    The monthly report for the Hanford Laboratories Operation, November 1961. Reactor fuels, chemistry, dosimetry, separation processes, reactor technology, financial activities, biology operation, and physics and instrumentation research, operations research and synthesis operation, programming, laboratory auxiliaries operation, and technical administration operation are discussed.

  19. Irradiation Processing Department monthly report, January 1961

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    1961-02-15

    This document details activities of the irradiation processing department during the month of January, 1961. A general summary is included at the start of the report, after which the report is divided into the following sections: Research and Engineering Operations; Production and Reactor Operations; Facilities Engineering Operation; Employee Relations Operation; Financial Operation; and NPR Project.

  20. Hanford Laboratories Operation monthly activities report, June 1961

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    1961-07-15

    The monthly report for the Hanford Laboratories Operation, June 1961. Reactor fuels, chemistry, dosimetry, separation processes, reactor technology, financial activities, biology operation, and physics and instrumentation research, operations research and synthesis operation, programming, laboratory auxiliaries operation, and professional placement and relations practices are discussed.

  1. [Polish medical ethics in the period 1945-1980].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wichrowski, Marek

    2003-01-01

    The purpose of this article is o present that main currents of Polish medical ethics in the years 1945-1980, which the author treats as the 'prehistory' of Poland's contemporary bioethics. The author begins by ascertaining the post-war disappearance of two Polish traditions--that of the Warsaw school of philosopher-physicians (known in the West as the Polish School of Philosophy of Medicine) and the Lwów-Warsaw School of Philosophy. The political system that come into being after 1945 was not conducive to the development of medical ethics, but several clear orientations may be discerned in the utterances of physicians, lawyers, moral technologlans and academic philosophers. The analysis begins with Catholic ethics in its archaic 1950s-vintage form. The author then presents the thinking of ethicians Independent of both the Church and Marxism (the milieu of the journal 'Etyka') as well as the deontological writings of physicians.

  2. SNJ-1945, a calpain inhibitor, protects SH-SY5Y cells against MPP+ and rotenone

    Science.gov (United States)

    Knaryan, Varduhi H.; Samantaray, Supriti; Sookyoung, Park; Azuma, Mitsuyoshi; Inoue, Jun; Banik, Naren L.

    2014-01-01

    Complex pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD) involves multiple CNS cell types. Degeneration in spinal cord neurons alongside brain has been shown to be involved in PD and evidenced in experimental parkinsonism. However, the mechanisms of these degenerative pathways are not well understood. In order to unravel these mechanisms SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were differentiated into dopaminergic and cholinergic phenotypes respectively and used as cell culture model following exposure to two parkinsonian neurotoxicants MPP+ and rotenone. SNJ-1945, a cell-permeable calpain inhibitor was tested for its neuroprotective efficacy. MPP+ and rotenone dose-dependently elevated the levels of intracellular free Ca2+ and induced a concomitant rise in the levels of active calpain. SNJ-1945 pre-treatment significantly protected cell viability and preserved cellular morphology following MPP+ and rotenone exposure. The neurotoxicants elevated the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) more profoundly in SH-SY5Y cells differentiated into dopaminergic phenotype, and this effect could be attenuated with SNJ-1945 pre-treatment. In contrast, significant levels of inflammatory mediators (cyclooxygenase-2, Cox-2 and cleaved p10 fragment of caspase-1) were upregulated in the cholinergic phenotype, which could be dose-dependently attenuated by the calpain inhibitor. Overall, SNJ-1945 was efficacious against MPP+ or rotenone-induced ROS generation, inflammatory mediators, and proteolysis. A post-treatment regimen of SNJ-1945 was also examined in cells and partial protection was attained with calpain inhibitor administration 1–3 h after exposure to MPP+ or rotenone. Taken together these results indicate that calpain inhibition is a valid target for protection against parkinsonian neurotoxicants, and SNJ-1945 is an efficacious calpain inhibitor in this context. PMID:24341912

  3. Recenser et étudier le patrimoine religieux du XXe siècle : l’exemple de l’inventaire des églises du Nord-Pas-de-Calais (1945-2000

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Céline Frémaux

    2009-11-01

    Full Text Available La seconde moitié du XXe siècle fut une période de mutation accélérée de l’architecture religieuse en France. L’inventaire des églises paroissiales reconstruites et construites dans la région Nord-Pas-de-Calais entre 1945 et 2000 en reflète les divers aspects. Le corpus de 183 églises servant de base à une thèse de doctorat révèle l’effort d’adaptation de l’Église aux mutations historiques, économiques et sociales de cette périodeThe second half of the 20th century was a time of tumultuous changes in French religious architecture. The survey of parish churches built in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region between 1945 and 2000 reflects all these changes. The corpus of 183 churches, on which a thesis has been based, reveals the church’s ability as an institution to adapt to the historical, economic and social changes of its time.

  4. Budownictwo sakralne w diecezji łódzkiej w latach 1945-1989

    OpenAIRE

    Opaliński, Mateusz

    2017-01-01

    Tematem niniejszej rozprawy jest budownictwo sakralne w diecezji łódzkiej w latach 1945–1989. Omawiana kwestia jest emanacją ogólnego konfliktu między Kościołem rzymskokatolickim a władzami państwowymi w tzw. Polsce Ludowej. Potrzeba wznoszenia nowych miejsc sprawowania kultu religijnego była istotna z punktu widzenia Episkopatu, a także zasadna biorąc pod uwagę zmiany, jakie zaszły po 1945 r. w strukturze demograficznej i wyznaniowej. Wznoszenie obiektów sakralnych było wówczas znakiem zarów...

  5. Irradiation Processing Department monthly report, April 1961

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    1961-05-15

    This document details activities of the irradiation processing department during the month of April, 1961. A general summary is included at the start of the report, after which the report is divided into the following sections: Research and Engineering Operations; Production and Reactor Operations; Facilities Engineering Operations; Production and Reactor Operations; Facilities Engineering Operation; Employee Relations Operation; Financial Operation; and NPR project.

  6. 7 CFR 1945.35 - Special EM loan training.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-01-01

    ...) PROGRAM REGULATIONS (CONTINUED) EMERGENCY Disaster Assistance-General § 1945.35 Special EM loan training... workshop and a test. (c) Objective. The basic objective of this training program is to keep State and... employees in administering the EM loan program. (d) Comprehensive EM loan training package. A comprehensive...

  7. Soviet Nationalities in German Wartime Strategy, 1941-1945.

    Science.gov (United States)

    1982-08-01

    at War, 1 939-1945, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y., 1966. Steiner , Felix, Die Armee der Geachteten, Plesse Verlag, Gettingen, 1963. -,Die...Baumeister, Rudolf , "Erfahrungen mit Ostfreiwilligen," Wehrkunde, April 1955. Davydov, I. V., "Propaganda idei druzby narodov v period bitvy za Kavkaz

  8. Les inégalités d'accès à l'enseignement supérieur

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Duru-Bellat, Marie; Kieffer, Annick; Reimer, David

    2010-01-01

    professionnelle y reste cependant socialement sélectif. L’opposition souvent invoquée par la sociologie, entre dimension verticale et horizontale des choix s’avère dans les cas français et allemands inégalement pertinente selon les caractéristiques organisationnelles respectives des deux systèmes de formation....

  9. Nuclear technology in the Netherlands, 1945-1974

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Lagaaij, A.; Verbong, G.

    1998-01-01

    The history of the development of the application of nuclear energy in the Netherlands after the Second World War is described for the period 1945-1974, focusing on the most important technical projects, the parties involved and their mutual, often difficult, relations. The most important players in this field were the scientists, the electric utilities, the Dutch government and the industry

  10. Luchas y reivindicaciones de los Yanaconas en las haciendas de la sierra piurana en los años 1934-1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    1991-01-01

    Full Text Available LUTTES ET REVENDICATIONS DES YANACONAS DANS LES HACIENDAS DE LA SIERRA DE PIURA DE 1934 A 1945. En 1934 la lutte des yanaconas commence dans la sierra de Piura quand ils exigent une amélioration et une réglementation de leurs conditions de travail dans les haciendas. Des membres du Parti Socialiste du Pérou conseillent les colonos et appuient leurs revendications. Les paysans des haciendas dirigent leurs réclamations à l’Inspection Régionale du Travail pour obtenir une solution aux conflits entre colonos et propriétaire de l’hacienda. Les documents étudiés permettent de connaître le système laboral des haciendas serranas. En el año 1934 se inicia la lucha de los yanaconas de la sierra de Piura exigiendo el mejoramiento y la reglamentación de sus condiciones de trabajo en las haciendas. Miembros del Partido Socialista del Perú apoyan y asesoran a los colonos en sus reivindicaciones. Los campesinos de las haciendas dirigen sus quejas mediante pliegos de reclamos a la Inspección Regional de Trabajo para obtener una solución a los conflictos entre colonos y patrón de hacienda. El material analizado permite conocer el sistema laboral vigente en las haciendas serranas. STRUGGLES AND CLAIMS OF THE YANACONAS IN THE PIURAN HIGHLAND HACIENDAS DURING THE YEARS 1934-1945. During 1934, the yanacona struggle begins within the Piura Highlands, demanding labor improvement and a fair ruling of the working conditions in the haciendas of the area. Members of the peruvian socialist party supported and advised all peasants over their claims. These people address their complaints to the Regional Working Inspectory in order to obtain a final solution to their labor conflicts. The study of such documents let us learn about the working system in the Highland Haciendas at that time.

  11. Disciplinando la sociedad a través de la ciudad: El origen del urbanismo en Argentina y Brasil (1894-1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Joel Outtes

    2002-05-01

    Full Text Available Este artículo observa la génesis de un discurso sobre urbanismo en Brasil y Argentina entre 1894 y 1945, utilizando las ideas de Foucault de disciplina y su concepto de "bio-poder". Se discute el patrón demográfico de las grandes ciudades en ambos países desde 1890 en adelante. Los planes propuestos para las mismas ciudades en los años ´20 y sus representaciones urbanas, son analizados así como las ideas de reforma social, el papel de la higiene para el urbanismo, y la relación entre el taylorismo y la ciudad. Se analiza el uso del urbanismo como un elemento de construcción nacional y las ideas de eugenesia para el urbanismo. Su implementación constituyó una forma de crear una cultura industrial, disciplinando la sociedad a través de la ciudad, aunque el proletariado industrial nunca llegó a ser mayoría en la población de Brasil o ArgentinaThis paper looks at the genesis of a discourse on urbanism in Brazil and Argentina between 1894 and 1945 using the ideas of Foucault on discipline and his concept of bio-power. Demographic pattern of the major cities in both countries from 1890 onwards is discussed. Plans proposed for the same cities in the 1920s and to urban representations, such as ideas about social reform, the role of hygiene in urbanism, and the relationship of ideas on Taylorism and the city are also discussed. The paper also analyzes the use of planning as an element of nation building and ideas defining eugenics in city planning. The implementation of city urbanism was a way of creating an industrial culture, disciplining society through the city, although the industrial proletariat never made up the majority of the population in Brazil or Argentina

  12. El desarrollo tecnológico y la evolución de la frontera agrícola en el período 1961-2009

    OpenAIRE

    Casal, Luciano Martín

    2014-01-01

    Se analizó la evolución de la frontera agrícola argentina y su relación con el cambio tecnológico sucedido para el período 1961-2009, en particular de los activos fijos tangibles como la maquinaria agrícola, además de los cambios en la función de producción. Se buscó verificar la existencia de una relación funcional importante de largo plazo entre el aumento del capital fijo tangible y los cambios en la función de producción, para explicar la evolución de la frontera agrícola. Si bien la fron...

  13. La música orquestal peruana de 1945 a 2005 : Identidades en la diversidad

    OpenAIRE

    Petrozzi-Stubin, Clara

    2009-01-01

    Peruvian orchestral music 1945–2005. Identities in diversity Peruvian music for orchestra has not been studied as a whole before, and is hardly known by Peruvian musicians and public. The aim of the thesis is to give a panoramic view of Peruvian orchestral music after 1945, study the particular historical context in which these works were created and how they reflect the search for a musical identity of its own, be it individual, local, national or Latin American. Identity is a cons...

  14. Las facciones del Liberalismo en Cartagena: rivalidades y conflictos por el poder, 1930-1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Muriel Vanegas Beltrán

    2012-01-01

    Full Text Available Este artículo tiene como propósito central analizar, a través de las causas, acciones e intereses de las facciones del liberalismo en Cartagena, las circunstancias nacionales y locales que incidieron en las profundas divisiones que presentó el partido liberal en esta ciudad, entre 1930 y 1945. Se demuestra que los enfrentamientos políticos, las confrontaciones y rivalidades que las facciones presentaron, son el producto de los diversos intereses de los líderes liberales locales, así como de sus disputas internas por el acceso y control del poder. Pese al despertar de tendencias sociales reformadoras y revolucionarias características de la República Liberal, la polarización del liberalismo alrededor de los líderes políticos locales impidió la construcción de un proyecto político común. En consecuencia, el resultado es la muestra del panorama de conflictividad y rivalidad imperante, justamente en el contexto histórico que buscaba erigir a Colombia sobre un Estado moderno.

  15. Changing the Subject: English in London, 1945-1967

    Science.gov (United States)

    Yandell, John

    2014-01-01

    Two recent books, "English Teachers in a Postwar Democracy: Emerging Choice in London Schools, 1945-1965" and "The London Association for the Teaching of English, 1947-67: A History," explore an important period in the development of English as a school subject and in the remaking of the professional identity of English…

  16. NATIONALIZATION OF THE FRENCH CAPITAL IN CROATIA 1945 - AN EXAMPLE OF THE SODOAD COMPANY

    OpenAIRE

    Anić, Tomislav

    2007-01-01

    In 1945 "the revolutionary forces" gained political power in Yugoslavia. The economic and political transformation necessary for the development of a socialist society was possible only by abrogating the existing proprietary relations. This is exactly the reason why the Communist Party of Yugoslavia decided to disown all capital holders (including foreign capital holders) in order to withhold the material basis for the power struggle. The SODOAD company was among firms nationalized in 1945.

  17. [Julija Z. Kantor. Pribaltika. Vojna bez pravil (1939-1945) Sankt-Peterburg, 2011 ; Lev F. Sockov. Pribaltika i geopolitika 1935-1945 gg. Rassekreennye dokumenty Služby vnešnej razvedki Rossiskoj Federacii. Moskva, 2009 ; Anatolij A. Sazonov. "Sove

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Makhotina, Ekaterina, 1982-

    2014-01-01

    Arvustus: Julija Z. Kantor. Pribaltika. Vojna bez pravil (1939-1945) Sankt-Peterburg, 2011 ; Lev F. Sockov. Pribaltika i geopolitika 1935-1945 gg. Rassekreennye dokumenty Služby vnešnej razvedki Rossiskoj Federacii. Moskva, 2009 ; Anatolij A. Sazonov. "Sovetskaja okkupacija" Pribaltiki v archivnych dokumentach. Projekt "Argumenty istiny". Moskva, 2009

  18. Nuclear developments at the international inter govern mental level (1961)

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Waynbaum, M.

    1961-01-01

    The United Nations organisation and nuclear energy rose simultaneously, in 1945, to occupy an important place in the public eye. The spiritual succession of the League of Nations which had foundered during the war was taken up by the new organisation which sought to implant its political ideal in a more tangible reality, so that it might thereby be inspired by concrete and substantial objectives. This is one of the reasons for the existence of the dozen specialized agencies created by the family of the United Nations and dealing with Health, Culture, Agriculture, Finance, etc. Nuclear energy is one of these techniques. Becoming suddenly an important power factor and exploiting for itself the prestige of Science, it became the favorite domain for the growth of this new spirit, as much in its universal form in 1945 as in its more regional form which it was later to adopt. The achievements are numerous and of varying importance; they deserve te be studied carefully. (author) [fr

  19. Le chagrin & la pitié : Chronique d’une cité française sous l’occupation allemande. Histoire et mémoire.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Marie-Christine Kok Escalle

    2012-10-01

    Full Text Available Documentaire dans lequel la caméra est au service d’une idée, Le chagrin et la pitié de Marcel Ophüls n’est certes pas un film historique. Il peut en revanche être considéré comme film d’histoire. Il fait œuvre d’histoire orale en écrivant le récit d’une période à partir de témoignages de personnes qui l’ont vécue ; il fait œuvre d’histoire en proposant des interprétations de cette période à partir de documents d’archives qui soutiennent la lecture que les acteurs font de leur vie d’alors ; enfin sa portée est historique car il incite les Français à ne plus occulter leur mémoire collective concernant la période de l’Occupation allemande pendant la Deuxième Guerre mondiale.

  20. Revisiting the November 27, 1945 Makran (Mw=8.2) interplate earthquake

    Science.gov (United States)

    Zarifi, Z.; Raeesi, M.

    2012-04-01

    Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ) in southern Iran and southwestern Pakistan is a zone of convergence, where the remnant oceanic crust of Arabian plate is subducting beneath the Eurasian plate with a rate of less than 30 mm/yr. The November 27, 1945 earthquake (Mw=8.2) in eastern section of Makran followed by a tsunami, at some points 15 meters high. More than 4000 victims and widespread devastation along the coastal area of Pakistan, Iran, Oman and India are reported for this earthquake. We have collected the old seismograms of the 1945 earthquake and its largest following earthquake (August 5, 1947, Mw=7.3) from a number of stations around the globe. Using ISS data, we relocated these two events. We used the teleseismic body-waveform inversion code of Kikuchi and Kanamori to determine the slip distribution of these two earthquakes for the first time. The results show that the extent of rupture of the 1945 earthquake is larger than what previously had been approximated in other studies. The slip distribution suggests two distinct sets of asperities with different behavior in the west close to Pasni and in the east close to Ormara. The highest slip was obtained for an area between these two cities which shows geological evidence of rapid uplift. To associate this behavior with the structure of slab interface we studied the TPGA (Trench Parallel Free-air Gravity Anomaly) and TPBA (Trench Parallel Bouguer Anomaly) in MSZ. The results of TPGA does not show the expected phenomenon, which is the correlation of asperities with the area of highly negative TPGA. However, TPBA can make correlation between the observed slip distribution and the structure of slab interface. Using the topography and gravity profiles perpendicular to trench and along the MSZ, we could observe the segmentation in the slab interface. This confirms that we barely expect that the whole interface releases energy in one single megathrust earthquake. Current seismicity in MSZ, although sparse, can fairly

  1. As guerras frias do Cone Sul: Argentina, Brasil, Chile e Uruguai (1945-1952

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ernesto Bohoslavsky

    2014-12-01

    Full Text Available Este artigo mostra como alguns jornais e partidos políticos liberal- -progressistas (no governo ou na oposição processaram os eventos vinculados ao final da segunda guerra mundial e o começo da guerra fria na Argentina, Brasil, Chile e Uruguai. Tenta-se sinalar que esses atores aproveitaram alguns elementos ideológicos transnacionais (como o antifascismo ou o anticomunismo para interpretar a realidade política local, para consolidar certa autoimagem nacional e para descrever aos seus adversários políticos. A diversidade de representações do inimigo que tiveram os grupos liberais dos quatro países entre 1945 e 1952 foi gerada por, ao menos, três variáveis: a a posição do governo e os principais atores políticos frente à guerra (neutralidade x participação; proliados x pro-Eixo, b a natureza do regime político vigente (democracia x ditadura;c as tradições ideológicas presentes durante os anos do conflito bélico e seu poder político e eleitoral.

  2. Global and regional drivers of land-use emissions 1961-2013

    Science.gov (United States)

    Davis, S. J.; Burney, J. A.; Pongratz, J.; Hansis, E.

    2017-12-01

    Historically, human land use, including conversion of natural landscapes, has disrupted ecosystems worldwide, degraded global biodiversity, and added tremendous quantities of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to the atmosphere1-5. Yet, in contrast to fossil fuel emissions, trends and drivers of land use and related GHG emissions are usually assessed only for specific regions, processes, or products. Here, we present a comprehensive, country-level inventory of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from land use and land-use change from 1961-2013, decompose the demographic, economic and technical drivers of these emissions, and assess the sensitivity of results to different units of measurement and accounting assumptions. Globally, annual land use emissions (CO2-eq) have decreased between 1961 and 2013 (-32% in our central case), reflecting a balance between steady increases in agricultural production per capita (+42%) and equally persistent declines in the land required per unit of agricultural production (-65%), and emissions per area of land used (-41%). A few regions, processes, and products account for the majority of land use emissions: Latin America, Southeast Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa represent 55% of net cumulative emissions 1961-2013, conversion to cropland and pasture and enteric fermentation represent 103%, and cereal, dairy and beef products together represent 83%. Our results suggest that the emissions intensity of agricultural production is a particularly important indicator of agriculture's climate impact, where targeted reductions could substantially reduce that impact.

  3. United States Nuclear Tests, July 1945 through September 1992, December 2000

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    U.S. Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office

    2000-12-01

    This document list chronologically and alphabetically by name all nuclear tests and simultaneous detonations conducted by the United States from July 1945 through September 1992. Revision 15, dated December 2000.

  4. Hiroshima Diary - August 6-September 30, 1945

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Hachiya, Michihiko; Duran, Simon

    2011-01-01

    Michihiko Hachiya was director of the Hiroshima Communications Hospital when the world's first atomic bomb was dropped on the city. Though his responsibilities in the appalling chaos of a devastated city were awesome, he found time to record the story daily, with compassion and tenderness. Hachiya's diary covers the period from Aug. 6, 1945 to Sept. 30, 1945. He described the effects of the atomic bomb blast from its first flash in the early morning as he rested from his night shift as an air warden at the hospital. The force of the blast stripped all the clothes from his body but he and his wife survived, however they both received serious burns to their bodies and had to journey to the hospital Michihiko worked at. He spent the night in the care of the hospital staff who were not seriously injured and started making his daily rounds that he would have normally made as a doctor. As time passes an understanding of what hit their city clears up, and historical events such as the surrender of Japan are brought up. The condition of the hospital also drastically improves as more medical supplies are brought into the city, allowing them to better treat patients

  5. Review: Holger Stoecker: Afrikawissenschaften in Berlin von 1919 bis 1945. Zur Geschichte und Topographie eines wissenschaftlichen Netzwerkes (2008 Buchbesprechung: Holger Stoecker: Afrikawissenschaften in Berlin von 1919 bis 1945. Zur Geschichte und Topographie eines wissenschaftlichen Netzwerkes

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Katrin Bromber

    2009-05-01

    Full Text Available Review of the monograph: Holger Stoecker: Afrikawissenschaften in Berlin von 1919 bis 1945. Zur Geschichte und Topographie eines wissenschaftlichen Netzwerkes, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag 2008, ISBN 978-3-515-09161-9, 359 pages. Besprechung der Monographie: Holger Stoecker: Afrikawissenschaften in Berlin von 1919 bis 1945. Zur Geschichte und Topographie eines wissenschaftlichen Netzwerkes, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag 2008, ISBN 978-3-515-09161-9, 359 Seiten.

  6. Kovács, Mária M.2012: "Törvénytől sújtva – a numerus clausus Magyarországon, 1920-1945" (Down by the Law - the Numerus Clausus in Hungary, 1920-1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Tamás Kovács

    2015-01-01

    Full Text Available Kovács, Mária M. 2012 : Törvénytől sújtva – a numerus clausus Magyarországon, 1920-1945 (Down by the Law - the Numerus Clausus in Hungary, 1920-1945. Budapest, Napvilág Kiadó, 2012. 267 pp. Reviewed by Tamás Kovács, Magyar Országos Levéltár (Hungarian National Archives, Budapest

  7. Paradoxale modernisering : Ede, 1945-1995: groot geworden, herkenbaar gebleven

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Bloembergen-Lukkes, J.R.

    2014-01-01

    Summary

    Paradoxical Modernization

    Ede, 1945-1995: Grew big, remained recognizable

    After the Second World War, like many other municipalities in the Netherlands and elsewhere in

  8. Den danske FN-aktivismes storhed og fald 1945-2016

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Jakobsen, Peter Viggo; Kjærsgaard, Kristine

    2017-01-01

    Traktat Organisation (NATO) og amerikansk-ledede koalitioner. De store skift i den danske FN aktivisme i perioden 1945-2016 analyseres i tre domæner: diplomati, økonomi og militær ved hjælp af fire indikatorer: frivillighed, initiativrigdom, risikovillighed og ressourceforbrug. FN’s aktivismens storhed og...

  9. Dites 33. Les huit incipit allemands de Bouvard et Pécuchet (2

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Loïc Windels

    2012-02-01

    Full Text Available Dans le premier volet de cet article, nous avons décrit les huit versions allemandes de la première phrase de Bouvard et Pécuchet. Nous les avons considérées ensemble et avons notamment montré comment le premier choix qui se posait au traducteur était celui de la syntaxe induite par le premier mot. Flaubert s’étant déjà posé ce choix dans les brouillons, nous avons confronté l’ensemble des variantes traductives aux avant-textes de l’incipit français, et une convergence a pu se dégager de cette confrontation.Dans ce deuxième volet, la description cède le pas à l’herméneutique, et si nous continuons de rapprocher écriture et traduction, c’est d’abord en nous intéressant au d’écriture de Flaubert et de ses traducteurs dans leur singularité créatrice.Choisissant dans leur langue les sons et les sens qui tisseront leur propre texte, les traducteurs écrivent et leur écriture produit un effet sur le lecteur germanophone. C’est cet effet que nous tentons d’analyser en nous attachant à quelques syntagmes de l’incipit français, et notamment à la figure imposée du nombre : ce problématique « 33 » par lequel une chaleur estivale est traduite en « degrés ».Mais ces traductions qui écrivent sont des écritures qui traduisent, et elles doivent être à nouveau rapportées à ce rapport intertextuel si particulier du texte cible avec son texte source. Nous rappelons donc l’effet produit par le texte français sur un lecteur français, comparons, et commençons de rapprocher traduction et interprétation : certaines de ces écritures-traductions ayant modifié, dès sa première phrase, notre propre lecture du roman de Flaubert.

  10. MENGGAGAS AMANDEMEN UUD 1945 DARI PEMILUKADA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Wendy Melfa

    2013-01-01

    Full Text Available The Head of Region Election is a means of democracy for the autonomy region in the efforts to implement the local autonomy through the process of decentralization in the political field to manage and take care the government’s matters in the efforts to improve the people’s welfare which is based on the Section 18 Article (4 Basic Constitution 1945 of Republic Indonesia as its constitutional foundation. At the operational level of constitutional base can cause multiple interpretations about the democracy model that can be carried out. Therefore, that decision needs to be taken an amendment so that it results the clarity and firmness of the Head of Region Election stated firmly and elected directly by people. Furthermore, there’s still “debatable” opinion to classify whether head of general election is included in the regional government regime or the public election regime, so that it needs an amendment towards Chapter VIIB about General Election Section 22E Article (2 Basic Constitution 1945 of Republic Indonesia, that’s why to classify the Head of Region into the General Election management together with House of Representative (DPR, Board of Regional Representative (DPD President and Vice President and also Regional House of Representative (DPRD. This case will clarify that Head of Region Election is categorized or classified in the General Election regime. Key words: local autonomy, head of region election, amendment

  11. United States Nuclear Tests, July 1945 through September 1992, September 2015

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    None, None

    2015-09-01

    This document lists chronologically and alphabetically by name all nuclear tests and simultaneous detonations conducted by the United States from July 1945 through September 1992. This is Revision 16, dated September 2015.

  12. Double income tax between UK and US, 1914-1945 – Impact on UK multinationals

    OpenAIRE

    Izawa, Ryo

    2015-01-01

    Tax rates on business income in many countries increased enormously during World War I and stayed at a much higher level than before the war. Particularly, the UK multinationals with subsidiaries based elsewhere other than the Empire suffered from the situation because the UK did not provide a foreign tax relief until 1945, when a tax treaty with US was signed. The aim of this paper is to clarify the historical premises of establishment of the tax treaty in 1945. The major premise of this pap...

  13. Index to FAA Office of Aviation Medicine reports : 1961 through 1973.

    Science.gov (United States)

    1974-03-01

    An index to Office of Aviation Medicine Reports (1964-1973) and Civil Aeromedical Research Institute Reports (1961-1963) is presented as a quick reference for those engaged in aviation medicine and related activities.

  14. SOUTH AFRICA AND THE WAR AGAINST JAPAN 1941-1945

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Second World War contain few details of South . Africans who served in the Far East. Commander. H.R. Gordon-Cumming's unpublished Official His- tory of the SA Naval Forces in the Second World. War 1939-1945 includes narratives of the two South. African ships which served in the Far East, HMSAS. BARBRAKE.

  15. Shifting identifications in Dutch-South African migration policies (1910-1961)

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Henkes, Barbara

    2016-01-01

    This article examines the migratory movement from the Netherlands to South Africa and the associated migration policies in both countries over the years 1910 to 1961. Migration acts as a lens through which shifting constructions of national, transnational and racial identities can be observed.

  16. Index to FAA Office of Aviation Medicine reports : 1961 through 2000.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2001-01-01

    An index to Federal Aviation Administration Office of Aviation Medicine Reports (1964-2000), : CARI Reports (1961-1963), and Civil Aeromedical Institute Reports is presented for those : engaged in aviation medicine and related activities. The index l...

  17. Rivers and ports in transport history of Cameroon, 1916-1961 | Nkwi ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Rivers and ports in transport history of Cameroon, 1916-1961. ... rivers and ports for their physical mobility, transportation of bulky goods, mails migration and above all European consumer ... EMAIL FREE FULL TEXT EMAIL FREE FULL TEXT

  18. [Causes of death of German refugee children in 1945].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Lylloff, K

    2000-02-28

    In the last months of the second World War, 250,000 German refugees landed in Denmark. A third of them were children under the age of 15. Seven thousand German refugee children under the age of five died in Denmark in 1945. Using birth certificates and death certificates from the Danish national archives and burial lists from the German refugee cemetaries I have collected data to reveal causes of death, age distributions and time of the deaths of the 7000 fatal cases among children under the age of five. Three thousand children under the age of one, 2000 children one year old and 2000 children 2-4 years old died. Most of them died just before and after the German surrender, but many died in the months following the German surrender. The infant mortality was extremely high all during 1945. The infants died from diseases due to malnutrition, but the older the children the more likely the causes of death were due to infectious diseases such as pneumonia, measles, diphtheria and gastroenteritis.

  19. Index to FAA Office of Aerospace Medicine Reports : 1961 Through 2006

    Science.gov (United States)

    2007-01-01

    An index to Federal Aviation Administration Office of Aerospace Medicine Reports (1964-2006) and Civil : Aeromedical Institute Reports (1961-1963) is presented for those engaged in aviation medicine and related : activities. The index lists all FAA a...

  20. Index to FAA Office of Aerospace Medicine reports : 1961 through 2002.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2003-01-01

    An index to Federal Aviation Administration Office of Aerospace Medicine Reports (1964-2002) : and Civil Aeromedical Institute Reports (1961-1963) is presented for those engaged in aviation : medicine and related activities. The index lists all FAA A...

  1. Index to FAA Office of Aerospace Medicine reports : 1961 through 2004.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2005-01-01

    An index to Federal Aviation Administration Office of Aerospace Medicine Reports (1964-2004) and : Civil Aeromedical Institute Reports (1961-1963) is presented for those engaged in aviation medicine and : related activities. The index lists all FAA a...

  2. Index to FAA Office of Aviation Medicine reports : 1961 through 1999.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2000-01-01

    An index to Federal Aviation Administration Office of Aviation Medicine Reports (1964-1999) and : Civil Aeromedical Institute Reports (1961-1963) is presented for those engaged in aviation medicine : and related activities. The index lists all FAA av...

  3. Index to FAA Office of Aerospace Medicine reports : 1961 through 2008.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2009-01-01

    An index to Federal Aviation Administration Office of Aerospace Medicine Reports (1964-2008) and Civil : Aeromedical Institute Reports (1961-1963) is presented for those engaged in aviation medicine and related : activities. The index lists all FAA a...

  4. O ACORDO ENTRE O SENSÍVEL E O INTELIGÍVEL

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Maria Fernanda Andrade Saiani Vegro

    2016-04-01

    Full Text Available Este artigo apresenta uma investigação sobre a metodologia de ensino proposta pelo professor dr. Sílvio Soares Macedo para a disciplina AUP 652, vinculada ao Departamento de Projeto e inserida na grade curricular do segundo semestre do curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade de São Paulo, articulada com a fenomenologia da percepção de Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908/1961. A filosofia merleau-pontiana se caracteriza fundamentalmente, por estabelecer relações entre sujeito, natureza e objeto, marcadas por um pensamento engajado no mundo. Esse arco reflexivo desdobra-se a partir do exercício da invenção do projeto como um perpétuo “fazer-se” em camadas, no qual se distingue sua origem mais primária, da lembrança e do contato com corpo, até atingir uma ordenação lógica. O objetivo da disciplina AUP 652 é desenvolver nos estudantes a compreensão de escalas e capacidade de abstrair e representar o espaço, com ênfase no papel comunicacional do projeto que deflagra a constatação de um mundo único que se engrandece no estímulo da participação ativa entre professor e alunos.

  5. Československo 1945–1948: Případ hybridního režimu?

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jaroslav Bílek

    2014-08-01

    Full Text Available This article presents an interpretative case study utilizing the concept of hybrid regimes as presented by Leah Gilbert and Payam Mohseni to analyse the political regime of Czechoslovakia between the years 1945–1948. Our aim is to demonstrate that rather than a mere transitional phase on the road from democracy to authoritarianism or an episode of final tremors of the pre-war (democratic regime, the 19451945 regime represents a full-fledged hybrid, rooted in the specific conditions of the post-war period. One of the major problems in contemporary discussions about hybrid regimes is the blurred and somewhat unstable boundary between democratic and authoritarian regimes, especially when viewed only as a function of the electoral processes and mechanics. Gilbert and Mohseni’s classification of hybrid regimes attempts to overcome this problem by including two additional analytic dimensions, allowing to point at the dynamic development of the political regime in post-war Czechoslovakia and its rather lively movement on the scale between authoritarianism and democracy.

  6. The Body Burden of Caesium-137 in People of Southern Finland 1961-1963; Charge Corporelle de Cesium 137 chez les Habitants de la Finlande Meridionale en 1961-1963; 0421 041e 0414 ; Carga Corporal de Cesio-137 en Ciertos Grupos Demograficos del Sur de Finlandia en 1961-1963

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Haesaenen, E.; Miettinen, J. K. [Department of Radiochemistry, University of Helsinki (Finland)

    1964-11-15

    the biological half-time of caesium-137 from the dietary intake is discussed. (author) [French] Dans le cadre des recherches sur la charge corporelle de cesium 137 chez les Lapons de Finlande, il a ete procede a plusieurs dosages sur de petits echantillons de la population residant dans le sud de la Finlande. En novembre 1961, on a fait a Stockholm des dosages de cesium 137 et de potassium sur onze habitants de Helsinki - cinq hommes et six femmes - ages de 15 a 54 al Neuf etaient des employes de laboratoire et deux des ecoliers. Tous paraissaient etre en bonne sante. On leur a demande de donner oralement des renseignements sur leur regime alimentaire. Un an plus tard, dix de ces onze sujets ont fait de nouveau l'objet de dosages au moyen de l'anthropo- gammametie mobile du Departement de radiochimie de l'Universite de Helsinki. On a constate'qu entre novembre 1961 et novembre 1962, la charge corporelle moyenne de cesium 137 etait passee chez les cinq hommes (age moyen 29 a) de 8,4 a 18,4 nc et chez cinq femmes (age moyen 34 a) de 2, 9 H 8,7 nc. Les variations de la teneur en potassium ne depassaient pas 2%: cette teneur etait de 140 g chez les hommes et de 100 g chez les femmes. Aux fins d'une etude plus poussee, on a choisi au debut de 1963 des echantillons plus nombreux, qui ont fait l'objet de dosages a quatre reprises: en fevrier, mai, aout et octobre de cette annee. L'un des echantillons etait constitue par 25 fantassins d'un meme bataillon (age 19 a, poids moyen 65 kg) et l'autre par 24 etudiantes d'une ecole d'arts'menagers (age 22 a, poids moyen 60 kg). Dans les deux cas, il a ete possible de controler minutieusement le regime alimentaire qui pouvait etre considere comme riormal 'pour des Finlandais. En outre, on a etudie, au moyen de portions de poids connu; la consommation individuelle des'diverses derirees alimentaires, sur laquelle on a demande i chacun des sujets de donner oralement des renseignements; On a determine quelle etait la teneur'en cesium 137

  7. Index to FAA Office of Aviation Medicine reports : 1961 through 1991.

    Science.gov (United States)

    1992-01-01

    An index to Office of Aviation Medicine Reports (1964-1991) and Civil Aeromedical Research Institute Reports (1961-1963) is presented as a reference for those engaged in aviation medicine and related activities. It lists all FAA aviation medicine rep...

  8. Trends in life expectancy by education in Norway 1961-2009.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Steingrímsdóttir, Olöf Anna; Næss, Øyvind; Moe, Joakim Oliu; Grøholt, Else-Karin; Thelle, Dag Steinar; Strand, Bjørn Heine; Bævre, Kåre

    2012-03-01

    Educational attainment and longevity are strongly related. Large population studies covering long periods to provide evidence of trends in educational inequalities regarding life expectancy are scarce though, especially prior to the 1980s. Our objective was to document changes in life expectancy by education in Norway in the period 1961-2009, and to determine whether the patterns differ between sexes. This is a register-based population study of all Norwegian residents over 34 years, with data from the National Central Population Registry and the National Education Database. For each calendar year during 1961-2009, death rates by 1 year age groups were calculated separately for each sex and three educational categories (primary, secondary and tertiary). Annual life tables were used to calculate life expectancy at age 35 (e ( 35 )) and survival probability for the three age-intervals 35-44, 45-64, and 65-90. All education groups increased their e ( 35 ) over time, but inequalities in e ( 35 ) between tertiary and primary educational categories widened 5.3 years for men and 3.2 years for women during the study period. The probability for women with primary education to survive to age 64 did not improve from 1961 to 2009. The gain in life expectancy lagged about 10 years in lower compared to higher education groups which might suggest that improvements in life sustaining factors reach different segments of the population at different times. The widening of the gap seems to have partly tapered off over the last two decades, and the changes in life expectancy should be followed carefully in the future to document the development.

  9. Colonialism and Secondary Technical Education in Hong Kong: 1945-1997

    Science.gov (United States)

    Lau, Wai Wah; Kan, Flora

    2011-01-01

    This study examines the influence of the colonial experience (1945-1997) on the planning of secondary technical education in Hong Kong. Specifically, the origins of secondary technical institutions and their positioning in secondary education are examined. Primary source materials are used as the basis of investigation and analysis, supplemented…

  10. Index to FAA Office of Aviation Medicine reports : 1961 through 1997.

    Science.gov (United States)

    1998-01-01

    An index to Office of Aviation Medicine Reports (1964-1971) and is presented as a quick reference for those engaged in aviation medicine and related activities. It provides a listing of all FAA aviation medicine reports published from 1961 through 19...

  11. Index to FAA Office of Aviation Medicine reports : 1961 through 1978.

    Science.gov (United States)

    1979-01-01

    An index to Office of Aviation Medicine Reports (1964-1978) and Civil Aeromedical Research Institute Reports (1961-1963) is presented as a reference for those engaged in aviation medicine and related activities. It provides a listing of all FAA aviat...

  12. Index to FAA Office of Aviation Medicine reports : 1961 through 1980.

    Science.gov (United States)

    1981-01-01

    An index to Office of Aviation Medicine Reports (1964-1978) and Civil Aeromedical Research Institute Reports (1961-1963) is presented as a reference for those engaged in aviation medicine and related activities. It provides a listing of all FAA aviat...

  13. Index to FAA Office of Aviation Medicine reports : 1961 through 1986.

    Science.gov (United States)

    1987-01-01

    An index to Office of Aviation Medicine Reports (1964-1982) and Civil Aeromedical Research Institute Reports (1961-1963) is presented as a reference for those engaged in aviation medicine and related activities. It provides a listing of all FAA aviat...

  14. Index to FAA Office of Aviation Medicine reports : 1961 through 1971.

    Science.gov (United States)

    1972-03-01

    An index to Office of Aviation Medicine Reports (1964-1971) and Civil Aeromedical Research Institute Reports (1961-1963) is presented as a quick reference for those engaged in aviation medicine and related activities. It provides a listing of all FAA...

  15. Index to FAA Office of Aviation Medicine reports : 1961 through 1976.

    Science.gov (United States)

    1977-01-01

    An index to Office of Aviation Medicine Reports (1964-1971) and is presented as a quick reference for those engaged in aviation medicine and related activities. It provides a listing of all FAA aviation medicine reports published from 1961 through 19...

  16. Index to FAA Office of Aviation Medicine reports : 1961 through 1982.

    Science.gov (United States)

    1983-01-01

    An index to Office of Aviation Medicine Reports (1964-1982) and Civil Aeromedical Research Institute Reports (1961-1963) is presented as a reference for those engaged in aviation medicine and related activities. It provides a listing of all FAA aviat...

  17. Index to FAA Office of Aerospace Medicine reports : 1961 through 2012.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2013-01-01

    An index to Office of Aviation Medicine Reports (1964-1971) and Civil Aeromedical Research Institute Reports (1961-1963) is presented as a quick reference for those engaged in aviation medicine and related activities. It provides a listing of all FAA...

  18. Nuclear war and other catastrophes. Civil and catastrophe protection in the Federal republic of Germany and the United Kingdom after 1945; Atomkrieg und andere Katastrophen. Zivil- und Katastrophenschutz in der Bundesrepublik und Grossbritannien nach 1945

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Diebel, Martin [Zentrum fuer Zeithistorische Forschung, Potsdam (Germany)

    2017-07-01

    The book civil and catastrophe protection in the Federal republic of Germany and the United Kingdom after 1945 discusses the following issues: aerial defense and the atomic bomb (1945 - 1968), crises and catastrophes in the shadow of the bomb (1962 - 1978), civil defense and the comeback of the (nuclear) war (1976 - 1979), civil defense and the second ''Cold War'' (1979 - 1986), Chernobyl and the end of the Cold War (1979 - 1990), war, catastrophe and safety in the 20th century - a conclusion.

  19. The Nation and the Soldier in German Civil-Military Relations, 1800-1945

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Brumley, Donald W

    2005-01-01

    This study of civil-military relations addresses the parallel development of the professional soldier and the Prussian-German Army from 1806 until 1945, as well as the rise of nationalism in central...

  20. IMPLEMENTASI PENGISIAN JABATAN KEPALA DAN WAKIL KEPALA DAERAH BERDASARKAN UUD 1945 DI TENGAH KEBERAGAMAN DAERAH

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ridwan Mukti

    2016-01-01

    Full Text Available The amandement of Article 18 UUD 1945, has brought significant changes in the regional administration. One of the changes associated with  the position of head region, which previously  for this position and for the vice of head region  elected by the Legislative Council, Now it is elected trough election.  Article 18 paragraph (4 UUD 1945 states as follows : " Governor, Regent, and Mayor respectively as head of the provincial government, district, and city elected democratically. " Term " democratically elected " under Article 18 paragraph (4 UUD 1945 is implemented through the provisions of Article 56 paragraph (1 of Law No. 32 of 2004 on Regional Government, which stipulates that all regional heads both governors, regents and mayors elected as a pair of candidates directly by the people. In fact, the provisions of the law apply to all areas without considering the fact different areas , so it has attracted a wide range of issues. Though the constitution does not definitively establish that such electoral procedures. Similarly uniformity to diversity in terms of uniformity of areas including recruitment system or filling the post of regional head felt at odds with the fact of diversity in Indonesia. Keywords : Regional Head; Regional Diversity ABSTRAK Adanya perubahan ketentuan Pasal 18 UUD 1945, telah membawa perubahan yang cukup besar pada penyelenggaraan pemerintahan daerah. Salah satu perubahan itu terkait dengan pengisian jabatan kepala daerah, yang sebelumnya kepala daerah dan wakil kepala daerah dipilih oleh Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah, saat ini telah diubah dengan cara pemilihan secara demokratis. Pasal 18 ayat (4 UUD 1945 menyatakan sebagai berikut : “Gubernur, Bupati, dan Walikota masing-masing sebagai kepala pemerintah daerah provinsi, kabupaten, dan kota dipilih secara demokratis.“ Istilah  “dipilih secara demokratis “ berdasarkan Pasal 18 ayat (4 UUD 1945 tersebut  diimplementasikan melalui ketentuan Pasal 56 ayat

  1. Desenvolvimentismo e política econômica: um cotejo entre Vargas e Perón Developmentalism and economic policy: a comparison between Vargas and Perón

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Pedro Cezar Dutra Fonseca

    2012-12-01

    Full Text Available O artigo compara a política econômica de duas experiências desenvolvimentistas na América Latina: o primeiro período governamental de Vargas (Brasil, 1930-1945 e Perón (Argentina, 1946-1955. Embora aceite a semelhança entre ambas, comumente mais enfatizada pela literatura, procura mostrar certas diferenças entre elas em matéria de natureza econômica. Defende que, enquanto Vargas centravase em medidas para mudar a estrutura econômica do país, com ênfase à industrialização, Perón deu maior prioridade à redistribuição de renda do que a mudanças no modelo econômico, o qual já vinha sendo implementado na Argentina antes de seu governo.This paper compares economic policy characteristics of two developmentalist experiences in Latin America: the first Vargas administration (Brazil, 1930-1945 and the Perón administration (Argentina, 1946-1955. Although certain similarities exist between them (which are usually stressed in the literature, this article seeks to reveal some differences that are economic in nature. While Vargas focused on measures that would change the country's economic structure and with an emphasis on industrialization, Perón prioritized income distribution more than any changes to the economic model that had been implemented before his administration took office.

  2. United States nuclear tests, July 1945 through September 1992

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    1994-12-01

    This document lists chronologically and alphabetically by name all nuclear tests and simultaneous detonations conducted by the United States from July 1945 through September 1992. Several tests conducted during Operation Dominic involved missile launches from Johnston Atoll. Several of these missile launches were aborted, resulting in the destruction of the missile and nuclear device either on the pad or in the air.

  3. Chemical explosions during 1961-1988 at the Semipalatinsk test site

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Khalturin, V.I.; Rautian, T.G.; Richards, P.G.

    2000-01-01

    The paper gives us a information about the time in the origin, coordinates, magnitudes and energy classes of the 29 chemical explosions, conducted at the Semipalatinsk test site during the soviet time between 1961 and 1988. The estimates of authors, data from Russian official publications, NORSAR and Hagfros observatories were used. (author)

  4. Portugal's war in Angola 1961-1974 | Van Dar Waals | Scientia ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies. Journal Home · ABOUT THIS JOURNAL · Advanced Search · Current Issue · Archives · Journal Home > Vol 23, No 4 (1993) >. Log in or Register to get access to full text downloads. Username, Password, Remember me, or Register. Portugal's war in Angola 1961- ...

  5. [Umgesiedelt - Vertrieben. Deutschbalten und Polen 1939-1945 im Warthegau] / Karsten Brüggemann

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Brüggemann, Karsten, 1965-

    2012-01-01

    Arvustus: Umgesiedelt - Vertrieben. Deutschbalten und Polen 1939-1945 im Warthegau / hrsg. von Eckhart Neander und Andrzej Sakson. Marburg : Verlag Herder-Institut 2010. (Tagungen zur Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung, 29)

  6. Rómulo Betancourt, Juan D. Perón y el 17 de octubre de 1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ricardo Alberto Rivas

    2005-11-01

    Full Text Available Rómulo Betancourt y Juan D. Perón lideraron movimientos políticos considerados génesis de la democracia de masas en sus respectivos países, jalonada por sendos mítines populares del 17 de octubre de 1945 en Caracas y Buenos Aires, cuyo significado fue realzado como causa del proceso político ulterior. Pese a las diferencias, se destacan algunas semejanzas, tales como el contenido popular de ambos movimientos y cierta base de sustentación castrense. Se incluye un marco explicativo del proceso político venezolano precedente pero, en lo sustancial, el análisis se centra en el breve periodo transcurrido entre finales de la Segunda Guerra y el inicio de la Guerra Fría, cuando se produjeron cambios políticos en Argentina y Venezuela con un gran protagonismo de ambos dirigentes en sus respectivos países y en las recíprocas intromisiones que llevaron a cabo, enfatizando la oposición expresa de Betancourt hacia Perón desde el golpe de Estado del 4 de junio de 1943.

  7. WAS COMET C/1945 X1 (DU TOIT) A DWARF, SOHO-LIKE KREUTZ SUNGRAZER?

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Sekanina, Zdenek [Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109 (United States); Kracht, Rainer, E-mail: Zdenek.Sekanina@jpl.nasa.gov, E-mail: R.Kracht@t-online.de [Ostlandring 53, D-25335 Elmshorn, Schleswig-Holstein (Germany)

    2015-12-10

    The goal of this investigation is to reinterpret and upgrade the astrometric and other data on comet C/1945 X1, the least prominent among the Kreutz system sungrazers discovered from the ground in the twentieth century. The central issue is to appraise the pros and cons of a possibility that this object is—despite its brightness reported at discovery—a dwarf Kreutz sungrazer. We confirm Marsden’s conclusion that C/1945 X1 has a common parent with C/1882 R1 and C/1965 S1, in line with the Sekanina and Chodas scenario of their origin in the framework of the Kreutz system’s evolution. We integrate the orbit of C/1882 R1 back to the early twelfth century and then forward to around 1945 to determine the nominal direction of the line of apsides and perform a Fourier analysis to get insight into effects of the indirect planetary perturbations. To better understand the nature of C/1945 X1, its orbital motion, fate, and role in the hierarchy of the Kreutz system, as well as to attempt detecting the comet’s possible terminal outburst shortly after perihelion and answer the question in the title of this investigation, we closely examined the relevant Boyden Observatory logbooks and identified both the photographs with the comet’s known images and nearly 20 additional patrol plates, taken both before and after perihelion, on which the comet or traces of its debris will be searched for, once the process of their digitization, currently conducted as part of the Harvard College Observatory’s DASCH Project, has been completed and the scanned copies made available to the scientific community.

  8. Fusion research in the UK 1945-1960

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Hendry, J.; Lawson, J.D.

    1993-01-01

    Two workers, involved in the research programmes themselves, document the developments in fusion research in the United Kingdom from 1945 until 1960. Started as part of the official history of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, the text is drawn from work by various teams of scientists at laboratories around the United Kingdom. This previewing of the research programmes lead to an inevitable evaluation of their worth, an assessment of their political implications and speculation on whether certain changes might have advanced scientific progress more readily. (U.K.)

  9. Command and Control of Guerrilla Groups in the Philippines, 1941-1945

    Science.gov (United States)

    2017-05-25

    Jerry’s “All Those who Remained: The American-Led Guerrillas in the Philippines, 1942-1945” focuses exclusively on the resistance on Luzon. He...coastlines from steep hills to smooth sandy beaches; transportation from luxury airliner to carabao cart; inhabitants from educated Americans and

  10. Preußisch Holland/Paslek - die Wende des Jahres 1945. Die Vertreibung/Aussiedlung der deutschen Bevölkerung 1945-1947.

    OpenAIRE

    Wisniewska, Joanna Ewa

    2006-01-01

    Below mentioned Dissertation depicts one of the most complex issues of polish/german questions of post war history: German nation eviction from the territory handed over to Polish administration as a result of Potsdam pact. This issue applies to the area of present-day Paslek district (former Kreis Preußisch Holland) situated in western part of the previously known Eastern Prussia (now Warmia and Mazury region).Time range indicate on one hand permission of district evacuation (21 Jan 1945) an...

  11. Alize 3 - first critical experiment for the franco-german high flux reactor - calculations; Alize 3 - premiere experience critique pour le reacteur a haut flux franco-allemand. Calculs

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Scharmer, K [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Dir. des Piles Atomiques, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1969-07-01

    The results of experiments in the light water cooled D{sub 2}O reflected critical assembly ALIZE III have been compared to calculations. A diffusion model was used with 3 fast and epithermal groups and two overlapping thermal groups, which leads to good agreement of calculated and measured power maps, even in the case of strong variations of the neutron spectrum in the core. The difference of calculated and measured k{sub eff} was smaller than 0.5 per cent {delta}k/k. Calculations of void and structure material coefficients of the reactivity of 'black' rods in the reflector, of spectrum variations (Cd-ratio, Pu-U-ratio) and to the delayed photoneutron fraction in the D{sub 2}O reflector were made. Measurements of the influence of beam tubes on reactivity and flux distribution in the reflector were interpreted with regard to an optimum beam tube arrangement for the Franco- German High Flux Reactor. (author) [French] Les resultats des experiences faites dans la maquette critique ALIZE III, refrigeree a l'eau legere et reflechie par l'eau lourde, ont ete compares aux calculs. On a utilise un modele de la theorie de diffusion a trois groupes rapides et epithermiques et deux groupes thermiques qui se recouvrent. Ce modele a permis de calculer la distribution de puissance dans le coeur en bon accord avec les mesures, meme dans le cas d'une forte variation du spectre des neutrons dans le coeur. L'erreur entre k{sub eff} calcule et mesure etait inferieure a 0,5 pour cent {delta}k/k. Le coefficient de vide et des materiaux de structure, la reactivite des barres 'noires', les variations du spectre (rapport Cd, rapport Pu/U) et la fraction des photo-neutrons retardes sont egalement calcules. Les mesures de reactivite et de perturbation de flux dans le reflecteur, dues aux canaux, ont ete interpretees du point de vue d'un arrangement optimum des canaux pour le Reacteur a Haut Flux Franco-Allemand. (auteur)

  12. Paradoxale modernisering : Ede, 1945-1995: groot geworden, herkenbaar gebleven

    OpenAIRE

    Bloembergen-Lukkes, J.R.

    2014-01-01

    Summary Paradoxical Modernization Ede, 1945-1995: Grew big, remained recognizable After the Second World War, like many other municipalities in the Netherlands and elsewhere in the Western World, Ede experienced a period of rapid economic and population growth, of mobility, increase in scale, urbanization, better education, professionalization, individualization and democratization. Developments that may be summarized in the word modernization. I wondered if modernization is an exogenous proc...

  13. A Study of the Factors Conditioning College Mathematics, 1890-1945.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Whittington, Russell, Jr.

    This study attempted to determine (1) the nature of the influences conditioning college mathematics, (2) the impact of these influences, and (3) the changes which seem to have resulted during three chronological periods from 1890 to 1945. For each period of the study certain basic questions were investigated (1) learning theory in the teaching of…

  14. Found: The Original 1945 Records of Australian Radio Astronomy

    Science.gov (United States)

    Goss, Miller; Ekers, Ron; Sim, Helen

    2015-08-01

    In July 2014, we found the original records of the first published Australian radio astronomy observations. These were obtained by Joseph L. Pawsey and Ruby Payne-Scott in early October 1945. The observations gave strong evidence of a million degree corona as well as frequent radio bursts.These observations followed earlier detections of the radio sun by Stanley Hey, George Southworth, Grote Reber and Elizabeth Alexander. The latter observations (the "Norfolk Island Effect" of March 1945) were the immediate motivation for the campaign carried out by Pawsey and Payne-Scott.These observations formed the basis for a number of pioneering publications: the 9 February 1946 Nature paper of Pawsey, Payne-Scott and McCready which was submitted on the last date on which data was obtained on 23 October 1945, the major publication of the initial Australian radio solar publication in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of London in August 1947 and Pawsey's presentation of the radio properties of the million degree corona in the Nature of 2 November 1946. Contemporaneously with these publications, D. F.Martyn was involved in an independent theoretical study of the properties of the solar corona.(Ginzburg and Shklovsky were also involved in this era in a study of the properties of the corona.) The back-to-back Martyn and Pawsey Nature papers were the first that described the radio properties of the hot corona, due to free-free emission. The division of the observed emission into "bursting" and "quiet" modes was challenging for the novice radio astronomers.These historical records had been recognized by Paul Wild in 1968, who instructed the CSIRO Division of Radiophysics secretary to E.("Taffy") G. Bowen, Ms. Sally Atkinson, to submit these to the Australian Academy of Science. Wild characterized these documents as "of considerable historical interest". Apparently the transmission of the documents was not done; a thorough search of the Australian Academy Library in August 2014

  15. From "Postwar Pedagogy" to "Post-Cold War Pedagogy": An Overview of the History of Educational Theory in Japan 1945-2007

    Science.gov (United States)

    Imai, Yasuo

    2007-01-01

    This paper examines the development of educational theory in Japan from 1945 to the present in five time divisions: (1) postwar "new education" and its critics (1945-52); (2) revisionist educational policy versus the people's education movement (1952-61); (3) the formation of "postwar pedagogy" as a self-reflection of the…

  16. El mundo del libro: noviembre de 1961

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Agustín Rodríguez Garavito

    1961-11-01

    Full Text Available El documento presenta la reseña de los siguientes títulos: Nubes de antaño. 1940-1960. Por Octavio Amórtegui. México, 1961. Colombia Cara a Cara. Por Belisario Betancourt. Pesadumbre de la belleza y otros cuentos y apologos. Por Baldomero Sanín Cano. Ediciones MITO. Bogotá, D. E. Dos Ciclos de lirismo colombiano.-Por Carlos Arturo Caparroso. El Método psicoanalítico de Erich Fromm. -Por José Gutiérrez. De los Duros trabajos.-Por Jaime Paredes. Libro de las crónicas. -Por Luis Tejada.

  17. 7 CFR 1945.19 - Reporting potential natural disasters and initial actions.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 13 2010-01-01 2009-01-01 true Reporting potential natural disasters and initial... Assistance-General § 1945.19 Reporting potential natural disasters and initial actions. (a) Purpose. The purpose of reporting potential natural disasters is to provide a systematic procedure for rapid reporting...

  18. MOMOWO: Women Designers, Craftswomen, Architects and Engineers between 1918 and 1945

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Groot, M.H.; Helena Seražin, Helena Seražin

    2017-01-01

    The book consists of six chapters, which present achievements by European women – pioneers in the fields of architecture, civil engineering, interior and industrial design and arts and crafts, who were active in the period between 1918 and 1945. The chapter Crossing Geographies deals with the

  19. Taming the Wild West: United States Nuclear Policy (1945-1961)

    Science.gov (United States)

    2015-06-12

    responded with her characteristic empathy “Is there anything we can do for you? For you are the one in trouble now.” 23 After all, he had only...for both the DoD and the economy. Strategic Air Command General Leslie Groves formed the original nuclear targeting board during preparation for use...prominently from a series of war games led by Eisenhower called Project Solarium. Eisenhower planned Project Solarium during conversations with

  20. Take-Off. De opbouw van de Nederlandse luchtstrijdkrachten 1945-1973

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    van der Vegt, Q.J.|info:eu-repo/dai/nl/327931558

    2013-01-01

    There has been little academic focus on the build-up of the Dutch Air Force after the Second World War. The aim of this study is to identify the key developments in the build-up and sustainment of the Dutch air force between 1945 and 1973 and to answer the question as to which factors and actors

  1. Staatsfreiheit ou intervention de l’État ? Le modèle allemand de l’audiovisuel public

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Valérie Robert

    2013-12-01

    Full Text Available En Allemagne, la Staatsfreiheit (liberté par rapport à l’Etat de l’audiovisuel a une valeur constitutionnelle. Pourtant, l’Etat dans ses différentes acceptions (exécutif et parlements de l’Etat fédéral et des Länder, mais aussi partis politiques exerce une forte emprise sur les instituts de l’audiovisuel public par le biais de la composition de leurs conseils et par une pratique bien établie de répartition proportionnelle des postes parmi les partis (Proporz. Cette mainmise, dénoncée depuis longtemps par les juristes mais aussi de manière ponctuelle par les journalistes, est devenue particulièrement visible lors de « l’affaire Brender » en 2009, lorsque des ministres-présidents de la CDU et leurs alliés siégeant au conseil d’administration de la chaîne de télévision ZDF ont refusé de prolonger le contrat du rédacteur en chef. Ceci a mené finalement au dépôt par les gouvernements sociaux-démocrates de plusieurs Länder d’un recours en contrôle de constitutionnalité auprès de la Cour constitutionnelle, portant sur la composition des conseils administrant la ZDF. Une analyse du discours de la presse allemande à ce sujet montre que la représentation d’un audiovisuel public indépendant de l’État semble avoir pour les journalistes allemands une fonction identitaire, celle d’un mythe professionnel qui fait passer à l’arrière-plan le caractère structurel de l’influence de l’Etat. Le discours oscille entre une solidarisation démonstrative avec Brender et une mémoire sélective quant aux précédents d’influence politique sur l’audiovisuel public. Des systèmes étrangers (la France mais surtout l’Italie ont dans ce discours une fonction de repoussoir, et la comparaison sert davantage à entretenir la mobilisation qu’à décrire des ressemblances qui pourtant existent mais remettraient en question le mythe de l’indépendance.In Germany the constitution (Grundgesetz guarantees

  2. Johannes Hempel a jeho spisy do roku 1945

    OpenAIRE

    Kovács, Kristián

    2008-01-01

    I am trying to summarize life and theological work of Johannes Hempel till 1945. He was interested in special topics of Ethics of ancient Israel and Questions of profetic literature. By my research I was trying to include life and work of Johannes Hempel in his era and teological schools, define his work and compare it with other Old Testament scholars of his era. With reference to political situation of contemporar Germany (NS Regime) I prefer to accent Hempel's political ideas and engagemen...

  3. Destruction  du patrimoine et figure du soldat allemand dans les cartes postales de la Grande Guerre

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Emmanuelle Danchin

    2010-05-01

    Full Text Available Les cartes postales illustrées de la Grande Guerre, et plus particulièrement les vues topographiques de ruines, sont une source négligée qui témoigne aujourd’hui encore, alors que les reconstructions ont effacé depuis longtemps toutes traces de la guerre, des atteintes portées par l’artillerie et les explosifs au patrimoine civil, artistique, religieux et à l’habitat. De part et d’autre du front occidental, les Français comme les Allemands ont utilisé ces vues de destruction comme preuve de la barbarie de l’autre et elles contribuèrent ainsi à la mobilisation des populations en guerre. Une guerre des images et par l’image prenant notamment appui sur la carte postale, sorte de guerre dans la guerre et à laquelle les belligérants eux-mêmes ont participé, s’est ainsi mise en place dès 1914. Ces vues de ruines ont contribué à présenter la guerre comme une guerre de la Civilisation contre la Kultur, et les Allemands comme de « nouveaux barbares » commettant des atrocités culturelles, dont témoignait la destruction des monuments. A l’accusation de « barbare », appuyée par ces images de ruines, les Allemands ont rétorqué par une production de cartes postales valorisant cette terminologie tournée en positif : le mot devenant alors un signe distinctif positif de la représentation de soi. Ils ont également favorisé la diffusion de vues de ruines du front de l'Est qui montraient du doigt cette fois-ci les Russes, accusés à leur tour d’être des « barbares ». L’étude de ces représentations de la destruction permet d’approcher autrement un aspect de la violence de la mobilisation culturelle.The Great War’s illustrated postcards, specifically concerning topographical views of ruins, in spite of being a neglected source, can still reveal, even after reconstructions have long erased every trace of  war, the impacts of artillery and explosives on the civil, artistic and religious heritage

  4. El mundo del libro: agosto de 1961

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Agustín Rodríguez Garavito

    1961-08-01

    Full Text Available El documento presenta las reseñas de los siguientes títulos: Afuera, las estrellas. Por Matilde Espinosa de Pérez. Editorial Guadalupe - Bogotá, D. E. Damazo Zapata o La reforma educacionista en Colombia. Por Ramón Zapata. Flor de corralitos de piedra. Por Daniel Lemaitre. Arrieros y fundadores. Por Eduardo Santa. Editorial Cosmos - Bogotá, D. E. De la pseudo-aristocracia a la autenticidad. Psicología social colombiana. Por José Gutierrez. Mexico, 1961. Caucania. Por Raúl Silva Holguín. Cali - Colombia. Gregorio Marañon, su vida y su obra. Por Luis S. Grajel.

  5. ROMANIA’S FOREIGN TRADE BETWEEN 1945 AND 1989

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Andrei – Cristian Balasan

    2013-03-01

    Full Text Available In this paper we have analysed a “special” period in the history of Romania’s trade, namely the period when market economy was replaced by the state economy. It is the period preceding the transition. We analysed how Romania’s exports and imports have evolved between 1945 and 1989, highlighting the events that influenced trade, and also what changes occurred in the structure of exports and imports by product groups and, not least, who were the main external partners of Romania.

  6. Produire des textes descriptifs en allemand L2: Les effets de l’interaction dyadique sur la planification et la révision textuelles dans une classe de 7ème degré

    OpenAIRE

    Jacquin, Marianne

    2004-01-01

    Cet article résume les résultats d’une recherche exploratoire, ayant pour but d’analyser l’effet de l’interaction en dyades sur l’écriture de textes descriptifs en allemand L2. 17 élèves de 7ème année du Cycle d’Orientation de Genève ont rédigé deux textes dans deux conditions différentes: interaction en phase de planification (1) et de révision (2). L’écriture du texte lui-même s’est faite individuellement. Un troisième texte était planifié, rédigé et révisé seul par tous les élèves, afin de...

  7. Approche historique des classifications en psychiatrie

    OpenAIRE

    Garrabé , J.

    2011-01-01

    Resume Des le milieu du xixe siecle s?est posee la question des criteres de classification des maladies. Pour les maladies mentales, diverses classifications ont alors ete proposees par des auteurs francais (Morel) et allemands (Kahlbaum, Kraepelin). A partir de la fin du xixe siecle, le Bureau International de Statistique (Paris) a publie a une Classification Internationale des Maladies, a revision decennale (J. Bertillon). Cette tache a ete poursuivie dans l?entre-deux-guerres pa...

  8. Expérience vécue de la souffrance dans les récits de la guerre de 1870 en Île-de-France

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Olivier Berger

    2010-02-01

    Full Text Available Tous les récits sur la guerre de 1870 font état de la souffrance vécue dans l’occupation allemande. Ils n’ont jamais été analysés alors qu’ils présentent l’intérêt de montrer une mentalité française chez les civils. Entre sentiment de solitude, d’étrangeté, de dégoût, la souffrance est libérée sur le papier, des thèmes communs apparaissent; chacun raconte l’occupation de son point de vue, identique partout en région parisienne, mêmes brutalités, mêmes vexations. Traumatisés par la guerre, les auteurs trouvent le chemin de la reconstruction de soi par l’écriture de leurs souffrances. Ainsi le lecteur découvre un pan méconnu de l’histoire franco-allemande, une guerre plus violente que ce que la mémoire collective en a retenu.

  9. The Liberalization of Canadian Immigration Policy (1945-1976

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mariia Burtseva

    2017-07-01

    Full Text Available Immigration policy has played a key role in Canadian history since the second half of 19th century. Certainly, immigration legislation was a major element of it. Some of the most important reforms in Canadian immigration policy took place in the first decades after the Second World War. This was a time of multiple legislative reforms conducted by the Canadian government, but in general, the immigration regulations introduced during that period started the process of liberalization in this area. The Immigration Act of 1976 played a key role in building up the new liberal strategy of Canadian immigration. The pre-reform period is also important because it helps to understand the evolution process from discrimi¬native legislation to liberal policy. Therefore, the focus of this study is on the development of Canadian immigration policy from 1945 to 1976. The present research examines the main preconditions for the adoption of the 1976 Immigration Act. It analyses legislation regulations, which paved the ground for post-war Canadian immigration policy, with a particular emphasis on regula-tions enacted from 1945 to 1976. This article provides an overview of Canadian immigration policy in post-war period. It also identifies successive documents that proved particularly influential for Canadian immigration policy at the time. The findings of this research point to a variety of causes for the legislation changes, from foreign and domestic policy to economy policy.

  10. The Deportation of Germans from Romania to the Soviet Union in 1944–1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Murádin János Kristóf

    2015-08-01

    Full Text Available The study outlines the capturing of prisoners by the Red Army taking control over Transylvania in the fall of 1944. It presents the second wave of capturing: the deportations in January-February 1945, pronouncedly oriented toward the German community (Transylvanian Saxons and Swabians primarily living in the Banat. There are described the circumstances of capturing the prisoners, the number of those taken away, the routes of their deportation, the locations and lengths of their captivity, the number of the victims, and the return of the survivors. Finally, the remembrance of the 1945 Soviet deportations, their present social embeddedness is expounded. The source material of the study consists of specialist books, essays, published recollections, and interviews with survivors made by the author and other researchers

  11. Review of radiation dosimetry research at the University of Wisconsin during 1961-1982

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Cameron, J.R.; Moran, P.R.; Attix, F.H.

    1982-01-01

    The report provides a comprehensive review of the overall activities in this program since 1961. Research areas have included the development and use of lithium fluoride for thermoluminescent dosimetry, solid state neutron dosimetry, and ionization chamber research

  12. Economies of scale in electricity generation and transmission since 1945

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Tombs, F.

    1978-01-01

    Progress in the electricity supply industry since 1945 is reviewed with particular reference to increased ratings of plant and transmission. The contribution of nuclear energy is emphasised. Developments which have taken place, and policy within the nuclear industry since the construction of Calder Hall, are examined. The performance of the Magnox stations, difficulties with AGRs, and the debate on the choice of reactors are discussed. (U.K.)

  13. 'Basta aplicar uma injeção?': concepções de saúde, higiene e nutrição no Programa de Erradicação da Bouba no Brasil, 1956-1961 "Is a shot alone enough?": concepts of health, hygiene, and nutrition and the Program to Eradicate Yaws in Brazil, 1956-1961

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Érico Silva Muniz

    2012-03-01

    Full Text Available Analisa o Programa de Erradicação da Bouba, desenvolvido no Brasil entre 1956 e 1961. Após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, durante a qual iniciou-se o uso de antibióticos, um novo método parecia possibilitar a erradicação de treponematoses em curto prazo: a aplicação de injeções de penicilina em dose única. Sob o clima de valorização do controle das endemias rurais no país, a organização de uma campanha contra a bouba tornou-se possível. Os trabalhos, realizados pelo Departamento Nacional de Endemias Rurais, encontraram uma população desnutrida e faminta, o que colocou em dúvida as pretensões da campanha e as concepções de saúde e desenvolvimento da época.The article analyzes the Program to Eradicate Yaws, enforced in Brazil from 1956 through 1961. Following World War II, when antibiotics first came into use, it seemed there might be a method for eradicating treponematosis in a short time: a single-dose injection of penicillin. At a moment when priority was being placed on fighting rural endemic disease in Brazil, it became possible to organize a campaign against yaws. The article explores the initiatives undertaken by the National Department of Rural Endemic Diseases that revealed a malnourished, starving population, and called into question the very intentions behind the campaign and the day's concepts of health and development.

  14. Macht der gewoonte. Regels en rituelen in de Tweede Kamer na 1945

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Hoetink, A.C.

    2018-01-01

    In The Power of Habit. Rules and rituals in Dutch Parliament since 1945 the concept of parliamentary culture is used for a close and comprehensive examination of the cultural identity of the main representative and legislative body of the Netherlands, otherwise known as the Second Chamber. This

  15. Tracing Southern Cosmopolitanisms: the intersecting networks of Islam, Trade Unions, Gender and Communism, 1945-1965

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Heather Goodall

    2011-11-01

    Full Text Available At the end of World War 2, there were high hopes across the Indian Ocean for a new world in which the relationships between working people would mean more than the borders which separated them. This paper will explore the fate of the hopes for new worlds, in the decades after 1945, by following the uneven relationships among working class Australians, Indonesians and Indians in the aftermath of an intense political struggle in Australia from 1945 to 1949 in support of Indonesian independence. They had been brought together by intersections between the networks established through colonialism, like trade unions, communism and feminism, with those having much longer histories, like Islam. The men and women in this Australian setting expressed their vision in 1945 for a future of universal and transnational networks across the Indian Ocean which would continue the alliances they had found so fruitful. Today their experiences as well as their hopes might be called cosmopolitanism – they expected that the person-to-person friendships they were forming could be sustained and be able to negotiate the differences between them to achieve common aims. Although these hopes for new futures of universal alliances and collaborations were held passionately in the 1940s, all seem to have died by 1970, diverted by newly independent national trajectories and defeated by the Cold War. Yet many of the relationships persisted far longer than might be expected and their unravelling was not inevitable. This paper will trace the course of a few of the relationships which began in the heat of the campaigns in Australia, 1943 to 1945, in order to identify the continuing common ground as well as the rising tensions which challenged them.

  16. [Central Work Camp in Jaworzno (1945-1949) -- epidemiological aspects -- attempt of evaluation].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Smolik, Przemysław

    2013-01-01

    Publication presents the short history of camp hospital which was organised in 1943 Nazi concentration camp Neu-Dachs in Jaworzno. The camp was a branch of Oświecim concentration camp. Atfer the war damage of the camp, the restoration was begun in 1945. Already in Febraury 1945, in place of German concentration camp, rises Central Work Camp. Several thousands of prisoners of war were placed there. The prisoners of war: Germans, Volksdeutches, Silesians were forced emlpoyed in nearby coal mines. Since 1947 the camp was a place of staying for several thousands Ukrainians who were displaced from eastern part of Poland in "Vistula Operation". Based on available written materials, publication is an attempt to analyse and evaluate: sanitary conditions, prison illnesses, mortality reasons among prisoners, hospital equipment, personel work conditions. The publication gives opportunity to compare conditions of prison hospital under nazi occupation and conditions in the camp which was organised in the same place under Stalin system of terror.

  17. Fifty Interesting Years: Higher Education Funding and Financial Management 1961-2011

    Science.gov (United States)

    Williams, Gareth

    2012-01-01

    During the half century of the AUA's existence UK universities have experienced the fastest rate of growth and most far-reaching changes in their history. Funding arrangements in particular have changed radically. Since 1961 the finance office has been transformed from a small group of bean counters into a key management group at the heart of all…

  18. Nuclear Explosions 1945-1998

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Bergkvist, Nils-Olov; Ferm, Ragnhild

    2000-07-01

    The main part of this report is a list of nuclear explosions conducted by the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, France, China, India and Pakistan in 1945-98. The list includes all known nuclear test explosions and is compiled from a variety of sources including officially published information from the USA, Russia and France. The details given for each explosion (date, origin time, location, yield, type, etc.) are often compiled from more than one source because the individual sources do not give complete information. The report includes a short background to nuclear testing and provides brief information on the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty and the verification regime now being established to verify compliance with the treaty. It also summarizes nuclear testing country by country. The list should be used with some caution because its compilation from a variety of sources means that some of the data could be incorrect. This report is the result of cooperation between the Defence Research Establishment (FOA) and the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)

  19. Luigi Einaudi, 1874-1961

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Luciano Cafagna

    2004-03-01

    Full Text Available Luigi Einaudi was born in 1874 and died in 1961. His intense activity as a master of the science of finance, opinion leader and polemicist on practical and political aspects of economy spanned various phases in the history of contemporary Italy, from crisis at the close of the 19th century to the age of Giolitti, the fascist period and the new democracy emerging with the end of fascism. Democratic Italy of the post-war years saw him in the roles of Governor of the Bank of Italy and Minister of economy. A living symbol of Italy's economic and monetary reconstruction, he was elected President of the Italian Republic for the term of 1948-55. The author reviews Einaudi's relations with the political world over the various phases of the economist's life. Actually, Einaudi never became a politician in the strict sense of the word, but remained a citizen ever present in public life as a polemical columnist and, when called upon, in the service of the State. Whether engaging in controversy or practical activity, he remained consistent in his defence of economic liberalism and monetary rigour.

  20. Opmålinger 1961 af bygninger på St. Thomas & St. Croix

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Dahl, Thorkel; Licht, Kjeld de Fine

    Kunstakademiets Vestindienstudier har som grundlag en studierejse i 1961 til de tidligere danske øer. Rejsens formål var at måle, tegne og fotografere bygninger, som blev bygget i den danske periode 1671-1917. I bogen er gengivet rejsens resultater suppleret med oplysninger om bygningernes...

  1. De zomerexcursie-1961 van de Kon. Ned. Botanische Vereniging naar de Langstraat

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Reichgelt, Th.J.

    1962-01-01

    De jaarlijkse zomerexcursie van de Commissie voor het Floristisch Onderzoek van Nederland werd gehouden van 17 tot 22 juli 1961, met als standplaats Vlijmen. Het aantal deelnemers bedroeg 17, en doordat er een voldoend aantal auto’s ter beschikking was en de excursie enige malen gesplitst werd, was

  2. A closer looking at dimming and brightening in China during 1961-2005

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Xia, X. [Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (China). LAGEO, Inst. of Atmospheric Physics

    2010-07-01

    This study investigates dimming and brightening of surface solar radiation (SSR) during 1961-2005 in China as well as its relationships to total cloud cover (TCC). This is inferred from daily ground-based observational records at 45 pyranometer stations. A statistical method is introduced to study contributions of changes in the frequency of TCC categories and their atmospheric transparency to the secular SSR trend. The surface records suggest a renewed dimming beyond 2000 in North China after the stabilization in the 1990s; however, a slight brightening appears beyond 2000 in South China. Inter-annual variability of SSR is negatively correlated with that of TCC, but there is a positive correlation between decadal variability of SSR and TCC in most cases. The dimming during 1961-1990 is exclusively attributable to decreased atmospheric transparency, a portion of which is offset by TCC frequency changes in Northeast and Southwest China. The dimming during 1961-1990 in Northwest and Southeast China primarily results from decreased atmospheric transparency under all sky conditions and the percentage of dimming stemming from TCC frequency changes is 11% in Northwest and 2% in Southeast China. Decreased atmospheric transparencies during 1991- 2005 in North China in most cases lead to the dimming. TCC frequency changes also contribute to the dimming during this period in North China. This feature is more pronounced in summer and winter when TCC frequency changes can account for more than 80% of dimming. In South China, increased atmospheric transparencies lead to the brightening during 1991-2005. A substantial contribution by TCC frequency changes to the brightening is also evident in spring and autumn. (orig.)

  3. Primary intracranial tumors among atomic bomb survivors and controls, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1961-75

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Seyama, Shinichi; Ishimaru, Toranosuke; Iijima, Soichi; Mori, Kazuo.

    1980-02-01

    An analysis was made of the relationship of radiation dose to the occurrence of primary intracranial tumors among atomic bomb survivors and nonexposed controls, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, in the fixed cohort of the Life Span Study (LSS) extended sample during the period 1961-75, or 16 to 30 years after the A-bombs. Based on various medical sources, 104 cases of primary intracranial tumors were identified among approximately 99,000 LSS extended sample members who were alive as of 1 January 1961. Of these 104 cases, 45 had manifested clinical signs of brain tumors, but, 59 cases were identified incidentally at postmortem examination. The distributions of morphologic type, age, and size of tumor were quite different for those primary intracranial tumors with and without a clinical sign of brain tumor. Glioma was the most frequent type of tumor with a clinical sign and meningioma was the most frequent type without. In relation to radiation dose the incidence rate of primary intracranial tumors with a clinical sign showed a significant excess risk for males in the high dose group who received 100 rad or more after adjustment for age at the time of the bomb (ATB). The standardized relative risk is around 5 in this group. The data also suggest that the crude relative risk of glioma is greater in the high dose group for younger ages ATB. However, there is no increased risk in females. Among the 5,012 autopsy subjects in the LSS extended sample during 1961-75, there is no relationship between radiation dose and the prevalence rate of primary intracranial tumors in those identified incidentally by autopsy. The relative risk of subclinical adenoma of the pituitary gland between high dose subjects and controls was also examined for a sample of 95 sex- and age-matched pairs using Hiroshima autopsy materials for 1961-74, but no relationship to dose was observed. (author)

  4. 1945-1985-40 years of Nuclear Industry: an overview of important radiation accidents

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Oliveira, A.R. de.

    1986-08-01

    Approximately 180 radiation accidents which occurred in the world during the period 1945-1985 are summarized. The necessity of the availability of a database specifically oriented toward researchers interested in studying the different radiation accidents reported is emphasized. (M.A.C.) [pt

  5. Journal of Glenn T. Seaborg, Chairman of the US Atomic Energy Commission, 1961--1971

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Seaborg, G.T.

    1989-12-01

    This book contains a very limited sampling of press clippings from my tenure as Chaiman of the Atomic Energy Commission (1961--1971). A more complete collection of these has been deposited with the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress. This serves as an appendix to the Journal of Glenn T. Seaborg, Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, 1961--1971, which has been printed by the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in 25 volumes. Copies of this 25-volume daily journal have been deposited at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, the Bancroft Library of the University of California at Berkeley, the University of California at Los Angeles Main Library, the University of California at Santa Barbara, the National Archives, the Library of Congress, and the presidential libraries of Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon

  6. Tariffs regulation experiences in the Italian electricity industry

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Bianchi, A.

    1997-01-01

    This work tries to explain the tariff regulation experiences in the Italian electricity industry from the end of the second world war to now. These events, shown in the following tables, are divided into four phases: 1) the progressive standardization of electric power prices (1945-61); 2) the price control (1961-74); 3) the 'interferences' in the tariff system (1974-95); 4) the present deregulation (price-cap)

  7. In de ban van een beter verleden : Het Nederlandse fascisme 1923-1945

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Huberts, Willy Sjoerd

    2017-01-01

    'Under the spell of a better past' offers a complete survey of the rise, the flourishing and fall of almost all (over 60) fascist political parties in the Netherlands during the period 1923-1945. It discusses the entire spectrum: from the foundation in 1923 of the Union of Actualists to the fall of

  8. Hungarian-Russian Bilingual Schools in Hungary during the Soviet Occupation (1945-1989)

    Science.gov (United States)

    Vamos, Agnes

    2018-01-01

    Through the example of the establishment, functioning, and closing of bilingual schools during the Soviet occupation of Hungary, this paper aims to introduce this segment of public education in Central-Eastern Europe. In the period between 1945 and 1989, the learning of Russian as a compulsory subject was introduced, teaching other languages was…

  9. Attributing recent changes in droughts over China: 1961-2013

    Science.gov (United States)

    Sun, Fubao; Zhang, Jie; Xu, Jijun; Chen, Yaning; Sang, Yanfang; Liu, Changming

    2016-04-01

    It is controversial how droughts respond to global warming for the commonly used drought index: the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). Here we assess recent changes in the droughts over China (1961-2013) using the PDSI with two different estimates, i.e., the Thornthwaite (PDSI_th) and Penman-Monteith (PDSI_pm) approaches. We found that droughts have become more severe in the PDSI_th but slightly lessened in the PDSI_pm estimate. To quantify and attribute that difference in the PDSI_th and PDSI_pm, we designed numerical experiments and found that drying trend of the PDSI_th responding to the global warming alone is 3.4 times higher than that of the PDSI_pm, and the latter was further compensated by decreases in wind speed and solar radiation causing the slightly wetting in the PDSI_pm. Interestingly, we found that inter-basin difference in the PDSI_th and PDSI_pm response to the global warming alone tends to be larger in warmer basins, exponentially depending on mean temperature. References: Zhang, J., F. Sun, J. Xu, Y. Chen, Y. Sang, and C. Liu (2016), Dependence of trends in and sensitivity of drought over China (1961-2013) on potential evaporation model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, doi:10.1002/2015GL067473. Sun, F. B., M. L. Roderick, and G. D. Farquhar (2012), Changes in the variability of global land precipitation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L19402, doi: 10.1029/2012GL053369.

  10. Excavation of Site U14/1945, Oropi Valley, Tauranga

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Campbell, M.

    2004-01-01

    Site U14/1945 was originally recorded as two small terraces, with two probable kumara storage pits visible on the surface of the upper terrace, and shell midden visible on the surface of the lower terrace, on a low, approximately 4 m high, hill. The most unusual feature in the site, and my main purpose in writing this paper, was the oven scoop in Trench 1. This feature appeared rather unusual when excavated for a number of reasons. 6 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab

  11. Annual Report to the General Assembly of the United Nations for the Year 1961-62. Explanatory Note

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1962-10-12

    By Resolution GC(VI)/RES/114 the General Conference decided that the Agency's annual report to the General Assembly of the United Nations for 1961-62 would consist of the annual report of the Board of Governors to the General Conference for 1961-62, together with a supplement. The annual report of the Board has been issued as document GC(VI)/195. The present document contains the supplement which deals with developments in the Agency's work during the period 1 July to 1 October 1962, including action taken by the General Conference at its sixth regular session.

  12. Annual Report to the General Assembly of the United Nations for the Year 1961-62. Explanatory Note

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    1962-01-01

    By Resolution GC(VI)/RES/114 the General Conference decided that the Agency's annual report to the General Assembly of the United Nations for 1961-62 would consist of the annual report of the Board of Governors to the General Conference for 1961-62, together with a supplement. The annual report of the Board has been issued as document GC(VI)/195. The present document contains the supplement which deals with developments in the Agency's work during the period 1 July to 1 October 1962, including action taken by the General Conference at its sixth regular session

  13. Padrão de crescimento e sistema de transportes em Santa Catarina, 1880-1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Alcides Goularti Filho

    2010-12-01

    Full Text Available O objetivo deste artigo é discutir a formação econômica de Santa Catarina, 1880-1945, com base nos meios de transportes e nas vias de comunicação. O padrão de crescimento da economia catarinense nesse período era lento e pautado na pequena produção mercantil, em que cada microrregião se especializava numa atividade econômica. A combinação destes dois elementos desdobrou-se num sistema de transporte desintegrado. Além da introdução e de uma breve revisão historiográfica, o artigo está dividido em quatro tópicos: inicialmente discutiremos a formação econômica de Santa Catarina, destacando o padrão de crescimento, as principais atividades econômicas e as formações microrregionais; em seguida, será feito um panorama geral do fragmentado sistema de transporte em Santa Catarina, que são as ferrovias e a navegação fluvial; em terceiro lugar, será apresentado um breve esboço sobre o projeto da Rede Catarinense de Viação Férrea, e por último, será discutida a relação entre o padrão de crescimento e os transportes numa economia especializada e fragmentada.This article argues the economic formation of Santa Catarina, 1880 1945, the ways of transports and the way of communication. The standard of growth of the catarinense economy in this period was slow and based in the small mercantile production where each region was specialized in an economic activity. The combination of these two elements was unfolded in a system of disintegrated transport. Besides the introduction and a brief historiography review, the article is divided in four topics. Initially we will argue the economic formation of Santa Catarina, detaching the standard of growth, the main economic activities and the regional formations. After that, a general panorama of the broken up system of transport in Santa Catarina will be made: railroads and fluvial navigation. In third place, the text presents a brief sketch on the project of the Rede Catarinense

  14. Carbon storage in harvested wood products for Ireland 1961–2009

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Donlan, Jennifer; Skog, Kenneth; Byrne, Kenneth A.

    2012-01-01

    Forests are significant stores of carbon (C). This has been recognised by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and forests are one of the sectors which are included in national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories. Some of this C pool remains in wood after harvest and can remain in use for long periods of time. Accounting for the C stored in harvested wood products (HWP) can potentially contribute to GHG mitigation. A model was developed for this research to estimate C stocks and flows in HWP in Ireland for the years 1961–2009. The change in carbon stocks in HWP were estimated on an annual basis and shown to increase between 1961 and 2009. This increase in annual net additions to C stocks is the result of an increase in domestic harvest (and the resulting inflow into HWP pool) and an increase in HWP going to end uses with longer half-lives. This model (using a Tier II method) is an improvement to previous national estimates (using the Tier I method). Uncertainty was reduced by utilizing national data. This work shows that HWP has considerable potential to support GHG mitigation in Ireland. Inclusion of HWP in Ireland's National Inventory Report (NIR) would give a more comprehensive picture of how the Irish forest sector is mitigating GHG emissions. This model will be incorporated into CARBWARE (Black 2008), the model used to estimate C stored in each of the 5 forest pools, of current and future Irish forests. -- Highlights: ► A model was developed for C stocks in Harvested Wood Products (HWP) in Ireland. ► Uncertainty was reduced from previous estimates by using national and end use data. ► HWP C stocks estimated on an annual basis increased in years 1961–2009. ► This was caused by increased in harvest and products with longer half-lives. ► HWP has considerable potential to support GHG mitigation in Ireland.

  15. For Goodwill, Aid and Economic Growth: The Funding of Academic Exchange Through the Swedish Institute, 1945–2010

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Andreas Åkerlund

    2015-05-01

    Full Text Available The article investigates the financial basis of state-sponsored international academic exchange through the Swedish Institute (SI. Founded in 1945 the SI is the main institution for Swedish public diplomacy and is as such part of modern foreign policy and Swedish soft power. This article maps the changing sources of funding as well as the sums spent on academic exchange from 1945–2010. It also discusses the various forms of exchange programs and gives an overview of the ideas behind and arguments for such programs. The overall picture is that state-sponsored exchange after 1945 has expanded. Not only has more and more money been spent on exchange, which led to an increase in the number of persons benefitted, but there has also been a diversification in exchange schemes towards parallel programs, each designed to fulfill a certain task. Though they fund different parts of the SI exchange scheme, the main sources of funding, however, have remained the same: the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, various development assistance agencies and programs as well as the Ministry for Education.

  16. Luigi Einaudi, 1874-1961

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Luciano Cafagna

    2012-04-01

    Full Text Available Luigi Einaudi was born in 1874 and died in 1961. His intense activity as a master of the science of finance, opinion leader and polemicist on practical and political aspects of economy spanned various phases in the history of contemporary Italy, from crisis at the close of the 19th century to the age of Giolitti, the fascist period and the new democracy emerging with the end of fascism. Democratic Italy of the post-war years saw him in the roles of Governor of the Bank of Italy and Minister of economy. A living symbol of Italy's economic and monetary reconstruction, he was elected President of the Italian Republic for the term of 1948-55. The author reviews Einaudi's relations with the political world over the various phases of the economist's life. Actually, Einaudi never became a politician in the strict sense of the word, but remained a citizen ever present in public life as a polemical columnist and, when called upon, in the service of the State. Whether engaging in controversy or practical activity, he remained consistent in his defence of economic liberalism and monetary rigour.  JEL Codes: B31Keywords: Einaudi, Luigi

  17. The technical results of the Swedish nuclear weapons programme - a compilation of FOAs annual reports 1945-1972; Det svenska kaernvapenprogrammets tekniska resultat - en sammanstaellning av FOAs aarsrapporter 1945-1972

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Oliver, L.; Stenholm, L

    2002-02-01

    The aim with this report is to summarise FOAs nuclear weapons related research that was performed 1945-1972. The report is a compilation of FOAs annual reports that originally were in a classified form but have now - mostly - been declassified. References to separate reports in the different research areas are included in the report.

  18. Trends in occupational mortality among middle-aged men in Sweden 1961-1990

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Diderichsen, Finn; Hallqvist, J

    1997-01-01

    Many European countries have in recent decades reported growing socioeconomic differentials in mortality. While these trends have usually paralleled high unemployment and increasing income disparities, Sweden had low unemployment and narrowing income differences. This study describes trends, 1961......-1990, in total and cardiovascular mortality among men, 45-69 years of age, in major occupational classes in Sweden....

  19. Erwin van Loo, ‘Eenige wakkere jongens’. Nederlandse oorlogsvliegers in de Britse luchtstrijdkrachten, 1940-1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Marc Dierikx

    2016-11-01

    Full Text Available Erwin van Loo, ‘Eenige wakkere jongens’. Nederlandse oorlogsvliegers in de Britse luchtstrijdkrachten, 1940-1945 (Proefschrift Universiteit van Amsterdam 2013; Amsterdam: Boom, 2013, 515 pp., isbn 978 94 6105 926 0.

  20. Die Evangelischen Pfarramtsbüchereien in Württemberg 1933-1945

    OpenAIRE

    Lütjen, Andreas

    2017-01-01

    Als Volksbibliotheken sind in der Evangelischen Landeskirche Württembergs zwischen 1933 und 1945 am ehesten die Bibliotheken der Pfarrämter sowie die der den Pfarrämtern vorgesetzten Dekanatämter zu bezeichnen. Diese Bibliotheken wurden von den jeweiligen Pfarrern bzw. Dekanen im Rahmen ihrer Amtsführung mitbetreut. Dazu kommen evangelische Vereinsbibliotheken wie beispielsweise die des Christlichen Vereins Junger Männer (CVJM). Die zeitgenössisch als „Bücherei“ bezeichnete Bibliothek des Obe...

  1. Department of Film of the Ministry of Information 1945 - 1953

    OpenAIRE

    Stavárková, Kateřina

    2017-01-01

    Diploma thesis "Film Department of the Ministry of Information 1945 - 1953" deals with the cultural policy in Czechoslovakia after the Second World War. The introductory chapter focuses on evolution of the negotiations on the post-war organization in the restored Czechoslovakia. In this chapter was mentioned historical context with a focus on foreign and domestic resistance movement. A significant part of the diploma thesis is devoted to the constitution and development of the Ministry of Inf...

  2. A closer looking at dimming and brightening in China during 1961–2005

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    X. Xia

    2010-05-01

    Full Text Available This study investigates dimming and brightening of surface solar radiation (SSR during 1961–2005 in China as well as its relationships to total cloud cover (TCC. This is inferred from daily ground-based observational records at 45 pyranometer stations. A statistical method is introduced to study contributions of changes in the frequency of TCC categories and their atmospheric transparency to the secular SSR trend. The surface records suggest a renewed dimming beyond 2000 in North China after the stabilization in the 1990s; however, a slight brightening appears beyond 2000 in South China. Inter-annual variability of SSR is negatively correlated with that of TCC, but there is a positive correlation between decadal variability of SSR and TCC in most cases. The dimming during 1961–1990 is exclusively attributable to decreased atmospheric transparency, a portion of which is offset by TCC frequency changes in Northeast and Southwest China. The dimming during 1961–1990 in Northwest and Southeast China primarily results from decreased atmospheric transparency under all sky conditions and the percentage of dimming stemming from TCC frequency changes is 11% in Northwest and 2% in Southeast China. Decreased atmospheric transparencies during 1991–2005 in North China in most cases lead to the dimming. TCC frequency changes also contribute to the dimming during this period in North China. This feature is more pronounced in summer and winter when TCC frequency changes can account for more than 80% of dimming. In South China, increased atmospheric transparencies lead to the brightening during 1991–2005. A substantial contribution by TCC frequency changes to the brightening is also evident in spring and autumn.

  3. Menelusuri Konsep Keadilan Pemilihan Umum Menurut UUD 1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Khairul Fahmi

    2016-11-01

    Full Text Available Abstract. As a contest for garnering the trust of the people, an election shall be lawful and legitimate whenever it is conducted in a fair manner. A fair election is a constitutional mandate, explicitly stated in Article 22E point (1 of the 1945 Constitution. However, the Constitution had not provided further guidance on fair election. Consequently, exploring the philosophical base of the fairness of the election will be critical in order to formulate the benchmark of fairness of the election. Furthermore, such benchmark will be referred to in formulating regulations or the technical issues of election organization. By means of conceptual approach, this Excerpt wishes to explore this cause. Based on the studies conducted, the fairness of election as intended by the Constitution is actually based on the concept of fairness and the social justice stated in the Fifth Principles of Pancasila.Abstrak. Sebagai kontestasi memperebutkan kepercayaan rakyat, sebuah pemilu akan sah dan memeroleh legitimasi bila mana ia dilaksanakan secara adil. Pemilu yang adil merupakan salah satu mandat konstitusional yang secara tegas dimuat dalam Pasal 22E ayat (1 Undang-Undang Dasar 1945. Konstitusi tidak memberi panduan lebih jauh ihwal bagaimana sesungguhnya pemilu yang adil. Oleh karenanya, menelurusi landasan filosofis keadilan pemilu menjadi amat penting guna merumuskan ukuran adil atau tidaknya pemilu. Untuk selanjutnya, ukuran itulah yang akan diacu dalam merumuskan aturan maupun teknis penyelenggaraan pemilu. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan konseptual, nukilan ini hendak mendalami hal itu. Berdasarkan hasil kajian yang dilakukan, keadilan pemilu yang dikehendaki konstitusi sesungguhnya dilandaskan pada konsep keadilan sebagai fairness dan keadilan sosial yang termuat dalam Sila Kelima Pancasila.  DOI: 10.15408/jch.v4i2.4098

  4. Re-examination of the original questionnaire documents for the 1944 Tonankai, 1945 Mikawa, and 1946 Nanaki earthquakes

    Science.gov (United States)

    Harada, Tomoya; Satake, Kenji; Furumura, Takashi

    2016-04-01

    With the object of estimating seismic intensity, the Earthquakes Research Institute (ERI) of the University of Tokyo performed questionnaire surveys for the significant (destructive or large/great) earthquakes from 1943 to 1988 (Kayano, 1990, BERI). In these surveys, Kawasumi (1943)'s 12-class seismic intensity scale similar to the Modified Mercalli scale (MM-scale) was used. Survey results for earthquakes after 1950 were well investigated and published (e.g. Kayano and Komaki, 1977, BERI; Kayano and Sato, 1975, BERI), but the survey results for earthquakes in the 1940s have not been published and original documents of the surveys was missing. Recently, the original sheets of the surveys for the five earthquakes in the 1940s with more than 1,000 casualties were discovered in the ERI warehouse, although they are incomplete (Tsumura et al, 2010). They are from the 1943 Tottori (M 7.2), 1944 Tonankai (M 7.9), 1945 Mikawa (M 6.8), 1946 Nankai (M 8.0), and 1948 Fukui (M 7.1) earthquakes. In this study, we examined original questionnaire and summary sheets for the 1944 Tonankai, 1945 Mikawa, and 1946 Nanaki earthquakes, and estimated the distributions of seismic intensity, various kinds of damage, and human behaviors in detail. Numbers of the survey points for the 1944, 1945, and 1946 event are 287, 145, and 1,014, respectively. The numbers for the 1944 and 1945 earthquakes are much fewer than that of the 1946 event, because they occurred during the last years of World War II. The 1944 seismic intensities in the prefectures near the source region (Aichi, Mie, Shizuoka, and Gifu Pref.) tend to be high. However, the 1944 intensities are also high and damage is serious at the Suwa Lake shore in Nagano Pref. which is about 240 km far from the source region because seismic waves are amplified dramatically in the thick sediment in the Suwa Basin. Seismic intensities of the 1945 Mikawa earthquake near the source region in Aichi Pref. were very high (X-XI). However, the

  5. Geheime Fotos. Die Kooperation von Associated Press und NS-Regime (1942–1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Norman Domeier

    2017-08-01

    Full Text Available This article is based on a new archival find from the papers of foreign correspondent Louis P. Lochner. It proves the existence of a secret German-American cooperation between Associated Press (AP and the ›Bureau Laux‹, an agency of the SS and the German Foreign Office, during the war years 1942–1945. With the permission of the Roosevelt administration, AP and the Bureau Laux exchanged photos via diplomatic pouch on a daily basis until spring 1945, first via Lisbon and from 1944 via Stockholm as well. Approximately 40,000 photos were swapped in this way between the war enemies while the battles of the Second World War were fought and the Holocaust was taking place. In Berlin, the AP photos were presented daily to the highest Nazi leadership. They were then also used for anti-American and anti-Semitic propaganda in the German press. Conversely, thousands of Nazi photos received by AP New York via Lisbon and Stockholm were printed in the American and international press. This article sheds new light on both AP as a news and picture agency and on foreign reporting during the Nazi era and the Second World War. * * * Der im vorliegenden Aufsatz präsentierte Quellenfund aus dem Nachlass des Auslandskorrespondenten Louis P. Lochner belegt eine geheime deutsch-amerikanische Kooperation zwischen Associated Press (AP und dem »Büro Laux«, einer Agentur von SS und Auswärtigem Amt, während der Kriegsjahre 1942–1945. Mit Genehmigung der Roosevelt-Administration tauschten AP und Büro Laux bis zum Frühjahr 1945 täglich per Diplomatenpost Fotomaterial aus – zunächst via Lissabon, ab 1944 auch via Stockholm. Schätzungsweise 40.000 Fotos wurden so zwischen den Feinden übermittelt, während die Schlachten des Zweiten Weltkrieges geschlagen wurden und der Holocaust stattfand. In Berlin war das AP-Fotomaterial für die oberste Führung des NS-Regimes bestimmt; zudem wurde es für antiamerikanische und antisemitische Propaganda in der NS

  6. Radiodiagnosis in the Plzen teaching hospital in the last 15 years (1961 to 1976)

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Chudacek, Z.

    1978-01-01

    The development is shown of radiodiagnosis at the Teaching Hospital in Plzen and in the West Bohemian region in the period 1961 to 1976. Quantitative and qualitative increase radiodiagnosis is analysed. The introduction of new diagnostic methods and equipment is discussed. (author)

  7. The Purge of National Teaching in Morella (1936-1945 | La depuración del magisterio nacional en Morella (1936-1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Marta García Monfort

    2015-12-01

    Full Text Available The outbreak of the Civil War, apart from spreading havoc and blood all through Spain, caused some kind of deeply rooted social breakdown generating an endless thirst for revenge. While the military structures were deploying their strategy on the battlefield, the apparatus of power of both sides was establishing mechanisms of coercion and control mainly aimed at the submission of controlled territory. In this context, the purge of National Teachers favoured an ideological selection based on terror with preventive and punitive purposes. After the military conflict, under Francoist authorities the purge continued systematically, and with a repressive orientation, until the fifties. This analysis seeks to describe the idiosyncrasies of the purging processes developed in Republican Morella (1936-1938 and further in Franco’s regime (1939-1945. | El estallido de la Guerra Civil, además de sembrar de dolor y sangre la geografía española, provocará una ruptura social de hondo raigambre que generará en la sociedad una interminable sed de venganza. Al mismo tiempo que las estructuras militares desplegaban su estrategia en el campo de batalla, los aparatos de poder de los dos bandos establecieron unos mecanismos de coacción y control encaminados en primera instancia a la sumisión del territorio dominado. En este contexto, la depuración del Magisterio Nacional propiciará una selección ideológica con unos fines preventivos y punitivos. Finalizada la contienda bélica, la purga continuará sistematizada y con un carácter represivo de la mano de las autoridades franquistas hasta la década de los cincuenta aproximadamente. Este análisis trata de describir la idiosincrasia de los procesos depuradores desarrollados en la Morella republicana (1936-1938 y, posteriormente, en la franquista (1939-1945.

  8. [Sven Jüngerkes. Deutsche Besatzungsverwaltung in Lettland 1941-1945. Eine Kommunikations- und Kulturgeschichte nationalsozialistischer Organisationen] / Toomas Hiio

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Hiio, Toomas, 1965-

    2012-01-01

    Arvustus: Jüngerkes, Sven.Deutsche Besatzungsverwaltung in Lettland 1941-1945. Eine Kommunikations- und Kulturgeschichte nationalsozialistischer Organisationen (Historische Kulturwissenschaft, 15). (Konstanz: UVK Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 2010)

  9. Obedience In Perspective: Psychology and the Holocaust

    Science.gov (United States)

    2015-01-01

    Arendt , Hannah (1963). Eichmann in Jerusalem. London: Faber and Faber. Bartov, Omer. (2001). The Eastern Front, 1941-1945: German Troops and the...Nuremberg Tribunals following the defeat of Germany in World War II and the trial of Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem in 1961 ( Arendt , 1963). Second...separated from the rest of us. After Hannah Arendt’s interpretation of Eichmann and the Milgram experiments, though, it seemed clear that absolutely

  10. Geochronology database for New Zealand rocks (2nd edition) : 1961-1999

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Nathan, S.; Thurlow, C.; Warnes, P.N.; Zucchetto, R.

    2000-01-01

    A bibliography and database of radiometric ages on rocks in the New Zealand region, published between 1961-1999 has been prepared as a joint project between the Geochemical, Isotopic and Geochronology Database of the Geological Society of New Zealand and the Geologic Mapping Programme of the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences. Over 3800 entries are included. Separate tables also document over 200 K-Ar ages that have not been previously published. (author). 237 refs

  11. The principle of phase stability and the accelerator program at Berkeley, 1945--1954

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Lofgren, E.J.

    1994-07-01

    The discovery of the Principle of Phase Stability by Vladimir Veksler and Edwin McMillian and the end of the war released a surge of accelerator activity at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (then The University of California Radiation Laboratory). Six accelerators incorporating the Principle of Phase Stability were built in the period 1945--1954

  12. [The hospital at Hillersleben Germany, April 1945].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Weisskopf, Varda

    2014-01-01

    On 6th April 1945, nine days before the liberation of the Bergen Belsen Concentration Camp, about 2,500 Jewish prisoners were ordered to prepare to leave the camp on the next day. On 7th April, the prisoners left through the gates of the camp and began to walk about 10 kilometers to the train station near the city of Celle. There they were ordered to board a train that would take them to the Theresienstadt Concentration Camp. After six days of travel, the train stopped near the village of Farsleben, Germany, where it was liberated by the 743rd Tank Battalion of the 30th Infantry Division, of the U.S. 9th Army, on 13th April 1945. The 105th Medical Battalion of the same Division was the primary care provider for the survivors, who were then taken in vehicles available from the 30th Infantry Division, and organized into a convoy by the Division's Liaison Officer, Lt. Frank W. Towers, to the town of Hillersleben. A former German Air Force Base was located at Hillersleben with a small hospital that could not provide medical attention to all the survivors. On 21st April, Company C of the 95th Medical Battalion, received an order to go to Hillersleben. Colonel Dr. William W. Hurteau, the Commanding Officer of this Battalion, determined that the biggest task given to the Battalion during World War II, was establishing another hospital in the town of Hillersleben and providing additional beds in the existing hospital, which was a structure that had served as a boarding school. Furthermore, they needed to acquire hospital equipment which was obtained from German equipment and supplies that had been captured by the U.S. MiLitary. Also, they took care of obtaining food supplies from German warehouses, and meat and milk from local dairy farms. The lives of the prisoners on this train were saved by the heroism and dedicated work of those brave soldiers of the 30th Infantry Division and the 95th Medical Battalion.

  13. Os valores de uma luta: A economia moral do movimento pela terra dos pequenos lavradores do Sertão Carioca nos difíceis anos de 1945-1964

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Leonardo Soares dos Santos

    2006-01-01

    Full Text Available This article attempts to discuss on concept of moral economy, presenting the case of "pequenos lavradores" (quatters in Rio de Janeiro' landscape between 1945-1964. In the first place, the focus falls on the discussion of anthropologists as Klaas and Ellen Woortman about that concept. In the second, I make a verification one of how moral economy one has been expressed by "pequenos lavradores" in you fight for the land. My hypothesis is that moral economy one not is only a set of values, but it play too an important rule in the establishment of a political speech one and of your social identity. The sources explored are newspapers, peasant meeting documents and letters envoy to the President Getúlio Vargas.Este artigo tenta discutir sobre o conceito de economia moral, apresentando o caso dos pequenos lavradores na zona rural do Rio de Janeiro entre os anos de 1945-1964. Em primeiro lugar, o foco recai sobre a discussão de antropólogos como Klaas e Ellen Woortman sobre aquele conceito. Em segundo, eu realizo uma verificação de como uma economia moral foi expressa por "pequenos lavradores" em suas lutas pela terra. Minha hipótese é que a economia moral não é apenas um conjunto de valores, mas possui também um importante papel no estabelecimento de um discurso político e de uma identidade social. As fontes por mim exploradas foram jornais, documentos de encontros camponeses e cartas enviadas ao presidente Getúlio Vargas.

  14. STUDI TENTANG KONSEP TATANAN ARSITEKTUR TIONGHOA DI SURABAYA YANG DIBANGUN SEBELUM TAHUN 1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    KARTONO, J. Lukito

    2012-12-01

    Full Text Available This paper intends to explore the spatial concept of Chinese Architecture in Surabaya which was built prior 1945. The arrival of Chinese people decades ago brought along diverse culture that permeates the local Indonesian culture and once the Chinese settled down, the on-going cultural dialogue started to influence the Chinese in return. Most importantly, this cultural exchange process allowed the Chinese to introduce their own spatial architectural concept, which seems prescriptive, that applied to all buildings typology, starting from house, temple and the palace. In Surabaya context, the Chinese fixed-prescriptive spatial architectural concept observed to deviate from norm. Hence, this paper intends to explore this phenomenon comparing Surabaya’s Chinese spatial architectural concept, represented by temples, prayer houses as well as houses built prior 1945 era, to the Chinese original spatial concept. This research hopes to conclude that the main difference between the two is the absence of light well which known as Tien Ching which was originally located in the middle of the building in all Chinese Architecture in Surabaya.

  15. Spatial power spectrum of the geomagnetic field since 1945

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Senanayake, W.E.

    1987-04-01

    The Geomagnetic field for the period 1945-1990 has been analyzed in terms of Spatial Power Spectra of the Main Field and its Secular Variation. It is observed that for the above interval, the magnetic energy density at the core-mantle boundary is almost conserved. This supports the idea that an exchange of energy between different spherical harmonic constituents could occur. The distinctive behaviour of the first two terms (Dipole and Quadrupole), as seen from the spectra of the main field and secular variation, probably indicates somewhat different feature associated with the field origin. (author). 28 refs, 3 figs, 1 tab

  16. Nazionale e globale nella rinascita dell’Internazionale socialista (1945-1951

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Enrico Pugliese

    2012-02-01

    Full Text Available This article focuses on the refoundation of Socialist International after the Second World War (1945-1951. It tackles three elements of socialist history through the archives preserved at the Institute of Social History in Amsterdam: the socialist building of an International organization, the new ideas and political issues in the socialist political culture, the socialist support to European technical governance. In this way, the paper underlines some crucial points as the relation between socialism and Nation State, and introduces the European integration question.

  17. Britain and atomic energy 1939-1945. References to official papers

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Gowing, M.

    1980-01-01

    This booklet contains a list of references which were not published in Britain and Atomic Energy 1939-1945 because they related to papers still closed under the Public Records Acts. Some of these records have since been transferred to the Public Record Office and opened to the public after review by departments and the UKAEA. This list cannot distinguish between papers open in the Public Record Office and those still closed in departmental archives. However, as much information as possible is given to assist searchers. (U.K.)

  18. El mundo del libro: octubre de 1961

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Agustín Rodríguez Garavito

    1961-10-01

    Full Text Available El documento presenta las reseñas de los siguientes títulos: Los orígenes del modernismo en Colombia -Por Rafael Maya. Biblioteca de Autores Contemporáneos. Niebla en la sierra -Por Manuel González Martínez AEDITA-Editores. Bogotá, D. E. Madrugada en la sangre. Meridiano de fuego y otros poemas. Por Emilio Rico - Imprenta Departamental de Ibagué. Mujeres de Colombia. Por Gloria Pachón Castro y Flor de Nhora. Catálogo general de la Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango. Volumen I Comprende: 000 a 299 Ivo Andric -Premio Nobel de Literatura 1961. Papeletas bibliográficas para el estudio de la historia de Colombia -Por Maurio Germán Romero, Guillermo Hernández de Alba, Sergio Elías Ortíz.

  19. Sistem Ekonomi Pancasila: Memaknai Pasal 33 UUD 1945

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    Fuad Bawazier

    2017-11-01

    Full Text Available Even though our the founding fathers have givenvery clear in developing the Indonesian economy system as clearly stated in Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution, in practice,the implementation of the Constitution does still not become the focus of government policy from one regime to the next. The understanding and the readiness of the leader, similar to the leader influencers, toimplement Article 33 of the Constitution the Berkeley Mafia in the New Order era who has alienated the Indonesian people to achieve theformulated desirable economic development stated in the Constitution. Does Pancasila economic system have a doubt full role to our decision makers and never give up to  stop trying other formula.

  20. Practice of Propaganda on Korean Peninsula (1945-1960

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Zhyvora Olexii

    2016-05-01

    Full Text Available The topic of propaganda, which was thought to be a part of the Cold War past, was recently revived by modern and rather successful application in Georgian, Syrian and Ukrainian conflicts. In this regard Korean Peninsula is a perfect example of prolonged use of mutual practice of indoctrination to study its origins. This article discuses the evolution of propaganda use by both Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and Republic of Korea (1945-1960 in cultural, economic and political dimensions. Qualitative text analysis and case study in conjunction with theoretical framework of A. E. Cassirer, S. Langer, E. Barneys and W. Lippmann are used to establish techniques used, and to explain its overall success.

  1. A synthesis of the impact of Russian forests on the global carbon budget for 1961-1998

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Shvidenko, Anatoly; Nilsson, Sten

    2003-01-01

    An attempt is made to synthesize the current understanding of the impact of Russian forests on the global carbon (C) budget for the period 1961-1998 (37 years), based on a detailed inventory of pools and fluxes in 1988-1992, and a historical reconstruction of a full forest carbon budget for 1961-1998. All major intermediate indicators of the budget (phytomass, net primary production, impact of disturbances, soil respiration, etc.) were independently estimated and compared with earlier reported results. During the entire period, the C pools of Russian forest land (FL, 882.0 106 ha in 1998) increased by 433 Tg C/yr, of which 153 Tg C/yr are accumulated in live biomass, 57 Tg C/yr in above- and below-ground dead wood, and 223 Tg C/yr are sequestered in soil. A significant part of this increase deals with land-cover changes. The annual average C uptake by the FL from the atmosphere, defined by a flux-based method, is estimated to be 322 Tg C/yr for 1961-1998. The lateral transport to the lithosphere and hydrosphere comprised 47 Tg C/yr (including charcoal), which is considered part of the 'missing C sink.' The uncertainties (excluding unrecognized biases) of averages for the entire period are estimated to be in the range of ±5-8% and ±24% for major fluxes out/into the atmosphere and for net ecosystem exchange, respectively (a priori confidential probability of 0.9). If the impact of land-cover change is excluded, the average annual sink in 1961-1998, estimated by both pool- and flux-based methods, was 268 ± 94 and 272 ± 68 Tg C/yr, respectively. The reported results are in line with recent estimates for Northern Eurasia made by inverse modeling at the continental scale, if land classes other than forests contribute to the total sink of terrestrial vegetation

  2. CULTURAL MEMORY OF VICTORY OF LAS TUNAS CITY' LODGES FROM 1930 TO 1945 / MEMORIA CULTURAL DE LAS LOGIAS DE VICTORIA DE LAS TUNAS 1930-1945

    OpenAIRE

    Milena Medina Pérez

    2012-01-01

    The cultural memory of the lodges of Victoria de Las Tunas (1930-1945), it constitutes the topic of the present investigation. The thematic of the lodges has been approached for studious and investigating, not alone of the town but of several parts of the world. Still when these studies exist, the related with the cultural memory of the lodges of the territory, is in the pages of the documents of the time that which leaves to the light starting from this investigation, to show yesterday's Tun...

  3. Social utopia and technological utopia in the Argentinean lefts wingsthinking in order to change agrarian capitalism, 1890-1945 Utopía social y utopía tecnológica en el pensamiento de las izquierdas argentinas para la transformación del capitalismo agrario, 1890-1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Osvaldo Fabián Graciano

    2010-01-01

    Full Text Available The objectives of this work are to rebuild the Communist and Socialist thinking and the political proposals used, between 1890 and 1945, to set a new model of economics and society within the agrarian sector in the Pampas Region, and which, on its basis, include elements of social and technological utopias. Along the first half of the twentieth century, the left wings developed several projects aimed to transform the agrarian economics and society in Argentina and thus, tried to influence the modifications of social and economics rural relations dominant in the country, and in particular in the Pampas Region. Those proposals started to throw the imaginary of a rural world different to the current upon the speech and the political thinking of the left wings. In many of them shaped as a social utopia and in others shaped as a technological utopia, for its realization.Este trabajo tiene como objetivos reconstruir el pensamiento socialista y comunista y las propuestas políticas con las que buscaron entre 1890 y 1945, concretar un nuevo modelo de sociedad y economía en el agro pampeano y que en sus fundamentos inscribían elementos de las utopías sociales y las tecnológicas. A lo largo de la primera mitad del siglo XX las izquierdas formularon diversos proyectos para la transformación de la economía y la sociedad agrarias argentina, intentando con ellos incidir en la modificación de las relaciones económicas y sociales rurales dominantes en el país y en particular en su región pampeana. Esas propuestas fueron proyectando en el discurso y en el pensamiento político de izquierdas el imaginario de un mundo rural alternativo al vigente, tomando en muchas de ellas la forma de la utopía social y en otras la de la utopía de tipo tecnológico para su realización.

  4. Target Cultures in German Curricula and Didactic Concepts of EFL Teaching Les cultures-cibles dans les programmes scolaires allemands et les concepts didactiques dans l’enseignement de l’anglais langue étrangère

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Wolfgang Gehring

    2009-10-01

    Full Text Available Les programmes jouent un rôle important dans l’enseignement de l’anglais langue étrangère dans les écoles allemandes. C’est aux professeurs de les appliquer et aux auteurs de manuels de les suivre. De là il va sans dire qu’ils ont une certaine influence sur la perception des cultures anglophones chez l’apprenant. Les programmes se basent sur des concepts didactiques développés explicitement pour l’enseignement des cultures dans les cours de langues en Allemagne. Cet article tente d’analyser les principes didactiques essentiels et d’examiner leurs implications méthodologiques. Par ailleurs, il examine les paramètres d’une approche culturelle orientée vers le Canada qui pourrait satisfaire aux exigences de l’enseignement de l’anglais langue étrangère en Allemagne.

  5. Nuclear war and other catastrophes. Civil and catastrophe protection in the Federal republic of Germany and the United Kingdom after 1945

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Diebel, Martin

    2017-01-01

    The book civil and catastrophe protection in the Federal republic of Germany and the United Kingdom after 1945 discusses the following issues: aerial defense and the atomic bomb (1945 - 1968), crises and catastrophes in the shadow of the bomb (1962 - 1978), civil defense and the comeback of the (nuclear) war (1976 - 1979), civil defense and the second ''Cold War'' (1979 - 1986), Chernobyl and the end of the Cold War (1979 - 1990), war, catastrophe and safety in the 20th century - a conclusion.

  6. Cuerpo, discapacidad y estigma en el origen del campo del deporte adaptado de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, 1950-1961: ¿una mera interiorización de una identidad devaluada?

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    Carolina Ferrante

    2014-06-01

    Full Text Available Si bien el deporte adaptado es considerado el principal integrador de las personas con discapacidad, desde los Disability Studies se considera que el mismo refuerza la opresión sufrida por este colectivo. Sin embargo, estas posturas no reconstruyen históricamente el éthos construido en el deporte. En función de realizar un aporte a esta discusión, analizo aquí los modos de pensar y sentirse discapacitado construidos en el origen del campo del deporte adaptado, en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, entre los años 1950 y 1961. Para ello, parto del análisis de contenido de la prensa escrita de los primeros clubes para personas con discapacidad y de entrevistas en profundidad a los protagonistas del origen del deporte adaptado y de la fisiatría local.

  7. The variability of maximum wind gusts in the Czech Republic between 1961 and 2014

    Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

    Brázdil, Rudolf; Hostýnek, J.; Řezníčková, Ladislava; Zahradníček, Pavel; Tolasz, R.; Dobrovolný, Petr; Štěpánek, Petr

    2017-01-01

    Roč. 37, č. 4 (2017), s. 1961-1978 ISSN 0899-8418 Institutional support: RVO:67179843 Keywords : Czech Republic * Emma wind storm * Homogenisation * Kyrill wind storm * Maximum wind gust * Spatial variability * Temporal variability * Wind measurement Subject RIV: DG - Athmosphere Sciences, Meteorology OBOR OECD: Meteorology and atmospheric sciences Impact factor: 3.760, year: 2016

  8. Estimation of 1945 to 1957 food consumption

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Anderson, D.M.; Bates, D.J.; Marsh, T.L.

    1993-03-01

    This report details the methods used and the results of the study on the estimated historic levels of food consumption by individuals in the Hanford Environmental Dose Reconstruction (HEDR) study area from 1945--1957. This period includes the time of highest releases from Hanford and is the period for which data are being collected in the Hanford Thyroid Disease Study. These estimates provide the food-consumption inputs for the HEDR database of individual diets. This database will be an input file in the Hanford Environmental Dose Reconstruction Integrated Code (HEDRIC) computer model that will be used to calculate the radiation dose. The report focuses on fresh milk, eggs, lettuce, and spinach. These foods were chosen because they have been found to be significant contributors to radiation dose based on the Technical Steering Panel dose decision level.

  9. Formar bem as mães para criar e educar boas crianças: as revistas portuguesas de educação familiar e a difusão da maternidade científica (1945-1958 - Educate mothers to rear and educate good children: portuguese parenting magazines and the diffusion

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Carla Cardoso Vilhena

    2014-09-01

    Full Text Available Este artigo tem como principal objetivo contribuir para a compreensão do processo de construção da maternidade científica em Portugal. Neste sentido, foi analisado um conjunto de artigos (n=628, publicados em revistas de educação familiar, entre 1945 e 1958. A análise realizada permitiu compreender que as revistas analisadas contribuem para a difusão da maternidade científica, ou seja, da ideia de que a aquisição de conhecimento científico sobre a criação e educação das crianças é elemento indispensável ao adequado exercício da função maternal. Observou-se, ainda, a existência de diferentes estratégias de educação para a maternidade, às quais está subjacente um elemento de classe, assim como diferentes níveis de adesão, por parte das mulheres, à concepção de maternidade científica.Palavras-chave: maternidade científica, educação para a maternidade, revistas de educação familiar, análise de discurso.EDUCATE MOTHERS TO REAR AND EDUCATE GOOD CHILDREN: PORTUGUESE PARENTING MAGAZINES AND THE DIFFUSION OF SCIENTIFIC MOTHERHOOD (1945-1958 AbstractThis article explores the construction of scientific motherhood in Portugal through the analysis of a set of texts on education for motherhood (n=628 published in Portuguese parenting magazines between 1945 and 1958. Our results show that the diffusion of a particular view of the ideal mother in parenting magazines contributes to the diffusion of a new ideology that stresses the importance of education for motherhood, the ideology of scientific motherhood. It also shows the emergence of different types of educational interventions, shaped by women’s social class, and provides some insight into the extent to which mothers adhere to scientific motherhood.Keywords: scientific motherhood, education for motherhood, parenting magazines, discourse analysis.FORMAR BIEN LAS MADRES PARA CREAR Y EDUCAR NIÑOS BUENOS: LAS REVISTAS PORTUGUÉS PARA PADRES Y LA DIFUSIÓN DE LA

  10. Parliamentary privilege--mortality in members of the Houses of Parliament compared with the UK general population: retrospective cohort analysis, 1945-2011.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Dennis, John; Crayford, Tim

    2015-12-14

    To examine mortality in members of the two UK Houses of Parliament compared with the general population, 1945-2011. Retrospective cohort analysis of death rates and predictors of mortality in Members of Parliament (MPs) and members of the House of Lords (Lords). UK. 4950 MPs and Lords first joining the UK parliament in 1945-2011. Standardised mortality ratios, comparing all cause death rates of MPs and Lords from first election or appointment with those in the age, sex, and calendar year matched general population. Between 1945 and 2011, mortality was lower in MPs (standardised mortality ratio 0.72, 95% confidence interval 0.67 to 0.76) and Lords (0.63, 0.60 to 0.67) than in the general population. Over the same period, death rates among MPs also improved more quickly than in the general population. For every 100 expected deaths, 22 fewer deaths occurred among MPs first elected in 1990-99 compared with MPs first elected in 1945-49. Labour party MPs had 19% higher death rates compared with the general population than did Conservative MPs (relative mortality ratio 1.19, 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 1.40). The effect of political party on mortality disappeared when controlling for education level. From 1945 to 2011, MPs and Lords experienced lower mortality than the UK general population, and, at least until 1999, the mortality gap between newly elected MPs and the general population widened. Even among MPs, educational background was an important predictor of mortality, and education possibly explains much of the mortality difference between Labour and Conservative MPs. Social inequalities are alive and well in UK parliamentarians, and at least in terms of mortality, MPs are likely to have never had it so good. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.

  11. A cidade como sentimento: história e memória de um acontecimento na sociedade contemporânea - o incêndio do Gran Circus Norte-Americano em Niterói, 1961

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Paulo Knauss

    2007-06-01

    Full Text Available O estudo relaciona história do acontecimento e história urbana para discutir a problemática da memória nas sociedades contemporâneas. A pesquisa aborda o caso do incêndio do Gran Circus Norte-Americano, ocorrido em 17 de dezembro de 1961, na cidade de Niterói, então capital do antigo estado do Rio de Janeiro. O fato é conhecido como um dos maiores incêndios da história em termos de número de vítimas fatais, e se afirmou na memória da cidade. O trabalho tem como base fontes da imprensa e fontes orais. A análise demonstra como o acontecimento se estabelece entre história e memória e define a cidade como sentimento.The study connects urban history and event history to discuss the memory in contemporary societies. The research analyzes the fire of the Gran Circus Norte-Americano in December 17, 1961, in the city of Niterói, when it still was the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro. The fact is known as one of the biggest fires in history in terms of fatal victims’ number, and that has been established in the city memory. The work is based on press sources and oral sources. The analysis shows how the event is established between history and memory, and defines the city as feeling.

  12. An overview of animal science research 1945-2011 through science mapping analysis.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Rodriguez-Ledesma, A; Cobo, M J; Lopez-Pujalte, C; Herrera-Viedma, E

    2015-12-01

    The conceptual structure of the field of Animal Science (AS) research is examined by means of a longitudinal science mapping analysis. The whole of the AS research field is analysed, revealing its conceptual evolution. To this end, an automatic approach to detecting and visualizing hidden themes or topics and their evolution across a consecutive span of years was applied to AS publications of the JCR category 'Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science' during the period 1945-2011. This automatic approach was based on a coword analysis and combines performance analysis and science mapping. To observe the conceptual evolution of AS, six consecutive periods were defined: 1945-1969, 1970-1979, 1980-1989, 1990-1999, 2000-2005 and 2006-2011. Research in AS was identified as having focused on ten main thematic areas: ANIMAL-FEEDING, SMALL-RUMINANTS, ANIMAL-REPRODUCTION, DAIRY-PRODUCTION, MEAT-QUALITY, SWINE-PRODUCTION, GENETICS-AND-ANIMAL-BREEDING, POULTRY, ANIMAL-WELFARE and GROWTH-FACTORS-AND-FATTY-ACIDS. The results show how genomic studies gain in weight and integrate with other thematic areas. The whole of AS research has become oriented towards an overall framework in which animal welfare, sustainable management and human health play a major role. All this would affect the future structure and management of livestock farming. © 2014 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

  13. The dynamics of rice production in Indonesia 1961–2009

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Dyah R. Panuju

    2013-01-01

    Full Text Available Rice is one of the important agricultural products in Indonesia. The production has been fully supported by infrastructure including research and development as well as government regulations in pricing. Its vulnerability to climate change requires adaptation strategies on irrigation, biotechnology and selection of alternative crops. The primary goal of this paper was to evaluate the historical perspective of the dynamics of rice production, technologies particularly in seed inventions, labour in farming and consumption of rice from 1961 to 2009 in conjunction with land capability. The study of historical rice production could be a benefit for future agricultural planning in Indonesia.

  14. Major Optical Depth Perturbations to the Stratosphere from Volcanic Eruptions: Stellar-Extinction Period, 1961-1978

    Science.gov (United States)

    Stothers, Richard B.; Hansen, James E. (Technical Monitor)

    2001-01-01

    A revised chronology of stratospheric aerosol extinction due to volcanic eruptions has been assembled for the period 1961-1978, which immediately precedes the era of dedicated satellite measurements. On the whole, the most accurate data consist of published observations of stellar extinction, supplemented in part by other kinds of observational data. The period covered encompasses the important eruptions of Agung (1963) and Fuego (1974), whose dust veils are discussed with respect to their transport, decay, and total mass. The effective (area-weighted mean) radii of the aerosols for both eruptions are found to be 0.3-0.4 microns. It is confirmed that, among known tropical eruptions, Agung's dust was unique for a low-latitude eruption in remaining almost entirely confined to the hemisphere of its production. A new table of homogeneous visual optical depth perturbations, listed by year and by hemisphere, is provided for the whole period 1881-1978, including the pyrheliometric period before 1961 that was investigated previously.

  15. Journal of Glenn T. Seaborg, Chairman of the US Atomic Energy Commission, 1961--1971

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Seaborg, G.T.

    1989-01-01

    This introduction to my journal of 1961--1971, covering my years of service as Chairman of the US Atomic Energy Commission, is written from the perspective of 1971, in order to reflect the attitudes expressed in my journal, which was written on a daily basis during that period. Thus, I express the points of view of that time rather than those of today (1988), which might occasionally be somewhat different. The journal consists of 25 volumes, averaging 700 pages each. This comprises about 15,000 items consisting of the approximately 4000 daily entries and the average of about three attachments per day. The journal has three sections corresponding to each of the three presidents I served as chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission -- the first six volumes covering the John F. Kennedy years (February 1, 1961--November 22, 1963), the next 11 volumes covering the Lyndon B. Johnson years (November 22, 1963--January 20, 1969) and the final eight volumes, the Richard M. Nixon years and a few months of post-AEC chairman activities in Washington (January 20, 1969--November 6, 1971.)

  16. India

    CERN Multimedia

    Hagedorn,R

    1975-01-01

    Le Prof.Rolf Hagedorn est née à Wuppertal en Allemagne et a étudié la physique à Göttingen. Il a eu l'occasion de séjourner plusieurs mois en Inde et nous ramène son image avec présentation des diapositives. Il parle entre autre d'une école qui est un oeuvre social exceptionnel fondé par une Allemande et un Indien, qui se sont mariés en Allemagne et retourné en Inde pour élever leurs deux filles.

  17. Les prisonniers de guerre des puissances centrales dans l’Empire russe : bilan de la recherche en Russie

    OpenAIRE

    Lavrov, Aleksandr

    2018-01-01

    Le traitement des prisonniers de guerre est un sujet qui a suscité de nombreux travaux ces dernières années, bien avant la célébration du centenaire de la Grande Guerre. L’article dresse un bilan historiographique des études consacrées au sort des prisonniers des armées allemande, austro-hongroise et ottomane retenus captifs sur le territoire de la Russie. Les chercheurs russes ont découvert, entre autres, une importante correspondance bureaucratique, présentant les points de vue des autorité...

  18. O gabinete do doutor Edelvito Campelo D'Araújo: a Penitenciária Pedra Grande como espaço de construção de um saber (1933-1945 The office of doctor Edelvito Campelo D'Araújo: Pedra Grande Penitentiary as a space for building knowledge (1933-1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Fernanda Rebelo

    2007-12-01

    Full Text Available Discute a instalação do modelo penitenciário na cidade de Florianópolis, em Santa Catarina, na década de 1930, sob a ótica do pensamento médico-higienista, e suas interfaces com o pensamento jurídico. Analisa também os discursos que, na época, eram aceitos ou considerados com valor científico. Edelvito Campelo D'Araújo, diretor da Penitenciária Pedra Grande entre 1935 e 1945, realizou uma reforma na instituição tanto administrativa, com o aumento e especialização do funcionalismo e a criação de novas seções, como física, isto é, na estrutura do prédio. Essa reforma tinha um duplo objetivo: além de implementar uma administração mais racional e moderna, de acordo com o ideário positivista da República Nova, buscava realizar um estudo científico, elaborado pelo próprio diretor, no intuito de conhecer a fundo o 'fenômeno crime' e as motivações dos criminosos.The article discusses the introduction of the penitentiary model in the city of Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, in the 1930s, from the perspective of hygienism and its interfaces with legal thought. It also analyzes the discourses that were accepted or deemed of scientific value at that time. Edelvito Campelo D'Araújo, director of the Pedra Grande Penitentiary from 1935 to 1945, enacted an administrative and physical reform that boosted staff numbers and increased their specialization while also adding new sections to the building structure. The reform had a twofold goal: it was meant to introduce a more rational, modern administration, in tune with the positivist thinking of the New Republic, and to conduct an in-depth scientific study, designed by the director himself, of the 'crime phenomenon' and of perpetrators' motives.

  19. PRINSIP-PRINSIP KONSTITUSIONALITAS KOPERASI BERDASARKAN UUD NEGARA RI TAHUN 1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Agus Kusnadi

    2016-04-01

    Full Text Available Abstract Cooperative identity is at risk with the Act 17 of 2012 on Cooperatives, which relies on the values of capitalism. Capitalism is characterized through the economic activities and financial control by the efforts of large private properies in the sense of the individual and groups, profit oriented, the market economy competition dominant supported by consumerism, and the pricing of labor that follows the market mechanism. As a result, it is importance to make purification of cooperative base on UUD 1945 as set in Art. 33 par. (1, to make clear the principles of constitutionality of cooperatives in Indonesia. The principle of the constitutionality of the cooperative include brotherhood, man as main actors, social welfare oriented, synergy, market driven, shared interests, and mutual interest . Key words: cooperative, constitutionality, brotherhood   Abstrak Jati diri koperasi terancam hilang dengan adanya UU 17 Tahun 2012 tentang Perkoperasian yang menyandarkan pada nilai-nilai kapitalisme. Kapitalisme dicirikan adanya kegiatan ekonomi dan kontrol keuangan oleh usaha-usaha besar milik privat dalam arti orang seorang maupun keluarga, akumulasi laba sebesar-besarnya dalam motif profit (profit oriented, ekonomi pasar persaingan dominan yang ditopang dengan konsumerisme, dan penentuan harga tenaga kerja yang mengikuti mekanisme pasar. Akibatnya diperlukan pemurnian bangun usaha koperasi sebagaimana UUD 1945 mengaturnya dalam Pasal 33 ayat (1 sehingga jelas prinsip-prinsip konstitusionalitas koperasi di Indonesia. Prinsip konstitusionalitas koperasi meliputi berasaskan kekeluargaan, manusia sebagai penentu, berorientasi pada kesejahteraan sosial, kerjasama/sinergi, pasar dikendalikan, kepentingan bersama, dan mutual interest. Kata kunci: koperasi, konstitusionalitas, kekeluargaan

  20. Dias de luta: traços do cotidiano em Aracajú (1939-1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Dilton Cândido Santos Maynard

    2009-01-01

    Full Text Available This article examines aspects of daily life in Aracaju during War II (1939-1945. The research investigates the changes produced by new hygiene products, the promotion of eugenic policies by the Estado Novo, the influence of cinema in interpretations of the reason and those involved in war as well as the various appropriations made by the city’s population in the period.

  1. A history of US nuclear testing and its influence on nuclear thought, 1945-1963

    CERN Document Server

    Blades, David M

    2014-01-01

    As states continue to pursue nuclear weaponry, nuclear testing remains an important political issue in the twenty-first century. This survey examines how and why the U.S. conducted nuclear tests from 1945 through 1963 and the resulting influence on key questions from normalization and de-normalization up to the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963.

  2. Cancer mortality in the indigenous population of coastal Chukotka, 1961-1990.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Dudarev, Alexey A; Chupakhin, Valery S; Odland, Jon Øyvind

    2013-01-01

    The general aim was to assess the pattern and trend in cancer mortality among the indigenous people of coastal Chukotka during the period 1961-1990. All cases of cancer deaths of indigenous residents of the Chukotsky district in the north-easternmost coast of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug were copied from personal death certificates. There were a total of 219 cancer deaths during the study period. The average annual number of cases, percent, crude, and age-standardized cancer mortality rates (ASMR) per 100,000 among men and women for all sites combined and selected sites were calculated. Data were aggregated into six 5-year periods to assess temporal trends. Direct age-standardization was performed with the Segi-Doll world standard population used by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The indigenous Chukchi and Eskimo people living in Chukotsky district were at higher risk of death from cancer during the 30-year period between 1961 and 1990, with ASMR among men twice that of Russia, and among women 3.5 times higher. The excess can be attributed to the extremely high mortality from oesophageal cancer and lung cancer. The indigenous people of coastal Chukotka were at very high risk of death from cancer relative to the Russian population nationally. The mortality data from this study correspond to the pattern of incidence reported among other indigenous people of the Russian Arctic. Little information is available since 1990, and the feasibility of ethnic-specific health data is now severely limited.

  3. Report on atomic structure research 1961-1990

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Fawcett, B.C.

    1990-07-01

    This report documents the atomic-structure research carried out during the period 1961-90. The contributions are in two main areas. The first comprises original line classifications of spectra of highly ionized atoms including identifications of a major proportion of newly observed lines in the solar far ultraviolet and soft X-ray spectrum. The second consists of theoretical calculations of atomic data such as oscillator strengths, wavelengths, energy levels and their composition. These were calculated with advanced atomic-structure codes and cover most solar abundant ions. A new method was applied to collision calculations. Research in this field, presently conducted at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), was initiated in the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA) at Harwell in 1960. It continued under the UKAEA at Culham Laboratory in 1962 and until 1986 when staff were taken over by Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC) and later transferred to RAL in 1981. (author)

  4. Considerações sobre a anistia de 1945 na imprensa

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Paulo Jorge Corrêa Campos

    2015-12-01

    Full Text Available O presente trabalho busca atentar para os conflitos políticos no contexto do final do Estado Novo, no ano de 1945. Para tal, propõe-se a apresentar a articulação em torno da campanha pela anistia política na imprensa brasileira, a partir de março até a decretação da mesma no mês seguinte. Ao buscar tal referencial empírico, o texto almeja apresentar dados que auxiliem na compreensão da adesão ou não da participação popular ao movimento.

  5. [Socialist escapes. Breaking away from ideology and everday routine in Eastern Europe 1945-1989] / Karsten Brüggemann

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Brüggemann, Karsten, 1965-

    2014-01-01

    Arvustus: Socialist escapes: Breaking away from ideology and everday routine in Eastern Europe 1945-1989, co-edited with Cathleen M. Giustino and Catherine J. Plum (New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2013).

  6. Edith Marie Thompson (1877–1961), sports and empire settlement administrator

    OpenAIRE

    Williams, Jean

    2012-01-01

    Thompson, Edith Marie (1877–1961), sports and empire settlement administrator, was born at 44 Russell Road, Kensington, London, on 19 May 1877, the only daughter of William Frederic Thompson (1847/8–1921), barrister and mineral and chemical merchant, and his wife, Marie Charlotte, née Warde (1849/50–1900). She was educated at Norland Place School and was a boarder at Cheltenham Ladies' College in 1892–3, at a period when there was still very little sport played at the school. In January 1895,...

  7. 77 FR 68790 - Program Comment Issued for Streamlining Section 106 Review for Actions Affecting Post-1945...

    Science.gov (United States)

    2012-11-16

    ... Program Comment including: Removing reinforced concrete rigid frames, metal rigid frames, and curved metal... culverts and reinforced concrete boxes among the common bridge types covered by the Program Comment. Two... Program Comment: Program Comment for Common Post-1945 Concrete and Steel Bridges I. Introduction Every...

  8. Developmental State Policy, Educational Development, and Economic Development: Policy Processes in South Korea (1961-1979)

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kim, Ki Su

    2012-01-01

    This paper explores two inter-connected issues--the state's role in educational development and educational contribution to economic development--in the policy processes entailed by the South Korean state's pursuit of economic development during the Park Chung Hi era, 1961-1979. It disputes the statist view that South Korea's economic development…

  9. El plan del nitrogeno (1939-61)

    OpenAIRE

    Antonio Gómez de Mendoza

    1997-01-01

    Evolución histórica de la industria del nitrógeno en España durante el período de 1939 a 1961 a través de cuatro apartados: el problema del nitrógeno en el período de entre guerras, los cambios introducidos por el INI, análisis de la gestión de la Sociedad Ibérica del Nitrógeno y el estudio de la industria del nitrógeno entre 1951-1961.

  10. French uranium mines and miners from 1945 to 1975

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Blanc, J.

    2009-04-01

    The author proposes an historical review of the French uranium mining activity, and more particularly of its actors from 1945 to 1975 with the creation of the CEA and of its different departments, and their successive managers. CEA teams explored several countries but also exploit uranium ores in France (275 tons in 1956). After a continuous development until 1962, an important discovery in Niger, the activity in France faced great difficulties between 1970 and 1973, just before knowing great time due to the French electronuclear program (1974-1980), and to the strong increase of the uranium market. The first oil crisis was still a benefit, but the third oil crisis (1980) caused a reduction of power plant commissioning

  11. Na casa e... na rua: cartografias das mulheres na cidade (Campina Grande, 1930-1945 At home and... on the streets: cartography of women around the city (Campina Grande, 1930-1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Fabio Gutemberg Ramos Bezerra de Sousa

    2005-06-01

    Full Text Available Neste artigo fazemos uma incursão específica no mundo das mulheres. O locus do estudo é a cidade de Campina Grande, Paraíba, nos anos de 1930 a 1945, tendo como objeto os significados e implicações que algumas atividades das mulheres do meio popular tinham para a cidade e o modo como utilizavam seus espaços e territórios. Também buscamos reconstituir aspectos cotidianos da trajetória de algumas mulheres pelas ruas e subúrbios da cidade, focalizando características singulares de mulheres anônimas que apareceram na cena urbana, fazendo da cidade um lugar de múltiplas práticas, relações e conflitos.This article brings a specific gaze into women's world. The locus of our study is the city of Campina Grande (Paraíba from 1930 to 1945, emphasising the meanings and implications of some activities carried out by working class women through the city, and the ways they used its spaces and territories. We also seek to rebuild everyday aspects of their trajectories through streets and suburbs, focusing singular characteristics of anonymous women who appeared at the urban scene turning it into a place of multiple practices, relations and conflicts.

  12. Extractive metallurgy of zirconium--1945 to the present

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Franklin, D.G.; Adamson, R.B.

    1984-01-01

    Although the history of the reduction of zirconium dates from 1824 and the first ductile zirconium metal was produced in the laboratory in 1914, modern reduction practice was pioneered by the U.S. Bureau of Mines starting in 1945. This paper reviews the history of the extractive metallurgy of zirconium from the early work of W. J. Kroll and co-workers at the Bureau of Mines in Albany, Ore., through the commercial development of the production of reactor-grade zirconium metal which was spurred by the requirements of the Naval Reactor Program and the development of commercial nuclear power. Technical subjects covered include processes for opening the ore, zirconium-hafnium separation, chlorination of zirconium oxide, reduction processes, and electrowinning of zirconium metal. Proposed new processes and process modifications are reviewed

  13. Escape from Socialist Yugoslavia ‒ Illegal Emigration from Croatia from 1945 to the Beginning of the 1960s

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Tatjana Šarić

    2015-08-01

    Full Text Available In the post-war socialist Yugoslavia political and/or economic situation has become unacceptable for part of the population. Since legal emigration from Croatia was not allowed, the number of illegal immigrants increased since the end of World War II. The article deals with this group of migrants using the comparative analysis of original archival materials and available literature in the period from 1945 to 1961 when the state began to gradually open the border. Mostly young people, under 25 years of age, immigrated illegally, mainly for economic reasons, and this was associated with a tradition of emigration, especially in the coastal region. In addition to the poor economic situation, people also emigrated for political reasons, then for adventure, to avoid serving in the Yugoslav People’s Army or to escape from the law for committing criminal offenses. They were fleeing by land or by sea, which was much more successful. Usually the first destinations of the immigrants were Italy, Austria and Germany, from where the majority of them moved to overseas countries. Most people fled the districts of Rijeka, Pula, Zagreb, Zadar, Šibenik and Split that existed at that time so that 74% of all illegal immigrants came from them. The runaways were mostly workers, followed by farmers, vocational school students, public servants, pupils and students, sailors and craftsmen. According to gender, there were many more men than women among the runaways, most of whom were unmarried. The authorities were trying to prevent the escape abroad by methods of controlling the border and prison sentences, but also by the attempts to ensure better living conditions in the affected areas. As these measures had not yielded the desired results, but also due to the beginning of the economic crisis and the appearance of unemployment, the authorities liberalized emigration procedures and opened the borders to immigrants which resulted in a new wave of economic emigration.

  14. Urinary bladder tumors among atomic bomb survivors Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1961-1972

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Sanefuji, Hayato; Ishimaru, Toranosuke.

    1980-03-01

    A study was made of the relationship of radiation dose to the incidence of urinary bladder tumors among atomic bomb survivors and controls in the RERF Life Span Study extended sample. A total of 112 cases of urinary bladder tumors was identified among approximately 99,000 subjects in this fixed cohort during 1961-72. Morphologic diagnoses were available for 86 cases (76.8%), cystoscopy alone for 21 cases (18.7%), and only the cause of death recorded on death certificates for 5 cases (4.5%). Urothelial carcinoma (transitional cell carcinoma) is the most common type of urinary bladder tumor for which morphologic diagnoses are available. The 1961-72 incidence rate was calculated using 106 cases identified as urinary bladder tumors. Although the crude annual incidence rate in the high dose group (100 rad or more) is elevated in both cities and both sexes, all nine cases with this dose were aged 40 years or more at the time of the bomb (ATB). The standardized relative risk adjusted for city and sex for those of age 40 or more ATB in the high dose group is 1.8 in comparison with the control group and this is a suggestive statistical difference. A statistically significant elevation of risk occurs in the high dose group for urothelial carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder among those aged 40 or more ATB. (author)

  15. Česká próza v periodě 1945-1948

    OpenAIRE

    HÜBELBAUEROVÁ, Kristýna

    2013-01-01

    The thesis focuses on the reception of existentialism in the Czech entourage in 1945-1948. The theoretical part of the chapter is dedicated to Václav Černý and his understanding of existensialism. We are going to be focusing on the professional and theoretical texts from Jaroslav Červinka, Jindřich Chalupecký, Václav Navrátil, Jan Patočka and Ladislav Rieger, which are processing the theme. In the practical part we are going to analyze the pieces from Dušan Pala, Miroslav Hanuš and Egon Hosto...

  16. Wind speed change regionalization in China (1961–2012

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Pei-Jun Shi

    2015-06-01

    Full Text Available This research quantitatively recognized the wind speed change using wind speed trend and trend of wind speed variability from 1961 to 2012 and regionalized the wind speed change on a county-level basis. The mean wind speed observation data and linear fitting method were used. The findings suggested that level-I regionalization includes six zones according to wind speed trend value in different regions, viz. Northeast China–North China substantial declining zone, East–Central China declining zone, Southeast China slightly declining zone, Southwest China very slightly declining zone, Northwest China declining zone, and Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau slightly declining zone. Level-II regionalization divides China into twelve regions based on trend of wind speed variability and the level-I regionalization results.

  17. Economic development of regional public utilities from 1961-1978

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hubig, K; Sickmueller, G [Ueberlandwerk Oberfranken A.G., Bamberg (Germany, F.R.)

    1978-04-01

    The issue of the previous development and the current state of earnings in the regional power economy is of special importance. The evaluation of business reports of 35 members of the ARE (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Regionaler Energieversorgungsunternehmen) set forth in this article provides information about the period from 1961 to 1976. The data given for the years 1977 and 1978 are based upon inquiries made for business-specific (preliminary) actual and estimated data. After a determination of further trends, these data were used in a computerized planning model for this specific branch of the business and were processed to yield estimated profit and loss accounts and balances for the years 1977 and 1978 on the basis of the aggregated actual data of 1976.

  18. Análise das recomendações internacionais sobre o consumo de açúcares publicadas entre 1961 e 1991 An analysis of the recommendations on the consumption of sugars published throughout the world between 1961 and 1991

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Maria do Carmo M. Freire

    1994-06-01

    Full Text Available Realizou-se levantamento das recomendações nutricionais sobre o consumo de açúcares contidas nas publicações especializadas em todo o mundo, nos últimos 30 anos. Objetivou-se investigar as recomendações sobre o consumo de açúcares e identificar qual orientação deveria ser dada ao público e autoridades competentes sobre os níveis ideais de açúcares na dieta compatíveis com uma boa saúde. As informações foram obtidas de 116 publicações elaboradas por comitês de especialistas de 37 diferentes países e regiões do mundo, incluindo principalmente países desenvolvidos, mas também aqueles em desenvolvimento. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a grande maioria (84,5% das publicações analisadas fazem recomendações sobre o consumo de açúcares extrínsecos ou livres, havendo consenso de que estes açúcares, principalmente a sacarose, devem ser reduzidos da dieta. A recomendação mais freqüente é 10% de calorias a partir dos açúcares extrínsecos como um nível máximo. Tais recomendações são geralmente dirigidas à toda a população com a finalidade de manter a saúde geral, mas sobretudo prevenir a cárie dental e a obesidade. Concluiu-se que as recomendações sobre o consumo de açúcares contidas nas publicações editadas nas últimas três décadas são coerentes com a evidência científica da relação entre os açúcares e as doenças crônicas e, portanto, deveriam ser integradas às políticas de alimentação e saúde.It is study made an analysis of national expert reports on dietary guidelines published all over the world in the 30-year period between 1961 and 1991. The aim is to identify what the reports recommend about the consumption of sugars and their relation to chronic diseases, and also what advice should be given to the public and appropriate authorities regarding levels of sugars in the diet. Information was gathered from 115 reports published by experts committees in 36 different

  19. Pemerintahan Provinsi Lampung 1945-1964

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Arizka Waranegara

    2014-06-01

    Full Text Available This is a library research about political elite contestation in Lampung from 1945 until 1964, at that time there are three major ideology, first is Islam, second is Nationalism and third is Communism. In the old orde era, the elite politics competition in the national level describe the same thing with the local level. If in the national level there are three major ideology, in Lampung also three ideology had played important role, the Party Communist (PKI, Indonesian Nationalsit Party (PNI and Masyumi (Islamic Faction. In the first political stage after Independence of Indonesia. In 1964, there was a first Lampung’s Governor Election, at that time R.A Zulkifli Warganegara had appointed to be Lampung first Governor, but because of the political intervention his position was replaced by Koesno Danopoyo which was fully supported by Communist Party. This is a decsriptive qualitative research, the main data comes from indepth interview and documentation. The results shown that there is basic difference between Lampung’s political elite contestation in the old orde era and reformation era. In the old orde era the competition based on ideology but in the reformation era the competition based on purely political interest.Keywords: contestation, political elite and election

  20. Sliding toward the Free Market: Shifting Political Conditions and U.S. Agricultural Policy, 1945-1975

    Science.gov (United States)

    Winders, Bill

    2004-01-01

    Between 1945 and 1975, the twin pillars of U.S. agricultural policy--price supports and production controls--were weakened significantly. Price supports levels were reduced and made flexible in 1954, and the concept of parity was removed in 1973. Production controls were softened in 1964 and 1973. How can we explain these policy shifts? While…

  1. O Brasil e suas naturezas possíveis (1930-1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Carvalho De Ostos, Natascha Stefania

    2012-08-01

    Full Text Available The purpose of this article is to examine the speeches made by civil society organizations and the State on the Brazilian territory, throughout the so-called Vargas Age (1930-1945. Said speeches, published in several journals of that time, believed that the natural world, split into its various parts, was the greatest expression of a country full of wealth that, if administered rationally, would be able to develop the country’s production strength. The great dilemma that permeated the discussions on the subject was: how to ensure the protection of nature, a priceless heritage, and at the same time promote economic development, which depended, according to prevailing opinion, on the widespread exploitation of natural resources.

    Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar los discursos de la sociedad civil y del Estado sobre el territorio brasileño, a lo largo de la llamada Era Vargas (1930-1945. Tales discursos, publicados en varias revistas de la época, creían que el mundo natural, en sus diversas partes, representaba la máxima expresión de un territorio lleno de riquezas, que, si administrado de forma racional, sería capaz de desarrollar las fuerzas de producción del país. El gran dilema que impregnó los debates sobre el tema, fue: cómo asegurar la protección de la naturaleza, patrimonio que no tiene precio, y al mismo tiempo promover el desarrollo económico, que dependía, según la opinión predominante, de la explotación generalizada de los recursos naturales.

  2. Democratic survival in Latin America (1945-2005

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Aníbal PÉREZ-LIÑÁN

    2014-12-01

    Full Text Available Why do democracies survive or break down? In this paper, it returns to this classic question with an empirical focus on Latin America from 1945 to 2005. The argument deviates from the quantitative literature and a good part of the qualitative literature on democratic survival and breakdown. It is argued that structural variables such as the level of development and inequalities have not shaped prospects for democratic survival in Latin America. Nor, contrary to findings in some of the literature, has economic performance affected the survival of competitive regimes. Instead, it is focused on the regional political environment and on actors’ normative preferences about democracy and dictatorship and their policy radicalism or moderation. It is argued that 1 a higher level of development did not increase the likelihood of democratic survival in Latin America over this long time; 2 if actors have a normative preference for democracy, it is more likely to survive; and 3 policy moderation facilitates democratic survival.

  3. Entre/Plantas

    OpenAIRE

    Montoro Coso, Ricardo; Sonntag, Franca Alexandra

    2014-01-01

    La palabra Inter-és proviene etimológicamente de las palabras latinas inter y esse; y significa “lo que está-entre dos o más personas, o sea lo que las une pero también las separa”. Los prefijos inter- y entre-, en la mayor parte de los casos, describen estados o acciones ambiguas de los términos que preceden. De esta operación aditiva surgen maclas de vocablos; el inter-sticio como la “hendidura o espacio que media entre dos cuerpos o entre dos partes de un mismo cuerpo”; y así sucesivamente...

  4. Italian Troops on USSR occupied Territories in 1941−1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Игорь Игоревич Баринов

    2011-12-01

    Full Text Available The article studies the activities of Italian allied troops of Nazi Germany in the occupied during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 of the USSR Soviet territories. The material contained in the article allows to compare the Italian occupation administration policy and its features as well as its involvement in war crimes on Soviet territory. This article also gives a possibility to trace the organizing role of Germany in terms of organization of the occupation regime on the Soviet territory and its relations with its allies and satellites on the Eastern Front. The work is based primarily on unexplored archival documents.

  5. From Charity to Development: Christian International Health Organizations, 1945-1978

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Walter Bruchhausen

    2016-12-01

    Full Text Available With the exception of the Red Cross the history of non-governmental international organizations in the field of health has received less attention from historians than intergovernmental organizations and national non-governmental organizations (NGOs. This article takes up the challenge of redressing this by examining the origins and policies of Christian agencies such as Medicus Mundi Internationalis (International Organisation for Medical Cooperation and the World Council of Churches Christian Medical Commission. Despite denominational and theological differences a story emerges of a common trajectory from a hospital-based focus on curative medicine to community-focused primary healthcare in the three decades or so after 1945.

  6. 26 CFR 301.6501(j)-1 - Investment credit carryback; taxable years ending after December 31, 1961.

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-04-01

    ... 26 Internal Revenue 18 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Investment credit carryback; taxable years ending after December 31, 1961. 301.6501(j)-1 Section 301.6501(j)-1 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE... Limitations Limitations on Assessment and Collection § 301.6501(j)-1 Investment credit carryback; taxable...

  7. Les je gigognes du roman célinien

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Gregor Perko

    2008-12-01

    Full Text Available Le présent article se penchera sur des aspects narratologiques des trois derniers romans de l’écrivain français Louis-Ferdinand Céline (1894–1961, d’un château l’autre (1957, nord (1960 et rigodon (publication posthume en 1964. Les romans, que la tradition critique solidement établie réunit en trilogie allemande,1 présentent l’aboutissement des recherches poétiques de l’écrivain tant au niveau du style qu’au niveau des techniques narratives. L’analyse qui s’appuiera pour l’essentiel sur le modèle narratologique de Gérard Genette (Genette 1972, 1983 se centrera sur différentes valeurs du je célinien :   –      je comme instance(s narrative(s, –      je comme foyer(s de perception, –      je comme personnage(s romanesque(s.

  8. [Refugees at Malmö Epidemic Hospital in 1945].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Cronberg, S

    1993-01-01

    In 1945, 423 refugees were admitted because of contagious disease at Malmö Epidemic Hospital. Of these refugees 159 men and 167 women arrived from the German concentration camps in Ravensbrück, Buchenwald, Bergen-Belsen, Neuengamme and others. Others arrived in a boat destined to be sunk when peace came and the crew changed mind, letting the boat board at Malmö harbour. Thus life was saved to more than 95% of its passengers. Of the refugees 31% came from Poland, 24% from Scandinavian countries, 12% from Benelux and 10% from France. Louse-borne typhus was the most frequent diagnosis that occurred in 35%. Other common disorders were diphtheria, scarlet fever, enteric fever and tuberculosis. Almost all prisoners from concentration camps were malnourished and had sustained severe cruelty. Most of them recovered rapidly when given food and vitamins.

  9. Povijest proizvodnje kalcijeva karbida u Hrvatskoj (1897. – 1945.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Nenad Raos

    2018-06-01

    Full Text Available Danas je kalcijev karbid, CaC2, sporedni produkt, no u prošlom je stoljeću bio glavni proizvod bazne kemijske industrije. U radu je prikazano njegovo otkriće, početak proizvodnje na prijelazu 19. u 20. stoljeće te primjene. Poseban je naglasak dan na povijest dviju hrvatskih tvornica za proizvodnju kalcijeva karbida i cijanamida, prve u Dugom Ratu pokraj Splita od 1914. do 1979. i druge, u Skradinu i Šibeniku, od 1897. do 1945. Ukazano je i na svjetske ekološke probleme proizvodnje kalcijeva karbida i drugih proizvoda dobivenih iz kalcijeva karbida, emisiju ugljikova dioksida te onečišćenje okoliša živom (masovno trovanje u zaljevu Minamata, Japan.

  10. Conservation of Peary caribou based on a recalculation of the 1961 aerial survey on the Queen Elizabeth Islands, Arctic Canada

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Frank L. Miller

    2005-05-01

    Full Text Available The estimate of 25 845 Peary caribou (Rangifer tarandus pearyi on the Queen Elizabeth Islands (QEI in the Canadian High Arctic in summer 1961 is the only nearly range-wide 'benchmark' for the past number of caribou. No variances or confidence intervals were calculated for this estimate and no estimates were calculated for Peary caribou on the three major islands of Ellesmere, Devon, and Axel Heiberg. We reexamined the 1961 raw data by grouping the QEI into five island-complexes ('eco-units' and calculating, for each unit, the estimated number of caribou and the standard error, and the 95% confidence interval of the estimate, using a 'bootstrap' technique with 100 000 replications. Our goal was to provide an ecological basis for evaluating subsequent changes in numbers rather than relying on single-island evaluations. Our bootstrap reanalysis produced an estimate of 28 288 ± 2205 SE with a 95% CI of 20 436—37 031 Peary caribou on the QEI in summer 1961. Substantial differences in density were apparent among the five eco-units, with about a 50-fold difference from 0.01 caribou • km-2 in the Eastern eco-unit to 0.5 caribou • km-2 in the Northwestern eco-unit. The 1961 findings, with our subsequent reexamination, are crucial to any evaluation of trends for the number of Peary caribou on the QEI and the relative importance of individual eco-units for these animals. These findings also allow a more accurate evaluation of the magnitude of the subsequent decline of Peary caribou on the QEI during the last four decades and may help predict future potential levels for caribou in each of the five eco-units.

  11. MIGRANT CHILDREN IN CALIFORNIA SCHOOLS, A 1961 SURVEY OF SCHOOLS SERVING CHILDREN OF SEASONAL FARM WORKERS.

    Science.gov (United States)

    NANCE, AFTON D.

    ENROLLMENT, ATTENDANCE, CLASS SIZE, NUMBER OF TEACHERS EMPLOYED, ADEQUACY OF FACILITIES, AND PROBLEMS RELATED TO THE EDUCATION OF CHILDREN OF MIGRANT WORKERS WERE THE CONCERNS OF A 1961 SURVEY OF SCHOOLS SERVING CHILDREN OF SEASONAL FARM WORKERS. QUESTIONNAIRES WERE SENT TO THE SUPERINTENDENTS OF 105 CALIFORNIA DISTRICTS ENROLLING THE MOST MIGRANT…

  12. Building 'Tower' on the Partizans square in Užice (1961

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Kuzović Duško

    2016-01-01

    Full Text Available The building 'Tower' at the Partisans Square in Užice was built from 1958 to 1961 designed by architect Milorad Pantović. It is located in the north zone on the street of Kralja Petra, in a continuous series of buildings that form the eastern side of the square room. Thanks to the topography of the terrain and the amount of public space, the tower dominates the square. Floors: Basement 1 + 2 basement + ground + mezzanine + 11 floors + attic. Tower at the Partisans Square represents the first multi-storey building which was built in Užice. The architectural value of the building represents a significant segment of the architectural heritage in Serbia and Yugoslavia.

  13. Le patrimoine paysager de Grazalema (1945-2005

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Pedro Romero de Solís

    2008-08-01

    Full Text Available Le patrimoine paysager de Grazalema (1945-2005. Nous nous proposons, dans ce texte, de décrire l’environnement de Grazalema à l’époque du séjour de J. Pitt-Rivers et d’analyser les changements les plus importants que l’on peut les observer aujourd’hui. Prenant en compte l’intérêt suscité par les valeurs de la nature à travers le temps, depuis les premiers naturalistes du xviiie siècle jusqu’à nos jours, nous nous intéressons à l’attrait croissant pour la « nature » et à la création du Parc Naturel qui a généré un type de tourisme inconnu dans cette région dans les années 1940 et qui est devenu le principal moteur des transformations sociales observées dans le village ainsi que le vecteur de la perception locale de l’environnement. Nous analysons également les changements de la société locale et de ses valeurs et nous essayions de comprendre comment les habitants de Grazalema appréhendent le paysage et comment ils ressentent la création du Parc naturel, ses avantages et ses inconvénients.The pastoral heritage of Grazalema (1945-2005. In this text we intend to describe Grazalema’s environment at the time of J. Pitt-Rivers’ visit and to analyse the most significant changes that may be observed today. In light of the interest aroused by the values of nature through the ages, from the first naturalists of the 18th century through to the present day, we take a look at the growing attraction of “nature” and the creation of a Natural Park which generated a kind of tourism which was unknown in the region in the 1940s and has become the main driving force for the social transformation observed in the village, as well as the vector for local perception of the environment. We also analyse the changes in local society and its values, and try to understand how the inhabitants of Grazalema perceive the landscape and what they feel about the creation of the Natural Park and the advantages and

  14. The nuclear age in popular media a transnational history, 1945-1965

    CERN Document Server

    van Lente, Dick

    2012-01-01

    Among the many technical innovations that were introduced after World War II, none left as strong an impression on the public as the atom bombs that destroyed two Japanese cities in August 1945. People spoke of the ""atomic age"" that had now begun, as if this technological innovation would, all by itself, shape a new world. The atomic age was described as one that might soon end in the destruction of human civilization, but from the beginning, utopian images were attached to it as well. Nuclear technology offered the promise of applications in medicine, agriculture, and engineering, and nucle

  15. Flowers in Contradiction : : Japanese Imperialism and Gender Construction Through Women's Writings, 1895-1945

    OpenAIRE

    Kakihara, Satoko

    2014-01-01

    This dissertation examines writings by women in the Japanese empire, analyzing their negotiations of gender in the metropole and the colonies and territories of Taiwan, Korea, and China between 1895 and 1945. From the Meiji era, the Japanese government attempted to modernize its subjects through social reforms and the assignation of normative gender roles: men to fight for expansion as masculinized soldiers, women to reproduce and raise future imperial subjects as feminized Good Wives and Wis...

  16. Conflits et conflictualités

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    2010-12-01

    Full Text Available Conflits de proximitéLe premier panel du séminaire s’est articulé autour du conflit de proximité. Ouvert par une introduction consacrée aux liens entre voisinage et violence, il a apporté deux illustrations à travers deux études de cas : à l’échelle d’une institution culturelle franco-allemande d’abord, puis au sein d’une communauté sociale particulière.La communication de Ulrich Bielefeld, intitulée « Proximité et violence », envisage le voisinage comme champ d’émergence du conflit, au sens ...

  17. Lire/voir The Ballad of Reading Gaol d’Oscar Wilde à la lumière de l’expressionnisme

    OpenAIRE

    Giudicelli, Xavier

    2017-01-01

    Objet hybride, un livre illustré met en présence deux ensembles de signes distincts qui se complètent, s’éclairent et tissent des relations dialectiques. Cet article se propose d’étudier l’édition de The Ballad of Reading Gaol mise en image par l’artiste expressionniste allemand Erich Heckel en 1907, dans le but d’interroger les effets de lecture produits par la rencontre entre le texte et l’image dans cette édition. Après avoir replacé The Ballad of Reading Gaol et l’édition illustrée par Er...

  18. L’éthique catholique et l’esprit du coopératisme : la Caisse d’économie des pompiers de Montréal comme observatoire sociologique (1945-1980 The catholic ethic and the spirit of cooperatism : The Montreal Firemen’s credit union as a sociological observatory (1945-1980

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Paul Brochu

    2012-05-01

    Full Text Available Le cas de la caisse d’économie des pompiers de Montréal (première caisse francophone au Québec en 1945 nous permet de mettre en évidence une transition et une transformation importantes dans le déplacement des forces de solidarité au Québec : le passage de la paroisse au milieu de travail (métier/profession comme formes sociales d’intégration économique. Dans ce cas d’analyse, le sens d’origine religieuse de l’activité coopérative se voit transposé de la paroisse au milieu de travail. Cette étude de cas proposera l’analyse d’un discours écrit : les procès-verbaux des assemblées des membres de cette caisse d’économie, de 1945 à 1980. Un tel matériau nous permettra de prendre la mesure de cette organisation coopérative, c’est-à-dire les représentations et formes de connaissance relatives aux rapports sociaux construisant l’activité économique. L’analyse des procès-verbaux de cette caisse d’économie est aussi expressive de l’état général des rapports sociaux de la société québécoise. De 1945 à 1980, nous voyons se transformer à la fois le discours et la forme sociale de légitimité qui l’enracine. L’analyse se donnera ainsi un objet privilégié : les formes sociales de connaissance qui enracinent l’activité économique.A careful observation of Montreal’s Firemen credit union (the first francophone credit union established in the province of Quebec, in 1945 enables us to show that an important transition and transformation took place when the social solidarity moved from the parish to the workplace (work, profession, both being social forms of economic integration. In this case study, the initially religious meaning of the French cooperative financial institutions is shifting from the parish to the workplace.In this paper, we will analyze a written discourse, namely the minutes of the members’ meetings from 1945 to 1980. This material will enable us to assess this

  19. [Formation of medical education in North Korea: 1945-1948].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Heo, Yun-Jung; Cho, Young-Soo

    2014-08-01

    This study focuses on the formation of medical education in North Korea from 1945 to 1948 in terms of the centralization of medical education, and on the process and significance of the systemization of medical education. Doctors of the past trained under the Japanese colonial system lived and worked as liberalists. More than half of these doctors who were in North Korea defected to South Korea after the country was liberated. Thus the North Korean regime faced the urgent task of cultivating new doctors who would 'serve the state and people.' Since the autumn of 1945, right after national liberation, Local People's Committees organized and implemented medical education autonomously. Following the establishment of the Provisional People's Committee of North Korea, democratic reform was launched, leading to the centralized administration of education. Consequently, medical educational institutions were realigned, with some elevated to medical colleges and others shut down. The North Korean state criticised the liberalistic attitude of doctors and the bureaucratic style of health administration, and tried to reform their political consciousness through political inculcation programs. The state also grant doctors living and housing privileges, which show its endeavor to build 'state medicine'. By 1947, a medical education system was established in which the education administration was put in charge of training new doctors while the health administration was put in charge of nurturing and retraining health workers. In this way, the state was the principal agent that actively established a centralized administrative system in the process of the formation of medical education in North Korea following national liberation. Another agent was deeply involved in this process - the faculty that was directly in charge of educating the new doctors. Studying the medical faculty remains another research task for the future. By exploring how the knowledge, generational experience

  20. World Regionalization of Climate Change(1961–2010)

    Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

    Peijun; Shi; Shao; Sun; Daoyi; Gong; Tao; Zhou

    2016-01-01

    Traditional climate classification or regionalization characterizes the mean state of climate condition, which cannot meet the demand of addressing climate change currently. We have developed a climate change classification method, as well as the fundamental principles, an indicator system, and mapping techniques of climate change regionalization. This study used annual mean temperature and total precipitation as climatic indices, and linear trend and variation change as change indices to characterize climate change quantitatively. The study has proposed a scheme for world climate change regionalization based on a half century of climate data(1961–2010). Level-I regionalization divides the world into 12 tendency zones based on the linear trend of climate, level-II regionalization resulted in 28 fluctuation regions based on the variation change of climate. Climate change regionalization provides a scientific basis for countries and regions to develop plans for adapting to climate change, especially for managing climate-related disaster or environmental risks.

  1. Breast cancer research output, 1945-2008: a bibliometric and density-equalizing analysis

    LENUS (Irish Health Repository)

    Glynn, Ronan W

    2010-12-22

    Abstract Introduction Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer among women, with an estimated 194,280 new cases diagnosed in the United States in 2009 alone. The primary aim of this work was to provide an in-depth evaluation of research yield in breast cancer from 1945 to 2008, using large-scale data analysis, the employment of bibliometric indicators of production and quality, and density-equalizing mapping. Methods Data were retrieved from the Web of Science (WOS) Science Citation Expanded database; this was searched using the Boolean operator, \\'OR\\

  2. Making health policy: networks in research and policy after 1945.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Berridge, Virginia

    2005-01-01

    Science and policy in health and medicine have interacted in new ways in Britain since 1945. The relationship between research and policy has a history. The changing role of social medicine, the rise of health services research and "customer contractor" policies in government have been important. The relationship between research and policy has been analysed by different schools of thought. This chapter categorises them as several groups: "evidence-based", "journalism", "sociology of scientific knowledge" and "science policy studies". The chapters in the book illuminate aspects of these changing relationships. The role of chronic disease epidemiology, of new networks in public health, of media-focussed activism, and of health technology and its advocates have been more important than political interest.

  3. Early Japanese contributions to space weather research (1945–1960

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    A. Nishida

    2010-04-01

    Full Text Available Major contributions by Japanese scientists in the period of 1945 to 1960 are reviewed. This was the period when the foundation of the space weather research was laid by ground-based observations and theoretical research. Important contributions were made on such subjects as equatorial ionosphere in quiet times, tidal wind system in the ionosphere, formation of the F2 layer, VLF propagation above the ionosphere, and precursory phenomena (type IV radio outburst and polar cap absorption to storms. At the IGY (1957, 1958, research efforts were intensified and new programs in space and Antarctica were initiated. Japanese scientists in this discipline held a tight network for communication and collaboration that has been kept to this day.

  4. Hiroshima - Monday August 6, 1945, 8h15 a.m

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Hersey, John; Belmont, Georges; Haas, Pascale

    2011-01-01

    On 6 August 1945 at 8.15 a.m., Hiroshima was destroyed by the first atom bomb ever dropped on a city, killing one hundred thousand men, women and children in its white fury. This book, John Hersey's journalistic masterpiece, tells what happened on that day. Told through the memories of six civilians who survived against the odds, this timeless, powerful and compassionate document tells the moments that have preceded and followed the atomic explosion. John Hersey's spare, devastating report on the attack was first published in the New Yorker in 1946. Written in the immediate aftermath of the disaster, it is a classic piece of journalism, and a defining moment of the nuclear age

  5. Españoles fuera de España. Historia y memoria de la última ola migratoria española (1945-1980

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    María José Fernández Vicente

    2007-09-01

    Full Text Available Les années 1980 furent marquées par la transformation d’une Espagne pays d’émigration en une Espagne accueillant des milliers d’immigrés. Submergée et souvent dépassée par cette réalité, nouvelle et conflictuelle, la société espagnole semble avoir oublié que l’Espagne avait été, jusque récemment, une « terre d’émigrants ». Ce travail a ainsi comme but de récupérer une partie de cette histoire-mémoire concernant la dernière vague migratoire espagnole. Prenant comme point de départ l’extrême richesse et complexité des sources orales, nous tenterons de reconstituer les raisons ayant poussé une partie des Espagnols à l’émigration. Face à l’impossibilité d’embrasser la totalité du flux migratoire, nous avons opté par une comparaison des deux destinations principales du flux : l’Argentine pour la période où l’émigration se dirigeait massivement vers des destinations d’Outre-mer (1945-1955, et la France pour la période dite « continentale » (1956-1980.Los años 80 asistieron a la transformación de una España que «emigraba» en una España que acogía a miles de inmigrantes. Sumida, y a menudo desbordada por esta nueva y conflictiva realidad social, la sociedad española parece haber olvidado que, hasta hace muy poco, España fue, esencialmente, «tierra de emigrantes». Por ello, este trabajo se propone contribuir a recuperar una parte de la historia-memoria de la última ola migratoria española. Partiendo de la riqueza y complejidad de las fuentes orales, se tratará de reconstituir las razones que empujaron a una parte de estos españoles a emigrar. Pero ante la imposibilidad de abarcar la totalidad del flujo migratorio, se optará por una comparación entre sus dos destinos principales : Argentina, para la etapa «ultramarina» (1945-1955 y Francia para la fase «continental» (1956-1980.The’80s have seen Spain transformed from an “Emigration country” to an

  6. Race Across Borders: Transnationalism and Racial Identity in African-American Fiction, 1929-1945

    OpenAIRE

    Agbodike, Kanayo Jason

    2012-01-01

    Race Across Borders: Transnationalism and Racial Identity in African-American Fiction, 1929-1945, examines four African-American literary texts that employ transnational themes and aesthetics as a means of resisting a logic of racial essentialism that governed the production and reception of black literature in the United States during the early 20th century. I examine the ways in which Dark Princess by W. E. B. Du Bois, Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston, Banjo: A Story Witho...

  7. Propaganda of the Occupation Regime of National Socialistic Germany in Latvia (1941-1945)

    OpenAIRE

    Kaspars Zellis

    2011-01-01

    Annotation Doctoral thesis „Propaganda of the Occupation Regime of National Socialistic Germany in Latvia (1941-1945)” presents analysis of Nazi propaganda towards people of Latvia during the World War II. The analysis covers the institutions of propaganda and the main channels of propaganda – media, radio, cinema etc. The content of propaganda has been analyzed in the research as well. The thesis deals with the issue of propaganda of integration, the main goal of which was creating a n...

  8. The South Tirol Problem Since 1945: The Intersection of International and Domestic Politics.

    Science.gov (United States)

    1985-12-10

    an heir, the Duke of Austria, Rudolf IV, took over the rule of the county and the title of "Count of Tirol." This relationship with the royal family...of northern Italy in September 1943 caught this off guard and two of its number, Rudolf Posch and Friedl Volgger, were arrested and sent to...14 Times (London), December 22, 1945. 1 5 Results in Kurt Steiner , Politics in Austria (Boston: fLittle, Brown, and Co., 1972), 4307 38 --. , *."’w

  9. Jazz als probleem. Receptie en acceptatie van de jazz in de wederopbouwperiode van Nederland 1945-1952

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Kleinhout, G.W.H.

    2006-01-01

    After the liberation of The Netherlands in 1945 jazz went through a new start because it had been banned from the public sphere and forced to go and stay underground for most of the five years of German occupation. As a consequence of this the young generation was at a loss what to make of popular

  10. Antonio Bonet. Espacios de transición entre vivienda y ciudad

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Juan Fernando Ródenas

    2015-05-01

    Full Text Available El acceso por corredor ha sido un principio arquitectónico utilizado para resolver la forma de la residencia en la ciudad moderna y sus posibilidades han sido am­pliamente desarrolladas por la crítica urbanística europea del siglo XX. El corredor se caracteriza por ser un elemento lineal que provoca un recorrido secuencial que resuelve la transición entre el ámbito doméstico y su encaje urbano. La hipótesis del artículo es desvelar nuevas posibilidades exploradas por Bonet, al situar el corredor en la planta baja de los edificios y vincularlo a estructuras urbanas de orden superior, a través del análisis de cuatro propuestas de la etapa española: los apartamentos Madrid, Salou (Tarragona 1961; el Conjunto hexagonal, La Manga del Mar Menor (Murcia 1963; el Edificio Babilonia, La Manga del Mar Menor (Mur­cia 1965; Las viviendas obreras del Poblado HIFRENSA, L’Hospitalet de l’Infant (Tarragona 1967. Las obras seleccionadas forman parte de un trazado urbanístico, el ámbito del corredor supera los límites del edificio y no puede establecerse una línea clara que separe arquitectura y urbanismo.

  11. La imagen del indio en la construcción histórico-cultural de la identidad. Estudio comparado de su representación iconográfica en los manuales escolares de México y España (1940-1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Lara Campos Pérez

    2010-06-01

    Full Text Available This article analyzes the iconographic construction of the image of the american indian in Spain and Mexico. The analysis has been done using the History Textbooks in both countries in the period 1940-1945. The aim of this report is to carry out a comparative study about one of the historical discourse items, the indian figure, as the historic-cultural identity component in the two countries. The analysis of the inconographic representation lets us apreciate, since a plastic point of view, the way in which these images contributed to shape this abstract and intangible entity that is the nation.//Este artículo analiza la construcción iconográfica de la figura del indio en España y México, a partir de las imágenes que fueron realizadas para ilustrar los manuales escolares de Historia en ambos países en el periodo comprendido entre 1940 y 1945. El objetivo es hacer un estudio comparado de la interpretación de uno de los elementos del discurso histórico, la figura del indio, en cuanto componente de la identidad históricocultural de los dos países. El análisis de la representación iconográfica nos permitirá apreciar desde un punto de vista plástico la forma que se dio a uno de los elementos que constituye ese ente abstracto e intangible que es la nación.

  12. Teología de la evolución (I: La autotrascendencia activa. Karl Rahner, 1961

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Manuel G. Doncel

    2015-03-01

    Full Text Available Este artículo es el primero de una tríada en la que se presentarán tres intuiciones que creemos valiosas para elaborar hoy día una rica teología de la «creación en evolución» (las otras dos serán: 2. La llamada creativa trinitaria, según Karl Schmitz-Moormann, 1997, y 3. El Espíritu como fuente de novedad, según Denis Edwards, 2004. Quisiéramos entender, a nivel filosófico y teológico, esa «cosmo-bio-evolución» que es nuestra propia «mega historia». Comenzamos hoy por preguntarnos cómo explicar el progreso evolutivo en que de la materia parece emerger la espiritualidad humana. Es un problema filosófico (¿puede de lo menos salir lo más? y teológico (¿cómo concebir una acción creadora y respetuosa con la creación?. Para resolverlo creemos necesario apoyarnos en la intuición de Rahner de 1961, de la que recogemos con concisión didáctica el núcleo central de su documento fundamental de 1961 sobre la «autosuperación» o «autotrascendencia activa» en relación a la hominización. Buscamos a continuación el contexto y la fecha en que se elaboró originalmente esa intuición, analizando tres documentos de Rahner inmediatamente anteriores y relacionados con el fundamental, y deducimos que la intuición hubo de tener lugar prácticamente en 1960. Presentamos por fin algunos artículos poco posteriores al de Rahner 1961, que difundieron positivamente sus ideas centrales, así como algunos otros que las critican, y enumeramos algunas publicaciones ulteriores de Rahner que clarifican su pensamiento.

  13. Atmospheric evaporative demand observations, estimates and driving factors in Spain (1961-2011)

    KAUST Repository

    Azorin-Molina, Cesar

    2015-04-01

    We analyzed the spatio-temporal evolution of evaporation observations from Piché atmometers (1961-2011; 56 stations) and Pan evaporimeters (1984-2011; 21 stations) across Spain, and compared both measurements with evaporation estimates obtained by four physical models: i.e., Food and Agricultural Organization-56 Penman-Monteith, Food and Agricultural Organization-Pan, PenPan and Penman, based on climate data. In this study we observed a positive and statistically significant correlation between Piché and Pan evaporation measurements during the common period (1984-2011; 19 stations), mainly in summer. When evaporation observations and estimates were compared, we detected positive and statistically significant correlations with the four methods, except for winter. Among the four physical models, the FAO-Pan showed the best fitting to both Piché and Pan evaporation measurements; the PenPan model overestimated evaporation rates; and the FAO-Penman-Monteith and Penman methods underestimated evaporation observations. We also observed a better spatial agreement between Pan evaporation and estimates than that obtained by Piché measurements. Annual and seasonal trends of evaporation estimates show a statistically significant increase for 1961-2011, which do not agree with long-term Piché evaporation trends; e.g. a discontinuity was found around the 1980s. Radiative and aerodynamic driving factors suggest that this discontinuity, and the observed evaporation trends across Spain could be associated with the abrupt increase in air temperature observed during last few decades (i.e., global warming). Further investigations using available Piché evaporation observations for other regions are needed to better understand physical components influencing long-term trends of evaporation.

  14. Cancer mortality in the indigenous population of coastal Chukotka, 1961–1990

    Science.gov (United States)

    Dudarev, Alexey A.; Chupakhin, Valery S.; Odland, Jon Øyvind

    2013-01-01

    Objectives The general aim was to assess the pattern and trend in cancer mortality among the indigenous people of coastal Chukotka during the period 1961–1990. Methods All cases of cancer deaths of indigenous residents of the Chukotsky district in the north-easternmost coast of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug were copied from personal death certificates. There were a total of 219 cancer deaths during the study period. The average annual number of cases, percent, crude, and age-standardized cancer mortality rates (ASMR) per 100,000 among men and women for all sites combined and selected sites were calculated. Data were aggregated into six 5-year periods to assess temporal trends. Direct age-standardization was performed with the Segi-Doll world standard population used by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Results The indigenous Chukchi and Eskimo people living in Chukotsky district were at higher risk of death from cancer during the 30-year period between 1961 and 1990, with ASMR among men twice that of Russia, and among women 3.5 times higher. The excess can be attributed to the extremely high mortality from oesophageal cancer and lung cancer. Conclusions The indigenous people of coastal Chukotka were at very high risk of death from cancer relative to the Russian population nationally. The mortality data from this study correspond to the pattern of incidence reported among other indigenous people of the Russian Arctic. Little information is available since 1990, and the feasibility of ethnic-specific health data is now severely limited. PMID:23519821

  15. Cancer mortality in the indigenous population of coastal Chukotka, 1961–1990

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Alexey A. Dudarev

    2013-03-01

    Full Text Available Objectives. The general aim was to assess the pattern and trend in cancer mortality among the indigenous people of coastal Chukotka during the period 1961–1990. Methods. All cases of cancer deaths of indigenous residents of the Chukotsky district in the north-easternmost coast of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug were copied from personal death certificates. There were a total of 219 cancer deaths during the study period. The average annual number of cases, percent, crude, and age-standardized cancer mortality rates (ASMR per 100,000 among men and women for all sites combined and selected sites were calculated. Data were aggregated into six 5-year periods to assess temporal trends. Direct age-standardization was performed with the Segi-Doll world standard population used by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Results. The indigenous Chukchi and Eskimo people living in Chukotsky district were at higher risk of death from cancer during the 30-year period between 1961 and 1990, with ASMR among men twice that of Russia, and among women 3.5 times higher. The excess can be attributed to the extremely high mortality from oesophageal cancer and lung cancer. Conclusions. The indigenous people of coastal Chukotka were at very high risk of death from cancer relative to the Russian population nationally. The mortality data from this study correspond to the pattern of incidence reported among other indigenous people of the Russian Arctic. Little information is available since 1990, and the feasibility of ethnic-specific health data is now severely limited.

  16. Atmospheric evaporative demand observations, estimates and driving factors in Spain (1961-2011)

    KAUST Repository

    Azorin-Molina, Cesar; Vicente-Serrano, Sergio M.; Sanchez-Lorenzo, Arturo; McVicar, Tim R.; Morá n-Tejeda, Enrique; Revuelto, Jesú s; El Kenawy, Ahmed M.; Martí n-Herná ndez, Natalia; Tomà s, M.

    2015-01-01

    We analyzed the spatio-temporal evolution of evaporation observations from Piché atmometers (1961-2011; 56 stations) and Pan evaporimeters (1984-2011; 21 stations) across Spain, and compared both measurements with evaporation estimates obtained by four physical models: i.e., Food and Agricultural Organization-56 Penman-Monteith, Food and Agricultural Organization-Pan, PenPan and Penman, based on climate data. In this study we observed a positive and statistically significant correlation between Piché and Pan evaporation measurements during the common period (1984-2011; 19 stations), mainly in summer. When evaporation observations and estimates were compared, we detected positive and statistically significant correlations with the four methods, except for winter. Among the four physical models, the FAO-Pan showed the best fitting to both Piché and Pan evaporation measurements; the PenPan model overestimated evaporation rates; and the FAO-Penman-Monteith and Penman methods underestimated evaporation observations. We also observed a better spatial agreement between Pan evaporation and estimates than that obtained by Piché measurements. Annual and seasonal trends of evaporation estimates show a statistically significant increase for 1961-2011, which do not agree with long-term Piché evaporation trends; e.g. a discontinuity was found around the 1980s. Radiative and aerodynamic driving factors suggest that this discontinuity, and the observed evaporation trends across Spain could be associated with the abrupt increase in air temperature observed during last few decades (i.e., global warming). Further investigations using available Piché evaporation observations for other regions are needed to better understand physical components influencing long-term trends of evaporation.

  17. An Unlikely Trusting Relationship? The United States and Japan since 1945

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Ruzicka, Jan; Keating, Vincent

    The U.S.-Japanese security relationship since 1945 has provided a fertile ground for the study of international politics. Constructivists have used it to demonstrate that security is ultimately dependent on cultural norms and identity. Realists, on the other hand, maintain that the relationship...... is best understood in terms of alliance politics where one state (Japan) passes the costs of its own defence onto its ally (the United States). Given the previously-identified weaknesses in both explanations, this article explores whether the relationship could better serve as an example of a trusting...... relationship in international politics by focussing on the mutual reduction of hedging strategies....

  18. El lenguaje de la ciencia y de su divulgación en la revista argentina Ciencia e Investigación (1945-1955

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Pablo von Stecher

    2017-11-01

    Full Text Available Patrocinada por la Asociación Argentina para el Progreso de las Ciencias, la revista Ciencia e Investigación (CEI publicó su primer ejemplar en 1945. Con el propósito de difundir los descubrimientos en las áreas de las ciencias médicas y naturales, y de instruir acerca del pensamiento científico, la revista se presentó bajo un estatuto de divulgación e intentó dirigirse a un auditorio general. No obstante, durante la primera década de publicación los editores de CEI se enfrentaron con dos desafíos vinculados a la comunicación científica. Por un lado, dieron cuenta de los conflictos implicados en la escritura de investigación y de las condiciones propias del lenguaje de la ciencia. Por otro, manifestaron su interés por conferir a la revista un estilo discursivo que, aunque sencillo y orientado a un gran público, no corrompiera la veracidad científica. Este trabajo se inscribe en la perspectiva francesa del análisis del discurso, cuyo propósito es el estudio simultáneo y recíproco de las dimensiones verbales y socio-institucionales de los discursos (Maingueneau, 2012, y analiza las representaciones sociolingüísticas (Arnoux & Del Valle, 2010 sobre el lenguaje de la ciencia y de su divulgación formuladas en CEI entre 1945 y 1955, un periodo -a su vez- complejo para el desarrollo científico en la Argentina, signado por el intervencionismo estatal en distintas instituciones. Para tal propósito, se seleccionaron e indagaron una serie de editoriales y artículos que refieren las problemáticas mencionadas. Los resultados exponen las complejidades discursivas de la divulgación científica en un ambiente poco familiarizado con esta práctica y, con ello, la dificultad por definir un perfil de lector para la revista; y, en términos más generales, dan cuenta de la importancia que tiene la reflexión sobre el lenguaje para el desarrollo y la comunicación de la ciencia.

  19. Sweden, United States and nuclear energy. The establishment of a Swedish nuclear materials control 1945-1995

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Jonter, T.

    1999-05-01

    This report deals mainly with the United States nuclear energy policy towards Sweden 1945-1960. Although Sweden contained rich uranium deposits and retained high competence in the natural sciences and technology, the country had to cooperate with other nations in order to develop the nuclear energy. Besides developing the civil use of nuclear power, the Swedish political elite also had plans to start a nuclear weapons programme. From the beginning of the 1950s up to 1968, when the Swedish parliament decided to sign the non-proliferation treaty, the issue was widely debated. In this report, American policy is analyzed in two periods. In the first period, 1945-1953, the most important aim was to prevent Sweden from acquiring nuclear materials, technical know-how, and advanced equipment which could be used in the production of nuclear weapons. The Swedish research projects were designed to contain both a civil and military use of nuclear energy. The first priority of the American administration was to discourage the Swedes from exploiting their uranium deposits, especially for military purposes. In the next period, 1953-1960, the American policy was characterized by extended aid to the development of the Swedish energy programme. Through the 'Atoms for Peace'-programme, the Swedish actors now received previously classified technical information and nuclear materials. Swedish companies and research centers could now buy enriched uranium and advanced equipment from the United States. This nuclear trade was, however, controlled by the American Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). The American help was shaped to prevent the Swedes from developing nuclear weapons capability. From mid-50s Swedish politicians and defence experts realised that a national production of nuclear bombs would cost much more money than was supposed 4-5 years earlier. As a consequence, Swedish officials started to explore the possibilities of acquiring nuclear weapons from United States. The American

  20. Julgeolekuorganite "uue töömeetodi" juurutamine relvastatud vastupanuliikumise vastu 1945. aastal / Tõnu Tannberg

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Tannberg, Tõnu, 1961-

    2008-01-01

    Kuna võitlus vastupanuliikumisega liiduvabariikide tasandil osutus ebapiisavaks, reorganiseeriti NKGB Banditismivastase Võitluse osakond 1944. aasta lõpus peavalitsuseks. 1945. aasta algul saabus Eestisse peavalitsuse esindajana alampolkovnik Slepnev. Dokument: Aleksander Resevi ettekanne NKGB BVVO ülemale sm. Leontjevile, mis võtab kokku seni tehtu relvastatud vastupanuliikumise vastases võitluses Eesti NSV-s ning tutvustab ka lähemalt julgeolekuorganite poolt kasutusele võetud nn. uut töömeetodit. Publikatsioon on valminud ETF-i grandi 7523 raames

  1. Mewaspadai Propaganda melalui Kajian Sejarah (Studi Atas Sistem Propaganda Jepang di Jawa 1942-1945)

    OpenAIRE

    Yuliati, Dewi

    2012-01-01

    This article describes the Japanese propaganda system in Java during its occupation (1942-1945). Before its invasion in Java the Japanese had already prepared the propaganda system intensively. The goal of the propaganda was to mobilize the commitment of the Indonesian people to support the Japanese military government to become the winner in the Greater East Asia war against the Allies. The system of the Japanese propaganda in Java includes institutions, methods, packages of propaganda, and ...

  2. The history of mathematics in the Krakow University of Technology (1945–2015 (in Polish

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jan Koroński

    2015-12-01

    Full Text Available The subject of the paper is the history of Mathematics at the Krakow University of Technology since 1945 up to 2015. It presents profiles of the most famous mathematicians in the history of the Krakow University of Technology (M. Krzyżański, J. Bochenek, F. Barański, I. Łojczyk-Królikiewicz and some information about their scientific achievements.

  3. The technical results of the Swedish nuclear weapons programme - a compilation of FOAs annual reports 1945-1972

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Oliver, L.; Stenholm, L.

    2002-02-01

    The aim with this report is to summarise FOAs nuclear weapons related research that was performed 1945-1972. The report is a compilation of FOAs annual reports that originally were in a classified form but have now - mostly - been declassified. References to separate reports in the different research areas are included in the report

  4. Exploitation of the Saturne synchrotron during the forth quarter of 1961

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    1962-01-01

    This document reports data describing the availability and operation (maintenance, failures, operation, beam availability, repetition period), main incidents, experiments related to the machine itself (adjustment of the beam median plane, influence of pressure on the number of accelerated particles, influence of noise on the HF chain on the number of accelerated particles, oscillator test, phase servo-control, detection of the extracted beam), other studies (beam striker, ejection, target propulsion, field measurement), physics experiments (electronic experiments), measures and measurements regarding the protection against radiation, and the liquefier activity which occurred or took place during the exploitation of the Saturne synchrotron during the second three-month period of 1961. It also indicates external works performed in the CERN hydrogen bubble chamber

  5. De hand van Romme. C.P.M. Romme als staatkundig hoofdredacteur van De Volkskrant (1945-1952

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    M. Broersma

    2000-01-01

    Full Text Available Romme's hand: The politician C.P.M. Romme as editor-in-chief of the 'De Volkskrant' (1945-1952Between 1945 and 1953, C.P.M. Romme held two posts simultaneously; he was both the political leader of the Katholieke Volkspartij (KVP and editor-in-chief of the newspaper 'De Volkskrant'. Many assumptions have been made about this joint position, mostly by theorists and researchers into the subject of 'pillarization'. However, Romme's actual influence on the content of the 'Volkskrant' has not yet been properly researched. This article explores the role that Romme the politician played during his editorship of the 'Volkskrant'. It aims to show how Romme used the newspaper to attain his political goals; especially with regard to maintaining Catholic political unity and social solidarity. He wrote leading articles to influence public opinion, acted in a censorial capacity and invited journalists and political supporters to contribute articles that supported his own views. In 1952, the owner of the newspaper, the 'Katholieke Arbeidersbeweging' (The Trade Union for Catholics, forced Romme to resign. Ironically, it was a conflict about maintaining Catholic political unity - Romme's main political goal – that ultimately led to his resignation.

  6. Vývoj plánování vědy v Československu a NDR v letech 1945-1989

    Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

    Franc, Martin; Kunštát, Miroslav

    2014-01-01

    Roč. 65, č. 5 (2014), s. 302-312 ISSN 0009-0700 R&D Projects: GA ČR GA13-09541S Institutional support: RVO:67985921 Keywords : Czechoslovakia, 1945-1989 * East Germany * history of science Subject RIV: AB - History

  7. Prenatal malnutrition and adult cognitive impairment: a natural experiment from the 1959-1961 Chinese famine.

    Science.gov (United States)

    He, Ping; Liu, Li; Salas, J M Ian; Guo, Chao; Cheng, Yunfei; Chen, Gong; Zheng, Xiaoying

    2018-05-03

    The current measures of cognitive functioning in adulthood do not indicate a long-term association with prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine. However, whether such association emerges in China is poorly understood. We aimed to investigate the potential effect of prenatal exposure to the 1959-1961 Chinese famine on adult cognitive impairment. We obtained data from the Second National Sample Survey on Disability implemented in thirty-one provinces in 2006, and restricted our analysis to 387 093 individuals born in 1956-1965. Cognitive impairment was defined as intelligence quotient (IQ) score under 70 and IQ of adults was evaluated by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - China Revision. Famine severity was defined as excess death rate. The famine impact on adult cognitive impairment was estimated by difference-in-difference models, established by examining the variations of famine exposure across birth cohorts. Results show that compared with adults born in 1956-1958, those who were exposed to Chinese famine during gestation (born in 1959-1961) were at greater risk of cognitive impairment in the total sample. Stratified analyses showed that this effect was evident in males and females, but only in rural, not in urban areas. In conclusion, prenatal exposure to famine had an enduring deleterious effect on risk of cognitive impairment in rural adults.

  8. Interaction of science and diplomacy: Latin American, the United States and nuclear energy, 1945-1955

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Cabral, R.

    1986-01-01

    Nuclear programs in Argentina and Brazil can be traced to August 1945 when their scientific communities articulated responses to the atomic bombings of Japan. They culminated in attempts to develop independent nuclear programs, sharply opposed by the United States, during the nationalist governments of Juan Peron and Getulio Vargas. This dissertation, based on primary sources from the three nations, analyzes these programs and the American responses. Latin America entered the nuclear age attempting to control natural resources, to improve scientific establishments, and to appraise Latin American-United States relations. Despite some clear warnings about nuclear dangers, the new form of energy was seen as the solution to industrial problems, poverty, and outside political interference. International opposition, which may have included nuclear threats from the United States, blocked Argentina's first attempt in 1947. After 1948, Peron wanted a nuclear program for cheap energy and prestige. The qualifications of the Brazilian scientists gave more substance to their program. The program originated in August, 1945, but assumed national proportion with the government of Vargas in 1951. Lack of American cooperation forced Vargas to establish a secret program with Germany. American troops intervened taking over the German equipment already completed. The final collapse came about with Vargas' suicide in August, 1954

  9. Lack of Men, Flame Throwers and Rabbit Drives: Student Life in Australia's First Rural Teachers College 1945-1955

    Science.gov (United States)

    Potts, Anthony

    2012-01-01

    This article examines student life in an Australian rural teachers college. The paper is informed by studies on university student life and extends these to Australia's first rural teachers college in the period 1945-1955. It explores the diversity of students' experiences in a small college with predominately female students gradually…

  10. Results from studies of precipitation by-products in Berlin-Dahlem in the period of September 1961 to December 1990

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Pelz, J.

    1991-01-01

    Special precipitation measurements performed since September 1961 by the aerosol-laboratory of the (Berlin Free University) Meteorological Institut have been listed and are now present in tabular form. Artifical beta-radioactivity and solid residue have been registered since the beginning of these observations, measurements of the pH-value and of electrical conductivity have been carried out continuously since September 1983 and November 1988, respectively. Some statistical investigations, as trendchecks, are presented; it proved, however, that the registration periods of both, pH-values and conductivity-measurements were not sufficient (too short) for this purpose. The individual paragraphs are supposed to give a general view, special investigations will follow. Within the observation period from September 1961 to December 1990 a total of 17036 l precipitation has been collectet on 4824 days, containing about 776 g solid substances and 98385 Becquerel radioactiv deposits per square meter. (orig.) [de

  11. Rapid Communication. Tamarixia monesus (Walker (Hym.: Eulophidae parasitoid of Bactericera tremblayi (Wagner, 1961 (Hemiptera: Triozidae in Iran

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Lotfalizadeh Hossein

    2016-08-01

    Full Text Available Bactericera tremblayi (Wagner, 1961 (Hemiptera: Triozidae is reported on Brassica oleracea var. capitata (Brassicaceae in northwestern Iran. Tamarixia monesus (Walker (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae was reared for the first time on B. tremblayi, and compared with Tamarixia tremblayi, another parasitoid of B. tremblayi. This is a new record of T. monesus from the Middle East.

  12. PERBANDINGAN PEREKONOMIAN DARI MASA SOEKARNO HINGGA SUSILO BAMBANG YUDHOYONO (1945 - 2009

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Abdul Hakim

    2012-07-01

    Full Text Available This research to analyzes Indonesia’s economy in various presidency, that since Indonesia’s independence in 1945 until 2009. This study used qualitative research methods-historical, and found that each leadership has their stated objectives. In Suharto, began development with a clearer direction. But the factor of corruption, collusion and nepotism makes the New Order fall. Habibie did re-alignment in the economic, social and political. Gus Dur emphasizes building relationships with foreign countries in order to build the national economy. Megawati succeeded in lowering inflation and interest rates, and increase economic growth and menguatlan rupiah. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono succeeded in improving the economy in general, inflation mengendaikan, growing domestic aggregate demand, and reduce imports.

  13. The Specifics of Post-War Canadian Immigration Policy (1945–1957

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mariia Burtseva

    2017-12-01

    Full Text Available Immigration plays a significant role in various areas of the society’s life and the international policy. Investigating the Canadian experience of immigration is one of the major elements for understanding different aspects of actual mass relocation. The principal objective of this study is to investigate the specifics of Canadian immigration policy following the Second World War. The research is based on analyzing legislation regulations that established Canadian immigration policy from 1945 to 1957. The findings indicated that there were multilateral causes for the after-war immigration changes. And that in reality, Canadian immigration policy in the post-war decade was quite ambiguous because of enacting liberal and discriminatory legislation at the same time.

  14. Pour une comparaison des utilisations atypiques des constructions verbales chez les locuteurs bilingues anglais/français et anglais/allemand

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Brasart, Charles

    2013-09-01

    lesquelles un verbe se voit affublé d'une désinence issue d'une autre langue, elles ont souvent été considérées illicites, c'est-à-dire ne pouvant être produites spontanément par les locuteurs, et font encore débat (POPLACK , 1980, MACSWAN, 1999, SEBBA, 2009. Malgré cela, une analyse du traitement du verbe chez les bilingues fondée sur l'étude de deux corpus oraux nous conduit à postuler que c'est souvent l'inverse qui se produit. En effet, chez les locuteurs bilingues français/anglais et anglais/allemand dont la pratique discursive est analysée pour cette étude, le groupe verbal semble être un lieu privilégié du passage d'une langue à l'autre et, de plus, ce passage prend des formes diverses et qui sont souvent similaires d'un couple de langue à un autre. C'est peut-être là d'ailleurs que se situe l'un des éléme nts phares dégagés par cette étude, à savoir que dans deux paires de langues se retrouvent des tendances syntaxiques et grammaticales communes. Nous souhaitons ainsi montrer que les locuteurs bilingues peuvent faire un usage similaire d'outils différents pour arriver au même but --communiquer un message précis --, quelles que soient les langues parlées. Après avoir présenté la méthodologie de la recherche dans le domaine de l'alternance codique, nous prendrons pour exemples les cas où les grammaires des deux langues en jeu sont rendues compatibles entre elles par divers " bricolages " syntaxiques, produisant des énoncés qui, en regard de la grammaire de chaque langue, seraient fautifs. Nous poursuivrons en nous penchant sur des énoncés où la rencontre des langues permet d'associer des propriétés qui n'existent que dans l'une ou l'autre. Ceci sera également l'occasion d'analyser les conflagrations morphologiques, dans lesquelles des désinences de langue X sont associées à des bases verbales de langue Y. Nous montrerons qu'il n'existe pas de systématicité dans l'utilisation ou non de ces conflagrations par les

  15. Could changes in reported sex ratios at birth during China's 1958-1961 famine support the adaptive sex ratio adjustment hypothesis?

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Anna Reimondos

    2013-10-01

    Full Text Available Background: The adaptive sex ratio adjustment hypothesis suggests that when mothers are in poor conditions the sex ratio of their offspring will be biased towards females. Major famines provide opportunities for testing this hypothesis because they lead to the widespread deterioration of living conditions in the affected population. Objective: This study examines changes in sex ratio at birth before, during, and after China's 1958-1961 famine, to see whether they provide any support for the adaptive sex ratio adjustment hypothesis. Methods: We use descriptive statistics to analyse data collected by both China's 1982 and 1988 fertility sample surveys and examine changes in sex ratio at birth in recent history. In addition, we examine the effectiveness of using different methods to model changes in sex ratio at birth and compare their differences. Results: During China's 1958-1961 famine, reported sex ratio at birth remained notably higher than that observed in most countries in the world. The timing of the decline in sex ratio at birth did not coincide with the timing of the famine. After the famine, although living conditions were considerably improved, the sex ratio at birth was not higher but lower than that recorded during the famine. Conclusions: The analysis of the data collected by the two fertility surveys has found no evidence that changes in sex ratio at birth during China's 1958-1961 famine and the post-famine period supported the adaptive sex ratio adjustment hypothesis.

  16. Oil Pipelines, Politics and International Business : The Rotterdam Oil Port, Royal Dutch Shell and the German Hinterland, 1945-1975

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    M. Boon (Marten)

    2014-01-01

    markdownabstractThe dissertation questions how and why the transition from coal to oil affected the economic relations between the Port of Rotterdam and its German hinterland between 1945 and 1975. From the 1880s onwards, Rotterdam had become the main seaport of the German industrial heartland in

  17. Reconstituting the Social: Transforming Institutions and Emerging Forms of Knowledge-Making in Korea, Late Nineteenth Century to 1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    John DiMoia

    2016-09-01

    Full Text Available Kyung Moon Hwang, Rationalizing Korea: The Rise of the Modern State, 1894-1945. University of California Press, 2015. 416 pp. $75 (cloth; $35 (paper/e-book. Theodore Jun Yoo, It's Madness: The Politics of Mental Health in Colonial Korea. University of California Press, 2016. 248 pp. $65 (cloth/e-book.

  18. Greenhouse gas emissions from the enteric fermentation and manure storage of dairy and beef cattle in China during 1961–2010

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Gao, Zhiling; Lin, Zhi; Yang, Yuanyuan; Ma, Wenqi; Liao, Wenhua; Li, Jianguo; Cao, Yufeng; Roelcke, Marco

    2014-01-01

    Due to the expanding dairy and beef population in China and their contribution to global CH 4 and N 2 O budgets, a framework considering changes in feed, manure management and herd structure was established to indicate the trends of CH 4 and N 2 O emissions from the enteric formation and manure storage in China's beef and dairy production and the underlying driving forces during the period 1961–2010. From 1961 to 2010, annual CH 4 and N 2 O emissions from beef cattle in China increased from 2.18 Mt to 5.86 Mt and from 7.93 kt–29.56 kt, respectively, while those from dairy cattle increased from 0.023 to 1.09 Mt and 0.12 to 7.90 kt, respectively. These increases were attributed to the combined changes in cattle population and management practices in feeds and manure storage. Improvement in cattle genetics during the period increased the bodyweight, required dry matter intake and gross energy and thus resulted in increased enteric CH 4 EFs for each category of beef and dairy cattle as well as the overall enteric EFs (i.e., Tier 1 in IPCC). However, for beef cattle, such an impact on the overall enteric EFs was largely offset by the herd structure transition from draft animal-oriented to meat animal-oriented during 1961–2010. Although the CO 2 -eq of CH 4 and N 2 O from manure storage was less than the enteric emissions during 1961–2010 in China, it tended to increase both in beef and dairy cattle, which was mainly driven by the changes in manure management practices. - Highlights: • CH 4 emissions dominated the CO 2 -eq emissions from dairy and beef cattle in China. • Beef herd transition played an important role in CH 4 emissions. • Changes of manure managements increased the manure EFs of CH 4 and N 2 O. • Manure contributed very less to the total CO 2 -eq emissions but tended to grow

  19. Combien coûte l’électricité produite par le photovoltaïque (PV) en Suisse ?: situation, analyse des coûts détaillée et comparaison avec l’Allemagne

    OpenAIRE

    Monnet, David; Briguet, Alain

    2015-01-01

    Le but de ce travail est d’évaluer la rentabilité et le potentiel des installations photovoltaïques afin de voir si cette technologie peut remplacer le nucléaire en Suisse. Après avoir présenté les concepts de bases relatifs à l’énergie électrique d’origine solaire, j’ai détaillé la situation suisse et introduit brièvement la situation allemande afin d’observer les différences entre les deux pays. Les alternatives aux nucléaires ainsi que leurs potentiels en Suisse ont également été exposés. ...

  20. Vocabulaire du budget des Communautés européennes

    CERN Document Server

    European Communities. Luxembourg

    1992-01-01

    Sujet: Etude terminologique et phraséologique du vocabulaire du règlement financier et d'autres textes relatifs au budget des Communautés européennes. Langues: Français, anglais, allemand, italien, néerlandais, danois, espagnol, portuguais, grec. Présentation: Corpus d'un millier d'entrées en neuf langues, présentées dans l'ordre d'apparition des termes et phrases dans les textes dépouillés, avec indication des sources. Des définitions ou notes précisent certaines notions. Neuf index alphabétiques donnent accès au corpus.

  1. Quels lieux de rencontre démocratiques ?

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Christian Ruby

    2003-06-01

    Full Text Available C'est avec une force éclatante que l'artiste allemand contemporain Jochen Gerz a posé le problème des lieux de rencontre dans une société fracturée, de ces lieux de contact qui souhaitent contrer les effets de dispersion de la société de consommation et du spectacle, mais aussi des endroits dans lesquels la présence et le face à face rendus possibles entre des personnes travaillent le rapport à l'autre, le désir de ne pas voir et le fait que ce n'est pas tout de ...

  2. Severe postwar malnutrition did not have a negative impact on the earnings and subsequent pensions of German men born in 1945-1948.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hermanussen, M; Weick, S; Scheffler, C

    2017-10-01

    Poverty has often been associated with malnutrition, stunted growth, impaired cognitive development and poor earnings. We studied whether these associations were found in German men born and raised shortly after World War II during severe and long-standing nationwide malnutrition. We analysed German old-age pension payments, as a rough measure of lifetime earnings, in German men born from 1932 to 1960 and compared the at-risk-of-poverty rates of German men born in 1945-1948 versus 1935-1938 and 1955-1958. Substantially fewer women worked during this period and their longer life expectancy makes their pension payments difficult to interpret. We therefore limited our analysis to men. Men born in the 1930s received the highest monthly old-age pensions and these declined slightly in men born from 1945 to 1948, indicating a minute impairment in work-related income in cohorts born shortly after the war. We also found that there was no evidence for increased at-risk-of-poverty rates in men born in 1945-1948 versus those born in 1935-1938 and in 1955-1958. Being born and raised following World War II was associated with a minute work and pension impairment that was not visible in the at-risk-of-poverty rates. These findings question statements associating early childhood nutrition and future lifetime earnings. ©2017 Foundation Acta Paediatrica. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  3. Estado e planejamento: o plano de metas do governo de Santa Catarina (1961 – 1970 – PLAMEG i e ii – enquanto instrumento de política desenvolvimentista State and planning: ‘PLAMEG i’ and ‘PLAMEG ii’ as instruments to improve the development in state of Santa Catarina (Brazil during the years 1961 and 1970

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Caio Lauth Gualberto

    2013-03-01

    Full Text Available Este texto refere-se a uma pesquisa predominantemente qualitativa, fruto de um estudo exploratório-descritivo acerca das experiências de planejamento econômico realizadas pelo governo estadual em Santa Catarina, elaboradas durante o período compreendido entre 1961 e 1970, durante as gestões de Celso Ramos e Ivo Silveira e que ficaram conhecidas como Plano de Metas do Governo - PLAMEG I e II. Com o propósito de superar pontos de estrangulamentos que limitavam a expansão do setor produtivo, o governo estadual investiu nas áreas de educação, transporte, energia, sistema de crédito e agricultura e os resultados alcançados nesse decênio se refletiram na expansão no número de salas de aulas, ginásios de esporte, qualificação de professores, tempo de estudo de alunos, implantação e reformas de rodovias, expansão da oferta de energia, criação de sistema de crédito estadual, aumento da oferta agrícola, integração de produtores rurais, entre outros. Os dados coletados revelam que ao fim desse período, Santa Catarina pode contar com melhores condições infraestruturais para participar do movimento de crescimento da economia nacional. Em consequência disso, os resultados da pesquisa de maneira geral apontam que os ideais defendidos pela corrente desenvolvimentista, ou seja, aquela que entende que o Estado é o agente responsável pela garantia da criação das condições favoráveis à expansão das atividades produtivas e, consequentemente, pelo avanço em relação aos indicadores de desenvolvimento, ficam fortalecidos.  This paper describe the result of a descriptive and exploratory study that refers to an predominantly qualitative research about the experiences of economic planning carried out by the government of Santa Catarina (Brazil during the period between 1961 and 1970 and which became known as PLAMEG I and PLAMEG II.  In order to overcome the limits to the expansion of the productive sector, the government has

  4. Política Externa Independente: origem, desenvolvimento e colapso sob a perspectiva teórica- histórica da relação entre a política externa e a opinião pública

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Tânia Maria P. G. Manzur

    2014-12-01

    Full Text Available Este artigo tem como objetivo abordar, em perspectiva histórica e teórica, a Política Externa Independente (PEI, que teve lugar no Brasil entre os anos de 1961 e 1964 e a significativa interação que se deu, na vigência da PEI, entre a opinião pública nacional e os direcionamentos da política externa. Naqueles anos, evidenciou-se uma estratégia de inserção internacional que procurou a independência e no Brasil em relação aos blocos antagônicos da Guerra Fria, tentando ampliar o leque de oportunidades para o comércio internacional e as relações políticas; o País quis se projetar como um interlocutor privilegiado entre o Norte e defendeu a existência de um sistema internacional mais justo.Naquele momento, a opinião pública movimentou-se dramaticamente em face dos temas da inserção internacional do Brasil. A relação entre a opinião pública e política externa na vigência da PEI tomou força como um dos elementos essenciais para a mudança estrutural do regime político ocorrida no Brasil em 1964.

  5. Vysídlení německého obyvatelstva na Chebsku 1945 - 1948

    OpenAIRE

    RAMBOUSKOVÁ, Ivana

    2011-01-01

    The handed bachelor?s work concerns with Czech-German relationship after Second World War particularly between years 1945-1948. It is focused on the sad sequel of Second World War when occurred the biggest transport of people in the Czech state history- displacement of Sudeten Germans. In the first part of my work is sketched the characteristic of the period which preceded turn of events. These events resulted with the start of Adolf Hitler?s power and with Second World War. Then I described ...

  6. Siegfried Kracauer et l’École de Francfort : la sociologie, l’histoire et la mémoire

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Yves Laberge

    2011-02-01

    Full Text Available I. Pour une histoire du cinéma allemandJournaliste et sociologue, écrivain et théoricien proche de l’école de Francfort, Siegfried Kracauer (1889-1966 reste surtout connu pour son essai célèbre sur le cinéma expressionniste allemand, De Caligari à Hitler : Une histoire du cinéma allemand 1919-1933. Initialement, ce livre audacieux a été publié aux États-Unis par la prestigieuse Princeton University Press en 1947 ; il est resté longtemps la principale référence sur l’histoire des films allema...

  7. Aircraft industry workers in evacuation: conditions of life of evacuated plants' workers in 1941-1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Михаил Юрьевич Мухин

    2010-09-01

    Full Text Available The article is devoted to the work of the factories in 1941-1945 in the evacuation. The author analyzes the living conditions of workers in evacuated aviation plants, their daily life, maintenance, etc. The author concludes that in the early years of the War the conditions of life of the aviation industry's workers were very difficult, and the welfare and financial situation improved in 1944, the sure sign of fracture in the Second world war.

  8. British nurses' attitudes to electroconvulsive therapy, 1945-2000.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Adams, John

    2015-10-01

    The aim of the study was to collect and analyse historical material on nurses' attitudes to electroconvulsive therapy in Britain between 1945-2000. Electroconvulsive therapy became widely used in Britain from the late 1940s onwards and remains in current use, but became one of the main targets of the 'antipsychiatry' movement of the 1960s and 1970s. A cultural history design was used to recreate the perspectives of mental health nurses in the period under review. A range of primary sources including journal articles, textbooks and oral history sources were combined to create a coherent historical account. The controversy surrounding electroconvulsive therapy created a deep-seated ambivalence towards it among mental health nurses. While a sizeable minority were critical of its use and may have taken steps to avoid involvement with it, most acquiesced in providing the treatment. Recorded incidents of outright refusal to participate are few. Mental health nurses' views on electroconvulsive therapy are reflective of the profession's growing knowledge of the use of evidence in debating whether particular therapies should be used. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  9. Inventar o passado, construir o futuro: São Paulo entre nacionalismos e cosmopolitismos nas primeiras décadas do século 20

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Joana Mello de Carvalho e Silva

    2015-02-01

    Full Text Available O artigo aponta como a questão do estilo mais adequado para São Paulo estava inserida no debate autorizado de engenheiros e arquitetos, ao mesmo tempo em que animava a discussão entre intelectuais e o público leigo. A partir dos textos do jornalista e escritor modernista Menotti del Picchia (1892-1988 e do arquiteto russo Gregori Warchavchik (1896-1972, publicados sobretudo no jornal Correio Paulistano, bem como os do escritor e editor Monteiro Lobato (1884-1948 e do engenheiro português Ricardo Severo (1869-1940, veiculados n’O Estado de S. Paulo, e ainda das crônicas do crítico e poeta Mário de Andrade (1893-1945, divulgadas no Diário Nacional, percebe-se que o tema da fisionomia daquela cidade em plena marcha de progresso alimenta a construção do discurso acerca da nacionalidade e da modernidade artística, nas primeiras décadas do século 20. Tal debate ocorre em um campo de investigação e experimentação artísticas intensas, que se dá no embate entre a idealização universalista, a defesa radical da modernidade artística, o tradicionalismo conservador e o patriotismo tacanho.

  10. Breaking teleprinter ciphers at Bletchley Park an edition of I.J. Good, D. Michie and G. Timms : general report on tunny with emphasis on statistical methods (1945)

    CERN Document Server

    Diffie, W; Field, J

    2015-01-01

    This detailed technical account of breaking Tunny is an edition of a report written in 1945, with extensive modern commentary Breaking Teleprinter Ciphers at Bletchley Park gives the full text of the General Report on Tunny (GRT) of 1945, making clear how the ideas, notation and the specially designed machines that were used differ from what was generally accepted in 1945, and, where a modern reader might be misled, from what is understood now. The editors of this book clarify the sometimes slightly strange language of the GRT and explain the text within a variety of contexts in several separate historical story lines, some only implicit in the GRT itself. The first story, told by the authors of the GRT, describes how, using specially designed machines, including from 1944 the "Colossus", the British broke the enciphered teleprinter messages sent by the highest command levels of the Germany Army. The cipher machines the Germans used were the Loren SZ 40 series, called "Tunny" by the British. The second stor...

  11. Continuity and Change: The Many Factors in Special Education Policy Development in Toronto Public Schools, 1945 to the Present

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ellis, Jason; Axelrod, Paul

    2016-01-01

    Background/Context: It is frequently assumed that changes in special education policies since 1945 have come mostly from "landmark research" or actions of a few "pioneers." We argue in this article that there have been many different sources of change, including legislation, court rulings, activism, and even shifts in socially…

  12. How Anticommonism ‘Cemented’ the American Conservative Movement in a Liberal Age of Conformity, 1945–64

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Lee Haddigan

    2010-02-01

    Full Text Available With the publication in 1976 of George H. Nash’s The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945, interest in post-WWII opposition to the dominant liberal consensus of the time has steadily grown. Most commentators on the subject, in the attempt to construct a coherent narrative, try to find the shared values that united the conservative movement in the early Cold War era. Invariably, they regard, in Nash’s word, the “cement” of conservatism in this period as anticommunism. Three other subjects, however, hold a greater claim than anticommunism in fusing together the disparate strands of conservative thought. Two of them, constitutionalism and opposition to the aims and methods of the United Nations, are topics for another essay. This article deals with a third conservative “impulse”; a disdain for the use of the power of the state, and cultural pressures, in forcing Americans to conform to the strictures of a liberal-dominated society. Focusing on conservative critics of education, the arts, mass media, social scientists, and the economy, the article contends that “anticommonism” helped tie together a conservative intellectual movement after 1945, because anticommunism could not.

  13. Radiological effluents released from US continental tests, 1961 through 1992. Revision 1

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Schoengold, C.R.; DeMarre, M.E.; Kirkwood, E.M.

    1996-08-01

    This report documents all continental tests from September 15, 1961, through September 23, 1992, from which radioactive effluents were released. The report includes both updated information previously published in the publicly available May, 1990 report, DOE/NV-317, ''Radiological Effluents Released from Announced US Continental Tests 1961 through 1988'', and effluent release information on formerly unannounced tests. General information provided for each test includes the date, time, location, type of test, sponsoring laboratory and/or agency or other sponsor, depth of burial, purpose, yield or yield range, extent of release (onsite only or offsite), and category of release (detonation-time versus post-test operations). Where a test with simultaneous detonations is listed, location, depth of burial and yield information are given for each detonation if applicable, as well as the specific source of the release. A summary of each release incident by type of release is included. For a detonation-time release, the effluent curies are expressed at R+12 hours. For a controlled releases from tunnel-tests, the effluent curies are expressed at both time of release and at R+12 hours. All other types are listed at the time of the release. In addition, a qualitative statement of the isotopes in the effluent is included for detonation-time and controlled releases and a quantitative listing is included for all other types. Offsite release information includes the cloud direction, the maximum activity detected in the air offsite, the maximum gamma exposure rate detected offsite, the maximum iodine level detected offsite, and the maximum distance radiation was detected offsite. A release summary incudes whatever other pertinent information is available for each release incident. This document includes effluent release information for 433 tests, some of which have simultaneous detonations. However, only 52 of these are designated as having offsite releases

  14. Radiological effluents released from US continental tests, 1961 through 1992. Revision 1

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Schoengold, C.R.; DeMarre, M.E.; Kirkwood, E.M.

    1996-08-01

    This report documents all continental tests from September 15, 1961, through September 23, 1992, from which radioactive effluents were released. The report includes both updated information previously published in the publicly available May, 1990 report, DOE/NV-317, ``Radiological Effluents Released from Announced US Continental Tests 1961 through 1988``, and effluent release information on formerly unannounced tests. General information provided for each test includes the date, time, location, type of test, sponsoring laboratory and/or agency or other sponsor, depth of burial, purpose, yield or yield range, extent of release (onsite only or offsite), and category of release (detonation-time versus post-test operations). Where a test with simultaneous detonations is listed, location, depth of burial and yield information are given for each detonation if applicable, as well as the specific source of the release. A summary of each release incident by type of release is included. For a detonation-time release, the effluent curies are expressed at R+12 hours. For a controlled releases from tunnel-tests, the effluent curies are expressed at both time of release and at R+12 hours. All other types are listed at the time of the release. In addition, a qualitative statement of the isotopes in the effluent is included for detonation-time and controlled releases and a quantitative listing is included for all other types. Offsite release information includes the cloud direction, the maximum activity detected in the air offsite, the maximum gamma exposure rate detected offsite, the maximum iodine level detected offsite, and the maximum distance radiation was detected offsite. A release summary incudes whatever other pertinent information is available for each release incident. This document includes effluent release information for 433 tests, some of which have simultaneous detonations. However, only 52 of these are designated as having offsite releases.

  15. [The War on "Red Drugs": Anticommunism and Drug Policy in Republic of Korea, 1945-1960].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Park, Ji-Young

    2016-04-01

    This paper investigates the discourses and policies on narcotics in Republic of Korea from 1945 to 1960. Since the Liberation the narcotic problem was regarded as the vestige of Japanese imperialism. which was expected to be cleaned up. The image of narcotic crimes as the legacy of the colonial past was turned into as the result of the Red Army's tactics to attack on the liberalist camp around the Korean war. The government of ROK represented the source of the illegal drugs as the Red army and the spy from North Korea. The anticommunist discourse about narcotics described the spies, who introduced the enormous amount of poppies into ROK and brought about the addicts, as the social evil. Through this discourse on poppies from North Korea, the government of ROK emphasized the immorality of the communists reinforcing the anticommunist regime, which was inevitable for the government of ROK to legitimize the division of Korea and the establishment of the government alone. This paper examines how the discourses and policies on narcotics in ROK was shaped and transformed from 1945 to 1960 focusing the relationship between the them and the political context such as anticommunism, Korean war, the division of Korea, and etc. This approach would be helpful to reveal the effect of the ROK's own political situation to the public health system involving the management for drugs.

  16. Japanese Mapping of Asia-Pacific Areas, 1873-1945: An Overview

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Shigeru Kobayashi

    2012-03-01

    Full Text Available Japanese mapping in the Asia-Pacific region up to 1945 calls for scrutiny, because its development was a multifaceted process with military, administrative, political, and cultural dimensions. This article traces the changes in Japanese mapping of overseas areas to the end of World War II and assesses the significance of the resulting maps, called gaihōzu, as sources for East Asian history. As implements of military operation and colonial administration, the gaihōzu were produced during a protracted period by various means under changing circumstances. Expanding military activity also promoted differentiation among the gaihōzu by increasing the use of maps originally produced in foreign countries. In conclusion, the need for detailed cataloging, in combination with chronologically arranged index mapping, is emphasized for the systematic use of the gaihōzu.

  17. Sindicalismo Católico en la ciudad de Pamplona, Colombia, un proyecto discontinuo y de corto alcance: 1956-1961

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ivonne Vanessa Calderón Rodríguez

    2012-01-01

    Full Text Available El presente artículo presenta un breve análisis de los resultados del sindicalismo confesional implementado por la Iglesia Católica en la Arquidiócesis de Pamplona (Norte de Santander, durante los años trascurridos entre 1956 y 1961. Se explicará por qué la sindicalización de los trabajadores pamploneses que se llevó a cabo por la Coordinación de Acción Social Católica, es concebida como una iniciativa de mínimo impacto que arrojó resultados ínfimos con respecto a los planes de las conferencias episcopales de Colombia y su propósito de implementación de la doctrina social católica en el país. Para este propósito se inicia presentando aspectos generales de la respuesta de la Iglesia frente a la “cuestión social”, la llegada de la Acción social Católica a América Latina y su adaptación a la realidad colombiana, en aras de evidenciar que el movimiento sindical católico de Pamplona no fue fructífero por la falta de compromiso clerical, la falta de interés de los trabajadores frente al asociacionismo católico, reflejado en el reducido número de socios activos sindicalizados, la discontinuidad del proyecto debido a la inestabilidad de sus coordinaciones y la omisión del trabajo en las parroquias de la arquidiócesis, que de algún modo fueron marginadas del proceso.

  18. Cancer Mortality by Country of Birth, Sex, and Socioeconomic Position in Sweden, 1961–2009

    OpenAIRE

    Abdoli, Gholamreza; Bottai, Matteo; Moradi, Tahereh

    2014-01-01

    In 2010, cancer deaths accounted for more than 15% of all deaths worldwide, and this fraction is estimated to rise in the coming years. Increased cancer mortality has been observed in immigrant populations, but a comprehensive analysis by country of birth has not been conducted. We followed all individuals living in Sweden between 1961 and 2009 (7,109,327 men and 6,958,714 women), and calculated crude cancer mortality rates and age-standardized rates (ASRs) using the world population for stan...

  19. Tragiczna noc okupacji niemieckiej: o problematyce „kolaboracji oddolnej” w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie (1939–1945)

    OpenAIRE

    Salmonowicz, Stanisław

    2012-01-01

    The article is an attempt of critical and methodological consideration about a phenomenon of so-called by the author “collaboration from dawn” with German authorities in the years 1939–1945. Author as the legal historian indicates, especially on example of the history of village territories of Little Poland (Małopolska) and Kielce, that a number of pathological phenomena in the attitudes of various Polish communities must be considered and studied in the context of the general framework of th...

  20. Dinamica demografică în perioada post-1945 și implicațiile ei (geopolitice (Demographic Trends Since 1945 and its (GeoPolitics Influences

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Aurelian GIUGĂL

    2016-09-01

    Full Text Available The world population has constantly increased post-1945. This trend has been unequal, there were significant differences between both continental & regional, developed & underdeveloped spaces. The increase in the developing world has been contra-balanced by decreasing in the developed countries. Additionally, as a consequence of low level fertility, the developed countries are affected by the phenomenon of aging population. Consequently, pro-immigration policies have been implemented in western societies. Under these circumstances, the percentage of Muslim and African population in Europe has lately increased. In this context, this article discusses these regional and continental demographic differences, trying to underline political influences generated by post-WWII demographic trend. Given the background, we state that immigrants from Western countries significantly influence the electoral behaviour. Moreover, recent tensions have changed security policies in the European and North American (USA cities. Last but not least, demographic evolutions have geopolitical impact.

  1. Franco-German relationships in the domain of energy. Review of the Ifri Energy Breakfast, 18 December 2008; Les relations franco-allemandes dans le secteur de l'Energie. Compte-rendu du 'Ifri Energy Breakfast' du 18 decembre 2008

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Schulke, Ch.

    2009-07-01

    This debate is based on a study recently published by Ifri's Energy Program (Les relations franco-allemandes dans le secteur de l'energie, by Jan Horst Keppler, Sophie Meritet and Kristina Notz). Franco-German energy relations are often dominated by debates on nuclear power and, for many observers, the two countries seem far apart on this question. Indeed, very different political decisions have been made by either country on the issue. Surprisingly, opinion polls have shown that public opinion on nuclear energy is quite similar in both countries. Furthermore, the cooperation between Areva and Siemens in the nuclear field is one of the best examples of Franco-German industrial cooperation. In more general terms, France and Germany have a quite different energy mix and hence both countries have divergent positions concerning some aspects of European energy policy. Positions on nuclear energy phasing-out, electricity networks, energy security and gas supply, fuel substitution, climate change and the development of renewable energy sources, etc. are discussed

  2. Annotated Bibliography of Children's Literature Resources on War, Terrorism, and Disaster since 1945: By Continents/Countries for Grades K-8

    Science.gov (United States)

    Gangi, Jane M.

    2009-01-01

    This article presents an annotated bibliography of children's literature resources on war, terrorism, and disaster since 1945. This annotated bibliography focuses on grades K-8 from different continents/countries, including (1) Africa; (2) Asia; (3) The Caribbean; (4) Central and South America; (5) Europe; and (6) The Middle East.

  3. Historia de la escultura moderna y de los viajes culturales de artistas colombianos a París después de 1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Adriana Peña Mejía

    2015-12-01

    Full Text Available This article seeks to understand the way in which the cultural journeys of artists Eduardo Ramírez Villamizar, Edgar Negret, and Feliza Bursztyn to Paris after 1945 contributed to their dedication to art and to the configuration of modern art in Colombia. Analyzing their trajectories in the plastic arts, it presents the reasons that stimulated them to travel to Paris during a period in which New York was becoming a new world center of the arts. This research led to the conclusion that the time these Colombian artists spent in Paris after 1945 favored both the social acceptance of abstract art and the use of industrial and scrap materials as new plastic referents. It is thus a question of two significant events that led to a total renewal of modern art in Colombia.

  4. 26 CFR 1.9004 - Statutory provisions; the Act of September 26, 1961 (Pub. L. 87-312, 75 Stat. 674).

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-04-01

    ... 26 Internal Revenue 13 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Statutory provisions; the Act of September 26, 1961 (Pub. L. 87-312, 75 Stat. 674). 1.9004 Section 1.9004 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE..., flower pots, and kindred products (without regard to the applicable rate of percentage depletion), if an...

  5. Greenhouse gas emissions from the enteric fermentation and manure storage of dairy and beef cattle in China during 1961–2010

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Gao, Zhiling, E-mail: zhilinggao@hotmail.com [College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, 071000 Baoding (China); Lin, Zhi; Yang, Yuanyuan; Ma, Wenqi; Liao, Wenhua [College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, 071000 Baoding (China); Li, Jianguo; Cao, Yufeng [College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, 071000 Baoding (China); Roelcke, Marco [Institute of Geoecology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig (Germany)

    2014-11-15

    Due to the expanding dairy and beef population in China and their contribution to global CH{sub 4} and N{sub 2}O budgets, a framework considering changes in feed, manure management and herd structure was established to indicate the trends of CH{sub 4} and N{sub 2}O emissions from the enteric formation and manure storage in China's beef and dairy production and the underlying driving forces during the period 1961–2010. From 1961 to 2010, annual CH{sub 4} and N{sub 2}O emissions from beef cattle in China increased from 2.18 Mt to 5.86 Mt and from 7.93 kt–29.56 kt, respectively, while those from dairy cattle increased from 0.023 to 1.09 Mt and 0.12 to 7.90 kt, respectively. These increases were attributed to the combined changes in cattle population and management practices in feeds and manure storage. Improvement in cattle genetics during the period increased the bodyweight, required dry matter intake and gross energy and thus resulted in increased enteric CH{sub 4} EFs for each category of beef and dairy cattle as well as the overall enteric EFs (i.e., Tier 1 in IPCC). However, for beef cattle, such an impact on the overall enteric EFs was largely offset by the herd structure transition from draft animal-oriented to meat animal-oriented during 1961–2010. Although the CO{sub 2}-eq of CH{sub 4} and N{sub 2}O from manure storage was less than the enteric emissions during 1961–2010 in China, it tended to increase both in beef and dairy cattle, which was mainly driven by the changes in manure management practices. - Highlights: • CH{sub 4} emissions dominated the CO{sub 2}-eq emissions from dairy and beef cattle in China. • Beef herd transition played an important role in CH{sub 4} emissions. • Changes of manure managements increased the manure EFs of CH{sub 4} and N{sub 2}O. • Manure contributed very less to the total CO{sub 2}-eq emissions but tended to grow.

  6. Primórdios de um colégio teuto-brasileiro urbano em Pelotas no final do século 19 - Beginnings of an urban german-brazilian school in pelotas at the end of 19 century

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Maria Angela Peter da Fonseca

    2012-07-01

    escuela compuesta por inmigrantes alemanes y teutónico-brasileños, industriales y comerciantes, en su mayoría, protestantes luteranos. Este trabajo nos centramos en la génesis del educandário, los primeros quince años de funcionamiento y su especificidad hacia el idioma alemán y el germanismo presente en el plan de estudios de la institución. Entre las fuentes utilizadas se destacam periódicos de la ciudad de Pelotas, informe de la Intendência Municipal de Pelotas de 1912, informe escolar de 1913 y los estatutos de la Escuela Alemana de Pelotas, de 1915.Palabras-clave: historia de la educación teutónico-brasileña urbana, escuela alemana de pelotas, germanismo, idioma alemán. DÉBUTS D'UNE ÉCOLE TEUTONIQUE-BRÉSILIENNE URBAINE DE PELOTAS DANS LA FIN DU 19RésuméL'école Allemande de Pelotas, une école urbaine enseignement  primaires et secondaires, pour les garçons et les filles, a été fondée en 1898 par une société école composée par des immigrants allemands et teutoniques-brésiliennes, industriels et commerçants majoritairement protestants luthériens. Dans cet article nous nous concentrons sur la genèse de l'école, les quinze premières années de fonctionnement et ses particularités par rapport à la langue allemande et le germanisme dans le programme de cette institution. Parmi les sources utilisées se démarquent  des journaux de la ville de Pelotas, rapport d'Intendance Municipale de Pelotas 1912, rapport 1913  et du statut de L'école Allemande de Pelotas 1915 .Mots-clé: histoire de l'éducation teutonique-brésilienne urbaine, l'école allemande de pelotas, germanisme, langue allemande.

  7. Cincuenta años de historiografía odontológica española (1895-1945)

    OpenAIRE

    Sanz, Javier

    2000-01-01

    The first great historiographic stage of the Spanish dentistry corresponds to the years 1895- 1945, period in which characters like J. Martínez, J. M.ª Martí&l...

  8. Negotiating the Nation in History: the Swedish State Approval Scheme for Textbooks and Teaching Aids from 1945 to 1983

    Science.gov (United States)

    Elmersjö, Henrik Åström

    2016-01-01

    This article explores the discussions concerning history textbooks that occurred within the Swedish State Approval Scheme for Textbooks (Statens läroboksnämnd) from 1945 to 1983. By focusing on the negotiation of nationhood and the process of textbook approval as an arena for the renegotiation of ways in which history was taught in schools, the…

  9. Radiation induced desynaptic mutants in barley

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Srivastava, H.M.

    1974-01-01

    Spontaneous occurrence of asynapsis and desynapsis has been frequently reported in a number of crop plants (Beadle 1930, 1933; Beasley and Brown 1942; Li et al. 1945; Magoon et al. 1961; Miller 1963) and other angiospermic texa (Calarier 1955; Chennaveraiah and Krisnappa 1968; Ehrenberg 1949; Johnson 1941, 1944; Roy and Jha 1958). However, there are only a few reports of induced asynapsis or desynapsis (Gottschalk and Baquar 1971; Martini and Bozzini 1966). The present paper deals with the morphology and meiotic behavior of gamma-ray induced barley mutants showing high degree of desynapsis resulting in partial to complete sterility. (author)

  10. Phytoplankton from Tvaeren, a Bay of the Baltic, 1961-1963

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Willen, Torbjoern [Inst. of Limnology, Univ of Uppsala, Uppsala (Sweden)

    1968-09-15

    The investigation of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the phytoplankton in Tvaeren (Locality 7), a bay of the Baltic, was carried out during the period April 1961 to October 1963. Comprehensive data exist concerning physical and chemical conditions; some of them are included in this paper. A low number of species occur in brackish water; most of them belong to the groups Diatomeae and Peridineae. The total volumes of phytoplankton are low and show peaks only in spring, with some genera, Sceletonema, Thalassiosira and Gonyaulax, predominating. The vertical and seasonal distribution of different groups is discussed. With the exception of the periods of circulation the total volumes showed a marked decrease from c. 25 m and deeper. At 50-70 m the occurrence of some Peridineae often caused a marked increase in total volumes. A comparison with corresponding values from another locality, situated at Bergoe south of Locality 7 in Tvaeren, did not show any great difference.

  11. Phytoplankton from Tvaeren, a Bay of the Baltic, 1961-1963

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Willen, Torbjoern

    1968-09-01

    The investigation of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the phytoplankton in Tvaeren (Locality 7), a bay of the Baltic, was carried out during the period April 1961 to October 1963. Comprehensive data exist concerning physical and chemical conditions; some of them are included in this paper. A low number of species occur in brackish water; most of them belong to the groups Diatomeae and Peridineae. The total volumes of phytoplankton are low and show peaks only in spring, with some genera, Sceletonema, Thalassiosira and Gonyaulax, predominating. The vertical and seasonal distribution of different groups is discussed. With the exception of the periods of circulation the total volumes showed a marked decrease from c. 25 m and deeper. At 50-70 m the occurrence of some Peridineae often caused a marked increase in total volumes. A comparison with corresponding values from another locality, situated at Bergoe south of Locality 7 in Tvaeren, did not show any great difference

  12. Dietary trends in the Middle East and North Africa: an ecological study (1961 to 2007).

    Science.gov (United States)

    Golzarand, Mahdieh; Mirmiran, Parvin; Jessri, Mahsa; Toolabi, Karamollah; Mojarrad, Mehdi; Azizi, Fereidoun

    2012-10-01

    Middle Eastern and North African countries are undergoing nutrition transition, a transition which is associated with an increased burden of non-communicable diseases. This necessitates the evaluation of dietary patterns in these regions. The present study aimed to assess changes in dietary patterns in Middle Eastern and North African countries between 1961 and 2007. Availability of energy and fifteen main food items during 1961-2007 was examined using FAO food balance sheets from the FAOSTAT database. Fifteen countries including nine in the Middle East and six in North Africa were selected and the average availability of total energy and different food items in these regions were compared. Over the 47 years studied, energy and food availability (apart from animal fats and alcoholic beverages) has increased in the Middle East and North Africa. In both regions the proportion of energy derived from meat and vegetable oils has increased significantly while that from cereals decreased significantly. In addition, the proportion of energy from milk and dairy products and vegetables has shown an ascending trend in North Africa while the proportion of energy from fruits has shown a descending trend in the Middle East. The study results reveal an unfavourable trend towards a Westernized diet in the Middle East and, to a certain extent, in North Africa. Tailored nutritional education encouraging healthy eating for prevention of the burden of chronic diseases in these countries seems essential.

  13. Environmental assessment of the south Texas outer continental shelf : biological investigations from 01 January 1961 to 01 December 1975 (NODC Accession 7600741)

    Data.gov (United States)

    National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — Biological and chemical data were collected using net, buoy, and bottle casts from the GUS III and LONGHORN in the Gulf of Mexico from 01 January 1961 to 01 December...

  14. Chapter 5: Exponential experiments on natural uranium graphite moderated systems. II: Correlation of results with the method of Syrett (1961)

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Brown, G.; Moore, P.G.F.; Richmond, R.

    1963-01-01

    The results are given of exponential experiments on graphite moderated systems with fuel elements consisting of single rods and tubes of natural uranium metal. A correlation is given with the method of calculation proposed by Syrett (1961) and new consistent values of neutron yield and effective resonance integral are derived. (author)

  15. Antifascismo: un espacio de encuentro entre el exilio y la política nacional. El caso de Vicente Lombardo Toledano en México (1936-1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Acle-Kreysing, Andrea

    2016-08-01

    Full Text Available This article puts forward an original interpretation of antifascism, understood as a transatlantic political culture, focusing upon the case of the union leader Vicente Lombardo Toledano. Between the Spanish Civil War and the Second World War, antifascism in Mexico acquired several meanings, centred on the reinvention of the Mexican Revolution’s legacy, while benefiting from the collaboration between European antifascist exiles and local left-wing circles. Making use of novel sources, this article vindicates the key role that Mexico was then able to enjoy internationally due to its ideological commitments.Este artículo propone una lectura original del antifascismo, entendido como una cultura política trasatlántica, a partir del caso del líder sindicalista Vicente Lombardo Toledano. Se discute la evolución del significado del antifascismo en México, centrado en la recreación del legado de la Revolución Mexicana, en el período comprendido entre la Guerra Civil española y la Segunda Guerra Mundial, enfatizando la colaboración entre el exilio antifascista europeo y los círculos izquierdistas locales. A partir de varios documentos inéditos, se reivindica el protagonismo que México ejerció entonces en virtud de su compromiso ideológico.

  16. Britská politika vůči Malajsku a jeho dekolonizace v letech 1945 až 1971

    OpenAIRE

    Hladíková, Kristýna

    2011-01-01

    The bachelor thesis deals with the British policy towards Malaya and its decolonisation between 1945 and 1971. It aims to learn and describe how British cabinet approached to Malaya in the chosen time period, and to define goals of the monarchy for this country. The goals were being often changed or modified. The thesis follows also the circumstances (Malayan national demands, bad domestic economic situation, decreasing position in international politics, growing imperial commitments, the Col...

  17. Memorial W.Gentner

    CERN Multimedia

    Schopper,H

    1981-01-01

    Le DG H.Schopper fait une introduction pour la commémoration et cérémonie de la vie et du travail du Prof.Wolfgang Gentner. W. Gentner, physicien allemand, né en 1906 à Francfort et mort en septembre 1980 à Heidelberg, était directeur au Cern de 1955 à 1960, président du "scientific policy commitee" de 1968 à 1971 et président du Conseil du Cern de 1972 à 1974. Il était un des fondateurs du Cern et 4 personnes qui l'ont bien connu lui rendent hommage, entre autres un de ses élèves, ainsi que Mme ?, J.B.Adams et O.Sheffard(?)

  18. Orthopaedics in Germany under the influence of National-Socialist healt-politic in the years 1933-1945.

    Science.gov (United States)

    von Grabowski, Michał T W

    2015-01-01

    In the paper the health-care of physically disabled patients in Germany before, during and after the II world war are discussed. The circumstances of introduction of "Racial-Hygiene" - laws and orthopedic indications for the sterilization and euthanasia are described. Patients with severe physical and mental disabilities were potential candidates for annihilation. The tragic fate of jewish physicians is remembered. The activity of board of the German Orthopeadic Society (DOG) in the years 1933-1945 is described and critically analysed.

  19. On Murray Jackson's 1961 'Chair, couch and countertransference'.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Connolly, Angela

    2015-09-01

    One of the problems facing psychoanalysts of all schools is that theory has evolved at a much faster pace than practice. Whereas there has been an explosion of theory, practice has remained, at least officially, static and unchanging. It is in this sense that Murray Jackson's 1961 paper is still relevant today. Despite the rise of the new relational and intersubjective paradigms, most psychoanalysts, and not a few Jungian analysts, still seem to feel that the couch is an essential component of the analytical setting and process. If the use of the couch is usually justified by the argument that it favours regression, facilitates analytical reverie and protects the patient from the influence of the analyst, over time many important psychoanalysts have come to challenge this position. Increasingly these analysts suggest that the use of the couch may actually be incompatible with the newer theoretical models. This contention is strengthened by some of the findings coming from the neurosciences and infant research. This underlines the necessity of empirical research to verify the clinical effectiveness of these different positions, couch or face-to-face, but it is exactly this type of research that is lacking. © 2015, The Society of Analytical Psychology.

  20. Identifying the ‘subnormal’ child in an age of expansion of special schooling and child science in the Netherlands (c.1945-1965)

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Bakker, Nelleke

    2015-01-01

    Between c.1945 and 1965 across the West special education has grown and differentiated substantially. In the Netherlands this expansion ran parallel to the academic recognition and rapid development of the study of learning disabilities. How are these two processes related? This article argues that

  1. Photographical observations of planet satellite carried out in MAO NASU in 1961- 1990

    Science.gov (United States)

    Izhakevich, E. M.; Kulik, I. V.; Shatohina, S. V.

    2001-10-01

    Intensive photographic observations of the Solar System body were made during the 1961-1990 at Golosiiv. More than 300 photographic plates were obtained for this period. The images of the satellites of Jupiter, Saturn, Uran are available in these plates. The photographic observations of the natural moons were acquired in 1986-1990 at Majdanak. All accumulated plates were remeasured and astrometric positions all available moons were obtained in the ACT and Tyho-2 systems. We present about 900 positions of eight Saturian satellites, Uranium moons Ariel, Umbriel, Oberon, Titanium and Neptunium moon Triton. The differences calculated and theoretical positions were obtained. Mean rms errors of the (O-C) are in the range 0.2-0.3 arcsec.

  2. The Stanley Melville Memorial Lectures 1937-1945

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Brian Bentley, H.

    2006-01-01

    The Archibald Reid Memorial Competition theses have been precised in a previous edition of Radiography (Vol 11 Issue 3 Aug 2005). A great deal of information about the development of the profession and techniques was highlighted. In this edition (Vol 12 Issue 1 February 2006) we have looked at the Stanley Melville Memorial Lectures from 1937 to 1945. Unfortunately the First lecture, which took place in 1937, was not published. Eminent speakers, radiologists, radiographers, physicists and industrialists presented papers based on the background of radiography or radiotherapy of that period. There was obviously no point in reprinting the full lecture/paper but in selecting interesting information, quotations and ideas it was hoped to stimulate further reading and to continue the database. The exercise was also undertaken to show the progress made from the beginning to the present day procedures and practice. It will be seen that some of the concepts we hold today were in fact outlined 50 or 60 years ago. The other important thing to note is how the enthusiasm and foresight which people like Stanley Melville exhibited, has brought radiology and radiography, and radiologists and radiographers to the present. Seven of the Melville lectures appear in this paper and those delivered between 1946 and 1950 will form the basis of the next paper in the series

  3. The modernisation of the apprenticeship system in Denmark 1945 - 2015

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Jørgensen, Christian Helms

    2018-01-01

    to the employment system, but has weak links to general and higher education (Jørgensen, 2013; Ebner and Nikolai, 2012). Since the 1970s, reforms in the other Nordic countries have taken steps to establish a unified upper secondary school in accordance with the idea of the Nordic model of education. In con......The aim of this chapter is to explore the development of the Danish VET-system from 1945 until 2015 with a problem-based approach. The Danish VET-system is based on the apprenticeship model, and it is organised separately from general education (the Gymnasiums). The system is closely linked......-trast to this, Denmark has maintained a strong form of tracking between general and vocational education. The chapter explores why the Danish VET-system developed along a special trajectory, and what this implies for the current situation for VET. It takes a problem-based approach that examines how the main...

  4. Pela liberdade intelectual: uma homenagem a Gilberto Velho (1945-2012

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Karina Kuschnir

    2012-01-01

    Full Text Available Hommage à l'anthropologue Gilberto Velho, né en 1945, à Rio de Janeiro, et décédé à l'âge de 66 ans, d'un arrêt cardiaque chez lui, le 14 avril 2012. Pendant plus de quarante ans de travail, Gilberto Velho a publié des dizaines de textes, dirigé une centaine de thèses et mémoires, reçu divers prix et occupé des postes importants dans les institutions les plus renommées des Sciences Sociales brésiliennes. Il était professeur agrégé, Doyen du Département d'Anthropologie Sociale du Musée National de l'Université Fédérale de Rio de Janeiro et membre de l'Académie Brésilienne des Sciences. Dans cet article, on rend homage à son attachement à la liberté intellectuelle - une valeur qui illumine les interfaces de sa vie et de son oeuvre.

  5. Earth, Wind, and Fire: Elemental Properties of Army and Air Force Cooperation in Close Air Support, 1945-1991

    Science.gov (United States)

    2014-06-01

    partners has catapulted the discussion across the ocean into France and Britain.2 Since the first time a pilot dropped a weapon on ground forces in...consolidate their power; and, with the economic progress spurred by the Marshall Plan, Britain, France , and the United States initiated a West...Asian version of Marxism .18 The culmination of these events, transpiring since August 1945, shaped how the political leaders of the United States

  6. High temperature microscope (1961); Microscopie a haute temperature (1961)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rousseau, P [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1961-06-15

    The purpose of this work is the realization of an apparatus for observation of radioactive metallic samples at high temperature and low pressure. The operating conditions are as follows: to limit oxidation of the metal, pressure of about 10{sup -6} mm of Hg is maintained in the furnace. In case the oxidation of the sample would be too important, on ultra vacuum. device could be used; working temperatures range between room temperature and 1200 deg. C; furnace temperature is regulated; observation is done ever in polarized light or interference contrast; to insure protection of the operator, the apparatus is placed in a glove-box. With that apparatus, we have observed the {alpha}{yields}{beta}, {beta}{yields}{gamma} transformations of uranium. A movie has been done. (author) [French] Le but de ce travail est la realisation d'une appareillage permettant l'observation a chaud et sous vide d'echantillons metalliques radioactifs. Cet appareillage fonctionne dans les conditions suivantes: l'echantillon est chauffe sous une pression de l'ordre de 10{sup -6} mm de mercure afin de limiter l'oxydation du materiau examine. L'utilisation eventuelle d'un groupe de pompage pour ultra vide est prevue; l'echantillon peut etre porte a une temperature comprise entre quelques degres et 1200 deg. C; la temperature du four est regulee; l'observation s'effectue soit en lumiere polarisee soit en contraste interferentiel; l'appareil est dipose dans une boite a gants afin d'assurer la protection de l'operateur contre les poussieres radioactives; Les transformations {alpha}{yields}{beta}, {beta}{yields}{gamma} de l'uranium ont ete observees. Un film a ete realise. (auteur)

  7. Mortality study of nickel platers with special reference to cancers of the stomach and lung, 1945-93.

    OpenAIRE

    Pang, D; Burges, D C; Sorahan, T

    1996-01-01

    OBJECTIVES: To re-examine mortality patterns in a cohort of nickel platers with no history of chromium plating. METHODS: All 284 men first employed by the company in 1945-75 with a minimum employment of three months in the nickel plating department were identified. Workers who had worked in the chromium plating or nickel/chromium plating departments were excluded. Standardised mortality ratios (SMRs), P values, and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Poisson regression was used to carry...

  8. CULTURAL MEMORY OF VICTORY OF LAS TUNAS CITY' LODGES FROM 1930 TO 1945 / MEMORIA CULTURAL DE LAS LOGIAS DE VICTORIA DE LAS TUNAS 1930-1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Milena Medina Pérez

    2012-09-01

    Full Text Available The cultural memory of the lodges of Victoria de Las Tunas (1930-1945, it constitutes the topic of the present investigation. The thematic of the lodges has been approached for studious and investigating, not alone of the town but of several parts of the world. Still when these studies exist, the related with the cultural memory of the lodges of the territory, is in the pages of the documents of the time that which leaves to the light starting from this investigation, to show yesterday's Tunas, rich in histories and anecdotes. In the town during the investigated period the lodges Masonic Children of Hiram existed, Vicente García No. 27, the young AJEF, the lodge Teosófica Esperanza, the Children of East No. 54 of the Odd Independent Fellows, the lodge Cucalambé of the Odd United Fellows and the lodge Victoria de Las Tunas No. 78 of the Luz's Order Gentlemen.

  9. Laços entre animais e humanos em As Vinhas da Ira de John E. Steinbeck, Vidas secas de Graciliano Ramos e Porteira Fechada de Cyro Martins = Bounds between animals and humans in The Grapes of Wrath by John E. Steinbeck, Vidas Secas by Graciliano Ramos and Porteira Fechada by Cyro Martins

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Devincenzi, Isabel Speggiorin

    2013-01-01

    Full Text Available A relação entre animais e seres humanos foi analisada em três romances – Vidas Secas (1938 de Graciliano Ramos, As Vinhas da Ira (1939 de John E. Steinbeck e Porteira Fechada (1944 de Cyro Martins – como possíveis reflexos de transformações sociais e econômicas no meio rural durante as décadas de 30 e 40. As Vinhas da Ira retrata o período da Grande Depressão nos Estados Unidos, e Vidas Secas e Porteira Fechada, o período do Estado Novo (1937-1945 no Brasil. Primeiramente, foi analisada a caracterização animal dos personagens dos romances; segundamente, como os animais estão presentes na ordem de trabalho no campo; terceiramente, a relação entre os personagens e os animais nos romances. Este estudo pode indicar que a relação entre os personagens e os animais nos romances analisados é marcada pela ruptura, assim como determinados grupos da sociedade brasileira e americana experimentavam uma ruptura de valores naquele período

  10. The "Convitti Scuola della Rinascita" (The Boarding Schools of Rebirth): An Innovative Pedagogy for Democracy in Post-War Italy (1945-1955)

    Science.gov (United States)

    Pruneri, Fabio

    2016-01-01

    In 1945, Italian society was in crisis. Twenty years of fascism and the aerial bombing and military offensives of the Second World War had left the civilian population suffering and the nation in need of reinvention. In this difficult context, certain anti-fascist intellectuals devised the interesting pedagogical experiment of the 11 Convitti…

  11. Identifying the "Subnormal" Child in an Age of Expansion of Special Education and Child Science in the Netherlands (c.1945-1965)

    Science.gov (United States)

    Bakker, Nelleke

    2015-01-01

    Between c.1945 and 1965 across the West special education has grown and differentiated substantially. In the Netherlands this expansion ran parallel to the academic recognition and rapid development of the study of learning disabilities. How are these two processes related? This article argues that in this country child science and special…

  12. Chemical, temperature, and other data from bottle casts in a world-wide distribution from 04 October 1961 to 24 August 1990 (NODC Accession 0000231)

    Data.gov (United States)

    National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — Chemical, temperature, and other data were collected using bottle casts in a world-wide distribution from multiple ships from October 4, 1961 to August 24, 1990....

  13. Fenomén "zdravé výživy" v českých zemích 1945-1989

    Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

    Franc, Martin

    2010-01-01

    Roč. 12, č. 3 (2010), s. 163-166 ISSN 1212-3536. [Alergie začíná v dětství. Setkání dětských alergologů a klinických imunologů /9./. Telč, 18.06.2010-20.06.2010] Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z80770509 Keywords : nutrition strategy 1945-1989 * Czechoslovakia Subject RIV: AB - History

  14. The War on “Red Drugs”: Anticommunism and Drug Policy in Republic of Korea, 1945-1960

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ji-Young Park

    2016-04-01

    Full Text Available This paper investigates the discourses and policies on narcotics in Republic of Korea from 1945 to 1960. Since the Liberation the narcotic problem was regarded as the vestige of Japanese imperialism. which was expected to be cleaned up. The image of narcotic crimes as the legacy of the colonial past was turned into as the result of the Red Army’s tactics to attack on the liberalist camp around the Korean war. The government of ROK represented the source of the illegal drugs as the Red army and the spy from North Korea. The anticommunist discourse about narcotics described the spies, who introduced the enormous amount of poppies into ROK and brought about the addicts, as the social evil. Through this discourse on poppies from North Korea, the government of ROK emphasized the immorality of the communists reinforcing the anticommunist regime, which was inevitable for the government of ROK to legitimize the division of Korea and the establishment of the government alone. This paper examines how the discourses and policies on narcotics in ROK was shaped and transformed from 1945 to 1960 focusing the relationship between the them and the political context such as anticommunism, Korean war, the division of Korea, and etc. This approach would be helpful to reveal the effect of the ROK’s own political situation to the public health system involving the management for drugs.

  15. The ideology of convenience. Canned foods in women's magazines (Flanders, 1945-1960).

    Science.gov (United States)

    Geyzen, Anneke

    2015-11-01

    This paper investigates the communication of canned foods in Flanders between 1945 and 1960. It forwards the antinomy between convenience and care as theoretical framework, it uses three women's magazines as source material, and it subjects this material to the technique of close reading. The results show that the discursive construction of canned foods differs according to the ideology of the magazines. Whereas the agrarian periodical discarded canned foods as careless convenience that menaced the idea of the good housewife, the socialist and the commercial publications undeniably accepted them as caring convenience that could facilitate the household chores of working women. The analysis, thus, deals with the ideological aspect of convenience food, an aspect that has only rarely been examined. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  16. Piling up reactive nitrogen and declining nitrogen use efficiency in Pakistan: a challenge not challenged (1961-2013)

    Science.gov (United States)

    Raza, Sajjad; Zhou, Jianbin; Aziz, Tariq; Rahil Afzal, Muhammad; Ahmed, Muneer; Javaid, Shahbaz; Chen, Zhujun

    2018-03-01

    Excessive nitrogen (N) application and reduced nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) are the key reasons behind N notoriety worldwide, including in Pakistan. We estimated the changes in NUE of Pakistan by calculating the N budget of Pakistan’s agriculture during the last 53 years (1961-2013). A more than ten-fold increase in N input (including N fertilizer, biological N fixation, manure, and atmospheric deposition) from 408 GgNyr-1 (1961-1965) to 4636 GgNyr-1 (2009-2013) highlights the fact that Pakistan is experiencing a massive expansion of N consumption. Significantly declining NUE (from 58% to 23%) and sharply increasing surplus N (171 GgNyr-1 to 3581 GgNyr-1) may cause N-related environment problems in the future if not handled immediately. Escalating gaseous N emissions of NH3, N2O, and NO (70, 10, and 1 GgNyr-1 to 1023, 155, and 46 GgNyr-1, respectively) is already posing a serious threat in terms of impaired air quality. There is a dire need to devise/adapt strategies and consistent policies for improving NUE, using proper management approaches at the grass root level and applying appropriate legislative measures for judicious N use as per crops requirements. Moreover, promotion of a balanced use of fertilizers would help in improving NUE in agriculture.

  17. PANDANGAN INDONESIA TERHADAP HAK ASASI MANUSIA DI BIDANG POLITIK DITINJAU DARI UUD 1945 SETELAH AMANDEMEN

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ramon Kaban

    2004-04-01

    Full Text Available As a modern democracy state that was born after the World War II, Indonesia should guarantee the enforcement of human right on politics for the society. Therefore constitutional development of Indonesia are demanded to be able to follow the era development. It can be done by doing amendment on Paragraph 28 of Constitution 1945 of Year 2000 as a second amendment. The amendment reflects Indonesia point of view that are more modern and open in organizing the human right on the constitution as an explanation of advance point of view on human right for sure.

  18. B2B or B2C? : Dutch approaches towards marketing and the consumer, 1945-1968, with particular attention to Heineken's Brewery

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Sluyterman, K.E.

    2017-01-01

    In this article I analyse how Dutch companies approached the consumers and marketing during the years 1945-1968, a period during which the Netherlands became a ‘consumer society’. In the first part I examine articles in the Dutch journal Tijdschrift voor Efficiëntie en Documentatie (ted, or Journal

  19. DETERMINANTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN SUB-SAHARA AFRICA: 1961-2003

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Olajide Abraham Ajao

    2012-12-01

    Full Text Available This study examined changes in agricultural productivity in Sub-Sahara Africa countries in the context of diverse institutional arrangements using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA. From a time series which consists of information on agricultural production and means of production were obtained from FAO AGROSTAT and rainfall data from Steve O’Connell data base. The information was for a 43-year period (1961-2003; DEA method was used to measure Malmquist index of total factor productivity. A decomposition of TFP measures revealed that the observed increase in the TFP in the sub–Sahara Africa agriculture is due to technological change rather than efficiency change which is the main constrained of achieving higher level of TFP during the reference period. The study further examined the effect of land quality, malaria, education and selected governance indicators such as, control of corruption and government effectiveness on productivity growth. All the variables included in the model are significant with the exception of government effectiveness

  20. Increasing trends in childlessness in recent birth cohorts - a registry-based study of the total Danish male population born from 1945 to 1980

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Priskorn, L; Holmboe, Sarah; Jacobsen, R

    2012-01-01

    The fertility rate has recently declined in many parts of the World, including Europe. To a large extent, this change can be explained by the socio-economic development. However, increasing fertility problems and widespread occurrence of poor semen quality could in part explain the few births....... The objective of this registry based study was to investigate birth cohort related trends in fertility and childlessness among Danish men. The study population comprised all 1 616 677 men in Denmark born from 1945 to 1980 of whom 1 359 975 (84.1%) were native Danes. Data were obtained from Statistics Denmark...... and contained information from The National Danish Birth Registry and The Danish In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Registry. For consecutive birth cohorts of native Danish men cumulative fertility rates at age 45 declined from 1.91 children per man in the 1945 birth cohort to 1.71 for men born in 1960...

  1. Simulation of the water-table altitude in the Biscayne Aquifer, southern Dade County, Florida, water years 1945-89

    Science.gov (United States)

    Merritt, M.L.

    1995-01-01

    A digital model of the flow system in the highly permeable surficial aquifer of southern Dade County, Florida, was constructed for the purposes of better understanding processes that influence the flow system and of supporting the construction of a subregional model of the transport of brackish water from a flowing artesian well. Problems that needed resolution in this endeavor included the development of methods to represent the influence of flowing surface water in seasonally inundated wetlands and the influence of a network of controlled canals developed in stages during the simulation time period (water years 1945-89). An additional problem was the general lack of natural aquifer boundaries near the boundaries of the study area. The model construction was based on a conceptual description of the Biscayne aquifer developed from the results of previous U.S. Geological Survey investigations. Modifications were made to an existing three- dimensional finite-difference simulator of ground- water flow to enable an upper layer of the grid to represent seasonally occurring overland sheetflow in a series of transient simulations of water levels from 1945 to 1989. A rewetting procedure was developed for the simulator that permitted resaturation of cells in this layer when the wet season recurred. An "equivalent hydraulic conductivity" coefficient was assigned to the overland flow layer that was analogous, subject to various approximations, to the use of the Manning equation. The surficial semiconfining peat and marl layers, levees, canals, and control structures were also represented as part of the model grid with the appropriate choices of hydraulic coefficient values. For most of the Biscayne aquifer grid cells, the value assigned to hydraulic conductivity for model calibration was 30,000 feet per day and the value assigned to porosity was 20 percent. Boundary conditions were specified near data sites having long-term records of surface-water stages or water

  2. Chlorophyll-a profiles collected by various vessels in the Atlantic Ocean and adjoining seas from 03/02/1961 to 10/21/1992 (NODC Accession 9300147)

    Data.gov (United States)

    National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — Chlorophyll-a profiles were collected in the Atlantic Ocean and adjoining seas from March 2, 1961 to October 21, 1992. The data were collected by multiple...

  3. Human radiation studies: Remembering the early years. Oral history of Dr. George Voelz, M.D., November 29, 1994

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    NONE

    1995-05-01

    Dr. George Voelz was interviewed by representatives of the US DOE Office of Human Radiation Experiments (OHRE). This oral history covers Dr. Voelz`s research on Manhattan Engineering District plutonium workers, the acute and long term effects of radiation, his inhalation studies, and his activities at the 1961 INL reactor accident (SL-1 Reactor). After a brief biographical sketch, Dr. Voelz his remembrances on tissue studies of plutonium workers, the plutonium injection studies of 1945-1946, the controlled environmental radioiodine tests of 1963-1968, and tracer studies with human volunteers at Los Alamos. Dr. Voelz states his opinions concerning misconceptions about the Los Alamos Human Radiation Experiments.

  4. Human radiation studies: Remembering the early years. Oral history of Dr. George Voelz, M.D., November 29, 1994

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    1995-05-01

    Dr. George Voelz was interviewed by representatives of the US DOE Office of Human Radiation Experiments (OHRE). This oral history covers Dr. Voelz's research on Manhattan Engineering District plutonium workers, the acute and long term effects of radiation, his inhalation studies, and his activities at the 1961 INL reactor accident (SL-1 Reactor). After a brief biographical sketch, Dr. Voelz his remembrances on tissue studies of plutonium workers, the plutonium injection studies of 1945-1946, the controlled environmental radioiodine tests of 1963-1968, and tracer studies with human volunteers at Los Alamos. Dr. Voelz states his opinions concerning misconceptions about the Los Alamos Human Radiation Experiments

  5. El espejismo nacional-socialista. La relación entre dos catedráticos de Prehistoria, Oswald Menghin y Julio Martínez Santa-Olalla (1935-1952

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mederos Martín, Alfredo

    2014-12-01

    , Claudio Sanchez-Albornoz. Menghin was not permitted to give lectures until 1953, and only consolidated his position when his criminal trial was cancelled in December 1956. In 1957 at the age of 69, he obtained the position of Acting Professor of Prehistory at the National University of La Plata. In 1958, Menghin was appointed Professor in General and Old World Prehistory at the University of Buenos Aires, where he retired in 1968, aged 80.Oswald Menghin, Catedrático de Prehistoria del Hombre de la Universidad de Viena entre 1922-1945, fue partidario de la unidad de Austria con Alemania y simpatizante con ideas del NSDAP sobre la necesidad de evitar una mezcla racial entre arios y judíos. Durante su etapa como Catedrático-Residente en la Universidad de Fouad en El Cairo entre 1930-1933, por contacto con Hermann Junker, radicalizó sus puntos de vista y redactó su libro Espíritu y sangre. Principios básicos de raza, lengua, cultura y nación. Su etapa como Rector en el curso 1935-1936 le catapultó a la política como miembro del consejo directivo del partido fascista austriaco, Vaterländische Front, entre 1936-1937 y su posterior nombramiento como Ministro de Educación entre marzo y mayo de 1938, justo después de la invasión de Hitler de Austria. Siendo Ministro, solicitó su ingreso en el NSDAP, que no se aceptó hasta junio de 1940, por su pertenencia previa a organizaciones católicas secretas. Menghin entró en contacto con Martínez Santa-Olalla, después de la celebración del Jubileo del Instituto de Morfología Cultural de Frankfurt en junio y julio de 1938. A raíz de una estancia de investigación de Almagro Basch en Alemania y Austria en enero y febrero de 1942, y la posterior visita a Barcelona de Menghin en junio de 1942, optó por distanciarse de Martínez Santa-Olalla, no visitando Madrid, cortando la relación epistolar e informando negativamente sobre él a las SS-Ahnenerbe. Prisionero en dos campos de concentración norteamericanos entre mayo de

  6. 26 CFR 1.9005 - Statutory provisions; section 2 of the Act of September 26, 1961 (Pub. L. 87-321, 75 Stat. 683).

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-04-01

    ... journal or other industry publication. (b) Years to which applicable. An election made under subsection (c... day for making an election under subsection (c). An election by a taxpayer under subsection (c) shall... Stat. 683; 26 U.S.C. 613 note) [T.D. 6583, 26 FR 12077, Dec. 16, 1961] ...

  7. El teatro Español en Ljubljana entre 1945-1990

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Rastko Rafael Djordjević

    1991-12-01

    Full Text Available Una mañana pasada en el archivo del Thatro Nacional de Ljubljana resulta más que suficiente para poder constatar que las obras teatrales españolas han sido estrenadas raramente durante los últimos cuarenta años y esto con mucha irregularidad. Los años cincuenta (el período después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial se mostraron favorables al teatro español; el público de Ljubljana encuentra en las piezas de Lorca y en las del Siglo de Oro algo diferente. Los espectadores viven el destino trágico, la espera vana, el camino irrealizado, Ia muerte con Ia que concluye el anhelo de vivir de los héroes de Lorca; los autores del Siglo de Oro con sus temas caballerescos de honor y de venganza y con su sentido del humor sorprenden y entusiasman. De este modo, se estrenan desde 1949 hasta 1959 tres obras maestras de Lorca:1950 La casa de BemardaAlba,1955 Bodas de sangre y finalmente en 1959 Yerma.

  8. Cae el telón. El cine norteamericano en los inicios de la Guerra Fría (1945-1954

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    José-Vidal Pelaz López

    2009-12-01

    Full Text Available Este artículo analiza el cine norteamericano en el periodo inicial de la Guerra Fría, (1945-1954. En estos años de “caza de brujas” la industria de Hollywood puso en marcha la producción de una serie de películas anticomunistas, la primera de las cuales fue Telón de acero (William Wellman 1948, que serviría de modelo a muchas más. El autor estudia este film y reflexiona sobre los mitos que todavía perviven acerca del “macartismo”, muchos de ellos alimentados por la visión que la propia industria del cine ha ofrecido sobre lo ocurrido entonces.____________________ABSTRACT:This article examines American cinema in the initial period of the Cold War (1945-1954. In these years of "witch hunting" Hollywood industry launched the production of a series of anti communist films, the first of which was Iron curtain (William Wellman 1948, which serve as a model for many more. The author examines this film and reflects on the myths that still persist about "McCarthyism", many of them fueled by the view that the film industry has offered about what happened then.

  9. Estimation of 1945 to 1957 food consumption. Hanford Environmental Dose Reconstruction Project

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Anderson, D.M.; Bates, D.J.; Marsh, T.L.

    1993-07-01

    This report details the methods used and the results of the study on the estimated historic levels of food consumption by individuals in the Hanford Environmental Dose Reconstruction (HEDR) study area from 1945--1957. This period includes the time of highest releases from Hanford and is the period for which data are being collected in the Hanford Thyroid Disease Study. These estimates provide the food-consumption inputs for the HEDR database of individual diets. This database will be an input file in the Hanford Environmental Dose Reconstruction Integrated Code (HEDRIC) computer model that will be used to calculate the radiation dose. The report focuses on fresh milk, eggs, lettuce, and spinach. These foods were chosen because they have been found to be significant contributors to radiation dose based on the Technical Steering Panel dose decision level.

  10. Water physics and chemistry data from bottle casts from the ASTOR and other platforms from 03 January 1958 to 17 November 1961 (NODC Accession 6800201)

    Data.gov (United States)

    National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — Water physics and chemistry data were collected from bottle casts from the ASTOR and other platforms from 03 January 1958 to 17 November 1961. Data were submitted by...

  11. Soil moisture trends in the Czech Republic between 1961 and 2012

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hlavinka, Petr; Trnka, Miroslav; Brázdil, Rudolf; Možný, Martin; Štěpánek, Petr; Dobrovolný, Petr; Zahradníček, Pavel; Balek, Jan; Semerádová, Daniela; Dubrovský, Martin; Eitzinger, Josef; Wardlow, Brian; Svoboda, Mark; Hayes, Michael; Žalud, Zdeněk

    2015-04-01

    Central Europe is generally not considered a drought-prone region, and the drought research and support is traditionally focused on the Mediterranean and southeastern part of the continent and drying trends there. However, Central Europe, including the Czech Republic, recently experienced a series of drought events with substantial impacts, especially on crop production. Because agriculture systems, and vegetation in general, have adapted to evenly distributed precipitation, the region is susceptible to even short-term droughts. The recent drought events may be the result of multi-decadal climate variability or a more general trend, with some studies showing a link to a more frequent occurrence of atmospheric circulation patterns that are conducive to drought. This study introduces an innovation to the standard methodological approaches in evaluating drought climatology by analyzing soil moisture conditions over more than fifty years. This approach relies on state-of-the art observed weather data and tested soil moisture model, and focuses on the dynamic simulation of soil moisture content with high temporal (daily) and spatial (500 m) resolution in a diverse landscape. Statistically significant trends of decreasing soil moisture content were found, notably during May and June between 1961 and 2012. In contrast, trends toward higher soil moisture content were noted during the October-March time period. When the periods of 2001-2012 and 1961-1980 were compared, the probability of drought between April and June was found to increase by 50%. This indicates a loading of the "climate dice" toward drier conditions. The probability of extreme drought events has been also found to increase. These results support the concerns about the potentially increased severity of drought events in Central Europe under projected climate change and has been submitted to International Journal of Climatology. The study was funded by project "Establishment of International Scientific Team

  12. Long term survey on food pollution and contamination by radioactive fallout in Fukuoka, Japan (1961 - 1976)

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Morishige, Toshiko; Ishinishi, Noburu; Cho, Tetsuji.

    1977-01-01

    The contamination and the pollution of foodstuffs by radioactive fallout have been investigated since 1961 in Fukuoka city and its suburban area. The results obtained were as follows. 1) Recently, the degree of the contamination of greens by radioactive fallout which fell on the leaves decreased to one thousandth in the early stage of the investigation (1961 - 1962). In the period of the investigation, the remarkable increase of the radioactivity of fallout was observed within a week after the Chinese nuclear bomb explosion in the atmosphere (1st, 2nd, 5th, 12th, 13th, and 15th). The radioactivity was 2 to 300 times higher than the usual level. 2) The radioactivity was not remarkable in vegetables which were washed with soap, but it decreased gradually year by year. The increase of the radioactivity was also observed a few days after the atmospheric nuclear explosion. 3) In milk, there were no remarkable yearly decreases of the radioactivity from the beginning of the investigation, but the seasonal variations of the radioactivity, such as higher in April and May, were observed. 4) The radioactivity in diets based on the standard food production in Japan was the highest in 1967. It decreased gradually from 1967 to 1971 and after that the remarkable variation of the activity was not observed. 5) 137 Cs contamination of foodstuffs has been observed quantitatively by the method of gamma spectrometry, while sometimes 95 Zr- 95 Nb, 103 Ru, and 131 I were also detected from the specimens obtained immediately after the nuclear explosions. (auth.)

  13. PENGARUH SISTEM MULTI PARTAI TERHADAP KEDUDUKAN PRESIDEN DALAM SISTEM PEMERINTAHAN PRESIDENSIIL MENURUT UUD NRI TAHUN 1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ida R. Hasan, S.H., M.H.

    2016-09-01

    Full Text Available The multi-party system is a system that consists of more than two dominant parties. Under the provisions of Article 6 and Article 6A the Constitution NRI 1945 Results Changes in the election of the President and Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia using the direct election system based on the proposals of the political party or coalition of political parties. If if adopted multi-party system, the presidential election will take place on the basis of a compromise between several parties contained therein. This was done because among the party that produced no outright majority. President elected in this way, would not want or desire should always pay attention to political parties that support it. The formulation of the problem is How the Implementation of the System Setup Multi Party in Indonesia? How to Influence System Against Multi Party Presidential Position In the presidential system of government in Indonesia? The research method is a normative juridical approach. Normative juridical approach method used to assess or analyze secondary data in the form of legal materials, especially primary law materials and secondary legal materials. Indonesia adheres to to multi-party presidential system. Multi-party system has been running since 1945 and runs until today even though some time has been changed the system of government. Post-reform, democratic system in Indonesia entered a new era, especially in an election in Indonesia. In a presidential system of government, multi-party system affect the difficulty of candidates for President and vice president produce a majority in the election.

  14. Everyday life in wartime Arkhangelsk: The problem of starvation and death during the Second World War (1939–1945)

    OpenAIRE

    Khatanzeiskaya, Elizaveta

    2015-01-01

    The article «Everyday Life in Wartime Arkhangelsk: The Problem of Starvation and Death during the Second World War (1939–1945)» is based on primary sources: interviews with eyewitnesses, memoirs, materials of press, diaries and archival documents. During the Second World War more than 40 thousand civilians died in Arkhangelsk (one fourth of its prewar population) because of starvation. This paper is an attempt to explain this phenomenon. 

  15. Periodic anti-phases. Long distance antiphase-order transformations (1961); Antiphases periodiques. Transformation antiphase-ordre a grande distance (1961)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Hauptman, A; Kleinberger, R; Okuzumi, H; Perio, P; Tournarie, M [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1961-07-01

    Periodic anti-phases are ordered structures in which the movable elements alternates regularly between two available sites, in one or two directions. We study in the present work two particular properties of periodic anti-phases : 1- The irrationality or the continuous variation of the periodic anti-phase. 2- The reversible transition between the anti-phase state and that of long distance order. We have calculated the distribution of the diffracted amplitudes for the 'rational statistic' model. They can easily be identified and the two types of diagram observed are presented. For the long distance anti-phase-order transformation, we propose a model in which a domain grows laterally at the expense of the other. Calculation shows that in this case certain order reflections re-appear accompanied by extra satellites whose amplitude is not proportional to that of the pure anti-phase satellites, the opposite of the case of a double diffraction. The irreversible evolution of Au{sub 3}Mn alloys is then described; in this case interactions between domains of different type occur. Finally a diagram for the alloy Au{sub 3}Mn is given; the anti-phase boundaries are made up of 130 planes. (authors) [French] Les antiphases periodiques sont des structures ordonnees dans lesquelles l'element ordonnable alterne regulierement entre deux sites disponibles, suivant une ou deux directions. Nous etudions, dans le travail presente, deux proprietes particulieres des antiphases periodiques: 1- L'irrationalite ou la variation continue de la periode d'antiphase. 2- La transition reversible entre l'etat antiphase et l'etat d'ordre a grande distance. Nous avons calcule la distribution des amplitudes diffractees pour le modele 'rationnel statistique'. Elles sont facilement identifiables et les deux types de diagrammes observes sont presentes. Pour la transformation antiphase-ordre a longue distance, nous proposons un modele de croissance laterale d'un domaine au detriment de l'autre. Le calcul

  16. Effets Josephson generalises entre antiferroaimants et entre supraconducteurs antiferromagnetiques

    Science.gov (United States)

    Chasse, Dominique

    L'effet Josephson est generalement presente comme le resultat de l'effet tunnel coherent de paires de Cooper a travers une jonction tunnel entre deux supraconducteurs, mais il est possible de l'expliquer dans un contexte plus general. Par exemple, Esposito & al. ont recemment demontre que l'effet Josephson DC peut etre decrit a l'aide du boson pseudo-Goldstone de deux systemes couples brisant chacun la symetrie abelienne U(1). Puisque cette description se generalise de facon naturelle a des brisures de symetries continues non-abeliennes, l'equivalent de l'effet Josephson devrait donc exister pour des types d'ordre a longue portee differents de la supraconductivite. Le cas de deux ferroaimants itinerants (brisure de symetrie 0(3)) couples a travers une jonction tunnel a deja ete traite dans la litterature Afin de mettre en evidence la generalite du phenomene et dans le but de faire des predictions a partir d'un modele realiste, nous etudions le cas d'une jonction tunnel entre deux antiferroaimants itinerants. En adoptant une approche Similaire a celle d'Ambegaokar & Baratoff pour une jonction Josephson, nous trouvons un courant d'aimantation alternee a travers la jonction qui est proportionnel a sG x sD ou fG et sD sont les vecteurs de Neel de part et d'autre de la jonction. La fonction sinus caracteristique du courant Josephson standard est donc remplacee.ici par un produit vectoriel. Nous montrons que, d'un point de vue microscopique, ce phenomene resulte de l'effet tunnel coherent de paires particule-trou de spin 1 et de vecteur d'onde net egal au vecteur d'onde antiferromagnetique Q. Nous trouvons egalement la dependance en temperature de l'analogue du courant critique. En presence d'un champ magnetique externe, nous obtenons l'analogue de l'effet Josephson AC et la description complete que nous en donnons s'applique aussi au cas d'une jonction tunnel entre ferroaimants (dans ce dernier cas, les traitements anterieurs de cet effet AC s'averent incomplets). Nous

  17. Climate effects on crop yields in the Northeast Farming Region of China during 1961–2010

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Yin, Xiaogang; Olesen, Jørgen Eivind; Wang, M.

    2016-01-01

    on the yield of maize (Zea mays L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in different crop growth phases. The crop growing season was divided into three growth phases based on the average crop phenological dates from records covering 1981 and 2010...... cycles), average daily solar radiation, accumulated precipitation, aridity index (which is used to assess drought stress) and heat degree-days index (HDD) (which is used to indicate heat stress) were calculated for each growth phase and year. Over the 1961–2010 period, the minimum temperature increased...... water management....

  18. Japan's Colonial Policies--From National Assimilation to the Kominka Movement: A Comparative Study of Primary Education in Taiwan and Korea (1937-1945)

    Science.gov (United States)

    Peng, Huan-Sheng; Chu, Jo-Ying

    2017-01-01

    The eight-year-long period from Japan's initiation of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937 to its unconditional surrender in 1945 forced Japan to invest its national economy and industrial and scientific technologies in the war. In addition, in the name of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, Japan initiated its assimilation and Kominka…

  19. 'Amusements are provided': asylum entertainment and recreation in Australia and New Zealand c.1860-c.1945.

    Science.gov (United States)

    MacKinnon, Dolly

    2009-01-01

    This chapter examines the official 'entertainment', in all its forms, provided to inmates in Australian and New Zealand asylums--later mental hospitals--between c.1860 and c.1945. Visitors came into asylum grounds and patients were permitted periods of leave, all for the purposes of entertainment and recreation. Surviving recreation buildings, their grounds and institutional archives, bear silent witness to the noisy and lively recreational activities of past patients, staff and visitors. This chapter reconstructs these practices in twenty public and three private asylums from this period by examining a diverse range of sources, including archives, histories of asylums and newspaper articles.

  20. Discursos em oposição: Imagens e representações do imigrante no Brasil (1850-1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Lená Medeiros de Menezes

    2017-07-01

    Full Text Available The article analyzes the discourse on immigration in Brazil between 1850 and 1945, reflecting on practices and representations. On the one hand the analysis prioritizes the defense of immigration as the country's way to get rid of their slave past, going on the path of progress; secondly, it is highlighted the accusation that immigration was responsible for the expansion of disorder, crime and anarchism. By analyzing the speech placed in dispute, the paper discusses the representations of good and bad immigrant, weaving reflections on policies adopted in the Empire and the Republic.

  1. British nuclear power: protest and legitimation 1945 - 1980

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Welsh, I.

    1988-02-01

    This thesis traces the development of British civil nuclear power policy between 1945 and 1982. Throughout particular attention is paid to the methods of legitimation which have been used to justify this policy in the public arena. By tracing this legitimation process, and public responses to it, the modern anti nuclear movement and crisis of public acceptability are placed within an historical context. It is argued that public concern and disquiet have always required the active legitimation of nuclear policy from the inception of the technology. The initial base of this legitimation was largely symbolic and associated nuclear power with the future of civilisation and a second of Elizabethan splendour for Britain. Symbolic legitimacy was underpinned by the twin pillars of expert hegemony and political authority. As these became increasingly prominent due to internal disputes within the industry secrecy was applied as a means of preserving legitimacy. Having tried conventional avenues of opposition the anti nuclear movement then embarked upon a campaign of direct action. The links between this campaign and the pervasive sense of public unease which had always existed are explored. It is argued here that the anti nuclear movement produces and sustains a cogent critique of nuclear power. Campaigning around this critique wins the movement increasing legitimacy as its arguments are increasingly accepted. (author)

  2. Towards the Story of the Parishes’ Reunion of the West European Exarchate with the Moscow Patriarchy in Post-War Years (1945–1946

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Kostriukov Andrei

    2014-12-01

    Full Text Available The article covers the circumstances of the consolidation of parishes of Russian tradition in the West European exarchate with the Moscow Patriarchy in 1945. The author has analyzed the subsequent circumstances that assisted the parties with the rupture of relations in 1946. On the basis of the documents the author has drawn the conclusion about the primary fragility of the first consolidation that was hasty made, nonmetering specific jurisdictional features of the West European exarchate. Serious problems on the way to unity have arisen in August, 1945, when the representative of the Moscow Patriarchy, metropolitan Nicolay (Jarushevich, had arrived to Paris. Objections against the consolidation have run as follows: the Church in the USSR continued to be in enslavement by the atheistic government. Despite the arguments of association’s opponents, metropolitan Evlogy has agreed to be the part of the Moscow Patriarchy. The next months the positions of the opponents have become stronger because of metropolitan Evlogy who remained the exarch of both Ecumenical and Moscow Patriarchs. In February, 1946 at the ceremony of ordination, bishop Nikon (Greve has sworn not to Moscow, but to the Constantinople patriarch. The decree of the Presidium of the Supreme council of the USSR from June, 14th, 1945 about citizenship that was granted to Russian emigrants in France became the serious strike on the unity. In the Exarchate the delimitation between those who has accepted the Soviet citizenship and those who has refused has begun. Thus the diocesan council, being afraid of freedom’s infringement, prepared a soil for the future separation from the Moscow Patriarchy. In July, 1946 the diocesan council made the memorandum that the policy of the further rapprochement with the USSR and the Moscow Patriarchy threatened the Exarchate with split. After metropolitan Evlogy’s death the division became the accomplished fact.

  3. Educação do corpo e natureza: prescrições da revista Educação Physica (Brasil, 1932-1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Daniele Cristina Carqueijeiro de Medeiros

    2018-01-01

    Full Text Available Os processos de industrialização e urbanização, tanto na Europa quanto no Brasil, apresentam-se acompanhados de um novo olhar sobre a natureza. Antes vista como sombria e perigosa, a natureza e seus elementos passam a ser compreendidos como benéficos para a recuperação da saúde e da moral da população urbana, constituindo-se inclusive como prescrições médicas contra os males da cidade. Esse discurso de uma natureza benéfica tornou-se, cada vez mais, interlocutor de certa vertente do discurso médico-higienista, que passou a prescrever em seu receituário e recomendar em seus artigos o retorno à natureza. O objetivo deste artigo foi compreender as prescrições de práticas junto à natureza veiculadas por esse discurso médico na Revista Educação Physica, periódico especializado em esportes e educação física que circulou entre 1932 e 1945. Como resultados, percebemos que quase todos os volumes analisados da revista tratam de algum aspecto voltado à cura, regeneração ou divertimento em meio à natureza, seja através de exercícios físicos, da hidroterapia ou o contato com montanhas, alcançando seus cumes. Concluímos que esta revista corroborou com esta vertente do discurso médico higienista, ao associar as práticas em meio à natureza a valores morais, físicos e higiênicos que eram desejados para o fortalecimento dos corpos brasileiros do período.

  4. Divine service, music, sport, and recreation as medicinal in Australian asylums 1860s-1945.

    Science.gov (United States)

    MacKinnon, Dolly

    2009-01-01

    Australian asylum records (circa 1860 to circa 1945) demonstrate that medical staff went to great lengths to provide recreation to suitable patients. This article examines how the demarcation of Australian institutional spaces along gender divisions was also mirrored by the gender-specific recreational activities provided in purpose-built facilities. Using Australian examples I demonstrate how the main forms of recreation-that is divine service, music and dance, and sport-were justified to governments on medical grounds. Some designated recreational spaces even offered select female and male patients the opportunity to mix under medical supervision. Recreation was therapeutic because of its psychological, physical, social, and moral benefits, and government authorities funded the construction of costly chapels, recreation halls, and sports grounds expressly for this medical purpose.

  5. Le reti di spionaggio e sabotaggio nazifasciste nell’Italia occupata dagli Alleati (1943-1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Nicola Tonietto

    2016-12-01

    Full Text Available The aim of this work is to describe German and Republican Fascists secret services espionage and sabotage networks, their missions and their agents who were sent to the South-Central Italy, between 1943 and 1945, with the goal of obstructing the Allied advance. The two German secret services, namely Abwehr and Sicherheitsdienst, recruited Italian agents (who belonged to the Milizia, the Black Brigades or Borghese’s Decima Mas to take part in espionage and sabotage operations beyond the Allied lines. Even the fascists themselves, through the newborn SID or other groups like Prince Pignatelli’s or Pucci-Del Massa Office, tried to plan espionage networks but also to prepare the ground for the survival of the fascism after the end of the war.

  6. Psychodynamics in child psychiatry in Sweden, 1945-85: from political vision to treatment ideology.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Nelson, Karin Zetterqvist; Sandin, Bengt

    2013-09-01

    In this article, changing treatment ideologies and policies in child psychiatric outpatient services in Sweden from 1945 to 1985 are examined. The aim is to discuss the role played by psychoanalytic and psychodynamic thinking in this process of change. When mental health services for children were introduced in the mid-1940s, psychoanalytic thinking was intertwined with the social democratic vision of the Swedish welfare state in which children symbolized the future. In practice, however, treatment ideology was initially less influenced by psychoanalytic thinking. From the early 1960s, child psychiatric services expanded and the number of units increased. By then, the political vision had disappeared, but a treatment ideology began to evolve based on psychodynamic theories, which became dominant in the 1970s.

  7. Władze polskie wobec problemu roszczeń finansowych w stosunkach z Włochami w latach 1945–1956

    OpenAIRE

    Jarosz, Dariusz; Pasztor, Maria

    2013-01-01

    The sketch is an attempt to present the main financial problems in the Polish-Italian relations from 1945 to 1956. It is based primarily on sources stored in Central Archives of Modern Records and Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Warsaw. The study showed that the main purpose of the Polish authorities was to avoid having to pay the pre-war debts to Italy, and compensation resulting from the adoption of the law on nationalization of industry, from 3 January 1946. F...

  8. Countering war or embracing peace? Dialogues between regionalism and multilateralism in Latin America (1945-1954

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Moreli Rocha, Alexandre L.

    2015-06-01

    Full Text Available Still an open debate, definitions about the beginning of the Cold War were even more ambiguous to actors at the time concerned with development and exit strategies for the Second World War. That was precisely the scenario to several Latin American leaders who, far from the Iron Curtain, were debating the rise of the UN system and of parliamentary diplomacy. Focusing on a multilateral strategy of action for the post-war international order, our work tries to put together the Pan-Latin, Pan-American and UN policies of Latin Americans since the Chapultepec Conference of February 1945 until the 1954 Conferences of Caracas, which fashioned the Organization of American States’ Cold War status, and of Madrid, which failed to consolidate the Latin Union.Todavía un debate en abierto en la historiografía, la definición sobre los marcos del principio de la Guerra Fría fue aún más ambigua para los actores involucrados en el conflicto bélico precedente y preocupados con el desarrollo y las salidas estratégicas posibles de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Esta fue la realidad para varios líderes latinoamericanos que, lejos de la Cortina de Hierro, quedaban mucho más preocupados con el surgimiento del sistema de las Naciones Unidas y la diplomacia parlamentaria. Centrándose sobre las estrategias multilaterales para la orden internacional de la posguerra, nuestro trabajo pretende analizar las políticas Pan-Latinas, Pan Americanas y para las Naciones Unidas de la América Latina desde la Conferencia de Chapultepec, en febrero de 1945, hasta las Conferencias de 1954 de Caracas, que consolidó la Organización de los Estados Americanos en un contexto de Guerra Fría, y de Madrid, que no logró consolidar la Unión Latina.

  9. Cluster analysis on summer precipitation field over Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from 1961 to 2004%1961-2004年青藏高原夏季降水的时空分布

    Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

    卢鹤立; 邵全琴; 刘纪远; 王军邦; 陈沈斌; 陈卓奇

    2008-01-01

    The summer day-by-day precipitation data of 97 meteorological stations on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from 1961 to 2004 were selected to analyze the temporal-spatial dis- tribution through accumulated variance, correlation analysis, regression analysis, empirical orthogonal function, power spectrum function and spatial analysis tools of GIS. The result showed that summer precipitation occupied a relatively high proportion in the area with less annual precipitation on the Plateau and the correlation between summer precipitation and annual precipitation was strong. The altitude of these stations and summer precipitation ten- dency presented stronger positive correlation below 2000 m, with correlation value up to 0.604 (a=0.01). The subtracting tendency values between 1961-1983 and 1984-2004 at five altitude ranges (2000-2500 m, 2500-3000 m, 3500-4000 m, 4000-4500 m and above 4500 m) were above zero and accounted for 71.4% of the total. Using empirical orthogonal function, summer precipitation could be roughly divided into three precipitation pattern fields: the Southeast Plateau Pattern Field, the Northeast Plateau Pattern field and the Three Rivers' Headstream Regions Pattern Field. The former two ones had a reverse value from the north to the south and opposite line was along 35°N. The potential cycles of the three pattern fields were 5.33a, 21.33a and 2.17a respectively, tested by the confidence probability of 90%. The station altitudes and summer precipitation potential cycles presented strong negative corre- lation in the stations above 4500 m, with correlation value of -0.626 (a=0.01). In Three Rivers Headstream Regions summer precipitation cycle decreased as the altitude rose in the sta- tions above 3500 m and increased as the altitude rose in those below 3500 m. The empirical orthogonal function analysis in June precipitation, July precipitation and August precipitation showed that the June precipitation pattern field was similar to the July's, in which

  10. Endostatin (EntreMed).

    Science.gov (United States)

    Grosios, K

    2000-07-01

    EntreMed has licensed the worldwide rights to the angiogenesis inhibitor Endostatin, a 20 kDa C-terminal fragment of collagen XVIII, from the Children's Hospital of Boston, a teaching affiliate of Harvard Medical School. It is being developed as a potential cancer treatment and may also be useful in certain types of blindness and arthritis [227427]. EntreMed filed an IND for Endostatin in June 1999 [334125] and as of September 1999, phase I trials were underway [341462]. As of April 2000, the company had initiated plans for testing low doses of Endostatin in cancer patients using continuous infusion and sc administration in a further phase I study to be conducted in Europe [361594]. A phase I trial of Endostatin which will evaluate the safety and efficacy of Endostatin at a range of doses in no more than 100 cancer patients has been initiated. The trial will take place at the University of Texas MD Anderson Medical Center and the University of Wisconsin Cancer Center in Madison. The National Cancer Center will be sponsoring the trial, which is expected to be completed in late 2000. As of March 2000, there had been no serious adverse events attributable to Endostatin administration. The first report from this trial is expected in autumn 2000 [341462], [366312]. The mechanism of action for Endostatin remains unclear, although reports from the 91st AACR Meeting in April 2000 showed that recombinant human endostatin bound to a number of tropomyosin cDNAs in a library screen [362039]. In preclinical studies, repeated administration of Endostatin consistently shrank primary tumors and did not produce any drug resistance. In mice, a variety of tumors which had progressed to 1 to 2% of total body weight, regressed to microscopic, dormant lesions following Endostatin treatment [231418], [231470], [270673]. Types of cancers which respond to Endostatin include lung, skin, vascular and fibrosarcomas. Toxicology studies in cynomolgus monkeys showed that bolus injections of

  11. Spatial and temporal analysis of drought variability at several time scales in Syria during 1961-2012

    Science.gov (United States)

    Mathbout, Shifa; Lopez-Bustins, Joan A.; Martin-Vide, Javier; Bech, Joan; Rodrigo, Fernando S.

    2018-02-01

    This paper analyses the observed spatiotemporal characteristics of drought phenomenon in Syria using the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Temporal variability of drought is calculated for various time scales (3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 months) for 20 weather stations over the 1961-2012 period. The spatial patterns of drought were identified by applying a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to the SPI and SPEI values at different time scales. The results revealed three heterogeneous and spatially well-defined regions with different temporal evolution of droughts: 1) Northeastern (inland desert); 2) Southern (mountainous landscape); 3) Northwestern (Mediterranean coast). The evolutionary characteristics of drought during 1961-2012 were analysed including spatial and temporal variability of SPI and SPEI, the frequency distribution, and the drought duration. The results of the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test applied to the SPI and SPEI series indicate prevailing significant negative trends (drought) at all stations. Both drought indices have been correlated both on spatial and temporal scales and they are highly comparable, especially, over a 12 and 24 month accumulation period. We concluded that the temporal and spatial characteristics of the SPI and SPEI can be used for developing a drought intensity - areal extent - and frequency curve that assesses the variability of regional droughts in Syria. The analysis of both indices suggests that all three regions had a severe drought in the 1990s, which had never been observed before in the country. Furthermore, the 2007-2010 drought was the driest period in the instrumental record, happening just before the onset of the recent conflict in Syria.

  12. Trends of the global radiation and sunshine hours in 1961-1998 and their relationships in China

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Chen Rensheng; Kang Ersi; Ji Xibin; Yang Jianping; Zhang Zhihui

    2006-01-01

    Trends of the yearly global radiation E g , annual sunshine hours S, yearly precipitation P and yearly averaged air temperature T at 51 stations in 1961-1998 in China were detected, and the significance test method was the F-test. A total of 47 stations showed decreasing trend in the E g series of which 35 passed the F-test at the 5% significant level. At 42 stations, the trend of S was also decreasing, and 36 of them passed the F-test at the 5% significant level. The P series did not change largely in 1961-1998 and at 37 stations showed a positive trend, while the positive trend or reduced trend at 39 stations did not pass the F-test at the 25% significant level. The positive trend of the T series was shown at 49 stations, of which 29 passed the F-test at the 1% significant level. In the yearly scale, the empirical relationship between E g and S at any station was very low because the length of the E g series was too short. When using all the data at the used 51 stations together to simulate E g , the results were good. Using the longitude λ, latitude φ and altitude H, or/and P and T, of the used stations to adjust the parameters a and b of the Angstroem model, respectively, or just to adjust the parameter a, the results will be better. The parameter b of the Angstroem model was little affected by the geographical position of the used stations. At last, a simple equation is recommended to use for simulation of the yearly global radiation in China

  13. Inserção no mercado de trabalho e uso de drogas entre escolares de duas cidades de médio porte do sul do Brasil

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Simone Poletto

    2015-06-01

    Full Text Available Objetivo O início do consumo de drogas ocorre, geralmente, na adolescência. Entre os fatores associados a esse comportamento, está o trabalho. Este artigo analisa a associação entre a inserção no mercado de trabalho e o uso no ano de álcool, tabaco, maconha e cocaína, em uma amostra de 1.961 escolares de dois municípios de médio porte do Rio Grande do Sul. Métodos Foram estimadas razões de prevalência brutas e ajustadas, primeiramente, para sexo e idade e, posteriormente, para sexo, idade e supervisão do uso de internet no domicílio. Resultados Na análise bruta, a associação com a inserção no mercado de trabalho foi significativa para uso no ano de álcool, tabaco, maconha e cocaína. Na estimativa de razões de prevalência ajustadas para sexo e idade, apenas a associação com uso no ano de tabaco se manteve e desapareceu ao ajustar também para a variável de supervisão parental do uso da internet. Conclusões O fato de a associação não se manter após a análise ajustada indica que, entre escolares, portanto, adolescentes ainda vinculados à escola, inserção no mercado de trabalho e uso no ano daquelas substâncias se expandem de modo semelhante, mas muito mais influenciados pelo avanço da idade, por especificidades de gênero e de acordo com modelos de cuidado no ambiente doméstico.

  14. Some Research Experiences in Microwave Tubes 1946 to 1961; From the TWT to the First Laser

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Birdsall, Charles K.

    2003-01-01

    The period 1946-1961 was a special era for microwave tubes, just after WWII, up until invention of the laser. Low noise, broadband, high power, high efficiency, from 60 MHz to 300 GHz, all done without modern computers (IC's invented in 1959). The major universities and industrial research labs all had active microwave tube research, which was well supported. Beam type tubes of all kinds were invented and experimented with. The Pierce analytic approach became the norm for linear analysis. Time from conception to experiment was short from new guns to new circuits. This paper is one person's experience at three universities and two industrial firms. Challenging, productive and rewarding

  15. Measurement and estimation of photosynthetically active radiation from 1961 to 2011 in Central China

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Wang, Lunche; Gong, Wei; Li, Chen; Lin, Aiwen; Hu, Bo; Ma, Yingying

    2013-01-01

    Highlights: • 6-Year observations were used to show the temporal variability of PAR and PAR/G. • Dependence of PAR on clearness index was studied in model development. • New developed models performed very well at different time scales. • The new all-weather model provided good estimates of PAR at two other sites. • Long-term variations of PAR from 1961 to 2011 in Central China were analyzed. - Abstract: Measurements of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and global solar radiation (G) at WHU, Central China during 2006–2011 were used to investigate the seasonal characteristics of PAR and PAR/G (PAR fraction). Both PAR and PAR fraction showed similar seasonal features that peaked in values during summer and reached their lowest in winter with annual mean values being 22.39 mol m −2 d −1 and 1.9 mol M J −1 respectively. By analyzing the dependence of PAR on cosine of solar zenith angle and clearness index at WHU, an efficient all-weather model was developed for estimating PAR values under various sky conditions, which also produced accepted estimations with high accuracy at Lhasa and Fukang. PAR dataset was then reconstructed from G for 1961–2011 through the new developed model. Annual mean daily PAR was about 23.12 mol m −2 d −1 , there was a significant decreasing trend (11.2 mol m −2 per decade) during the last 50 years in Central China, the decreases were sharpest in summer (−24.67 mol m −2 per decade) with relatively small decreases being observed in spring. Meanwhile, results also revealed that PAR began to increase at a rate of 0.1 mol m −2 per year from 1991 to 2011, which was in consistent with variation patterns of global solar radiation in the study area. The proposed all-weather PAR model would be of vital importance for ecological modeling, atmospheric environment, agricultural processes and solar energy application

  16. Au fil de nos souvenirs : le 17 octobre 1961, emblème des violences policières

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Clotilde Lebas

    2012-03-01

    Full Text Available À travers l’analyse d’un événement occulté et refoulé de l’histoire collective française – le rassemblement du 17 octobre 1961 d’Algériens manifestant contre l’imposition du couvre-feu et sa sanglante répression – cet article propose une réflexion sur l’expression de nos souvenirs et sur le passage d’expériences individuelles contingentes à leur mise en sens commune et partagée. Il montre comment un événement traumatique peut constituer un arrimage mémoriel qui génère des substitutions et des métamorphoses successives. La référence à un événement unique s’estompe alors pour se déployer dans diverses directions.D’une évocation à l’autre, d’un entrepreneur de mémoire à l’autre, le souvenir du 17 octobre 1961, soutenu par les photographies laissées par Kagan, devient le symbole des violences policières. Cet exemple illustre ainsi la complexité des dynamiques mémorielles, en dévoilant comment un événement peut faire retour, par le détour de la photographie, faite ou devenue trace, en étant réinvesti dans un présent où il continue de faire sens.

  17. A pedagogia industrial da FIEMG: um estudo sobre o pensamento empresarial a partir da Revista Vida Industrial (1961-1974

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jane Maria dos Santos Reis

    2014-03-01

    Full Text Available A presente pesquisa resulta dos estudos e debates, inerentes ao processo de doutoramento em Educação pelo Programa de Pós Graduação em Educação da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, pertencente à Linha de Pesquisa “Políticas e Saberes em Educação”. Esta tese objetiva problematizar o sentido contraditório da educação enquanto formação humana histórica, especificamente sob a lógica educacional representativa do empresariado industrial associado à FIEMG (Federação das Indústrias do Estado de Minas Gerais no contexto de 1961 a 1974. Esta delimitação histórica se justifica pelo fato de se tratar de um período, marcado pelas crises cíclicas do capital e seus respectivos impactos na fase final do processo de industrialização no Brasil: inicia-se com um dos ápices do crescimento econômico no país, impulsionado pelo nacional desenvolvimentismo, prossegue com uma severa crise política em 1966, impactando também na esfera econômica e por fim, com a constante busca pela estabilidade econômica que mesmo sob altos preços, eclodem os fatores que conduziram a economia brasileira para o contexto do “Milagre Econômico”. Para isso, fez-se necessária a articulação do debate entre educação e trabalho sob a perspectiva do materialismo histórico dialético e seus respectivos subsídios teórico-metodológicos e epistemológicos. No primeiro capítulo, foi elaborado um “estado da arte” da categoria “formação humana”, pensada enquanto processo educacional e histórico, a partir dos pressupostos marxistas, visando a reconstrução de conceitos e significados do que consiste a formação de trabalhadores na lógica contraditória, pelo viés da formação integral e pela perspectiva da acumulação de capital. Em seguida, no segundo capítulo, foi elaborada uma análise acerca da industrialização, do empresariado industrial e sua perspectiva de desenvolvimento de 1961 a 1974. No terceiro capítulo, foi

  18. Estimation of 1945 to 1957 food consumption. Hanford Environmental Dose Reconstruction Project: Draft

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Anderson, D.M.; Bates, D.J.; Marsh, T.L.

    1993-03-01

    This report details the methods used and the results of the study on the estimated historic levels of food consumption by individuals in the Hanford Environmental Dose Reconstruction (HEDR) study area from 1945--1957. This period includes the time of highest releases from Hanford and is the period for which data are being collected in the Hanford Thyroid Disease Study. These estimates provide the food-consumption inputs for the HEDR database of individual diets. This database will be an input file in the Hanford Environmental Dose Reconstruction Integrated Code (HEDRIC) computer model that will be used to calculate the radiation dose. The report focuses on fresh milk, eggs, lettuce, and spinach. These foods were chosen because they have been found to be significant contributors to radiation dose based on the Technical Steering Panel dose decision level.

  19. Conversion and correction factors for historical measurements of iodine-131 in Hanford-area vegetation, 1945--1947

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Mart, E.I.; Denham, D.H.; Thiede, M.E.

    1993-12-01

    This report is a result of the Hanford Environmental Dose Reconstruction (HEDR) Project whose goal is to estimate the radiation dose that individuals could have received from emissions since 1944 at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Hanford Site near Richland, Washington. The HEDR Project is conducted by Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratories (BNW). One of the radionuclides emitted that would affect the radiation dose was iodine-131. This report describes in detail the reconstructed conversion and correction factors for historical measurements of iodine-131 in Hanford-area vegetation which was collected from the beginning of October 1945 through the end of December 1947

  20. Les violences politiques dans les Etats de la Caraïbe insulaire (1945 à nos jours)

    OpenAIRE

    Jalabert, Laurent

    2003-01-01

    La violence politique dans les Etats indépendants de la Caraïbe insulaire (Cuba, Haïti, Saint-Domingue, Jamaïque, Trinidad…) de 1945 à nos jours est une caractéristique constante des pratiques politiques en vigueur dans ces pays. La violence politique s’y est érigée au titre de « culture politique », aussi bien à l’intérieur de régimes autoritaires (Cuba, Haïti, Saint-Domingue), que dans les processus de transition démocratique (Haïti, Saint-Domingue), voire dans les démocraties (Jamaïque, Tr...

  1. A Retrospective View of English Language Learning Materials Produced in Slovenia from 1945 to the Present

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Janez Skela

    2013-05-01

    Full Text Available Taking a historical perspective, this article documents the development of domestically produced English Language Learning (ELL materials in the period between 1945 and 2013. To this end, reference is made to milestones that marked shifts in linguistic and foreign language teaching paradigms, including aspects of Method and the underlying conception of language. The analysis will draw on aspects of Method in relation to language policy documents (i.e., curricula and the course books in which these principles are embodied. Through the analysis of these factors we trace the evolution from Grammar–Translation methodology to Communicative Language Teaching in locally produced textbooks which are representative of various historical periods.

  2. El mercado mundial de vino y la competitividad de los países del Hemisferio Sur, 1961-2010

    OpenAIRE

    Medina-Albaladejo, Francisco José; Martínez-Carrión, José Miguel; Ramon-Muñoz, Josep-Maria

    2014-01-01

    El mercado mundial del vino ha sufrido cambios intensos en las últimas décadas tras un fuerte incremento de la competitividad de los países exportadores del hemisferio sur. Su dinamismo y el aumento de la demanda de los nuevos países consumidores han acelerado el proceso de globalización del vino. En este contexto, analizamos la competencia mundial y los principales cambios en el comercio global de vinos desde 1961 hasta 2010. El artículo muestra la distribución relativa de las exportaciones ...

  3. A Revolutionary Promise of Justice: Diane Arbus’ Self-Portrait, Pregnant, 1945, NYC

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Andrea Liss

    2017-08-01

    Full Text Available My critical musings on this little-known maternal self-portrait are meant to reconceive its meaning as an uncanny predecessor to contemporary feminist embodied knowledge. This knowledge holds the potential for articulating new strategies of respect for the maternal and for the real mother, in other words for thinking m(otherwise. This portent photograph not only presented a non-normative concept of pregnancy during its cultural moment; it continues to challenge the deep patriarchal “embarrassment” that pregnancy carries. Arbus’ performance of the maternal was crafted within her creative practice and deeply embedded within a new maternal structure of projected work and self. Picturing herself as artist/photographer, other, lover and projected mother, she embodies a creative interplay between the passion of theory and the thinking body.   This photograph can be viewed at https://onlineonly.christies.com/s/photographs-diane-arbus/self-portrait-pregnant-n-y-c-1945-1/222.

  4. Imaginary Savior: the image of the nuclear bomb in Korea, 1945-1960.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kim, Dong-Won

    2009-01-01

    Two atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 brought the unexpected liberation of Korea from the 35-year Japanese occupation. Koreans therefore had a very favorable and positive image of the nuclear bomb and nuclear energy from the beginning. The image of the nuclear bomb as "savior" was strengthened during the Korean War when the United States openly mentioned the possible use of the nuclear bomb against North Korean and Chinese military. After the end of the Korean War in July 1953 South Koreans strongly supported the development of the nuclear bomb in order to deter another North Korean invasion. When the US government provided South Korea with a research nuclear reactor in the late 1950s, most South Koreans hailed it as the first step to developing their own nuclear bomb. This paper will analyze how and why the savior image of the nuclear bomb originated and spread in Korea during the 1950s.

  5. Study of isotopic exchange reactors (1961); Etude des reacteurs d'echange isotopique (1961)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Grandcollot, P; Dirian, G [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1961-07-01

    A study is made of the general case of the theory of first-order isotopic chemical exchange between a gaseous and a liquid phase in a reactor, starting from fundamental reaction kinetics data, and without making any limiting hypothesis concerning the value of the separation factor. The cases of counter-current reactors and of co-current reactors are considered successively. The general deuterium conservation equation requires the definition of the quotient of the reactor; the performances of this reactor are characterised by its overall efficiency. The idea of the ratio is introduced because it represents a convenient intermediary in the calculations. The search for an additive value for reactors in series leads logically to the defining of an exchange capacity, and a total efficiency, or number of theoretical reactors. This method of expressing the performances of a reactor is more general than the efficiency due to Murphee which only has a physical significance in the particular case of homogeneous liquid reactors. The relationships between these various quantities are established, and the representation due to Mc Cabe and Thiele is generalized. The reactor performances are linked to the first - order reaction kinetics by the transfer number. The relationships are given for a certain number of concrete cases. Finally the application of these calculations is given, together with the approximations necessary in the case where, because of the presence of several components in each phase, the exchange reaction no longer obeys a single kinetic law. (authors) [French] On examine dans le cas general la theorie d'un reacteur quelconque pour l'echange chimique isotopique du premier ordre entre une phase gazeuse et une phase liquide, a partir des donnees fondamentales sur la cinetique de la reaction, sans faire aucune hypothese limitative sur le cas des reacteurs a contre ourant, puis celui des reacteurs a co-courant. L'equation generale de conservation du deuterium

  6. Historical temperature and salinity data collected from 1896-04-22 to 1961-03-26 from the World Ocean and provided by United Kingdom hydrographic office (NODC Accession 0073673)

    Data.gov (United States)

    National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — Historical temperature and salinity data collected from 1896-04-22 to 1961-03-26 from the World Ocean. Data were digitized from cards provided by United Kingdom...

  7. Die Veränderung der Grenzen in einer transnationalen Gebietskörperschaft

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Karen Denni

    2009-12-01

    Full Text Available L’objet de notre article est de mettre en lumière la multiplicité des frontières qui structurent la zone frontalière de Strasbourg-Ortenau. Au cours de son histoire, la frontière francoallemande a considérablement évolué. Zone conflictuelle de rupture comme lors de la guerre franco-allemande de 1870-1871, elle représente désormais un espace pacifié et intégré dans un ensemble politique européen plus large. La convention pour la création d’un eurodistrict franco-allemand conclue en 2005 prévoit même le dépassement des frontières politiques et administratives en visant la fusion de ces deux collectivités contiguës séparées par le Rhin et concourt, grâce à la proximité géographique et organisationnelle que permet la petite structure ainsi créée, à faciliter l’articulation entre l’échelle locale et l’échelle globale. Mais, malgré cette convention qui a intensifié la coopération transfrontalière, ce projet suscite encore de nombreuses interrogations aux plans juridique, politique et social. En outre, les citoyens français et allemands de la zone du Rhin supérieur restent finalement assez peu informés de l’importante progression que connaît la coopération transfrontalière dans ce secteur et n’y voient que peu d’avantages. Une plus large implication des citoyens à ce projet semble indispensable afin que ceux-ci apportent créativité et dynamisme à la construction d’une nouvelle entité politique dans laquelle il leur sera alors possible de s’identifier. Un long chemin reste donc à parcourir avant que le Rhin cesse de représenter une frontière entre la France et l’Allemagne et se transforme en un véritable trait d’union entre ces deux pays.Ziel dieses Artikels ist es, die vielfältigen Aspekte der Grenzen darzulegen, die den Grenzraum Straßburg-Kehl strukturieren. Im Laufe ihrer Geschichte hat die deutsch-französische Grenze einen großen Wandel vollzogen, von einer

  8. Kadrovske odločitve na muzikoloških katedrah po letu 1945: Ocenjevanje objav na primeru Karla Blessingerja in Wernerja Korteja

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Michael Malkiewicz

    2013-06-01

    Full Text Available Skoraj vsi nosilci muzikoloških nazivov na univerzah in visokih šolah v Nemčiji so se po letu 1945 lahko vrnili na svoja mesta. Razlogi, zakaj je nekdo lahko ostal na svojem mestu v muzikologiji, zakaj so nekateri lahko nadaljevali svoje delo potem, ko jih je vojaška vlada za kratek čas odstavila in zakaj so bili drugi za stalno odstavljeni, so zelo različni.

  9. Des baladeurs MP3 en classe d'allemand - L'effet de l'autorégulation matérielle de l'écoute sur la compréhension auditive en langue seconde MP3-player in the German classroom: Effect of self-controlled listening on auditory comprehension in second language

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Stéphanie Roussel

    2008-03-01

    Full Text Available Nous rendons compte de plusieurs expérimentations au cours desquelles des élèves français de secondes LV1 allemand ont écouté plusieurs documents sonores en allemand au format MP3 sur ordinateur. Pendant leur écoute, leur écran a été filmé. Les mouvements de la souris et donc précisément les codes temporels (time codes des pauses, des retours en arrière et des avances rapides effectués pendant l'écoute ont ainsi ��té enregistrés, puis analysés. Cette méthode nous a permis de rendre compte des stratégies cognitives d'écoute autorégulée. Les données sont analysées d'un point de vue linguistique et psycholinguistique. Nous avons pu dégager quatre grands types d'écoute. Il en ressort que les auditeurs plus compétents ont une approche plus globale de la tâche d'écoute et que les moins compétents s'arrêtent plus souvent et ont plus de difficultés à comprendre le message. Notre étude montre que la possibilité d'exercer un contrôle sur l'input sonore améliore en règle générale la performance en compréhension. Cette performance dépend elle-même de la stratégie d'écoute utilisée et du niveau initial des auditeurs.Several experiments have been carried out in which L2 learners (L1: French listened to a MP3-track in German on a computer while a video of the screen recorded "on-line" the movements of the mouse and its time-course. Such a new method enabled accurate analysis of the subjects' self-controlled cognitive strategies in information input/intake. Data were then analysed, from both a linguistic and psycholinguistic point of view, yielding a typology of learning strategies: we recognize four listening types. More skilled learners deal with the listening task globally; less skilled learners do indeed stop more often and have difficulties in grasping the meaning of the message. On the whole, our study nevertheless shows that self-control over information input/intake does improve the learners

  10. Protistology Conferences: The Beginnings. The First International Protozoology Conference (Prague 1961) and the Tribute to Otto Jírovec, its Spiritual Father.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Vávra, Jiří

    2018-01-27

    Two events have helped to shape protozoology/protistology as a specific scientific discipline. The first such event was the creation of the Society of Protozoologists in the U.S. in 1947 (and of its Journal of Protozoology, first published in 1954), the second event was the First International Conference on Protozoology, held in 1961 in Prague. The history of the Society of Protozoologists was comprehensively treated by Corliss (1998); the history of the Prague Conference is presented here as reminiscences and personal interpretation of events of the author, who was one of the conference organizers and a member of the organization committee. Special attention is given to the personality and scientific accomplishments of Otto Jírovec, the 1961 conference spiritual father and president. It is concluded that the Prague Conference, while establishing the tradition of protistology meetings, helped protistology to attain its present status as a fundamental science discipline, which discovers and interprets the web of life at one of its, basic, "microbial" levels. Protists literally permeate the earth biosphere and in a way represent the "dark matter" of the living world, still awaiting many discoveries. © 2018 The Author(s) Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology © 2018 International Society of Protistologists.

  11. Air/delta/sea surface temperature, pressure, and other data from MISS GAIL in a world-wide distribution from 21 October 1957 to 18 April 1961 (NODC Accession 0000366)

    Data.gov (United States)

    National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — Air/delta/sea surface temperature, pressure, and other data were collected from the MISS GAIL in a world-wide distribution from October 21, 1957 to April 18, 1961....

  12. Visuality and modernity on the design project of the O Cruzeiro illustrated magazine (1928-1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Marinês Ribeiro dos Santos

    2013-06-01

    Full Text Available O Cruzeiro was a brazilian illustrated magazine published between 1928 and 1975. In this article, we explore how this publication is exemplar in the articulation of graphical and editorial practices, contributing in some ways to the construction of a modern visual culture in Brazil. We delimit our analysis to a period that goes from the publication of its first issue to the end of the Second World War, in 1945, a time when several countrywide modernization trends took place. Our focuses concern the particular and interrelated employment of photography, graphic illustrations, typography and printing technologies on its essays. We can say that the articulation of textual and imagetic resources contributed to the construction of new practices of reading in everyday life.

  13. Pelajaran dari Reformasi Sistem Birokrasi di Jepang 1945-1952

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Nihei Daisuki

    2015-12-01

    Full Text Available Reforms are usually come out when a country is encountering a crisis. When Japan was totally destructed at the end of World War II, a crisis of identity and public trust to the government, together with the tight supervision and intervention of Allied power under the SCAP (Supreme Commander for the Allied Power, gave all possibilities for the significant economic and political reforms in the country. During the period of Allied occupation in 1945-1952, therefore, Japanese monolithic political system and the strong adherence to the Emperor have been changed into a more democratic and pluralistic system. This fundamental change established a strong basis for Japan to boost economic activities with even higher growth. However, it is proved that administrative or bureaucratic reforms have not been successful during that period. There were still much politicking and vested interests involved in the bureaucratic system which was influenced by hegemonic and crony system. This was because SCAP adopted an "indirect administration system" during the occupation period with lack of commitment for administrative reforms. There are some lessons which can be learnt by Indonesian policy makers. Among others, one important thing is that bureaucrats are usually havk. a high resilience for administrative reforms. To materialize a big change, reformers have to consider the culture and conduct reform with a strong political will and commitment.

  14. Nietzsche entre Gide et Valéry

    OpenAIRE

    Large, Duncan

    2017-01-01

    Cette intervention a pour objet la réception et l’interprétation de Nietzsche chez deux auteurs qui dominaient la scène littéraire française dans la première moitié du XXe siècle: André Gide (1869-1951) et Paul Valéry (1871-1945). Ces deux écrivains exceptionnels – l’un, futur Prix Nobel, l’autre nominé pas moins de douze fois pour le même Prix et élu membre de l’Académie française – étaient au tournant du XXe siècle déjà des porte-étendards de l’avantgarde littéraire en France grâce à leurs ...

  15. Too long a road towards the first Slovene law on libraries from 1961

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Aleš Gabrič

    2000-01-01

    Full Text Available Until the first Slovene Law on Libraries was passed, public libraries were, in general, parts of societies or committees of political organisations. These circumstances made it virtually impossible to engender a unified plan for the development of Slovenia's libraries. Although the first draft of a law which would bind the administrative agencies to provide libraries inside their districts with financial support, was drafted already in 1951, the revised law was passed as late as 1961. The adoption of the law was delayed, causing a prolonged crisis in the status and funding of libraries, despite the clearly defined solutions to the problem put forward by the librarians in the draft law. Due to the delays in the legal settlement of a number of open issues, the Society of Librarians of Slovenia used the proposed, modern regulations as guidelines in the de¬velopment of Slovenia's larger libraries, without waiting for the new law to be adopted.

  16. Freedom of Religion--Conscience, Religious Education and the Right of Education in the 1961-1982 Constitutions of the Republic of Turkey and Their Developmental Tendencies

    Science.gov (United States)

    Erkiliç, Turan Akman

    2013-01-01

    Problem Statement: The Constitutions are the main sources of legality for democratic societies. The 1961 and 1982 Constitutions have dominated the last fifty years of Turkey. In this regard, it is essential to examine and comment academically on the way these Constitutions and their amendments address the rights of education, freedom of thought…

  17. Human heredity after 1945: moving populations centre stage.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Bangham, Jenny; de Chadarevian, Soraya

    2014-09-01

    The essays in this issue look at the contested history of human heredity after 1945 from a new analytical angle, that of populations and the ways in which they were constructed and studied. One consequence of this approach is that we do not limit our attention to the disciplinary study of genetics. After the Second World War, populations became a central topic for an array of fields, including demography, anthropology, epidemiology, and public health. Human heredity had a role in all of these: demographers carried out mental surveys in efforts to distinguish hereditary from environmental factors, doctors screened newborns and tested pregnant women for chromosome disorders; anthropologists collected blood from remote locations to gain insights into the evolutionary history of human populations; geneticists monitored people exposed to radiation. Through this work, populations were labelled as clinical, normal, primitive, pure, vulnerable or exotic. We ask: how were populations chosen, who qualified as members, and how was the study of human heredity shaped by technical, institutional and geopolitical conditions? By following the practical and conceptual work to define populations as objects of research, the essays trace the circulation of practices across different fields and contexts, bringing into view new actors, institutions, and geographies. By doing so the collection shows how human heredity research was linked to the broader politics of the postwar world, one profoundly conditioned by Cold War tensions, by nationalist concerns, by colonial and post-colonial struggles, by modernisation projects and by a new internationalism. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  18. A Comparison of Hazard Prediction and Assessment Capability (HPAC) Software Dose-Rate Contour Plots to a Sample of Local Fallout Data From Test Detonations in the Continental United States, 1945 - 1962

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Chancellor, Richard W

    2005-01-01

    A comparison of Hazard Prediction and Assessment Capability (HPAC) software dose-rate contour plots to a sample of local nuclear fallout data from test detonations in the continental United States, 1945 - 1962, is performed...

  19. Cells for the examination of irradiated plutonium fuel elements - two years operation - may 1961/may 1963 (1963); Cellules pour examen d'elements combustibles au plutonium irradies - deux ans d'exploitation - mai 1961/mai 1963 (1963)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Valentin, A [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1963-07-01

    Within the framework of the 'Rapsodie' fast reactor program, prototype plutonium fuel elements are irradiated and then examined in an {alpha} {beta} {gamma} laboratory at Saclay. This laboratory consists of five in line cells and a lead enclosure microscope. Each cell contains an {alpha} sealed removable box 4 ft 3 in. high, 4 ft 11 in. wide and 5 ft 1 in. deep, fitted with one or two magnetic transmission indirect manipulators. The boxes are contained in an {beta} {gamma} shielded enclosure whose front face is constructed of cast iron panels 21-2/3 in. thick. Nitrogen circulating in a closed loop forms the atmosphere of the boxes. This laboratory is essentially intended for metallurgical research. The functions of the various cells are as follows: transferring and packing, cutting, density measurement and cathodic etching, storage and metallography. Work on radioactive materials began in April 1961. Operational incidents have always been of a material nature only. (author) [French] Dans le cadre du projet de reacteur rapide Rapsodie, des elements combustibles prototypes au plutonium sont, apres irradiation, examines a Saclay dans un laboratoire {alpha} {beta} {gamma}. Celui-ci comprend cinq cellules en ligne et une enceinte en plomb contenant un microscope telecommande. Chaque cellule est constituee d'un caisson etanche (1, 3 m x 1, 5 m x 1, 56m) equipee d'un ou deux manipulateurs indirects a transmissions magnetiques. Les caissons sont places, dans une enceinte {beta} {gamma} dont la face avant est formee de blocs en fonte ayant 55 cm d'epaisseur. L'atmosphere des caissons est de l'azote, circulant en circuit ferme. Ce laboratoire est destine essentiellement a des recherches metallurgiques. Les fonctions des differentes cellules sont: conditionnement et transferts, tronconnage, mesure de densite et polissage ionique, stockage, metallographie. Le travail sur materiaux radioactifs a commence en avril 1961. Les incidents d'exploitation ont toujours ete d

  20. Salazar y Franco en el panorama internacional: estrategia diplomática y propaganda (1936-1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Alberto Pena Rodríguez

    2013-12-01

    Full Text Available Este trabajo es una aproximación al estudio de la proyección propagandística y la estrategia diplomática internacionaldesarrollada por la dictadura portuguesa y el Movimiento Nacional franquista para defender, promocionar y consolidar ambos regímenes autoritarios en la Península Ibérica durante el periodo 1936-1945. El principal argumento de la investigación sostiene que el papel jugado por Salazar y sus servicios diplomáticos fue muy relevante en la victoria del general Franco en la Guerra Civil española. La prensa y ladiplomacia portuguesa prestaron una cobertura propagandística extraordinaria al franquismo. Sin embargo, el estallido de la Segunda Guerra mundial obligó a Franco y Salazar a firmar el Pacto de Amistad y No Agresión en 1939 y a crear posteriormente el Bloque Ibérico para garantizar su neutralidad y supervivencia.This research is an approach to study the propagandistic projection and the international diplomatic strategy conducted by the Portuguese dictatorship and the Franco National Movement to defend, to promote and to consolidate both authoritarian regimes in the Iberia Peninsula during the 1936-1945 period. The main argument of this work holds that the role played by Salazar and his diplomatic services was very relevant for the Franco’s victory inthe Spanish Civil War. The press and the Portuguese diplomacy lent a extraordinary aid to the Franco regime However, the outbreak of the Second World War II forced to Franco and Salazar to sign the Pact of Friendship and Non Aggresion in 1939 and to create later the Iberian Block to ensure their neutrality and survival.

  1. Does Europe Include Japan? European Normativity in Japanese Attitudes towards International Law, 1854–1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Urs Matthias Zachmann

    2014-01-01

    Full Text Available European normativity has been an epistemological problem for Japan throughout modernity (1868–1945. This essay discusses this problem in the case of international law by tracing its reception and application from the beginning, the opening- up of Japan in 1854, until the final demise of its imperialist project in 1945. During this period, Japan was the only non-Western great power in the hitherto all-European concert of powers. International law and the critique of European normativity played a central role in Japan’s ascent to power and confrontation with the West. In the first phase of reception between 1954 and 1905, Japanese attitudes towards international law were marked by an exceptional commitment to and acquiescence with the European standard, in line with Japan’s ambition to »leave Asia«. However, due to its strategic purposes, European normativity was more a means of political expediency than a matter of intrinsic conviction. Moreover, after the initial phase of receiving and practicing the principles of international law with considerable success, many Japanese began to feel a certain estrangement and inner reservation to European standards. Not until 1905, was Japan in a position to gradually challenge Europe. Thus, Japan’s interwar period (1905–1931 was an uneasy combination of outward compliance and inner reservation, a tension that Japan eventually resolved by withdrawing from Europe and trying to build its own autonomous sphere in East Asia after 1931. However, the example of Japanese international lawyers shows that in order to save international law from its ultranationalist critics and enemies, European normativity still remained the central cultural reference, albeit now in its revisionist variant (especially Soviet and Nazi German political thought and subject to a strategic re-interpretation. Thus, from the perspective of Japanese international lawyers, despite the Pan-Asianist pretenses of Japan’s official

  2. Histoire et théories de l’art

    OpenAIRE

    Behler, Ernst; Boehm, Gottfried; Décultot, Élisabeth; Dilly, Heinrich; Espagne, Michel; Herding, Klaus; Hornig, Dieter; Kemp, Wolfgang; Michel, Pierre; Oesterle, Günter; Pommier, Édouard; Reudenbach, Bruno; Rochlitz, Rainer; Schaeffer, Jean-Marie; Schlegel, Friedrich

    2010-01-01

    L’histoire de l’art ne saurait être considérée comme allemande ; certes les noms qui jalonnent l’évolution de cette discipline, dont la place dans les institutions universitaires comme dans le champ des sciences humaines est plus assurée dans les pays germaniques que partout ailleurs, sont très souvent allemands. Plusieurs systèmes philosophiques comportent une dimension esthétique à laquelle peuvent se rattacher, dans une démarche légitimatrice, autant de modes d’aborder l’histoire de l’art....

  3. Cosmopolitan Counterpoint : Overt and Covert Musical Warfare and Diplomacy in the Early Cold War, 1945-1961

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Langenkamp, H.J.M.|info:eu-repo/dai/nl/343083434

    2014-01-01

    Around 1950, when the members of the anti-Nazi alliance found themselves locked into a political and ideological stalemate that none of them could afford to escalate into another ‘hot’ war, culture assumed unprecedented significance as the domain for the performance of superpower rivalries and the

  4. PENGADAAN TANAH DENGAN CARA JUAL BELI OLEH INSTANSI PEMERINTAH MENURUT PASAL 33 AYAT (3 UUD 1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Dedy Hernawan

    2016-01-01

    Full Text Available The Development of physical infrastructure always requires  the availability of land, it  is not limited to the State land but also to the land rights. Small-scale land acquisition in the area of less than five (5 acre, can be bought or sold  between government agencies with land owners,  then the land belongs to the government or local government. This provision is problematic because according to Indonesian laws, the  land is controlled  by the State instead of owned. The writer will conduct the research with the aim of knowing the Judicial consequences of the implementation of land for development in the public interest by sale and purchase as stipulated in the laws. Knowing supposed to be done by government institution in order to land acquisition for public development. From the research  it can be concluded that: Knowing the Judicial consequences of the implementation of land for development in the public interest by sale and purchase as stipulated in the law number 2 year 2012 on procurement land for development for public interest, presidential decree number 40 year 2014 which resulted in the land of inheritance of government, is contrary to the provision set forth in article 33 paragraph 3 of the constitution 1945 and the provision of the basic law of agrarian number 5 year 1960. The supposed to be done by government institution in order to land acquisition for public development is trough waiver process/or extraction right by compensation, the amount of compesation itself supposed to be based on the price not based on the tax value of the land. Keywords: land; buying and selling; waiver Pembangunan sarana prasarana fisik memerlukan ketersediaan tanah, baik tanah negara dan tanah hak. Pengadaan tanah dalam skala kecil yang luasnya kurang dari 5 (lima hektar, dapat dilakukan dengan  jual beli antara instansi pemerintah dengan pemilik tanah, tanahnya kemudian menjadi milik pemerintah atau pemerintah daerah. Penelitian ini membahas

  5. Saccharum officinarum L.

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    SARAH

    Rands et Abbott,. 1964) et à la mosaïque (Abbott, 1961), deux maladies dues à un virus, ainsi qu'à la gommose. (Hughes, 1964) provoquée par une bactérie. En réponse à cette contrainte, des hybrides interspécifiques entre S.

  6. Dresses problems arising from hot-plant operation and their solution (1961); Les problemes vestimentaires poses par l'exploitation des installations actives et leurs solutions (1961)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Rodier, J; Bouzigues, H; Boutot, P [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Centre de Production de Plutonium, Marcoule (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1961-07-01

    acceleree en periode d'incidents doivent etre traites comme le linge des centres hospitaliers. Le lavage du linge par le procede allemand du contre-courant (systeme Sulzman) se revele un procede precieux par les cadences rapides qu'il permet et, surtout, par sa faible production d'effluents liquides. Le nettoyage a sec est une technique d'avenir qui s'avere encore plus economique. Dans une laverie active, le controle des vetements traites du point de vue de la contamination residuaire peut constituer un serieux goulet d'etranglement a la production du linge propre s'il n'est pas solutionne par l'utilisation de machines automatiques a cadence rapide. Le risque encouru par le personnel d'exploitation est uniquement la contamination de l'atmosphere et des surfaces. A ce titre, l'installation doit etre traitee comme une zone active dans laquelle sont manipules journellement quelques dizaines de millicuries d'emetteurs dangereux et quelques microcuries de plutonium. (auteurs)

  7. List of currently classified documents relative to Hanford Production Facilities Operations originated on the Hanford Site between 1961 and 1972

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    1993-04-01

    The United States Department of Energy (DOE) has declared that all Hanford plutonium production- and operations-related information generated between 1944 and 1972 is declassified. Any documents found and deemed useful for meeting Hanford Environmental Dose Reconstruction (HEDR) objectives may be declassified with or without deletions in accordance with DOE guidance by Authorized Derivative Declassifiers. The September 1992, letter report, Declassifications Requested by the Technical Steering Panel of Hanford Documents Produced 1944--1960, (PNWD-2024 HEDR UC-707), provides an important milestone toward achieving a complete listing of documents that may be useful to the HEDR Project. The attached listing of approximately 7,000 currently classified Hanford-originated documents relative to Hanford Production Facilities Operations between 1961 and 1972 fulfills TSP Directive 89-3. This list does not include such titles as the Irradiation Processing Department, Chemical Processing Department, and Hanford Laboratory Operations monthly reports generated after 1960 which have been previously declassified with minor deletions and made publicly available. Also Kaiser Engineers Hanford (KEH) Document Control determined that no KEH documents generated between January 1, 1961 and December 31, 1972 are currently classified. Titles which address work for others have not been included because Hanford Site contractors currently having custodial responsibility for these documents do not have the authority to determine whether other than their own staff have on file an appropriate need-to-know. Furthermore, these documents do not normally contain information relative to Hanford Site operations.

  8. An improved method for estimating the Ångström turbidity coefficient β in Central China during 1961–2010

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Wang, Lunche; Salazar, Germán Ariel; Gong, Wei; Peng, Simao; Zou, Ling; Lin, Aiwen

    2015-01-01

    The accurate determination of the atmospheric turbidity is of great importance for atmospheric environment, solar energy applications and climate change studies. Daily values of horizontal direct, diffuse and global solar radiation at Wuhan, Central China during 1961–2010 are used for estimating the monthly mean Ångström turbidity coefficient β. The YHM and YHM2 (Yang hybrid models) are first used to estimate the direct and diffuse components considering the transmittances of ozone, water vapor, gas mixture, aerosol and Rayleigh effect in the radiative transfer processes. An IMW (improved model for Wuhan) is also proposed by combining the format of YHM model with the corrected spectral terms of YHM2 model. Then, the β value can be estimated by varying the estimated direct irradiation until it matches the observation. The model performance is analyzed and compared and further validated by measured values using Sun photometer CE318. It is shown that the IMW model presents more accurate estimates than YHM and YHM2 ones; it is therefore a useful tool for studying the variability and evolution of atmospheric turbidity in other places around the world. - Highlights: • Global, direct and diffuse radiation at Wuhan during 1961–2010 is used. • An improved model is proposed to determine turbidity coefficient β. • The model results have been validated by field observations. • Long-term variations of turbidity coefficient at Wuhan are analyzed

  9. Environmental radioactivity in Slovakia/Czechoslovakia in 1961 to 1975

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Csupka, S.; Carach, J.; Petrasova, M.

    1978-01-01

    The results are given of environmental monitoring of 90 Sr and 137 Cs in Slovakia between 1961 to 1975. Samples of radioactive fallout, milk and water were taken monthly, samples of forage, cereals and vegetables were taken in the ripening stage, and samples of foodstuffs were taken in shops. The following amounts of samples were used for the analyses: 100 g of soil, 100 g of dry forage, 100 g of dry cereals, 3 kg of fresh fruit and vegetables, 2 l of water, 1 l of milk, 2 kg of fresh meat, and flour and flour products amounting to 2 kg. The samples were dried, burned and mineralized for 24 hours with HCl. After removal of interfering elements, ie., Fe, 140 Ba, 140 La, rare earths, phosphates and 90 Y, the 90 Sr activity was determined by the yttrium method. The yttrium chemical yield was 90%. 137 Cs beta activity was determined after precipitation from a solution in the form of cesium nickel ferrocyanide and after removal of oxalates, alkali elements and rare earth elements. Chemical yield was 60 to 70%. An anticoincidence low-level beta counter by Philips was used in activity measurement. The detection efficiency was 22% for 90 Sr- 90 Y and 17% for 137 Cs. The relative mean square error of the measurement was lower than 15% for 90 Y and 10% for 137 Cs. The measurement results are classified in five parts, viz., radioactivity in fallout, in soils, in water, in plants, and in food. (J.P.)

  10. [Thomas Ditt: „Stoßtruppfakultät Breslau“. Rechtswissenschaft im „Grenzland Schlesien“ 1933-1945. (Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts ; 67). Mohr Siebeck. Tübingen 2011] / Marju Luts-Sootak

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Luts-Sootak, Marju, 1966-

    2013-01-01

    Arvustus: Thomas Ditt. „Stoßtruppfakultät Breslau“. Rechtswissenschaft im „Grenzland Schlesien“ 1933-1945. (Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts, Bd. 67.) Mohr Siebeck. Tübingen 2011

  11. Weight patterns in children with higher risk ALL: A report from the Children's Oncology Group (COG) for CCG 1961.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Withycombe, Janice S; Post-White, Janice E; Meza, Jane L; Hawks, Ria G; Smith, Lynette M; Sacks, Nancy; Seibel, Nita L

    2009-12-15

    This retrospective analysis defined and described patterns and predictors of weight change during treatment in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) with high-risk features who received treatment on Children's Cancer Group protocol CCG 1961. Patients (1,638) were enrolled in CCG 1961 from November 1996 to May 2002. Weight was measured as BMI percent (%), specific for age and gender, and defined as 100 x ln(BMI/median BMI). By the end of treatment, 23% of children were obese (BMI >or=95%), compared with 14% at diagnosis. Children who received post-induction intensified therapy (arms C, D, SER with Doxorubicin or Idarubicin) had higher gastrointestinal toxicities and lower BMI% from consolidation through interim maintenance 1. BMI% then increased for all arms between delayed intensification and maintenance 1 or 2. Children who were of Black or Hispanic race, obese at diagnosis, or who had grade 3 or 4 pancreatitis/glucose toxicities during induction had higher BMI% throughout treatment. Children were more likely to be obese at the end of the study if they were aged 5-9 years at diagnosis or female gender. Cranial radiation was not a predictor of obesity. Successful treatment of higher risk childhood ALL was associated with obesity, independent of cranial irradiation. The beginning of maintenance therapy may be the best time to intervene with nutritional and behavioral interventions, particularly for children who are obese or aged 5-9 years at diagnosis, female, Black or Hispanic, or those with metabolic toxicities during induction. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

  12. Changes in climate suitability for tourism at Adriatic coast since 1961

    Science.gov (United States)

    Zaninovic, Ksenija

    2017-04-01

    The aim of the paper is the comparison of suitability of climate conditions for tourism at the eastern Adriatic coast in the period 1961-2015. For quantitative estimation of suitability of climate for different kinds of tourism, climate index for tourism (CIT) is used. CIT integrates thermal, aesthetic and physical facets of atmospheric environment and therefore is suitable for estimation of climate satisfaction that ranges from very poor to very good. The thermal component is estimated using the physiologically equivalent temperature (PET). The index is applied for: beach tourism, cycling, hiking, cultural tourism, golf, football, motor boating and sailing. Changes in climate potential of tourism are estimated by differences of distribution of climate index for tourism. For the warmest part of the day, the results indicate the extension of the summer tourist season for beach tourism at the end of the analyzed period. On the other hand, for other tourist activities in the same period the results indicate more pronounced bimodal distribution of CIT during year, resulting with the seasonality shift of ideal conditions for most activities to spring and autumn. Besides, in the morning the improvement of favourable climate conditions for all types of tourism at the end of the period.

  13. Impacto y consecuencias del viaje a los Estados Unidos de 1945 en el ministerio de san Alberto Hurtado

    OpenAIRE

    Mariana Clavero

    2010-01-01

    Este artículo presenta el impacto y las consecuencias del viaje de san Alberto Hurtado a los Estados Unidos en el año 1945. El acceso a nuevos documentos ha permitido iluminar de mejor manera los motivos del viaje: luego de su renuncia a la Acción Católica, es becado por Mons. Edwin O'Hara para ir a estudiar por un año a la Escuela de Trabajo Social de la Universidad Católica de Washington. El viaje le permite, además, tomar contacto con diversas obras sociales de la Iglesia de EE. UU y de Ca...

  14. Iodine-131 in milk 1961-62 and in thyroid glands of cattle and sheep 1962

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Hvinden, T.; Lillegraven, A.

    1976-03-01

    Cases of late effects from radioactive iodine uptake in children have renewed interest in this contaminant. I-131 data collected in Norway during periods following the nuclear weapons test series in 1961 and 1962 have been re-examined and collated with more recent data on natural iodine in the milk and thyroid glands from domestic animals. Some of the measured values may be interpreted as indications of an inverse relationship between the level of natural iodine and the uptake of I-131, but the material is too small and inconsistent to draw any conclusions. Obviously the uptake and concentration of I-131 in animal milk and thyroid glands are influenced by many factors besides the fallout amounts; at present it is not possible to determine their relative importance and set up a satisfactory model for the I-131 uptake. (Auth.)

  15. Supporting the human life-raft in confronting the juggernaut of technology: Jens Rasmussen, 1961-1986.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kant, Vivek

    2017-03-01

    Jens Rasmussen's contribution to the field of human factors and ergonomics has had a lasting impact. Six prominent interrelated themes can be extracted from his research between 1961 and 1986. These themes form the basis of an engineering epistemology which is best manifested by his abstraction hierarchy. Further, Rasmussen reformulated technical reliability using systems language to enable a proper human-machine fit. To understand the concept of human-machine fit, he included the operator as a central component in the system to enhance system safety. This change resulted in the application of a qualitative and categorical approach for human-machine interaction design. Finally, Rasmussen's insistence on a working philosophy of systems design as being a joint responsibility of operators and designers provided the basis for averting errors and ensuring safe and correct system functioning. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  16. Demografía y precios de activos

    OpenAIRE

    Orrego, Fabrizio

    2011-01-01

    Durante el siglo XX se observó una tasa de natalidad cíclica en los EEUU: 52 millones de personas nacieron entre 1925 a 1944, 79 millones de 1945 a 1964, y 69 millones entre 1965 y 1984. Estos nacimientos condicionaron el comportamiento del ratio de adultos a jóvenes (ratio AJ). Este trabajo estudia los efectos del cambio demográfico, medido por el ratio AJ, sobre el ratio precio-ganancias (PER) y la tasa de interés real en la posguerra. Se construye un modelo de generaciones traslapadas con ...

  17. Válečná propaganda v Německu a na okupovaných územích v letech 1939-1945

    OpenAIRE

    Bělík, Tadeáš

    2013-01-01

    The topic of this thesis is a German war propaganda during the Second World War, that is from 1st of September 1939 to May 1945, when the Nazi regime was defeated by allied troops. The work is composed of several parts - the definition of propaganda, its brief historical development to 20th century and the advent of modern propaganda and Nazi propaganda until 1939 (with focus on turning points), the propaganda before the war and in its early years and propaganda appearance after defeat became...

  18. “Sou caipira pira pora...”: representations of the provincial, from the parasite of the land to the paradigm of national reality (1889-1945“Sou caipira pira pora...”: representações sobre o caboclo, do parasita da terra a paradigma da realidade nacional (1889-1945

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jonathan de Oliveira Molar

    2009-04-01

    Full Text Available This paper is aimed at discussing the representations about the hillbilly, the national peasant based on visions of two intellectuals: writer Monteiro Lobato and painter José Ferraz de Almeida Jr. Therefore, both literature and iconographic sources will support an analysis of the living standards of the rustic, as found in the historical period covered – 1889 until 1945. Contributions from authors who work with image analysis will be used as method, such as Henry Silva’s and Ana M. Mauad’s, and authors who work with the said period and the provincial issue: Lilia Schwarcz, Glauco Barsalini and Antonio Candido. O presente trabalho se propõe a discutir as representações elaboradas acerca do caboclo, do caipira nacional a partir das visões de dois intelectuais: o escritor Monteiro Lobato e o pintor José Ferraz de Almeida Júnior. Desse modo, analisar tanto na literatura quanto no conjunto iconográfico o ir e vir que perpassa as considerações sobre o modo de vida do caboclo, de acordo com o período histórico abordado – de 1889 até 1945. Para tanto, utiliza-se de autores que trabalham com análise de imagens, tais como: Henrique Silva e Ana M. Mauad; e, autores que trabalham com o citado período e a questão cabocla: Lilia Schwarcz, Glauco Barsaline e Antônio Cândido.

  19. National Solar Radiation Data Base, Vol. 2 - Final Technical Report (1961-1990)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Maxwell, E. L.; Marion, W.; Myers, D.; Rymes, M.; Wilcox, S.

    1995-01-01

    This technical report explains the procedures used during the 4-year production of the National Solar Radiation Data Base (NSRDB) (1961-1990). It is the second volume in a two-volume report on the NSRDB. The first volume, User's Guide-National Solar Radiation Data Base, provides the information needed to use the data base products. Volume 2 concentrates on results from the R&D required to producea solar radiation data base that would represent a significant update of a previous data base (SOLMET). More than 90% of the data in the NSRDB were estimated using a model--the Meteorological/Statistical (METSTAT) model. Much of Volume 2 concerns the METSTAT model and the sources of its input data. In addition, it contains results of comparisons of the NSRBD with the previous SOLMET data base.Results of the model evaluations and data base comparisons favor the use of NSRDB data over SOLMET data to select optimum sites and estimate performance for solar energy systems. The report noted that to improve data on solar radiation, 'measured' data need to become the mainstav of future data bases.

  20. Cells for the examination of irradiated plutonium fuel elements - two years operation - may 1961/may 1963 (1963); Cellules pour examen d'elements combustibles au plutonium irradies - deux ans d'exploitation - mai 1961/mai 1963 (1963)

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Valentin, A. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

    1963-07-01

    Within the framework of the 'Rapsodie' fast reactor program, prototype plutonium fuel elements are irradiated and then examined in an {alpha} {beta} {gamma} laboratory at Saclay. This laboratory consists of five in line cells and a lead enclosure microscope. Each cell contains an {alpha} sealed removable box 4 ft 3 in. high, 4 ft 11 in. wide and 5 ft 1 in. deep, fitted with one or two magnetic transmission indirect manipulators. The boxes are contained in an {beta} {gamma} shielded enclosure whose front face is constructed of cast iron panels 21-2/3 in. thick. Nitrogen circulating in a closed loop forms the atmosphere of the boxes. This laboratory is essentially intended for metallurgical research. The functions of the various cells are as follows: transferring and packing, cutting, density measurement and cathodic etching, storage and metallography. Work on radioactive materials began in April 1961. Operational incidents have always been of a material nature only. (author) [French] Dans le cadre du projet de reacteur rapide Rapsodie, des elements combustibles prototypes au plutonium sont, apres irradiation, examines a Saclay dans un laboratoire {alpha} {beta} {gamma}. Celui-ci comprend cinq cellules en ligne et une enceinte en plomb contenant un microscope telecommande. Chaque cellule est constituee d'un caisson etanche (1, 3 m x 1, 5 m x 1, 56m) equipee d'un ou deux manipulateurs indirects a transmissions magnetiques. Les caissons sont places, dans une enceinte {beta} {gamma} dont la face avant est formee de blocs en fonte ayant 55 cm d'epaisseur. L'atmosphere des caissons est de l'azote, circulant en circuit ferme. Ce laboratoire est destine essentiellement a des recherches metallurgiques. Les fonctions des differentes cellules sont: conditionnement et transferts, tronconnage, mesure de densite et polissage ionique, stockage, metallographie. Le travail sur materiaux radioactifs a commence en avril 1961. Les incidents d