Recubrimientos de aluminio-silicio realizados por deposición química de vapor en lecho fluidizado sobre el acero inoxidable AISI 316

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José Luddey Marulanda Arevalo

2013-12-01

Full Text Available Los recubrimientos de aluminio-silicio fueron depositados sobre el acero inoxidable AISI 316 mediante deposición química de vapor en lecho fluidizado (CVD-FBR, en el rango de temperaturas de 540 a 560 ºC, utilizando un lecho formado por 2,5 g de silicio y 7,5 g de aluminio en polvo, y 90 g de lecho inerte (Alúmina, el cual se hizo fluidizar con Ar. Como gases activadores se usó una mezcla de HCl/H2, en relaciones de 1/10 a 1/16. Además, se varió el tiempo de deposición de los recubrimientos de 45 minutos a 1.5 horas, con una relación en volumen de 50% de gases activos y 50% de gases neutros. Se realizó una simulación termodinámica con la ayuda del programa informático Thermocalc, para obtener información de la posible composición y cantidad de material depositado, para las condiciones seleccionadas. En los recubrimientos se encuentran FeAl2Si, Fe2Al5 y FeAl2. Los recubrimientos aluminio-silicio fueron tratados térmicamente, para mejorar sus propiedades mecánicas y su comportamiento frente a la oxidación, por la interdifusión de los elementos de aleación, ya que el tratamiento térmico hace que el aluminio difunda hacia el substrato, y el hierro difunda hacia la superficie del recubrimiento, logrando la transformación de los compuestos anteriores en FeAl, Al2FeSi, Cr3Si, AlCrFe y AlFeNi.

Oxidación en vapor de agua a 700 ºC y 750 ºC del acero inoxidable AISI 317 recubierto con aluminio por CVD-FBR.

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Jose L. Marulanda

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Se realizó la oxidación del acero inoxidable austenítico AISI 317 recubierto con aluminio por deposición química de vapor en lecho fluidizado, a temperaturas de 700 °C y 750ºC, en un ambiente con 100% vapor de agua, para evaluar su comportamiento. Se realizaron curvas de ganancia de masa y las películas de óxidos se analizaron por medio de SEM y difracción de rayos X, para observar la morfología de los óxidos. Se realizó la simulación termodinámica del proceso de oxidación en vapor de agua de los substratos para conocer las posibles fases sólidas y gaseosas que se podrían formar, en presencia de una ambiente con 100% vapor de agua y una atmosfera de presión. La forma de ataque a 750 ºC es similar a 700 ºC, aunque la velocidad de oxidación es mayor, ya que la difusión de los elementos de aleación y las reacciones de oxidación son más rápidas. Los recubrimientos de aluminio tienen una buena resistencia a la oxidación en vapor de agua, ya que forman una capa superficial de Al 2 O 3 , que es compacta y adherente, la cual protege al substrato del ataque corrosivo.

Propiedades mecánicas de las uniones por láser de aceros inoxidables dúplex

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Amigó, V.

2005-04-01

Full Text Available The welded joints of stainless steels always present problems for the microstructural modifications that occur in the heat affected zone. Particularly, duplex stainless steels present very important changes when the weld pool solidifies forming fundamentally ferritic structures with some austenite in grain boundaries. These microstructural modifications, and those which occur in the HAZ, justify the mechanical properties of the joint and mainly those of plasticity, being all of them influenced by the processing conditions. In this work the influence of the laser welding speed on the tensile behaviour of duplex stainless steel welded joints is presented. The microstructure of the obtained seams and of the heat affected zone will be evaluated by means of optic and scanning electron microscopy. Also, different microhardness profiles have been obtained to evaluate the modifications in the mechanical properties both in the seam and the zone of thermal affection.

Las uniones soldadas de aceros inoxidables siempre presentan problemas por las modificaciones microestructurales que suceden en la zona afectada por el calor. Particularmente, los aceros inoxidables dúplex presentan cambios microestructurales muy importantes al solidificar el cordón y formar estructuras, fundamentalmente ferríticas, con formación de austenita en borde de grano. Estas modificaciones microestructurales, junto a las que suceden en la ZAC, son las que justifican las propiedades mecánicas de la unión y fundamentalmente las de plasticidad. Y todo ello en función de las condiciones de procesado. En este trabajo se presenta la influencia de la velocidad de soldeo en las propiedades a tracción de uniones soldadas por láser de chapas de acero inoxidables dúplex. La microestructura de los cordones obtenidos y de la zona afectada por el calor se ha evaluado mediante microscopía óptica y electrónica de barrido, y se han obtenido diferentes perfiles de microdureza que

El refractario en la fabricación de acero inoxidable

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Ferrer, F. J.

2006-10-01

Full Text Available The influence of the steelmaking process on the quality and the performance of refractory materials used on stainless steel production was described. The most important technical and design parameters of the processing units were explained and related with the slag chemical composition and the qualities of the refractories used.

Se describe la influencia del proceso siderúrgico sobre el tipo y rendimiento del material refractario utilizado en la producción de acero inoxidable. Tras describir las distintas unidades implicadas en el proceso metalúrgico se hace especial énfasis en la importancia que ejercen el diseño de las distintas unidades y el tipo y control de la escoria sobre la calidad del tipo de refractario a utilizar.

DEFORMACIÓN ELÁSTICA RESIDUAL EN LÁMINAS DE ACERO AISI 304 RECUBIERTAS CON UNA PELÍCULA DE NITRURO DE TITANIO DEPOSITADA POR PVD-MAGNETRON SPUTTERING

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H. A. COLORADO

2009-01-01

Full Text Available Se realizó una caracterización mediante difracción de rayos x (DRX en láminas de acero inoxidable AISI 304 recubierto con una capa de nitruro de titanio de 3 um de espesor, obtenida mediante deposición física de vapor (PVD-MAGNETRON SPUTTERING a una temperatura de 200 °C. se tomaron imágenes de microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB, microscopía óptica (MO y microscopía de fuerza atómica (MFA para caracterizar el sustrato, la capa y la zona cercana a la intercara. adicionalmente se determinó la deformación elástica residual asociada con el ensanchamiento de los picos de DRX.

Vida a la fatiga de juntas soldadas del acero inoxidable AISI 316L obtenidas mediante el proceso GMAW

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Puchi-Cabrera, E. S.

2007-06-01

Full Text Available An investigation has been conducted in order to determine the effect of both the metallic transfer mode (pulsed arc or short circuit and the O2 content in the Ar/O2 gas mixture, of the gas-metal arc welding process (GMAW, on the fatigue life under uniaxial conditions of welded joints of 316L stainless steel. It has been concluded that the mixture of the protective gases employed in the process could have an important influence on the fatigue life of the welded joints of such steel in two different ways. Firstly, through the modification of the radius of curvature at the joint between the welding toe and the base metal and, secondly, through a more pronounced degree of oxidation of the alloying elements induced by a higher O2 content in the mixture. As far as the metallic transfer mode is concerned, it has been determined that the welded joints obtained under a pulsed arc mode show a greater fatigue life in comparison with the joints obtained under short circuit for both gas mixtures.

Se ha llevado a cabo una investigación con la finalidad de determinar el efecto, tanto del modo de transferencia metálica (arco pulsado o cortocircuito como del contenido de O2 en la mezcla de gases protectores Ar/O2, del proceso de soldadura a tope mediante arco metálico con protección gaseosa (GMAW, sobre la vida a la fatiga en condiciones uniaxiales de juntas soldadas del acero inoxidable AISI 316L. Dicho trabajo ha permitido concluir que la composición de la mezcla de gases protectores del proceso GMAW pudiera tener una influencia importante en la vida a la fatiga de las juntas soldadas de dicho material, a través de dos formas distintas: primero, mediante la modificación del radio de curvatura entre la raíz del cordón de soldadura y el metal base y, en segundo lugar, a través del mayor grado de oxidación de los elementos de aleación. En cuanto al modo de transferencia metálica, se determinó que las juntas soldadas mediante arco pulsado

Influencia de la microestructura en el comportamiento a fatiga de aceros inoxidables austeníticos con alto contenido en molibdeno

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Oñoro, J.

2006-02-01

Full Text Available Austenitic stainless steels with molybdenum present high mechanical properties and corrosion resistance to aggressive environments. These steels have been used to tank and vessel components for high corrosive liquids as phosphoric, nitric and sulphuric acids. These materials with low carbon and nitrogen addition have been proposed candidates as structural materials for the international thermonuclear experimental reactor (ITER in-vessel components. Molybdenum addition in austenitic stainless steel improves mechanical and corrosion properties, but with it can produce the presence of nitrogen microstructure modifications by presence or precipitation of second phases. This paper summarises the fatigue and corrosion fatigue behaviour of two 317LN stainless steels with different microstructure. Fully austenitic steel microstructure show better fatigue, corrosion fatigue resistance and better ductility than austenitic steel with delta ferrite microstructure, mainly at low stresses.

Los aceros inoxidables austeníticos con elevados contenidos en molibdeno presentan alta resistencia mecánica y resistencia a los medios corrosivos. Se utilizan en la construcción de depósitos y recipientes para el almacenamiento y transporte de líquidos altamente corrosivos, tales como ácido fosfórico, nítrico o sulfúrico. Estos materiales con bajo carbono y adiciones de nitrógeno han sido propuestos como candidatos para materiales estructurales en la fabricación de la vasija del reactor experimental termonuclear internacional (ITER. La adición de molibdeno mejora las propiedades frente a la corrosión de los aceros inoxidables austeníticos. Sin embargo, este aumento del contenido en molibdeno, junto con la presencia de nitrógeno, puede producir modificaciones microestructurales, por la aparición de fases precipitadas o segundas fases. En este trabajo, se analiza el comportamiento la fatiga y corrosión-fatiga de dos aceros inoxidables austen

Oxidación cíclica de un acero refractario AISI 310 a alta temperatura en atmósferas con contenidos de oxígeno variables

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Higuera-Hidalgo, V.

2005-06-01

Full Text Available High temperature oxidation tests of an AISI 310 stainless steel was performed in two different environments: in an standard atmosphere (21 % oxygen at 704, 800, 884 and 1,000 °C and in the typical environment of a gas turbine and vapor generator of a combined-cycle electric generation unit (10 % oxygen at 800 and 1,000 °C. The oxidation kinetics was determined by means of the measurement of the weight gain per unit surface of the specimen and also determining the thickness of the oxide layer. Comparable results have been obtained using both methodologies and the effect of the oxygen content along with the other experimental differences were determined observing the oxidation kinetics in both environments. The cyclic oxidation of AISI 310 deteriorates at temperatures higher than 1,000 °C.

Se ha llevado a cabo un estudio experimental sobre la oxidación a altas temperaturas de un acero inoxidable refractario AISI 310, en dos ambientes diferentes: en una atmósfera convencional (21 % de O₂, a 704, 800, 884 y 1.000 °C y en un ambiente simulativo de una turbina de gas y del generador de vapor de uña central eléctrica de ciclo combinado (10-11 % de O₂, a 800 y 1.000 °C. La cinética de la oxidación del material se ha determinado a partir, tanto de la ganancia de peso por unidad de superficie experimentada por las probetas objeto de ensayo como por la determinación de los espesores de las capas de óxido formados. Se han obtenido resultados comparables con ambas metodologías y se ha puesto de manifiesto el efecto del contenido de oxígeno y de las demás diferencias experimentales a partir de la comparación de las cinéticas de oxidación del acero en los dos medios oxidantes analizados. La oxidación del acero AISI 310 en situaciones térmicas cíclicas empieza ya a ser importante a partir de una temperatura de 1.000 °C.

Estudio de la corrosión producida en aceros inoxidables 304 en procesos de soldadura

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G. Terán

2004-01-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo de investigación se analizan las probetas de aceros inoxidables 304 que después de haber sido soldadas mediante los procesos de soldadura SMAW, GMAW y GTAW, se sometieron a un ambiente corrosivo propio de las condiciones de trabajo. Se estudió la microestructura del cordón de soldadura utilizando microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM, la interfase entre el material base y el de aporte se estudió utilizando un microscopio óptico y analizador de imágenes.

Influencia de la atmósfera de sinterización en las propiedades mecánicas de los aceros P/M AISI 430L

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Iglesias, F. Javier

2014-03-01

Full Text Available It has studied the stainless steel powder metallurgy AISI 430L. It has compared the sintering in two different atmospheres; in vacuum, and in an atmosphere containing nitrogen. It has developed a heat treatment with the aim of improving the mechanical properties. This has been done through microstructural modification of complex nitrides of iron and chromium precipitates during the phase of sintering. Physical properties have been evaluated and are been performing a microstructural analysis for microstructure related to the increase in mechanical properties.Se ha estudiado el acero inoxidable pulvimetalúrgico AISI 430L, comparando la sinterización en dos atmósferas diferentes; en vacío, y en una atmósfera que contiene nitrógeno. Se ha desarrollado un tratamiento térmico con objeto de incrementar las propiedades mecánicas, mediante la modificación microestructural de los nitruros complejos de hierro y cromo precipitados durante la etapa de sinterización. Se han evaluado las propiedades físicas y a la vez se ha realizado un análisis microestructural con el fin de relacionar la microestructura con el incremento en las propiedades mecánicas.

Efecto de la Composición Química del Metal de Aporte y del Calor Aportado Sobre la Microestructura y las Propiedades Mecánicas de Juntas Soldadas de Aceros Inoxidables Dúplex

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Sebastián Zappa

Full Text Available Resumen Los aceros inoxidables dúplex poseen una microestructura dual (ferrita y austenita con contenidos aproximadamente iguales y se caracterizan por tener buena soldabilidad, buenas propiedades mecánicas y una alta resistencia a la corrosión generalizada y localizada. Gracias a estas características, estos aceros son los principales materiales a emplear en cañerías con altas exigencias, ampliamente utilizados en varias industrias, principalmente la petroquímica. Dichas propiedades están controladas por la composición química, el equilibrio microestructural y la ausencia de compuestos intermetálicos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la influencia de la composición química del metal de aporte y el calor aportado sobre la microestructura y las propiedades mecánicas en juntas soldadas de cañerías de acero inoxidable dúplex. El metal base utilizado fue un acero inoxidable dúplex UNS S31803 de 8” de diámetro y 8,18 mm de espesor y los metales de aporte fueron dos alambres tubulares que depositan aceros inoxidables dúplex y lean dúplex (AWS A5.22: E2209T1-1 y E2209T1-G, mediante el proceso de soldadura semi-automático bajo protección gaseosa, soldados con alto y bajo calor aportado. De cada probeta se extrajeron muestras donde se determinó la composición química, se realizó la caracterización microestructural y se determinaron las propiedades mecánicas (dureza, tracción y Charpy-V.

Corrosión a alta temperatura de acero al carbono y acero inoxidable austenítico en atmósferas contaminadas por CO2

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Proy Pérez, Manuel

2014-01-01

Los efectos a veces catastróficos producidos por los procesos de corrosión a alta temperatura en atmósferas contaminadas por agentes agresivos, poseen la suficiente relevancia para ser objeto de estudio en los próximos años, debido a que en muchas ocasiones no están definidos claramente. Los aceros al carbono y los inoxidables austeníticos son materiales potencialmente utilizables en condiciones de elevada temperatura gracias a su excelente relación entre sus propiedades est...

Desarrollo de los procesos de moldeo por inyección y extrusión de polvos para la obtención de piezas de aceros inoxidables dúplex y ferríticos

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Sotomayor Lozano, María Eugenia

2011-01-01

En la presente Tesis Doctoral se ha desarrollado el proceso de moldeo por inyección de polvos (pIM) para la obtención de piezas de acero inoxidable dúplex con aplicaciones en ortodoncia. Por otro lado, se ha desarrollado el proceso de moldeo por extrusión de polvos (PEM) para la obtención de láminas y tubos porosos de acero inoxidable ferrítico con aplicaciones en pilas de combustible de óxido sólido (SOFCs). En primer lugar, se prepararon y caracterizaron térmica y reológicamente las mezclas...

Aluminum coating by fluidized bed chemical vapor deposition on austenitic stainless steels AISI 304 and AISI 316

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Jose Luddey Marulanda-Arevalo

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Los revestimientos de aluminio f ueron depositados sobre aceros inoxidables AISI 304 y AISI 316 en el rango de temperatura de 5 60 a 600 °C por deposición química de vapor en lecho fluidizado(CVD – FBR. Se utilizó un lecho que consistía en 10 % de aluminio en polvo y 90 % de lecho inerte (alúmina, el cual fue fluidizado con Ar y como ga ses activadores se utilizó una mezcla de ácido clorhídrico con hidrógeno (HCl/H 2 . En el recubrimiento si n tratamiento térmico están las siguiente s especies: Al 13 Fe 4 , Fe 2 Al 5 , FeAl 2 y Al 5 FeNi, las cuales están presentes para ambos aceros. Además, el tratamiento térmico provoca la difusa de alu minio hacia el sustrato y la difusa de hierro del sustrato haci a la superficie del recubrimiento, haciendo la trans formación de los compuestos ant eriores a FeAl, Fe 2 Al 5 , FeAl 2 , Al 0.99 Fe 0.99 Ni 0.02 , AlNi y el Fe 2 AlCr. Se realizó la simulación termodinámica con el s oftware Thermo Calc para obt ener información de la posible composición y la cantidad de mat erial depositado, para condiciones seleccionadas. Las muestras recubi ertas y sin recubrir, se expus ieron a 750 ºC en una atmósfera d onde el vapor agua se transporta a las muestras usando un flujo de N 2 de 40 ml/min, más 100 % vapor de agua (H 2 O. Los dos sustratos sin revestir se comportaron de manera diferente, ya que el acero AISI 304 soportó bien el a taque y ganó poco peso (0.49 mg/cm 2 , en comparación con el acero AISI 316 que perdió mucho peso (25.4 mg/cm 2 . Los aceros recubiertos ganaron poco de peso durante las mil horas de exposición (0.26 mg/cm 2 y soportaron muy bien el ataque corrosivo en c omparación con sustratos sin r ecubrimiento.

Characterization of gold and nickel coating on AISI 304 stainless steel for use in the fabrication of current collector plates for fuel cells; Caracterizacion de recubrimientos de oro y niquel realizados sobre acero inoxidable AISI 304 para su empleo en la fabricacion de placas colectoras de corriente para celdas de combustible

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Flores Hernandez, J. Roberto [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)] e-mail: jrflores@iie.org.mx; Aguilar Gama, M. Tulio [UNAM. Facultad de Quimica, Mexico D.F. (Mexico); Cano Castillo, Ulises; Albarran, Lorena [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico); Olvera, J. Carlos; Orozco, German [CIDETEQ, Pedro Escobedo, Queretaro (Mexico)

2009-09-15

Among the different components that compose fuel cell technology (MEA, bipolar plates, seals, etc.) current collector plates play an important role in the good performance of fuel cells, since they collect all of the current generated and distribute it to the external circuit. Therefore, the most important properties that the current collector plates should have are excellent conductivity and good resistance to the corrosive conditions present in the fuel cell. This document presents results obtained during the nickel and gold electrodeposition process on AISI 304 stainless steel and the morphology and thickness of each coating, their adhesion, hardness and conductivity values. Finally, results obtained during some of the electrochemical tests performed on the coatings are shown. [Spanish] De los diferentes componentes que integran la tecnologia de celdas de combustible (MEA's, placas bipolares, sellos, etc.), las placas colectoras de corriente tienen un importante rol en el buen desempeno de la celdas de combustibles, ya que en estas placas se colecta toda la corriente generada y se distribuye al circuito externo. Debido a esto, las propiedades mas importantes que deben tener las placas colectaras de corriente son: excelente conductividad y buena resistencia a las condiciones corrosivas presentes en la celda de combustible. En este documento se presentan los resultados obtenidos en el proceso de electrodeposicion de niquel y oro sobre acero inoxidable AISI 304, asi como la morfologia y el espesor de cada recubrimiento, sus valores de adherencia, dureza y conductividad. Finalmente se muestran tambien los resultados obtenidos de algunas pruebas electroquimicas a los que fueron sometidos los recubrimientos.

Simulación del efecto de la irradiación mediante el trabajado en frío y los tratamientos térmicos en dos aceros inoxidables austeníticos

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de Diego, G.

1998-10-01

Full Text Available In the present study, annealed type 304 SS was cold worked and heat treated to simúlate irradiation hardening, ductility loss and grain boundary segregation. Constant Extension Rate Tensile (CERT tests were conducted to reproduce Irradiation Assisted Stress Corrosion Cracking (IASCC in BWR (Boiling Water Reactor environment.

En este trabajo se simulan los efectos que produce la irradiación, pérdida de ductilidad y segregación de impurezas en borde de grano, mediante trabajado en frío y posterior tratamiento térmico, para aceros inoxidables austeníticos AISI 304. Mediante ensayos de velocidad de extensión constante y en medios similares a los de los reactores de agua en ebullición se intenta relacionar la susceptibilidad a la corrosión bajo tensión con la susceptibilidad a la corrosión asistida por irradiación.

Análisis de la resistencia a la corrosión de barras corrugadas de acero inoxidable en medios acuosos que simulan el hormigón

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Belzunce, F. J.

2004-04-01

Full Text Available The corrosion behaviour of stainless steel reinforced bars used in civil engineering was studied. Different electrochemical tests were performed using several stainless steel bars (austenitic and duplex, hot and cold rolled, in the presence of a solution, which simulates the contact with salt contaminated concrete. The corrosion rates were determined and also their behaviour against localized corrosion (pitting.

Se ha realizado un estudio sobre la resistencia a la corrosión de barras corrugadas de acero inoxidable utilizadas en construcción civil para armar el hormigón. Con este objeto se han realizado diferentes ensayos electroquímicos en presencia de un medio acuoso básico, que simula el contacto con hormigón contaminado con sal, y se ha determinado la velocidad de corrosión y la resistencia a la formación de picaduras de diferentes calidades de aceros inoxidables (austeníticos y dúplex, tanto conformadas en caliente como en frío.

Evaluación de la adherencia del biofilm sobre salivaderas dentales de acero inoxidable, cerámica y opalina

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Butler, Teresa Adela

2009-01-01

El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue estudiar el desarrollo de la biopelícula depositada sobre las salivaderas dentales de tres materiales diferentes (acero inoxidable, cerámica y opalina), de equipos odontológicos correspondientes a dos zonas diferentes del casco urbano de la ciudad de La Plata (Z1 y Z2). Para ello se realizaron 38 cortes de salivaderas dentales de los tres materiales, de cada zona En primer lugar se realizó el análisis de la microbiota planctónica y sé...

Estudio de electrodeposición de cobre sobre electrodos porosos de grafito y acero inoxidable vía SEM-DRX y análisis de imagen

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Constanzo-R., Robinson; Pagliero-N., Antonio; Vergara-G., Froilán

2014-01-01

El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar un análisis cualitativo de la distribución de un electrodepósito de cobre en el interior de electrodos porosos (EP) de acero inoxidable y carbono grafito. Para ello, se realizaron pruebas de electrodepositación de cobre a nivel de laboratorio, con un posterior análisis de cortes de muestras de acero y grafito vía Microscopía Estereoscópica, Microscopía SEM-DRX y Análisis de Imagen, los cuales mostraron que el cobre no se deposita en forma uniforme al i...

Caracterización mecánica de recubrimientos de aluminio por CVD-FBR sobre aceros inoxidables y resistencia a la oxidación en vapor de agua

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Diego Pérez-Muñoz

2015-09-01

Full Text Available Los recubrimientos de aluminio depositados sobre el acero inoxidable austenítico AISI 317 por Deposición Química de Vapor en Lecho Fluidizado (CVD-FBR presentan a altas temperaturas una reducción de la velocidad de corrosión de más de 80 veces. Se realizó la caracterización mecánica de los recubrimientos por medio de microdureza, nanoindentación, para conocer cómo se vieron afectas las propiedades mecánicas (en especial la dureza y el módulo de Young del recubrimiento y del sustrato luego de ser sometidos a la oxidación a alta temperatura. También se hicieron análisis por medio de Microscopia Electrónica de Barrido (MEB, para observar los cambios microestructurales, y de Microscopia de Fuerza Atómica (MFA, para observar cómo varía la topografía y el gradiente de rugosidad en función de la distancia recorrida por la punta del cantiléver durante los barridos.

PROTECCIÓN CONTRA LA CORROSIÓN EN SALES FUNDIDAS DE UN ACERO HOT ROLLED, EN EL RANGO DE TEMPERATURAS DE 400 ºC-600 ºC, RECUBIERTO POR ROCIADO TÉRMICO CON ACERO INOXIDABLE 312

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JOSE LUDDEY MARULANDA

2009-01-01

Full Text Available Se evaluó la corrosión por sales fundidas mediante la técnica gravimétrica en un acero de bajo carbono tipo hot rolled, rociado térmicamente con una aleación de acero inoxidable tipo 312, con el equipo Rototec, en una mezcla de sal 20% Na2SO4 - 80% V2O5, entre 400ºC - 600ºC, durante tiempos de 1-7-22 horas. Los resultados mostraron una moderada protección de la capa rociada térmicamente y se presentó alta degradación en el recubrimiento a 600ºC. Se concluyó que la velocidad de corrosión aumenta con la temperatura y disminuye con el tiempo de exposición.

Estudio comparativo de la cavidad de acceso radicular en conductos curvos con limas de níquel-titanio y taladros de acero inoxidable

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Oncins Rodríguez, J.; Pumarola Suñé, José; Canalda Sahli, Carlos

2005-01-01

El propósito de este estudio fue comparar la cantidad de dentina radicular removida y evaluar el mantenimiento de la forma del conducto tras la instrumentación de los dos tercios coronarios radiculares, utilizando instrumentos de acero inoxidable (taladros de Gates Glidden) y de níqueltitanio (limas GT Flare y limas Orifice Shaper). Un total de 42 dientes humanos extraídos con conductos radiculares curvos fueron divididos en tres grupos. Los conductos se instrumentaron mecánicamente usando ta...

Estudio de corrosión galvánica en pares latón/acero inoxidable y latón/fundición de hierro

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Ohanian, M.

2011-08-01

Full Text Available Corrosion attack in heat exchanger systems is a topic of main interest for the maintenance in each industrial plant. These are multigalvanic systems with particular geometric and fluidodynamic complexity. Corrosive damages include zinc selective dealeation in copper alloys. In order to explain zinc dealeation attack, this paper deals with laboratory scale testing, characterization and interactions between two copper and zinc alloys (Yellow brass –UNS C268– and Admiralty brass –UNS C443– compared to AISI 316 stainless steel and cast iron. The tests were performed at 20 °C in 1.5 % NaCl and 1.5 % Na₂SO₄ solutions, pH 8 and each material was characterized by potentiodynamic sweeps. The couples are analyzed by studying transient galvanic currents. We conclude about the cause of the analyzed pathology, brass protection potential ranges and its coupling compatibility with other metals.

El ataque por corrosión en los sistemas intercambiadores de calor constituye un problema para el mantenimiento de cualquier planta industrial. Se trata de sistemas multigalvánicos con particular complejidad geométrica y fluidodinámica. Las patologías corrosivas incluyen el fenómeno de dealeación selectiva de cinc en las aleaciones de cobre. A fin de explicar un caso particular de ataque por decinficación (deterioro en placa de intercambiador de calor de tubos de inoxidable, el presente trabajo aborda en ensayos a escala de laboratorio, la caracterización e interacciones entre dos aleaciones de cobre y cinc, (Yellow brass –UNS C268– y Admiralty brass –UNS C443–, respecto a acero inoxidable AISI 316 y fundición gris de hierro. Los ensayos se realizan a 20 °C en disoluciones de NaCl 1,5 % y Na₂SO₄ 1,5 % y pH 8. Se caracterizan electroquímicamente las aleaciones y materiales involucrados mediante barridos potenciodinámicos. Los pares galvánicos formados se analizan mediante el

Determinación de tensiones por rayos x del acero AISI 1045 deformado por rodillo // Determination of stress for x‐ray of the steel AISI 1045 deformed for roller

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Tomás Fernández‐Columbié

2012-01-01

Full Text Available El objetivo del trabajo es realizar el análisis de las tensiones a muestras de acero AISI 1045 endurecidasen frío por rodillo. Con empleo del método de Willianson–Hall se determinó las macro ymicrodeformaciones; la deformación reticular del parámetro de red; el tamaño de las cristalitas; losesfuerzos en la red cristalina y la reducción del tamaño promedio de los granos, lo que permitió establecerlos mecanismos de endurecimiento del acero AISI 1045, deformado por rodadura. Fueron medidos yanalizados diferentes puntos teniendo en cuenta los índices de Miller para la fase ferrítica del acero. Losmodelos lineales obtenidos, son estadísticamente significativos, que muestran una tendencia creciente delas propiedades mecánicas y metalúrgicas, según se incrementan las variables independientes delproceso de experimentación.Palabras claves: rodillo, rodadura, deformación plástica.__________________________________________________________________AbstractThe objective of the paper is to carry out the analysis from the tensions to steel samples AISI 1045hardened cold for roller. With employment of the method of Willianson-Hall was determined the macro andmicro deformations; the reticular deformation of the net parameter; the size of the crystallites; the efforts inthe crystalline net and the reduction of the size average of the grains, what allowed to establish themechanisms of hardening of the steel AISI 1045, deformed by rolling. They were measured and analyzeddifferent points keeping in mind the indexes of Miller for the phase ferrite of the steel. The obtained linealmodels, they are statistically significant that they show a growing tendency of the mechanical estates andmetallurgical, as the independent variables of the experimentation process are increased.Key words: roller, rolling, plastic deformation.

Stainless-Steel-Gadolinium Alloys; Alliages Acier Inoxydable-Gadolinium; Splavy iz nerzhaveyushchej stali i gadoliniya; Aleaciones de Acero Inoxidable-Gadolinio

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Copeland, M.; Kato, H. [Albany Metallurgy Research Center, Bureau Of Mines, United States Department of the Interior, Albany, OR (United States)

1964-06-15

mineures ont une grande influence sur les structures resultant de traitements equilibrants et sur les possibilites de transformation des aciers. Lorsque le gadolinium est melange a de l 'acier au chrome et au nickel, deux phases mineures, Fe{sub 9}Gd et Ni{sub 7}Gd, fondent a 1080 Degree-Sign C, ce qui impose une limite superieure aux temperatures de traitement a chaud et de transformation. Les auteurs ont pu facilement transformer des alliages comprenant jusqu'a 5 Degree-Sign Io en poids de gadolinium et determiner leurs caracteristiques mecaniques et leur resistance a la corrosion. Ils n'ont observe aucun changement dans les caracteristiques mecaniques de l'acier ou sa resistance a la corrosion par l'eau chaude, lorsqu'ils lui ont ajoute'jusqu'a 3% en poids de gadolinium. En raison des limites imposees aux temperatures de transformation des aciers au chrome et au nickel par le point de fusion des phases mineures, les auteurs ont etudie les effets du gadolinium sur des aciers au chrome. Ils ont releve une seule phase mineure qui fond a 1320 Degree-Sign C en etudiant l 'isoplethe du gadolinium a 10% en poids dans l 'alliage chrome-fer-gadolinium. Cette propriete permettrait d'equilibrer et de transformer ces aciers au gadolinium aux temperatures auxquelles on opere normalement. (author) [Spanish] En vista de la excelente resistencia a la corrosion de los aceros inoxidables y del interes que presenta el gadolinio como veneno nuclear, se han estudiado aleaciones de esos dos metales. El gadolinio fue aleado con aceros inoxidables de tipo AISI-304 y al cromo, y se estudiaron las relaciones de fase, la facilidad de trabajo y las propiedades de estas aleaciones. Se observo que en las aleaciones que contienen bajos porcentajes de gadolinio, los puntos de fusion de las fases menores ejercen un efecto muy marcado sobre las estructuras resultantes de los tratamientos de equilibracion y sobre la facilidad de trabajo de los afceros. Cuando se alea el gadolinio con acerce al cromo

Estudio de la calidad de recubrimientos de hidroxiapatita sobre acero inoxidable implantable aplicados mediante proyección térmica con plasma

OpenAIRE

Bernal Gaona, Sandra Paola

2013-01-01

El objetivo de este trabajo de investigación se basó en el estudio de los parámetros del proceso de deposición de recubrimientos de hidroxiapatita sobre substratos de acero inoxidable implantable mediante el proceso de proyección térmica con plasma atmosférico, que pueden afectar de forma significativa la calidad de los recubrimientos, en cuanto a su cristalinidad y adherencia al substrato. Como parámetros a evaluar se tomaron el tamaño de grano de la hidroxiapatita, el espesor...

Efecto de la velocidad y ángulo de impacto en la resistencia a corrosión - erosión de aceros inoxidables recubiertos con TiN

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José Ricardo Cano Rodas

2004-01-01

Full Text Available Fueron estudiados los mecanismos de degradación superficial en aceros inoxidables austenítico AISI 304 y martensítico AISI 420, con y sin recubrimiento cerámico de TiN, aplicado mediante técnica de deposición física de vapor PVD por arco pulsado, sometidos a erosión (solución de agua destilada con 30% en peso de partículas de sílice, corrosión (solución ½ M H2SO4 + 3.5% NaCl y efectos sinérgicos corrosión - erosión. Fue construido un dispositivo para realizar los ensayos descritos con la posibilidad de variar la velocidad y el ángulo medio de impacto de las partículas sobre la superficie de las muestras. Marcas características fueron observadas en las superficies desgastadas, siendo la condición de ángulo rasante la de mayor efecto nocivo tanto para las superficies desnudas como para las recubiertas con TiN. El nivel de deterioro superficial aumentó con la velocidad de impacto, al tiempo que se evidenció la importancia de la adherencia de las películas protectoras al substrato para la obtención de una buena resistencia a corrosiónerosión. La sinergia corrosión-erosión presentó, en algunas ocasiones, un efecto positivo para la superficie, ya que el impacto de las partículas duras causó intensa deformación plástica pero no consiguió remover material de la superficie.

Estudio de la resistencia a la corrosión por picadura de aceros inoxidables austeníticos: influencia de la adición de manganeso en solución sólida

OpenAIRE

José Wilmar Calderón-Hernández; Lara Beatriz Braga Luz; Duberney Hincapie-Ladino; Neusa Alonso-Falleiros

2015-01-01

Este documento presenta los resultados de una investigación sobre la influencia del Mn en solución sólida sobre la resistencia a la corrosión por picadura de dos aceros inoxidables austeníticos, uno denominado 17Cr6Mn5Ni y un acero comercial UNS S304L utilizado como material de referencia. Fueron usadas soluciones electrolíticas de 0,6M NaCl en tres diferentes condiciones de concentración de oxígeno (solución desaireada, naturalmente aireada y aireada artificialment...

Efecto del contenido de azufre y del grado de desoxidación sobre la ductilidad en caliente de aceros inoxidables austeníticos resulfurados en estado de solidificación

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Botella, J.

1998-05-01

Full Text Available The manufacture of free machining austenitic stainless steels features a specific drawback derived from their high sulphur content, which is needed for generating, into the austenitic matrix, inclusions to optimize the different machining operations. However, sulphur has a harmful effect on hot workability. This paper deals with assessing the effect of sulphur content and deoxidation level on the hot ductility of resulphurized austenitic stainless steels in as cast condition. Hot tensile tests were conducted on a Gleeble machine, at temperatures between 1,150 and 1,250°C, studying a ductility factor as a function of sulphur content, deoxidation degree, as well as type, size and distribution of sulfides. Results point out the harmful effect of increasing sulphur and oxygen contents on the hot workability of resulphurized austenitic stainless steels, and the need to control carefully the level of oxides of these steels.

La fabricación de aceros inoxidables austeníticos de alta maquinabilidad presenta una problemática específica derivada de su elevado contenido de azufre; elemento necesario para generar en la matriz austenítica inclusiones que faciliten las diferentes operaciones de mecanizado, pero perjudicial en cuanto al deterioro que produce en la deformabilidad en caliente. Este artículo describe el estudio realizado para evaluar el efecto del contenido de azufre y el grado de desoxidación sobre la ductilidad en caliente de aceros inoxidables austeníticos resulfurados, partiendo de una estructura de solidificación (as cast condition. Se realizaron ensayos de tracción en un sistema Gleeble, a temperaturas entre 1.150 y 1.250°C, analizándose el parámetro de ductilidad en función del contenido de azufre, nivel de desoxidación, y del tipo, tamaño y distribución de los sulfuros presentes. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto el efecto perjudicial de los contenidos de azufre y oxígeno sobre la deformabilidad en

Resistência à corrosão de junta dissimilar soldada pelo processo TIG composta pelos aços inoxidáveis AISI 316L e AISI 444

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Luis Henrique Guilherme

2014-03-01

Full Text Available O aço inoxidável AISI 444 tornou-se uma opção para substituir a liga AISI 316L devido ao seu menor custo e satisfatória resistência à corrosão. Entretanto, o uso da liga AISI 444 no feixe tubular de trocadores de calor acarreta na soldagem de uma junta dissimilar. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a resistência à corrosão da junta tubo-espelho soldada pelo processo TIG composta pelas ligas AISI 316L e AISI 444. A manufatura das amostras consistiu em replicar o projeto da junta tubo-espelho de trocadores de calor. Realizou-se em juntas soldadas ensaios de sensitização, perda de massa por imersão desde a temperatura ambiente até 90 ºC, e ensaios eletroquímicos de polarização potenciodinâmica nos eletrólitos 0,5 mol/L de HCl e 0,5 mol/L de H2SO4. Os resultados mostraram que a junta dissimilar sofreu corrosão galvânica com maior degradação na zona afetada pelo calor (ZAC do tubo AISI 444. Porém, os mecanismos de corrosão localizada (pite e intergranular demonstraram ser mais ativos para a liga AISI 316L. Conclui-se que a junta dissimilar apresentou melhor resistência à corrosão do que a junta soldada composta unicamente pela liga AISI 316L em temperaturas de até 70 ºC, conforme as condições observadas neste trabalho.

Corrosión en caliente de un acero inoxidable 304h para calderas en presencia de sales fundidas de vanadatos y sulfatos

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Sonia Rincón

2003-01-01

Full Text Available El presente trabajo busca indagar y establecer el tipo de mecanismo de daño que sufre el acero inoxidable 304H en contacto con depósitos de sal fundida, junto con un estudio preliminar de la cinética de la corrosión. Para ello, se analizarán los depósitos fundidos, la composición química de éstos y se medirá la pérdida de material luego de ser sometido a períodos continuos de ataque, con el uso de la técnica gravimétrica en crisol. Con esto se pretende conocer las variables que influyen directamente sobre el deterioro del acero 304H, para en un futuro, adoptar medidas predictivas y/o preventivas que incrementen su vida útil, aumentando de ésta manera la eficiencia de las calderas y disminuyendo el tiempo entre paradas programadas.

Efecto de las variables del procedimiento de soldadura sobre las propiedades mecánicas y la resistencia a la corrosión en depósitos de soldadura de aceros inoxidables supermartensíticos

OpenAIRE

Zappa, Sebastián

2011-01-01

La soldadura de los aceros inoxidables martensíticos ha presentado ciertas dificultades y el uso de tratamientos térmicos es normalmente obligatorio. Las razones son diferentes para cada grado de acero, pero en general, es común obtener alta dureza y baja tenacidad en la zona afectada por el calor. Este hecho está asociado con la estructura martensítica en sí misma y el contenido de carbono. Una posible solución a este problema y para alcanzar determinadas propiedades en condición como soldad...

Análisis experimental del torneado de alta velocidad del acero AISI 1045 // Experimental analysis of high speed turning of AISI 1045 steel gears

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Luís Wilfredo Hernández‐González

2012-01-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de este trabajo es el estudio experimental de la evolución del desgaste del flanco de dosinsertos de carburo recubiertos y un cermet, durante el torneado en seco del acero AISI 1045 con 500 y600 m/min de velocidad de corte. Los resultados fueron comparados utilizando el análisis de varianza y deregresión. La investigación mostró un efecto significativo de la velocidad de corte y del tiempo demaquinado en el desgaste del flanco. El mejor desempeño fue para el carburo recubierto con tres capas,mientras que a elevada velocidad de corte el carburo con dos capas sufrió el mayor desgaste, lo cual sedebe a que cuando pierde sus recubrimientos el substrato del inserto queda desprotegido y el desgastecrece rápidamente por la extremas condiciones del mecanizado por alta velocidad. Además, se planteanrecomendaciones del tiempo de maquinado de los insertos dadas las condiciones de elaboración por altavelocidad.Palabras claves: torneado de alta velocidad, desgaste del flanco, acero AISI 1045, estudio experimental.__________________________________________________________________________AbstractThis work deals with the experimental study of the flank wear evolution of two coating carbide inserts and acermet insert during the dry turning of AISI 1045 steel with 500 and 600 m/min cutting speed. The resultswere compared using the variance and regression analysis. The investigation showed a significant effectof cutting speed and machining time on the flank wear in high speed machining. The three coating layersinsert showed the best performance while the two layers insert had the worst behaviour of the cutting toolwear at high cutting speed, this is because once the coating film is peeled off, the substrate of the insertbecomes uncovered and the wear grows rapidly due to the extreme machining conditions for high speed.Besides, the machining time recommendations of inserts for the cutting conditions at high speed areexposed.Key words: high

Efectos gammágenos del cobre en los aceros inoxidables 18Cr8Ni

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Botella, J.

1997-10-01

Full Text Available From a series of 22 typical 18Cr8Ni stainless steel 40 kg ingots, with copper variable concentrations from 0.6 to 3.0 weight %, δ-ferrite is measured with a ferrite-meter device, calculating a nickel equivalent of 0.27 for copper. Some differences between the 8-ferrite and that on calculated by DeLong -excluding the copper γ-gene action- have been found because of different solidification and cooling regimes in ingot and weld cases.

A partir de una serie de 22 lingotes de 40 kg de aceros inoxidables típicos 18Cr8Ni, con concentraciones variables de cobre entre 0,6 y 3,0 % en masa, se mide la ferrita δ mediante un medidor de ferrita y se deduce para el cobre un equivalente en níquel de 0,27, a la vez que se establecen ciertas diferencias entre los contenidos de ferrita δ medida y la deducida según DeLong -excluida la acción gammágena del cobre- por el hecho de solidificar en lingotes en vez de la típica solidificación de soldaduras.

Correlaciones entre la microestructura y la atenuación sonora en un acero inoxidable martensítico

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Daniel Ramírez C.

2004-01-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo se exploró la relación entre la microestructura de un acero inoxidable martensítico y las variaciones en el sonido producido por un instrumento metalófono construido con dicho material. Para lograr este propósito, se hicieron copias de una de las placas de un glockenspiel y éstas fueron sometidas a diferentes tratamientos térmicos. Se construyeron montajes que permitieron producir sonidos mediante la excitación por percusión o electromagnética de las placas y se desarrollaron procedimientos para el análisis de las señales adquiridas usando programas de que permitían un análisis automático de la información. A partir de los resultados fue posible establecer correlaciones entre la microestructura obtenida con los diferentes tratamientos térmicos y características de los sonidos tales como la envolvente de atenuación y frecuencias predominantes.

Soldabilidad del acero inoxidable austenitico

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Pedro Pablo Torres-Medina

2002-01-01

Full Text Available This work involves welding stainless steel AISI 321H applying technical specifications according to welding standards, know the properties and phenomena that occur in the base metal and select the appropriate input material to ensure good quality of the process.

Formación de maclas durante el enfriamiento en aceros inoxidables superferríticos envejecidos

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Salán, M. N.

2005-12-01

Full Text Available Superferritic stainless steels show a BCC structure free of austenite at any temperature. Intermediate ageing temperatures, close to 475 °C, induce a-chromium content modulation and only after long periods of time, it is possible to detect chromium rich α' phase, which is responsible for embrittlement (475 °C embrittlement. In this work, ageing thermal treatments at intermediate temperatures in the superferritic stainless steel DIN 1.4575, have allowed to relate the associated hardness increase with time and temperature by means of a relationship that is compatible with a thermally activated process. After quenching from ageing temperature, twinning formation has been observed, and the extent of twinning is proportional to the increase in hardness, showing in this way that twinning density is proportional to embrittlement level.

Los aceros inoxidables superferríticos se caracterizan por su estructura cúbica centrada, libre de austenita a cualquier temperatura. Sometidos a temperaturas intermedias, próximas a 475 °C, revelan una modulación del contenido en Cr de la red. Después de tiempos prolongados se forma fase α', fragilizante y rica en cromo, fenómeno conocido como fragilización a 475 °C. En este trabajo, los tratamientos de envejecimiento realizados a temperaturas intermedias para un superferrítico DIN 1.4575 han permitido relacionar el incremento de dureza asociado a éstos con el tiempo de tratamiento, mediante una expresión coherente con un proceso térmicamente activado. Por otra parte, se ha detectado la presencia de maclas en el acero envejecido y templado en agua, siendo proporcional su densidad al grado de endurecimiento provocado por el tratamiento.

Deformation induced martensite in AISI 316 stainless steel

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Solomon, N.

2010-04-01

Full Text Available The forming process leads to a considerable differentiation of the strain field within the billet, and finally causes the non-uniform distribution of the total strain, microstrusture and properties of the material over the product cross-section. This paper focus on the influence of stress states on the deformation-induced a’ martensitic transformation in AISI Type 316 austenitic stainless steel. The formation of deformation-induced martensite is related to the austenite (g instability at temperatures close or below room temperature. The structural transformation susceptibility is correlated to the stacking fault energy (SFE, which is a function not only of the chemical composition, but also of the testing temperature. Austenitic stainless steels possess high plasticity and can be easily cold formed. However, during cold processing the hardening phenomena always occurs. Nevertheless, the deformation-induced martensite transformation may enhance the rate of work-hardening and it may or may not be in favour of further material processing. Due to their high corrosion resistance and versatile mechanical properties the austenitic stainless steels are used in pressing of heat exchanger plates. However, this corrosion resistance is influenced by the amount of martensite formed during processing. In order to establish the links between total plastic strain, and martensitic transformation, the experimental tests were followed by numerical simulation.

El proceso de conformación da a lugar a una considerable diferenciación del campo de tensiones dentro de una barra de extrusión y, finalmente, causa una distribución no uniforme de la tensión total, la microestructura y propiedades del material sobre el corte transversal. En este trabajo se estudia la influencia de los estados de tensión sobre la transformación martensítica inducida por deformación en un acero inoxidable austenítico tipo AISI 316. La formación de martensita inducida por

Desarrollo de un modelo matemático de diferencias finitas para el análisis del campo de temperaturas en la soldadura por arco de chapas finas de acero inoxidable

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Miguel, V.

2010-12-01

Full Text Available This work develops a finite difference method to evaluate the temperature field in the heat affected zone in butt welding applied to AISI 304 stainless steel thin sheet by GTAWprocess. A computer program has been developed and implemented by Visual Basic for Applications (VBA in MS-Excel spreadsheet. The results that are obtained using the numerical application foresee the thermal behaviour of arc welding processes. An experimental methodology has been developed to validate the mathematical model that allows to measure the temperature in several points close to the weld bead. The methodology is applied to a stainless steel sheet with a thickness lower than 3 mm, although may be used for other steels and welding processes as MIG/MAG and SMAW. The data which has been obtained from the experimental procedure have been used to validate the results that have been calculated by the finite differences numerical method. The mathematical model adjustment has been carried out taking into account the experimental results. The differences found between the experimental and theoretical approaches are due to the convection and radiation heat losses, which have not been considered in the simulation model.With this simple model, the designer will be able to calculate the thermal cycles that take place in the process as well as to predict the temperature field in the proximity of the weld bead.

En este trabajo se desarrolla un método de diferencias finitas para calcular el campo de temperaturas en la zona afectada por el calor en la soldadura de dos chapas de acero inoxidable AISI 304, soldadas mediante el procedimiento GTAW. Se ha desarrollado un programa informático implementado en libros de cálculo MS-Excel con Visual Basic para Aplicaciones (VBA. Los experimentos modelizados a través de la aplicación numérica predicen el comportamiento térmico de un procedimiento de soldadura. Para la validación del modelo matemático se ha desarrollado un

Corrosion behavior of powder metallurgical stainless steels in urban and marine environments

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Bautista, A.

2006-06-01

Full Text Available This work studies the development of corrosive attack on sintered components manufactured from AISI 316L and AISI 304L powders. The stainless steels were sintered in vacuum and in nitrogen-base atmosphere at 1,120 and 1,250 ºC, and their corrosion resistance was then analyzed by electrochemical techniques and by atmospheric corrosion testing (two years at urban and marine test sites. Images are shown of the morphology of the attack on the surface of the stainless steels and the development of this attack in the interior of the material.

Este trabajo estudia el desarrollo del proceso corrosivo en componentes sinterizados fabricados a partir de polvos de AISI 316L y AISI 304L. Los aceros inoxidables fueron sinterizados en vacío y en atmósfera base nitrógeno a 1.120 y 1.250 ºC y, su resistencia a corrosión se ha analizado mediante técnicas electroquímicas y mediante ensayos de corrosión atmosférica (dos años en ambientes urbano y marino. Se muestran imágenes de la morfología del ataque en la superficie de los aceros inoxidables y del desarrollo de este ataque en el interior del material.

PROPIEDADES MECÁNICAS DE PELÍCULAS HÍBRIDAS (ORGÁNICO-INORGÁNICO SOBRE ACERO INOXIDABLE 304 Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Films (Organic-Inorganic on Stainless Steel 304

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Jorge H. Bautista-Ruiz

2011-12-01

Full Text Available This article shows the creation of ceramic films of the SiO2-TiO2 Organic Polymer hybrid system from Tetraethyl-Orthosilicate (Si (OC2H54 and Titanium Tetrabutoxide (Ti(OBu4 synthesized through the sol-gel method in several volumetric concentrations of precursors. This hybrid system was deposited on AISI 304 stainless steel substrates through the dip-coating technique. Feasibility for obtaining hybrid and homogeneous coatings on this type of substrate and evaluating the surface properties was studies. For such a purpose, the coating microhardness and adhesion were studies. Additionally, the film surface was characterized through the SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy. The study concluded that characteristics of films change in function of the volumetric amount of precursors used for creating films.Este trabajo muestra la conformación de películas cerámicas del sistema híbrido SiO2-TiO2-Polímero Orgánico, a partir de tetraetil-ortosilicato (Si (OC2H54, y tetra-butoxido de titanio (Ti(OBu4 y sintetizado por el método sol-gel en diferentes concentraciones volumétricas de los precursores. Este sistema híbrido se depositó sobre sustratos de acero inoxidable AISI 304 mediante la técnica de inmersión (dip-coating. Se estudió la viabilidad de obtener recubrimientos híbridos homogéneos sobre este tipo de sustrato y evaluar las propiedades superficiales. Para tal efecto, se estudió microdureza y adhesión del recubrimiento. Adicionalmente, se caracterizó la superficie de las películas por microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB. Del estudio se concluye que las características de las películas cambian en función de la cantidad volumétrica de los precursores utilizados en la conformación de las mismas.

INFLUENCIA DE LA NITRURACIÓN POR PLASMA SOBRE EL COMPORTAMIENTO A LA CORROSIÓN Y LA ADHESIÓN DE RECUBRIMIENTOS DLC SOBRE ACERO INOXIDABLE AISI 420

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Jorge N. Pecina

2016-01-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo se estudió el comportamiento a la corrosió n y la adhesión de dos rec ubrimientos DLC (“Diamond Like Carbon ” , “Soft” y “Hard”, depositados por PACVD (“Plasma Assisted Chemical Vapour Deposition” sobre acero AISI 420, templado y revenido y /o nitrurado por plasma . Se analizaron por espectroscopía Raman y midió dureza en superficie. Se observó la microestructura por OM y SEM. Se realizaron pruebas de adhesión con indentación Rockwell C . S e practicaron ensayos de Niebla Salina e inmersión en HCl . Los DLC “ Soft ” presentaron una dureza de 5 00 HV y un espesor de 2 0 μm , mientras que los “ Hard ” tuvieron 1400 HV y 2 ,5 μm. Ambos recubrimientos presentaron bajo coeficiente de fricción y buena adhesión sobre el sustrato nitrurado . También presentaron buena resistencia a la corrosión atmosférica. En HCl el DLC retardó la degradación que se presentó rápidamente en las muestras sin recubrir.

Optimización topológica y fabricación aditiva de un soporte aeronáutico mediante sinterizado láser de acero inoxidable 15-5PH

OpenAIRE

Marchal Montes, Álvaro

2016-01-01

El objetivo de este trabajó será la aplicación de la optimización topológica a un soporte usado en el sector aeronáutico para reducir su masa que posteriormente se fabricará mediante fabricación aditiva con tecnología DMLS (Direct Metal Laser Sintering) en acero inoxidable 15-5PH. Para llegar a una buena optimización topológica será necesario estudiar todos los caminos de optimización posibles hasta llegar a una correcta mediante softwares adecuados además de adaptarla a la fabricación ad...

Predicción del desgaste del flanco de la herramienta de corte durante el torneado en seco de alta velocidad para piezas de acero AISI 316L en la industria minera

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Yusimit K. Zamora-Hernández

2015-07-01

Full Text Available Se realizó un estudio experimental sobre la influencia de los parámetros de corte en el torneado del acero inoxidable AISI 316L con insertos recubiertos de TiCN, Al2O3, TiN. Un microscopio electrónico de barrido fue utilizado para medir y analizar el desgaste de las herramientas de corte. Los resultados fueron comparados utilizando el análisis de varianza y el análisis de regresión múltiple para describir la relación entre el desgaste del flanco de las herramientas de corte, el tiempo de maquinado y el avance de corte, obteniéndose las ecuaciones de los modelos ajustados. La investigación demostró el efecto significativo del avance y del tiempo de maquinado en el desgaste del flanco. El inserto de tres capas no sobrepasó el criterio de fin de vida del desgaste, mientras que el inserto de una capa sufrió un desgaste elevado para la mayor velocidad de corte. El desgaste del flanco tuvo mejor comportamiento para el avance de 0,08 mm/rev en todas las velocidades empleadas en este estudio. Los errores medios absolutos no superaron el 15 %.

Microestructura de una unión disímil AISI 321 y una aleación A 351 grado HK-40 obtenida mediante soldadura manual por arco eléctrico

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Reilis Fuentes-Guilarte

2016-05-01

Full Text Available El objetivo fue establecer el comportamiento microestructural de una unión disímil de acero inoxidable austenítico AISI 321 y de la aleación A 351 grado HK 40 obtenida por fundición mediante soldadura manual por arco eléctrico y electrodos revestidos del tipo E 309 L-16. La estructura ferrita–austeníta que se forma en la unión del acero con la aleación es resultado del elevado contenido de carbono de la segunda. La baja velocidad de enfriamiento del cordón de soldadura revela ausencia de discontinuidades en el retículo cristalino de la zona afectada térmicamente y atenúa la formación de carburos de cromo del tipo Cr23C6, que puede formar la aleación A 351 grado HK 40 durante la difusión del volumen de fracción en masa del cromo.

COMPORTAMIENTO DE CORROSIÓN-EROSIÓN EN RECUBRIMIENTOS DE TiN/ZrN DEPOSITADOS SOBRE ACERO AISI 4140

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Aperador, Willian; Mejía, Aura S; Caicedo, Julio

2014-01-01

Se depositaron películas delgadas de nitruro de titanio/nitruro de zirconio sobre acero AISI 4140 mediante un sistema multi-blanco magnetrón pulverización (sputtering) con radiofrecuencia. El proceso se desarrolló bajo el sistema de rotación del sustrato que permitió situar el sustrato de frente a los blancos de titanio y zirconio, generando la super-red con periodos de 1, 50, 100 y 200 bicapas. Las multicapas fueron evaluadas frente a la sinergia corrosión-erosión en una solución compuesta p...

Nitrocarburación mediante el proceso TENIFER QDQ de aceros inoxidables austeníticos estabilizados : caracterización química y estudio de su comportamiento frente al desgaste y la corrosión

OpenAIRE

Bellas Muiño, Leonardo

2016-01-01

[Resumen]La nitrocarburación en baño de sales se utiliza para mejorar las propiedades tribológicas de los aceros inoxidables. Sin embargo, la aparición de carburos y nitruros de elementos de aleación en la capa externa puede tener efectos contraproducentes para su resistencia a la corrosión. Por este motivo, el proceso TENIFER®QPQ introduce una etapa de oxidación a altas temperaturas con objeto de formar una capa de magnetita (Fe3O4) que incrementa la resistencia a la corrosión...

INFLUENCIA DE LOS RECUBRIMIENTOS DÚPLEX SOBRE LAS PROPIEDADES MECÁNICAS Y RESISTENCIA AL DESGASTE DEL ACERO AISI 4140 BONIFICADO

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Francisco Javier Bolívar Osorio

Full Text Available El acero AISI 4140 es un acero de baja aleación al cromo/molibdeno de elevada resistencia mecánica y buena tenacidad, el cual se utiliza para la fabricación de piezas de maquinaria como piñones, cigüeñales, ejes de levas, etc. Sin embargo, su resistencia al desgaste es bastante limitada y suele ser mejorada mediante el tratamiento superficial de la nitruración. El propósito de este trabajo consistió en mejorar las propiedades mecánicas e incrementar la resistencia al desgaste del acero 4140 mediante la aplicación de un tratamiento superficial DUPLEX consistente en la nitruración líquida (conocida como Teniffer seguido del depósito de un recubrimiento duro de nitruro de titanio (TiN. La microestructura cristalina fue evaluada mediante difracción de rayos X, la morfología y la composición química fue determinada por microscopía SEM y espectroscopía de energía dispersiva de rayos X (EDS, las propiedades tribológicas fueron analizadas mediante mediciones en un tribómetro de tipo esfera sobre disco y la microdureza se determinó por el método Vickers. Las muestras tratadas con el recubrimiento dúplex mostraron una resistencia al desgaste 4 veces mayor que la muestra en estado bonificado, lo cual demuestra la aplicación potencial que tiene el acero 4140 sometido a este tratamiento dúplex.

TIG AISI-316 welds using an inert gas welding chamber and different filler metals: Changes in mechanical properties and microstructure

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Sánchez, A.

2010-12-01

Full Text Available This report analyses the influence of the use of an inert gas welding chamber with a totally inert atmosphere on the microstructure and mechanical properties of austenitic AISI 316L stainless steel TIG welds, using AISI ER316L, AISI 308L and Inconel 625 as filler metals. When compared with the typical TIG process, the use of the inert gas chamber induced changes in the microstructure, mainly an increase in the presence of vermicular ferrite and ferrite stringers, what resulted in higher yield strengths and lower values of hardness. Its effect on other characteristics of the joins, such as tensile strength, depended on the filler metal. The best combination of mechanical characteristics was obtained when welding in the inert gas chamber using Inconel 625 as filler metal.

En este estudio se analiza la influencia que el uso de una cámara de soldadura de gas inerte tiene sobre la microestructura y las propiedades mecánicas de las soldaduras TIG en el acero inoxidable austenítico AISI-316L cuando se emplean AISI ER316L, AISI 308L e Inconel 625 como materiales de aporte. Cuando se compara con el típico proceso de TIG, el uso de una cámara de gas inerte induce cambios en la microestructura, incrementando la presencia de ferrita vermicular y de laminillas de ferrita, resultando en un aumento del límite elástico y una pérdida de dureza. Su influencia sobre otras características de las soldaduras como la carga de rotura depende de la composición del material de aporte. La mejor combinación de propiedades mecánicas se obtuvo usando el Inconel 625 como material de aporte y soldando en la cámara de gas inerte.

Elasto-plastic hardening models adjustment to ferritic, austenitic and austenoferritic Rebar; Ajuste de los aceros corrugados ferríticos, austeníticos y austenoferríticos a los modelos de endurecimiento elastoplástico por deformación

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hortigóna, B.; Gallardo, J.M.; Nieto-García, E.J.; López, J.A.

2017-09-01

The elastoplastic behaviour of steel used for structural member fabrication has received attention to facilitate a mechanical-resistant design. New Zealand and South African standards have adopted various theoretical approaches to describe such behaviour in stainless steels. With respect to the building industry, describing the tensile behaviour of steel rebar used to produce reinforced concrete structures is of interest. Differences compared with the homogenous material described in the above mentioned standards and related literatures are discussed in this paper. Specifically, the presence of ribs and the TEMPCORE® technology used to produce carbon steel rebar may alter the elastoplastic model. Carbon steel rebar is shown to fit a Hollomon model giving hardening exponent values on the order of 0.17. Austenitic stainless steel rebar behaviour is better described using a modified Rasmussen model with a free fitted exponent of 6. Duplex stainless steel shows a poor fit to any previous model. [Spanish] Uno de los principales factores tenidos en cuenta en la fabricación de aceros estructurales es su comportamiento durante la fase elastoplástica o de endurecimiento por deformación. Normas neozelandesas y sudafricanas plantean diversas aproximaciones teóricas para describir dicho comportamiento en el caso de los aceros inoxidables. En el campo de la construcción resulta de interés la descripción del comportamiento tenso-deformacional de los aceros corrugados utilizados en las estructuras de hormigón armado. En este artículo se discuten los modelos planteados en las normas citadas anteriormente así como los existentes en la literatura tanto para los aceros corrugados inoxidables como para los aceros al carbono fabricados mediante el proceso denominado TEMPCORE® Los aceros TEMPCORE® analizados arrojan un valor del exponente de endurecimiento por deformación según el modelo de Hollomon de 0.17. Los aceros inoxidables austeníticos se ajustan mejor al modelo

RESISTENCIA A LA CORROSIÓN DE LAS MULTICAPAS DE [TIN/ALTIN]n DEPOSITADAS SOBRE ACERO AL CARBONO AISI 1045

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WILLIAM APERADOR

2011-01-01

Full Text Available En este artículo se presenta el mejoramiento frente a la corrosión de los recubrimientos multicapas de [TiN/AlTiN]n con periodos de 2, 6, 12 y 24 bicapas depositados mediante la técnica de PVD magnetrón Sputtering sobre acero al carbono AISI 1045. La evaluación electroquímica se realizó mediante las técnicas espectroscopia de impedancia electroquímica (EIS y curvas de polarización Tafel, en una solución de 0.5M de H2SO4 + 3.5% wt. de NaCl. La resistencia a la corrosión aumentó de forma gradual en función del número de bicapas en comparación al sustrato encontrando valores de velocidad de corrosión de 18.51 mpy para el sustrato sin recubrir y de 1x10 6 mpy para la muestra con 24 bicapas. Los resultados electroquímicos revelan el efecto positivo en cuanto a la protección superficial del acero 1045 con el incremento del periodo en las multicapas de [TiN /AlTiN]n.

Alternativa de protección contra la corrosión del acero AISI 310S mediante recubrimiento de aluminio bajo condiciones de platos separadores en celdas de combustible de carbonatos fundidos

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R. Orozco-Cruz

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Introducción: La celda de combustible de carbonatos fundidos (MCFC, por sus siglas en inglés convencional opera a 650°C. Consiste de un cátodo de NiO poroso y litiado, una mezcla eutéctica de carbonato de litio (Li2CO3 y carbonato de potasio (K2CO3 fundido en una matriz electrolitica de óxido de aluminio litiado (LiAlO2 y un ánodo poroso de Ni. Los platos separadores entre cada celda presentan problemas de corrosión. Ante eso, un acero inoxidable AISI 310S con recubrimiento fue estudiado en condiciones de un plato separador en una MCFC. Método: Se utilizó un acero inoxidable AISI 310S como sustrato (muestra A, aplicándole un recubrimiento de Al con (B y sin tratamiento térmico (C. Fueron expuestos en carbonatos fundidos (62 mol% Li2CO3 -38 mol% K2CO3 a 650 °C en crisoles de alúmina. El comportamiento electroquímico fue estudiado mediante la técnica de Espectroscopía de Impedancia Electroquimica (EIS. Para el análisis de los diagramas de impedancia, se utilizó el software de simulación “Boukamp Equivalent Circuit”. La sección transversal de las muestras corroídas fue caracterizada mediante Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido (SEM, por sus siglas en inglés y los productos formados por Difracción de rayos X (XRD, por sus siglas en inglés. Resultados: Los diagramas de EIS presentan aumentos y disminuciones en los semicírculos formados a altas frecuencias indicativo de disolución de la capa externa, aumento y disminución de la resistencia de esta última así como el posible rompimiento de ella. La técnica de XRD presentó fases LiFeO2, LiCrO2, -LiAlO2 y -LiAlO2 así como fases intermetálicas para las distintas condiciones de la muestra. De la misma manera, los análisis de SEM presentaron los espesores de cada una de las capas formadas. Discusión o Conclusión: En la muestra A, se formaron capas de LiFeO2 y LiCrO2 después de 200 horas de exposición. La capa de LiCrO2 aumenta por la difusión de Li hacia el

“MEDICION DE PARAMETROS GENERADORES DE ESFUERZOS RESIDUALES DURANTE EL PROCESO DE SOLDADURA DE ACERO INOXIDABLE AUSTENITICO AISI 304L”.

OpenAIRE

García López, Christian Jesus

2012-01-01

En la actualidad los procesos de soldadura por arco eléctrico se han convertido en la técnica por excelencia para la unión del acero y sus aleaciones. Se puede mencionar que la importancia de la soldadura, es tal, que sin ella no serían posibles muchos de los productos y servicios que cotidianamente son consumidos o requeridos por las sociedades contemporáneas actuales. Cada vez con mayor longitud y diámetro se instalan líneas de tubería para la distribución y conducción de tod...

EVALUACIÓN EXPERIMENTAL DE LA RESISTENCIA A LA CORROSIÓN DE UN ACERO AISI-SAE 4140 IMPLANTADO CON IONES DE NITRÓGENO

OpenAIRE

PEÑA, DARIO; FONTALVO, PAOLA; ESTUPIÑAN, HUGO; NIÑO, DANNIER; VESGA, WILSON

2009-01-01

Se estudió la resistencia a la corrosión de un acero AISI-SAE 4140 implantado con iones de Nitrógeno mediante la técnica 3DII (Implantación Iónica Tridimensional). Se evaluaron diferentes rugosidades de las muestras implantadas mediante técnicas electroquímicas de Rp, EIS y Tafel en una salmuera al 3% de NaCl, donde se obtuvo la mayor resistencia a la corrosión para el material implantado con menor rugosidad. Se produjo la formación de una posible capa protectora estable con la inmersión de l...

Recubrimientos de (ti,aln sobre acero aisi 4140 por sputtering reactivo

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DANNA GARCIA

2007-01-01

Full Text Available Empleando la técnica de Pulverización catódica con radiofrecuencia y magnetrón (Magnetron Sputtering RF, se prepararon películas de (Ti,AlN sobre sustratos de acero AISI 4140. Se utilizó un blanco formado con polvos metálicos de Ti y Al, con composición nominal 60% Ti y 40% Al (porcentaje en átomos y una razón de presiones parciales de nitrógeno - argón, PN2/PAr de 0,1 aproximadamente; la temperatura del sustrato se varió entre 260 y 330 ºC y el tiempo de deposición entre 2 y 4,5 horas para obtener películas con diferentes espesores. La composición química de las películas se determinó mediante la técnica de energía dispersada de rayos X (EDX, y su topografía mediante microscopía de fuerza atómica (AFM. Igualmente se midió micro dureza, y se determinó su comportamiento electroquímico mediante espectroscopia de impedancia electroquímica EIS y ensayos TAFEL. Las películas obtenidas presentaron granos globulares, uniformes y de pequeño diámetro, con características electroquímicas de protección al sustrato frente a procesos de corrosión.

Caracterización mediante HRTEM de un acero AISI4140 nitrurado por postdescarga micro-ondas

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Béjar-Gómez, L.

2005-12-01

Full Text Available An analysis of the nitrides formed in an AISI 4140 steel nitrided by postdischarge microwave nitriding treatment was carried out by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM, fast Fourier transform (FFT and nanoanalysis. The steel samples were nitrided below of the eutectoid transformation point (590 °C, after nitriding the samples were cooling slowly inside in the reactor whit an argon atmosphere. The analysis were carried out in a FEG-TEM PHILIPS TECNAI F20 at 200 Kv. The results showed the morphology and size of the nitrides ε-Fe_2-3N and γ’-Fe₄N, which had coherency whit the matrix. By other hand the following crystallographic relations were determined: (110 Fe-α ║ (1001 ε-Fe_2-3N ║ (110 γ’-Fe₄N and [1-1 0]Fe-α ║ [1 0-1 0] ε-Fe_2-3N ║ [0 1 1] Fe₄N.

Un análisis de las fases de nitruros formados en un acero AISI 4140, nitrurado mediante condiciones de postdescarga micro-ondas, se llevó a cabo por microscopía electrónica de transmisión de alta resolución (HRTEM, rápida transformada de Fourier (FFT y nanoanálisis. Las muestras de acero fueron nitruradas por debajo del punto de transformación eutectoide (590 °C; después del tratamiento de nitruración las piezas fueron enfriadas lentamente dentro del reactor con una atmósfera de argón. Los análisis se realizaron en un microscopio Philips con cañón de emisión de campo Tecnai F20 a 200 Kv (PHILIPS FEG-TEM TECNAI F20. Los resultados mostraron la morfología y tamaño de los nitruros de hierro ε-Fe_2-3N y γ’-Fe₄N, los cuáles mostraron coherencia con la matriz. Además, se obtuvo la siguiente relación de coherencia entre precipitados y matriz: (110 Fe-α ║ (1001 ε-Fe_2-3N ║ (110 γ’-Fe₄N y [1-1 0]Fe-α ║ [1 0-1 0] ε-Fe_2-3N ║ [0 1 1] Fe₄N.

termodinámico en placas de acero AISI 4140 y pistas de rodamiento utilizando adhesivos anaeróbicos

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Germán García

2006-01-01

Full Text Available Se evaluó el trabajo de adhesión termodinámico de placas planas de acero (AISI 4140 y AISI 52100 en contacto con dos adhesivos anaeróbicos de uso comercial, mediante la medición de los ángulos de contacto termodinámico de avance y retroceso obtenidos por el método de inmersión y emersión. Se utilizó el método de van Oss para calcular las componentes polares y no polares de adhesión para cada par metal-adhesivo. Se analizó también el efecto de la aplicación de un activador de superficie sobre el trabajo de adhesión en húmedo y se relacionaron los resultados con las características químicas y físicas de las placas. Los resultados indicaron que la aplicación del activador tuvo un efecto importante sobre la mojabilidad de los adhesivos, pero pequeña influencia en el trabajo de adhesión medido. Por otro lado, se encontraron diferencias importantes en la respuesta de los dos adhesivos estudiados, fundamentalmente en virtud de su composición química y propiedades reológicas.

Influencia de la soldadura sobre la rotura por tensiones en tubos de acero inoxidable austenitico del tipo 18-11NB(TP347

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Gutiérrez de Saiz-Solabarria, S.

2000-06-01

Full Text Available This work has been undertaken to study the stress cracking failure in various 18Cr11Ni [TP347 (18-11Nb, TP 321 (18-11 Ti, TP304 (18-11 and TP316 (18-11-2] types austenitic stainless steel tubes. The material used was produced hot-rolling at 76,2 mm φ (3"φ x 2,54 mm (1/10" thickness. The study was carried out at 593ºC and applied stress of 50 Ton/in2.

Se estudia el efecto de la soldadura sobre la rotura por tensiones en tubos de acero inoxidable austenítico estabilizado con Nb o Ti de los tipos 18-11Nb (TP 347 y 18-11Ti (TP 321 así como sin estabilizar del tipo 18-11 (TP 304 y con Mo del tipo 18-11-2 (TP 316. Los tubos, en todos los casos, son de dimensiones 76,2 mm (3” φ x 2,54 mm (1/10” de espesor y la tensión aplicada (σ de 10 Ton/in2, para una temperatura de servicio de 593ºC.

Estudio in vitro de la citotoxicidad y genotoxicidad de los productos liberados del acero inoxidable 316L con recubrimientos cerámicos bioactivos Cytotoxic and genotoxic study of in Vitro released products of stainless Steel 316l with bioactive ceramic Coatings

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María Elena Márquez Fernández

2007-03-01

Full Text Available El acero inoxidable AISI 316L es el biomaterial mas utilizado para la fabricación de implantes temporales, pero presenta limitaciones para implantes permanentes debido a la liberación de iones metálicos hacia los tejidos circundantes, produciendo especies reactivas de oxígeno (ERO y daño en ADN, factores que aumentan el riesgo de aparición de tumores locales y fallas mecánicas del implante. Una estrategia utilizada para disminuir la liberación de iones es la modificación superficial de los implantes metálicos por medio de recubrimientos inorgánicos, cerámicos o vítreos, aplicados por el método sol-gel, el cual presenta una serie de ventajas comparativas con otras técnicas de deposición, como buena adherencia, aplicación sencilla, mínimos problemas de secado, bajas temperaturas de densificación y posibilidad de agregar partículas y/o grupos orgánicos que mejoran la adherencia celular al implante aumentando su biocompatibilidad. En el presente trabajo se evaluaron los efectos citotóxico por medio de la técnica MTT, y genotóxico por electroforesis en gel de células individuales (Ensayo Cometa, sobre células de la línea celular CHO, de los productos liberados en medio MEM por el acero inoxidable 316L sin recubrir, recubierto con una monocapa de vidrio de sílice (MC, o con doble capa que contiene partículas bioactivas de hidroxiapatita (HA, vidrio (V o vitrocerámico (VC, después de un periodo de 30 días. Los resultados muestran que a los 30 días de envejecimiento en medio MEM no se encuentra ningún efecto citotóxico, pero se encontró efecto genotóxico en las probetas de A y MC que no representa un peligro inminente a sistemas celulares. The stainless steel AISI 316L is the must used biomaterial for the making of temporal prosthesis, but it presents severe limitations for permanent implants due to the generation and migration of metallic ions to the surrounding peripheral tissues, which produces oxygen reactive

Structure and properties of the Stainless steel AISI 316 nitrided with microwave plasma; Estructura y propiedades del acero inoxidable AISI 316 nitrurado con plasmas de microondas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Becerril R, F

1999-07-01

In this work were presented the results obtained by nitridation on stainless steel AISI 316 using a plasma generated through a microwave discharge with an external magnetic field using several moistures hydrogen / nitrogen to form a plasma. The purpose of nitridation was to increase the surface hardness of stainless steel through a phase formation knew as {gamma}N which has been reported that produces such effect without affect the corrosion resistance proper of this material. (Author)

PROTECCIÓN CONTRA LA CORROSIÓN POR SALES FUNDIDAS DE UN ACERO AL CARBONO POR ROCIADO TERMICO

OpenAIRE

JOSE MARULANDA; ANDRÉS GARCÍA; JOSE VITOLA

2009-01-01

Se evaluó la corrosión por sales fundidas mediante la técnica gravimétrica en un acero de bajo carbono rociado térmicamente con una aleación de acero inoxidable, en una mezcla de sal con 20% Na2SO4 - 80% V2O5, entre 700ºC - 850ºC. Los resultados de las pruebas gravimétricas mostraron una deficiente protección de la capa rociada térmicamente y se presentó alta degradación en el recubrimiento protector, debido a que las temperaturas de exposición fueron mayores que las temperaturas de fusión de...

Estudio mediante difracción de rayos X de las tensiones residuales producidas durante el depósito de películas delgadas de TiN sobre sustratos metálicos

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Mónica Monsalve

2010-01-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo se analizó la influencia que tiene el espesor de la película y el tipo de sustrato en el nivel y tipo de esfuerzos residuales generados en recubrimientos de TiN obtenidos por dos técnicas de deposición física en fase vapor: pulverización catódica con magnetrón e implantación iónica. Los sustratos utilizados fueron un acero inoxidable AISI 304 y un acero de herramientas AISI M2. Las tensiones residuales, las fases presentes y la orientación cristalográfica de las películas depositadas fueron obtenidas mediante análisis de difracción de rayos X por incidencia rasante. Se encontró que los esfuerzos residuales fueron mayores en las películas depositadas por la técnica de pulverización catódica con magnetrón que en las depositadas por la técnica de implantación iónica. En ambos casos estos esfuerzos son de compresión y disminuyen en la medida que aumenta el espesor de la película. Esto se debe a la forma como se entrega la energía, la capa en crecimiento y el momentum de las partículas ionizadas, lo que influye directamente en la microestructura y aumento o disminución de los esfuerzos residuales. En cuanto al tipo de sustrato se obtuvieron esfuerzos mayores en las películas depositadas sobre el acero AISI 304 que en las depositadas sobre el acero AISI M2, lo cual se debe posiblemente a que este último acero tiene un menor coeficiente de expansión térmica.

EVALUACIÓN EXPERIMENTAL DE LA RESISTENCIA A LA CORROSIÓN DE UN ACERO AISI-SAE 4140 IMPLANTADO CON IONES DE NITRÓGENO

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DARIO PEÑA

2009-01-01

Full Text Available Se estudió la resistencia a la corrosión de un acero AISI-SAE 4140 implantado con iones de Nitrógeno mediante la técnica 3DII (Implantación Iónica Tridimensional. Se evaluaron diferentes rugosidades de las muestras implantadas mediante técnicas electroquímicas de Rp, EIS y Tafel en una salmuera al 3% de NaCl, donde se obtuvo la mayor resistencia a la corrosión para el material implantado con menor rugosidad. Se produjo la formación de una posible capa protectora estable con la inmersión de las muestras en el electrolito de trabajo para tiempos superiores a 240 horas.

Evaluación del comportamiento a fatiga de una unión soldada a tope de acero AISI 1015//Evaluation of the fatigue behaviour of a butt welded joint of AISI 1015 steel

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Pavel Michel Almaguer‐Zaldivar

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Las uniones soldadas son un componente importante de una estructura, por lo que siempre es necesario conocer la respuesta de las mismas sometidas a cargas cíclicas. El objetivo de este trabajo es obtener la curva S-N de una unión soldada a tope de acero AISI 1015 y electrodo E6013 como material de aporte. Los ensayos a fatiga se realizaron de acuerdo a la norma ASTM en una máquina universal MTS810. Se utilizaron probetas de sección rectangular. El ciclo de carga fueasimétrico a tracción, con un coeficiente de asimetría de 0,1. Se obtuvo que la unión estudiada tiene un límite de resistencia a la fatiga de 178 MPa, a un punto de corte de 2 039 093 ciclos.Palabras claves: unión soldada, fatiga, curva S-N, AISI 1015, electrodo E6013._______________________________________________________________________________AbstractWelded joints are an important component in structures, by this reason is necessary to know the behaviour of these elements under cyclic loads. The objective of this work is to obtain the S-N curve of the butt welded joint of AISI 1015 steel and electrode E6013 as the contribution material. Fatiguetest was realized within the ASTM standard in the MTS810 testing machine. Rectangular cross section specimens was used. Cyclic loads was asymmetric tensile and the asymmetry ratio used was 0,1. In this study was obtained the fatigue limit equal to 178 MPa, at the cut point of 2 039 093 cycles.Key words: welded joint, fatigue, S-N curve, AISI 1015 steel, electrode E6013.

Evaluación experimental de la resistencia a la corrosión de un acero aisi-sae 4140 implantado con iones de nitrógeno

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PEÑA, DARIO; FONTALVO, PAOLA; ESTUPIÑAN, HUGO; NIÑO, DANNIER; VESGA, WILSON

2010-01-01

Se estudió la resistencia a la corrosión de un acero AISI-SAE 4140 implantado con iones de Nitrógeno mediante la técnica 3DII (Implantación Iónica Tridimensional). Se evaluaron diferentes rugosidades de las muestras implantadas mediante técnicas electroquímicas de Rp, EIS y Tafel en una salmuera al 3% de NaCl, donde se obtuvo la mayor resistencia a la corrosión para el material implantado con menor rugosidad. Se produjo la formación de una posible capa protectora estable con la inmersión de l...

Losas de concreto reforzadas con acero inoxidable de desecho Reinforced concrete slabs with stainless steel waste

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Jorge Alberto Pérez González

2008-08-01

Full Text Available Se muestran los resultados de un programa experimental que explora la reutilización de materiales de desecho industrial (específicamente láminas de acero inoxidable producto de la acuñación de moneda como refuerzo en losas de concreto. Para ello se elaboraron 23 especímenes tipo viga-losa a escala natural con dicho refuerzo a fin de determinar su comportamiento en términos de resistencia, ductilidad y formas de falla; el análisis experimental de modelos ensayados con diferentes cantidades de refuerzo muestra que en algunos casos, bajo ciertas condiciones de cuantías y colocación del mismo, es posible alcanzar capacidades de carga y formas de falla similares a las de especímenes de control con refuerzo tradicional. En base a estos resultados se concluye en la factibilidad de utilizar el material arriba descrito como refuerzo alternativo en elementos estructurales de concreto, tratando de encontrar alternativas más económicas en la construcción de vivienda popular.The results from an experimental program that explores the use of industrial waste materials (specifically sheets of stainless steel that result of the currency coinage as reinforcement for concrete slabs are presented. Twenty three full size beam-deck specimens were built in order to measure resistance, ductility and failure modes; the experimental analysis in models with reinforcement in different quantities shows that in some cases, under certain quantities and location, it is possible to reach similar load capacities and failure modes as specimens with traditional reinforcement. Based on these results, it is concluded the feasibility of using the material described above as alternative reinforcement in structural concrete elements, as an economic option in the construction of social housing.

“ESTUDIO DE CORROSIÓN DE LOS ACEROS DÚPLEX 2205, AISI 1018 Y LA UNIÓN SOLDADA, EN UN DIGESTOR PARA LA FABRICACIÓN DE PAPEL”

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Vázquez Navarro, Brenda Alondra

2012-01-01

El presente trabajo, se realizó en el laboratorio del departamento de corrosión, del Instituto de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas, de la Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Se estudió la corrosión en el digestor de cocción continua modificada, que se ubica en la planta de papel de la Corporación Scribe en la Ciudad de Morelia, Michoacán. El digestor en estudio, está fabricado principalmente de acero al carbono AISI 1018. En la zona media inferior de este equipo, p...

Efecto de los ciclos térmicos sobre la ZAT de una soldadura multipasos de un acero inoxidable superdúplex SAF 2507 Effect of thermal cycles on the HAZ of a stainless steel multipass weld of superduplex SAF 2507

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D. Villalobos

2010-09-01

Full Text Available Los ciclos térmicos de una soldadura multipasos que experimenta un acero inoxidable superdúplex SAF 2507, pueden promover la precipitación de fases secundarias reduciendo significativamente las propiedades mecánicas y la resistencia a la corrosión. Debido a su aplicación en la industria petroquímica, el estudio de las aleaciones superdúplex es de suma importancia para predecir su comportamiento en servicio cuando están involucrados procesos de soldadura por arco eléctrico. En este trabajo, se estudia el cambio microestructural de la zona afectada térmicamente correspondiente al primer cordón depositado de una unión multipasos de acero inoxidable superdúplex SAF 2507 mediante el proceso GTAW y bajo tres temperaturas de interpasos. Los resultados muestran que la temperatura de interpasos tiene una influencia sobre la precipitación de fase sigma en la zona afectada térmicamente del primer cordón depositado.Thermal cycles experienced by a superduplex stainless steel SAF 2507 when is welded, can promote the precipitation of secondary phases which decrease the mechanical properties as well as the corrosion resistance. Due to the application of the duplex alloys in the petrochemical industry, the study of these alloys has become very important in order to predict its service behavior. The aim of this work is to study the microstructural changes in the superduplex stainless steel weld joint after applying the GTAW process under three interpass temperatures after the deposition of every single pass. The results showed that slow cooling rates promoted by the deposition of the subsecuent passes and the higher interpass temperature, promote the precipitation of sigma phase in the HAZ while rapid cooling rates promoted by the lower interpass temperature do not promote the sigma phase precipitation.

Influencia de la fase sigma en la laminación en frío de los aceros inoxidables dúplex

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Fargas, G.

2004-04-01

Full Text Available One of the steps in the industrial rolling process of duplex stainless steels is the annealing heat treatment after hot rolling. If this annealing is performed in a temperature range that favours the precipitation of intermetallic phases, the mechanical properties can be modified considerably. The formation of these precipitates has a detrimental effect on the DSS ductility and toughness, so it will be a drawback for further cold rolling. In the present investigation, the effect of the sigma phase during cold rolling of a duplex stainless steel type EN 1.4462 has been studied. To simulate this process, compression tests up to a thickness reduction similar to that performed at industrial level have been done. The testing samples were studied by optical microscopy, SEM (scanning electronic microscopy and TEM (transmission electronic microscopy. Afterwards, some of the annealing conditions were selected in order to carry out cold rolling, using a laboratory scale machine, with the aim to observe if they offered a similar behaviour as that experienced in the compression tests. The results show that only the annealing condition at 975ºC during 10 minutes allows to produce sheets without rolling defects.

Una de las etapas en el proceso de fabricación industrial de los aceros inoxidables dúplex laminados es el tratamiento térmico de recocido posterior a la laminación en caliente. Si dicho recocido se efectúa en un rango de temperaturas que favorezca la formación de fases intermetálicas, las propiedades mecánicas del material pueden modificarse notablemente. La presencia en la microestructura bifásica de dichos precipitados provoca efectos muy perjudiciales sobre la ductilidad y la tenacidad del material, pudiendo llegar a hacer inviable la posterior etapa de laminación en frío. En el presente trabajo se ha estudiado el efecto sobre el proceso de laminación en frío de la presencia de fase sigma en un acero dúplex tipo E.N. 1

A comparison of tensile, fracture and fatigue mechanical behaviour of structural reinforcing bars made with different steels

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Rodríguez, C.

2013-09-01

Full Text Available The use of austenitic stainless steels as rebar is an option increasingly used in reinforced concrete structures exposed to aggressive environments and especially those that have to work in marine environments. The same is true for duplex stainless steel rebars, although nowadays they have a lower use, mainly due to the fact that their inclusion in the reinforced concrete standards was delayed 10 years compared to austenitic stainless steel ones, and consequently their in-service behavior is not as well known. A study of the mechanical properties, including fracture toughness, fatigue behaviour and corrosion resistance in saline alkaline environments of austenitic (AISI 304LN and 316LN and duplex (D2205 stainless steel reinforcing bars was performed in this work. Bars made on a high ductility carbon steel (B500SD that are normally used to reinforce concrete were also characterized and used as a comparison. Stainless steel reinforcing bars show mechanical properties at least similar but usually higher than one of the best carbon steel re-bars (B500SD, along with a significantly higher ductility and, of course, much better corrosion behaviour in saline alkaline environments.El uso de aceros inoxidables austeníticos como armaduras de refuerzo es una opción cada vez más utilizada en estructuras de hormigón armado expuestas a ambientes agresivos y especialmente en las que han de trabajar en ambientes marinos. Lo mismo cabe decir de las armaduras de acero inoxidable dúplex, si bien su uso es menor, debido sobre todo a que su inclusión en la normativa aplicable al armado de hormigón se retrasó 10 años con respecto a los inoxidables austeníticos y, consecuentemente, su comportamiento en servicio es menos conocido. En este trabajo se analiza el comportamiento mecánico, incluyendo fractura y fatiga, así como la resistencia a la corrosión en medios que simulan un hormigón contaminado de cloruros, de armaduras fabricadas tanto con

Efecto de la biopelícula en la corrosión de aceros inoxidables

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Bethencourt, M.

2010-02-01

Full Text Available In this work, the influence of the biofilms in the corrosion process of different alloys of stainless steel was studied in two sampling points in a wastewater treatment plant during 4 years. The physicochemical microenvironment within the biofilms was characterized through O₂, H₂S and pH microelectrodes. Corrosion rates were quantified from the number, diameter and depth of pits. The results show a remarkable development of the biofilm and a significantly greater number of pits in the grit removal channel than in the sludge recirculation channel. Based on the characteristics of the water phase and microelectrode measurements, our results suggest that biofilms induced corrosion throughout 3 mechanisms: creation of differential aeration cells, areas with different pH and areas having high sulphide production which may react with metal ions.

En este trabajo se ha estudiado la influencia de las biopelículas en los procesos de corrosión de diferentes aleaciones de acero inoxidable, situadas durante 4 años en dos puntos de una estación depuradora de aguas residuales. Se caracterizó el microambiente físico-químico en el interior de las biopelículas mediante microelectrodos de O₂, H_2S y pH, y se cuantificaron las tasas de corrosión a partir del número, diámetro y profundidad de picadura. Los resultados obtenidos muestran un desarrollo más notable de las biopelículas y un número de picaduras significativamente mayor en el canal de salida de desbastes que en el canal de recirculación de fangos. Con base en las características del agua sobrenadante y en las medidas realizadas con microelectrodos, se sugiere que la biopelícula induce la corrosión a través de tres posibles mecanismos: creación de celdas de aireación diferencial, zonas con diferente pH y zonas con elevada producción de sulfuro capaz de reaccionar con iones metálicos.

Estudio de la susceptibilidad de un acero inoxidable austenítico estabilizado con niobio al dañado por tensocorrosión en medio H₂S (SSC y corrosión intergranular (IGC en otros medios agresivos

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Gutiérrez de Saiz-Solabarría, S.

1998-05-01

Full Text Available Behavior to hydrogen damage caused by stress corrosion in a H₂S medium (SSC and to intergranular corrosion (IGC in different mediums, such as oxalic acid (C2H₂O₄-2H₂0, iron sulphate-50 % sulfuric acid [Fe₂(SO₄₃-50 % H₂SO₄], nitric acid (HNO₃, copper sulphate-16 % sulfuric acid (CuSO₄-5H₂O-16 % H₂SO₄ and cooper sulphate-50 % sulfuric acid (CuSO₄-5H₂O-50 % H₂SO₄, is studied in an AISI 347 austenitic stainless steel stabilized with 0.61 mass % Nb and hot rolled to a seamless pipe with 273.1 mm in diameter and 18.2 mm in thickness.

Se estudia el comportamiento de un acero inoxidable austenítico del tipo AISI 347 estabilizado con un 0,61 % en masa de Nb, laminado en caliente para producir una tubería sin soldadura de 273,1 mm de diámetro y 18,2 mm de espesor, frente al dañado por hidrógeno generado por tensocorrosión en medio H₂S (SSC y frente a la corrosión intergranular (IGC en diferentes medios agresivos tales como ácido oxálico (C₂H₂O₄∙2H₂O, sulfato de hierro-50% ácido sulfúrico [Fe₂ (SO₄₃-50 % H₂SO₄], ácido nítrico (HNO₃, sulfato de cobre-16% ácido sulfúrico (CuSO₄-5H₂O-16 % H₂SO₄ y sulfato de cobre-50 % ácido sulfúrico (CuSO₄-5H₂O-50 % H₂SO₄, respectivamente.

Ductility in a new low nickel stainless steel for reinforced concrete

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Cobo, A.

2011-12-01

Full Text Available This paper discusses the stress-strain curves for a new low nickel stainless steel, a conventional AISI 304 stainless steel and a carbon steel commonly used in reinforced concrete structures. Ductility was studied in terms of ultimate tensile strength (f_max, elastic limit (f_y and total elongation at maximum force [ultimate strain; uniform elongation] (ε_max. The three materials were assessed with internationally accepted criteria, such as plastic rotational capacity, necking region and the toughness index (total energy absorbed at uniform elongation. The findings were compared to the properties of three types of conventional reinforcing steel: 500SD, 500N and 500H (EC-2.

En este trabajo se presentan los diagramas tensióndeformación de un nuevo acero inoxidable con bajo contenido en níquel, un inoxidable convencional AISI 304 y un acero al carbono de uso común en estructuras de hormigón armado. Dicha ductilidad se ha estudiado determinando la tensión máxima (f_max, la tensión en el límite elástico (f_y y la deformación bajo carga máxima (ε_max. Los tres materiales se han evaluado utilizando criterios aceptados internacionalmente, como son el índice p (capacidad de rotación plástica, el índice A* (área plástica de endurecimiento y el índice de tenacidad I_d (energía total absorbida en el punto de alargamiento bajo carga máxima, los resultados obtenidos se han comparado con los aceros convencionales de armaduras 500SD, 500N y 500H (EC-2.

Evaluación de diferentes aceros para la evolución de hidrógeno en KOH

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Falk Michel Julke

2014-05-01

Full Text Available Se estudió el comportamiento electroquímico de los diferentes tipos de aceros comerciales de bajo costo (A36, 430 y 304 como electrodos para la obtención de hidrógeno. El propósito de este trabajo fue estudiar la evolución de hidrógeno, para lo cual se utilizaron técnicas electroquímicas como cronoamperometría y curvas voltamperométricas, en diferentes concentraciones de KOH (5% y 25% m/m. El acero inoxidable 304 en una concentración de 25%m/m tuvo el mejor desempeño, pues en estas condiciones el inicio de liberación de hidrógeno disminuyó y presentó el menor requerimiento de potencial para su uso como placa bipolar.

Síntesis y caracterización de recubrimientos de tin, tic y ticn sobre acero aisi 4340

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Héctor E. Jaramillo Suárez

2004-01-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo se crecieron películas de TiN, TiC y TiCN sobre aceros AISI 4340, con el objeto de comparar los resultados estructurales, morfológicos y mecánicos al crecerlos sobre un mismo substrato. Se utilizó un láser pulsado Nd: YAG con energía de 500mJ, longitud de onda de 1064 nm y tasa de repetición de 10 Hz. Mediante microscopia de Fuerza Atómica AFM, se observó que los recubrimientos presentan alta homogeneidad y tamaño de grano fino. Por Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido se determinó presencia de microgotas en los recubrimientos. Se aplicó prueba de tensión para determinar la adhesión de las películas; aplicando cargas máximas de 60 Kgf, los recubrimientos no mostraron señales de desprendimiento del substrato. A todos los recubrimientos se les sometió a prueba de dureza Rockwell C, con el fin de determinar la resistencia a la fractura, indicando que estos recubrimientos son aptos para diferentes aplicaciones en la industria.

Evaluación del coeficiente de endurecimiento del acero AISI 1045 deformado por rodillo

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D. Alcántara

2011-12-01

Full Text Available El objetivo del trabajo es determinar el comportamiento del coeficiente de endurecimiento n por la ecuación de Hollomon en muestras cilíndricas de acero AISI 1045, las cuales, después de ser deformadas, se sometieron a ensayos de tracción. Se utiliza un diseño de experimento donde se tienen en cuenta las variables número de revolución (n con 27, 54 y 110 rev/min, fuerza de compresión (P de 500, 1 500 y   2 500 N y avance (S de 0,075; 0,125 y 0,25 mm/rev. Finalmente, aplicando el método de regresión se obtuvo un coeficiente de endurecimiento, el cual se aproxima a la linealidad cuando restringimos el cálculo a rangos de deformación elevados. Este coeficiente de endurecimiento se aplica en la ecuación de Hollomon para determinar el nuevo valor de tensión de fluencia y aplicarlo para el cálculo del trabajo mínimo a realizar en un proceso de deformación en frío empleando rodillo simple.   Palabras clave: Deformación Plástica; tensión; deformación; endurecimiento.The objective of the work is to determine the behavior of the hardening coefficient n by the equation of Hollomon, in cylindrical samples of steel AISI 1045, those which, after the deformed, were subjected to traction rehearsals. He used an experiment design where are kept in mind the revolution number (n with 27, 54 and 110 rev/min, it compression forces (P of 500, 1 500 and 2 500 N and feed (S of 0.075; 0.125 and 0.25 mm/rev. Finally, applying the regression method a hardening coefficient was obtained, which approaches to the linearity when restrict the calculation to high ranges of deformation. This hardening coefficient is applied in the equation of Hollomon for determine the new value of flow tension and to apply in the calculation of the minimum work to carry out in a cold process of deformation using simple roller.   Keywords: Plastic deformation; stress; deformation; hardening.

Comportamiento del acero de baja aleación SA-508 y del acero al carbono A-410b en las condiciones de operación y parada del circuito primario de los reactores de agua ligera tipo PWR

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García-Redondo, María del Sol

2000-04-01

Full Text Available The corrosion rate of low alloy steel SA-508 and carbon steel A-410b in simulated operation and shutdown conditions of pressurized water reactor has been determined. Moreover potentiodynamic polarization curves and galvanic effect through coupling of AISI-304 have been carried out under shutdown simulated condition.

En este trabajo se ha determinado la cinética de corrosión del acero de baja aleación SA-508 y del acero al carbono A-410b en condiciones que simulan la operación y la parada de los reactores de agua ligera a presión. También se han realizado curvas de polarización potenciodinámica y se ha estudiado el acoplamiento galvánico con AISI-304 en condiciones de parada de los reactores de agua ligera a presión.

Aplicación del ensayo miniatura de embutido para la evaluación de la tenacidad a temperaturas criogénicas de aceros inoxidables austeníticos envejecidos isotérmicamente

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Saucedo-Muñoz, M. L.

2003-10-01

Full Text Available Two types of austenitic stainless steels JJl and JNl were isothermally aged at temperatures from 873 to 1173 K for 10 to 1000 min in order to study the microstructural evolution and its effect on fracture toughness at cryogenic temperatures. The Charpy V-Notch (CVN and Small-Punch (SPTesting methods were conducted at 77 K to evaluate the toughness of both solution treated and aged specimens. The fracture energy at 77 K determined for both methods showed a significant decrease with aging time for both steels. A linear correlation between the fracture energies of both methods was found. The intergranular precipitation of carbides and nitrides was responsible for the fracture toughness deterioration. The scanning electron microscope fractographs showed an intergranular brittle fracture and its fraction also increased with aging time and temperature. The presence of a more abundant intergranular precipitation resulted in a more rapid decrease in fracture toughness with aging time in JNl steel due to its higher content of C and N, compared to that of JJl steel.

Dos tipos de aceros inoxidables austeníticos, JJl y JNl, se envejecieron isotérmicamente a temperaturas entre 873 y 1.173 K por tiempos de 10 a 1.000 min, para estudiar la evolución microestructural y su efecto sobre la tenacidad a la fractura a temperaturas criogénicas. Los métodos de ensayo de impacto Charpy y el ensayo miniatura de embutido se llevaron a cabo a 77 K para evaluar la tenacidad de las muestras tratadas térmicamente. La energía de fractura determinada por ambos métodos mostró una disminución con el tiempo de envejecido para ambos aceros. Se encontró una relación lineal entre ambos valores de energía. La precipitación intergranular de carburos y nitruros fue la responsable de la pérdida de la tenacidad en las muestras envejecidas. La fractografía indicó que la fractura intergranular se incrementa con la temperatura y el tiempo de envejecido. La presencia

Caracterización y propiedades mecánicas a alta temperatura de un acero inoxidable dúplex

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Jiménez, J. A.

1998-05-01

Full Text Available The microstructure and mechanical behavior at high temperature of a thermomechanical processed duplex stainless steel have been studied. Recrystalization of the material takes place during heating to test temperature, and a microstructure consisting of islands of austenitic grains of about 10-15 μm in size included in a more or less continuous matrix of ferrite is observed. Tensile tests at temperatures above 1,000°C and at low strain rates show a stress exponent of about 2 and elongations to failure up to 290 %. These values suggest that deformation is controlled by a grain boundary sliding mechanism, which causes a decrease in the size of the islands during deformation. Finally, an activation energy for plastic deformation of 167 kJ/mol was observed that was related to the activation energy for grain boundary diffusion of iron.

Se ha estudiado la microestructura y el comportamiento mecánico a alta temperatura de un acero inoxidable dúplex procesado termomecánicamente. Durante el calentamiento a la temperatura de ensayo, el material recristaliza y se obtiene una microestructura de granos austeníticos de tamaños comprendidos entre 10 y 15 μm agrupados en islas incluidas en una matriz más o menos continua de ferrita. Ensayos de tracción a temperaturas superiores a 1.000°C y bajas velocidades de deformación muestran un exponente de la tensión igual a 2 y alargamientos a rotura de hasta 290 %. Estos valores permiten asociar el mecanismo de deformación al deslizamiento de fronteras de grano, el cual determina la desaparición progresiva de las islas de granos austeníticos durante la deformación. Finalmente, se encontró un valor de 167 kJ/mol para la energía de activación de la deformación plástica, la cual se relacionó con la energía de autodifusión del hierro a lo largo de las fronteras de grano.

Soldadura TIG de los aceros inoxidables dúplex del tipo 22-05 (Uranus 45N y Avesta. Estudio de la microestructura y de las propiedades mecánicas

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Gómez de Salazar, J. M.

1998-05-01

Full Text Available TIG welding of two different duplex stainless steels is carried out. Arc-discharge on base-material plates by means of the TIG technique without filler metal and varying the energetic conditions (E.N.A. has been performed, A comparative study concerning the microstructural evolution as well as mechanical properties is carried out, The relation between hardness profiles, the microstructural variations and the ferrita δ concentration is established. Further, the above mentioned properties are related to the E.N.A. for each welded joint.

Se estudia la soldadura TIG de dos aceros inoxidables dúplex. Para ello, se ha descargado un arco sobre las chapas de material base mediante la técnica TIG, sin aportación de material y variando las E.N.A. Se realiza un estudio comparativo de la evolución microestructural, así como de las propiedades mecánicas. Se establece la relación entre los perfiles de dureza obtenidos y la variación microestructural y de la concentración de ferrita δ, así como estas propiedades con el E.N.A, de cada cordón.

Separación selectiva de hierro y cromo de las lejías agotadas del decapado de acero inoxidable

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Gálvez, J. L.

2005-12-01

Full Text Available Stainless steel spent pickling baths are very complex solutions of metals and acids (HNO₃ and HF and are a very important environmental concern. Several processes have been developed for acid recovery (free and bounded acid with techniques like acid retardation, solvent extraction, evaporation and dialysis diffusion. In these processes, metallic content is precipitated and treated for its disposal. We have developed a process that permits the separation of metals by means of a selective precipitation, induced by adding free fluoride. Iron (Fe and chromium (Cr precipitate as pentafluorides and nitrogennickel (Ni remains in solution. After this stage, complex fluorides can be hydrolized with alkali to give iron and chromium hydroxides, releasing fluoride in solution

Los baños ácidos agotados del decapado de acero inoxidable son disoluciones muy complejas debido al alto contenido de metales y ácidos (HNO₃ y HF, por lo que constituyen un grave problema medioambiental. Existen tratamientos comerciales para la recuperación del ácido (libre o complejado que se basan en técnicas de retardo ácido, extracción con disolventes, evaporación o membranas. En estos procesos el contenido metálico es precipitado y tratado como un residuo. El grupo de investigación formado por los autores del presente trabajo ha desarrollado un procedimiento que permite el aprovechamiento de dichos metales mediante su recuperación selectiva con una técnica de precipitación modificada inducida por fluoruro libre. Se consigue la precipitación de hierro (Fe y cromo (Cr como pentafluoruros (pH 3-4,5 dejando el níquel en disolución. Posteriormente, los fluoruros complejos son hidrolizados con álcali dando lugar a hidróxidos de hierro y cromo, mientras que el fluoruro es redisuelto.

Relaciones cuantitativas entre los contenidos de azufre y de sulfuros en los aceros inoxidables tipo AISI 303: influencia de la composición química de los sulfuros

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Botella, J.; Merino, C.; Heredia, M. A.; Almagro, J.

1999-01-01

The work has been done with ten AISI 303 stainless steel rods which have similar chemical compositions, except for sulphur which varies between 0.25 and 0.36%. These steels are studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry (EDX). The sulphides are chemically microanalysed and the occupied volume determined by automatic image analysis. It can be inferred that the chemical composition of sulphides in AISI 303 steels is variable to some extent even though...

Comportamiento a fatiga del vástago de una prótesis para cadera al caminar//Fatigue behavior stem hip prosthesis for walking

OpenAIRE

Ángel Martínez-Delfín; Javier García-de-la-Figal-Costales; Luís Manuel Rodríguez-Milián; Reynaldo Rodríguez-Pérez

2014-01-01

La prótesis de cadera consiste en sustituir la parte superior fracturada del fémur por una pieza de material biocompatible. Debido a las cargas aleatorias que sobre esta prótesis actúan al caminar la persona injertada, surge la fatiga sobre la prótesis. En este trabajo se realiza el cálculo a fatiga del vástago de una prótesis de caderas fabricada con acero inoxidable austenítico AISI 316L GrQ y de uso actual. Para ellose emplea el método de los elementos finitos, considerando la compleja geo...

Low temperature plasma carburizing of AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel and AISI F51 duplex stainless steel Cementação sob plasma à baixa temperatura do aço inoxidável austenítico AISI 316L e do aço inoxidável duplex AISI F51

OpenAIRE

Carlos Eduardo Pinedo; André Paulo Tschiptschin

2013-01-01

In this work an austenitic AISI 316L and a duplex AISI F51 (EN 1.4462) stainless steel were DC-Plasma carburized at 480ºC, using CH4 as carbon carrier gas. For the austenitic AISI 316L stainless steel, low temperature plasma carburizing induced a strong carbon supersaturation in the austenitic lattice and the formation of carbon expanded austenite (γC) without any precipitation of carbides. The hardness of the carburized AISI 316L steel reached a maximum of 1000 HV due to ∼13 at% c...

Resistencia al desgaste de recubrimientos Fe-Nb-Cr-W, Nb, AISI 1020 y AISI 420 producidos por proyección térmica por arco eléctrico

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López-Covaleda, E. A.

2013-10-01

Full Text Available The commercial materials 140MXC (with iron, tungsten, chrome, niobium, 530AS (AISI 1015 steel and 560AS (AISI 420 steel on AISI 4340 steel were deposited using thermal spray with arc. The aim of work was to evaluate the best strategy abrasive wear resistance of the system coating-substrate using the following combinations: (1 homogeneous coatings and (2 coatings depositing simultaneously 140MXC + 530AS and 140MXC + 560AS. The coatings microstructure was characterized using Optical microscopy, Scanning electron microscopy and Laser confocal microscopy. The wear resistance was evaluated through dry sand rubber wheel test (DSRW. We found that the wear resistance depends on the quantity of defects and the mechanical properties like hardness. For example, the softer coatings have the biggest wear rates and the failure mode was characterized by plastic deformation caused by particles indentation, and the other hand the failure mode at the harder materials was grooving. The details and wear mechanism of the coatings produced are described in this investigation.Mediante proyección térmica de arco eléctrico fueron depositados tres materiales comercialmente conocidos como: 140MXC (a base de hierro, wolframio, cromo y niobio, 530AS (acero AISI 1020 y 560AS (acero AISI 420, sobre acero AISI 4340. Con el objetivo de evaluar la mejor estrategia para incrementar la resistencia al desgaste abrasivo, los recubrimientos fueron depositados de dos formas: (1 monocapas homogéneas de cada material y (2 recubrimientos depositando con alambres disimiles de 140MXC + 530AS y 140MXC + 560AS. Los recubrimientos fueron caracterizados microestructuralmente mediante Difracción de rayos X, Microscopía óptica, Microscopía láser confocal y Microscopía electrónica de barrido. La evaluación de la resistencia al desgaste abrasivo se realizó mediante ensayo con arena seca y rueda de caucho (DSRW. Se encontró que la resistencia al desgaste depende entre otras de las

Una herramienta para la selección automatizada de aceros en el contexto // A tool for the automated selection of steels in the Mechanical Engineering´s context

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L. Dumitrescu

2010-01-01

Full Text Available ResumenEl diseno de Ingenieria de un producto o componente constituye una actividad dificil, compleja ymultidisciplinaria, enfocada a la resolucion de problemas. En el presente trabajo se muestra eldesarrollo de una herramienta automatizada para la seleccion de los aceros mas utilizados en laconstruccion de maquinarias. La herramienta constituye una ayuda para la seleccion de losmateriales desde la etapa conceptual del proceso de diseno, donde se identifican las diferentescategorias de materiales a utilizar. La herramienta comprende las caracteristicas y propiedades masrelevantes de los aceros de Ingenieria disponibles en seis normas internacionales: Japonesa (JIS,Alemana (DIN, Vbn, DIN-Vbn, Rusa (GOST, Americana (AISI, SAE, AISI-SAE, ASTM, Inglesa (BS, EN,GB, Francesa (AFNOR y la Norma Cubana (NC vigente.Palabras claves: materiales, automatizada, aceros, ingenieria.____________________________________________________________AbstractThe product or component design constitutes a difficult, complex and multidisciplinary activity,focused to the resolution of problems. Presently work show the development of an automated toolfor the selection of the more used steels in the construction of machineries. The tool constitute ahelp for the selection of the materials from the conceptual stage of the design process, where thedifferent categories of materials are identified to use. The tool analyze the characteristics and morecommon properties of the available steels in six international standards: JIS (Japan, DIN, Vbn, DINVbn(Germany, GOST (Russia, AISI, SAE, AISI-SAE, ASTM (USA, BS, IN, GB (England, AFNOR(France and NC (Cuba.Key words: materials, automated, steels, engineering.

Evaluación de la fuerza de doblado y de fricción en el conformado de chapa de acero inoxidable AISI 304 DDQ mediante ensayos de doblado en condiciones multiaxiales de embutición

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Coello, J.

2012-08-01

Full Text Available Die radius is a critical area from the viewpoint of friction in forming processes. Moreover the sheet, that has been previously deformed in flange area, suffers bending and unbending stresses. Then, die-sheet contact in die radius must be especially considered in order to guarantee the suitable lubrication conditions. In the present work, a test method is carried out for evaluating an AISI 304 DDQ steel under similar conditions to those existing in the die radius area and that, usually, are not really reproduced in traditional bending under tensions tests. Deformation under pure shear condition, the bending and the radius angle have been established as variables of the tests. Results allow to obtain the apparent pressure sheet-bending tool, that increases with bending angle and decreases with tool radius. This last variable is the most significant while the bending angle has lesser influence. Although experimental results present some concordances with values obtained by analytical methods, some corrections must be considered in them in order to improve the theoretical values.

El radio de entrada a la matriz se considera una de las zonas críticas en los procesos de conformado de chapa mediante embutición profunda. El análisis de la fuerza de fricción y de doblado existentes resulta importante para predecir el comportamiento de la chapa en dicha zona, así como para garantizar una lubricación adecuada a las condiciones de procesado. En el presente trabajo, se aplica un método de ensayo que evalúa las acciones en el proceso de doblado del acero AISI 304 DDQ bajo condiciones similares a las que sufre el material en los procesos de embutición y que no son reproducidas por los clásicos ensayos de doblado bajo tensión. Se establecen como variables la deformación experimentada previamente por el material en condiciones típicas de cortante puro, “pure shear”, el ángulo de doblado y el radio de doblado. Los resultados obtenidos

Decapado de un acero inoxidable austenítico mediante mezclas ecológicas basadas en H2O2 - H2SO4 - iones F-

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Narváez, L.

2013-04-01

Full Text Available This study reports the pickling of 316L stainless steel using mixtures of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, sulphuric acid (H2SO4 and fluoride ions as hydrofluoric acid (HF, sodium fluoride (NaF and potassium fluoride (KF. The decomposition of H2O2 in the mixtures was assessed at different temperatures 25 °C to 60 °C, with ferric ion contents from 0 to 40 g/l. According to the results obtained, were established the optimal condition pickling at 20 g/l of ferric ions, 25 °C and p-toluensulphonic acid as stabilizer of H2O2. The HF pickling mixture was the only capable to remove totally the oxide layer from the 316L stainless steel after 300 s. The fluoride salts pickling mixtures only remove partially the oxide layer (20 to 40 % aprox. after 300 s. When the pickling time was increased until 1200 s, the removal percentages were around to 80 %.En este estudio se presenta el decapado del acero inoxidable austenítico 316L utilizando mezclas de peróxido de hidrógeno (H2O2/ácido sulfúrico (H2SO4/iones fluoruro; los iones fluoruro provienen del ácido fluorhídrico (HF, fluoruro de sodio (NaF y fluoruro de potasio (KF. La estabilidad del H2O2 fue valorada modificando las concentraciones del ión férrico de 0 a 40 g/l y las temperaturas de 25 °C a 60 °C en las mezclas decapantes. Se establecieron las condiciones óptimas de decapado utilizando 20 g/l de iones férrico a 25 °C empleando el ácido p-toluensulfónico como estabilizante del H2O2. La mezcla que contenía HF fue la única capaz de eliminar completamente los óxidos superficiales del acero a tiempos de 300 s. Las mezclas a base de sales fluoradas eliminaron parcialmente los óxidos (20 y 40 % aprox. en 300 s. Al incrementar el tiempo de decapado hasta 1200 s se obtuvieron porcentajes de eliminación alrededor de un 80 %.

Problemas en la reparación por laser cladding de superficies de acero AISI D2 tratado térmicamente

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Busquets, D.

2010-08-01

Full Text Available The aim of the present work is to establish the relationship between laser cladding process parameters (Power, Process Speed and Powder feed rate and AISI D2 tool steel metallurgical transformations, with the objective of optimizing the processing conditions during real reparation. It has been deposited H13 tool steel powder on some steel substrates with different initial metallurgical status (annealed or tempered using a coaxial laser cladding system. The microstructure of the laser clad layer and substrate heat affected zone (HAZ was characterized by Optical microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM and Electron Backscattered Diffraction (EBSD. Results show that the process parameters (power, process speed, feed rate… determine the dimensions of the clad layer and are related to the microstructure formation. Although it is simple to obtain geometrically acceptable clads (with the right shape and dimensions in many cases occur some harmful effects as carbide dilution and non-equilibrium phases formation which modify the mechanical properties of the coating. Specifically, the presence of retained austenite in the substrate-coating interface is directly related to the cooling rate and implies a hardness diminution that must be avoided. It has been checked that initial metallurgical state of the substrate has a big influence in the final result of the deposition. Tempered substrates imply higher laser absorption and heat accumulation than the ones in annealed condition. This produces a bigger HAZ. For this reason, it is necessary to optimize process conditions for each reparation in order to improve the working behaviour of the component.Se ha depositado polvo de acero de herramienta (H13 sobre diferentes sustratos de acero que se encuentran en estado metalúrgico diferente (recocido o de temple y revenido para comparar los resultados y se ha analizado la microestructura del recubrimiento y de la zona afectada por el calor (ZAC mediante

Applications of the essay at slow deformation velocity in pipes of stainless steel AISI-304; Aplicaciones del ensayo a velocidad de deformacion lenta en tuberias de acero inoxidable AISI-304

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Zamora R, L.; Mora R, T. De la [ININ, 52045 Ocoyoacac, Estado de Mexico (Mexico)

2004-07-01

Nowadays is carried out research related with the degradation mechanisms of structures, systems and/or components in the nuclear power plants, since many of the involved processes are those responsible for the dependability of these, of the integrity of the components and of the aspects of safety. The purpose of this work, was to determine the grade of susceptibility to the corrosion of a pipe of Austenitic stainless steel AISI 304, in a solution of Na CI (3.5%) to the temperatures of 60 and 90 C, in two different thermal treatments - 1. - Sensitive 650 C by 4 hours and cooled in water. 2. Solubilized to 1050 C by 1 hour and cooled in water.

Tensiones de contacto por el método de elementos finitos del acero AISI 1045 endurecido por rodillo

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Fernández-Columbié, T.

2012-02-01

Full Text Available In this paper, the tense-deformational behavior is analyzed by means of simulation using the finite element method for AISI 1045 cold rolled deformed steel. ANYSYS V.10 software was used in this study. Revolution number, compressive strength and tool feed rate were the variables considered in the deformation process. They allowed determining the contact stress of the deformed material. The material used was 30 mm diameter and 100 mm length. Samples of 30 mm diameter and 3 mm thickness were prepared for the optical microscopic observation, which were compared to the results obtained from the simulation. The tensile status of the deformed samples was evaluated as from the reduction of the average size of the grains as per the strength applied. This study intends to show that the cold hardening method is a surface hardening option.

En el trabajo se analiza el estado tenso-deformacional mediante la simulación por el método de los elemento finitos del acero AISI 1045 deformado en frío empleando rodillo simple, para ello se utilizó el software ANSYS V.10. En el proceso de deformación se consideran las variables número de revolución, la fuerza compresiva y el avance de la herramienta, lo que permitió determinar las tensiones de contacto del material deformado. El diámetro del material empleado fue de 30 mm con una longitud de 100 mm. Para la observación de la microscopía óptica, se prepararon muestras de 30 mm de diámetro por 3 mm de espesor, las que fueron comparadas con los resultados obtenidos de la simulación. El estado tensional de las muestras deformadas se evaluó a partir de la reducción del tamaño promedio de los granos según la fuerza empleada. Con el desarrollo del trabajo se trata de demostrar que el empleo del método de endurecimiento en frío es una alternativa de endurecimiento superficial.

Desgaste por deslizamiento en seco de aceros perlíticos y bainíticos

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Cristian Camilo Viáfara Arango

2004-01-01

Full Text Available El desgaste por deslizamiento tiene una gran influencia sobre el desempeño de los sistemas rueda-riel, en particular, por el deslizamiento de la pestaña de la rueda sobre la parte interna del riel en una pista curva. Dado que el deslizamiento entre la rueda y el riel involucra efectos de adhesión, altos porcentajes de deslizamiento/rodadura afectan fuertemente el desgaste por fatiga de contacto por rodadura, que actúa en las superficies de contacto. En una máquina Pin sobre Disco se llevaron a cabo ensayos de desgaste por deslizamiento para estudiar el comportamiento del acero perlítico AISI 1070 y el bainítico AISI 15B30. La velocidad de deslizamiento fue 1 ms-1 para todas las pruebas y se utilizaron cargas normales de 10, 30 y 50 N. La resistencia al desgaste fue relacionada con la pérdida de masa medida después de las pruebas y las superficies desgastadas, al igual que las partículas removidas, fueron analizadas por medio de los microscopios óptico y electrónico. Se realizaron perfiles de microdureza bajo las superficies de contacto para analizar el efecto del endurecimiento por deformación. El acero perlítico mostró mayor resistencia al desgaste que el acero bainítico, debido al excelente comportamiento de endurecimiento por deformación de la perlita comparado con el de la bainita. En el acero perlítico se observaron regímenes de desgaste oxidativo, mientras que en el bainítico el principal mecanismo de remoción de material fue el adhesivo, llevando a un daño mucho más fuerte en la superficie. De hecho, el régimen de desgaste para las probetas bainíticas fue siempre severo, aún con la menor carga normal aplicada.

Caracterización de una nueva membrana cerámica de microfiltración con soporte de tejido en acero inoxidable flexible

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Palacio, L.

1999-04-01

Full Text Available In this work we present the characterization of a ceramic flexible membrane, made by SynthesechemieⓇ, with a nominal pore size of 0.45 μm. This membrane consists in an α-alúmina porous support which has an embedded stainless steel metallic network, onto what a selective layer of titanium dioxide has been deposited. Membrane characterization has been realized with the aid of several techniques as: atomic force microscopy (AFM, air-liquid displacemente porosimetry and mercury porosimetry. Each tecnique giving information on different aspects: surface characteristics, bulk pores and active pores. Although the total pore size distribution is rather broad, the active pores (those opened to flux present a narrow distribution with a mean pore size very close to the manufacturer nominal value.

En este trabajo se ha abordado la caracterización de una membrana cerámica de microfiltración flexible, fabricada por SynthesechemieⓇ con tamaño de poro nominal de 0.45 μm. Ésta consiste en un soporte poroso de α-alúmina que posee un armazón formado por una red metálica de acero inoxidable sobre el cual existe una capa selectiva de óxido de titanio. La caracterización de la membrana ha sido realizada con diversas técnicas como: microscopia de fuerza atómica (AFM, porometría de desplazamiento aire-líquido y porosimetría de mercurio. Cada técnica da información sobre aspectos diferentes: superficie, poros totales y poros activos. Si bien la distribución total de tamaños de poro es bastante ancha, los poros activos (abiertos al flujo presentan una distribución de tamaños estrecha con un valor medio muy próximo al nominal.

Avaliação da suscetibilidade à corrosão sob tensão da ZAC do aço inoxidável AISI 316L em ambiente de reator nuclear PWR Stress corrosion cracking of stainless steel AISI 316L HAZ in PWR Nuclear reactor environment

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Mônica Maria de Abreu Mendonça Schvartzman

2009-09-01

Full Text Available Aços carbono de baixa liga e aços inoxidáveis são amplamente utilizados nos circuitos primários de reatores nucleares do tipo PWR (Pressurized Water Reactor. Ligas de níquel são empregadas na soldagem destes materiais devido a características como elevadas resistências mecânica e à corrosão, coeficiente de expansão térmica adequado, etc. Nos últimos 30 anos, a corrosão sob tensão (CST tem sido observada principalmente nas regiões das soldas entre materiais dissimilares existentes nestes reatores. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar, por comparação, a suscetibilidade à corrosão sob tensão da zona afetada pelo calor (ZAC do aço inoxidável austenítico AISI 316L quando submetida a um ambiente similar ao do circuito primário de um reator nuclear PWR nas temperaturas de 303ºC e 325ºC. Para esta avaliação empregou-se o ensaio de taxa de deformação lenta - SSRT (Slow Strain Rate Test. Os resultados indicaram que a CST é ativada termicamente e que a 325ºC pode-se observar a presença mais significativa de fratura frágil decorrente do processo de corrosão sob tensão.In pressurized water reactors (PWRs, low alloy carbon steels and stainless steel are widely used in the primary water circuits. In most cases, Ni alloys are used to joint these materials and form dissimilar welds. These alloys are known to accommodate the differences in composition and thermal expansion of the two materials. Stress corrosion cracking of metals and alloys is caused by synergistic effects of environment, material condition and stress. Over the last thirty years, CST has been observed in dissimilar metal welds. This study presents a comparative work between the CST in the HAZ (Heat Affected Zone of the AISI 316L in two different temperatures (303ºC and 325ºC. The susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking was assessed using the slow strain rate tensile (SSRT test. The results of the SSRT tests indicated that CST is a thermally

Una herramienta para la selección automatizada de aceros en el contexto de la Ingeniería Mecánica

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L. Dumitrescu

2010-01-01

Full Text Available El diseño de Ingeniería de un producto o componente constituye una actividad difícil, compleja y multidisciplinaria, enfocada a la resolución de problemas. En el presente trabajo se muestra el desarrollo de una herramienta automatizada para la selección de los aceros más utilizados en la construcción de maquinarias. La herramienta constituye una ayuda para la selección de los materiales desde la etapa conceptual del proceso de diseño, donde se identifican las diferentes categorías de materiales a utilizar. La herramienta comprende las características y propiedades más relevantes de los aceros de Ingeniería disponibles en seis normas internacionales: Japonesa (JIS, Alemana (DIN, Vbn, DIN-Vbn, Rusa (GOST, Americana (AISI, SAE, AISI-SAE, ASTM, Inglesa (BS, EN, GB, Francesa (AFNOR y la Norma Cubana (NC vigente.The product or component design constitutes a difficult, complex and multidisciplinary activity, focused to the resolution of problems. Presently work show the development of an automated tool for the selection of the more used steels in the construction of machineries. The tool constitute a help for the selection of the materials from the conceptual stage of the design process, where the different categories of materials are identified to use. The tool analyze the characteristics and more common properties of the available steels in six international standards: JIS (Japan, DIN, Vbn, DIN-Vbn (Germany, GOST (Russia, AISI, SAE, AISI-SAE, ASTM (USA, BS, IN, GB (England, AFNOR (France and NC (Cuba.

Estudio del desgaste del flanco de carburos recubiertos y cermet durante el torneado de alta velocidad en seco del acero AISI 1045

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Hernández-González, L. W.

2011-06-01

Full Text Available This work deals with the experimental study of the flank wear evolution of two coating carbide inserts and a cermet insert during the dry finishing turning of AISI 1045 steel with 400, 500 and 600 m/min cutting speeds. The results were analyzed using the variance analysis and lineal regression analysis in order to describe the relationship between the flank wear and machining time, obtaining the adjusted model equation. The investigation demonstrated a significant effect of cutting speed and machining time on the flank wear at high speed machining. The three coating layers insert showed the best performance while the two layers insert had the worst behaviour of the cutting tool wear at high cutting speeds.

El objetivo de este trabajo es el estudio experimental de la evolución del desgaste del flanco respecto al tiempo de dos insertos de carburo recubiertos y un cermet durante el torneado de acabado en seco del acero AISI 1045 con velocidades de corte de 400, 500 y 600 m/min. Los resultados fueron comparados utilizando el análisis de varianza y el análisis de regresión lineal para describir la relación entre el desgaste del flanco y el tiempo de maquinado, obteniéndose la ecuación del modelo ajustado. La investigación demostró un efecto significativo de la velocidad de corte y del tiempo de maquinado en el desgaste del flanco en el maquinado de alta velocidad. El mejor desempeño se obtuvo para el carburo recubierto con tres capas, mientras que el carburo con dos capas sufrió el mayor desgaste a elevadas velocidades de corte.

Inhibidores de escaso impacto medioambiental. Sistemas basados en tierras raras

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Aballe, A.

1997-12-01

Full Text Available Lanthanum, Cerium and Samarium chlorides have been investigated as uniform and pitting corrosion inhibitors of AISI 434 and AISI 304 stainless steels and AA 5083 Al-Mg alloy in 3.5 % NaCl aerated aqueous solutions. Their inhibitor power was evaluated by using electrochemical techniques such as Linear and Cyclic Polarisation. In each case, the highest protection degree was found in the solution dopped with 500 ppm of CeCl₃. Similar results were obtained for additions of 500 ppm of LaCl₃. Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy allowed us to confirm the cathodic nature of the inhibition process.

Se estudia el comportamiento de los cloruros de lantano, cerio y samario como inhibidores de los procesos de corrosión uniforme y por picaduras de los aceros inoxidables AISI 434 y AISI 304 y de la aleación de aluminio AA 5083 en disoluciones aireadas de NaCl al 3,5 %. Utilizando técnicas electroquímicas como polarización lineal y cíclica, se ha podido evaluar el poder inhibidor de estas sustancias. El mejor comportamiento inhibidor se ha obtenido para una concentración de 500 ppm de CeCl₃, si bien para los aceros se obtienen resultados del mismo orden para 500 ppm de LaCl₃. Con la ayuda de microscopía electrónica de barrido y espectroscopia de dispersión de energía se ha podido confirmar el carácter catódico del mecanismo de inhibición que tiene lugar en el proceso.

Determinación de las condiciones experimentales óptimas de un acero AISI 4140 nitrurado por plasma postdescarga micro-ondas

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Medina-Flores, A.

2005-12-01

Full Text Available AISI 4140 steel pieces were nitrided by an experimental reactor made in laboratory. A series of runs were to carry out to find the correct parameters below the point of transformation eutectoide (590 °C, which a compact, homogeneous and harder nitrided layer was formed on the top of the surface. Several characterizations techniques were used to analize the microsctructural change, such as, optical microscopy (OM, microhardness Vickers, X-Ray diffraction (DRX. The results showed the formation of a compact and homogeneous layer formed by a mixture of ε-Fe_2,3N and γ’-Fe₄N iron nitrides whit an average of 12 μm of thickness. The Vickers results showed a value of 1100 Hv on the top of the surface a concentration profile of microhardness is observed from the top of the surface to the core of the material.

Piezas de acero AISI 4140 fueron nitruradas en un reactor experimental fabricado en el laboratorio. Para determinar los valores de los parámetros ideales de nitruración con los cuáles se obtuvo un mayor espesor, homogeneidad y dureza de la capa nitrurada, se llevaron a cabo una serie de experimentos, a temperaturas por debajo del punto de transformación eutectoide (590 °C. Para determinar el cambio microestructural de las muestras nitruradas, se analizaron, mediante diferentes técnicas de caracterización tales como microscopía óptica (MO, microdureza Vickers y difracción de rayos X (DRX. Los resultados mostraron la formación de una capa compacta y homogénea de 12 μm de espesor formada por los nitruros ε-Fe_2,3N y γ’-Fe₄N sobre la superficie del material. Los resultados de microdureza vickers mostraron un valor máximo de 1.100 Hv sobre la capa nitrurada observándose un perfil de microdureza de la superficie hacia el interior del material.

EFICACIA DE LA PREPARACIÓN BIOMECÁNICA DE CONDUCTOS RADICULARES EN EL CRECIMIENTO MICROBIOLÓGICO EN PIEZAS DENTARIAS ANTERIORES CON NECROSIS PULPAR EN PACIENTES DE LA CLÍNICA ODONTOLÓGICA UANCV. JULIACA, PUNO. 2013

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TAPIA CONDORI, RILDO PAÚL

2015-01-01

RESULTADOS TABLAS DE INFORMACIÓN GENERAL TABLAS QUE RESPONDEN A LOS OBJETIVOS MICROBIOLOGÍA ENDODÓNTICA VÍAS MICROBIANAS DE ACCESO TÚBULOS DENTINARIOS CAVIDAD ABIERTA MEMBRANA PERIODONTAL REQUERIMIENTOS PARA UN PATÓGENO ENDODÓNTICO POTENCIAL DE OXIDO-REDUCCIÓN ANTAGÓNICOS INTERMICROBIANOS NECROSIS PULPAR TIPOS DE NECROSIS PREPARACIÓN BIOMECÁNICA EN PIEZAS CON NECROSIS PULPAR INSTRUMENTOS CONVENCIONALES DE ACERO INOXIDABLE CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LAS LIMAS K DE ACERO INOXIDABLE PROPIEDADES FÍSICAS ...

Aceros aluminotérmicos. Nuevas aplicaciones

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Duart Blay, J. M.

2004-02-01

. Particular aplicación o interés presentan en la tecnología de los ferrocarriles para la obtención del carril continuo, prácticamente implantado en todo el mundo y en soldaduras cable de cobre-carril de acero empleadas en las señalizaciones para control de tráfico. En este trabajo se aportan las bases termodinámicas de la aluminotermia del hierro y su aplicación a la soldadura compleja de cruzamientos, juntas de dilatación y desvíos en FF.CC, que combinan aceros Hadfield, aceros inoxidables y aceros perlíticos de diferentes propiedades mecánicas. Las uniones deben ser compactas, resistentes y duras en los niveles que se citan en el trabajo, según requisitos exigidos por la circulación en líneas de alta velocidad (350 km/h., actualmente en construcción en España, pero que resultan generalizables a otro tipo de líneas menos exigentes y a ferrocarriles mineros.

Viabilidad de nuevos materiales frente a materiales convencionales en la construcción de pantalanes

OpenAIRE

Marín Gallego, Enric

2012-01-01

Este proyecto estudia la viabilidad de nuevos materiales estructurales, tales como los materiales compuestos, comparándolos con materiales convencionales como el acero, el acero inoxidable o el hormigón.

Evaluation of structural behaviour and corrosion resistant of austenitic AISI 304 and duplex AISI 2304 stainless steel reinforcements embedded in ordinary Portland cement mortars; Evaluacion del comportamiento estructural y de resistencia a la corrosion de armaduras de acero inoxidable austenitico AISI 304 y duplex AISI 2304 embebidas en morteros de cemento Portland

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Medina, E.; Cobo, A.; Bastidas, D. M.

2012-07-01

The mechanical and structural behaviour of two stainless steels reinforcements, with grades austenitic EN 1.4301 (AISI 304) and duplex EN 1.4362 (AISI 2304) have been studied, and compared with the conventional carbon steel B500SD rebar. The study was conducted at three levels: at rebar level, at section level and at structural element level. The different mechanical properties of stainless steel directly influence the behaviour at section level and structural element level. The study of the corrosion behaviour of the two stainless steels has been performed by electrochemical measurements, monitoring the corrosion potential and the lineal polarization resistance (LPR), of reinforcements embedded in ordinary Portland cement (OPC) mortar specimens contaminated with different amount of chloride over one year time exposure. Both stainless steels specimens embedded in OPC mortar remain in the passive state for all the chloride concentration range studied after one year exposure. (Author) 26 refs.

Influencia del material de aporte en la resistencia a corrosión por picadura en uniones soldadas de un acero inoxidable dúplex 2205

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Múnez, C. J.

2007-08-01

Full Text Available In this work, it has been studied the pitting corrosion resistance of welding duplex stainless steel 2205. Unions were made by GMAW process with different fillers: duplex ER 2209 and two austenitic (ER 316LSi and ER 308LSi. The microstructure obtained with the duplex ER 2209 filler is similar to the duplex 2205 base material, but the unions produced with the austenitic fillers cause a decrease of the phases relation a/g. To evaluate the influence of the filler on the weld, the pitting corrosion resistance was determined by electrochemical critical pitting temperature test (TCP and the mechanical properties by the hardness. The phases imbalance produced for the dissimilar fillers bring out a variation of the pitting corrosion resistance and the mechanical properties.

En este trabajo se ha estudiado la resistencia a la corrosión localizada por picadura, de soldaduras realizadas sobre un acero inoxidable dúplex 2205. Se hicieron uniones mediante el proceso GMAW, utilizando como material de aporte un hilo dúplex ER 2209 y dos austeníticos ER 316LSi y ER 308LSi. Metalúrgicamente, se observa como para el hilo ER 2209 las microestructuras que se obtienen son similares a la del dúplex 2205, mientras que en las uniones con hilo austenítico, pueden verse microestructuras muy diferentes en las que la relación de fases a/g disminuye. Al evaluar la resistencia a la corrosión por picadura, mediante la Temperatura Crítica de Picadura (TCP, se comprobó como el desequilibrio entre las fases, generado por el aporte, provoca la variación en la resistencia a la corrosión localizada por picadura. También, se estudió la variación en las propiedades mecánicas del material mediante ensayos de dureza.

Diffusional Growth Kinetics Analisys of Fe2B Layers Applied During the Coating Powder-Pack Boriding Process on an AISI 1026 Steel

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M. Elias-Espinosa

2015-01-01

Full Text Available La exigencia de emplear materiales con propiedades avanzadas incluyen la necesidad de aplicar recubrimientos de alta resistencia que alarguen la vida de útil de aceros comerciales, de esta forma, el tratamiento termoquímico de borurización tiene el potencial para cumplir estos requerimientos. En este trabajo de investigación se formula un modelo matemático para analizar la cinética de crecimiento de las capas de 2 Fe B formadas sobre la superficie de un acero AISI 1026. El modelo matemático propuesto se desarrolló en base a la solución de la ecuación de balance de masa de la interface de crecimiento 2 Fe B/Fe para evaluar el coeficiente de difusión del boro a través de las capas de Fe2B en un rango de temperaturas de 1123 a1273 K. En el modelo desarrollado se incluyó el tiempo de incubación del boruro para formar la fase Fe2B. El modelo matemático fue validado con datos experimentales realizados a una temperatura de 1253 K y tiempo de siete horas. Las capas de boruro fueron caracterizadas y analizadas por microscopia óptica y de barrido (se obtuvo un EDS, así como por Difracción de Rayos – X (XRD. Se utilizó la técnica de indentación Daimler-Benz Rockwell-C para evaluar cualitativamente la adherencia de la capa de Fe2B sobre el sustrato (acero AISI 1026. Para usos prácticos y para un espesor determinado, se propuso un diagrama a espesor constante (215 μm el cual es controlado con la variación de la temperatura y tiempo de exposición al recubrimiento. De los resultados obtenidos, se encontró que la energía de activación para el boro en el acero AISI 1026 es igual a 178 kJ mol-1.

Evaluación de un procedimiento de soldadura para el AISI 4130 sin PWHT bajo normas API 6A y ASME Sección IX

OpenAIRE

Naranjo, Carlos; Sánchez, Xavier; Morales, Juan

2014-01-01

Resumen— Debido a la complejidad de realizar postcalentamiento en campo necesario para garantizar las propiedades mecánicas de una junta soldada de acero AISI 4130 de acuerdo con las normas API 6A [1] y ASME Sección IX[2], y evitar la presencia de martensita en la estructura metalográfica de la junta, siendo esta última perjudicial en los aceros y provocada por enfriamientos rápidos. Se ve la necesidad de desarrollar un procedimiento de soldadura capaz de satisfacer mencionadas condiciones si...

Crack propagation in stainless steel AISI 304L in Hydrogen Chemistry conditions (HWC); Propagacion de Grietas en Acero Inoxidable AISI 304L en Condiciones de Quimica de Hidrogeno (HWC)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Diaz S, A.; Fuentes C, P.; Merino C, F. [ININ, Carretera Mexico -Toluca s/n, La Marquesa, Ocoyoacac, Mexico (Mexico); Castano M, V. [Instituto de Fisica Aplicada, UNAM, Km 15.5 Carretera Queretaro-San Luis Potosi, Juriquilla, Queretaro (Mexico)]. e-mail: ads@nuclear.inin.mx

2006-07-01

Velocities of crack growth in samples type CT pre cracking of stainless steel AISI 304l solder and sensitized thermally its were obtained by the Rising Displacement method or of growing displacement. It was used a recirculation circuit that simulates the operation conditions of a BWR type reactor (temperature of 280 C and a pressure of 8 MPa) with the chemistry modified by the addition of hydrogen with and without the addition of impurities of a powerful oxidizer like the Cu{sup +} ion. In each essay stayed a displacement velocity was constant of 1x10{sup -9} m/s, making a continuous pursuit of the advance of the crack by the electric potential drop technique. Contrary to the idea of mitigation of the crack propagation velocity by effect of the addition of the hydrogen in the system, the values of the growth velocities obtained by this methodology went similar to the opposing ones under normal operation conditions. To the finish of the rehearsal one carries out the fractographic analysis of the propagation surfaces, which showed cracks growth in trans and intergranular way, evidencing the complexity of the regulator mechanisms of the IGSCC like in mitigation conditions as the alternative Hydrogen Chemistry. (Author)

Susceptibility to stress corrosion in stainless steels type AISI 321 and 12X18H10T used in PWR type reactors (WWER); Susceptibilidad a la corrosion bajo esfuerzo de barras de acero inoxidable AISI 321 y 12X18H10T en ambientes utilizados en reactores VVER

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Matadamas C, N

1996-12-31

Titanium stabilized stainless steels have been utilized in sovietic pressurized water reactors (VVER) for avoid the susceptibility to Intergranular Corrosion (IGC) present in other austenitic stainless steels. However the Intergranular Corrosion resistance of this kind of materials has been questioned because of Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking failures (IGSCC) have been reported. This paper study the electrochemical behavior of the AISI 321 stainless steel in a H{sub 3}BO{sub 3} Solution contaminated with chlorides and its susceptibility to Intergranular Corrosion.Electrochemical prediction diagrams of the stainless steels AISI 321 and 12X18H10T (sovietic) sensitized (600 Centigrade, 3 h.) were compared. Cylindrical and conical samples were used in Slow Strain Rate Tests (SSRT), to determine the susceptibility to Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) in AISI 321 and 12X18H10T stainless steels. The results obtained showed that the temperature of the solution is a very important factor to detect this susceptibility. Fractography studies on the fracture surfaces of the samples obtained in the SSRT at high temperature were realized. Corrosion velocities of both AISI 321 and 12X18H10T stainless steels were determined using conical samples in the CERT system at high temperature. E.D.A.X. analysis was employed in both AISI 321 and 12X18H10T stainless steels in order to explain the degree of sensitization. (Author).

Resistencia a la oxidación de aleaciones Ni-Cr-Al plaqueadas por láser sobre aceros al carbono e inoxidables austeníticos

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de Damborenea, J.

1995-04-01

Full Text Available Laser surface cladding has been carried out by means of a 5 kW CO₂ continuous wave laser on both a mild and a stainless steel. A powder injection technique has been used to deliver a Ni-Cr-Al alloy onto the steel molten pool. After processing, samples were analyzed by optical and scanning electron microscopy in order to know the microstructure and composition of present phases. High temperature corrosion resistance tests were done in an oxidant environment at temperatures of 950 °C. Phase transformations and corrosion behaviour are discussed. A general conclusion is the suitability of these alloys to bear oxidation due to the formation of protective oxide layers on their surface.

Se realiza un estudio sobre la obtención de recubrimientos de superficie mediante un láser continuo de CO₂ de 5 kW de potencia de salida. Mediante la técnica de inyección de partículas, se realizaron plaqueados en superficie de Ni-Cr-Al sobre un acero suave y otro inoxidable de tipo 316. Tras el procesado, se estudió la microestructura de las probetas obtenidas. Posteriormente, se procedió a su ensayo en atmósfera oxidante a 950 °C, observándose la evolución de la microestructura, la formación de las capas de óxido y la cinética del proceso. Como conclusión general, destaca, independientemente de la base sobre la que se obtienen los recubrimientos, la gran resistencia del material a la oxidación, seguramente debida a la formación de capas de alúmina que actúan como barreras frente al ataque del oxidante.

Estudio de la corrosión de diferentes aleaciones en sales de carbonatos fundidos con la técnica de espectroscopía de impedancia electroquímica

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Pérez, F. J.

2000-06-01

Full Text Available In the present work the corrosion behavior of different alloys (AISI 304, AISI 430 and TiAl6V in molten carbonates at 650EC are compared. By using the Electrochemical Impedance Technique different corrosion parameters such as the corrosion rate and the oxyde concentration and others features of the different layers of corrosion products are "in situ" determined. Take into account, the corrosion product characterization by X-ray Diffraction (XRD, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM and Electrochemical impedance Spectroscopy (EIS a corrosion mechanism for every tested alloy is proposed. In all cases, the corrosion mechanisms during the first hours are similar to a high temperature oxidation mechanism. When the equilibrium is established, the lithiation began by the formation of different double-layers on the surface of Li-metal oxydes. At the end of the corrosion process, one or two inner layers of metallic oxydes and one or two outer layers of Li-metal oxydes were formed. The corrosion mechanisms of the stainless steels (AISI 304 ans AISI 310S are a function of their chromium contents. TiAl6V alloy showed the best behavior against the corrosion of molten carbonates by the formation of a protective layer of mixed Li-Ti oxydes.

En el presente trabajo se compara el comportamiento frente a la corrosión de diferentes aleaciones (aceros inoxidables AISI 304 y AISI 310S y aleación TiAl6V en un electrolito de carbonatos fundidos a 650°C. Con la técnica de impedancia se determina “in situ” la velocidad de corrosión de las aleaciones, la resistencia del electrolito, es decir, la concentración del óxido disuelto y otras características de las capas de productos de corrosión. Teniendo en cuenta la caracterización de los productos de corrosión mediante difracción de rayos X (XRD y microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM y los resultados de espectroscopía de impedancia (EIS, se propone un mecanismo para cada una de las aleaciones. En

Cobre antimicrobiano contra patógenos intrahospitalarios en Perú

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Edwin Neciosup

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Introducción: Las infecciones intrahospitalarias (IIH constituyen un problema de salud pública que generan grandes gastos por parte de los gobiernos, debido a que los patógenos causantes de IIH presentan resistencia a fármacos y generan una mayor permanencia de los pacientes, pues la infraestructura hospitalaria constituye un reservorio favorable para los patógenos. Las superficies de cobre surgen como opción sanitaria y efectiva para controlar el crecimiento y propagación de estos patógenos. Objetivos: Evaluar la actividad bactericida de las superficies de cobre contra los principales bacterias patógenas causantes de IIH (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Staphylococcus aureus. Diseño: Estudio experimental con muestreo no probabilístico. Lugar: Hospital Regional Docente las Mercedes (HRDLM y Hospital Provincial Docente Belén (HPDB, Lambayeque, Perú. Materiales: Nueve cepas bacterianas, 3 de E. coli , 3 de P. aeruginosa y 3 de S. aureus; superficies metálicas (1 cm² de cobre y acero inoxidable (control . Intervenciones: Las 9 cepas bacterianas fueron proporcionadas por los hospitales HRDLM (4 cepas y HPDB (5 cepas. Los análisis de ANOVA y de Tukey fueron aplicados para evaluar la actividad bactericida de las superficies de cobre y acero inoxidable contra las 9 cepas causantes de IIH, usando los programas estadísticos Minitab y Sigmaplot, respectivamente. Principales medidas de resultados: Diferencias en el crecimiento bacteriano sobre superficies de cobre o acero inoxidable, con respecto al tiempo de exposición. Resultados: Las 9 cepas -3 de P. aeruginosa, 3 de E. coli y 3 de S. aureus - expuestas a superficies de cobre fueron eliminadas en 10, 15 y 60 minutos, respectivamente. La carga bacteriana de las células expuestas en superficies de acero inoxidable permaneció constante y viable por periodos mayores a 60 minutos. Además, las superficies de cobre eliminaron más rápido a las bacterias Gram negativas (P

Deposición electroforética de una porcelana dental sobre acero inoxidable austenítico 304

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Vargas, G.

2003-02-01

Full Text Available An alternative technique for the production of dental restorations with porcelain, is the electrophoretic deposition (EPD. In this work, deposits of dental porcelain on stainless steel were obtained by EPD using water, ethanol and isopropanol as suspension mediums. The effect of the porcelain concentration, the intensity of the electric field and the suspension medium on the quantity of deposited mass were studied. All the tests were carried out at constant voltage, using a deposition time of 3 min. The particle size of the dental porcelain was in the range between 1.5 and 2.3 μm in the suspension. The results showed that the porcelain in the aqueous medium presented the major deposition velocity, in comparison with both ethanol and isopropanol. However, due to low the low suspension stability and hydrolysis of the water problems, the best coating finishes were obtained with ethanol. These results were obtained applying voltages between 70 and 150 V, for a deposition time of 3 min. Using isopropanol heterogeneous deposits were obtained due to the low suspension stability and to electrochemical reactions problems in the working electrodes, resulted from the high voltages application.

Una técnica alternativa para la fabricación de restauraciones dentales con porcelana, es la deposición electroforética (EPD. En este trabajo depósitos de porcelana dental sobre acero inoxidable fueron obtenidos por EPD utilizando como medios de suspensión: agua, etanol e isopropanol. Se estudió el efecto de la concentración de porcelana, de la intensidad del campo eléctrico y del medio de suspensión sobre la cantidad de masa depositada. Todas las pruebas fueron realizadas a voltaje constante, utilizando un tiempo de deposición de 3 min. La porcelana dental utilizada presentó un intervalo de tamaño de partícula entre 1,5 y 2,3 μm. Los resultados mostraron que la porcelana en el medio acuoso presentó la mayor velocidad de deposición, en

Análisis experimental del desgaste entre UHMWPE y acero inoxidable 316l empleados en la manufactura de prótesis coxofemorales

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Ricardo Gustavo Rodríguez Cañizo

2010-07-01

Full Text Available Título en inglés: Experimental wear analysis of UHMWPE and stainless 316l used in the manufacturing of coxofemoral prosthesis. Resumen La causa más común de falla en prótesis coxofemorales es el aflojamiento entre los componentes que conforman el sistema, de manera específica la copa acetabular y la cabeza femoral. En esta investigación se presenta un análisis tribológico del desgaste en los componentes mencionados, ya que cuando las superficies en contacto se desgastan, la funcionalidad mecánica del sistema se compromete, debido al cambio de geometría de los mismos, dando como resultado un juego mecánico entre la copa y la cabeza. Los materiales considerados en este estudio son el polietileno de ultra elevado peso molecular (UHMWPE, por sus siglas en inglés para la copa acetabular, y acero inoxidable 316L para la cabeza femoral. Esta combinación de materiales representa hoy en día la recomendación más usual por parte de los cirujanos para pacientes de la tercera edad. La tasa anual de desgaste se determinó de manera experimental y se cuantificó la cantidad de material desprendido durante el contacto. Se establecieron las condiciones de carga de forma analítica, considerando las que actúan sobre la cabeza femoral a lo largo del área de desgaste durante la marcha humana. Posteriormente, se realizó el análisis experimental de desgaste utilizando una máquina tribológica de configuración perno-sobre-disco (pin-on-disk, diseñada de manera específica para este estudio. Las pruebas para determinar la pérdida volumétrica de los componentes se realizaron bajo tres condiciones de operación: en seco, lubricada con agua destilada y lubricada con suero bovino. El marco experimental considerado consistió en pernos de UHMWPE sobre discos de acero inoxidable 316L simulando el desgaste equivalente a diez años de uso de la prótesis. Finalmente, de los resultados obtenidos se puede establecer que el desgaste y la cantidad de part

Mejoramiento de la resistencia a la corrosión del acero AISI 4140 utilizando multicapas de titanio/nitruro de titanio

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Faber Correa

2008-01-01

Full Text Available El acero 4140 se utiliza ampliamente en la fabricación de partes de máquinas con durezas entre 25-35 Rockwell C. Sin embargo, su vida útil se ve limitada por su baja resistencia al desgaste y a la corrosión. Con el fin de mejorar su comportamiento frente a la corrosión se depositaron multicapas de Titanio/Nitruro de Titanio (Ti/TiN sobre substratos de acero 4140 mediante un sistema multi-blanco d.c. magnetrón sputtering a partir de un blanco de Ti de alta pureza (99,99% en una atmósfera de Ar/N2. Con el objeto de estudiar el efecto del número de capas sobre la velocidad de corrosión de las películas depositadas, se crecieron multicapas con 1, 5, 10, 15, y 20 bicapas de [Ti /TiN], manteniendo un espesor total constante de 3 um en todas ellas. Las fases existentes y composición química de los recubrimientos fueron analizados mediante espectroscopía de difracción de rayos X (XRD y espectroscopía de energía dispersiva de rayos X (EDX respectivamente. Las muestras de acero sin y con recubrimiento se caracterizaron además por Espectroscopía de Impedancia Electroquímica (EIS y curvas de polarización Tafel. Se encontró que la velocidad de corrosión tuvo una disminución alrededor del 87% en el acero recubierto con 20 bicapas de Ti/TiN en comparación al acero sin recubrir y del 25% respecto a la muestra recubierta con 1 bicapa, lo cual evidencia el efecto positivo del incremento del período en las películas delgadas basadas en multicapas de Ti/TiN.

Desempeño de insertos de WC recubiertos con nanomulticapas de [TiN/TiAlN]n en el mecanizado del acero endurecido AISI 4340

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Luis Henry Moreno

2011-01-01

Full Text Available En el presente trabajo se muestran los resultados de la resistencia al desgaste de insertos de carburo de tungsteno (WC sin recubrir y recubiertos con multinanocapas de [TiN/TiAlN]n con un espesor total promedio del recubrimiento de 4 ¿m, así como de insertos recubiertos con monocapas comerciales de TiCN-Al2O3-TiN (TINAL. Se realizaron ensayos de vida útil, análisis de temperatura en la zona de corte, mediciones de rugosidad superfi cial sobre la pieza y sobre los insertos en la superfi cie de ataque, análisis de huella de contacto entre viruta-insertos y análisis de composición química (EDS. Los ensayos se realizaron sobre piezas de acero AISI 4340 utilizando régimen de corte de acabado y aplicando altas velocidades de corte (HSC. Los resultados de mecanizado de acero, para un recorrido de 8.000 metros con diferentes insertos de carburo de tungsteno (WC, sin recubrimiento y recubiertos presentaron valores de desgaste de 0,117 mm y 0,138 mm; en relación a los insertos recubiertos con 300 y 200 bicapas de TiN/TiAlN, respectivamente. De igual manera, los insertos recubiertos con TINAL exhibieron valores de desgaste de 0,174 mm. Además, los valores de temperatura en la zona de corte y para una velocidad de corte de 176,6 m/mim fueron de 522,6 oC para los recubrimientos con 300 bicapas, de 721,4 oC para aquellos con 200 bicapas, y de 1.327,6 oC para los insertos recubiertos con TINAL. La disminución de la temperatura en la zona de corte, relacionada con un menor coefi ciente de fricción y una menor fuerza de corte, contribuyeron al alargamiento de la vida útil de los insertos.

Propagation of crevices in stainless steel AISI304L in conditions of hydrogen chemistry (HWC); Propagacion de grietas en acero inoxidable AISI304L en condiciones de quimica de hidrogeno (HWC)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Diaz S, A.; Fuentes C, P.; Merino C, F. [ININ, 52750 Ocoyoacac, Estado de Mexico (Mexico); Castano M, V. [IFA-UNAM, Juriquilla, Queretaro (Mexico)]. e-mail: ads@nuclear.inin.mx

2006-07-01

Crevice growth velocities in samples of AISI 304L stainless steel thermally welded and sensitized were obtained by the Rising displacement method or of growing displacement. It was used a recirculation circuit in where the operation conditions of a BWR type reactor were simulated (temperature of 288 C and a pressure of 8 MPa) with the chemistry modified by the addition of hydrogen with and without the addition of impurities of a powerful oxidizer like the Cu{sup ++} ion. CT pre cracked specimens were used and each rehearsal stayed to one constant displacement velocity of 1 x 10{sup -9} m/s (3.6 {mu}m/hr), making a continuous pursuit of the advance of the crack by the electric potential drop technique. To the end of the rehearsal it was carried out the fractographic analysis of the propagation surfaces. The values of the growth velocities obtained by this methodology went similar to the opposing ones under normal conditions of operation; while the fractographic analysis show the cracks propagation in trans and intergranular ways, evidencing the complexity of the regulator mechanisms of the one IGSCC even under controlled ambient conditions or with mitigation methodologies like the alternative hydrogen chemistry. (Author)

Evaluación electroquímica de soldaduras en tubos capilares de acero inoxidable

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Javier E. Rodríguez-Yáñez

2014-02-01

Full Text Available La recuperación de capilares de acero 316L utilizados en pozos geotérmicos neutros, por medio de soldadura orbital autógena, se evalúa desde el punto de vista de su resistencia a la corrosión en las condiciones de utilización, mediante técnicas electroquímicas básicas. En el pretratamiento se encuentra que es más conveniente realizar un decapado químico previo a la soldadura por 5 minutos. Mientras que posteriormente a la soldadura, la aplicación de tratamiento térmico de reducción de tensiones no se justifica desde el punto de vista de la resistencia a la corrosión. También se plantea la comparación de los capilares soldados respecto a capilares nuevos y usados, teniendo los capilares soldados un comportamiento intermedio entre ambos.

The influence of cutting speed and feed rate in surface integrity of aisi 1045//Influencia de la velocidad de corte y la velocidad de avance en la integridad superficial del acero aisi 1045

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Mario Jacas-Cabrera

2015-09-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de esta investigación es el estudio de la influencia de la velocidad de corte y la velocidad de avance en la integridad superficial del acero AISI-1045, sometido a un proceso de torneado. Las probetas se sometieron a un tratamiento térmico de recocidos (81 HRB. En el trabajo se empleó un diseño experimental 32, con dos variables a tres niveles experimentales, para un total de nueve experimentos, los que fueron replicados. La integridad superficial fue evaluada con la medición de la rugosidad superficial, las tensiones residuales superficiales, la medición de dureza por nano–indentación y por el análisis de la de formación terciaria. Los resultados determinaron la gran influencia de la velocidad de avance en la rugosidad superficial. La medición de las tensiones residuales mostró la influencia de las variables de corte. Del análisis microestructural se observó la existencia de dos zonas de deformación determinándose que el espesor de la zona endurecida llegó a 50 µm. Palabras claves: integridad superficial, rugosidad superficial, nano-indentación; superficie deformada____________________________________________________________________________AbstractThe aim of this research is to study the influence of cutting speed and feed rate on surface integrity of AISI-1045 subjected to a turning process. The specimens were in annealed condition (81 HRB. A 32 factorial experiment design was employed using low, medium and high levels of the two variables in study, performing 9 experiments with a replica. The surfaces were evaluated through the measurements of surface roughness, surface residual stresses, nano-indentation hardness and analyzing the deformed layer. Results corroborated the great influence of feed rate on surface roughness. The results of the residual stresses have shown the influence of cutting speed as well as feed rate in the behavior of circumferential and axial stress respectively. From the analysis of the

Intergranular stress corrosion in soldered joints of stainless steel 304.; Corrosion intergranular bajo esfuerzo en uniones soldadas de acero inoxidable 304

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Zamora R, L [Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Mexico City (Mexico)

1994-12-31

The intergranular stress cracking of welded joints of austenitic stainless steel, AISI 304, is a serious problem in BWR type reactors. It is associated with the simultaneous presence of three factors; stress, a critical media and sensibilization (DOS). EPR technique was used in order to verify the sensibilization degree in the base metal, and the zone affected by heat and welding material. The characterization of material was done. The objective of this work is the study of microstructure and the evaluation of EPR technique used for the determination of DOS in a welded plate of austenitic stainless steel AISI 304. (Author).

Passivation of duplex stainless steel in solutions simulating chloride-contaminated concrete

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Takenouti, H.

2007-12-01

Full Text Available Most studies published to date on the corrosion behaviour of stainless reinforcing steel are based on austenitic steel. The market presence of corrugated duplex steel is growing, however. The present study compared passivity in 2205 type duplex and 304 type austenitic stainless steel. Polarization tests in chloride-containing Ca(OH2 solutions confirmed the exceptional performance of duplex steels. X-ray photoelectronic spectroscopy (XPS showed that the passive layer generated on duplex stainless steel in media simulating concrete pore solutions had a higher Cr content than the layer formed on steel in contact with the air. The XPS results also revealed that in duplex steel the form adopted by the passive layer Fe oxides was Fe3O4 in the solutions simulating concrete, rather than Fe2O3, as in duplex steel exposed to air. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS can be used to monitor the transformations taking place in the passive layer and analyze the factors involved.La mayoría de los estudios publicados hasta el momento sobre el comportamiento frente a la corrosión de armaduras de acero inoxidable se basan en aceros austeníticos. Sin embargo, la presencia en el mercado de aceros corrugados dúplex es cada vez más importante. En este trabajo se analiza la pasividad de un acero inoxidable dúplex tipo 2205 en comparación con la de un inoxidable austenítico tipo 304. Los ensayos de polarización en disoluciones de Ca(OH2 con cloruros confirman el excepcional comportamiento de los aceros dúplex. La espectroscopía fotoelectrónica de rayos X (XPS informa de que la capa pasiva generada en aceros inoxidables dúplex en medios que simulan la disolución de los poros del hormigón posee mayor contenido en óxidos de Cr que la formada en aire. También se puede deducir de los resultados de XPS que los óxidos de Fe de la capa pasiva de los aceros dúplex se encuentran en forma de Fe3O4 en las disoluciones que simulan el hormigón en vez de en

Oxidation behaviour at 1123 K of AISI 304-Ni/Al-Al2O3/TiO2 multilayer system deposited by flame spray

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Cervera, I.

2011-04-01

Full Text Available The oxidation behaviour of alumina/titania (97/3, 87/13 and 60/40 ceramic coatings using a Ni-Al coupling layer was studied in a thermobalance. Both layers were deposited on an AISI 304 stainless steel base metal by the flame spray technique. The coated steel was heated from room temperature to 1,123 K at 40 K min –1, oxidized in air for 50 h, and then cooled to room temperature at 40 K min–1. The mass gain was mainly attributed to the oxidation of Ni-Al coupling layer. Kinetic laws, DW·S –1 (mg.mm–2 vs. time (hours were close to a parabolic plot for each sample. Surface composition of ceramic top layer and the cross section of multilayer system were analysed using a wide range of experimental techniques including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM, equipped with a link energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDX and X-Ray diffraction (XRD before and after the oxidation process. Coatings 97/3 and 87/13 presented a stable structure after flame spray deposition and they did not evolve with the oxidation process, while most of the 60/40 coating changed to a metastable structure after deposition and to a more stable structure after oxidation with high micro-cracks content. SEM and EDX microanalysis of the cross-sections showed that significant oxidation and a weak intergranular precipitation had been produced in the coupling layer and on the stainless steel base metal, respectively.El comportamiento a oxidación de recubrimientos cerámicos alúmina/titania (97/3, 87/13, 60/40 usando una capa de anclaje Ni-Al se ha estudiado mediante una termobalanza. Ambas capas se han depositado sobre un acero inoxidable AISI 304 utilizando la técnica de proyección llama (FS. El acero recubierto se ha calentado desde la temperatura ambiente hasta 1.123 K a 40 K min–1, se ha oxidado al aire durante 50 h, y luego se ha enfriado hasta la temperatura ambiente a 40 K min–1. La ganancia en masa se atribuye a la oxidación de la capa de enganche Ni-Al. La cin

Estudio de la oxidación a elevada temperatura de ocho aleaciones en atmósferas de combustión de biomasa

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Berlanga-Labari, C.

2008-08-01

resultados indican un buen comportamiento de los aceros inoxidables austeníticos y de las aleaciones de Inconel, mientras que el del acero martensítico no ha sido aceptable. Se ha propuesto el mecanismo conocido como “oxidación activa” para interpretar el comportamiento a la corrosión de estos materiales en estos medios.

Cinéticas de transformación de fases a 850 ºC de aceros inoxidables dúplex clásicos (2205 y 2507 y de uno nuevo de bajo contenido en níquel y alto en manganeso (DBNi

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Rodríguez, M. P.

2004-04-01

Full Text Available Austenitic-ferritic stainless steels are formed by ferrite and austenite in a variable proportion between 30 % and 70 %. Their chemical composition conditions the ageing processes that can happen during heat treatments, where phases that hardens and brittles the material can be generated. Evolution of a new duplex stainless steel with lower nickel and higher nitrogen and manganese content maintained at 1123 K (critical precipitation temperature up to 8 hours compared to classical ones (2205 and 2507 is presented. The study, done by magnetic measurements, XRD, optical and scanning electron microscopy and microanalysis, revealed a roughly similar behaviour for the three steels. The new one presents a higher initial stability, probably due to the high nitrogen and manganese contents; however, it also produces the higher final transformation due to the higher initial ferrite. A fine comparative analysis was done to correctly identify any phase; an accurate microanalysis in every generated phase was performed. All the steels tested are initially made on ferrite and austenite. After the ageing treatment, 8 hours at 1123 K, in the 2205 duplex steel a strong precipitation of sigma phase is observed, austenite and some of the original ferrite are also present; ferrite completely transforms in the 2507 duplex and austenite, sigma, secondary austenite and chromium nitride can be found; regarding the new duplex steel DBNi, austenite, ferrite, sigma, chi and chromium nitrides are detected.

Los aceros dúplex austeno-ferríticos están constituidos por ferrita y austenita en proporciones variables del 30 % al 70 %. Su composición química condiciona los procesos de envejecimiento que sufren durante los tratamientos térmicos, cuando se generan fases que endurecen y fragilizan el material. Este trabajo estudia la evolución de un nuevo inoxidable dúplex con bajo contenido en níquel y alto en nitrógeno y manganeso a 1123 K (temperatura crítica de

Oxidación en vapor de agua del acero inoxidable AISI 316 recubierto con Al-Si por deposición química de vapor en lecho fluidizado

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José Luddey Marulanda Arevalo

2014-06-01

Full Text Available Stainless steel AISI 316 was coated with aluminum-silicon by Chemical Vapor Deposition in Fluidized Bed Reactor (CVD-FBR to 540°C and subsequently heat treated to improve its mechanical properties and its behavior against oxidation, by inter diffusion of the alloying elements. Later, oxidation was performed austenitic stainless steel aluminum-silicon coated at temperatures of 700 and 750°C, in an environment with 100% steam, to evaluate their performance. Mass gain graphs were made and oxide films were analyzed by SEM and X-ray diffraction to observe the morphology of the oxides. Thermodynamic simulation was carried out during oxidation in water vapor of the substrates for possible solid phases which could be formed. The form of attack at 750°C is similar to 700°C, although the rate of oxidation is increased, because the diffusion of the alloying elements and the oxidation reactions are faster. These coatings have good resistance to oxidation in water vapor and forming an alumina surface layer which protects the substrate from corrosion attack.

Mechanical and tribological properties enhancement of heat treated AISI 4340 steel by using a TiN/TiAlN multilayer coating system

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Gilberto Bejarano

2008-01-01

Full Text Available Multicapas de TiN/TiAlN (nitruro de titanio/nitruro de titanio aluminio se depositaron por la técnica de la pulverización catódica d.c. reactiva utilizando blancos de titanio y de aluminio de 10 cm de diámetro, con una pureza de 99,9%, en una atmósfera de argón y nitrógeno (Ar/N, aplicando una temperatura de 300°C y una presión de 7x10-3 mbar al sustrato. Como sustratos se utilizaron silicio (100 y acero AISI 4340 tratado térmicamente con una dureza de 54 Rockwell C (HRC, aproximadamente 5,4 GPa. Recubrimientos de TiN/TiAlN con un contenido de Al de 70% y un espesor total de 4 um se investigaron en función del número de multicapas y sus propiedades mecánicas y tribológicas se compararon con las de las muestras de acero sin recubrir. La estructura cristalina de las muestras recubiertas se analizó mediante difracción de rayos X, la morfología y topografía con microscopia electrónica de barrido (SEM y microscopia de fuerza atómica (AFM. La dureza se determinó mediante nanoindentación, mientras que la resistencia al desgaste se caracterizó a través de mediciones de pin on disc. Para las 150 multicapas de TiN/TiAlN se obtuvo un incremento en la dureza y en el módulo de Young de 62% y 70% respectivamente, en relación a las 30 bicapas iniciales, y de 740% y 202% respectivamente, comparado con el acero AISI 4340 sin recubrir. Finalmente, el coeficiente de fricción se redujo de 0,55 a 0,20 y la rugosidad de 60 nm a 3,2 nm para las probetas de acero recubiertas con 150 bicapas de TiN/TiAlN, lo cual condujo a una mayor resistencia al desgaste del sistema de recubrimiento.

Microstructural characterization of an AISI-SAE 4140 steel without nitridation and nitrided; Caracterizacion microestructural de un acero AISI-SAE 4140 sin nitrurar y nitrurado

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Medina F, A.; Naquid G, C. [Gerencia de Ciencia de Materiales, Depto. de Sintesis y Caracterizacion de Materiales, A.P. 18-1027, 11801 Mexico D.F. (Mexico)

2000-07-01

It was micro structurally characterized an AISI-SAE 4140 steel before and after of nitridation through the nitridation process by plasma post-unloading microwaves through Optical microscopy (OM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) by means of secondary electrons and retrodispersed, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy dispersion spectra (EDS) and mapping of elements. (Author)

EFECTO DE LA TEMPERATURA SOBRE LA RESISTENCIA A LA TRACCIÓN DE ALGUNOS REFUERZOS DE FIBRAS PARA MATRICES CERÁMICAS O POLIMÉRICAS EFEITO DA TEMPERATURA SOBRE A RESISTÊNCIA À TRAÇÃO DE ALGUNS REFORZOS DE FIBRAS PARA MATRIZES CERÁMICAS OU POLIMÉRICAS EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON TH E TENSILE STRENGTH OF SOME FIBER REINFORCEMENTS FOR CERAMIC OR POLYMER MATRICES

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MARYORY ASTRID GÓMEZ

2009-07-01

Full Text Available Este artículo presenta un estudio de las propiedades termomecánicas de fibras de acero de bajo carbono, de acero inoxidable ASI-SAE 304, de aramida y de carbono. Además, se analizó el aspecto superficial de refuerzos de lana mineral de roca y lana de aluminosilicatos antes y después de someterlos a tratamientos térmicos a 1000 ºC. La resistencia a la tracción de las fibras se evaluó antes y después de someterlas a tratamientos térmicos a temperaturas de 400, 600, 800 y 1000 ºC dependiendo de la degradación que mostraran. Además, se efectuó un análisis termogravimétrico a cada tipo de fibra para determinar los cambios de peso a diferentes temperaturas. Las fibras de acero inoxidable mostraron la mayor estabilidad termomecánica, mientras que las fibras de aramida con tratamientos a 400 ºC mostraron propiedades mecánicas prácticamente nulas.Este artigo apresenta um estudo das propriedades termomecánicas de fibras de aço baixo carbono, de aço inoxidável ASI-SAE 304, de aramida e de carbono. Além disso, se analisou o aspecto superficial de reforços de lã mineral de rocha e lã de aluminosilicatos antes e depois que submetê-las a tratamentos térmicos a 1000 ºC. A resistência à tração das fibras se avaliou antes e depois de submetê-las a tratamentos térmicos a temperaturas de 400, 600, 800 e 1000 ºC dependendo da degradação que mostraram. Além disso, se efetuou uma análise termogravim étrica a cada tipo de fibra para determinar as mudanças de peso a diferentes temperaturas. As fibras de aço inoxidável mostraram a maior estabilidade termomecânica, enquanto as fibras de aramida com tratamentos a 400 ºC mostraram propriedades mecânicas praticamente nulas.This paper presents a study of the thermomechanical properties of low carbon steel, AISI-SAE 304 stainless steel, aramid and carbon fibers. Moreover, surface aspect of mineral rock wool of and aluminosilicate wool reinforcements was analyzed prior and after

Recubrimiento de Stellite 6 sobre acero inoxidable realizado con láser de CO₂ para válvulas de escape de motores diesel

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Cadenas, M.

2002-12-01

Full Text Available To reduce the recovery or the replacement costs of diesel engine exhaust valves, they are manufactured with an economic base material, and a coating which is deposited on the seat valve in order to reach high hardness and good impact, corrosion and high temperature wear resistance (>550 °C and without lubrication. In this work, appropriate laser cladding parameters have been determined to obtain Stellite 6 coatings over AISI 304 steel (as plane test specimens and SAE EV8 steel (as valves substrates. One and two superimposed tracks were deposited on the seat valves, and modifying the laser power as a function of the rotated angle at the beginning and the end of the circular tracks, pores and cracks have been minimized and the thickness of the track were made uniform. Hardness, dilution and final microstructure of the different coatings have been analysed. A 10 % dilution and 550 HV in the tracks over plane test specimens was observed, while valves with one track showed 25 % and 430 HV respectively. With two superimposed tracks the hardness was up to 470 HV in the upper track.

Para abaratar el coste de recuperación o sustitución de válvulas de escape en motores diesel, estas se fabrican con un material base económico, recubriéndose el asiento de la válvula con otro material al que se exigirá elevada dureza y buena resistencia al impacto, a la corrosión y al desgaste erosivo en caliente (>550 °C y sin lubricación. Partiendo de esta idea, en el presente trabajo se han determinado los parámetros adecuados para realizar, mediante la técnica de plaqueado láser, un recubrimiento con Stellite 6, sobre sustratos de acero AISI 304 (probetas planas y SAE EV8 (válvulas reales. Sobre las válvulas, se depositaron uno y dos cordones superpuestos, se minimizó la presencia de poros y grietas, modificando el grado de solape inicial y final de los cordones circulares y la potencia en función del ángulo girado. Así, se

Effects of nitrogen and pulsed mean welding current in AISI 316 austenitic stainless steel solidification cracks; Efecto del nitrogeno y la corriente media pulsada de soldadura en la formacion de grietas de solidificacion en aceros inoxidables AISI 316L

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Trevisan, R. E.; Braga, E.; Fals, H. C.

2002-07-01

An analysis of the influence of nitrogen concentration in the weld zone and the pulsed mean welding current in the solidification crack formation is presented in this paper. The AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel was employed as the metal base. The welding was done using CC+ pulsed flux cored are welding process and AWS E316L wire type. The tests were conducted using CO{sub 2} shielding gas with four different nitrogen levels (0,5; 10 and 15%) in order to induce different nitrogen weld metal concentrations. The pulsed mean welding current was varied in three levels and the. Transvarestraint tangential strain test was fixed of 5%. The results showed that the solidification cracking decreased as the pulsed mean welding current increase. It was also verified that an increase of the weld zone nitrogen level was associated with a decrease in both the total length of solidification crack and the amount of {delta} ferrite. (AUthor) 20 refs.

Soldagem por Difusão de Aços Inoxidáveis para Fabricação de Trocadores de Calor Compactos

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Marcus Vinícius Volponi Mortean

2016-03-01

Full Text Available Resumo A união de materiais diferentes ou componentes com geometrias complexas muitas vezes requer processos de uniões especiais, como por exemplo, uma fonte de energia de alta densidade como laser ou feixe de elétrons para soldagem por fusão ou mesmo um processo de soldagem no estado sólido. Em particular, este trabalho descreve os experimentos recentes da aplicação da soldagem por difusão no estado sólido (SDES para diferentes tipos de aços inoxidáveis: austenítico AISI 316L, duplex UNS 31803 e superduplex UNS 327250. A soldagem por difusão foi realizada sob alto vácuo a 1050 °C, durante 60 minutos, empregando uma pressão uniaxial de 18-35 MPa. A qualidade da união foi avaliada por microscopia óptica e testes mecânicos. Os resultados preliminares indicam a necessidade de otimização dos parâmetros de processo para os aços duplex e superduplex. Os resultados positivos alcançados no presente trabalho permitiram a fabricação de protótipos de trocadores de calor compacto em aço inoxidável, utilizando o novo método de fabricação, desenvolvido por LABTUCAL / UFSC, através do qual o processo de corte a jato de água é aplicado para confeccionar com precisão os canais do núcleo do permutador de calor.

Treatment of nitridation by microwave post discharge plasma in an AISI 4140 steel; Tratamiento de nitruracion por plasma post-descarga micro-ondas en un acero AISI 4140

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Medina F, A. [Instituto Tecnologico de Morelia, Morelia e Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, A.P. 18-1027, 11801 Mexico D.F. (Mexico); Rodriguez L, V.; Zamora R, L. [ININ, Mexico D.F. (Mexico); Oseguera P, J

1998-07-01

The objective of this work is to determine through X-ray diffraction, microhardness measurement and scanning electron microscopy those main operation parameters of the microwave post discharge treatment (temperature of treatment, gas mixture and permanence time) nitriding an AISI 4140 steel and to characterize the compact layer of nitrides formed during the treatment. (Author)

Comportamiento frente a la corrosión de los aceros inoxidables AISI 430L P/M

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Corpas, F. A.; Iglesias, F. J.; Ruiz, J. M.; Codina, S.; Ruiz, J. M.; García, V.

2004-01-01

In this paper we have studied the resistance to corrosion of the 430L ferritic stainless steels, manufactured by powder metallurgy. We have compared the behaviour of the different series of 430L stainless steels sintered, tempered and annealing, in different corrosive environments. Finally, the microstructure of the steels was determined by means of scanning electron microscopy. The better resistance to corrosion are produced in the steel annealing to 300ºC and 600ºC.

En es...

Study of cyclic oxidation for stainless steels AISI 309 T 253 M A, with low additions of cerium; Estudio de la oxidacion ciclica de los aceros inoxidables AISI 309 T 253 MA, con pequenas adiciones de Cerio

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Velazquez F, G.L.; Martinez, M.; Ruiz, A. [Universidad Nacional Experimental Politecnica (UNEXPO) - Vicerrectorado de Puerto Ordaz, Centro de Estudios de Corrosion. Puerto Ordaz. venezuela (Venezuela)

1998-12-31

It has been detected that the addition of small amounts (<1%) of the so called `reactive elements` such as Cerium to Fe-Cr alloys that was utilized in oxidating environment at high temperatures improving its resistance to oxidation under isothermal and cyclic conditions. In this work, it was evaluated the behavior under cyclic oxidation conditions for an austenitic stainless steel at chromium-nickel (253MA) with cerium addition, and comparing it with the AISI 310S austenitic stainless steel. The cyclic oxidation essays consist of five cycles by 24 hours each one, following of a cooling in air until ambient temperature from the temperatures of 850, 900 and 950 Centigrade, registering the gain mass of the specimen at end of each cycle. In order to this were prepared samples with dimensions of 20 mm. x 10 mm. x 1 mm. Later to the oxidation essays was evaluated the morphology of the corrosion products layer by scanning electron microscopy. The present phases were identified by X-ray diffraction and by chemical microanalysis by Dispersive energy (EDAX). The results obtained show that the steel with cerium addition, presents a higher adherence and resistance to the spalling noting that the cerium promotes the casting anchor of the oxides layer to matrix and by reducing the grain size of the layer improving its plasticity. Additionally the cerium promotes the preferential oxidation of the forming elements of protective layers like the chromium. (Author)

Relationship between mechanical and surface properties of a stainless steels duplex UNS S31803 (45N) nitriding at high temperature

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Mesa Grajales, Dairo Hernán; Garzón Ospina, Carlos Mario; Tschiptschin, André Paulo

2008-01-01

Se estudió la relación entre dureza, resistencia a la cavitación (en sus primeras etapas), y la textura cristalográfica de un acero inoxidable duplex (UNS S31803 llamado de 45N), transformado en inoxidable austenítico por tratamiento térmoquímico de nitruración gaseosa a alta temperatura. Usando la técnica de difracción de electrones retroproyectados (Electron Backscattering Diffraction - EBSD), fue posible generar un patrón de textura del material (mapa EBSD), el cual se utilizó pa...

Reciclado de las aguas de decapado

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López, F. A.

1998-05-01

Full Text Available Pickling liquors from steel industry, listed as hazardous wastes in most industrializated countries, have been treated by means of several procedures in order to recover the iron and other metals and to obtain an environmental friendly effluent. Depending on the treatment employed, different valuable ferrous products have been obtained. Ammoniojarosite and zinc ferrite were precipitated from the previously oxidised ferrous solutions.

En la mayoría de los países industrializados, se incluyen las aguas de decapado, tanto las procedentes de los aceros al carbono como de aceros inoxidables, dentro de las listas de residuos tóxicos y peligrosos. Se presentan en este trabajo los resultados obtenidos en las investigaciones realizadas en los últimos años en los que se ha estudiado el tratamiento y recuperación de aguas de decapado de aceros comunes e inoxidables. Su tratamiento se ha enfocado hacia la consecución de dos objetivos: la recuperación del contenido total de metales y la obtención de un efluente de menor impacto ambiental. Se presentan los procedimientos estudiados para la obtención de compuestos de hierro, amoniojarosita y ferritas de zinc, con cierto valor añadido.

Dermatitis de contacto por prótesis ortopédicas Contact dermatitis for orthopaedic prostheses

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C.A. Danielo

2007-09-01

Full Text Available Diversas aleaciones son utilizadas en la fabricación de prótesis ortopédicas (ej: titanio, vitalio, etc, dentro de las cuales la más utilizada es la de acero inoxidable. El níquel, parte importante de esta aleación, es capaz de liberarse y provocar sensibilización, desencadenando reacciones cutáneas locales y sistémicas. De los materiales que componen la aleación para formar acero inoxidable, el níquel es el que más frecuentemente se ve implicado en reacciones cutáneas por sensibilidad, en tanto que otros como el cromo y cobalto, la posibilidad de pérdida de material a partir de la prótesis es discutida. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con dermatitis alérgica al níquel con lesiones generalizadas, que aparecieron luego del implante de prótesis ortopédicas de acero inoxidable, dando positivo para níquel sulfato en las pruebas epicutáneas.Several alloys are used in the manufacture of orthopaedics prostheses (ie: titanium, vitalium. Stainless steel is the most frequently used among them. Nickel is an important component of this alloy and may release and provoke sensitivity. Arising local and systemic cutaneous reactions. Nickel is the material composing stainless steel that ordinary is implicated in cutaneous reactions of sensitivity; the role of chrome or cobalt is still uncertain. Our patient is a woman affected of nickel contact dermatitis, with generalized reactions that appear after an implant of a stainless steel orthopaedic prosthesis. Epicutaneous tests were performed, confirming a strong sensitivity to nickel sulphate.

Characterization of welding of AISI 304l stainless steel similar to the core encircling of a BWR reactor; Caracterizacion de soldaduras de acero inoxidable AISI 304L similares a las de la envolvente del nucleo de un reactor BWR

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Gachuz M, M.E.; Palacios P, F.; Robles P, E.F. [ININ, 52045 Ocoyoacac, Estado de Mexico (Mexico)

2003-07-01

Plates of austenitic stainless steel AISI 304l of 0.0381 m thickness were welded by means of the SMAW process according to that recommended in the Section 9 of the ASME Code, so that it was reproduced the welding process used to assemble the encircling of the core of a BWR/5 reactor similar to that of the Laguna Verde Nucleo electric plant, there being generated the necessary documentation for the qualification of the one welding procedure and of the welder. They were characterized so much the one base metal, as the welding cord by means of metallographic techniques, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, mechanical essays and fracture mechanics. From the obtained results it highlights the presence of an area affected by the heat of up to 1.5 mm of wide and a value of fracture tenacity (J{sub IC}) to ambient temperature for the base metal of 528 KJ/m{sup 2}, which is diminished by the presence of the welding and by the increment in the temperature of the one essay. Also it was carried out an fractographic analysis of the fracture zone generated by the tenacity essays, what evidence a ductile fracture. The experimental values of resistance and tenacity are important for the study of the structural integrity of the encircling one of the core. (Author)

Cyclic oxidation of stainless steel ferritic AISI 409, AISI 439 and AISI 441; Oxidacao ciclica dos acos inoxidaveis ferriticos AISI 409, AISI 439 e AISI 441

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Salgado, Maria de Fatima; Santos, Diego Machado dos; Oliveira, Givanilson Brito de, E-mail: fatima.salgado@pq.cnpq.br [Universidade Estadual do Maranhao (CESC/UEMA), Caxias, MA (Brazil). Centro de Estudos Superiores; Rodrigues, Samara Clotildes Saraiva; Brandim, Ayrton de Sa [Instituto Federal do Piaui (PPGEM/IFPI), PI (Brazil); Lins, Vanessa de Freitas Cunha [Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (IFMG), MG (Brazil)

2014-07-01

Stainless steels have many industrial applications. The cyclic oxidation of ferritic stainless steels technical and scientific importance presents, because they are less susceptible to peeling the austenitic alloys. For the purpose of investigating the behavior of these steels under thermal cycling, cyclic oxidation of AISI 409, AISI 441 and AISI 439 was carried out in a tubular furnace under two different conditions: oxidation by dipping the steel in the synthetic condensate for 10h and without oxidation immersion in the condensate, for up to 1500h at 300° C temperature. Using techniques: SEM, EDS and XRD revealed a microstructure with increased oxidation in the samples were immersed in the condensate. The oxide film remained intact during oxidation for steels 439 and 441 409 The Steel immersed in the condensate was rupture of the film after the 20th cycle of oxidation. The chemical characterization of the films allowed the identification of elements: Chromium, Iron, Aluminium and Silicon To a great extent, Cr{sub 2}O{sub 3}. (author)

Effect of V addition on the hardness, adherence and friction coefficient of VC coatings produced by thermo-reactive diffusion deposition

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Fredy Alejandro Orjuela-Guerrero; José Edgar Alfonso-Orjuela; Jhon Jairo Olaya-Flórez

2015-01-01

Se produjeron recubrimientos de carburo de vanadio (VC) sobre sustratos de acero AISI H13 y acero AISI D2 mediante deposito termoreactiva/ difusión (TRD) con el fin de evaluar sus propiedades mecánicas como una función del contenido de vanadio. Los recubrimientos se producen con diferentes porcentajes de concentración de ferrovanadio. La composición química de los recubrimientos se determinó mediante fluorescencia de rayos X (XRF), la estructura cristalina se analizó utilizando difracción de ...

Comparative study of high temperature oxidation behaviour in AISI 304 and AISI 439 stainless steels

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Antônio Claret Soares Sabioni

2003-06-01

Full Text Available This work deals with a comparison of high temperature oxidation behaviour in AISI 304 austenitic and AISI 439 ferritic stainless steels. The oxidation experiments were performed between 850 and 950 °C, in oxygen and Ar (100 vpm H2. In most cases, it was formed a Cr2O3 protective scale, whose growth kinetics follows a parabolic law. The exception was for the the AISI 304 steel, at 950 °C, in oxygen atmosphere, which forms an iron oxide external layer. The oxidation resistance of the AISI 439 does not depend on the atmosphere. The AISI 304 has the same oxidation resistance in both atmospheres, at 850 °C, but at higher temperatures, its oxidation rate strongly increases in oxygen atmosphere. Concerning the performance of these steels under oxidation, our results show that the AISI 439 steel has higher oxidation resistance in oxidizing atmosphere, above 850 °C, while, in low pO2 atmosphere, the AISI 304 steel has higher oxidation resistance than the AISI 439, in all the temperature range investigated.

The Cementation of Boron to Steels by the Method of Electrolytic Deposition; Cementation Electrolytique d'Aciers par le Bore; Tsementirovanie bora v stali putem ehlektroliticheskogo osazhdeniya; Cementacion de Aceros con Boro por Deposito Electrolitico

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kawakami, M. [Tokyo Institute of Technology (Japan)

1964-06-15

aceros al carbono, aceros inoxidables, acero de elevado contenido de cromo, etc.; todos ellos dan resultados satisfactorios. (author) [Russian] Privoditsja metod izgotovlenija upravljajushhego sterzhnja s cementirovaniem bora. Jetot process osushhestvljaetsja posredstvom jelektroliza rasplavlennogo tetrabornokislogo natrija pri temperature okolo 900 Degree-Sign S . Obrabatyvaemyj stal'noj sterzhen' sluzhit katodom, v k a chestve anoda ispol'zuetsja grafitovyj jelektrod. V processe jelektroliza bor osazhdaetsja na stal'noj sterzhen' i diffundiruet v sta l'. Pri podhodjashhih uslovijah jelektroliza legko udaetsja poluchit' stal'noj sterzhen', soderzhashhij po 20% bora. Issledovalis' sledujushhie tipy stali: uglerodistaja, nerzhavejushhie, hromistaja i t.d. , vo vseh sluchajah byli polucheny polozhitel'nye rezul'taty. (author)

Comportamiento de las aleaciones termorresistentes AISI HH y HK-40 ante los procesos de carburización y nitruración

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Eleno Alfonso-Brindis

2001-03-01

Full Text Available Se evalúa el comportamiento de los aceros austeníticos fundidos AISI HH y HK- 40 (de producción nacional ante los procesos de carburización y nitruración en los rangos de temperaturas desde 750 hasta 1 000 °C. Se estudia la cinética y la termodinámica de las posibles reacciones y los productos de las mismas se caracterizan mediante técnicas de Microscopía Óptica, Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido y Microanálisis (MEB-EDAX. En el análisis microscópico se observó la formación de carburos de cromo después de la carburización, mientras que la nitruración dio lugar a la formación de nitruros de cromo. Se concluye que la aleación AISI HK-40 posee una elevada resistencia intrínseca a la carburización y a la nitruración, que hace factible su empleo en componentes de hornos de soleras múltiples para la reducción de minerales lateríticos

Cyclic oxidation of stainless steel ferritic AISI 409, AISI 439 and AISI 441

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Salgado, Maria de Fatima; Santos, Diego Machado dos; Oliveira, Givanilson Brito de; Lins, Vanessa de Freitas Cunha

2014-01-01

Stainless steels have many industrial applications. The cyclic oxidation of ferritic stainless steels technical and scientific importance presents, because they are less susceptible to peeling the austenitic alloys. For the purpose of investigating the behavior of these steels under thermal cycling, cyclic oxidation of AISI 409, AISI 441 and AISI 439 was carried out in a tubular furnace under two different conditions: oxidation by dipping the steel in the synthetic condensate for 10h and without oxidation immersion in the condensate, for up to 1500h at 300° C temperature. Using techniques: SEM, EDS and XRD revealed a microstructure with increased oxidation in the samples were immersed in the condensate. The oxide film remained intact during oxidation for steels 439 and 441 409 The Steel immersed in the condensate was rupture of the film after the 20th cycle of oxidation. The chemical characterization of the films allowed the identification of elements: Chromium, Iron, Aluminium and Silicon To a great extent, Cr_2O_3. (author)

Study of copper deposit on a porous electrode of carbon and stainless steel by sem-xrd and image analysis

OpenAIRE

Constanzo-R., Robinson; Pagliero-N., Antonio; Vergara-G., Froilán

2014-01-01

El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar un análisis cualitativ o de la distribución de un electrodepósito de cobre en el inter ior de electrodos porosos (EP) de acero inoxidable y carbono grafito. Para ello, se reali zaron pruebas de electrodepositación de cobre a nivel de labora torio, con un posterior análisis de cortes de muestras de acero y grafito vía Microscopía Estereoscópica, Microscopía SEM-DRX y Análisis de Imagen, los cuales mostraron que el cobre no se deposita en forma uniforme ...

Tool life equation for blanking 18-8 stainless steel strips

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Faura, F.

1998-08-01

Full Text Available Hereinafter it is presented a model for the behaviour and life of circular blanking tool used in sheet forming processes of 18-8 stainless steel (sheet thickness: 1 mm. Firstly it has analyzed the different studies that have previously delt with this problem. Secondly taking into account recently made experiments, it is proposed a simple formulation to predict tool life with enough reliability. To this purpose it has examined different parameters in the wear process, inferring from these the fundamental parameters that regulate them and about which the different equations have been configurated. Blanking tests were performed using a 20 t press at a speed of 150 strokes/min. Punch materials used in these tests were AISI A2 and AISI D2 with diameters between 1.5 and 10 mm. The blanking tests were performed at a clearance between 5 and 20 % of the work material thickness.

En el presente artículo se presenta un modelo de ecuación de vida de herramientas para punzonado circular de chapa de acero inoxidable 18-8 (1 mm de espesor. Se han analizado inicialmente los diferentes estudios que previamente han abordado este problema. Posteriormente, teniendo en cuenta los experimentos realizados recientemente, se propone una formulación simple para predecir con Habilidad suficiente la vida de la herramienta. Para este propósito se han examinado los diferentes parámetros que afectan al proceso de desgaste, infiriendo a partir de estos, los parámetros fundamentales que lo regulan y sobre los cuales se han configurado las diferentes ecuaciones. Los ensayos fueron realizados en una prensa de 20 t y una velocidad de punzonado de 150 golpes/min. Los materiales de los punzones usados en los ensayos fueron AISI A2 y AISI D2 con diámetros comprendidos entre 1,5 y 10 mm. Los ensayos se realizaron para juegos de corte comprendidos entre un 5 y 20 % del espesor de la chapa.

Recubrimiento de acero con polidopamina

OpenAIRE

Carrasco Rodríguez, Javier

2013-01-01

Se ha obtenido recubrimientos de polidopamina en acero mecánicamente resistentes y con tiempos de obtención relativamente pequeños a través de la polimerización de la dopamina bajo diferentes condiciones.

Influencia del tiempo de nitruración en baño de sales en el comportamiento tribológico de un acero de herramientas AISI H13

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Castro, G.

2007-12-01

Full Text Available Tribological high temperature characteristics of a H13 tool steel treated by salt bath have been studied. AISI H13 steel samples were nitrided by a sursulf bath, varying nitriding time from 1 to 24 h. Optical microscopy and micro-hardness deep profile through the nitrided layer were performed for each nitriding time. Standard pin-on-disk wear tests were conducted at high temperature. Sliding distance was varied from 150 m to 900 m. It has been observed that friction coefficient does not change with nitriding time and wear rate varies as a function of the sliding distance due to the presence of different wear mechanisms. For short sliding distances, the wear mechanisms that contribute to the total wear were plastic deformation and abrasion, whereas for greater sliding distances the mechanisms that control wear behaviour were oxidation and abrasion.

Se han investigado las características tribológicas a alta temperatura de un acero de herramientas para trabajo en caliente nitrurado en baño de sales sursulf. Se ha variado el tiempo de nitruración desde 1 hasta 24 h, para analizar su influencia en la microestructura obtenida y en el comportamiento frente al desgaste. Se han realizado ensayos de desgaste a alta temperatura y se ha evaluado la ratio de desgaste y el coeficiente de fricción. Se ha observado que el coeficiente de fricción no varía con el tiempo de nitruración y que la ratio de desgaste varía con la distancia de deslizamiento debido a la presencia de distintos mecanismos de desgaste, pero es independiente del tiempo de nitruración. Así, para distancias de ensayo cortas, los mecanismos de desgaste que contribuyen al desgaste total son deformación plástica y abrasión, mientras que para mayores distancias de deslizamiento los mecanismos observados son oxidación y abrasión.

Propiedades mecánicas del acero de refuerzo utilizado en Colombia Propiedades mecánicas del acero de refuerzo utilizado en Colombia

OpenAIRE

Victoria González Quintana; Juan Carlos Botero; Roberto Rochel; Julián Vidal; Martha Cecilia Alvarez Uribe

2005-01-01

Se presentan resultados del análisis estadístico aplicado al estudio experimental que de- termina las propiedades mecánicas de aceros colombianos sometidos a cargas monotónicas de tracción. Se obtienen curvas típicas de esfuerzo-deformación que permiten caracterizar aceros nacionales estudiados haciendo énfasis en las variables que determinan el cambio de comportamiento del materialA statistical analysis applied to a experimental study that determines the mechanical properties of steels produ...

Corrosión en soldaduras de aparatos de ortodoncia

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Vázquez, S. M.

1997-10-01

Full Text Available The study of corrosion-related problems of dental materials has undergone a considerable development in recent years in order to avoid the use of materials with insufficient corrosion resistance in patients' mouth. The subject of the present work was to study a particular type of corrosion: galvanic corrosion. One of the most common case of galvanic couples in patients' mouth are the orthodontic appliances. The materials studied in the present work were stainless steel strips and silver-copper wires, isolated and welded between them. The electrochemical tests were performed in a NaCl 0.1M and Lactic Acid 0.1M solution (pH 2.3, and after test, the specimens were observed using the optical and scanning electron microscope. The results show that when stainless steel is coupled with a silver solder, the last is the anode of the galvanic couple. As a consequence of this, the silver solder undergone a severe attack. Stainless steel orthodontic appliances with silver solder are feasibly destroyed due to a severe attack on the filler metal disjoining the welded parts.

En los últimos años se ha desarrollado considerablemente el estudio de los problemas relacionados con la corrosión de aleaciones dentales a efectos de evitar la utilización de materiales con una deficiente resistencia a la corrosión en la boca de los pacientes. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estudiar la corrosión de aparatos de ortodoncia fabricados con acero inoxidable con soldadura por punto o por aporte de aleación de plata. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que cuando el acero inoxidable contiene aportes de soldadura de material de base plata, ésta actúa como ánodo disolviéndose preferencialmente a una velocidad considerable. Los aparatos de ortodoncia construidos con acero inoxidable soldado con aporte de material de base plata, corren el riesgo de destrucción debido a un ataque intenso en el cordón de soldadura con el consiguiente despegue de las piezas

Low temperature plasma carburizing of AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel and AISI F51 duplex stainless steel

OpenAIRE

Pinedo,Carlos Eduardo; Tschiptschin,André Paulo

2013-01-01

In this work an austenitic AISI 316L and a duplex AISI F51 (EN 1.4462) stainless steel were DC-Plasma carburized at 480ºC, using CH4 as carbon carrier gas. For the austenitic AISI 316L stainless steel, low temperature plasma carburizing induced a strong carbon supersaturation in the austenitic lattice and the formation of carbon expanded austenite (γC) without any precipitation of carbides. The hardness of the carburized AISI 316L steel reached a maximum of 1000 HV due to ∼13 at% c...

Low temperature plasma carburizing of AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel and AISI F51 duplex stainless steel

OpenAIRE

Pinedo, Carlos Eduardo; Tschiptschin, André Paulo

2013-01-01

In this work an austenitic AISI 316L and a duplex AISI F51 (EN 1.4462) stainless steel were DC-Plasma carburized at 480ºC, using CH4 as carbon carrier gas. For the austenitic AISI 316L stainless steel, low temperature plasma carburizing induced a strong carbon supersaturation in the austenitic lattice and the formation of carbon expanded austenite (γC) without any precipitation of carbides. The hardness of the carburized AISI 316L steel reached a maximum of 1000 HV due to ∼13 at% carbon super...

Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction welded AISI 1040/AISI 304L steels before and after electrochemical corrosion

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sarsilmaz, Furkan [Firat Univ., Elazig (Turkey). Dept. of Mechatronics Engineering; Kirik, Ihsan [Batman Univ. (Turkey); Ozdemir, Niyazi [Firat Univ., Elazig (Turkey)

2018-03-01

The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of welding parameters both on the electrochemical corrosion behavior and tensile strength of pre- and post-electrochemical corrosion of friction welded dissimilar steels. The microstructural changes of AISI 1040/AISI 304L friction welded couples and also parent materials were analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical behaviors of AISI1040/AISI304L joints were comparatively investigated by potentiodynamic polarization curve test and by electrochemical impedance spectra. Moreover, tensile strength experiments were carried out determining the behavior of friction welded joints of pre- and post-electrochemical corrosion and results indicated that the maximum tensile test value of the dissimilar welded pre-electrochemical corrosion was higher than those of post-electrochemical corrosion and was also very close to AISI 1040 parent material value.

Crack Arrest Toughness of Two High Strength Steels (AISI 4140 and AISI 4340)

Science.gov (United States)

Ripling, E. J.; Mulherin, J. H.; Crosley, P. B.

1982-04-01

The crack initiation toughness ( K c ) and crack arrest toughness ( K a ) of AISI 4140 and AISI 4340 steel were measured over a range of yield strengths from 965 to 1240 MPa, and a range of test temperatures from -53 to +74°C. Emphasis was placed on K a testing since these values are thought to represent the minimum toughness of the steel as a function of loading rate. At the same yield strengths and test temperatures, K a for the AISI 4340 was about twice as high as it was for the AISI 4140. In addition, the K a values showed a more pronounced transition temperature than the K c values, when the data were plotted as a function of test temperature. The transition appeared to be associated with a change in fracture mechanism from cleavage to dimpled rupture as the test temperature was increased. The occurrence of a “pop-in” behavior at supertransition temperatures has not been found in lower strength steels, and its evaluation in these high strength steels was possible only because they are not especially tough at their supertransition temperatures. There is an upper toughness limit at which pop-in will not occur, and this was found for the AISI 4340 steel when it was tempered to its lowest yield strength (965 MPa). All the crack arrest data were identified as plane strain values, while only about one-half of the initiation values could be classified this way.

Formación de fase sigma en uniones soldadas de acero inoxidable súper dúplex fundido

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Garin, J. L.

2011-08-01

Full Text Available This paper decribes the microstructural characteristics of weldments of cast super duplex stainless steel (J93404, being subjected to annealing processes to induce formation of sigma-phase at high temperatures. The influence of heating time at 1073 K, 1123 K and 1173 K upon precipitation of sigma in the heat affected zone, base metal and fusion zone of the weldments was analyzed. The experimental results revealed the formation of this intermetallic compound throughout decomposition of the ferritic phase into austenite and sigma. At earlier stages of the transformation the phase rapidly nucleates and growth along the ferrite-austenite grain boundaries, and then massively advances towards the bulk of the ferritic zone with greater effectiveness as temperature increases. The formation of sigma-phase in all weldments resembles the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami’s mechanism stated for nucleation and growth.

El presente trabajo describe las características microestructurales de uniones soldadas de acero súper dúplex fundido (J93404, al ser sometidas a procesos de recocido para inducir la formación de fase sigma a altas temperaturas. Se analizó la influencia del tiempo de calentamiento a 1.073 K, 1.123 K y 1.173 K sobre la precipitación de fase sigma en la zona afectada térmicamente, metal base y zona de fusión de los conjuntos soldados. Los resultados experimentales evidenciaron la formación de este compuesto intermetálico por descomposición de la fase ferrítica en austenita y sigma. Al comienzo de la transformación la fase nuclea y crece rápidamente en los bordes de grano austenita-ferrita, extendiéndose luego masivamente hacia el seno de la zona ferrítica, con mayor efectividad en términos del aumento de la temperatura de proceso. La formación de sigma en todas las uniones soldadas obedece a un mecanismo de nucleación y crecimiento del tipo Jonson-Mehl-Avrami.

Estudio de corrosión bajo tensión en los aceros inoxidables 17-4PH y 17-7PH en presencia de NaCl y NaOH (20 % a 90 °C

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Gaona-Tiburcio, Citlalli

2000-04-01

Full Text Available One of the problems that affects to the electric industry is the not programmed stoppages in the power plants, due to the failure of any main component: boiler, turbine and generator. In the turbine, the combined action of a corrosive agent (humid polluted vapor and a mechanical effort generally will result in Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC. In this work the SCC susceptibility of the precipitation hardening stainless steels 17-4PH and 17- 7PH, thoroughly used in steam turbine blades of power stations is analyzed. The specimens were tested in the presence of NaCl and NaOH (20 % to 90 °C and different pH. The CERT test (Constant Extension Rate Test was used, at 10^-6 s^-1 supplementing it with electrochemical noise; the aim was to identify the conditions of maximum susceptibility and the performance of the studied materials. The fractographic analysis revealed ductile and brittle fracture. Intergranular crackings, characteristic of the anodic dissolution mechanism of the material was observed. Nevertheless, the main mechanism responsible the failure was hydrogen embrittlement.

Uno de los problemas que afecta a la industria eléctrica es el de los paros no programados en las plantas generadoras de electricidad, debidos al fallo de algún componente principal: caldera, turbina y generador. En la turbina, la acción combinada de un agente corrosivo (vapor húmedo contaminado y un esfuerzo mecánico, generalmente provocará corrosión bajo tensión (CBT. En este trabajo se analiza la susceptibilidad a la CBT de los aceros inoxidables, endurecibles por precipitación, 17-4PH y 17-7PH, ampliamente usados en alabes de turbina de vapor de centrales termoeléctricas. Las muestras se ensayaron en presencia de NaCl y NaOH (20 % a 90 °C, y distintos valores de pH. Se empleó el ensayo CERT (Constant Extensión Rate Test, a velocidades de 10^-6 s^-1, complementándolo con ruido electroquímico, buscando

CrN coatings deposited by magnetron sputtering: Mechanical and tribological properties

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Alexander Ruden-Muñoz

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Se analizaron las propiedades mecánicas y tribológicas de recubrimientos de CrN crecidos sobre sutratos de aceros AISI 203 y AISI 4140 usando la técnica de pulverización catódica con magnetrón. Los recubrimietos fueron crecidos a dos presiones de trabajo, 0.4 y 4.0 Pa. Las películas crecidas sobre acero AISI 304 a 0.4 Pa mostraron la dureza más alta debido a que ésta presenta gran tamaño de grano y baja rugosidad. Para los recubrimientos sinterizados a o.4 Pa, el daño superficial fue bajo durante la prueba tribológica. Se realizaron estudios de adherencia, obteniéndose Lc1 y Lc2 para los recubrimietos producidos con ambas presiones y en abos sustratos. Se observó una mejor adherencia en las películas crecidas a baja presión debido a su mayor espesor (~890 nm.

Friction and bending forces evaluation of AISI 304 DDQ steel sheet forming by bending tests under deep-drawing multiaxial stresses; Evaluacion de la fuerza de doblado y de friccion en el conformado de chapa de acero inoxidable AISI 304 DDQ mediante ensayos de doblado en condiciones multiaxiales de embuticion

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Coello, J.; Miguel, V.; Ferrer, C.; Calatayud, A.; Martinez, A.

2012-11-01

Die radius is a critical area from the viewpoint of friction in forming processes. Moreover the sheet, that has been previously deformed in flange area, suffers bending and unbending stresses. Then, die-sheet contact in die radius must be especially considered in order to guarantee the suitable lubrication conditions. In the present work, a test method is carried out for evaluating an AISI 304 DDQ steel under similar conditions to those existing in the die radius area and that, usually, are not really reproduced in traditional bending under tensions tests. Deformation under pure shear condition, the bending and the radius angle have been established as variables of the tests. Results allow to obtain the apparent pressure sheet-bending tool, that increases with bending angle and decreases with tool radius. This last variable is the most significant while the bending angle has lesser influence. Although experimental results present some concordances with values obtained by analytical methods, some corrections must be considered in them in order to improve the theoretical values. (Author) 18 refs.

Study of the solidification of M2 high speed steel Laser Cladding coatings

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Candel, J. J.

2013-10-01

Full Text Available High speed steel laser cladding coatings are complex because cracks appear and the hardness is lower than expected. In this paper AISI M2 tool steel coatings on medium carbon AISI 1045 steel substrate have been manufactured and after Laser Cladding (LC processing it has been applied a tempering heat treatment to reduce the amount of retained austenite and to precipitate secondary carbides. The study of metallurgical transformations by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM and Electron Back Scattered Diffraction (EBSD shows that the microstructure is extremely fine and complex, with eutectic transformations and MC, M2C and M6C precipitation. Therefore, after the laser coating is necessary to use post-weld heat treatments.Los recubrimientos de acero rápido por Laser Cladding (LC son complejos porque aparecen fisuras y la dureza es menor a la esperada. En este trabajo se han fabricado recubrimientos de acero AISI M2 sobre acero al carbono AISI 1045 y tras el procesado por láser, se han revenido para reducir la cantidad de austenita retenida y precipitar carburos secundarios. El estudio de las transformaciones metalúrgicas con Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido (MEB y Difracción de Electrones Retrodispersados (EBSD muestra que la microestructura es extremadamente fina y compleja, presenta transformaciones eutécticas y precipitación de carburos MC, M2C y M6C. Por tanto, tras el recubrimiento por láser es necesario recurrir a tratamientos térmicos post-soldeo.

Physical characterization of austenitic stainless steels AISI 304 and AISI 348 L*

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Teodoro, Celso Antonio; Silva, Jose Eduardo Rosa da

2009-01-01

The study of radiation damages in metals and metallic alloys used as structural materials in nuclear reactors has a strategic meaning to the nuclear technology because it treats of performance of these materials in conditions that simulate the conditions of work in power reactors. Then it becomes necessary to know the essential physical properties of these materials, properties that are sensitive to the microstructural changes that occurred during the irradiation. The purpose of this work is to characterize, initially, some pre-irradiation properties of the stainless steels AISI 304 and AISI 348 L * , such as mechanical (stress-strain and microhardness) and electrical (resistivity). The AISI 348 L * has been studied for use as fuel cladding material. Both materials will be tested after irradiation in the IEA-R1 core and their properties will be compared with those in the pre-irradiated condition. The morphology of the fractured zones after tensile tests was observed using SEM (scanning electron microscopy). (author)

Behavior to the fracture of an AISI 304 stainless steel sensitized in BWR reactor conditions (288 degrees Centigrade and 80 Kg/cm{sup 2}); Comportamiento a la fractura de un acero inoxidable AISI 304 sensibilizado en condiciones de reactor BWR (288 grados Centigrados y 80 Kg/cm{sup 2})

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hernandez C, R.; Diaz S, A.; Garcia R, R.; Aguilar T, A.; Gachuz M, M.; Arganis J, C.; Merino C, J. [Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, A.P. 18-1027, 11801 Mexico D.F. (Mexico)

1999-07-01

It is a knew fact that ductility of a lot of structural alloys can be deteriorated by the environment effect which are exposed, and that their consequent embrittlement can put in doubt the safety of their functioning; such is the case of austenitic stainless steels used in internal components of the BWR type reactors which not only is subjected to the effect combined of the aggressive environment which surround it (pressure, temperature, corrosion potential, conductivity medium, local state of efforts, etc.), but also to the action of present neutron radiation, manifesting microstructural changes which are reflected in the augmentation of its susceptibility to the intergranular cracking, phenomena generally known as IASCC ''Irradiation Assisted Stress Corrosion Cracking''. Once appeared the cracking in the material, the useful life of a component is limited by the rapidity to growth of these cracking, making necessary evaluations which can to predict its behavior, therefore the present work shows the preliminary results for determining the behavior to the fracture of an AISI 304 stainless steel sensitized, in a dynamic recirculation circuit which allows to simulate the operation conditions of a BWR reactor (288 Centigrade and 80 kg/cm{sup 2}). (Author)

Diseño y evaluación de un procedimiento on-line para la biorremediación de aguas radiactivas en centrales nucleares

OpenAIRE

Belinchón Vergara, Julio Angel

2016-01-01

Recientemente se ha demostrado la existencia de microorganismos en las piscinas de almacenamiento de combustible nuclear gastado en las centrales nucleares utilizando técnicas convencionales de cultivo en el laboratorio. Estudios posteriores han puesto de manifiesto que los microorganismos presentes eran capaces de colonizar las paredes de acero inoxidable de las piscinas formando biopelículas. Adicionalmente se ha observado la capacidad de estas biopelículas de retener radionúclidos, lo que ...

Effect of V addition on the hardness, adherence and friction coefficient of VC coatings produced by thermo-reactive diffusion deposition

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Fredy Alejandro Orjuela-Guerrero

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Se produjeron recubrimientos de carburo de vanadio (VC sobre sustratos de acero AISI H13 y acero AISI D2 mediante deposito termoreactiva/ difusión (TRD con el fin de evaluar sus propiedades mecánicas como una función del contenido de vanadio. Los recubrimientos se producen con diferentes porcentajes de concentración de ferrovanadio. La composición química de los recubrimientos se determinó mediante fluorescencia de rayos X (XRF, la estructura cristalina se analizó utilizando difracción de rayos X (XRD, la morfología se caracterizó usando microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM, la dureza se midió a través de nanoindentaciòn, y las propiedades tribológicas mediante la prueba de bola sobre disco. El análisis XRF indicó que los recubrimientos crecidos en acero D2 disminuyó el porcentaje atómico de vanadio cuando el recubrimiento se produce con 20% de ferrovanadio. El análisis XRD estableció que los recubrimientos eran policristalinos, con una estructura cúbica. Las imágenes de SEM revelaron que los recubrimientos crecidos en acero D2 eran más compactos que los crecidos en el acero H13. Finalmente, las pruebas de desgaste establecieron que el coeficiente de fricción disminuyó con un aumento de vanadio en el recubrimiento.

Squeeze Casting Method Of AI-Si Alloy For Piston Material

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wagiyo, H.; Dani, Muhammad; Sulistioso, G.S.; Pardede, Elman; Handayani, Ari; Teguh, Yulius S.P.P.

2001-01-01

The AI-Si alloy is an alloy used as piston material. This alloys could be as AI-Si hypereutectic alloy (Si content more than 12.5 % wt.), as AI-Si eutectic alloy (Si cuntent 12.5 % wt, and as AI-Si hypoeutectic alloy (Si content less than 12.5 % wt.). The synthesize of AI-Si alloy piston generally using the technique of gravity casting in a dies. This method is causing high porousity. By using the squeeze technique, amount ofporousity in AI-Si alloy is possibly reduced and the density of this alloy should be higher. The other factors such as alloying elements of AI-Si alloy (Mg. Cu, Zn) would increase the mechanical properties especially the hardness. The focuses of this research are the microstructure and the maximum hardness during the heat treatment of AI-Si alloy which was added by alloying elments. The result of hardness at test shows the maximum hardness at 94.7 kg/mm 2 obtained at aging temperature of 210 o C for hours with homogenous dendritic microstructure

The study on the properties of AISI 4140 and AISI 1040 steel rods welded by friction welding

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Thanee Toomprasen

2014-06-01

Full Text Available This paper is aimed to investigate the properties of joint between AISI 4140 and AISI 1040 welded by friction welding. The specimens were prepared in round shape of 13 mm diameter and 100 mm long. They were welded by friction welding method under the following conditions; friction pressure of 183 MPa, friction time of 12 sec, upset pressure of 428 MPa, upset time of 7 sec. and rotational speed of 1400 rpm. The strength and hardness were tested on the welded area. The result showed finer grains. in the welded area. This is the result of friction pressure and upset pressure in the welding process. In addition, the observation result indicated some changes of Ferrite and Pearlite in welded zone. This phase change resulted in the increment of hardness in AISI 4140 at the contact area and adjacent. In part of AISI 1040, the portion of Pearlite and Ferrite are not significantly changed, therefore the value of hardness is almost constant.

Propiedades mecánicas del acero de refuerzo utilizado en Colombia Propiedades mecánicas del acero de refuerzo utilizado en Colombia

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Victoria González Quintana

2005-04-01

Full Text Available Se presentan resultados del análisis estadístico aplicado al estudio experimental que de- termina las propiedades mecánicas de aceros colombianos sometidos a cargas monotónicas de tracción. Se obtienen curvas típicas de esfuerzo-deformación que permiten caracterizar aceros nacionales estudiados haciendo énfasis en las variables que determinan el cambio de comportamiento del materialA statistical analysis applied to a experimental study that determines the mechanical properties of steels produced in Colombia subjected to monotonic loads of tension is presented. Typical stress-strain diagram that allow to characterize these steels making emphasis in the variables that determine the change of behaviour of the materia are presented.

Influence of sintering atmosphere on the mechanical properties of steel P / M AISI 430L; Influencia de la atmosfera de sinterizacion en las propiedades mecanicas de los aceros P/M AISI 430L

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Iglesias, F. J.; Martinez, C.; Costes, M. T.; Ruiz, J. M.; Garcia, L. E.; Corpas, F.

2014-04-01

It has studied the stainless steel powder metallurgy AISI 430L. It has compared the sintering in two different atmospheres; in vacuum, and in an atmosphere containing nitrogen. It has developed a heat treatment with the aim of improving the mechanical properties. This has been done through microstructural modification of complex nitrides of iron and chromium precipitates during the phase of sintering. Physical properties have been evaluated and are been performing a microstructural analysis for microstructure related to the increase in mechanical properties. (Author)

Mejora de la tenacidad de un acero de ultraalto contenido en carbono nnediante unión por laminación con un acero al cromo y molibdeno

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Pozuelo, M.

2005-12-01

Full Text Available Laminated composite materials containing five layers of ultrahigh carbon steel, 1.35%C, and five layers of a Cr-Mo steel were processed by roll bonding. The rolling procedure improves the bonding of layers and refines the microstructure, diminishing grain size and removing the pearlitic zones. Charpy impact tests were carried out to evaluate the impact properties. Toughness of the laminated composite was highly improved respect to the ultrahigh carbon steel. Moreover, it was double than that of the Cr-Mo steel in the arrester orientation. These results reveal the important role of the interfaces in the mechanical properties of the composite materials.

Se procesaron mediante unión por laminación, dos materiales compuestos laminados de 10 capas: cinco capas de un acero de ultraalto contenido en carbono con 1,35 % C, alternadas con otras cinco de un acero al cromo y molibdeno. La laminación en caliente consolida la unión entre las capas y afina la microestructura, reduciendo el tamaño de grano y eliminando las zonas de perlita presentes inicialmente. Se realizaron ensayos de impacto Charpy para evaluar su resistencia al impacto. El material compuesto laminado mejoró sustancialmente la tenacidad del acero de ultraalto carbono, además de duplicar la resiliencia del acero al cromo y molibdeno en la orientación "en serie". Estos resultados ponen de manifiesto la importancia de las intercaras en las propiedades mecánicas de los materiales compuestos.

Potencial de demanda energética cero en envolventes industriales: El caso de la vinificación en zonas de gran amplitud térmica.

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Alba Inés Ramos Sanz

2017-12-01

Full Text Available En el estudio presentado en este artículo se desarrolla un modelo matemático para la simulación en tiempo real de un envolvente de vinificación representativo de la tecnología de vinificación nacional -de hormigón armado-, y se lleva a cabo un seguimiento térmico tanto del vino almacenado en este interior como en uno de acero inoxidable, con el empleo de sensores de temperatura HOBO U-12. Mediante tal simulación, se contempla el efecto producido sobre la estabilidad térmica del vino y la demanda térmica originada en la convección forzada -causada por las brisas-, bajo diversas configuraciones de bodegas. Con la herramienta validada, se realiza una sencilla optimización pasiva sobre el caso representativo. Finalmente, comparando los resultados de los casos simulados optimizados y de los casos reales, se concluye una mayor eficiencia termo-energética del caso representativo, frente a los de acero inoxidable. Asimismo, se observa que la estabilidad térmica del vino con demanda cero es factible a partir del empleo de envolventes adecuadas al clima analizado; con sencillas medidas de optimización, dicha estabilidad se acerca al prototipo de demanda cero perseguida en los modelos de referencia para la gestión de la energía.

Degradación de recubrimientos ZrO2-CaO/NiAlMo por oxidación isoterma

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Utrilla, V.

2006-12-01

Full Text Available This paper analyses the degradation of a ceramic top coating 70%ZrO2 – 30%CaO deposited onto a stainless steel AISI 304 by thermal spray, using Ni-6%Al-5%Mo as overlay coating. These thermal barrier coatings were heat treated for 48, 120 and 288 h at 800 ºC to evaluate the degradation of these materials by isothermal oxidation. The microstructure evolution during oxidation was analysed by environmental scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X ray microanalysis and X ray diffraction. A thermally grown oxide layer was observed between the overlay coating and the ceramic top coating after oxidation. This layer was formed by a mixed Al and Ni oxides.En este trabajo se estudia la degradación de un recubrimiento 70%ZrO2 – 30%CaO crecido por proyección térmica de oxiacetileno sobre un acero inoxidable austenítico AISI 304 y empleando una leación de Ni-6%Al-5%Mo como capa de anclaje. Los recubrimientos se trataron térmicamente en aire a 800 ºC durante 48, 120 y 288 horas para evaluar la degradación de estos materiales por oxidación isotérmica. La evolución de la microestructura de las barreras como consecuencia del proceso de oxidación se analizó mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido ambiental, microscopía electrónica de transmisión, microanálisis de rayos X (EDX y difracción de rayos X. Durante la oxidación de los recubrimientos creció una capa intermedia de óxidos (“thermally grown oxides”, TGO entre el anclaje metálico y el recubrimiento cerámico formada por una mezcla de óxidos de Al y Ni.

Marine Shaft Steels (AISI 4140 and AISI 5120 Predicted Fracture Toughness by FE Simulation

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Goran VUKELIC

2017-02-01

Full Text Available Optimal selection of material can be considered as one of the most critical steps in engineering design process. That is especially emphasized when dealing with constructions that operate in marine environment; high stresses and harsh operating conditions assert the importance of proper material characterization before its selection. This paper presents comparison of two types of steel usually used in marine shaft manufacturing, chromium-molybdenum steel AISI 4140 and chromium low-alloy steel AISI 5120. Comparison was made using numerically determined J-integral, an important fracture mechanics parameter. J-integral values are determined numerically using finite element (FE stress analysis results of compact tensile (CT and single-edge notched bend (SENB type specimens usually used in standardized J-integral experimental procedures. Obtained J values are plotted versus specimen crack growth values (Δa for different specimen geometries (a/W. Higher resulting values of J-integral for AISI 5120 than AISI 4140 can be noticed. Also, higher a/W ratios correspond to lower J-integral values of materials and vice versa. In addition to that, J-integral values obtained by using FE model of CT specimen give somewhat conservative results when compared with ones obtained by FE model of SENB specimen. Although this procedure differs from experimental analysis, results can be used a suitable fracture parameter value in fracture toughness assessment.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.23.1.13823

Profundidad del surco gingival en dientes primarios restaurados con coronas de acero cromo

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Rubén Muñoz Delgado

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre el ajuste marginal y la profundidad del surco gingival en dientes primarios restaurados con coronas de acero cromo. Métodos: Se midió la profundidad del surco gingival de 114 dientes primarios restaurados con coronas de acero cromo en 67 niños, ambos sexos, de 3 a 6 años de edad de la clínica de Estomatología Pediátrica de la UATx, México. La población en estudio fue dividida en tres grupos: a experimental (n=30, b control (n=8, y c control negativo (n=29. Previo consentimiento informado se tomaron los índices de placa (LöeSilness 1967 e índice gingival en seis superficies; se midió el surco gingival con sonda periodontal y las coronas de acero cromo fueron evaluadas clínica y radiográficamente según su ajuste marginal y longitud cervical. Resultados: Los índices de placa y gingival no mostraron diferencias significativas para los grupos experimental y control negativo. El 34% de las coronas mostraron buen ajuste marginal, 33% un mal ajuste, 10.5% cortas, 7.9% largas y el 14% otro tipo de mal ajuste. La profundidad del surco gingival fue estadísticamente significativa para el primer y segundo molar inferior derechos y en los caninos inferiores (p >0.05; la superficie disto-vestibular presentó la mayor profundidad del surco gingival (2.34 mm, siendo estadísticamente significativa (p>0.05. Conclusiones: La profundidad del surco gingival fue mayor en los dientes rehabilitados con coronas de acero cromo mal ajustadas y sobre contorneadas (largas. La presencia de placa bacteriana y gingivitis estuvo relacionada con las coronas de acero cromo mal ajustadas.

Investigation on AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel to AISI 4140 low alloy steel dissimilar joints by gas tungsten arc, electron beam and friction welding

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Arivazhagan, N.; Singh, Surendra; Prakash, Satya; Reddy, G.M.

2011-01-01

Research highlights: → Beneficial effects of FRW, GTAW and EBW joints of dissimilar AISI 304 and AISI 4140 materials. → Comparative study of FRW, GTAW and EBW joints on mechanical properties. → SEM/EDAX, XRD analysis on dissimilar AISI 304 and AISI 4140 materials. -- Abstract: This paper presents the investigations carried out to study the microstructure and mechanical properties of AISI 304 stainless steel and AISI 4140 low alloy steel joints by Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW), Electron Beam Welding (EBW) and Friction Welding (FRW). For each of the weldments, detailed analysis was conducted on the phase composition, microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties. The results of the analysis shows that the joint made by EBW has the highest tensile strength (681 MPa) than the joint made by GTAW (635 Mpa) and FRW (494 Mpa). From the fractographs, it could be observed that the ductility of the EBW and GTA weldment were higher with an elongation of 32% and 25% respectively when compared with friction weldment (19%). Moreover, the impact strength of weldment made by GTAW is higher compared to EBW and FRW.

Hormigones de alta resistencia con nano-adiciones y fibras de acero

OpenAIRE

Alizo Mirabal, Manuel Arturo

2015-01-01

El presente Trabajo Fin de Máster consistió en determinar la influencia que pueden poseer las nano-adiciones de Sílice y Alúmina y fibras de acero en un Hormigón de Alta Resistencia. Partiendo de una dosificación de Hormigón de Alta Resistencia conocida, que contenía humo de Sílice (10%) y fibras de poliolefina (3kg/m3), se les procedió a sustituir por la incorporación de nano-adiciones de Sílice y Alúmina (7% y 3% respectivamente) y añadiendo fibras de acero en lugar de poliolefina. En el pr...

Análisis comparativo de la calidad del acero de refuerzo distribuido en Boyacá

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Jimmy Vergara Silva, Óscar Javier Gutiérrez Junco

2011-05-01

Full Text Available Presenta  los  resultados  del  análisis  comparativo  de barras de acero de refuerzo, según las exigencias de la Norma Técnica Colombiana NTC 2289 [1], realizado a cinco marcas diferentes distribuidas para la industria de  la  construcción  en  Boyacá.  Inicialmente  se caracterizaron  las barras de  acero mediante  ensayos, para  determinar  su  composición  química  y  sus propiedades físicas y mecánicas; las características de la fractura del acero de refuerzo se observaron con el microscopio  electrónico  de  barrido  (MEB. Adicionalmente,  se  analizaron  muestras  conmicroscopio óptico, con  técnicas de espectrometría paraobservar y determinar las características del metal base de  las probetas. Los resultados  indican que la calidad del acero de refuerzo distribuido en Boyacá cumple en un alto  porcentaje con las exigencias sismo-resistentes para construcción; sin embargo, es importante que los constructores realicen control de calidad.

Ductilidad en caliente y mecanismos de fractura de un acero de construcción

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Calvo, J.

2006-02-01

Full Text Available The hot ductility of a structural steel produced from scrap recycling has been studied to determine the origin of the transverse cracks in the corners that appeared in some billets. Samples extracted both from a billet with transverse cracks and from a billet with no external damage were tested. To evaluate the influence of residual elements and inclusions, the steel was compared to another one impurity free. Reduction in area of the samples tensile tested to the fracture was taken as a measure of the hot ductility The tests were carried out at temperatures ranging from 1000ºC to 650ºC and at a strain rate of 1·10- 3 s-1. The fracture surfaces of the tested samples were observed by scanning electron microscopy in order to determine the embrittling mechanisms that could be acting. The steel with residuals and impurities exhibited lower ductility values for a wider temperature range than the clean steel. The embrittling mechanisms also changed as compared to the impurity free steel.

Se evaluó la ductilidad en caliente de un acero de construcción procedente del reciclaje de chatarra con el fin de determinar el origen de las grietas transversales que aparecen en las esquinas de algunas palanquillas. Para ello, se extrajeron probetas de dos palanquillas de una misma calidad de acero. Una de las palanquillas había presentado agrietamiento transversal al ser colada y, la otra, no. Para conocer la influencia de los elementos residuales e inclusiones en la ductilidad en caliente, otro acero, con la misma composición pero sin impurezas, se fabricó en laboratorio y fue sometido al mismo análisis que los aceros comerciales. La ductilidad en caliente se midió como la reducción del área de las probetas ensayadas a tracción hasta la rotura. Las condiciones a las que se realizaron los ensayos fueron temperaturas de 1.000 a 650 ºC y a una velocidad de deformación de 1·10-3 s-1. Las superficies de fractura de las probetas ensayadas se

Estudio de la corrosión en caliente de la aleación aisi-sae 304h, mediante la técnica de espectroscopía de impedancia electroquímica (eis

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JOSÉ TRISTANCHO

2007-01-01

Full Text Available La corrosión en caliente es uno de los mayores problemas que se presentan en la industria generadora de energía eléctrica, especialmente en los componentes que conforman los equipos generadores de vapor (calderas. El fenómeno corrosivo que presentan las sales fundidas, es por lo menos parcialmente, de naturaleza electroquímica y por lo tanto, puede ser estudiado empleando la técnica de impedancia electroquímica (EIS, adaptada a las condiciones especiales de temperatura y composición del medio corrosivo. En esta investigación se evalúo el comportamiento del acero AISI304H expuesto a un electrolito compuesto de 80%V2O5 – 20%Na2SO4 fundido, en un intervalo de temperatura comprendido entre 550ºC y 700ºC

ESTUDIO DE LA CORROSIÓN DEL ACERO EMBEBIDO EN CONCRETO AAS SOMETIDO A CLORUROS

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ROBINSON TORRES GÓMEZ

2010-01-01

Full Text Available Se presenta un estudio sobre el comportamiento frente a la corrosión de barras de acero de refuerzo de un concreto de escoria activado alcalinamente. La escoria de alto horno fue activada mediante el uso de silicato sódico al 5% obteniéndose un material con buenas propiedades cementantes. Las probetas de concreto fueron fabricadas a partir de este cemento, después de mezclar con los agregados fueron reforzadas con barras de acero sismoresistente ASTMA706. Las probetas de concreto reforzado estuvieron sometidas en ambientes contaminados con iones cloruro para simular condiciones marinas. La evaluación electroquímica se realizo aplicando las técnicas de resistencia a la polarización lineal (LPR y espectroscopia de impedancia electroquímica (EIS. Se logra determinar el comportamiento de la capa pasiva del acero y electroquímico del metal cuando está inmerso en estos materiales cerámicos novedosos.

Fragilización por hidrógeno en tuberías de acero

OpenAIRE

Gutiérrez-Solana Salcedo, Federico

2011-01-01

Se pretende analizar el comportamiento en presencia de hidrogeno de las tuberías de acero de sistemas de transporte de combustibles gaseosos en uso para ello: 1.- Se estudia la sensibilidad a la fragilización por hidrogeno del acero de estas tuberías por dos métodos diferentes: polarización catódica y ambiente de hidrogeno gaseoso diseñando y construyendo una cámara para ensayos mecánicos en hidrogeno a presión primera de su genero en España. 2.- Se determina la tenacidad a fractura kic de es...

CÁLCULO DE LA TENSIÓN DE FLUENCIA EN ACEROS DEFORMADOS EN CALIENTE

OpenAIRE

Béjar, L; Hernández, C. A

2001-01-01

Se ha desarrollado un modelo matemático para la predicción de la curva de fluencia de la austenita deformada en aceros de baja aleación. Las ecuaciones constitutivas tienen en cuenta los mecanismos gobernantes durante la deformación plástica -responsables de la forma de la curva- y emplea las variables de proceso y la composición química del acero. Para una demostración de su precisión, el modelo propuesto se ha comparado con las curvas de fluencia clásicas de Cook en condiciones hasta dos ór...

Contact stress by the method of finite elements of the steel AISI 1045 hardened by roller; Tensiones de contacto por el metodo de elementos finitos del acero AISI 1045 endurecido por rodillo

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Fernandez-columbie, T.; Rodriguez-Gonzalez, I.; Alcantara-Borges, D.; Fernandez-Guilarte, E.

2012-11-01

In this paper, the tense-deformational behavior is analyzed by means of simulation using the finite element method for AISI 1045 cold rolled deformed steel. ANYSYS V.10 software was used in this study. Revolution number, compressive strength and tool feed rate were the variables considered in the deformation process. They allowed determining the contact stress of the deformed material. The material used was 30 mm diameter and 100 mm length. Samples of 30 mm diameter and 3 mm thickness were prepared for the optical microscopic observation, which were compared to the results obtained from the simulation. The tensile status of the deformed samples was evaluated as from the reduction of the average size of the grains as per the strength applied. This study intends to show that the cold hardening method is a surface hardening option. (Author)

Spring back evaluation by bending under tension tests in conditions of multiaxial stresses corresponding to deep drawing processes. Application to AISI 304 DDQ stainless steel sheet; Evaluacion del springback mediante ensayos de doblado bajo tension en condiciones de multiaxialidad tipicas de los procesos de embuticion profunda. Aplicacion a chapa de acero inoxidable AISI 304 DDQ

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Miguel, V.; Coello, J.; Martinez, A.; Calatayud, A.

2013-09-01

In this paper, a methodology has been developed for evaluating the spring back of AISI 304 DDQ stainless steel sheet based on a bending under tension test. The main difference of the methodology herein carried out is that tests are made under the multiaxial stresses state that take place in deep drawing processes. This affects to the level of stress value in the test and to the hardening state of the sheet. Springback evaluation has been done in two different areas. Bending area has been evaluated from elastic recovery ratio defined as the ratio between the bending radius after and before bending. Bending and unbending extreme has been studied from the measured curvature radius in this area and taking into account the geometric equivalence of the test with the drawing cups process. Results found allow to state that drawing ratio or deformation ratio have a negligible influence on the springback into the range of values experimented here. Bending radius has hardly influence as well while bending angle is the most significant variable. The results obtained are compared to those measured in deep-drawn cups, finding a great agreement. (Author)

Swelling behavior of titanium-modified AISI 316 alloys

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Garner, F.A.; Brager, H.R.; Puigh, R.J.

1984-01-01

It appears that titanium additions to stainless steels covering a wide compositional range around the specifications of AISI 316 result only in an increased delay period before neutron-induced void swelling proceeds. Once swelling is initiated the post transient behavior of both annealed and cold-worked titanium-modified steels is quite consistent with that of AISI 316, approaching a relatively temperature-independent swelling rate of approx. 1% per dpa

Comparación entre los diagramas TTS obtenidos mediante los ensayos normalizados Huey y Strauss modificado para el acero inoxidable AISI 304

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Otero, E.

1996-04-01

Full Text Available This work presents a comparison of Temperature-Time-Sensitization TTS diagrams obtained by Huey and modified Strauss standard, for detecting susceptibility to intergranular attack. The difference between these tests is the use of a strong or a slightly smooth oxidizing electrolyte. The diagrams obtained are different and if a sample tested by modified Strauss is sensitized, then it will be sensitized in the Huey test, but the contrary is not always true. This difference is because a sensitized sample has to have a continuous band lacking in chromium along the grain boundary in order to be sensitized in the modified Strauss test. This condition is not necessary in the Huey test.

Se comparan los diagramas Temperatura-Tiempo-Sensibilización TTS, obtenidos mediante los ensayos normalizados de corrosión intergranular Huey y Strauss modificado, que, respectivamente, utilizan electrólitos fuerte y suavemente oxidantes, mostrándose que los diagramas obtenidos son diferentes. Si una muestra evaluada mediante el ensayo Strauss modificado se encuentra sensibilizada, entonces lo estará también en el ensayo Huey, pero no necesariamente ocurrirá lo contrario; esta diferencia se asocia a la necesidad de la existencia de una zona continua empobrecida en cromo a lo largo del límite de grano para que el material se sensibilice con respecto al ensayo Strauss modificado, condición innecesaria para el caso del ensayo Huey.

The surface fatigue life of contour induction hardened AISI 1552 gears

Science.gov (United States)

Townsend, Dennis P.; Turza, Alan; Chaplin, Mike

1995-07-01

Two groups of spur gears manufactured from two different materials and heat treatments were endurance tested for surface fatigue life. One group was manufactured from AISI 1552 and was finished ground to a 0.4 micron (16 micro-in.) rms surface finish and then dual frequency contour induction hardened. The second group was manufactured from CEVM AISI 9310 and was carburized, hardened, and ground to a 0.4 micron (16 micro-in.) rms surface finish. The gear pitch diameter was 8.89 cm (3.5 in.). Test conditions were a maximum Hertz stress of 1.71 GPa (248 ksi), a bulk gear temperature of approximately 350 K (170 F) and a speed of 10,000 rpm. The lubricant used for the tests was a synthetic paraffinic oil with an additive package. The test results showed that the 10 percent surface fatigue (pitting) life of the contour hardened AISI 1552 test gears was 1.7 times that of the carburized and hardened AISI 9310 test gears. Also there were two early failures of the AISI 1552 gears by bending fatigue.

Swelling behavior of manganese-bearing AISI 216 steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gelles, D.S.; Garner, F.A.

1984-01-01

The inclusion of 8.5 wt % manganese in AISI 216 does not appear to alter the swelling behavior from that found to be typical of austenitic alloys with comparable levels of other austentite-stabilizing elements. The swelling in AISI 216 in EBR-II is quite insensitive to irradiation temperature in the range 400-650 0 C. Microscopy reveals that this may arise from the low level of precipitation that occurs in the alloy

Oxidación cíclica de un acero refractario AISI 310 a alta temperatura en atmósferas con contenidos de oxígeno variables

OpenAIRE

Higuera Hidalgo, Valentín; Belzunce Varela, Francisco Javier; Riba López, Julio Antonio

2005-01-01

High temperature oxidation tests of an AISI 310 stainless steel was performed in two different environments: in an standard atmosphere (21 % oxygen) at 704, 800, 884 and 1,000 °C and in the typical environment of a gas turbine and vapor generator of a combined-cycle electric generation unit (10 % oxygen) at 800 and 1,000 °C. The oxidation kinetics was determined by means of the measurement of the weight gain per unit surface of the specimen and also determining the thickness of the oxide laye...

Ionic implantation by plasma in titanium and stainless steels used in prosthesis and medical instruments; Implantacion ionica por plasma en titanio y aceros inoxidables usados en protesis e instrumental medico

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Munoz C, A. E. [ININ, 52750 La Marquesa, Estado de Mexico (Mexico)

2008-07-01

A study of a process known as plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) of nitrogen at low voltages (< 4 kV) into three kind of samples: 1) austenitic stainless AISI 316-L steel plates, 2) ferritic stainless AISI 434 steel-based dentistry drills and 3) commercially pure titanium (CPTi) disks. On the case of CPTi the study was conducted in nitrogen- oxygen calibrated mixtures: 90% N-10% O, 80% N-20% O, 70% N-30% O and in 99.5% pure oxygen and 99.9% pure nitrogen. The PIII process was carried out by using a direct current plasma source controlled both in voltage and current, a negative voltage pulse modulator, a stainless AISI 304 steel vacuum chamber and a rod of the same material, horizontally located in the upper region of the chamber, which plays the role of anode in the plasma discharge. The purpose of the nitriding is forming a relatively thick layer on the surface of the steel specimens in order to enhance their both microhardness and general corrosion performances, desirable in medical applications. This layer contains interstitial nitrogen atoms ({approx}24% at.) which gives place to a deformed lattice (expanded phase) of the steel. Vickers microhardness and potentiodynamic tests (the latter in agreement to the norm ASTM G-61-89) confirm an increase of microhardness up to three times and a decrease of general corrosion rate in one order of magnitude. The nitriding of de dentistry drills is aimed at inhibiting the pitting corrosion produced by the asepsis process which results in pit nucleations, their propagation and consequent fractures when being under cyclic stress (fatigue). Scanning electron microscope micrographs reveal the risks involved in surpassing the critical treatment simple temperature of 450 C as the PIII process itself induces pitting. On its part, cyclic (ASTM G-61) potentiodynamic tests indicate an excellent pitting corrosion resistance of the samples treated under 450 C. In turn, the treatment of CPTi was meant to develop oxidized and

Corrosion behaviour of AISI 204Cu and AISI 304 stainless steels in simulated pore solution

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kocijan, Aleksandra [Institute of Metals and Technology, Ljubljana (Slovenia)

2013-10-15

The evolution of the passive films on AISI 204Cu and AISI 304 stainless steels in simulated pore solution for steel reinforcements in concrete, and with and without the addition of chloride, was studied using cyclic voltammetry and potentiodynamic measurements. The passive layers were studied at open-circuit potential by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The passive films on both materials predominantly contained Cr-oxides, whereas the Fe-species were markedly depleted. Mn-enrichment was also observed. The addition of chloride ions did not have a significant influence on the composition of the passive layers. The surface morphology of the products formed on the surface of both investigated materials at open-circuit potential and at high over-potentials in the presence of chloride was studied using scanning electron microscopy. (orig.)

Dimensional characteristics of welds performed on AISI 1045 steel by means of the application of high power diode laser; Caracteristicas dimensionales de soldadura formadas sobre el acero AISI 1045 mediante la aplicacion del laser diodo de alta potencia

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sanchez-Castillo, A.; Pou, J.; Lusquinos, F.; Quintero, F.; Soto, R.; Boutinguiza, M.; Saavedra, M.; Perez-Amor, M.

2004-07-01

The named High Power diode Laser (HPDL), emits a beam of optical energy generated by diode stimulation and offers the capability of supplying levels of power up to 6 kW. The objective of this research work was to study the main welding variables and their effects on dimensional characteristics of the beads performed by means of application of this novel laser. The results obtained, show that HPDL, is an energy source able to perform welds on AISI 1045 steel plates under conduction mode, without any kind of mechanized preparation, preheating or post-weld treatment and, without filler metal application. (Author) 16 refs.

Wear resistance of Fe-Nb-Cr-W, Nb, AISI 1020 and AISI 420 coatings produced by thermal spray wire arc; Resistencia al desgaste de recubrimientos Fe-Nb-Cr-W, Nb, AISI 1020 y AISI 420 producidos por proyeccion termica por arco electrico

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lopez-Covaleda, E. A.; Mercado-Veladia, J. L.; Olaya-Florez, J. J.

2013-07-01

The commercial materials 140MXC (with iron, tungsten, chrome, niobium), 530AS (AISI 1015 steel) and 560AS (AISI 420 steel) on AISI 4340 steel were deposited using thermal spray with arc. The aim of work was to evaluate the best strategy abrasive wear resistance of the system coating-substrate using the following combinations: (1) homogeneous coatings and (2) coatings depositing simultaneously 140MXC + 530AS and 140MXC + 560AS. The coatings microstructure was characterized using Optical microscopy, Scanning electron microscopy and Laser con focal microscopy. The wear resistance was evaluated through dry sand rubber wheel test (DSRW). We found that the wear resistance depends on the quantity of defects and the mechanical properties like hardness. For example, the softer coatings have the biggest wear rates and the failure mode was characterized by plastic deformation caused by particles indentation, and the other hand the failure mode at the harder materials was grooving. The details and wear mechanism of the coatings produced are described in this investigation. (Author)

Influence of the density of the microwave plasma in the nitridation of the AISI 4140 steel; Influencia de la densidad del plasma de microondas en la nitruracion de acero AISI 4140

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Chirino O, S.; Camps C, E.; Escobar A, L.; Mejia H, J.A. [ININ, 52045 Ocoyoacac, Estado de Mexico (Mexico)

2004-07-01

A source of microwaves plasma type ECR was used to modify those mechanical properties of the surface of steel pieces AISI 4140. The experiments were carried out in a range of pressure among 4 X 10{sup -4} and 7 X 10{sup -4} Torr using one mixture of gases 60/40 hydrogen / nitrogen and an incident power of the microwaves of 400 W. Previous to the treatment of the samples, the plasma was studied using one Langmuir probe to determine the temperature of the electrons and the density of the plasma, the species excited in the plasma were determined by means of Optical emission spectroscopy. All the samples were treated during 50 min in a regime of low temperature (- 250 C), and the surface hardness it was increased up of 100% of their initial value, with a depth of penetration of the nitrogen of 4.5 {mu} m. The biggest hardness and depth of penetration of the nitrogen were obtained when the biggest density in the plasma was used to carry out the experiments. (Author)

Comparación del desgaste por abrasión y el desgaste por deslizamiento de los aceros aisi/sae 1020, 1045 y 4140

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Gustavo Jiménez-Torrado

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Two ways of evaluating the resistance to the wear, these are analyzed from the quantitative and qualitative point of view. Wear tests were realized by graze and wear by slide according to the procedure ASTM G65 and G99, in the steels AISI/SAE 1020, 1045 and 4140. The factors of study are the load, the speed of slide and the slid distance; all the factors were combined to determine the behavior of every wear. The loss of material is compared by the model Archard. The results of the tests show that the behavior of the desgate of the steels they are proportional to the factors of load and slid distance. The spoiled surfaces show typical characteristics of both types of wear, showing a relation with the experimental factors.

Comparative study in the induced corrosion by sulfate reducing microorganisms, in a stainless steel 304L sensitized and a carbon steel API X65; Estudio comparativo de la corrosion inducida por microorganismos sulfatorreductores, en un acero inoxidable 304L sensibilizado y un acero al carbono API X65

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Diaz S, A.; Gonzalez F, E.; Arganis J, C.; Luna C, P.; Carapia M, L. [ININ, Carretera Mexico-Toluca Km. 36.5, 52045 Estado de Mexico (Mexico)]. e-mail: ads@nuclear.inin.mx

2004-07-01

In spite of the operational experience related with the presence of the phenomenon of microbiological corrosion (MIC) in industrial components, it was not but until the decade of the 80 s when the nuclear industry recognized its influence in some systems of Nuclear Generating Power plants. At the moment, diverse studies that have tried to explain the generation mechanism of this phenomenon exist; however, they are even important queries that to solve, especially those related with the particularities of the affected metallic substrates. Presently work, the electrochemical behavior of samples of stainless steel AISI 304L sensitized is evaluated and the carbon steel APIX65, before the action of sulfate reducing microorganisms low the same experimental conditions; found that for the APIX65 the presence of this type of bacteria promoted the formation of a stable biofilm that allowed the maintenance of the microorganisms that damaged the material in isolated places where stings were generated; while in the AISI 304L, it was not detected damage associated to the inoculated media. The techniques of Resistance to the Polarization and Tafel Extrapolation, allowed the calculation of the speed of uniform corrosion, parameter that doesn't seem to be influenced by the presence of the microorganisms; while that noise electrochemical it distinguished in real time, the effect of the sulfate reducing in the steel APIX65. (Author)

Modelamiento del proceso de recubrimiento de instrumental quirúrgico con cromoduro

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Jairo Ruiz

2003-01-01

Full Text Available En este artículo se presenta un modelo estadístico que describe el comportamiento de la variable respuesta espesor del recubrimiento de cromoduro en los portagujas quirúrgicos, de acero inoxidable martensítico, como función del tiempo de exposición, la densidad de corriente y la temperatura; el modelo fue ajustado por medio de un diseño experimental rotacional compuesto de segundo orden. El modelo tiene un poder de explicación del 75% en la variabilidad de la respuesta, que se considera muy satisfactorio dada la complejidad del proceso.

Characterization of AISI 4140 borided steels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Campos-Silva, I.; Ortiz-Dominguez, M.; Lopez-Perrusquia, N.; Meneses-Amador, A.; Escobar-Galindo, R.; Martinez-Trinidad, J.

2010-01-01

The present study characterizes the surface of AISI 4140 steels exposed to the paste-boriding process. The formation of Fe 2 B hard coatings was obtained in the temperature range 1123-1273 K with different exposure times, using a 4 mm thick layer of boron carbide paste over the material surface. First, the growth kinetics of boride layers at the surface of AISI 4140 steels was evaluated. Second, the presence and distribution of alloying elements on the Fe 2 B phase was measured using the Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectrometry (GDOES) technique. Further, thermal residual stresses produced on the borided phase were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The fracture toughness of the iron boride layer of the AISI 4140 borided steels was estimated using a Vickers microindentation induced-fracture testing at a constant distance of 25 μm from the surface. The force criterion of fracture toughness was determined from the extent of brittle cracks, both parallel and perpendicular to the surface, originating at the tips of an indenter impression. The fracture toughness values obtained by the Palmqvist crack model are expressed in the form K C (π/2) > K C > K C (0) for the different applied loads and experimental parameters of the boriding process.

Characterization of AISI 4140 borided steels

Science.gov (United States)

Campos-Silva, I.; Ortiz-Domínguez, M.; López-Perrusquia, N.; Meneses-Amador, A.; Escobar-Galindo, R.; Martínez-Trinidad, J.

2010-02-01

The present study characterizes the surface of AISI 4140 steels exposed to the paste-boriding process. The formation of Fe 2B hard coatings was obtained in the temperature range 1123-1273 K with different exposure times, using a 4 mm thick layer of boron carbide paste over the material surface. First, the growth kinetics of boride layers at the surface of AISI 4140 steels was evaluated. Second, the presence and distribution of alloying elements on the Fe 2B phase was measured using the Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectrometry (GDOES) technique. Further, thermal residual stresses produced on the borided phase were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The fracture toughness of the iron boride layer of the AISI 4140 borided steels was estimated using a Vickers microindentation induced-fracture testing at a constant distance of 25 μm from the surface. The force criterion of fracture toughness was determined from the extent of brittle cracks, both parallel and perpendicular to the surface, originating at the tips of an indenter impression. The fracture toughness values obtained by the Palmqvist crack model are expressed in the form KC( π/2) > KC > KC(0) for the different applied loads and experimental parameters of the boriding process.

Characterization of AISI 4140 borided steels

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Campos-Silva, I., E-mail: icampos@ipn.mx [Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Grupo Ingenieria de Superficies, SEPI-ESIME U.P. Adolfo Lopez Mateos, Zacatenco, Mexico D.F., 07738 (Mexico); Ortiz-Dominguez, M.; Lopez-Perrusquia, N.; Meneses-Amador, A. [Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Grupo Ingenieria de Superficies, SEPI-ESIME U.P. Adolfo Lopez Mateos, Zacatenco, Mexico D.F., 07738 (Mexico); Escobar-Galindo, R. [Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (CSIC), E-28049 Cantoblanco, Madrid (Spain); Martinez-Trinidad, J. [Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Grupo Ingenieria de Superficies, SEPI-ESIME U.P. Adolfo Lopez Mateos, Zacatenco, Mexico D.F., 07738 (Mexico)

2010-02-01

The present study characterizes the surface of AISI 4140 steels exposed to the paste-boriding process. The formation of Fe{sub 2}B hard coatings was obtained in the temperature range 1123-1273 K with different exposure times, using a 4 mm thick layer of boron carbide paste over the material surface. First, the growth kinetics of boride layers at the surface of AISI 4140 steels was evaluated. Second, the presence and distribution of alloying elements on the Fe{sub 2}B phase was measured using the Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectrometry (GDOES) technique. Further, thermal residual stresses produced on the borided phase were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The fracture toughness of the iron boride layer of the AISI 4140 borided steels was estimated using a Vickers microindentation induced-fracture testing at a constant distance of 25 {mu}m from the surface. The force criterion of fracture toughness was determined from the extent of brittle cracks, both parallel and perpendicular to the surface, originating at the tips of an indenter impression. The fracture toughness values obtained by the Palmqvist crack model are expressed in the form K{sub C}({pi}/2) > K{sub C} > K{sub C}(0) for the different applied loads and experimental parameters of the boriding process.

Caracterização microestrutural de soldas dissimilares dos aços ASTM A-508 e AISI 316L Characterization of dissimilar metal weld between low alloy steel ASTM A-508 and 316L stainless steel

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Luciana Iglésias Lourenço Lima

2010-06-01

Full Text Available As soldas dissimilares (dissimilar metal welds - DMWs são utilizadas em diversos segmentos da indústria. No caso específico de usinas nucleares, tais soldas são necessárias para conectar tubulações de aço inoxidável com componentes fabricados em aços baixa liga. Os materiais de adição mais utilizados neste tipo de solda são as ligas de níquel 82 e 182. Este trabalho consistiu na soldagem de uma junta dissimilar de aço baixa liga ASTM A-508 G3 e aço inoxidável austenítico AISI 316L utilizando as ligas de níquel 82 e 182 como metais de adição. A soldagem foi realizada manualmente empregando os processos de soldagem ao arco SMAW (Shielded Metal Arc Welding e GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding. Os corpos de prova foram caracterizados microestruturalmente utilizando-se microscópio óptico e microscópio eletrônico de varredura com microanálise por dispersão de energia de raios X (EDS e ensaios de microdureza Vickers. Observou-se uma microestrutura constituída de dendritas de austenita com a presença de precipitados com formas e dimensões definidas pelo aporte térmico e pela direção de soldagem. Não houve variação significativa da dureza ao longo da junta soldada, demonstrando a adequação dos parâmetros de soldagem utilizados.The dissimilar metal welds (DMWs are used in several areas of the industries. In the nuclear power plant, this weld using nickel alloy welding wires is used to connect stainless steel pipes to low alloy steel components on the reactor pressured vessels. The filler materials commonly used in this type of weld are nickel alloys 82 and 182.. In this study, dissimilar metal welds composed of low alloy steel ASTM A-508 G3, nickel alloys 82 e 182 as weld metals, and austenitic stainless steel AISI 316L were prepared by manual shielded metal arc welding (SMAW and gas tungsten arc welding techniques (GTAW. Samples were microstructural characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy

Mechanical properties of martensitic alloy AISI 422

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Huang, F.H.; Hu, W.L.; Hamilton, M.L.

1992-09-01

HT9 is a martensitic stainless steel that has been considered for structural applications in liquid metal reactors (LMRs) as well as in fusion reactors. AISI 422 is a commercially available martensitic stainless steel that closely resembles HT9, and was studied briefly under the auspices of the US LMR program. Previously unpublished tensile, fracture toughness and charpy impact data on AISI 422 were reexamined for potential insights into the consequences of the compositional differences between the two alloys, particularly with respect to current questions concerning the origin of the radiation-induced embrittlement observed in HT9. 8 refs, 8 figs

AUMENTO EN LA RESISTENCIA A LA CORROSIÓN DE UN ACERO T91 ALUMINIZADO

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LUZ S. QUINTERO

2011-01-01

Full Text Available El acero ferrítico T91 ha sido ampliamente utilizado en plantas de generación de energía eléctrica, calderas y plantas nucleares. Sin embargo, su resistencia a la oxidación se ve gravemente afectada a temperaturas superiores a los 600ºC. En esta investigación se empleó la técnica de cementación empacada para aluminizar un acero T91 y se encontraron las condiciones óptimas para la formación de un recubrimiento libre de porosidad y con espesor uniforme (300 micras. Se evaluó la capa de óxido formada luego de una exposición a 800ºC en atmósfera de aire. La caracterización del recubrimiento y de la capa de óxido (Al2O3 se llevó a cabo empleando un microscopio electrónico de barrido (SEM, Espectroscopia de Rayos X (EDX y mapping. Se comprobó una buena resistencia a la oxidación del acero T91 aluminizado, debido a la formación de una fina capa continua de óxido de aluminio de aproximadamente 6 micras de espesor luego de una exposición de 7 días.

Análise microestrutural e tenacidade ao impacto da ZAC do aço inoxidável ferrítico com 11%Cr

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Temístocles de Sousa Luz

2013-09-01

Full Text Available O aço inoxidável ferrítico possibilita, em função de suas características, o uso em diversos campos da engenharia. Dentre esses é possível citar a industria do petróleo e gás, de celulose açucareira, de transporte, entre outras. Atualmente, o desenvolvimento de novas ligas para a substituição dos aços ao carbono no que se refere ao setor de transporte de carga, levou muitos fabricantes a adotarem a liga ferrítica com base de cromo entre 11% e 12%, implementando a tal situação, uma maior vida util. A utilização dessa nova classe de aço inoxidável ferrítico gera uma demanda no que tange à pesquisas das soldas desses aços. Neste trabalho, buscou-se analisar a região soldada de um aço inoxidável ferrítico experimental contendo 11% de cromo, realizando para tal um estudo de sua microestrutura, e tenacidade ao impacto do metal de base e da zona afetada pelo calor (ZAC. A avaliação mostrou bons resultados nas propriedades mecânicas medidas nas duas regiões analisadas. Entretanto, verificou-se uma perda acentuada da tenacidade ao impacto na ZAC em relação ao metal de base.

Novel water-air circulation quenching process for AISI 4140 steel

Science.gov (United States)

Zheng, Liyun; Zheng, Dawei; Zhao, Lixin; Wang, Lihui; Zhang, Kai

2013-11-01

AISI 4140 steel is usually used after quenching and tempering. During the heat treatment process in industry production, there are some problems, such as quenching cracks, related to water-cooling and low hardness due to oil quenching. A water-air circulation quenching process can solve the problems of quenching cracks with water and the high cost quenching with oil, which is flammable, unsafe and not enough to obtain the required hardness. The control of the water-cooling and air-cooling time is a key factor in the process. This paper focuses on the quenching temperature, water-air cycle time and cycle index to prevent cracking for AISI 4140 steel. The optimum heat treatment parameters to achieve a good match of the strength and toughness of AISI 4140 steel were obtained by repeated adjustment of the water-air circulation quenching process parameters. The tensile strength, Charpy impact energy at -10 °C and hardness of the heat treated AISI 4140 steel after quenching and tempering were approximately 1098 MPa, 67.5 J and 316 HB, respectively.

Aumento en la resistencia a la corrosión de un acero t91 aluminizado

OpenAIRE

QUINTERO, LUZ S.; LAVERDE, DIONISIO; ESCALANTE, HUMBERTO

2011-01-01

El acero ferrítico T91 ha sido ampliamente utilizado en plantas de generación de energía eléctrica, calderas y plantas nucleares. Sin embargo, su resistencia a la oxidación se ve gravemente afectada a temperaturas superiores a los 600ºC. En esta investigación se empleó la técnica de cementación empacada para aluminizar un acero T91 y se encontraron las condiciones óptimas para la formación de un recubrimiento libre de porosidad y con espesor uniforme (300 micras). Se evaluó la capa de óxido f...

stainless steel by SEM-XRD and image analysis

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Robinson Constanzo-R.

2014-01-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar un análisis cualitativ o de la distribución de un electrodepósito de cobre en el inter ior de electrodos porosos (EP de acero inoxidable y carbono grafito. Para ello, se reali zaron pruebas de electrodepositación de cobre a nivel de labora torio, con un posterior análisis de cortes de muestras de acero y grafito vía Microscopía Estereoscópica, Microscopía SEM-DRX y Análisis de Imagen, los cuales mostraron que el cobre no se deposita en forma uniforme al interior del electrodo. En el electrodo de acero, la penetra ción del depósito en el espesor fue alrededor de 50%, mientras que para el grafito a lrededor de 90%. En forma general, se observó un aumento de la cantidad de depósito hacia el extremo frente al ánodo y con sitios de difer ente crecimiento en depósito de cobre. Esto demuestra una distr ibución de corriente y potencial, función de parámetros físicos de electrodo y de la s características fisicoquímicas e hidrodinámicos del electroli to.

Identificación de aceros por espectroscopia de rompimiento inducido por láser (LIBS) y análisis de componentes principales

OpenAIRE

Contreras, U.; Meneses-Nava, M.A.; Torres-Armenta, D.; Robles-Camacho, J.; Barbosa-García, O.

2012-01-01

En la actualidad existe una producción de mas de 100 000 aceros diferentes de acuerdo a su composición química y propiedades mecánicas; sin embargo, una vez en el mercado, no existe técnica alguna capaz de identificar y clasificar cualquier acero según su clase o grado. En este trabajo se describe un método capaz de identificar y clasificar aceros a través de la determinación de su composición química. El método propuesto se basa en un análisis de espectroscopia atómica procedente de la técni...

Estudio del comportamiento a fluencia en caliente de un acero avanzado de alta resistencia de bajo contenido en carbono NiCrVCu microaleado con boro

OpenAIRE

González Sala, Sara

2009-01-01

Una de las líneas de investigación prioritarias en el contexto internacional es el desarrollo de aceros avanzados de alta resistencia (AHSS) con excelentes propiedades de resistencia y tenacidad para aplicaciones en la industria automotriz, naval, aeronáutica y de generación de energía, que permitan disminuir el peso de los componentes y sustituyan aceros tradicionales de contenidos mayores de carbono. Los aceros AHSS microaleados al boro, debido a sus cualidades, tecnología de...

Fenómenos de corrosión galvánica en las uniones aluminio y acero

OpenAIRE

Domínguez Parra, Alberto

2009-01-01

La corrosión es un proceso de degradación de un material al interactuar con el ambiente que le rodea. El presente proyecto trata de la corrosión galvánica de aceros y fundiciones, en contacto con aleaciones de aluminio. Su experimentación se ha realizado con acero AE 275 B, y fundición EN-GS 400 12. Se utilizó lingote de aluminio A356 obtenido por colada por gravedad, y dos tipos de muestras, con y sin tratamiento térmico T6, de A 356 producidas por el procedimiento de sub-liquidus casting...

Efectos del tratamiento térmico en la fractura de aceros

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Héctor Hernández A.

1992-05-01

Full Text Available No obstante de los avances logrados en otros tipos de aleaciones, los aceros se siguen utilizando en forma extensiva en la construcción de elementos estructurales, porque con una adecuada selección y tratamiento técnico, los aceros permiten obtener una conveniente combinación de propiedades mecánicas ante unas exigencias específicas de servicio. La fractura en elementos de máquinas frecuentemente se encuentra asociada a una discontinuidad, la cual provoca una concentración de esfuerzo, lo que puede originar sitios de iniciación de una falla por fractura. La carga límite de fractura es afectada por parámetros geométricos, naturaleza y tipo de carga y propiedades mecánicas del material. La mayoría de fallas por fractura de elementos de máquinas son fallas por fatiga; por lo general una fractura por fatiga tiene lugar por una progresiva generación y crecimiento de grietas hasta obtenerse una condición crítica de fractura súbita de la sección residual resistente. Frecuentemente en una fractura por fatiga se observan marcas de playa, las cuales son evidencias de la posición del frente de grietas antes que se alcance la condición de fractura súbita final. En este trabajo se muestra como el tratamiento térmico de temple y revenido de los aceros afecta el esfuerzo límite de falla por fractura para carga de tracción estática y carga de fatiga uniaxial con la presencia de una entalla severa. También se estudia el efecto del tratamiento térmico en la tenacidad de fractura, propiedad que cuantifica la resistencia al crecimiento súbito de una grieta bajo carga estática.

Influencia sobre los tratamientos térmicos del contenido de aluminio de aceros no aleados

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Carreras, L.

1999-08-01

Full Text Available The main purpose of this article is to determine the optimal level of aluminum content in plain steels to have the optimal mechanical properties by means of surface heat treatments. Various plain steels with different aluminium content have been studied. The importance of treatment temperature is analyzed. The influence of other factors, like nitrogen content or the homogenous distribution of particles, is evaluated. It is concluded that the aluminum composition of plain steels that are subjected to heat treatments should not exceed 0.02 %.

El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar el intervalo óptimo de contenidos de aluminio en aceros no aleados para los que se consiguen las propiedades mecánicas óptimas mediante tratamientos térmicos de superficie. Se estudian diferentes coladas de acero en las que varía el contenido de aluminio y las temperaturas de tratamiento. Se evalúa la importancia de otros factores tales como el contenido de nitrógeno y la homogeneidad en la distribución de partículas endurecedoras. Se llega a la conclusión de que los aceros no aleados destinados a tratamientos térmicos no deben tener un contenido de aluminio superior al 0,02 %.

Análisis de falla en cable de acero Análisis de falla en cable de acero

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E. A. Ossa

2005-12-01

Full Text Available Este artículo describe el análisis de falla realizado en dos muestras de cables de acero que sufrieron falla súbita bajo condiciones de carga de trabajo normales. La falla fue causada por una carga menor a la capacidad nominal. Luego de inspección óptica se evidenció que la falla fue ocasionada por fatiga del material de uno de los cables.This paper describes the failure analysis of two wire ropes fractured during normal working conditions. The failure was caused by a load well below the nominal maximum resistance of the ropes. Optical microscopy indicated fatigue failure of one of the cables.

Analysis of AISI 304 Tensile Strength as an Anchor Chain of Mooring System

Science.gov (United States)

Hamidah, I.; Wati, R.; Hamdani, R. A.

2018-05-01

The background of this research is the use of mild steel (i.e., St37) as anchor chain that works on the corrosive environment of seawater which is possible to decrease its tensile strength. The longer soaked in seawater, the more significant the lowering of its tensile strength. Anchor chain needs to be designed by considering its tensile strength and corrosion resistance, so it’s able to support mooring system well. The primary purpose of this research is obtaining the decreasing of stainless steel 304 (AISI 304) tensile strength which is corroded by seawater as anchor chain of the mooring system. It is also essential to obtain the lifetime of AISI304 and St37 as anchor chain with the same load, the corrosion rate of AISI 304, and St 37 in seawater. The method which was employed in this research is an experiment with four pieces of stainless steel AISI 304, and of St 37 corrosion testing samples, six pieces of stainless steel 304, and six pieces of St 37 for tensile testing samples. The result of this research shows that seawater caused stainless steel AISI 304 as anchor chain has decreased of tensile strength about 1.68 % during four weeks. Also, it indicates that AISI 304 as anchor chain has a lifetime about 130 times longer than St 37. Further, we found that the corrosion rate of stainless steel 304 in seawater is 0.2042 mpy in outstanding category, while the St 37 samples reached up to 27.0247 mpy ranked as fair category. This result recommends that AISI 304 more excellence than St 37 as anchor chain of the mooring system.

T.I.G. Welding of stainless steel. Numerical modelling for temperatures calculation in the Haz; Soldadura T.I.G. de acero inoxidable. Modelo numerico para el calculo de temperaturas en la ZAT

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Martinez-Conesa, E. J.; Estrems-Amestoy, M.; Miguel-Eguia, V.; Garrido-Hernandez, A.; Guillen-Martinez, J. A.

2010-07-01

In this work, a numerical method for calculating the temperature field into the heat affected zone for butt welded joints is presented. The method has been developed for sheet welding and takes into account a bidimensional heat flow. It has built a computer program by MS-Excel books and Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). The model has been applied to the TIG process of AISI 304 stainless steel 2mm thickness sheet. The welding process has been considered without input materials. The numerical method may be used to help the designers to predict the temperature distribution in welded joints. (Author) 12 refs.

Influência da velocidade de circulação do leite na adesão de Pseudomonas aeruginosa sobre aço inoxidável The speed of milk circulation influences the adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on stainless steel

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Hamilton Mendes de Figueiredo

2009-09-01

Full Text Available A influência da velocidade de circulação do leite na adesão bacteriana de Pseudomonas aeruginosa foi avaliada em teste de uso simulado por meio de um modelo de circuito de processamento de leite. O circuito é composto por uma tubulação de aço inoxidável AISI 304, com 1,9 cm de diâmetro e 5,8 m de comprimento, além de um tanque de 25 L, utilizado como reservatório do produto e das soluções sanitizantes. O reservatório foi acoplado a uma bomba centrífuga de ½ HP, para impulsionar o alimento ou soluções de higienização pelo sistema equipado com cupons de prova em aço inoxidável nas formas cilíndrica, cotovelo 90º e T. As velocidades de circulação foram de 0,5, 1,0 e 1,5 m.s-1, correspondentes a fluxo turbulento com número de Reynolds de 14.000, 28.000 e 42.000, respectivamente. Quando se utilizou velocidade de 0,5 m.s-1, permaneceram aderidas à superfície 10,7% das células. Já nas velocidades e 1,0 e 1,5 m.s-1 as porcentagens de adesão foram de 5,36 e 4,9%, respectivamente, o que demonstra uma menor remoção de células aderidas à medida que o fluxo diminui, permitindo assim que mais células permaneçam aderidas na linha de produção, o que pode favorecer a formação de biofilmes.The influence of the flow milk circulation in the bacterial adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was evaluated by simulation tests through a circuit model of milk processing. The circuit is composed of a tubulation of stainless steel AISI 304, with 1.9 cm of diameter, 5.8 m of length and a tank of 25 L used as the reservoir of the product and sanitizer solutions. The reservoir was coupled to a centrifugal bomb of ½ HP to impel the food or sanitizer solutions for the system equipped with 90º and T cylindrical stainless steel specimens. The speed of circulation values were 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m.s-1, corresponding to turbulent flow with number of Reynolds 14.000, 28.000 and 42.000, respectively. When flow of 0.5 m.s-1 was used 10.7% the

Reassessment of the swelling behavior of AISI 304 stainless steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Garner, F.A.; Porter, D.L.

1982-03-01

Published swelling data derived from EBR-II irradiations of AISI 304 and 304L have been reanalyzed in light of insights gained from irradiation of AISI 316 and Fe-15Cr-25Ni. The primary influence of temperature, displacement rate and compositional variations in the 300 series stainless steels lies in the duration of the transient regime of swelling and not in the steady-state or constant swelling rate regime

Corrosion and microstructural analysis data for AISI 316L and AISI 347H stainless steels after exposure to a supercritical water environment

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A. Ruiz

2016-06-01

Full Text Available This article presents corrosion data and microstructural analysis data of austenitic stainless steels AISI 316L and AISI 347H exposed to supercritical water (25 MPa, 550 °C with 2000 ppb of dissolved oxygen. The corrosion tests lasted a total of 1200 h but were interrupted at 600 h to allow measurements to be made. The microstructural data have been collected in the grain interior and at grain boundaries of the bulk of the materials and at the superficial oxide layer developed during the corrosion exposure.

Procesos de unión y estudio de interfaces en Si3N4 y ZrO2

OpenAIRE

Polanco Rodríguez, Raquel

2007-01-01

Esta memoria se ha centrado en la obtención de uniones en dos tipos de materiales cerámicos alto interés tecnológico, como son el nitruro de silicio y el óxido de circonio. El trabajo desarrollado en esta tesis ha consistido, principalmente, en el estudio y caracterización de las interfaces metaVcerámica generadas tras el proceso de unión en estos materiales consigo mismos, o bien con piezas metálicas. En el' caso del ShN4 se utilizó acero inoxidable como lámina de unión. Por o...

Development of UO{sub 2}-Stainless Steel Fuel Plates Containing 30-50 Vol. % Oxide; Fabrication de plaques de combustible en acier inoxydable-UO{sub 2} contenant 30 a 40% d'oxyde (en volume); Razrabotka toplivnykh ehlementov iz nerzhaveyushchej stali i UO{sub 2}, soderzhashchikh 30 - 50 OB.% okisi; Elaboracion de placas de combustible de acero inoxidable UO{sub 2} conteniendo 30 a 40% de oxido (en volumen)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lloyd, H. [Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell (United Kingdom)

1963-11-15

lesquelles les particules de UO{sub 2} sont reparties uniformement dans la matrice en acier inoxydable, ainsi que le procede de revetement des plaques de combustible par rechargement a chaud. On a etudie des operations de laminage comprenant des deformations allant de 40% a 90%, a des temperatures allant jusqu'a 1300{sup o}C pour determiner les conditions optimums de production des noyaux de densite elevee et pour realiser une bonne cohesion entre les elements constitutifs des plaques, la fissuration des particules de UO{sub 2} etant reduite au minimum. L'auteui decrit la fabrication de grandes plaques de combustible composees de plaques a plusieurs noyaux, liees ensemble par laminage a chaud. L'auteur donne des indications sur les proprietes mecaniques de cermets UO{sub 2}-Inox contenant 30, 40 et 50% de UO{sub 2}(en volume), fabriques comme on l'a indique plus haut et essayes bruts de laminage et recuits a diverses temperatures allant jusqu'a 700{sup o}C. Il a utilise a cet effet des echantillons preleves les uns perpendiculairement, les autres parallelement au sens du laminage. Il examine en outre l'influence de la taille des particules de UO{sub 2} et de l'uniformite de leur repartition sur les proprietes mecaniques. Il a determine egalement les forces de liaison entre le noyau et la gaine pour des cermets similaires dans la meme gamme de temperatures. Le memoire contient encore les resultats d'essais de cyclage thermique entre 50 et 800{sup o}C entrepris pour determiner les effets de ce cyclage sur la structure du cermet et la stabilite de la liaison, apres 100, 500 et 1000 cycles. (author) [Spanish] La memoria expone los recientes progresos en lo relativo a la elaboracion de elementos combustibles del tipo de UO{sub 2} y acero inoxidable en placas, que contienen hasta 50% de UO{sub 2} en volumen. Describe la preparacion de particulas esfericas de UO{sub 2} sinterizado, de elevada densidad, de granulome tria comprendida entre 100 y 500, y la compactacion y sinterizacion

EFECTO DEL PRECALENTAMIENTO Y LA SEVERIDAD DE TEMPLE SOBRE LA RESISTENCIA AL DESGASTE ADHESIVO DEL ACERO AUSTENÍTICO AL MANGANESO

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OSCAR FABIÁN HIGUERA COBOS

2010-01-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo de investigación se estudió el efecto del precalentamiento y la severidad de temple sobre la resistencia al desgaste adhesivo del acero austenítico al manganeso ASTM A 128 grado C. El material se sometió a ciclos térmicos de temple y revenido con y sin precalentamiento con el fin de evaluar su influencia sobre la resistencia al desgaste. Posteriormente el material fue sometido a prueba según norma ASTM G83 y se determinó que el acero Austenítico al manganeso, es un material que presenta una microestructura metaestable en condiciones estables y no debe ser sometido a tratamiento térmico de revenido a altas temperaturas debido que favorece la descomposición de esta a ferrita (fase blanda de los acero y por ende disminuye su resistencia al desgaste.

Optimización del acero usado como soporte y gancho de sujeción del acero de refuerzo en cimentaciones de concreto

OpenAIRE

Sánchez Trujillo, Bryan; Sánchez Trujillo, Bryan; Sánchez Trujillo, Bryan

2015-01-01

Para el proceso constructivo de cimentaciones de concreto se usan diversos accesorios, algunos estandarizados y otros no; uno de los no estandarizados es el acero usado como soporte y gancho de sujeción de las barras de refuerzo, (comúnmente llamado "burro", "burrito" o "silletas" de soporte), pues en los planos estructurales no se detalla la forma de colocar y sostener las barras de refuerzo y en obra las silletas se colocan de forma empírica según las experiencias previas de los encargados ...

Hardness of AISI type 410 martensitic steels after high temperature irradiation via nanoindentation

Science.gov (United States)

Waseem, Owais Ahmed; Jeong, Jong-Ryul; Park, Byong-Guk; Maeng, Cheol-Soo; Lee, Myoung-Goo; Ryu, Ho Jin

2017-11-01

The hardness of irradiated AISI type 410 martensitic steel, which is utilized in structural and magnetic components of nuclear power plants, is investigated in this study. Proton irradiation of AISI type 410 martensitic steel samples was carried out by exposing the samples to 3 MeV protons up to a 1.0 × 1017 p/cm2 fluence level at a representative nuclear reactor coolant temperature of 350 °C. The assessment of deleterious effects of irradiation on the micro-structure and mechanical behavior of the AISI type 410 martensitic steel samples via transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy and cross-sectional nano-indentation showed no significant variation in the microscopic or mechanical characteristics. These results ensure the integrity of the structural and magnetic components of nuclear reactors made of AISI type 410 martensitic steel under high-temperature irradiation damage levels up to approximately 5.2 × 10-3 dpa.

Caracterización mecánica de aceros empleados en el sector de la construcción de Almería

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Senoboua, A. J.

2003-12-01

Full Text Available Various tests have been conducted on the steel bars used in the construction of civil works in Almería (Spain during the period 18 January 2000-7 May 2001, with the aim of mechanically characterizing the different types of steel (weldable: B400S, B500S and ductile weldable: B400SD to determine whether there is a technical reason for the increase in the use of ductile weldable steel. For this, we have used a hydraulic machine to break by traction all the test samples that arrived to the laboratory, following the specifications of the UNE 7474-1:1992 and the UNE 7474-2:1992. The results indicate that only in 86 % of the cases does the steel B400SD satisfy the limits specified by the UNE 36065:1999-EX, as opposed to 95 and 94 % of the B400S and B500S steels. In addition, the ductile weldable steel registered mean values lower than those of B400S. This finding disagrees with expectations set by the specifications.

Se realizaron varios ensayos sobre las barras de acero utilizadas en la construcción de obra civil en Almería, durante el período comprendido entre 18/1/2000 y 7/05/2001, con el fin de caracterizar, mecánicamente, los diferentes tipos de aceros (soldables: B400S, B500S y soldable dúctil: B400SD y, de esta forma, determinar si existe alguna razón técnica para un incremento del consumo del acero soldable dúctil. Para ello, se ensayaron a tracción todas las muestras que llegaron al laboratorio, siguiendo las normas UNE 7474-1:1992 y UNE 7474-2:1992. Los resultados indican que el acero B400SD cumple, sólo, en un 86 % los límites especificados en la norma UNE 36065:1999 -EX, frente al 95 y 94 % de los aceros B400S y B500S. Además, el acero soldable dúctil muestra unos valores medios inferiores al B400S. Este hecho discrepa de lo que se podría esperar según la norma que lo regula.

A comprehensive review on cold work of AISI D2 tool steel

Science.gov (United States)

Abdul Rahim, Mohd Aidil Shah bin; Minhat, Mohamad bin; Hussein, Nur Izan Syahriah Binti; Salleh, Mohd Shukor bin

2017-11-01

As a common material in mould and die application, AISI D2 cold work tool steel has proven to be a promising chosen material in the industries. However, challenges remain in using AISI D2 through a modified version with a considerable progress having been made in recent years. This paper provides a critical review of the original as-cast AISI D2 cold work tool steel up to the modified version. The main purpose is to develop an understanding of current modified tool steel trend; the machinability of AISI D2 (drilling, milling, turning, grinding and EDM/WEDM; and the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of these cold work tool steels due to the presence of alloy materials in the steel matrix. The doping of rare earth alloy element, new steel fabrication processes, significant process parameter in machinability and surface treatment shows that there have been few empirical investigations into these cold work tool steel alloys. This study has discovered that cold work tool steel will remain to be explored in order to survive in the steel industries.

Influence of microstructure on the microbial corrosión behaviour of stainless steels

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Moreno, Diego Alejandro

2000-08-01

Full Text Available Several stainless steels (Types UNS S30300, S30400, S30403, S31600, S31603 and S42000 with different microstructural characteristics have been used to study the influence of heat treatments on microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC. Biocorrosion and accelerated electrochemical testing was performed in various microbiological media. Two species of sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB have been used in order to ascertain the influence of microstructure. The morphology of corrosion pits produced in both chloride and chloride plus sulphide -SRB metabolites- was inspected by optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM complemented with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX analysis. Results have shown different behaviours regarding corrosion resistance in each case studied. Sensitized austenitic stainless steels were more affected by the presence of aggressive anions and pitting potential (Ep values were more cathodic than those of as-received state. A corrosion enhancement is produced by the synergistic action of biogenic sulphides and chloride anions. Pitting corrosion in martensitic stainless Steel Type UNS S42000 was found in a- biocorrosion test. The pitting morphology is correlated to the chemical composition, the microstructure and the electrolyte.

Se han utilizado aceros inoxidables de los tipos UNS S30300, S30400, S30403, S31600, S31603 y S42000, en diferentes estados microestructurales, para estudiar la influencia de los tratamientos térmicos sobre la corrosión microbiana. Para ello, se han realizado ensayos electroquímicos y ensayos de biocorrosión, en diferentes medios microbiológicos, utilizándose dos especies de bacterias reductoras de sulfatos (SRB. La morfología de las picaduras, producidas en presencia de cloruros y en presencia de cloruros más sulfuros -metabolitos de SRB-, se ha analizado por microscopía óptica y por microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM complementada con análisis por energía dispersiva de rayos X

Tribological properties of BixTiyOz films grown via RF sputtering on 316L steel substrates

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Johanna Parra

2015-01-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo se presentan los resultados obtenidos en el análisis químico superficial, la caracterización morfológica y evaluación de las propiedades tribológicas de recubrimientos de titanato de bismuto amorfo (BixTiyOz depositados sobre sustratos de acero inoxidable 316L utilizando la técnica de pulverización catódica rf. El análisis químico elemental se realizó por medio de espectroscopia de electrones Auger (EEA, la morfología de los recubrimientos se determinó mediante microscopia de fuerza atómica (MFA. Las medidas del coeficiente de fricción y la tasa de desgaste fueron obtenidas mediante pruebas de bola sobre disco. Los análisis de EEA permitieron establecer que los primeros 10 nm de los recubrimientos están formados probablemente por óxidos de Bi4Ti3O12 y Ti2O3, las medidas de AFM indican que los recubrimientos tienen una rugosidad promedio de 22.28nm y un tamaño de grano de 50nm. Finalmente, las pruebas tribológicas establecieron que el coeficiente de fricción y la tasa de desgaste del acero recubierto tiene valores similares al acero desnudo.

Flank wear study of coating carbides and cermet inserts during the dry high speed turning of AISI 1045 steel; Estudio del desgaste del flanco de carburos recubiertos y cermet durante el torneado de alta velocidad en seco del acero AISI 1045

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hernandez-Gonzalez, L. W.; Perez-Rodriguez, R.; Zambrano-Robledo, P.; Guerrero-Mata, M.; Dumitrescu, L.

2011-07-01

This work deals with the experimental study of the flank wear evolution of two coating carbide inserts and a cermet insert during the dry finishing turning of AISI 1045 steel with 400, 500 and 600 m/min cutting speeds. The results were analyzed using the variance analysis and lineal regression analysis in order to describe the relationship between the flank wear and machining time, obtaining the adjusted model equation. The investigation demonstrated a significant effect of cutting speed and machining time on the flank wear at high speed machining. The three coating layers insert showed the best performance while the two layers insert had the worst behaviour of the cutting tool wear at high cutting speeds. (Author) 19 refs.

Consideraciones teórico prácticas acerca de la soldadura de los aceros al carbono

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Osmundo Héctor Rodríguez Pérez

2006-01-01

Full Text Available Se analizan los tres tipos de aceros al carbono y su clasificación desde el punto de vista de su soldabilidad. Se pueden observar los aspectos físico - químicos en la zona fundida, zona de transición y zona afectada por el calor. Existen varios aspectos en la tecnología de la soldadura de los aceros al carbono, tales como: preparación de los bordes, limpieza superficial, posición relativa de las piezas, precalentamiento, selección del material de aporte, deposición de los cordones, postcalentamiento, tratamiento térmico posterior y el control de la calidad de las uniones soldadas a tomar en cuenta para realizar la soldadura.

The effect of plasma arc process parameters on the properties of dissimilar AISI 1040/AISI 304 steel plate welds

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kilic, Musa; Kirik, Ihsan; Orhan, Nuri [Firat Univ., Elazig (Turkey); Celik, Ferkan [Science Industry and Technology Ministry of Turkey (Turkey)

2012-11-01

In this study, 10 mm thick AISI 1040 and AISI 304 steel plates were welded in the butt position without pretreatment by plasma transferred arc (PTA) welding technique. Therefore, mechanical behaviour, microstructure, penetration depth and length were investigated. After welding, microstructural changes in the interface regions of the welded specimens were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). Micro-hardness as well as V-notch Charpy tests were performed to determine the mechanical properties of the welds. The influence of the welding parameters on the dimension and shape of the joints has been found out. From the results, it was derived that with the parameters used, a partly keyhole weld bead formed with a penetration depth of 10 mm and a width of 11 mm in butt position. (orig.)

Study of residual stresses generated in machining of AISI 4340 steel; Estudo das tensoes residuais geradas na usinagem de aco AISI 4340

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Reis, W.P. dos; Fonseca, M.P. Cindra; Serrao, L.F.; Chuvas, T.C.; Oliveira, L.C., E-mail: mcindra@vm.uff.b [Universidade Federal Fluminense (PGMEC/UFF), Niteroi, RJ (Brazil). Dept. de Engenharia Mecanica

2010-07-01

Among the mechanical construction steels, AISI 4340 has good harden ability, while combining high strength with toughness and good fatigue strength, making it excellent for application in the metalworking industry, where it can work at different levels and types of requests. Residual stresses are generated in almost all processes of mechanical manufacturing. In this study, the residual stresses generated in different machining processes and heat treatment hardening of AISI 4340 were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, by the sen{sup 2} {psi} method, using Cr{kappa}{beta} radiation and compared. All samples, except for turned and cut by EDM, presented compressive residual stresses in the surface with various magnitudes. (author)

Influencia de la transformación austenita-martensita en la estabilidad dimensional de un nuevo acero para herramientas aleado con niobio (0,08% y vanadio (0,12%

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Conejero Ortega, Gerardo

2014-09-01

Full Text Available Austenite-martensite transformation influence on the dimensional stability of a new experimental tool steel alloyed with niobium (0.08% wt. and vanadium (0.12% wt. has been studied. The dimensional stability of this new steel was compared with the dimensional stability of commercial steel, after and before two thermal treatments, T1 (860 °C and T2 (900 °C. The thermal treatments consisted on heating and cooling, at 1 atmosphere of pressure, in N2 atmosphere furnace, fol lowing by heating in a conventional furnace at 180 °C during 1 hour. Initially, the experimental steel composition and Ac1 and Ac3 transformation temperatures were determined by glow-discharge luminescence (GDL and dilatometric tests, respectively, in order to select the austenization temperatures of T1 and T2 treatments. After hardness measurement, the microstructure of both steels was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD and optical metallography, before and after of T1 and T2 thermal treatments. Finally, longitudinal and angular dimensional stability analyses were realized for both commercial and experimental steels. After a contrastive hypothesis analysis, the results showed that the longitudinal relative variation of the experimental steel calculated was around 0.2% and the angular relative variation was not significantSe ha estudiado la influencia de la transformación de austenita a martensita en la estabilidad dimensional de un acero experimental para herramientas aleado con niobio (0,08% en peso y vanadio (0,12% en peso. La estabilidad dimensional del acero experimental fue comparada con la de un acero comercial antes y después de ser sometidos, ambos aceros, a dos tratamientos térmicos diferentes. Los tratamientos térmicos consistieron en un calentamiento y mantenimiento durante una hora a temperaturas de 860 °C (T1 y 900 °C (T2 y un enfriamiento final en horno con nitrógeno (N2 a 1 atmósfera de presión. Inicialmente, se determinaron las composiciones del

Wear behavior of niobium carbide coated AISI 52100 steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fernandes, Frederico Augusto Pires; Casteletti, Luiz Carlos; Oliveira, Carlos Kleber Nascimento de; Lombardi Neto, Amadeu; Totten, George Edward

2010-01-01

Bearing steels must have high hardness, good wear resistance and dimensional stability. The aim of this work was to study the effect of NbC coating, produced using the thermo-reactive deposition (TRD) process, on the wear resistance of the AISI 52100 steel. Untreated AISI 52100 samples were ground up to 600 mesh emery paper. The bath was composed of 5wt.% ferroniobium (65 wt.% Nb), 3wt.% aluminum and (Na2B4O7) to 100%. Samples were treated at 1000 deg C for 4h and quenched in oil directly from the bath. The resulting layer was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and a micro-abrasive wear testing. The thermo-reactive deposition process in molten borax produced a hard and homogeneous layer composed by NbC, which was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The NbC coating produced a great increase in the wear resistance of the AISI 52100 steel, decreasing the wear rate by an order of magnitude in relation to the substrate. For coated and uncoated samples the worn volume and wear rate increases with the load. (author)

Transferencia de calor en la colada continua de aceros. I parte. El molde

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Cicutti, C.

1997-10-01

Full Text Available The continuous casting mold plays the important role of receiving the liquid steel and allowing an uniform and defect free solidified skin to be developed. In this work, the different heat transfer mechanisms which are present from the liquid steel to the mold cooling water are reviewed. The effect of operating variables on heat extraction and the relationship between global and distributed heat flux are also analyzed.

El molde de colada continua cumple la importante función de recibir el acero líquido y permitir que se desarrolle una capa solidificada uniforme y libre de defectos. En este trabajo se revisan los distintos mecanismos implicados en el proceso de transferencia de calor, desde el acero líquido hasta el agua de refrigeración del molde. Se analiza también el efecto de las distintas variables de funcionamiento en la extracción calórica producida y la relación entre el flujo global de calor y su distribución a lo largo del molde.

Experimental study on joining of AA6063 and AISI 1040 steel

Science.gov (United States)

Hynes, N. Rajesh Jesudoss; Raja, S.

2018-05-01

Feasibility of joining of dissimilar metals with different physical, chemical and thermal properties such as AA6063 alloy and AISI 1040 steel is worthwhile study, since it has tremendous applications in all most of all engineering domains. The mechanism of bonding is studied using scanning electron microscopy. Impact strength of AA2024/AISI joints, axial shortening distance, micro hardness distribution and joint strength are determined. Micro hardness profile shows increased hardness value at the joint interface, due to grain refinement.

Combinación de fibras de acero de última generación para el refuerzo de hormigón autocompactante

OpenAIRE

Alberti, Marcos; Enfedaque, Alejandro; Galvez, Jaime; Cortez, Adriana

2018-01-01

[ES] Dado que la mayor desventaja mecánica del hormigón son sus propiedades en tracción, las fibras normalmente se utilizan para mejorar la respuesta frente a solicitaciones de tracción y flexión, siendo las fibras de acero las más comúnmente utilizadas. Este tipo de fibras se ha utilizado con éxito en aplicaciones estructurales en los últimos 50 años y, como consecuencia, se han desarrollado nuevas fibras de acero de última generación de las que existe una bibliografía muy lim...

Microestructura y propiedades de capas de tribaloy T-800 depositadas mediante plaqueado láser

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Navas, C.

2004-04-01

Full Text Available The present work is based on obtaining Co based coatings (Tribaloy T-800 on plates of 18/8 stainless steel (AISI 304 by laser cladding technique. After the treatment, samples were characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy with EDS analysis. The elemental composition of the coating was determined with a glow discharge lamp spectrometer (GDL. The study of the interface revealed a good adherence between the substrate and coating without substantial defects. For the laser cladded coatings, the microstructure was dendritic with a high degree of refinement and chemical homogeneity close to the original powder. The grain coarsening was observed in the overlapping zones due to the second heat treatment. Microhardness of the coatings reached 750 HV, a considerably higher value than the substrate hardness (200 HV. Also, the coating corrosion resistance in saline solutions had a great improvement.

El presente trabajo se centra en la obtención de capas de aleación base Cobalto (Tribaloy T-800 sobre un sustrato de acero inoxidable 18/8 (AISI 304 mediante la técnica de plaqueado láser. Tras los tratamientos, se caracterizaron las probetas mediante microscopía óptica y electrónica de barrido con microanálisis (EDS. La composición elemental del recubrimiento se determinó en un espectrómetro de emisión óptica con fuente de excitación (GDL. El estudio de la interfase reveló una perfecta adherencia entre el recubrimiento y el material base, sin defectos apreciables. La microestructura de las capas depositadas es dendrítica con un alto grado de refinamiento y una homogeneidad química a lo largo del cordón y con valores muy próximos a los del polvo de partida. En las zonas de solape entre cordones, se observó un crecimiento del grano debido al segundo tratamiento térmico recibido. La microdureza de las capas alcanza los 750 HV, valor considerablemente superior al del sustrato (200 HV. Asimismo, se obtuvo una mejora

TEMPERATURE AND HEAT FLOW WHEN TAPPING OF THE HARDENED STEEL USING DIFFERENT COOLING SYSTEMS TEMPERATURA Y FLUJO DE CALOR AL ROSCAR CON MACHOS ACERO ENDURECIDO UTILIZANDO DIVERSOS SISTEMAS DE LUBRICACIÓN

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Lincoln Cardoso Brandão

2009-08-01

Full Text Available Machining hardened steels has always been a great challenge in metal cutting, particularly for tapping operations. In the present paper, temperature was assessed when tapping hardened AISI H13. Dry machining and two cooling/lubrication systems were used: flooded and minimum quantity of fluid (MQF with 20ml/h, both using mineral oil. The tapping operation was performed on 100 x 40 mm, 14 mm thick workpieces with 55 HRc. An implanted thermocouple technique was used for temperature measurement at distances very close to the highest thread diameter (at 0.1, 2.5 and 5.0 mm. Three thermocouples were used for each distance along the workpiece diameter at 3.0, 7.0 and 11.0 mm from the tap entrance. Measurements were replicated twice for each condition tested. An analytical theoretical heat conduction model was used to evaluate the temperature at the tool-workpiece interface and determine the heat flow and convection coefficient. The smallest temperature increase and heat flow were observed when using the flooded system, followed by the MQF, compared to the dry condition. The effect was directly proportional to the amount of lubricant applied, as well as with the MQF system, when compared to dry cutting.Trabajar los aceros endurecidos siempre ha sido un desafío para el corte de metales, particularmente en las operaciones de roscado. En el presente trabajo se mide la temperatura del acero AISI H13 endurecido, realizándose ensayos sin lubricación (seco y dos sistemas con lubricación: aceite lubricante en grandes cantidades y mínima cantidad de líquido (minimum quantity of fluid MQF a 20 ml/h, en ambos casos se utilizó aceite integral mineral. El roscado se realiza sobre probetas de prueba de 100 x 40 mm con 14mm de espesor y dureza de 55 HRc. Para medir la temperatura se utiliza la técnica de termocuplas situadas muy próximas al diámetro mayor del hilo de rosca (a 0.1, 2.5 y 5 mm de distancia. Se utiliza tres termocuplas a lo largo del espesor de

Study of carbonitriding thermochemical treatment by plasma screen in active with pressures main austenitic stainless steels AISI 409 and AISI 316L; Estudo do tratamento termoquimico de carbonitretacao por plasma em tela ativa com pressoes variaveis nos acos inoxidaveis austenitico AISI 316L e ferririco AISI 409

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Melo, M.S.; Oliveira, A.M.; Leal, V.S.; Sousa, R.R.M. de; Alves Junior, C. [Centro Federal de Educacao Tecnologica do Maranhao (CEFET/MA), Sao Luis, MA (Brazil); Centro Federal de Educacao Tecnologica do Piaui (CEFET/PI), Teresina, PI (Brazil); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (DF/UFRN), Natal, RN (Brazil). Dept. de Fisica. Labplasma

2010-07-01

The technique called Active Screen Plasma Nitriding (ASPN) is being used as an alternative once it offers several advantages with respect to conventional DC plasma. In this method, the plasma does not form directly in the sample's surface but on a screen, in such a way that undesired effects such as the edge effect is minimized. Stainless steels present not very satisfactory wearing characteristics. However, plasma carbonitriding has been used as to improve its resistance to wearing due to the formation of a fine surface layer with good properties. In this work, samples of stainless steel AISI 316L and AISI 409 were treated at pressures of 2.5 and 5 mbar. After the treatments they were characterized by microhardness, microscopy and Xray diffraction. Microscopy and hardness analysis showed satisfactory layers and toughness in those steels. (author)

Desarrollo de aceros reforzados con carburos primarios vía metalurgia líquida

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Agote, I.

2005-12-01

Full Text Available The steel reinforcement by means of the addition of primary carbides via liquid metallurgy needs to fulfill two essential requirements to be technically viable: the development of a solid reinforcing product which is appropriate to be mixed with the steel and the optimization of the metallurgic addition of these reinforcing particles into the liquid steel. Besides, the improvement of the reinforced alloy characteristics is directly related to the particles' nature of reinforcing particles, their homogeneous and uniform distribution in the matrix and their size and morphology. The manufacture of these carbides by SHS ('Self propagating High temperature Synthesis' and their addition before steel is poured into moulds allows achieving the above-mentioned conditions.

Para que el reforzamiento de los aceros con carburos primarios vía metalurgia líquida sea técnicamente viable se requiere del desarrollo de un tipo de producto reforzante sólido, adecuado para su incorporación al acero, así como de la optimización de dicha vía metalúrgica de adición del producto reforzante al material base en estado líquido. Además, la mejora de características de la aleación reforzada es función directa de la naturaleza de las partículas, de su homogénea y uniforme distribución en la matriz y del tamaño y morfología regular de las mismas. Estas condiciones se consiguen cuando las partículas de carburo se elaboran previamente mediante la técnica SHS (selfpropagating high temperature synthesis y se añaden al baño de acero líquido previo a su colada en moldes o lingoteras.

Evaluation of AISI 316L stainless steel welded plates in heavy petroleum environment

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Carvalho Silva, Cleiton; Pereira Farias, Jesualdo; Batista de Sant'Ana, Hosiberto

2009-01-01

This work presents the study done on the effect of welding heating cycle on AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel corrosion resistance in a medium containing Brazilian heavy petroleum. AISI 316L stainless steel plates were welded using three levels of welding heat input. Thermal treatments were carried out at two levels of temperatures (200 and 300 deg. C). The period of treatment in all the trials was 30 h. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and analysis of X-rays dispersive energy (EDX) were used to characterize the samples. Weight loss was evaluated to determine the corrosion rate. The results show that welding heating cycle is sufficient to cause susceptibility to corrosion caused by heavy petroleum to the heat affected zone (HAZ) of the AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel

Comparación de la microestructura y propiedades de impacto de dos materiales compuestos laminados de acero de ultraalto contenido de carbono

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Pozuelo, M.

2004-04-01

Full Text Available Two ferrous laminated composites containing six layers have been processed by roll bonding. One of them consists of three layers of an ultrahigh carbon steel (1.3%C UHCS interlayered with other three layers of a microalloyed steel. The other composite consists of three layers of UHCS and three layers of a mild steel. Microstructure, Vickers hardness and impact properties have been studied. The absorbed energy values of the two laminated composites were higher than that of the UHCS.

Se procesaron mediante laminación en caliente dos materiales compuestos laminados de acero de ultraalto contenido de carbono (AUAC, 1,3%C de seis capas cada uno: El primero está compuesto por tres capas de AUAC alternadas con tres capas de un acero microaleado, y el segundo con tres del mismo AUAC alternadas con tres de un acero suave. Se ha realizado un estudio de sus microestructuras, dureza Vickers y propiedades de impacto. Se han mejorado los valores de energía absorbida de los dos materiales compuestos laminados respecto al del AUAC.

S-N Curves of high resistance steels in the gigacyclic regime; Curvas S-N de aceros de alta resistencia dentro del regimen gigaciclico

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Marinez G, I [Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers-Institut des Technologies et des Materiaux Avances (CNAM-ITMA), Paris (France); Dominguez A, G [Instituto Tecnologico de Celaya, Guanajuato (Mexico); Bathias, C [Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers-Institut des Technologies et des Materiaux Avances (CNAM-ITMA), Paris (France)

2004-04-15

In this paper, the fatigue behavior of high strength steel used for mechanical parts has been investigated in the gigacycle fatigue regime. An experimental study has been carried out with both: R = 0.1 (perlitic-ferritic steel) and R = -1 (perlitic-ferritic steel, bainitic steel, martensitic steels) loads, at a high frequency of 20 khz up to 1010 cycles, to determine the S-N curves when fatigue life is more than 107 cycles. Comparison of experimental results at frequencies of 20 khz and 30 Hz with R = -1, shows that the S-N curve has a good agreement between 105 and 107 cycles for the high strength steels, Furthermore, fracture surface observations are made by SEM; the transition of crack initiation site is described. The generalization of gigacycle fatigue behavior is analyzed. More often initiation of fatigue crack at 109 cycles is a bulk phenomenon with an important effect of stress concentration due to mineral inclusions or perlitic platelets. Thus, the Murakami model is efficient when we can measure the defects associated with fracture, but it can not take into account the microstructure effect related to platelets phenomenon. [Spanish] En este trabajo se investigo el comportamiento en fatiga gigaciclica de varios aceros de alta resistencia utilizados en la industria automotriz. El estudio experimental se llevo a cabo utilizando dos diferentes valores de carga: R = 0.1 (acero perlitoferritico) y R = -1 (acero perlito-ferritico, acero bainitico, aceros martensiticos), a una frecuencia de ensayo de 20 kHz y hasta 1010 ciclos, para determinar las curvas S-N arriba de 107 ciclos. La comparacion de resultados experimentales obtenidos utilizando frecuencias de ensayo de 20 kHz y 30 Hz con la relacion de carga R = - 1, muestran la continuidad de las curvas S-N entre 105 y 107 ciclos para estos aceros de alta resistencia. Por otro lado, observaciones de la superficie de fractura se efectuaron utilizando el microscopio electronico de barrido; se describe la transicion

PERFORMANCE STUDY ON AISI316 AND AISI410 USING DIFFERENT LAYERED COATED CUTTING TOOLS IN CNC TURNING

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K. RAJA

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Stainless steel (SS is used for many commercial and industrial applications owing to its high resistance to corrosion. It is too hard to machine due to its high strength and high work hardening property. A surface property such as surface roughness (SR is critical to the function-ability of machined components. SS is generally regarded as more difficult to machine material and poor SR is obtained during machining. In this paper an attempt has been made to investigate the SR produced by CNC turning on austenitic stainless steel (AISI316 and martensitic stainless steel (AISI410 by different cases of coated cutting tool used at dry conditions. Multilayered coated with TiCN/Al2O3, multilayered coated with Ti(C, N, B and single layered coated with TiAlN coated cutting tools are used. Experiments were carried out by using Taguchi’s L27 orthogonal array. The effect of cutting parameters on SR is evaluated and optimum cutting conditions for minimizing the SR are determined. Analysis of variance (ANOVA is used for identifying the significant parameters affecting the responses. Confirmation experiments are conducted to validate the results obtained from optimization.

Variación de la rugosidad y de la dureza en el maquinado de formas complejas en aceros endurecidos utilizando altas velocidades de corte. // Variation of roughness and of the hardness in machining of complex forms in hardness steel using high speed cuttin

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L. Cardoso Brandão

2008-05-01

Full Text Available Este trabajo evalúa la influencia de la variación de la velocidad de corte en el corte con altas velocidades en superficies conformas complejas. Fueron maquinados cuerpos de prueba con 1/4 de circunferencia en acero AISI D2 y H13 con dureza de53 y 50 HRC, respectivamente. Los experimentos fueron realizados utilizando la estrategia “raster” con herramientasesféricas (Ball Nose en un centro de maquinado de tres ejes. Los valores de rugosidad y dureza HRC fueron medidosperpendiculares a la dirección de corte en cuatro regiones diferentes. Los resultados demuestran que las regiones dediámetro mínimo, próximas a la línea central de la herramienta y en el punto de contacto del diámetro máximo, presentanlos menores valores de rugosidad. No ocurren modificaciones significativas en los valores de HRC y no hubo formación decapa blanca en ninguno de los dos materiales. Considerándose los valores de microdureza medidas radialmente en loscuerpos de prueba no se observa ninguna variación de la microdureza.Palabras claves: Rugosidad Ra; altas velocidades de corte; moldes y matrices; dureza HRC._____________________________________________________________________________Abstract.This work evaluated the influences of cutting speed variation in machining with High Speed Cutting on complex surface forms.Work pieces of AISI D 2 e AISI H13 with hardness of 53 and 50 HRC, respectively with a quarter of circumference was milled.Tests were carried out in a vertical machining centre using the raster strategy and Ball-Nose tool. The roughness values andhardness HRC were measured perpendicular the cutting direction in six different regions. The results show that the regions whereoccur the contact of minimum tool diameter, nearest to tool centre line and the maximum diameter contact point show the lowervalues of roughness. During the tests, it did not occur significantly modifications in the values of HRC hardness and the whitelayer not was formed

Effect of temperature on the level of corrosion caused by heavy petroleum on AISI 304 and AISI 444 stainless steel

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João Paulo Sampaio Eufrásio Machado

2006-06-01

Full Text Available This work presents a study on the influence of national heavy petroleum in the corrosion of the AISI 444 and AISI 304 stainless steels in simulated refining operation conditions. The petroleum was first characterized through physicochemical analysis (density, fluidity point, viscosity, sulfur concentration. In an attempt to understand the corrosion effect of temperature and of the type of heating the referred types of steel thermal treatments were carried out at three levels of temperature (200, 300 and 400 °C. The procedure was done in conditions close to those in the distillation column. Heat was gradually increased from room temperature, and directly heated to working temperature. Each treatment took 4 hours to be completed. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM and the analysis of X rays dispersive energy (EDX were used after the trials to characterize the samples. The results show that treatment temperature, as well as the type of heating, has distinct influences on each type of steel.

Métodos electroquímicos semicuantitativos de estudio de lo corrosión por picaduras del acero para armaduras de hormigón

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Andrade Perdrix, M. C.

1977-12-01

Full Text Available El acero embebido en el hormigón se encuentra sometido a un medio de elevada alcalinidad (pH comprendido entre 12 y 13, debido a la cal libre, a los álcalis que contiene el cemento, y al Ca(0H₂ que se forma durante la hidratación de los silicatos. En esta situación, el acero se halla recubierto por una capa de óxidos e hidróxidos estables que lo mantienen pasivado, interponiendo una barrera entre él y los agentes agresivos.

Evaluation of performance of AISI 444 steel for application in distillation towers; Avaliacao do desempenho do aco AISI 444 para aplicacao como 'lining' em torres de destilacao

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Guimaraes, R.F.; Miranda, H.C. de; Farias, J.P. [Universidade Federal do Ceara (DEMM/UFC), Fortaleza, CE (Brazil). Dept. de Engenharia Metalurgica e de Materiais. Lab. de Caracterizacao de Materiais], e-mail: rf.guimaraes@yahoo.com.br

2008-07-01

In this work, the behavior of the AISI 444 ferritic stainless steel submitted to thermal fatigue test and their corrosion resistance in heavy crude oil was evaluated. The AWS E309MoL-16 and E316L-17 weld metal was employed as filler metal. Plates of the AISI 444 were welded on ASTM A-516 Gr. 60 plates and submitted to fatigue thermal cycle. Samples were extracted from plates welded and heat treated immersed in heavy crude oil at 300 deg C. Optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive of X-ray analysis (EDX) were used to characterize the microstructure and the corroded surface. The results show that the AISI 444 stainless steels did not present cracks after the thermal fatigue cycle and the heat treated immerse in heavy crude oil. The electrode AWS E309MoL-16 show better corrosion resistance than the AWS E316L-17. (author)

GEL DE ALOE-VERA COMO POTENCIAL INHIBIDOR DE LA CORROSIÓN DEL ACERO DE REFUERZO ESTRUCTURAL

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Héctor Herrera-Hernández

2015-01-01

Full Text Available En el presente trabajo se estudiaelectroquímicamente un GELextracto de las hojas de ALOE VERAcomo un posible inhibidor de la corrosión del acero de refuerzo estructuraldel concreto.Los estudiosde corrosiónse llevaron a cabo en 1M de HCl y utilizando la técnica de espectroscopia de impedancia electroquímica (EISse evaluó la resistencia a la corrosión en presencia y ausencia del GEL.Los diagramas de impedancia mostraronque la adición en diferentes proporcionesdel GELinhibe notablemente el proceso de la corrosión del acero inmerso en la solución ácida. También se determinó que las moléculas del GEL obedecena un mecanismo de fisisorciónsobre la superficie del metal de acuerdo con el modelo de isoterma de Langmuircon unG°adsde alrededor de 14.17 kJ/mol. El GEL se clasificócomo un inhibidor orgánico del tipo mixto.

Study of carbonitriding thermochemical treatment by plasma screen in active with pressures main austenitic stainless steels AISI 409 and AISI 316L

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Melo, M.S.; Oliveira, A.M.; Leal, V.S.; Sousa, R.R.M. de; Alves Junior, C.; Centro Federal de Educacao Tecnologica do Piaui; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte

2010-01-01

The technique called Active Screen Plasma Nitriding (ASPN) is being used as an alternative once it offers several advantages with respect to conventional DC plasma. In this method, the plasma does not form directly in the sample's surface but on a screen, in such a way that undesired effects such as the edge effect is minimized. Stainless steels present not very satisfactory wearing characteristics. However, plasma carbonitriding has been used as to improve its resistance to wearing due to the formation of a fine surface layer with good properties. In this work, samples of stainless steel AISI 316L and AISI 409 were treated at pressures of 2.5 and 5 mbar. After the treatments they were characterized by microhardness, microscopy and Xray diffraction. Microscopy and hardness analysis showed satisfactory layers and toughness in those steels. (author)

Influencia de la termodependencia de las propiedades físicas del acero en la simulación por elementos finitos del proceso de soldadura

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Félix Ramos Morales

2009-01-01

Full Text Available En el presente trabajo se desarrolló un modelo de elementos finitos para simular la unión a tope, con electrodo E 7018 de 3,2 mm de diámetro, de dos placas de acero con bajo contenido de carbono y baja aleación. Adicionalmente, se estudia la influencia sobre la distribución de temperaturas en la placa al considerar la termo-dependencia de diferentes propiedades físicas del acero (conductividad térmica y calor específico.

Soldadura de aceros dual phase en chapa fina: GMAW, PAW y RSW

OpenAIRE

Svoboda,Hernán; Lorusso,Hernán N.; Burgueño,Alejandro

2011-01-01

Los aceros Dual Phase (DP) han encontrado recientemente una fuerte aplicación en elementos estructurales en la industria automotriz, debido a la necesidad de disminuir peso. La soldadura de estos materiales cobra particular importancia considerando su aplicación estructural y los procesos relacionados en su fabricación. En particular la soldadura de resistencia por punto (RSW) y semiautomática con alambre macizo y protección gaseosa (GMAW) son ampliamente utilizados en la industria automotriz...

Conformado por vía coloidal de recubrimientos en la cara interna de un tubo de acero

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Ferrari, B.

2004-04-01

Full Text Available The development of new coating processes has important limitations related to the films thickness and the geometry of the coating substrates. In this work, two colloidal forming processes are proposed for manufacturing ceramic and metallic coatings on the inner surface of a steel pipe. Ceramic coatings of CaCO3 have been formed by electrophoretic deposition (EPD. Aqueous stable suspensions were prepared and a electrophoretic cell was designed, in which the steel tube to be coated acted simultaneously as container and working electrode. Nickel films were prepared by filling the pipe with the suspension and rotating to fully wet the steel surface. Nickel suspensions were formulated focusing an improved wettability and adherence to the steel surface by using binders. From these processes, ceramic and metallic coatings with 300- 350 μm in thickness, homogeneous and strongly adhered to the inner surface of the steel pipe have been obtained.

El desarrollo de las tecnologías de fabricación de recubrimientos presenta importantes limitaciones relativas a los espesores de las capas fabricadas y a la geometría de los substratos a recubrir. En este trabajo se proponen dos procesos de conformado coloidal de revestimientos cerámicos y metálicos en la cara interna de un tubo de acero. El revestimiento cerámico (CaCO3 se ha conformado por deposición electroforética (EPD. Para ello se han preparado suspensiones estables de CaCO3 en agua, y se ha diseñado una célula electroforética en la que el tubo es a la vez el contenedor y el electrodo de trabajo. El revestimiento metálico (níquel se ha fabricado por vertido de una suspensión estable sobre el propio tubo de acero. Para ello se han acondicionado las suspensiones con el objetivo de mejorar el mojado y la adherencia sobre el acero. A partir de los procesos de EPD y vertido se han obtenido revestimientos cerámicos y metálicos, respectivamente, con espesores de 300-350 μm, homogéneos y

Chemical sanitizers to control biofilms formed by two Pseudomonas species on stainless steel surface Sanificantes químicos no controle de biofilmes formados por duas espécies de Pseudomonas em superfície de aço inoxidável

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Danila Soares Caixeta

2012-03-01

Full Text Available The biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas fluorescens on AISI 304 stainless steel in the presence of reconstituted skim milk under different temperatures was conducted, and the potential of three chemical sanitizers in removing the mono-species biofilms formed was compared. Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultivated in skim milk at 28 °C presented better growth rate (10.4 log CFU.mL-1 when compared with 3.7 and 4.2 log CFU.mL-1 for P. aeruginosa and P. fluorescens cultivated at 7 °C, respectively. Pseudomonas aeruginosa formed biofilm when cultivated at 28 °C. However, only the adhesion of P. aeruginosa and P. fluorescens was observed when incubated at 7 °C. The sodium dichloroisocyanurate was the most efficient sanitizer in the reduction of the adhered P. aeruginosa cells at 7 and 28 °C and those on the biofilm, respectively. The hydrogen peroxide was more effective in the reduction of adhered cells of P. fluorescens at 7 °C.A capacidade de adesão e formação de biofilme por Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Pseudomonas fluorescens em aço inoxidável AISI 304, na presença de leite desnatado resconstituído sobre diferentes temperaturas foi conduzido e o potencial de três sanificantes químicos na remoção de biofilmes monoespécies foi comparado. Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultivada em leite desnatado a 28 °C apresentou melhor crescimento (10,4 log UFC.mL-1 quando comparado com 3,7 and 4,2 log UFC.mL-1 para P. aeruginosa e P. fluorescens cultivadas a 7 °C, respectivamente. Pseudomonas aeruginosa formou biofilme quando cultivada a 28 °C. Contudo foi observado somente adesão de P. aeruginosa e P. fluorescens quando incubada a 7 °C. O dicloroisocianurato de sódio foi o sanificante mais eficiente na redução de células aderidas e em biofilme de P. aeruginosa a 7 e 28 °C, respectivamente. O peróxido de hidrogênio foi o mais eficiente na redução de células aderidas de P. fluorescens a 7 °C.

Mejora de la calidad del acero obtenido por colada continua mediante influencias electrofísicas

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Shklyar, V.

1998-12-01

Full Text Available Laboratory tests with tin smelted in a crucible and industrial tests with crude steel poured in moulds had been carried out. These metals were subjected to electrophysical influences. As a result of the applied electric field, it is observed in tin that during the solidification, the crystalization temperature and the solidification time are changed. Crystal growth in the electric field direction and an increase of the fracture limit in the steel ingot are observed.

Se han realizado ensayos de laboratorio con estaño fundido en crisol y a escala industrial con acero líquido vertidos en moldes, sometiendo estos metales a influencias electrofísicas. Como resultado del campo aplicado, en el estaño se observa que durante la solidificación varía la temperatura de cristalización y el tiempo de solidificación. En el lingote de acero se observa un crecimiento de los cristales en dirección del campo eléctrico y un aumento del límite de rotura.

Modificación superficial de aceros y hierros fundidos mediante láser de Nd: YAG. // Steels and cast irons superficial modification by means of laser Nd: YAG.

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R. Sagaró Z.

2001-10-01

Full Text Available Se presentan los resultados de los autores en el tratamiento térmico superficial con técnica láser (TTSL. Con el empleo deun láser de Nd: YAG se procedió al endurecimiento superficial de los aceros AISI 1045, W1, W112 y hierros fundidos detipo laminar y nodular. Los autores prestan atención a las rutas de endurecimiento superficial atendiendo a los parámetrosoperacionales del láser: potencia incidente en la zona de interacción (P y la velocidad de barrido del haz de láser (V. Deigual forma se establecen valoraciones acerca de las estructuras metalográficas obtenidas. En todos los casos se reportanvalores de microdureza Vickers que oscilan entre los 500-900 HV (incrementos de 3-4 veces respecto al substratooriginal. Los resultados obtenidos permiten establecer en todos los casos experimentados que el incremento de lavelocidad de barrido provocó una disminución de la profundidad de la capa endurecida. Las experiencias del TTSL en losaceros ensayados muestran una tendencia a la disminución de la profundidad del endurecimiento con el incremento delcontenido de carbono.Palabras claves: Endurecimiento superficial, parámetros de operación de láser., microdureza, profundidadde capa endurecida, de fallo, vibraciones.____________________________________________________________________________AbstractThis paper expose the experiences of researchers on the laser surface heat treatment. The hardening of AISI 1045, W1,W112 steels and cast irons flake and nodular was carried out by using a Nd: YAG laser. Operation parameters of laser, likebeam power (P and traverse speed of the laser spot (V are closely with hardening depth . Authors present some analysesabout metallographic studies. In all cases are reported Vickers microhardness about 500-900 HV (three or four times higherthan original substrates. Relations between microhardness and depth of hardening are presented for the processedmaterials. Experimental results showed that the increased

Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Friction Welded AISI 304 Stainless Steel to AISI 1060 Steel AISI 1060

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Ates H.

2014-10-01

Full Text Available Rotary Friction welding is one of the most popular methods of joining similar and dissimilar materials. It is widely used with metals and thermoplastics in a wide variety of aviation, transport and aerospace industrial component designs. This study investigates the influence of friction and upsetting pressures on the hardness, tensile properties and microstructure of the welds. The experimental results showed that as the friction and upsetting pressures increased, the hardness and tensile strength values increased, as well. The tensile fracture of welded joint occurred in the AISI 1060 side. The friction processed joints were evaluated for their integrity and quality aspects by optical and scanning electron microscopy. For the perfect interfacial bonding, sufficient upsetting and friction pressures are necessary to reach the optimal temperature and severe plastic deformation to bring these materials within the attraction range.

Evaluación del trabajo esencial de fractura en chapa de un acero de alta resistencia de fase dual

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Gutiérrez, D.

2013-02-01

Full Text Available Fracture toughness of advanced high strength steels (AHSS, can be used to optimize crash behavior of structural components. However it cannot be readily measured in metal sheet because of the sheet thickness. In this work, the Essential Work of Fracture (EWF methodology is proposed to evaluate the fracture toughness of metal sheets. It has been successfully applied in polymers films and some metal sheets. However, their information about the applicability of this methodology to AHSS is relatively scarce. In the present work the fracture toughness of a Dual Phase (strength of 800 MPa and drawing steel sheets has been measured by means of the EWF. The results show that the test requirements are met and also show the clear influence of notch radii on the measured values, specially for the AHSS grade. Thus, the EWF is postulated as a methodology to evaluate the fracture toughness in AHSS sheets.

La tenacidad de fractura de aceros de alta resistencia (AHSS, es una propiedad interesante para optimizar el comportamiento a impacto, pero su caracterización experimental en chapas metálicas es compleja debido a su espesor. En este trabajo se plantea el método del Trabajo Esencial de Fractura (TEF, como alternativa al cálculo de la tenacidad. Este método ya ha sido utilizado con éxito en polímeros y aceros dúctiles, aunque la información sobre su aplicación en AHSS es escasa. Se ha evaluado la tenacidad en un acero de fase dual de 800 MPa de resistencia y se ha comparado con la de un acero de embutición. Los resultados muestran que se cumplen los requisitos del método y ponen en evidencia la influencia del radio de entalla en el valor obtenido de TEF, especialmente para AHSS. Con todo ello, el método TEF se puede usar para caracterizar la tenacidad de AHSS en formato chapa.

Study of residual stresses generated in machining of AISI 4340 steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Reis, W.P. dos; Fonseca, M.P. Cindra; Serrao, L.F.; Chuvas, T.C.; Oliveira, L.C.

2010-01-01

Among the mechanical construction steels, AISI 4340 has good harden ability, while combining high strength with toughness and good fatigue strength, making it excellent for application in the metalworking industry, where it can work at different levels and types of requests. Residual stresses are generated in almost all processes of mechanical manufacturing. In this study, the residual stresses generated in different machining processes and heat treatment hardening of AISI 4340 were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, by the sen 2 ψ method, using Crκβ radiation and compared. All samples, except for turned and cut by EDM, presented compressive residual stresses in the surface with various magnitudes. (author)

The effect of surface nanocrystallization on plasma nitriding behaviour of AISI 4140 steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Li Yang; Wang Liang; Zhang Dandan; Shen Lie

2010-01-01

A plastic deformation surface layer with nanocrystalline grains was produced on AISI 4140 steel by means of surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT). Plasma nitriding of SMAT and un-SMAT AISI 4140 steel was carried out by a low-frequency pulse excited plasma unit. A series of nitriding experiments has been conducted at temperatures ranging from 380 to 500 deg. C for 8 h in an NH 3 gas. The samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy and Vickers microhardness tester. The results showed that a much thicker compound layer with higher hardness was obtained for the SMAT samples when compared with un-SMAT samples after nitriding at the low temperature. In particular, plasma nitriding SMAT AISI 4140 steel at 380 deg. C for 8 h can produced a compound layer of 2.5 μm thickness with very high hardness on the surface, which is similar to un-SMAT samples were plasma nitrided at approximately 430 deg. C within the same time.

The effect of surface nanocrystallization on plasma nitriding behaviour of AISI 4140 steel

Science.gov (United States)

Li, Yang; Wang, Liang; Zhang, Dandan; Shen, Lie

2010-11-01

A plastic deformation surface layer with nanocrystalline grains was produced on AISI 4140 steel by means of surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT). Plasma nitriding of SMAT and un-SMAT AISI 4140 steel was carried out by a low-frequency pulse excited plasma unit. A series of nitriding experiments has been conducted at temperatures ranging from 380 to 500 °C for 8 h in an NH 3 gas. The samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy and Vickers microhardness tester. The results showed that a much thicker compound layer with higher hardness was obtained for the SMAT samples when compared with un-SMAT samples after nitriding at the low temperature. In particular, plasma nitriding SMAT AISI 4140 steel at 380 °C for 8 h can produced a compound layer of 2.5 μm thickness with very high hardness on the surface, which is similar to un-SMAT samples were plasma nitrided at approximately 430 °C within the same time.

Comparative evaluation of laser-assisted micro-milling for AISI 316, AISI 422, TI-6AL-4V and Inconel 718 in a side-cutting configuration

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Shelton, Jonathan A; Shin, Yung C

2010-01-01

This paper is focused on numerical modeling and experimental evaluation of laser-assisted micro-milling (LAMM). An experimental setup consisting of a 25 W CO 2 laser, three-axis CNC linear stages and a high-speed spindle was used to implement the LAMM process. Micro-endmills between 100 and 300 µm in diameter were used to perform side-cutting operations with and without laser preheat on four materials: AISI 316, AISI 422, Ti-6Al-4V and Inconel 718. A three-dimensional transient finite-volume-based thermal model was used to analytically predict appropriate process parameters on the basis of material-removal temperatures. The effects of LAMM on the machined surface finish, edge burrs, tool wear and workpiece microstructure were evaluated experimentally.

Comportamiento a fatiga del vástago de una prótesis para cadera al caminar//Fatigue behavior stem hip prosthesis for walking

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ángel Martínez-Delfín

2014-01-01

Full Text Available La prótesis de cadera consiste en sustituir la parte superior fracturada del fémur por una pieza de material biocompatible. Debido a las cargas aleatorias que sobre esta prótesis actúan al caminar la persona injertada, surge la fatiga sobre la prótesis. En este trabajo se realiza el cálculo a fatiga del vástago de una prótesis de caderas fabricada con acero inoxidable austenítico AISI 316L GrQ y de uso actual. Para ellose emplea el método de los elementos finitos, considerando la compleja geometría del vástago, el material y las cargas variables resultantes del caminar de la persona con la prótesis artificial colocada. Se calcula el daño a fatiga que estas cargas provocan en la misma así como el número de pasos que pueden darse, garantizándose una larga vida útil de la prótesis por este concepto de resistencia.Palabras claves: fatiga, prótesis de cadera, ciclo, daño, elementos finitos.______________________________________________________________________________AbstractThe hip prosthesis consists in substituting the fractured femur part by a piece of biocompatible material. Because the random character of loads acting over this prosthesis while person walk, crop up the fatigue on the prosthesis. The fatigue behavior of austenitic stainless steel hips prosthesis is studied in this article. The method of finite elements is used, considering the complex geometry of the part, the material and the variable acting loads, as results of steps of walking person. The fatigue damages are calculated as well as the number of steps that can be given, guarantying a long life of the prosthesis for fatigue resistance concept.Key words: fatigue, hip prosthesis, cycle, damage, finite elements.

Texture evolution in thin-sheets on AISI 301 metastable stainless steel under dynamic loading

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kim, K.Y. [Posco Steels, Pohan, South Korea (Korea, Republic of); Kozaczek, K. [Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States); Kulkarni, S.M. [TRW Vehicle Safety Systems, Mesa, AZ (United States); Bastias, P.C.; Hahn, G.T. [Vanderbilt Univ., Nashville, TN (United States)

1995-05-08

The evolution of texture in thin sheets of metastable austenitic stainless steel AISI 301 is affected by external conditions such as loading rate and temperature, by inhomogeneous deformation phenomena such as twinning and shear band formation, and by the concurent strain induced phase transformation of the retained austenitc ({gamma}) into martensite ({alpha}). The present paper describes texture measurements on different gauges of AISI 301 prior and after uniaxial stretching under different conditions.

Caracterización de los aceros sinterizados obtenidos a partir de polvos prealeados Fe-1,5% Mo

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Torralba, J. M.

1995-02-01

Full Text Available Sintered molybdenum-, copper-, nickel- alloyed steels, have been studied through the influence of the Chemical composition on different mechanical and physical properties. In all the studied steels, a constant percentage of carbon has been used, as well Fe-Mo prealloyed powders, with a 1,5% Mo content. Selected sintering conditions were close to those used in the P/M industry, potential consumer of the studied steels.

Se estudian los aceros aleados sinterizados con molibdeno, cobre, níquel y grafito, a partir de la influencia de su composición sobre distintas propiedades mecánicas y físicas. En todos los aceros, se utilizó una composición de carbono constante, así como polvos prealeados de Fe-Mo, con 1,5% Mo. Las condiciones de sinterización elegidas han sido las más próximas a las utilizadas en la industria pulvimetalúrgica, que es el usuario potencial de los materiales estudiados.

Wear and friction behaviour of duplex-treated AISI 4140 steel

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Podgornik, B.; Vizintin, J. [Ljubljana Univ. (Slovenia). Centre of Tribology and Technical Diagnostics; Waenstrand, O.; Larsson, M.; Hogmark, S. [The Aangstroem Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, SE-75121, Uppsala (Sweden)

1999-11-01

In this study samples of AISI 4140 steel were pretreated by plasma nitriding and coated with two different physical vapour deposited coatings (TiN and TiAlN). A hardened AISI 4140 sample and a coated sample were also included in the investigation. To examine the influence of the nitrided zone on the performance of the coating-substrate composite, two different nitriding conditions - a conventional 25% N{sub 2} and an N{sub 2}-poor gas mixture - were used. The specimens were investigated with respect to their microhardness, surface roughness, scratch adhesion and dry sliding wear resistance. Wear tests in which the duplex-treated pins were mated to hardened ball bearing steel discs were performed in a pin-on-disc machine under dry sliding conditions. Metallography, scanning electron microscopy and profilometry were used to analyse the worn surfaces in order to determine the dominant friction and wear characteristics of the samples investigated. The results show improved wear properties of the plasma-nitrided hard-coated specimens compared with uncoated and pre-hardened ones. Although previous investigations showed a negative effect of the compound layer, it was found that a precisely controlled plasma nitriding process can lead to a dense, uniform and highly adherent compound layer with a positive effect on the wear properties of pre-nitrided and hard-coated AISI 4140 steel. (orig.)

Modeling and Investigation of the Wear Resistance of Salt Bath Nitrided Aisi 4140 via ANN

Science.gov (United States)

Ekinci, Şerafettin; Akdemir, Ahmet; Kahramanli, Humar

2013-05-01

Nitriding is usually used to improve the surface properties of steel materials. In this way, the wear resistance of steels is improved. We conducted a series of studies in order to investigate the microstructural, mechanical and tribological properties of salt bath nitrided AISI 4140 steel. The present study has two parts. For the first phase, the tribological behavior of the AISI 4140 steel which was nitrided in sulfinuz salt bath (SBN) was compared to the behavior of the same steel which was untreated. After surface characterization using metallography, microhardness and sliding wear tests were performed on a block-on-cylinder machine in which carbonized AISI 52100 steel discs were used as the counter face. For the examined AISI 4140 steel samples with and without surface treatment, the evolution of both the friction coefficient and of the wear behavior were determined under various loads, at different sliding velocities and a total sliding distance of 1000 m. The test results showed that wear resistance increased with the nitriding process, friction coefficient decreased due to the sulfur in salt bath and friction coefficient depended systematically on surface hardness. For the second part of this study, four artificial neural network (ANN) models were designed to predict the weight loss and friction coefficient of the nitrided and unnitrided AISI 4140 steel. Load, velocity and sliding distance were used as input. Back-propagation algorithm was chosen for training the ANN. Statistical measurements of R2, MAE and RMSE were employed to evaluate the success of the systems. The results showed that all the systems produced successful results.

MODIFICACIÓN DEL SISTEMA CONCRETO-ACERO DE REFUERZO MEDIANTE LA ADICIÓN DE FIBRAS DE BAGAZO DE CAÑA PARA FACILITAR SU PROTECCIÓN ANTICORROSIVA.

OpenAIRE

GARCIA DELGADO, AMERICA

2015-01-01

Los sistemas concreto-acero de refuerzo son considerados estructuras durables y resistentes; sin embargo, con el paso del tiempo se ven afectados por problemas de corrosión, la cual, se desarrolla cuando los cloruros se encuentran más allá de un cierto nivel umbral, en el que se inicia la despasivación o la ruptura la capa pasiva que protege al acero de refuerzo. Para contrarrestar los daños ocasionados por la corrosión, se han propuestos varios métodos para disminuir y/o preve...

Magnetic Barkhausen emission in lightly deformed AISI 1070 steel

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Capo Sanchez, J., E-mail: jcapo@cnt.uo.edu.cu [Departamento de Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad de Oriente, Av. Patricio Lumumba s/n, 90500 Santiago de Cuba (Cuba); Campos, M.F. de [EEIMVR-Universidade Federal Fluminense, Av. dos Trabalhadores 420, Vila Santa Cecilia, 27255-125 Volta Redonda, RJ (Brazil); Padovese, L.R. [Departamento de Engenharia Mecanica, Escola Politecnica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 2231, 05508-900 Sao Paulo (Brazil)

2012-01-15

The Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN) technique can evaluate both micro- and macro-residual stresses, and provides indication about the relevance of contribution of these different stress components. MBN measurements were performed in AISI 1070 steel sheet samples, where different strains were applied. The Barkhausen emission is also analyzed when two different sheets, deformed and non-deformed, are evaluated together. This study is useful to understand the effect of a deformed region near the surface on MBN. The low permeability of the deformed region affects MBN, and if the deformed region is below the surface the magnetic Barkhausen signal increases. - Highlights: > Evaluated residual stresses by the magnetic Barkhausen technique. > Indication about the relevance of micro-and macro-stress components. > Magnetic Barkhausen measurements were carried out in AISI 1070 steel sheet samples. > Two different sheets, deformed and non-deformed, are evaluated together. > Magnetic Barkhausen signal increases when deformed region is below the surface.

Weldability of AISI 304 to copper by friction welding

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kirik, Ihsan [Batman Univ. (Turkey); Balalan, Zulkuf [Firat Univ., Elazig (Turkey)

2013-06-01

Friction welding is a solid-state welding method, which can join different materials smoothly and is excessively used in manufacturing industry. Friction welding method is commonly used in welding applications of especially cylindrical components, pipes and materials with different properties, for which other welding methods remain incapable. AISI 304 stainless steel and a copper alloy of 99.6 % purity were used in this study. This couple was welded in the friction welding machine. After the welding process, samples were analyzed macroscopically and microscopically, and their microhardness was measured. Tensile test was used to determine the bond strength of materials that were joined using the friction welding method. At the end of the study, it was observed that AISI 304 stainless steel and copper could be welded smoothly using the friction welding method and the bond strength is close to the tensile strength of copper. (orig.)

El acero que nunca se fundió. Una reseña sobre Stalin

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Iñaki Oneca Agurruza

2004-02-01

Full Text Available Era el 5 de marzo de 1953 cuando murió el fetiche, el gurú, el símbolo. Stalin significa “acero”, y precisamente una de las cosas que se reprochó al joven revolucionario, tras la adopción de este apodo, era que el acero era duro pero también frío. Así iniciamos esta breve nota sobre la figura de uno de los personajes clave del siglo XX.

Comportamiento a la Corrosión del Acero API X70 Soldado por el Proceso de Doble Arco Sumergido Inmerso en Diferentes Medios Corrosivos

OpenAIRE

Montes, Omar Francisco; Garcés, Rocío Saldaña; Reyes, Felipe A. Reyes; Robledo, Patricia del Carmen Zambrano; López, Francisco H. Estupiñán; Calderón, Facundo Almeraya

2016-01-01

Resumen Los aceros API X70 son aplicados en fabricación y construcción de tuberías para el transporte de hidrocarburos, sin embargo, a un lapso de tiempo se degradan debido al medio ambiente al cual están expuestos; influyendo en la velocidad y tipo de corrosión sobre las superficies del metal base (MB), zona afectada por el calor (ZAC) y zona de fusión (ZF). A fin de conocer y evaluar la susceptibilidad a la corrosión en uniones del acero API X70 sometido a diferentes medios corrosivos, vari...

COMPORTAMIENTO DEL CONCRETO REFORZADO CON FIBRAS DE ACERO ZP-306 SOMETIDO A ESFUERZOS DE COMPRESIÓN

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Lina P. Gallo-Arciniegas

2013-01-01

Full Text Available En Colombia, el uso del concreto reforzado con fibras de acero (CRFA es muy limitado, debido a que en el país no existe suficiente evidencia experimental y requisitos reglamentarios al respecto. En el artículo se presentan los resultados de una investigación experimental y analítica sobre el comportamiento del CRFA elaborado con fibras ZP-306, sometidas a esfuerzos de compresión. El estudio involucra la revisión y discusión de los modelos disponibles en la literatura, así como un programa experimental que incluye el ensayo de 48 especímenes. A partir de un análisis de regresión de los datos medidos, se proponen ecuaciones para estimar las principales propiedades mecánicas del CRFA, tales como resistencia a compresión, módulo de elasticidad y relación de Poisson. Las ecuaciones correlacionan las propiedades mecánicas con las principales características de las fibras de acero, tales como dosificación y relación de aspecto.

Resistance spot welding of AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel: Phase transformations and mechanical properties

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Alizadeh-Sh, M.; Marashi, S.P.H.; Pouranvari, M.

2014-01-01

Highlights: • Phase transformations during RSW of AISI430 are detailed. • Grain growth, martensite formation and carbide precipitation are dominant phase transformations. • Failure mode of AISI430 resistance spot welded joints are analyzed. • Larger FZ size provided improved load bearing capacity and energy absorption capability. - Abstract: The paper aims at investigating the process–microstructure–performance relationship in resistance spot welding of AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel. The phase transformations which occur during weld thermal cycle were analyzed in details, based on the physical metallurgy of welding of the ferritic stainless steels. It was found that the microstructure of the fusion zone and the heat affected zone is influenced by different phenomena including grain growth, martensite formation and carbide precipitation. The effects of welding cycle on the mechanical properties of the spot welds in terms of peak load, energy absorption and failure mode are discussed

Fuego y acero

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sfintesco, D.

1965-03-01

Full Text Available In a brief and appealing manner the author analysis the basic considerations which should be taken into account to deal effectively with the safety of steel structures in case of fire. He makes it clear that the safety measures must not be the result of a rather intuitive and hasty reaction to the possibility of a fire: for example, the costly covering of steel columns with fire resisting material, which in most cases is not necessary. A careful assessment of possible risks must be made, available means to reduce these must be adopted, and the potential losses in case of fire must be taken into account. The article is completed with a brief commentary on the new Italian Regulations, which are probably the most modern and advanced on this matter.El autor expone en este trabajo, en forma breve y llamativa, las bases en que conviene apoyarse para poder resolver racionalmente el problema de la seguridad de las estructuras de acero frente al fuego. Su lectura hace comprender claramente que no puede constituir esta base el temor irreflexivo, con sus secuelas de revestimientos y precauciones onerosos, e innecesarios la mayor parte de las veces, sino la ponderación prudente de los riesgos posibles, de los medios disponibles para combatir el peligro y de los daños probables que del incendio se puedan derivar. Termina el artículo con un rápido comentario del nuevo Reglamento italiano, probablemente el más moderno y avanzado de todos los existentes sobre esta materia de protección contra el fuego.

Corrosión microbiológica en aceros de bajo carbono

OpenAIRE

Medina-Custodio, O; Ortiz-Prado, A; Jacobo-Armendáriz, V.H.; Schouwenaars-Franssens, R

2009-01-01

La corrosión microbiológica es un tipo común de deterioro que afecta diversas industrias, una de ellas es la petrolera en la que se estiman que el 20% o 30% de fallas en las tuberías de trasporte de hidrocarburos es favorecida por microorganismos. Las reacciones químicas que sustentan éstos, generan transferencia de iones, lo que justifica el empleo de técnicas electroquímicas para su análisis. En este trabajo, se estudiaron probetas de acero de bajo carbono SAE 1018, sumergidas en un medio n...

Junções de materiais dissimilares utilizando o processo de soldagem por fricção rotativa

OpenAIRE

Eder Paduan Alves

2010-01-01

O objetivo desse trabalho é o desenvolvimento de junções no estado sólido de materiais dissimilares alumínio AA 1050 e aço inoxidável AISI 304, que possam ser utilizadas nas tubulações de reservatórios de propelentes líquidos e demais tubulações dos Veículos Lançadores de Satélites. As junções foram obtidas pelo processo de soldagem por fricção rotativa convencional, que combina o calor gerado entre o atrito de duas superfícies e deformação mecânica. Foram realizados testes de soldagem com di...

Microstructural Evolutions During Reversion Annealing of Cold-Rolled AISI 316 Austenitic Stainless Steel

Science.gov (United States)

Naghizadeh, Meysam; Mirzadeh, Hamed

2018-06-01

Microstructural evolutions during reversion annealing of a plastically deformed AISI 316 stainless steel were investigated and three distinct stages were identified: the reversion of strain-induced martensite to austenite, the primary recrystallization of the retained austenite, and the grain growth process. It was found that the slow kinetics of recrystallization at lower annealing temperatures inhibit the formation of an equiaxed microstructure and might effectively impair the usefulness of this thermomechanical treatment for the objective of grain refinement. By comparing the behavior of AISI 316 and 304 alloys, it was found that the mentioned slow kinetics is related to the retardation effect of solute Mo in the former alloy. At high reversion annealing temperature, however, an equiaxed austenitic microstructure was achieved quickly in AISI 316 stainless steel due to the temperature dependency of retardation effect of molybdenum, which allowed the process of recrystallization to happen easily. Conclusively, this work can shed some light on the issues of this efficient grain refining approach for microstructural control of austenitic stainless steels.

The effect of surface nanocrystallization on plasma nitriding behaviour of AISI 4140 steel

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Li Yang [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Institute of Metals and Technology, 1 Linghai Street, Dalian 116026 (China); Wang Liang, E-mail: wlimt@yahoo.com [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Institute of Metals and Technology, 1 Linghai Street, Dalian 116026 (China); Zhang Dandan; Shen Lie [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Institute of Metals and Technology, 1 Linghai Street, Dalian 116026 (China)

2010-11-15

A plastic deformation surface layer with nanocrystalline grains was produced on AISI 4140 steel by means of surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT). Plasma nitriding of SMAT and un-SMAT AISI 4140 steel was carried out by a low-frequency pulse excited plasma unit. A series of nitriding experiments has been conducted at temperatures ranging from 380 to 500 deg. C for 8 h in an NH{sub 3} gas. The samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy and Vickers microhardness tester. The results showed that a much thicker compound layer with higher hardness was obtained for the SMAT samples when compared with un-SMAT samples after nitriding at the low temperature. In particular, plasma nitriding SMAT AISI 4140 steel at 380 deg. C for 8 h can produced a compound layer of 2.5 {mu}m thickness with very high hardness on the surface, which is similar to un-SMAT samples were plasma nitrided at approximately 430 deg. C within the same time.

Stoichiometric titanium dioxide ion implantation in AISI 304 stainless steel for corrosion protection

Science.gov (United States)

Hartwig, A.; Decker, M.; Klein, O.; Karl, H.

2015-12-01

The aim of this study is to evaluate the applicability of highly chemically inert titanium dioxide synthesized by ion beam implantation for corrosion protection of AISI 304 stainless steel in sodium chloride solution. More specifically, the prevention of galvanic corrosion between carbon-fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) and AISI 304 was investigated. Corrosion performance of TiO2 implanted AISI 304 - examined for different implantation and annealing parameters - is strongly influenced by implantation fluence. Experimental results show that a fluence of 5 × 1016 cm-2 (Ti+) and 1 × 1017 cm-2 (O+) is sufficient to prevent pitting corrosion significantly, while galvanic corrosion with CFRP can already be noticeably reduced by an implantation fluence of 5 × 1015 cm-2 (Ti+) and 1 × 1016 cm-2 (O+). Surface roughness, implantation energy and annealing at 200 °C and 400 °C show only little influence on the corrosion behavior. TEM analysis indicates the existence of stoichiometric TiO2 inside the steel matrix for medium fluences and the formation of a separated metal oxide layer for high fluences.

Ecuaciones constitutivas de la fluencia en caliente de aceros microaleados

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Cabrera, J. M.

1998-05-01

Full Text Available Over centuries, the hot forming has been employed to provide shape to metáis. Nowadays, the deformation at high temperatures gives also the required final mechanical properties. From this point of view, the obtention of a constitutive equation describing the hot flow behaviour of microalloyed steels in particular is a very important task. The main difficulty in modelling the high temperature flow arises from the simultaneity of two opposite phenomena, namely, work hardening and dynamic softening due to recovery and recrystallization. In this is work a review of constitutive equations (including the effect of the chemical composition describing the flow behaviour of microalloyed steels deformed under high temperature conditions.

Durante siglos el conformado en caliente se ha utilizado para proporcionar a los metales la forma deseada. Hoy en día la deformación en caliente no sólo genera la geometría deseada sino las características mecánicas requeridas. Así, la obtención de una ecuación constitutiva para la fluencia en caliente de un acero en particular, es una tarea ineludible para efectuar simulaciones por ordenador de procesos industriales. La complicación de la modelización de la fluencia a alta temperatura proviene de la simultaneidad de dos fenómenos contrapuestos durante la deformación, a saber, endurecimiento por deformación y ablandamiento por recuperación de la estructura. Este último a su vez puede constar de restauración y recristalización dinámicas. En este trabajo se revisan y plantean las ecuaciones constitutivas que describen las curvas de fluencia bajo condiciones de deformación en caliente, y se presenta una aplicación de las mismas a aceros microaleados.

The Effects of Shallow Cryogenic Process On The Mechanical Properties of AISI 4140 Steel

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Eşref KIZILKAYA

2018-03-01

Full Text Available In this study, shallow cryogenic treatments were carried out for various holding time to AISI 4140 steel and the effects of heat treatment parameters on wear behavior, impact strength and tensile strength were investigated. Three different holding times were used for cryogenic heat treatments. After the cryogenic process, single tempering was applied. In addition, the abrasion tests were carried out at three different forces (5N, 10N and 15N at a constant slip speed (3.16 m / s and at three different slip distances (95 m, 190 m, 285 m. It has been determined that the shallow cryogenic process parameters significantly influence the mechanical properties of the AISI 4140 steel as a result of experimental studies., Low heat treatment times in cryogenic heat treatment have been found to have a positive effect on many mechanical properties, especially wear. The mechanical properties of the AISI 4140 steel can be optimized by controlling the shallow cryogenic heat treatment parameters.

Computational Modeling of Microstructural-Evolution in AISI 1005 Steel During Gas Metal Arc Butt Welding

Science.gov (United States)

2013-05-01

H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, A Model for the Microstruc- ture of Some Advanced Bainitic Steels , Mater. Trans., 1991, 32, p 689–696 19. G.J. Davies and J.G. Garland...REPORT Computational Modeling of Microstructural-Evolution in AISI 1005 Steel During Gas Metal Arc Butt Welding 14. ABSTRACT 16. SECURITY...Computational Modeling of Microstructural-Evolution in AISI 1005 Steel During Gas Metal Arc Butt Welding Report Title ABSTRACT A fully coupled (two-way

Effects of a laser surface processing induced heat-affected zone on the fatigue behavior of AISI 4340 steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

McDaniels, R.L.; White, S.A.; Liaw, K.; Chen, L.; McCay, M.H.; Liaw, P.K.

2008-01-01

The effects of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) in AISI 4340 steel created by laser-surface alloying (LSA) on high-cycle fatigue behavior have been investigated. This research was performed by producing several lots of laser-processed AISI 4340 steel using different laser processing parameters, and then subjecting the samples to high-cycle fatigue and Knoop microindentation hardness studies. Samples of tested material from each lot were examined using scanning-electron microscopy (SEM) in order to establish the effects of laser processing on the microstructure of the fatigue-tested AISI 4340 steel. When these three techniques, microindentation hardness testing, high-cycle fatigue testing, and SEM, are combined, a mechanistic understanding of the effect of the HAZ on the fatigue behavior of this alloy might be gained. It was found that the HAZ did not appear to have an adverse effect on the high-cycle fatigue behavior of LSA-processed AISI 4340 steel

Estudio de inteligencia de mercados para la importación de tubería de acero carbón para PSA Colombia S.A.S.

OpenAIRE

2012-01-01

Estudio de inteligencia de mercados para la importación de tuberia de acero carbon para PSA Colombia S.A.S, SCH 40 de 2" revisar la viabilidad de la compra local versus la compra en el exterior analizando tres proveedores Estados Unidos, China y Brasil. En el presente trabajo se estudian los mercados para la importación de tubería de Acero Carbón SCH40, se realiza el análisis de cada área del proceso de comercialización y se establece en términos técnicos, comerciales, financieros, logísticos...

ESTUDIO DE LA PROTECCIÓN ANTICORROSIVA SOBRE ACERO DE BAJO CARBONO MEDIANTE TRATAMIENTO DE CONVERSIÓN QUÍMICA BASE CERIO COMO PREPARACIÓN DE SUPERFICIE

OpenAIRE

MATA GALLARDO, LUIS JAIME

2014-01-01

En este trabajo, se propone un tratamiento de conversión química base cerio sobre acero de bajo carbono para obtener un incremento en las propiedades de protección y ser utilizado como una preparación de superficie para un pintado posterior. El nitrato de cerio fue elegido como precursor y se utilizaron tres métodos para la obtención de películas sobre la superficie de acero al carbono. Las películas son formadas utilizando o no el H2O2, sin embargo, el papel del H2O2 es el de ...

Study of Surface Wear and Damage Induced by Dry Sliding of Tempered AISI 4140 Steel against Hardened AISI 1055 Steel

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A. Elhadi

2016-12-01

Full Text Available In industry, the sliding mechanical systems are subject to friction and wear phenomena. These phenomena can be the origin of a reduction of the efficiency of the mechanical system even to be responsible for its incapacity. Generally, the materials of the parts which are moving relative (tribological couple of these systems are low alloy steels and carbon steels, thanks to their good mechanical and tribological properties. The present work aimed to study, the surface wear and damage induced by dry sliding of hard carbon steel AISI 1055 (disc against tempered low alloy steel AISI 4140 (pin with different hardness and applied loads was investigated. The results revealed that the interaction between the applied load and pin hardness result in complex thermo-mechanical behaviour of the worn surfaces. When a lower hardness pin is used, the main wear mechanisms observed on the discs were abrasion, adhesion, and oxidation. When a higher hardness pin is used, the wear of the discs is governed by delamination, oxidation, and plastic deformation. In particular, third-body wear occurs at high applied load resulting in higher wear rate of high hardness pins compared to low hardness pins.

Formação de biofilme por Pseudomonas aeruginosa sobre aço inoxidável em contato com leite e seu controle por óleos essenciais

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Nádia Nara BATISTA

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Objetivo: Avaliar a ação bacteriostática e bactericida de diferentes óleos essenciais sobre células planctônicas de Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, bem como verificar a ação sanitizante, dos óleos essenciais que apresentarem a menor Concentração Mínima Inibitória (CMI, sobre o biofilme formado por esta espécie, Material e Métodos: A ação bacteriostática foi realizada por meio da determinação das CMIs dos óleos de Zingiber officinale, Eugenia caryophyllus, Elettaria cardamomum, Citrus limon e Citrus reticulata v, tangerine, O tempo de morte bacteriana foi determinado utilizando-se as CMIs de cada óleo essencial submetidos a diferentes tempos de contato, O biofilme de P, aeruginosa foi desenvolvido em cupons de aço inoxidável AISI 304 dispostos em placa de Petri contendo leite tratado por Ultra Alta Temperatura (UAT, sendo incubado sob agitação de 70 rpm, a 37 °C/96 horas, Células aderidas foram removidas através de swabs e enumeradas por contagem em placas após submissão a diferentes tratamentos, Resultados: Todos os óleos essenciais apresentaram efeito bacteriostático, se destacando Z, officinale, E, caryophyllus e E, cardamomum, por apresentarem menor CMI, O tempo de morte de P, aeruginosa foi de 10 minutos quando utilizadas soluções a base de E, cardamomum e E, caryophyllus, No entanto, quando testados em biofilme, apenas E, caryophyllus eliminou as células bacterianas viáveis de P, aeruginosa, Conclusão: E, caryophyllus é uma nova alternativa para o controle do biofilme de P, aeruginosa na indústria de alimentos, pois, além de sua alta atividade antimicrobiana, é um composto natural, o que atende as exigências do mercado consumidor.

Evaluation of structural behaviour and corrosion resistant of austenitic AISI 304 and duplex AISI 2304 stainless steel reinforcements embedded in ordinary Portland cement mortars

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Medina, E.; Cobo, A.; Bastidas, D. M.

2012-01-01

The mechanical and structural behaviour of two stainless steels reinforcements, with grades austenitic EN 1.4301 (AISI 304) and duplex EN 1.4362 (AISI 2304) have been studied, and compared with the conventional carbon steel B500SD rebar. The study was conducted at three levels: at rebar level, at section level and at structural element level. The different mechanical properties of stainless steel directly influence the behaviour at section level and structural element level. The study of the corrosion behaviour of the two stainless steels has been performed by electrochemical measurements, monitoring the corrosion potential and the lineal polarization resistance (LPR), of reinforcements embedded in ordinary Portland cement (OPC) mortar specimens contaminated with different amount of chloride over one year time exposure. Both stainless steels specimens embedded in OPC mortar remain in the passive state for all the chloride concentration range studied after one year exposure. (Author) 26 refs.

Producción de aceros al carbono en hornos de arco eléctrico en condiciones de mineral de manganeso.

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E. E. Navas Medina

2007-05-01

Full Text Available El presente trabajo constituye una segunda etapa de investigación relacionada con la producción de acero en hornos de arco eléctrico con revestimiento básico en condiciones de utilización de mineral de manganeso como sustituto del ferro-manganeso. En la investigación se caracteriza el acero producido utilizando el mineral de manganeso en dos variantes tecnológicas diferentes y se determinan parámetros importantes, tales como la estructura del acero obtenido, la influencia de la composición química y la temperatura en la reducción del Mn. Adicionalmente, se determina la composición química de la escoria, su basicidad e influencia en el aprovechamiento del Mn del mineral, así como, lo que significa la sustitución del FeMn en la problemática medioambiental. This present work constitutes the second stage of investigation in relation with the steel production by means of electric arc furnaces in the condition of use of manganese ores as a substitute of the ferromanganese. In the investigation, the steel manufactured is analyzed the manganese ore in two different technological variants and some important parameters are determined such as: the chemical composition's structure of the steel, the influence of temperature in the reduction of Mn. Moreover, an analysis of the chemical composition of the slag and the influence in the environmental is realized.

Sub-surface Fatigue Crack Growth at Alumina Inclusions in AISI 52100 Roller Bearings

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Cerullo, Michele

2014-01-01

Sub-surface fatigue crack growth at non metallic inclusions is studied in AISI 52100 bearing steel under typical rolling contact loads. A first 2D plane strain finite element analysis is carried out to compute the stress history in the innner race at a characteristic depth, where the Dang Van...... damage factor is highest. Subsequently the stress history is imposed as boundary conditions in a periodic unit cell model, where an alumina inclusion is embedded in a AISI 52100 matrix. Cracks are assumed to grow radially from the inclusion under cyclic loading. The growth is predicted by means...

Estudio de la resistencia a la abrasión de capas vitrocerámicas depositadas sobre acero

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Gómez de Salazar, J. M.

2002-12-01

Full Text Available Wear test has been completed on two types of layered materials: a non-reinforced enamel plate and a ceramic reinforced enamel plate. The latter has been tested in two forms: with 10 wt. % and 20 wt. % ceramic particles reinforcement. For comparison the same test has also been completed on polished steel. Wear resistance was measure using a tribometer, equipped with a chromium steel sphere of 6 mm diameter. The sphere-plate surface contact area increases with distance covered, which in the polished steel provokes exponential increments in wear values. This exponential behaviour was not observed in the enamel plates due to their greater wear resistance. The reinforcement of the enamel plates with ceramic particles increases the wear resistance. A higher percentage of ceramic reinforcement results in a greater wear resistance of the plates.

Se han realizado ensayos de desgaste, tanto en placas esmaltadas sin refuerzo como en esmaltes con distinto porcentaje de carga cerámica (10 y 20% en peso, y se han comparado frente al del acero base pulido. Las medidas de resistencia a la abrasión se han obtenido utilizado un tribómetro con bola de acero al cromo de 6 mm de diámetro. El aumento de la superficie de contacto bola-placa a medida que aumenta la distancia recorrida, provoca aumentos exponenciales en los desgastes en el caso del acero pulido. Sin embargo, en el caso de las chapas esmaltadas no se observa este comportamiento, debido a la mayor resistencia al desgaste de las mismas. Cuando las capas esmaltadas están reforzadas con cargas cerámicas, la resistencia al desgaste aumenta con el porcentaje de refuerzo cerámico.

Comparing creep in two stainless steels AISI 316

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Silveira, T.L. da; Monteiro, S.N.

1976-07-01

Two AISI 316 stainless steels, one of Brazilian fabrication (Villares), the other of foreign fabrication (Uddeholm) were submitted to creep tests with temperature ranging from 600 to 800 0 C. Some important differences in the mechanical behaviour of the two steels are pointed out. These differences are due to the particular thermomechanical history of the materials under consideration. (Author) [pt

Comportamiento termomecánico de un acero microaleado al Nb-V

OpenAIRE

Cartaya, E. A.; Varela, G.; Cabrera Marrero, José M.; Prado Pozuelo, José Manuel

2012-01-01

Empleando ensayos de compresión simple en ca- liente y relajación de tensiones después de la de - formación en un dilatómetro modelo DIL805T, se obtuvieron las curvas de fluencia y relajación de dos aceros, el primero de ellos al C – Mn y otro HS- LA con idéntica composición química base, micro- aleado con Nb – V. Los ensayos de compresión simple fueron efectua- dos a temperaturas en el rango austenítico, desde 900 – 1.200 ºC y velocidades de deformación de 0....

Ultrasonic evaluation of friction stud welded AA 6063/AISI 1030 steel joints

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hynes, N. Rajesh Jesudoss; Nagaraj, P.; Sujana, J. Angela Jennifa

2014-01-01

Highlights: • Friction stud welding of AA 6063 and AISI 1030 was done successfully. • Ultrasonic evaluation of interfacial properties. • EDX analysis confirms intermetallic compound (FeAl) in the interfacial region. - Abstract: Friction stud welding is a promising technique in many applications related to oil and gas industries. It is used to attach grating to offshore oil platforms in areas where arc welding is not permitted because of the risk of causing a fire or explosion. Attachment of anodes inside seawater discharge pipelines in a gas processing plant is performed by this process. This solid state joining process permits metal combinations such as welding of aluminum studs to steel which would be problematic with arc welding because of the formation of thick and brittle inter-metallic compounds. In the present work, AA 6063 is joined to AISI 1030 steel using friction stud welding machine. Properties that are of interest to manufacturing applications such as Young’s modulus, longitudinal velocity, bulk modulus and shear modulus are evaluated by means of an ultrasonic flaw detector. At the interface of the joint, there is an increase of 4.4%, 1.8%, 1.15% and 4.42% is observed for the properties Young’s modulus, longitudinal velocity, bulk modulus and shear modulus respectively. This is due to the formation of intermetallic compound and increase in hardness at the interfacial region. Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis confirms the presence of FeAl as the intermetallic compound. Scanning Electron Microscope evaluation shows the presence of an unbound zone at the center of the inner region which is due to the minimum rotational speed and low axial load experienced at that point. In the unbound zone, there is an incomplete bond between dissimilar metals and it is detrimental to joint strength. Optimum value of friction time and usage of pure aluminum interlayer during the friction stud welding process hinders the formation of unbound zone and enhances the

Mecanismos de fractura a alta temperatura en aceros eléctricos no-orientados

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

García-Sánchez, E. O.

2007-08-01

Full Text Available In this research work the effect of deformation temperature on the hot ductility of non-oriented electrical steels (0.6 % Si-0.3 Al % was studied using high temperature tensile tests. The specimens were machined from two thin slabs (50 mm thickness produced by CSP process (Compact Strip Process, one of them using 100 % sponge iron and the other using 67 % scrap and 33 % sponge iron. The tensile tests were carried out at constant strain rate (5×1010^–4 s^–1, and a temperature range from 850 to 1,200 °C. The results showed that the ductility decreased with the increment in the temperature until approximately 1,000 °C. At higher temperatures, a ductility recovery was observed only in the steel fabricated without scrap. Scanning Electron Microscopy on fracture surfaces showed that the loss of ductility is associated with intergranular cracking promoted by the austenitic transformation and AlN grain boundaries precipitation.

Se investigó el efecto de la temperatura de deformación sobre la ductilidad de aceros eléctricos de grano no-orientado (0,6 % Si-0,3 % Al mediante ensayos de tracción uniaxial. Las probetas se obtuvieron de planchones delgados (50 mm de espesor tipo CSP (Continuous Strip Processing fabricados a partir de 100 % hierro esponja y una mezcla de 67 % chatarra y 33 % de hierro esponja. El rango de temperatura de estudio fue de 850 a 1.200 °C y los ensayos se llevaron a cabo a una velocidad de deformación constante de 5×10^–4 s^–1. Los resultados experimentales demostraron que la ductilidad (% RA disminuye con el aumento en la temperatura hasta un mínimo a ~1.000 °C. A temperaturas mayores, la ductilidad del acero fabricado a partir de 100 % hierro esponja se recupera. Este efecto no fue observado en el acero fabricado a partir de chatarra. La caracterización de las superficies de fractura mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido demostró que la pérdida de

The effects of induction hardening on wear properties of AISI 4140 steel in dry sliding conditions

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Totik, Y.; Sadeler, R.; Altun, H.; Gavgali, M.

2002-01-01

Wear behaviour of induction hardened AISI 4140 steel was evaluated under dry sliding conditions. Specimens were induction hardened at 1000 Hz for 6, 10, 14, 18, 27 s, respectively, in the inductor which was a three-turn coil with a coupling distance of 2.8 mm. Normalised and induction hardened specimens were fully characterised before and after the wear testing using hardness, profilometer, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The wear tests using a pin-on-disc machine showed that the induction hardening treatments improved the wear behaviour of AISI 4140 steel specimens compared to normalised AISI 4140 steel as a result of residual stresses and hardened surfaces. The wear coefficients in normalised specimens are greater than that in the induction hardened samples. The lowest coefficient of the friction was obtained in specimens induction-hardened at 875 deg. C for 27 s

The effects of induction hardening on wear properties of AISI 4140 steel in dry sliding conditions

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Totik, Y.; Sadeler, R.; Altun, H.; Gavgali, M

2002-02-15

Wear behaviour of induction hardened AISI 4140 steel was evaluated under dry sliding conditions. Specimens were induction hardened at 1000 Hz for 6, 10, 14, 18, 27 s, respectively, in the inductor which was a three-turn coil with a coupling distance of 2.8 mm. Normalised and induction hardened specimens were fully characterised before and after the wear testing using hardness, profilometer, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The wear tests using a pin-on-disc machine showed that the induction hardening treatments improved the wear behaviour of AISI 4140 steel specimens compared to normalised AISI 4140 steel as a result of residual stresses and hardened surfaces. The wear coefficients in normalised specimens are greater than that in the induction hardened samples. The lowest coefficient of the friction was obtained in specimens induction-hardened at 875 deg. C for 27 s.

Stoichiometric titanium dioxide ion implantation in AISI 304 stainless steel for corrosion protection

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hartwig, A.; Decker, M.; Klein, O.; Karl, H.

2015-01-01

The aim of this study is to evaluate the applicability of highly chemically inert titanium dioxide synthesized by ion beam implantation for corrosion protection of AISI 304 stainless steel in sodium chloride solution. More specifically, the prevention of galvanic corrosion between carbon-fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) and AISI 304 was investigated. Corrosion performance of TiO 2 implanted AISI 304 – examined for different implantation and annealing parameters – is strongly influenced by implantation fluence. Experimental results show that a fluence of 5 × 10 16 cm −2 (Ti + ) and 1 × 10 17 cm −2 (O + ) is sufficient to prevent pitting corrosion significantly, while galvanic corrosion with CFRP can already be noticeably reduced by an implantation fluence of 5 × 10 15 cm −2 (Ti + ) and 1 × 10 16 cm −2 (O + ). Surface roughness, implantation energy and annealing at 200 °C and 400 °C show only little influence on the corrosion behavior. TEM analysis indicates the existence of stoichiometric TiO 2 inside the steel matrix for medium fluences and the formation of a separated metal oxide layer for high fluences.

Metallographic observations of AISI 304 - copper dissimular joints

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Medeiros, R.C. de; Carvalho Perdigao, S. de

1982-01-01

The current work informs on the SMAW dissimilar joints embrittled by molten Copper. Bead on plate of that metal were deposited on four different base metals to evaluate the phenomena. Conventional and non conventional welding methods were employed to obtain dissimilar joints of AISI 304-Cu. The latter were observed metallographically. These results are to be complemented by mechanical testing actually being performed. (Author) [pt

Estimating the Contact Endurance of the AISI 321 Stainless Steel Under Contact Gigacycle Fatigue Tests

Science.gov (United States)

Savrai, R. A.; Makarov, A. V.; Osintseva, A. L.; Malygina, I. Yu.

2018-02-01

Mechanical testing of the AISI 321 corrosion resistant austenitic steel for contact gigacycle fatigue has been conducted with the application of a new method of contact fatigue testing with ultrasonic frequency of loading according to a pulsing impact "plane-to-plane" contact scheme. It has been found that the contact endurance (the ability to resist the fatigue spalling) of the AISI 321 steel under contact gigacycle fatigue loading is determined by its plasticity margin and the possibility of additional hardening under contact loading. It is demonstrated that the appearance of localized deep and long areas of spalling on a material surface can serve as a qualitative characteristic for the loss of the fatigue strength of the AISI 321 steel under impact contact fatigue loading. The value of surface microhardness measured within contact spots and the maximum depth of contact damages in the peripheral zone of contact spots can serve as quantitative criteria for that purpose.

Formation of abrasion-resistant coatings of the AlSiFexMny intermetallic compound type on the AISI 304L alloy

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Martínez-Perales, Laura G.

2016-03-01

Full Text Available The α-Al9FeMnSi and β-Al9FeMn2Si intermetallics formed by reactive sintering of Al, Si, Mn, Fe, Cr and Ni powders have been used in AISI 304L steels to enhance microhardness. Processing variables of the reactive sintering treatment were temperature (600, 650, 700, 750 and 800 °C, pressure (5, 10 y 20 MPa and holding time (3600, 5400 y 7200 seconds. Experimental results show that temperature is the most important variable affecting the substrate/coating formation, while pressure does not appear to have a significant effect. The results show the optimum conditions of the reactive sintering that favor the substrate/coating formation are 800 °C, 20 MPa and 7200 seconds. Under these conditions, the reaction zone between the substrate and coating is more compacted and well-adhered, with a microhardness of 1300 Vickers. The results of SEM and X-Ray diffraction confirmed the formation of α-Al9FeMnSi and β-Al9FeMn2Si intermetallics in the substrate/coating interface as well as the presence of Cr and Ni, indicating diffusion of these two elements from the substrate to the interface.Los intermetálicos α-Al9FeMnSi y β-Al9FeMn2Si formados por sinterización reactiva de polvos Al, Si, Mn, Fe, Cr, Ni se han utilizado en aceros AISI 304L para mejorar la microdureza. Las variables de procesamiento de sinterización reactiva fueron temperatura (600, 650, 700, 750, y 800 °C, presión (5, 10 y 20 MPa y el tiempo de retención (3600, 5400 7200 segundos. Los resultados experimentales muestran que la temperatura es la variable más importante que afecta a la formación del sustrato/recubrimiento, mientras que la presión no parece tener un efecto significativo una influencia significativa. Los resultados muestran las condiciones óptimas de la sinterización reactiva que favorecen la formación del sustrato/recubrimiento a 800 °C, 20 MPa y 7200 segundos. En estas condiciones, la zona de reacción entre el sustrato y el recubrimiento es más compacta y bien

Effect of temperature and pressure on wear properties of ion nitrided AISI 316 and 409 stainless steels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fernandes, Frederico Augusto Pires; Heck, Stenio Cristaldo; Pereira, Ricardo Gomes; Casteletti, Luiz Carlos; Nascente, Pedro Augusto de Paula

2010-01-01

Stainless steels are widely used in chemical and other industries due to their corrosion resistance property. However, because of their low hardness and wear properties, their applications are limited. Many attempts have been made to increase the surface hardness of these materials by using plasma techniques. Plasma nitriding is distinguished by its effectiveness, and for presenting a relatively low cost and being a clean process, producing hard surface layers on stainless steels. Aiming to verify the influence of the temperature and pressure on the modified resultant layers, samples of AISI 316 and 409 stainless steels were plasma nitrided in two different temperatures (450 and 500°C) and pressures of 400, 500, and 600Pa for 5h. After the nitriding treatment, the layers were analyzed by means of optical microscopy and wear tests. Wear tests were conducted in a fixed-ball micro-wear machine without lubrication. After the plasma nitriding treatment on AISI 316 and 409 samples, homogeneous and continuous layers were produced and their thicknesses increased as the temperature increased, and as the pressure decreased. The nitriding treatment on the AISI 316 steel sample resulted on the formation of expanded austenite layers at 450°C, and chromium nitrides (CrN and Cr_2N) phases at 500°C. The nitriding treatment on AISI 409 sample yielded the formation of similar layers for both treatment temperatures; these layers constituted mainly by chromium (Cr_2N) and iron (Fe_2N, Fe3_N, and Fe_4N) nitrides. After the nitriding treatment, the AISI 316 steel sample presented higher wear resistance for lower temperature and pressure values. The increase on layer fragility, for higher temperature and pressure values can be responsible for this inverse tendency. The wear resistance of the nitrided AISI 409 sample followed a logic tendency: the harder the layer the better the performance, i.e. the performance was improved with the increase in both the temperature and pressure

Acero de alto silicio producido por inmersión en Al-Si y recocido de difusión

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ros-Yáñez, Tanya

2000-10-01

Full Text Available It is difficult to process steel sheet with a high Si content (>3.5%Si, mainly because of its brittleness and the appearance of cracks during rolling and oxidation. However, there is a market for this steel in electrical applications because of the favourable influence of Si on magnetostriction and electrical resistivity. As an alternative process, 3% Si-steel substrates were coated with hypereutectic Al-Si-alloys in a "hot-dip simulator" using different preheating and dipping times. The obtained layers were characterised by SEM and EDS analysis. Diffusion annealing experiments were performed to obtain sufficient amount of Si in the steel. It was observed that:

• intermetallic phases appear in the coating layers as according to the ternary Fe-Si-Al diagram
• with a double dipping primary silicon crystals are formed in the surface layer
• the ordered DO₃ structure is present if the dipping and/or diffusion time is long enough
• homogeneous silicon gradients in the whole substrate thickness have not yet been achieved
• theoretic calculations show that Si-gradient, also have beneficial effects on magnetic behaviour

Estudio para la optimización de la composición de un HACFRA (hormigón autocompactante reforzado con fibras de acero estructural

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Orbe, A.

2015-03-01

Full Text Available The interest of HACFRA (self compacting concrete reinforced with steel fibers, is the combination of the residual strength increase and cracking decrease compared to plain concrete by the introduction of steel fibers in the mass with the advantages of the self-compacting. The paper presents an analysis of the influence of different components of the HACRFA and provides their selection, refered to the granular skeleton and to different steel fiber types and amount, in order to obtain an optimization of its features and structural behavior.El interés de un HACFRA (Hormigón autocompactante reforzado con fibras de acero, radica en la combinación del incremento de capacidad resistente con respecto al hormigón y disminución de la fisuración, aportada por la introducción de fibras de acero, con las ventajas de la puesta en obra que supone la autocompactación. El artículo analiza la influencia de los diferentes componentes que integran el HACRFA, proponiendo una selección de los mismos, referidos tanto al esqueleto granular como a los diferentes tipos y densidades de fibras de acero, en base a la obtención de sus características y de un comportamiento estructural optimizado.

Magnetic Barkhausen emission for characterizing AISI 1045 steel plastically deformed

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Gelaysi Moreno-Vega

2018-04-01

Full Text Available The aim of this work was to correlate parameters of the metallurgical structure such as size and reorganizing the grains, as well as the hardening capacity and the samples distortion of AISI 1045 steel plastically deformed by roll and then fractioned, with average values root means square RMS of a Barkhausen Emission. The analyzed samples were deformed by using forces of 500, 1500 and 2500 N, angular speed of 27, 54, and 110 r.p.m and tool advance of 0,075; 0,125 and 0,25 mm / rev. Then, they underwent a traction process using a CRITM DNS 200 machine, with a load of 200 kN. It was observed that the EMB signal presented an increasing performance in correspondence with the deformation decline and the increasing in tension and the hardness degree. The study of commercial steel AISI 1045 plastically deformed with roller and then pulled with EMB technique, allowed corroborating the potential of this technique as a non-destructive testing.

Sintering, microstructure and properties of WC-AISI304 powder composites

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Marques, B.J.; Fernandes, C.M.; Senos, A.M.R.

2013-01-01

Highlights: ► Total replacement of Co binder by stainless steel AISI 304 in WC based composites. ► Processing conditions for WC–stainless steel composites. ► Mechanical behavior and oxidation resistance of WC–stainless steel composites. -- Abstract: Tungsten carbide–stainless steel (AISI 304) based composites were successfully prepared by powder metallurgy routes using vacuum sintering at a maximum temperature of 1500 °C. The effects of the binder amount (between 6 and 15 wt.%) on the phase composition, microstructure and mechanical properties, namely hardness and fracture toughness, were investigated. Appreciable amount of (M,W) 6 C up to 12 wt.% was detected, especially for the higher SS contents. However, a good compromise between toughness and hardness was observed. Besides that, improved oxidation resistance was noticed in WC–SS based composites compared with WC–Co composites. The results are discussed having in mind the correlation between chemical composition, phase composition, microstructure and mechanical behavior

Surface modifications induced by hydrogen in AISI 304 stainless steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Evangelista, G.E.; Miranda, P.E.V. de

1983-01-01

Hydrogen induced surface modifications of type AISI 304 SS were studied by charging the samples in a 1N a 1N H 2 SO 4 electrolyte at room temperature. Current densities were varied from 500 to 4000 A/m 2 and charging times from 2 to 50 hours. Charged specimens were analysed using optical and electron scanning microscopy. Vickers microhardness tests with small load was also performed. Metallographic etching metodologies were developed (in black and white and colored photographies) which permited identification of all phases present. It was shown that delayed cracks appear somewhat curved on austenite and perfectly strainght on martensite, following the intersections of a phase platlets. These are the regions where α' martensite is located. The habit plane of these cracks might belong to (100) sub(γ) or (221) sub(γ) plane families. A new phenomenon termed hydrogen induced softening was observed on type AISI 304 SS at elevated current densities and/or charging times. (Author) [pt

Low-temperature dependence of yielding in AISI 316 stainless steels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Tobler, R.L.; Reed, R.P.

1981-01-01

Tensile tests at temperatures between 323 and 4 K were performed on one heat of AISI 316 austenitic stainless steel having the composition Fe-17.34Cr-12.17Ni-1.55Mn-2.16Mo-0.051C. The temperature dependences of the yield and flow strengths at plastic strain increments from 0.2 to 3.65% are analyzed. At the yield strain (0.2%), no body-centered cubic (bcc) martensite phase transformation is detected. At higher strains (approx.3.2 +- 0.6%), bcc martensite forms from the parent austenite phase at test temperatures below 190 K, but there are no discontinuities in the temperature dependence of flow strength. A review of data available for three heats of AISI 316 at temperatures between 973 and 4 K reveals that deviations from thermally activated plastic flow theory occur at temperatures below 175 K, apparently depending on heat-to-heat compositional variations. Grain size and magnetic transition effects on the yield strength are discussed

Aspects of plasma cutting in AISI 321 stainless steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Souza Barros, I. de; Cardoso, P.E.

1985-10-01

The utilization of plasma cutting process in AISI 321 stainless steel heavy plates for fabricating nozzles for nuclear reactors was evaluated. The effect of current, electric potential and cutting speed are studied. The superficial irregularity and the microstructure of the zone affected by the cut were analyzed by measurements of roughness, optical metallography and microhardness. (E.G.) [pt

Pitting Corrosion Susceptibility of AISI 301 Stainless Steel in ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

The susceptibility of austenitic (AISI 301) stainless steel to pitting corrosion was evaluated in sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions - 0.1M, 0.2M, 0.3M, 0.5M and 0.7M and 1.0M. Tensile tests and microscopic examinations were performed on samples prepared from the steel after exposure in the various environments.

Effect of temperature changes on swelling and creep of AISI 316

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Garner, F.A.; Gilbert, E.R.; Gelles, D.S.; Foster, J.P.

1980-04-01

A number of previous publications have shown that the swelling of cold-worked AISI 316 is quite sensitive to changes in temperature which occur during irradiation. In this report those data are expanded and reanalyzed to show that the concurrent irradiation creep is also quite sensitive to changes in irradiation temperature. An explanation is advanced to explain this behavior in terms of the sensitivity to temperture history of the radiation-induced microchemical evolution of this steel. In particular, the sensitivity to temperature history of the radiation-stabilized gamma prime phase is invoked to explain the enhanced creep and swelling behavior of AISI 316 components which experienced either gradual or abrupt decreases in temperature. The phase development observed in this steel in response to temperature changes during irradiation is also compared to the similar behavior found in aged specimens subjected to isothermal irradiation

Bainitic transformation in steel under continuous cooling conditions

OpenAIRE

Higuera Cobos, Oscar Fabián; Tristancho Reyes, José Luís; Flórez García, Luís Carlos

2007-01-01

En esta investigación se evalúo el cambio microestructural que presenta el acero AISI –SAE 4140 al ser sometido a condiciones de enfriamiento continuo con el fin de analizar la transformación bainítica. Se determinó que la microestructura a distancias de 0.2 a 2mm es martensítico y a distancias mayores de 30mm se observó un comportamiento bainítico. El tipo de bainita encontrada fue del tipo nodular o globular. In this research were evaluates the change microestructural that presents the ...

Desarrollo y optimización de recubrimientos de superaleaciones con adición de cargas cerámicas y elementos reactivos obtenidos por proyección térmica para aplicaciones de resistencia a oxidación a alta temperatura y al desgaste

OpenAIRE

Cervera González, Iván

2011-01-01

El objetivo principal del presente trabajo es la obtención de recubrimientos con una composición optimizada para aplicaciones de elevada resistencia a alta temperatura y al desgaste, proyectados térmicamente sobre acero al carbono AISI 1110, mediante la técnica de oxifuel, basados en el sistema NiCrAlY/Al2O3. Estos recubrimientos deben ser capaces de proteger adecuadamente a un material de escasa resistencia mecánica y térmica para el rango de temperaturas analizado, que se sitúa entre 850 – ...

Comportamiento Tribológico y Microestructural en Recubrimientos Aplicados por GTAW y HVOF (Proceso Térmico de Espreado y Usado en Recuperación de Aceros Grado Herramienta AISI/SAE D2

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Carlos Alberto Guevara Chávez

Full Text Available Resumen Las aleaciones de Fe-Cr-Mo se utilizan en recubrimientos para proteger componentes que están sometidos a condiciones de desgaste y corrosión. La alta velocidad de deposición del metalizado térmico (HVOF (High Velocity Oxi-Fuel aplicado en aleaciones de acero grado herramienta para trabajo en frío con la aplicación de sustratos Fe-Cr-Mo ha mostrado buenos resultados en los campos de proyección. El HOVF es un método atractivo para aplicar revestimientos y recuperar diámetros que fueron desgastados durante el proceso de operación. Nuevas superficies y materiales pueden ser provistos sin la distorsión causada por los procesos convencionales de soldadura. Para aquellos materiales que son susceptibles a agrietarse gracias a la formación de fases fuera de equilibrio duras con composiciones con altos contenidos de carbono y de cromo, debido a las condiciones del proceso que combinan una temperatura de la flama relativamente baja y con un tiempo de baja exposición. La microestructura las características del recubrimiento son determinadas por las propiedades físicas y químicas de las partículas impregnadas en el sustrato que a su vez dependen de una gran cantidad de parámetros como el diseño de pistola, la relación de oxígeno / combustible, método de inyección, tamaño de partícula y forma, entre otros La presente investigación estudia la influencia de los parámetros de procesamiento sobre las propiedades mecánicas y microestructurales del recubrimiento Diamalloy 1008 (aleación en mezcla de Fe-Cr-Mo revestimiento aplicado con Oxí-combustible de alta velocidad (HVOF y cinco diferentes tipos de electrodos aplicados por soldadura, TIG (GTAW en un acero grado herramienta para trabajo en frio. El objetivo de estos recubrimientos se utiliza habitualmente como una protección contra la corrosión y el desgaste, pero también tienen la capacidad de recuperar las zonas dañadas como es el caso de los dados de estampado de la

Preparation of high-performance ultrafine-grained AISI 304L stainless steel under high temperature and pressure

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Peng Wang

2016-08-01

Full Text Available Bulk ultra-fine grained (UFG AISI 304L stainless steel with excellent mechanical properties was prepared by a high-temperature and high-pressure (HTHP method using nanocrystalline AISI 304L stainless steel powders obtained from ball milling. Samples were sintered in high-pressure conditions using the highest martensite content of AISI 304L stainless steel powders milled for 25 h. Analyses of phase composition and grain size were accomplished by X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement. By comparing the reverse martensite transformation under vacuum and HTHP treat, we consider that pressure can effectively promote the change in the process of transformation. Compared with the solid-solution-treated 304L, the hardness and yield strength of the samples sintered under HTHP are considerably higher. This method of preparation of UFG bulk stainless steel may be widely popularised and used to obtain UFG metallic materials with good comprehensive performance.

Estimation of embrittlement during aging of AISI 316 stainless steel ...

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

Unknown

rical relation connecting the aging temperature, aging time and nitrogen ... strength, high tensile strength, are easy to fabricate and ... However, the ferrite is a metastable phase which ... 2. Experimental. 2.1 Materials. Nuclear grade AISI 316 stainless steel plates ( .... fore, it is desirable to develop empirical relations con-.

Swelling of AISI 304L in response to simultaneous variations in stress and displacement rate

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Porter, D.L.; Garner, F.A.

1984-01-01

The duration of the transient regime of neutron-induced swelling in annealed AISI 304L at 400 0 C is sensitive to both stress and displacement rate variations. The simultaneous application of both variables exerts a synergistic effect on the transient regime. The duration of this regime cannot be reduced below a required intrinsic exposure of approx. 10 dpa, however, which has been found to be characteristic of all Fe-Ni-Cr austenitic alloys. This is four times larger than that currently assumed in the stress-affected swelling equation for 20% cold-worked AISI 316

La fatiga en las barras de acero corrugado para refuerzo de hormigón

OpenAIRE

Avila Kildal, Francisco

2003-01-01

Para conseguir aprovechar los recursos que la sociedad invierte en infraestructuras de manera óptima es imprescindible, para la ingeniería civil, un buen conocimiento de los materiales y de sus propiedades. Partiendo de esta premisa, el objetivo de esta tesina es aportar conocimiento a la caracterización de las barras de acero corrugado para refuerzo de hormigón en su funcionamiento frente a la fatiga. Definimos fatiga como la alteración mecánica de los materiales bajo el ef...

Influencia del Calor Aportado y Metal de Aporte Sobre las Propiedades Mecánicas y la Microestructura de Juntas Soldadas por FCAW de Acero Microaleado de Alta Resistencia

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César Marconi

2015-06-01

Full Text Available ResumenActualmente, los aceros microaleados son ampliamente utilizados en reemplazo de los aceros al C y C-Mn por sus ventajas en cuanto a propiedades mecánicas, resistencia a la corrosión y soldabilidad, permitiendo una reducción de peso de los vehículos y estructuras sin detrimento de su resistencia. Cuando estos aceros son soldados, el ciclo térmico de la soldadura provoca cambios microestructurales que modifican sus propiedades originales. El calor aportado (HI: heat input es una de las principales variables a tener en cuenta cuando se evalúan estas modificaciones. Las propiedades finales de la unión soldada también se definen por el tipo de consumible utilizado. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las propiedades mecánicas y la microestructura de juntas soldadas a tope de un acero microaleado con dos grados de metal de aporte y diferentes HI. Como resultado del trabajo se observó un aumento considerable de tamaño de grano en la ZAC adyacente a la línea de fusión para todas las condiciones, siendo este efecto más marcado cuando se soldó con alto HI; y un ablandamiento en la ZAC de grano fino. Prácticamente se mantuvieron los valores de resistencia a la tracción al soldar con ambos consumibles, con un mejor desempeño cuando se soldó con bajo HI. La tenacidad en la ZAC mejoró con la disminución del HI.

Endurance and failure characteristics of modified Vasco X-2, CBS 600 and AISI 9310 spur gears. [aircraft construction materials

Science.gov (United States)

Townsend, D. P.; Zaretsky, E. V.

1980-01-01

Gear endurance tests and rolling-element fatigue tests were conducted to compare the performance of spur gears made from AISI 9310, CBS 600 and modified Vasco X-2 and to compare the pitting fatigue lives of these three materials. Gears manufactured from CBS 600 exhibited lives longer than those manufactured from AISI 9310. However, rolling-element fatigue tests resulted in statistically equivalent lives. Modified Vasco X-2 exhibited statistically equivalent lives to AISI 9310. CBS 600 and modified Vasco X-2 gears exhibited the potential of tooth fracture occurring at a tooth surface fatigue pit. Case carburization of all gear surfaces for the modified Vasco X-2 gears results in fracture at the tips of the gears.

Comportamiento frente al desgaste y fricción de aceros empleados en líneas de manutención aérea ensayados con y sin lubricación

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Castro Regal, G.

2005-06-01

Full Text Available The sliding friction and wear behaviour of different steel qualities were investigated with and without lubrication conditions. Steel qualities tested are normally used in the overhead conveyor system of many industrial fields, like the automotive sector. Sliding wear tests have been conducted by means of a pin-on-disk machine. A 100Cr6 steel similar to that used within the overhead conveyor trolleys has been employed as a pin. Friction coefficient values obtained under lubrication conditions were three times smaller than those obtained without lubrication. The mechanism that controls wear behaviour under lubrication conditions is an abrasive one and the wear values obtained are almost worthless. On the other hand, mechanism controlling wear during non lubrication tests, was a combination of abrasion and adhesion

Se ha evaluado el comportamiento frente a fricción y el desgaste de distintas calidades de acero ensayadas bajo condiciones de lubricación y sin lubricación. Las calidades de acero seleccionadas son las que normalmente se emplean en los sistemas de manutención aérea de numerosos procesos de producción, como la fabricación de automóviles. Se han realizado ensayos de desgaste tipo punzón-disco mediante un punzón de acero de calidad100Cr6, empleado en los carros que circulan por las líneas de manutención aérea. Se ha observado que el valor del coeficiente de fricción obtenido bajo condiciones de lubricaciones, aproximadamente, tres veces menor que el obtenido sin lubricación. Por otro lado, el mecanismo que controla el proceso de desgaste de los aceros ensayados con lubricación es un mecanismo de desgaste abrasivo y los valores de desgaste obtenidos son prácticamente despreciables. El desgaste de los aceros ensayados sin lubricación se produjo por combinación de dos mecanismos de desgaste: abrasión y adhesión.

Producción electroquímica de gluconato de calcio

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Mario Grajales T.

2010-07-01

Full Text Available Se estudió experimentalmente el efecto del potencial anódico, densidad de corriente y concentración del ion bromuro en la producción electroquímica de gluconato de calcio a partir de glucosa, usando el sistema Br2 / Br' como mediador. Las condiciones de operación de la celda electroquímica con ánodo de grafito y cátodo de acero inoxidable fueron: Potencial anódico 1.3 V (vs ESC, 46 °C, densidad de corriente 26 mA / cmS y un medio acuoso compuesto por una solución de Glucosa 0.60 M -I- NaBr 0.20 M conteniendo CaCO, en suspensión (0. 30 mol / L. La eficiencia de corriente fue del 98% y la.pureza del gluconato obtenido del 99.7 %.

Stoichiometric titanium dioxide ion implantation in AISI 304 stainless steel for corrosion protection

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hartwig, A.; Decker, M.; Klein, O.; Karl, H., E-mail: helmut.karl@physik.uni-augsburg.de

2015-12-15

The aim of this study is to evaluate the applicability of highly chemically inert titanium dioxide synthesized by ion beam implantation for corrosion protection of AISI 304 stainless steel in sodium chloride solution. More specifically, the prevention of galvanic corrosion between carbon-fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) and AISI 304 was investigated. Corrosion performance of TiO{sub 2} implanted AISI 304 – examined for different implantation and annealing parameters – is strongly influenced by implantation fluence. Experimental results show that a fluence of 5 × 10{sup 16} cm{sup −2} (Ti{sup +}) and 1 × 10{sup 17} cm{sup −2} (O{sup +}) is sufficient to prevent pitting corrosion significantly, while galvanic corrosion with CFRP can already be noticeably reduced by an implantation fluence of 5 × 10{sup 15} cm{sup −2} (Ti{sup +}) and 1 × 10{sup 16} cm{sup −2} (O{sup +}). Surface roughness, implantation energy and annealing at 200 °C and 400 °C show only little influence on the corrosion behavior. TEM analysis indicates the existence of stoichiometric TiO{sub 2} inside the steel matrix for medium fluences and the formation of a separated metal oxide layer for high fluences.

Corrosion resistance of the welded AISI 316L after various surface treatments

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Tatiana Liptáková

2014-01-01

Full Text Available The main aim of this work is to monitor the surface treatment impact on the corrosion resistance of the welded stainless steel AISI 316L to local corrosion forms. The excellent corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steel is caused by the existence of stable, thin and well adhering passive layer which quality is strongly influenced by welding. Therefore surface treatment of stainless steel is very important with regard to its local corrosion susceptibility Surfaces of welded stainless steel were treated by various mechanical methods (grinding, garnet blasting. Surface properties were studied by SEM, corrosion resistance was evaluated after exposition tests in chlorides environment using weight and metalographic analysis. The experimental outcomes confirmed that the mechanical finishing has a significant effect on the corrosion behavior of welded stainless steel AISI 316L.

Radiation-induced evolution of austenite matrix in silicon-modified AISI 316 alloys

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Garner, F.A.; Brager, H.R.

1980-01-01

The microstructures of a series of silicon-modified AISI 316 alloys irradiated to fast neutron fluences of about 2-3 and 10 x 10 22 n/cm 2 (E > 0.1 MeV at temperatures ranging from 400 0 C to 600 0 C have been examined. The irradiation of AISI 316 leads to an extensive repartition of several elements, particularly nickel and silicon, between the matrix and various precipitate phases. The segregation of nickel at void and grain boundary surfaces at the expense of other faster-diffusing elements is a clear indication that one of the mechanisms driving the microchemical evolution is the Inverse Kirkendall effect. There is evidence that at one sink this mechanism is in competition with the solute drag process associated with interstitial gradients

Some mechanical properties of borided AISI H13 and 304 steels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Taktak, Sukru

2007-01-01

In the present study, mechanical properties of borides formed on AISI H13 hot work tool and AISI 304 stainless steels have been investigated. Both steels have high chromium content and have a widespread use in the engineering application. Boriding treatment was carried out in slurry salt bath consisting of borax, boric acid, and ferrosilicon at temperature range of 800-950 deg. C for 3, 5, and 7 h. X-ray diffraction analysis of boride layers on the surface of steels revealed various peaks of FeB, Fe 2 B, CrB, and Ni 3 B. Metallographic studies showed that the boride layer has a flat and smooth morphology in the 304 steel while H13 steel was a ragged morphology. The characterization of the boride layer is also carried out by means of the micro-hardness, surface roughness, adhesion, and fracture toughness studies

Partial substitution of vanadium by niobium in AISI H13 steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Itman Filho, A.; Balancin, O.

1987-01-01

The aim of this work was to study the tempering resistence in conditions of use of the AISI H13 steel, after partial substitution of vanadium by niobium. Four alloys of this steel were elaborated and in three of them the niobim was added in the contents of 0,2; 0,5 and 1,0%. Metallographic techniques were performed to compare qualitatively the niobium effect in several processing and thermal analisys of the steels. Grain size measurements were made after austenitization of the steels, hardness measurements in prepared samples were made after quenching and tempering, tensile testing at elevated temperature was investigated and yield strength, reduction of area after steel breaking and elongation were calculated. After these studies it was possible to certify that the partial substitution of vanadium by niobium did not alter significantly the basic mechanical properties of the AISI H13. (Author) [pt

Inhibition of the formation of intermetallic compounds in aluminum-steel welded joints by friction stir welding

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Torres López, Edwar A.

2015-12-01

Full Text Available Formation of deleterious phases during welding of aluminum and steel is a challenge of the welding processes, for decades. Friction Stir Welding (FSW has been used in an attempt to reduce formation of intermetallic compounds trough reducing the heat input. In this research, dissimilar joint of 6063-T5 aluminum alloy and AISI-SAE 1020 steel were welded using this technique. The temperature of welded joints was measured during the process. The interface of the welded joints was characterized using optical microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Additionally, composition measurements were carried out by X-EDS and DRX. The experimental results revealed that the maximum temperature on the joint studied is less than 360 °C. The microstructural characterization in the aluminum-steel interface showed the absence of intermetallic compounds, which is a condition attributed to the use of welding with low thermal input parameters.La unión de juntas aluminio-acero, sin la formación de fases deletéreas del tipo FexAly, ha sido, por décadas, un desafío para los procesos de soldadura. La soldadura por fricción-agitación ha sido empleada para intentar reducir el aporte térmico y evitar la formación de compuestos intermetálicos. Usando esta técnica fueron soldadas juntas disimilares de aluminio 6063-T5 y acero AISI-SAE 1020. La soldadura fue acompañada de medidas de temperatura durante su ejecución. La interfase de las juntas soldadas fue caracterizada utilizando microscopía óptica, electrónica de barrido y electrónica de transmisión. Adicionalmente fueron realizadas medidas puntuales X-EDS y DRX. Los resultados experimentales revelan que la temperatura máxima en la junta es inferior a 360 °C. La caracterización microestructural en la interfase aluminio-acero demostró la ausencia de compuestos intermetálicos, condición atribuida al uso de parámetros de soldadura con bajo aporte térmico.

Investigation of the influential parameters of machining of AISI 304 ...

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

application of cutting fluid results in longer tool life and better surface finish. ... parameters for turning of AISI 304 stainless steel by considering the process ... In the design of experiments (DOE) the full factorial method was used in .... Esme U 2009 Application of Taguchi method for the optimization of resistance spot welding.

Efecto de las sales fundidas en la termofluencia del acero inoxidable tipo 304

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

González-Rodríguez, G.

1995-06-01

Full Text Available Problems caused by both hot corrosion and creep type-damage occurring on superheater and reheater tubes of power plants using heavy oil as fuel shorten their design lives. The acceleration of hot corrosion attack of boilers is caused by the presence of fuel ash deposits containing mainly vanadium, sodium and sulphur, in the form of Na₂SO₄ y V₂O₅ and V₂O₅ which form low melting point compounds. In addition to this, the tubes are exposed to the action of both high stresses and high temperatures, producing the so called creep damage. In this work, creep rupture tests were carried out in the temperature range of 620 to 660 °C in static air and in corrosive environments. The corrosive environments included 100 % Na₂SO₄, 100 % V₂O₅ and a 80 % V₂O₅ + 20 % Na₂SO₄ mixture.

Los problemas causados tanto por la corrosión por sales fundidas, así como por la termofluencia en los tubos de los sobrecalentadores y recalentadores de una planta de potencia que usa combustibles fósiles, reducen su vida prevista en diseño. La aceleración de la corrosión por sales fundidas es causada por la presencia de cenizas que contienen principalmente vanadio, sodio y azufre en la forma de Na₂SO₄ y V₂O₅, los cuales forman mezclas con eutécticos de bajo punto de fusión. Adicionalmente, los tubos están expuestos a la acción de altos esfuerzos y altas temperaturas, lo cual propicia la termofluencia del material. En este trabajo, se han realizado ensayos de termofluencia hasta la rotura en aire y en ambientes corrosivos en el rango de temperaturas de 620 a 660 °C. Los ambientes corrosivos fueron 100 % Na₂SO₄, 100 % V₂O₅, y una mezcla 20 % Na₂SO₄-80 % V₂O₅.

Microestructura y propiedades mecánicas de dos aceros para herramientas con ultra alto contenido de boro

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jiménez, J. A.

1998-05-01

Full Text Available In the present work, two selected tool steels have been modified by a boron addition of 0.5 and 1 mass %. Both steels were processed by powder metallurgy methods, including argon atomization and hot isostatic pressing. The Consolidated materials presented a microstructure consisting of a fine and homogeneous distribution borocarbides M₂₃(C,B₆ in a ferrite-martensite matrix. No changes are observed in the microstructure after deformation by compression-strain-rate-change tests at temperatures ranging from 700 to 1,100 °C. For the Fe-lB-lC steel, a stress exponent of 4.5 was obtained, that suggests that slip creep is the controlling deformation mechanism. On the other hand, a stress exponent between 2 and 3 was obtained for the Fe-0.5B-1.5C steel that suggests that grain boundary sliding is the controlling deformation mechanism. In both cases, the activation energy for creep was related to the activation energy for iron self-diffusion.

En el presente trabajo se han modificado dos aceros para herramientas convencionales por la presencia de un contenido de boro entre 0,5 y 1 % en masa. Ambos aceros se procesaron por la ruta pulvimetalúrgica, incluyendo atomización por argón y compactación isostática en caliente. El material compactado presentó una microestructura caracterizada por una distribución de partículas de borocarburos M₂₃(C,B₆ fina y homogénea en una matriz de ferrita-martensita. Esta microestructura permanece prácticamente inalterada tras los ensayos de cambios en la velocidad de deformación durante el ensayo de compresión a temperaturas entre 750 y 1.000 °C. En el caso del acero Fe-lB-lC se obtuvo un valor para el exponente de la tensión de 4,5, que sugiere que la deformación plástica está controlada por un mecanismo de fluencia por movimiento de dislocaciones. Por otro lado, para el acero Fe-0,5B-1,5C, se obtuvieron valores para el exponente de la tensión comprendidos

Simulación de la precipitación de inclusiones en diferentes etapas del procesamiento del acero líquido

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Carreño, V.

1998-05-01

Full Text Available Steelmaking processes are continuously improved in order to attend the increasing requirements of the cleanness of the liquid metal. At the refining stages, as deoxidation and desulphuration, the formation of inclusions of oxides and sulphides is promoted, which on the other hand, are the most frequent inclusions. In this work a mathematical simulator of the precipitation and chemical composition of non-metallic inclusions at different steps of the steelmaking process is presented. To this purpose, it is assumed that inclusions formed by reoxidation can be simulated by increasing arbitrarily the oxygen levels consumed by the residual elements (aluminium, calcium, etc. and starting the chemical reaction with less powerful deoxidants (silicium and manganese. Accordingly, different operative conditions can be simulated. Numerical predictions are compared with experimental results of industrial trials, as well as results included in the bibliography.

Los procesos de fabricación de acero se mejoran constantemente en respuesta a las demandas del consumidor que exige un mayor control de limpieza del metal líquido en las diversas etapas de su elaboración. En las etapas de refinación, como son desoxidación y desulfuración, se promueve la formación de inclusiones de óxidos y sulfuros, que por otra parte son las más frecuentes en el acero líquido. En este trabajo se presenta un simulador matemático que predice la precipitación y composición de las inclusiones no metálicas que se encuentran en el acero líquido en diferentes etapas de su procesamiento, asumiendo que las inclusiones formadas por reoxidación también se pueden simular al incrementar arbitrariamente los niveles de oxígeno que deberán consumir los elementos residuales altamente oxidables (Al, Ca, y empezar la reacción con los desoxidantes menores (Si y Mn. De esta manera se simulan diferentes condiciones de operación. Las predicciones numéricas se comparan con los

Effect of cold working on nitriding process of AISI 304 and 316 austenitic stainless steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Pereira, Silvio Andre de Lima

2012-01-01

The nitriding behavior of AISI 304 and 316 austenitic stainless steel was studied by different cold work degree before nitriding processes. The microstructure, thickness, microhardness and chemical micro-composition were evaluated through optical microscopy, microhardness, scanner electronic microscopy and x ray diffraction techniques. Through them, it was observed that previous plastic deformations do not have influence on layer thickness. However, a nitrided layer thicker can be noticed in the AISI 304 steel. In addition, two different layers can be identified as resulted of the nitriding, composed for austenitic matrix expanded by nitrogen atoms and another thinner immediately below expanded by Carbon atoms. (author)

The influence of plasma nitriding on the fatigue behavior of austenitic stainless steel types AISI 316 and AISI 304

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Varavallo, Rogerio; Manfrinato, Marcos Dorigao; Rossino, Luciana Sgarbi; Spinelli, Dirceu; Riofano, Rosamel Melita Munoz

2010-01-01

The plasma nitriding process has been used as an efficient method to optimize the surface properties of steel and alloy in order to increase their wear, fatigue and corrosion resistance. This paper reports on a study of the composition and influence of the nitrided layer on the high-cycle fatigue properties of the AISI 316 and 304 type austenitic stainless steels. Test specimens of AISI 316 and 304 steel were nitrided at 400 deg C for 6 hours under a pressure of 4.5 mbar, using a gas mixture of 80% volume of H 2 and 20% volume of N 2 . The rotary fatigue limit of both nitrided and non-nitrided steels was determined, and the effect of the treatment on the fatigue limit of the two steels was evaluated. The mechanical properties of the materials were evaluated based on tensile tests, and the nitrided layer was characterized by microhardness tests, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The resulting nitride layer showed high hardness and mechanical strength, increasing the fatigue limit of the nitrided material in comparison with the non-nitrided one. The fatigue limit of the 316 steel increased from 400 MPa to 510 MPa in response to nitriding, while that of the 304 steel increased from 380 MPa to 560 MPa. One of the contributing factors of this increase was the introduction of residual compressive stresses during the surface hardening process, which reduce the onset of crack formation underneath the nitride layer. (author)

Study of corrosion resistance of AISI 444 ferritic stainless steel for application as a biomaterial; Estudo da resistencia a corrosao do aco inoxidavel ferritico AISI 444 para aplicacao como biomaterial

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Marques, Rogerio Albuquerque

2014-09-01

Ferritic stainless steels are ferromagnetic materials. This property does not allow their use in orthopedic prosthesis. Nevertheless, in some specific applications, this characteristic is very useful, such as, for fixing dental and facial prostheses by using magnetic attachments. In this study, the corrosion resistance and cytotoxicity of the AISI 444 ferritic stainless steel, with low nickel content, extra-low interstitial levels (C and N) and Ti and Nb stabilizers, were investigated for magnetic dental attachments application. The ISO 5832-1 (ASTM F-139) austenitic stainless steel and a commercial universal keeper for dental attachment (Neo-magnet System) were evaluated for comparison reasons. The first stainless steel is the most used metallic material for prostheses, and the second one, is a ferromagnetic keeper for dental prostheses (NeoM). In vitro cytotoxicity analysis was performed by the red neutral incorporation method. The results showed that the AISI 444 stainless steel is non cytotoxic. The corrosion resistance was studied by anodic polarization methods and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), in a saline phosphate buffered solution (PBS) at 37 °C. The electronic properties of the passive film formed on AISI 444 SS were evaluated by the Mott-Schottky approach. All tested materials showed passivity in the PBS medium and the passive oxide film presented a duplex nature. The highest susceptibility to pitting corrosion was associated to the NeoM SS. This steel was also associated to the highest dopant concentration. The comparatively low levels of chromium (nearly 12.5%) and molybdenum (0.3%) of NeoM relatively to the other studied stainless steels are the probable cause of its lower corrosion resistance. The NeoM chemical composition does not match that of the SUS444 standards. The AISI 444 SS pitting resistance was equivalent to the ISO 5832-1 pointing out that it is a potential candidate for replacement of commercial ferromagnetic alloys used

Investigation of residual stress in laser welding between carbon steel AISI 1010 and stainless AISI 304

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mirim, Denilson de Camargo

2011-01-01

The dissimilar materials union has the residual stress formation as one of the most critical problems, which occurs mainly because these materials have both different thermal expansion coefficients and thermal conductivities. In this study, it was investigated the laser welding technique between steels, AISI 1010 and AISI 304. The materials were joined by butt autogenous welding with a continuous Nd:YAG laser. The main objective was to identify the welding parameters influence by the residual stresses analysis in the heat affected zone (HAZ). It was executed a factorial design with three-factor at two levels with a replica, which were varied power, welding speed and focal position of the laser beam. Residual stress measurements by the diffraction of X-rays were performed on the sample surface, to study their variation as a function of the parameters investigated. The blind hole method was also used to evaluate the residual stress along the samples depth, up to depth of 1mm. Besides residual stress measurement, weld seams were evaluated by optical and scanned electron microscopy, which were aimed to determine the weld geometry and changes in the microstructure. It was also made Vickers hardness measurements to evaluate the extent of HAZ. To evaluate the mechanical properties of the union were performed tensile and fatigue test. The MINITAB 15 software was used to analyze the residual stresses obtained by the blind hole method at different depths of the HAZ. It was also used statistical regression based on both the influences different and the combination of this input factors, in the residual stress of union. The results indicate that the models can satisfactorily predict the responses and provide users a guide to better define the welding parameters. (author)

Um novo fio de aço inoxidável para aplicações ortodônticas A new stainless steel wire for orthodontic purposes

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André Itman Filho

2011-08-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVO: desenvolver uma metodologia para fabricação de fios ortodônticos de aço inoxidável austeno-ferrítico SEW 410 Nr. 14517 por meio dos processos convencionais de laminação e trefilação. MÉTODOS: o aço austeno-ferrítico foi elaborado em um forno elétrico de indução. A qualidade dos fios foi avaliada por ensaios de tração e medidas de microdureza. A ductilidade e a manuseabilidade foram analisadas por meio da confecção de componentes ortodônticos. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: os valores encontrados mostraram que os fios de aço inoxidável austeno-ferrítico atenderam às normas BS 3507:1976 e ISO 5832-1, e apresentaram ótima ductilidade para confecção de componentes ortodônticos com dobras complexas.OBJECTIVE: To develop a method to manufacture austenitic-ferritic stainless steel orthodontic wires (SEW 410 Nr. 14517 using conventional rolling and wiredrawing processes. METHODS: Austenitic-ferritic steel was produced in an induction furnace. Traction trials and microhardness measurements were used to evaluate wire quality. Orthodontic parts were fabricated to assess ductility and malleability. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Austenitic-ferritic stainless steel wires meet the BS 3507:1976 and ISO 5832-1 norms and have excellent ductility for the fabrication of orthodontic parts with complex folds.

Effect of Adenine Concentration on the Corrosion Inhibition of Aisi ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

This gave a surface coverage of 0.8956 and corrosion penetration rate of 0.022132mm/yr. Hence, the best adenine concentration for the corrosion inhibition of alloys 304L in 1.0M sulphuric acid solution to obtain optimum inhibition efficiency is 0.011M. Keywords: Corrosion, AISI 304L Steel, Inhibition efficiency, Degree of ...

Synergy between erosion-corrosion of steel AISI 4140 covered by a multilayer TiCN / TiNbCN, at an impact angle of 90°

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Willian Aperador Chaparro

2013-01-01

Full Text Available El propósito de este trabajo es estudiar el efecto de la erosión corrosión en el desgaste de los recubrimientos en forma de multicapas de [TiCN / TiNbCN] n depositadas sobre sustratos de acero AISI 4140. El crecimiento de las multicapas de [TiCN / TiNbCN] n se realizó mediante un sistema magnetrón sputtering con RF reactivo en el que se varió sistemáticamente el período bicapa (Λ, y el número bicapa (n, manteniendo constante el espesor total de las capas (~ 3 micras. Las multicapas se evaluaron comparando la corrosión, erosión y erosión – corrosión a un ángulo de impacto de 90 º en una solución de 0,5 M de NaCl y de sílice, analizando el número de bicapas sobre en la resistencia a la corrosión de estos recubrimientos. Las curvas de polarización se realizaron en el potencial de reposo. Posteriormente de la realización de los experimentos de las curvas de polarización las muestras se analizaron por microscopía electrónica de barrido. Los resultados muestran que el buen rendimiento de los sistemas multicapa en sistemas dinámicos de corrosión y corrosión por erosión y la mejora de desgaste es debido al hecho de que las curvas de polarización se mueven hacia las zonas donde las densidades de corriente disminuyen al aumentar el número de bicapas.

Effects of gaseous nitriding AISI4140 alloy steel on corrosion and hardness properties

Science.gov (United States)

Tamil Moli, L.; Wahab, N.; Gopinathan, M.; Karmegam, K.; Maniyarasi, M.

2016-10-01

Corrosion is one of the major problems in the industry especially on machinery since it weakens the structure of the machinery part and causes the mechanical failure. This will stop the production and increase the maintenance cost. In this study, the corrosion behaviour of gas nitriding on a screw press machine shaft made from AISI 4140 steel was investigated. Pitting corrosion was identified as a major cause of the shaft failure and this study was conducted to improve the corrosion resistance on the AISI 4140 alloy steel shaft by gas nitriding as a surface hardening treatment. Gas nitriding was performed with composition of 15% ammonia and 85% nitrogen at temperatures of 525 °C, 550 °C and 575 °C and with the soaking time of 30, 45 and 60 minutes, respectively. The samples were prepared as rectangular sized of 30mm x 12mm x 3mm for immersion testing. The results showed that corrosion rate of untreated samples was 77% higher compared to the nitrided samples. It was also found that hardness of the nitrided samples was higher than untreated sample. All in all, it can be concluded that gaseous nitriding can significantly improve the surface hardness and the corrosion resistance of the shaft made of AISI 4140 alloy steel, hence reduces the pitting that is the root cause of failure.

AFM surface imaging of AISI D2 tool steel machined by the EDM process

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Guu, Y.H.

2005-01-01

The surface morphology, surface roughness and micro-crack of AISI D2 tool steel machined by the electrical discharge machining (EDM) process were analyzed by means of the atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique. Experimental results indicate that the surface texture after EDM is determined by the discharge energy during processing. An excellent machined finish can be obtained by setting the machine parameters at a low pulse energy. The surface roughness and the depth of the micro-cracks were proportional to the power input. Furthermore, the AFM application yielded information about the depth of the micro-cracks is particularly important in the post treatment of AISI D2 tool steel machined by EDM

AFM surface imaging of AISI D2 tool steel machined by the EDM process

Science.gov (United States)

Guu, Y. H.

2005-04-01

The surface morphology, surface roughness and micro-crack of AISI D2 tool steel machined by the electrical discharge machining (EDM) process were analyzed by means of the atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique. Experimental results indicate that the surface texture after EDM is determined by the discharge energy during processing. An excellent machined finish can be obtained by setting the machine parameters at a low pulse energy. The surface roughness and the depth of the micro-cracks were proportional to the power input. Furthermore, the AFM application yielded information about the depth of the micro-cracks is particularly important in the post treatment of AISI D2 tool steel machined by EDM.

Wear Evaluation of AISI 4140 Alloy Steel with WC/C Lamellar Coatings Sliding Against EN 8 Using Taguchi Method

Science.gov (United States)

Kadam, Nikhil Rajendra; Karthikeyan, Ganesarethinam

2016-10-01

The purpose of the experiments in this paper is to use the Taguchi methods to investigate the wear of WC/C coated nitrided AISI 4140 alloy steel. A study of lamellar WC/C coating which were deposited by a physical vapor deposition on nitrided AISI 4140 alloy steel. The investigation includes wear evaluation using Pin-on-disk configuration. When WC/C coated AISI 4140 alloy steel slides against EN 8 steel, it was found that carbon-rich coatings show much lower wear of the countersurface than nitrogen-rich coatings. The results were correlated with the properties determined from tribological and mechanical characterization, therefore by probably selecting the proper processing parameters the deposition of WC/C coating results in decreasing the wear rate of the substrate which shows a potential for tribological application.

Cavitation erosion resistance of AISI 316L stainless steel laser surface-modified with NiTi

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chiu, K.Y.; Cheng, F.T.; Man, H.C.

2005-01-01

The present study is part of a project on the surface modification of AISI 316 stainless steel using various forms of NiTi for enhancing cavitation erosion resistance. In this study, NiTi powder was preplaced on the AISI 316L substrate and melted with a high-power CW Nd:YAG laser. With appropriate laser processing parameters, an alloyed layer of a few hundred micrometers thick was formed and fusion bonded to the substrate without the formation of a brittle interface. EDS analysis showed that the layer contained Fe as the major constituent element while the XRD patterns of the surface showed an austenitic structure, similar to that of 316 stainless steel. The cavitation erosion resistance of the modified layer (316-NiTi-Laser) could reach about 29 times that of AISI 316L stainless steel. The improvement could be attributed to a much higher surface hardness and elasticity as revealed by instrumented nanoindentation tests. Among various types of samples, the cavitation erosion resistance was ranked in descending order as: NiTi plate > 316-NiTi-Laser > 316-NiTi-TIG > AISI 316L, where 316-NiTi-TIG stands for samples surfaced with the tungsten inert gas (TIG) process using NiTi wire. Though the laser-surfaced samples and the TIG-surfaced samples had similar indentation properties, the former exhibited a higher erosion resistance mainly because of a more homogeneous alloyed layer with much less defects. In both the laser-surfaced and TIG-surfaced samples, the superelastic behavior typical of austenitic NiTi was only partially retained and the superior cavitation erosion resistance was thus still not fully attained

Procesos de conversión de acero y efecto de variables en convertidores tipo L.B.E.

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Blanco, C.

1995-10-01

Full Text Available In order to determine control equations based on qualitative and quantitative changes of the raw materials, an analysis of the efficiency of the steel production process was carried out in converters under specified operation conditions. Empirical equations to obtain the final composition of the steel as a function of the additives, the initial concentrations of the hot metal and the blowing oxygen patterns are established. The resulting relationships depend on the considered variables and therefore could be used to determine operational strategies in order to obtain steels of a certain quality.

Se analiza la eficacia de los procesos de transformación en convertidores en condiciones de trabajo determinadas, para deducir relaciones aplicables al control basadas en la modificación de cantidades y composiciones de las materias primas. Se plantean ecuaciones empíricas para determinar la composición final del acero como función de los aditivos y de las concentraciones iniciales del arrabio tratado, así como el patrón de soplado de oxígeno. Las relaciones obtenidas establecen las dependencias entre cada una de las variables consideradas y, por tanto, permiten determinar estrategias de operación para obtener aceros con unas calidades finales dadas.

Diseño de puesto de trabajo para la fabricación de eslingas de cable de acero

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Téllez Chavarro Luz Ángela

2015-04-01

Full Text Available Introducción: Para la realización de eslingas se demanda alto nivel físico y adopción de diferentes posturas en largas jornadas laborales. Los desórdenes músculo esqueléticos relacionados con el trabajo son comunes, potencialmente discapacitantes y evitables. Objetivos: Proponer un diseño de puesto de trabajo que facilite la tarea de armado de eslingas de cable de acero bajo condiciones ergonómicas para el trabajador, luego identificar las características sociodemográficas, determinar las condiciones de salud de los trabajadores, establecer las dimensiones antropométricas de los trabajadores y del puesto de trabajo y evaluar el riesgo ergonómico del puesto actual. Metodología: Estudio cuali-cuantitativo, transversal descriptivo con dos trabajadores que fabricaban eslingas de cable de acero. Criterios de inclusión: desarrollo de su labor diaria únicamente en área, más de 12 meses trabajando con la empresa. La recolección de datos se hizo a través de videos, entrevistas y fotografías. Para la evaluación del riesgo ergonómico se aplicó el método REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment y la herramienta antropométrica "Dimensiones de Puesto de Trabajo". Este fue validado por expertos. Posteriormente se realizó la propuesta del diseño de puesto de trabajo en AutoCad®. Resultados: La puntuación total de REBA para el grupo A fue 9, del grupo B fue 9, para una puntuación final de 11. Conclusiones: La manipulación del cable de acero es un factor de riesgo mecánico. Para la implementación del puesto de trabajo se debería realizar: definición del modelo de prueba, documentación del proceso productivo, capacitación a los trabajadores, seguimiento permanente y ajustes al proceso.

Microstructural Characterization Of Laser Heat Treated AISI 4140 Steel With Improved Fatigue Behavior

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Oh M.C.

2015-06-01

Full Text Available The influence of surface heat treatment using laser radiation on the fatigue strength and corresponding microstructural evolution of AISI 4140 alloy steel was investigated in this research. The AISI 4140 alloy steel was radiated by a diode laser to give surface temperatures in the range between 600 and 800°C, and subsequently underwent vibration peening. The fatigue behavior of surface-treated specimens was examined using a giga-cycle ultrasonic fatigue test, and it was compared with that of non-treated and only-peened specimens. Fatigue fractured surfaces and microstructural evolution with respect to the laser treatment temperatures were investigated using an optical microscope. Hardness distribution was measured using Vickers micro-hardness. Higher laser temperature resulted in higher fatigue strength, attributed to the phase transformation.

Characterization of nitrides in an AISI 1010 steel; Caracterizacion de nitruros en un acero AISI 1010

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Naquid G, C. [Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Gerencia de Ciencia de Materiales, A.P. 18-1027, 11801 Mexico D.F. (Mexico)

1998-07-01

It was characterized the phase formation in the 1010 carbon steel nitrided in a plasma reactor nearby to eutectoid point. The microstructure and identification of these ones were evaluated by Optical microscopy (OM), Dilatometry and X-ray diffraction (XRD). (Author)

Selección automatizada de electrodos para la soldadura manual de los aceros al carbono

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Alexander Velázquez Font

2008-01-01

Full Text Available Se aborda lo relativo a un sistema para la selección automatizada de electrodos en la soldadura de los aceros al carbono. Se inicia con una breve revisión de los problemas que presentan estos en su soldabilidad y los factores concernientes a la selección correcta del electrodo en los mismos. En el mismo se expone el fundamento teórico sobre el diseño del sistema el cual da solución a lo anteriormente expuesto. En la elaboración del software se tiene en cuenta los siguientes principios: propiedades mecánicas de la unión soldada, tipo de revestimiento, posición de la soldadura, etc. Se tienen en cuenta en el trabajo diferentes firmas y normas de fabricantes de electrodos y países que mas se utilizan en la industria mecánica en Cuba. El software tiene la ventaja de ser sencillo, rápido y seguro, garantizando la selección correcta de los electrodos para cada caso y situación. El software supone que el usuario no tenga que tener conocimientos profundos de soldadura, debido a que el sistema se encarga de la mayor parte de las decisiones para la selección del electrodo, procedimiento que con métodos convencionales, exigen del usuario una determinada experiencia en la selección de estos materiales para la soldadura de los aceros al carbono.

Migración de hierro y níquel, y estabilidad oxidativa del aceite refinado de soja calentado en utensilios culinarios de diversos materiales

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Almeyda Haj-Isa, Niurka Maritza

2007-12-01

Full Text Available Cookware may release some inorganic components into foods during cooking, some of which have undesirable consequences. In fried foods, for instance, oil oxidation is favored by metals. The present study evaluated oxidative stability (AOCS method and iron and nickel migration (inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry into refined soybean oil in four cycles, with intervals of 24 hours. The cookware materials were glass, aluminum, stainless steel, iron and soapstone. The results demonstrated that the lowest metal migration occurred from glass and aluminum pans while the oil heated in these pans showed the highest oxidative stability. The highest migration of Fe and Ni into the oil occurred from the soapstone and iron pots (3.94 and 3.21 mg _ kg-1, respectively.Nevertheless, increasing loss of oxidative stability was evident in the oils heated in the soapstone, stainless steel and iron cookware, in this order. Since iron migration was lower from glass and aluminum pans, these were considered the best type of materials for fryingDurante la elaboración de alimentos los utensilios culinarios pueden liberar componentes inorgánicos ocasionalmente no deseables. La oxidación del aceite es durante la fritura es favorecida por la presencia de metales. Fue evaluada la migración de hierro y níquel (espectrometría de emisión óptica y la estabilidad oxidativa (método AOCS del aceite de soja sometido a cuatro calentamientos con intervalos de 24 horas en cazuelas de vidrio, aluminio, acero inoxidable, hierro y piedra-jabón. La mayor migración de hierro al aceite ocurrió en las cazuelas de hierro (3,94 mg•kg–1 y piedra (3,21 mg _ kg–1, sin diferencia estadística entre ellas. La pérdida progresiva de estabilidad oxidativa fue acentuada en los aceites calentados en utensilios de piedra, acero inoxidable e hierro, en tal orden. Vidrio y aluminio fueron considerados los mejores materiales para la fabricación de cazuelas

Prototipo autotérmico móvil para producción de biocarbón con biomasa de esquilmos de aguacate

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Lenin Ejecatl Medina Orozco

2018-04-01

Full Text Available El estado de Michoacán, México, es el principal productor mundial de aguacate, con un impacto social y económico en función de la superficie cultivada. Productos secundarios de esta actividad, son los esquilmos agrícolas derivados de las podas de mantenimiento de los árboles. El biocarbón (biochar de subproductos de aguacate, se vislumbra como una alternativa económica, ambiental y socialmente viable, para producir biocarbón en grandes volúmenes, sin extracción de maderas de bosque y selvas prístinas. El objetivo del presente estudio, fue construir y evaluar el desempeño en condiciones de campo, de un prototipo de biocarbón-pirólisis autotérmico y móvil, con volumen útil de 1.7 m3 de biomasa triturada. El equipo fue construido de acero inoxidable, para darle un periodo de vida útil de 7 años bajo condiciones intensivas de uso, con movilidad dentro de los campos agrícolas y auto térmico para no depender de una fuente de calor externa. El equipo fue de bajo costo comparado con equipos comerciales ($ 700 000.00 pesos MN y con un potencial futuro en la cogeneración de energía. La principal variable en el costo de fabricación es el precio del acero inoxidable en el mercado. El equipo reportó una tasa de conversión de biomasa a biocarbón, en condiciones de campo, de entre 300 y 400 kg por día, con una tasa promedio de recuperación del 16% en biocarbón. Las principales variables en la transformación de la biomasa a biocarbón fueron: humedad, el tamaño de la astilla y condiciones atmosféricas. Se encontró una Capacidad de Intercambio Catiónico (CIC de 46 Cmolc kg-1 y pH 10.25. El equipo transformó satisfactoriamente la biomasa de aguacate y el biocarbón presentó características adecuadas para su uso en suelos volcánicos.

Statistical and Graphical Assessment of Circumferential and Radial Hardness Variation of AISI 4140, AISI 1020 and AA 6082 Aluminum Alloy

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Hamad Al-Khalid

2011-12-01

Full Text Available Hardness homogeneity of the commonly used structural ferrous and nonferrous engineering materials is of vital importance in the design stage, therefore, reliable information regarding material properties homogeneity should be validated and any deviation should be addressed. In the current study the hardness variation, over wide spectrum radial locations of some ferrous and nonferrous structural engineering materials, was investigated. Measurements were performed over both faces (cross-section of each stock bar according to a pre-specified stratified design, ensuring the coverage of the entire area both in radial and circumferential directions. Additionally the credibility of the apparatus and measuring procedures were examined through a statistically based calibration process of the hardness reference block. Statistical and response surface graphical analysis are used to examine the nature, adequacy and significance of the measured hardness values. Calibration of the apparatus reference block proved the reliability of the measuring system, where no strong evidence was found against the stochastic nature of hardness measures over the various stratified locations. Also, outlier elimination procedures were proved to be beneficial only at fewer measured points. Hardness measurements showed a dispersion domain that is within the acceptable confidence interval. For AISI 4140 and AISI 1020 steels, hardness is found to have a slight decrease trend as the diameter is reduced, while an opposite behavior is observed for AA 6082 aluminum alloy. However, no definite significant behavior was noticed regarding the effect of the sector sequence (circumferential direction.

Experimental estimation and optimization of process parameters under minimum quantity lubrication and dry turning of AISI-4340 with different carbide inserts

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Saini, Akash; Setia, Sunil [Lovely Professional University, Phagwara (India); Dhiman, Suresh; Sharma, Rajesh [National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur (India)

2014-06-15

An experimental study has been performed on AISI 4340 steel in this paper. The influence of approach angle, feed rate, cutting speed and depth of cut has been on cutting forces and tool tip temperature has been experimentally investigated. Before conducting experiments on the AISI 4340 steel work-piece, the chemical composition test, microstructure test were performed and hardness of the work-piece was improved by heat treatment. A total of 64 experiments each by two different coated carbide inserts (PVD and CVD-coated) were conducted on AISI-4340 steel under different environmental conditions (dry and MQL machining). During the experiments, approach angle, cutting speed, feed rate are varied to four levels and the depth of cut is kept constant to investigate the effect of the same on the three cutting forces component and the temperature variations on the tool-tip. It is observed that the main cutting force was largest among the three cutting force components in case of AISI 4340 steel turning and MQL machining show beneficial effects compared to dry machining.

Experimental estimation and optimization of process parameters under minimum quantity lubrication and dry turning of AISI-4340 with different carbide inserts

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Saini, Akash; Setia, Sunil; Dhiman, Suresh; Sharma, Rajesh

2014-01-01

An experimental study has been performed on AISI 4340 steel in this paper. The influence of approach angle, feed rate, cutting speed and depth of cut has been on cutting forces and tool tip temperature has been experimentally investigated. Before conducting experiments on the AISI 4340 steel work-piece, the chemical composition test, microstructure test were performed and hardness of the work-piece was improved by heat treatment. A total of 64 experiments each by two different coated carbide inserts (PVD and CVD-coated) were conducted on AISI-4340 steel under different environmental conditions (dry and MQL machining). During the experiments, approach angle, cutting speed, feed rate are varied to four levels and the depth of cut is kept constant to investigate the effect of the same on the three cutting forces component and the temperature variations on the tool-tip. It is observed that the main cutting force was largest among the three cutting force components in case of AISI 4340 steel turning and MQL machining show beneficial effects compared to dry machining.

Evaluación del comportamiento mecánico y superficial de materiales metálicos sometidos a tratamientos de compresión mediante ondas de choque generadas por láser

OpenAIRE

Gutiérrez González, Javier

2016-01-01

El presente trabajo de fin de grado se ha desarrollado en el Centro Láser de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid y ha consistido en la caracterización mecánica y superficial del acero AISI 316L tras haber sido tratado mediante el tratamiento “Laser peening” y el estudio de la estabilidad de las tensiones residuales inducidas al ser sometido a un tratamiento a 500ºC durante dos horas. El tratamiento LSP es un tratamiento mecánico superficial que consiste en la creación de ondas de choque ...

Comportamiento a fatiga del acero sae 4140 usando alta rugosidad superficial y ambiente corrosivo

OpenAIRE

CEBALLOS, WILSON FERNANDO; GÓMEZ, ADOLFO LEÓN; CORONADO, JOHN JAIRO

2010-01-01

En este artículo se presenta el estudio del comportamiento a fatiga del acero SAE 4140 en condiciones diferentes: superficie pulida (acabado espejo), ambiente corrosivo (jugo de caña de azúcar), alta rugosidad superficial (superficie equivalente a la encontrada típicamente en los ejes de molino de caña) y una condición que involucra la combinación de las dos últimas. Las anteriores condiciones están presentes en los ejes de maza de molino de caña de azúcar durante el proceso de molienda. Se r...

COMPORTAMIENTO A FATIGA DEL ACERO SAE 4140 USANDO ALTA RUGOSIDAD SUPERFICIAL Y AMBIENTE CORROSIVO

OpenAIRE

CEBALLOS, WILSON FERNANDO; GÓMEZ, ADOLFO LEÓN; CORONADO, JOHN JAIRO

2010-01-01

En este artículo se presenta el estudio del comportamiento a fatiga del acero SAE 4140 en condiciones diferentes: superficie pulida (acabado espejo), ambiente corrosivo (jugo de caña de azúcar), alta rugosidad superficial (superficie equivalente a la encontrada típicamente en los ejes de molino de caña) y una condición que involucra la combinación de las dos últimas. Las anteriores condiciones están presentes en los ejes de maza de molino de caña de azúcar durante el proceso de molienda. Se r...

Erosion of heat-treated AISI 4140 steel

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Goretta, K.C. (Materials and Components Tech. Div., Argonne National Lab., IL (United States)); Thompson, A.C. (Materials and Components Tech. Div., Argonne National Lab., IL (United States)); Routbort, J.L. (Materials Science Div., Argonne National Lab., IL (United States))

1993-03-15

Solid-particle erosion was studied on AISI 4140 steel heat treated to have a Vickers hardness (Hv) of 288-650 kg mm[sup -2]. The experiments were conducted in vacuum with 143 [mu]m Al[sub 2]O[sub 3] abrasive impacting at 50-100 m s[sup -1] at an angle of 30 or 90 . Erosion rates were nearly independent of hardness for Hv[<=]365 kg mm[sup -2], but increased with hardness for Hv>365 kg mm[sup -2]. The improved erosion resistances of the softer alloys were attributed to increased ductilities. (orig.). Letter-to-the-editor

High-temperature strength of AISI 316 steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Antunes, A.E.B.; Monteiro, S.N.

1975-01-01

The mechanical properties, especially elastic limit and strain hardening of AISI-316 austenitic stainless steel were investigated within the temperature range 150-800 0 C for two strain rates. The results showed anomalous behaviour between 200 and 650 0 C, over which range there was an increase in maximum strenght and hardening, with a tendency to show peaks. These apparentley three in number, may be connected with the effects of interaction between point defects and dislocations leading to dinamic aging phenomena. The mechanisms responsible for this anomalous behaviour produce a negative dependence on strain rate [pt

Técnicas para revelar el borde de grano austenítico en aceros microaleados

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García de Andrés, Carlos

2001-08-01

Full Text Available The prior austenite grain size (PAGS exerts an important influence on the microstructures forged by continuous cooling in the steel and on their mechanical properties. Since microalloyed steels have received considerable attention in the last years and enormous difficulties have been repetitively to reveal the austenite grain boundaries in these steels, this work analyzes the different techniques effective in that sense, which enable thus an accurate determination of the PAGS. This paper presents results obtained applying different conventional techniques such us chemical etching of quenched microstructures, the application of thermal cycles that enable the formation of phases around the prior austenite grain boundaries or oxidation etching which reveals the austenite grain boundaries by the preferential accumulation of oxides. Finally, an innovative and effective technique to reveal the prior austenite grain boundaries is presented. This technique is based on the preferential transfer of matter from the grain boundaries to the surrounding austenite by complicated mechanisms such as evaporation-condensation and volume and surface diffusion of atoms.

El tamaño de grano austenítico (TGA tiene una gran influencia sobre la microestructura final y sobre las propiedades mecánicas de los productos obtenidos por transformación anisotérmica del acero. Debido a la considerable atención que se está prestando a los aceros microaleados en los últimos años y a las dificultades que se encuentran en muchos casos para poder revelar los bordes de grano austenítico de estos aceros, en este trabajo se han analizado las técnicas que lo hacen posible, permitiendo así la determinación fiable del TGA. En este sentido, se presentan los resultados obtenidos al aplicar aislada y combinadamente distintas técnicas tradicionales, como el ataque químico de microestructuras obtenidas directamente por temple, la aplicación de diferentes tipos de ciclos t

Condiciones térmicas de un dispositivo electrónico en caso de incendio Primera parte: estudio experimental

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Bruno Chine

2007-11-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de un estudio experimental para determinar las condiciones térmicas a la cual un sistema electrónico, usado para radiocomunicaciones en túneles, podría estar sujeto en caso de incendio. El sistema se compone de un dispositivo electrónico contenido en una caja metálica de acero inoxidable 316, un cable coaxial interno y un cable coaxial externo de cobre. Sobre el sistema, que se alberga en una cámara de polímero concreto, ha sido realizada una prueba al fuego con registro experimental de los valores de temperatura en diferentes puntos del sistema mismo. El trabajo experimental ha permitido analizar eficazmente la respuesta del dispositivo electrónico y de los distintos materiales que lo componen a las severas condiciones térmicas de prueba.

Funcionalización electroquímica y tribológica de películas de quitosano en fosfato tricálcico depositados en acero 316L

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Alexis Mina Escobar

2013-12-01

Full Text Available Se depositaron recubrimientos de fosfato tricálcico-β/quitosano sobre sustratos de acero 316L vía electrodeposición, a una temperatura de 60 °C, aplicando una corriente de 260 mA. Con el fin de estudiar el efecto del contenido de quitosano en la velocidad de corrosión y la respuesta tribológica de los aceros recubiertos, se utilizaron seis concentraciones de quitosano en la mezcla acuosa. Los enlaces químicos presentes en las capas fueron estudiados mediante Espectroscopia de Infrarrojo con Transformada de Fourier (FTIR; la cristalinidad de los depósitos fue examinada mediante difracción de rayos-X (DRX; la resistencia a la corrosión del TCP-β/quitosano depositado sobre los aceros se estudió mediante Espectroscopia de Impedancia Electroquímica (EIS y curvas anódicas Tafel, encontrándose una disminución del 54% en la velocidad de corrosión para la relación 50-50, con respecto a 100% TCP. La respuesta tribológica se analizó mediante pin-on-disc, evidenciando una reducción del 73% en el coeficiente de fricción con mayor concentración de quitosano.

Atomic diffusion in laser surface modified AISI H13 steel

Science.gov (United States)

Aqida, S. N.; Brabazon, D.; Naher, S.

2013-07-01

This paper presents a laser surface modification process of AISI H13 steel using 0.09 and 0.4 mm of laser spot sizes with an aim to increase surface hardness and investigate elements diffusion in laser modified surface. A Rofin DC-015 diffusion-cooled CO2 slab laser was used to process AISI H13 steel samples. Samples of 10 mm diameter were sectioned to 100 mm length in order to process a predefined circumferential area. The parameters selected for examination were laser peak power, pulse repetition frequency (PRF), and overlap percentage. The hardness properties were tested at 981 mN force. Metallographic study and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) were performed to observe presence of elements and their distribution in the sample surface. Maximum hardness achieved in the modified surface was 1017 HV0.1. Change of elements composition in the modified layer region was detected in the laser modified samples. Diffusion possibly occurred for C, Cr, Cu, Ni, and S elements. The potential found for increase in surface hardness represents an important method to sustain tooling life. The EDXS findings signify understanding of processing parameters effect on the modified surface composition.

Modelación de fenómenos metalúrgicos en laminación en caliente de acero

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Zambrano, P.

2008-02-01

Full Text Available Modelling of hot rolling of steel strip involves metallurgical phenomena such as restoration of deformed structures, transformation to ferrite and growth of the oxide layer on top of the steel strip. The effect of composition is taken into account when restoration and phase transformation is considered, whereas it is assumed that the chemical composition of the steel substrate does not affect the oxide crust, being common place to consider the oxide just as a thermal barrier and to assume sticking conditions within the roll-gap. Observations indicate that elements such as silicon and manganese, more susceptible to oxidize than iron, affect the growth kinetics, adhesion and the behaviour during deformation of the oxide layer. This work deals with the way used to model various superficial and metallurgical phenomena, and how this knowledge is used to simulate hot rolling of steel strip.

La modelación del proceso de laminación en caliente de acero incorpora fenómenos metalúrgicos como son la restauración de la estructura deformada, la trasformación de fase y el crecimiento de la capa de óxido sobre la superficie del acero. Se reconoce el efecto de la composición química sobre la transformación de fase y la restauración, sin embargo se considera que el crecimiento del óxido no es afectado por la presencia de elementos aleantes en el acero y es común que se maneje a la costra de óxido como una barrera térmica y que se supongan condiciones de fricción adhesivas en el entrehierro. Determinadas observaciones indican que elementos como el silicio y el manganeso, más susceptibles a oxidarse que el hierro, afectan la cinética de crecimiento, la adhesión y el comportamiento de la costra al ser deformada. En este trabajo se presenta la forma en que diversos fenómenos metalúrgicos y de superficie se modelan y se utilizan para simular el proceso de laminación en caliente.

TIG AISI-316 welds using an inert gas welding chamber and different filler metals: Changes in mechanical properties and microstructure

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pascual, M.; Salas, F.; Carcel, F.J.; Perales, M.; Sanchez, A.

2010-07-01

This report analyses the influence of the use of an inert gas welding chamber with a totally inert atmosphere on the microstructure and mechanical properties of austenitic AISI 316L stainless steel TIG welds, using AISI ER316L, AISI 308L and Inconel 625 as filler metals. When compared with the typical TIG process, the use of the inert gas chamber induced changes in the microstructure, mainly an increase in the presence of vermicular ferrite and ferrite stringers, what resulted in higher yield strengths and lower values of hardness. Its effect on other characteristics of the joins, such as tensile strength, depended on the filler metal. The best combination of mechanical characteristics was obtained when welding in the inert gas chamber using Inconel 625 as filler metal. (Author). 12 refs.

Stress corrosion (Astm G30-90 standard) in 08x18H10T stainless steel of nuclear fuel storage pool in WWER reactors; Corrosion bajo esfuerzo (Norma ASTM G30-90) en acero inoxidable 08x18H10T de piscinas de almacenamiento de combustible nuclear en reactores V.V.E.R

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Herrera, V.; Zamora R, L. [Centro de Estudios Aplicados al Desarrollo Nuclear (Cuba)

1997-07-01

At the water storage of the irradiated nuclear fuel has been an important factor in its management. The actual pools have its walls covered with inoxidable steel and heat exchangers to dissipate the residual heat from fuel. It is essential to control the water purity to eliminate those conditions which aid to the corrosion process in fuel and at related components. The steel used in this research was obtained from an austenitic inoxidizable steel standardized with titanium 08x18H10T (Type 321) similar to one of the two steel coatings used to cover walls and the pools floor. the test consisted in the specimen deformation through an U ply according to the Astm G30-90 standard. The exposition of the deformed specimen it was realized in simulated conditions to the chemical regime used in pools. (Author)

Relationship between phase development and swelling of AISI 316 during temperature changes

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yang, W.J.S.; Garner, F.A.

1982-04-01

The effect of temperature changes on radiation-induced swelling and phase development of AISI 316 has been examined for specimens irradiated in two different experiments. The formation of radiation-stable phases at low temperature appears to precede swelling but these phases tend to dissolve when subsequently subjected to higher temperature. Phases which develop at high temperature persist when the temperature is subsequently lowered. Once nucleated at low temperatures, voids tend to persist without reduction in density at higher temperatures. However, a new round of void nucleation occurs when the temperature is decreased during irradiation. If the swelling has entered the steady-state swelling regime prior to the temperature change, there is no effect on the subsequent swelling rate. For temperature changes that occur before the end of the transient swelling regime, substantial changes can occur in the swelling behavior, particularly if the changes occur in the range around 500 0 . The isothermal swelling behavior of AISI 316 is much less sensitive to irradiation temperature than previously envisioned

Modelos de pérdida de masa de acero por corrosión atmosférica en Colombia usando inteligencia computacional

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Esteban Velilla

2009-01-01

Full Text Available Con el fin de clasificar la corrosividad de las diferentes atmósferas colombianas, como parte de un proyecto de investigación extenso [1], se expusieron placas de acero al carbono en 21 estaciones distribuidas a lo largo de la infraestructura eléctrica del país (líneas de transmisión y subestaciones. En estas estaciones se midieron entre otros, el tiempo de humectación y la deposición de sulfatos y cloruros durante 12 meses; además, bimensualmente se tomaban placas de acero para medir en laboratorio la pérdida de masa sufrida por estas durante el tiempo de exposición. La clasificación de las 21 estaciones se hizo en 4 grupos, considerando: el tiempo de humectación, contenidos de cloruros y sulfatos, la altura sobre el nivel del mar y el tiempo de exposición de las placas; variables consideradas linealmente independientes según la técnica de descomposición en valores singulares (SVD realizada. El criterio utilizado para la clasificación fue el de similitud de las variables utilizando la norma Euclidiana considerada en la red neuronal no supervisada tipo Kohonen. Adicionalmente, se implementaron modelos para la pérdida de masa del acero para cada uno de los grupos usando redes neuronales (RN tipo Feed-Forward, definiéndose como entradas las variables antes mencionadas y como única salida la pérdida de masa. Complementariamente se presenta una comparación entre el modelo de RN para el grupo 1, con otros modelos obtenidos usando Algoritmos Genéticos (AG y el método Simplex.

The possibilities for reuse of steel scrap in order to obtain blades for knives; Posibilidades de reutilización de la chatarra de acero para la obtención de cuchillas para cortar

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Štrbaca, N.; Markovića, I.; Mitovskia, A.; Balanovića, L.; Živkovića, D.; Grekulović, V.

2017-09-01

The purpose of this study is to determine fracture toughness of Resistance Spot Welded (RSW) Dual Phase (DP) steels. RSW of galvanized and ungalvanized DP 450 steel sheets was carried out on spot welding machine. Fracture toughness of RSW joints of galvanized and ungalvanized DP 450 steel sheets was calculated from tensile-shear tests. New empirical equations were developed using Least Squares Method (LSM) between energy release rate, fracture toughness and critical crack size depending on the relationship between hardness and fracture toughness values. Results indicated that fracture toughness of joints welded by using RSW increased exponentially while the hardness decreased. In addition, fracture toughness and energy release rate of RSW galvanized DP 450 steel sheets were lower compared to RSW ungalvanized DP 450 steel sheets which had approximately the same hardness. [Spanish] El trabajo presenta los resultados de la caracterización de diversos tipos de aceros que han llegado al final de su ciclo de vida útil, y de los que se desconocía su composición química, propiedades mecánicas y tratamiento termomecánico aplicado previamente. El estudio se realizó con el objetivo de analizar las posibilidades de reutilización de algunos de estos materiales en aplicaciones agrícolas e industriales, obteniendo hojas de corte. Las formas exigidas a las hojas de corte se consiguieron aplicando diversos tipos de tratamientos termomecánicos. El análisis químico de la chatarra de acero de acero se realizó utilizando Energías Dispersivas de Rayos X. La microestructura se estudió utilizando Microscopía Óptica y Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido. La dureza de la chatarra de acero y de las cuchillas obtenidas se midió utilizando la escala Rockwell C. Los valores de dureza de las cuchillas obtenidas indican una buena selección de los productos finales de acero.

Zr/ZrC modified layer formed on AISI 440B stainless steel by plasma Zr-alloying

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Shen, H.H.; Liu, L.; Liu, X.Z.; Guo, Q.; Meng, T.X.; Wang, Z.X.; Yang, H.J.; Liu, X.P., E-mail: liuxiaoping@tyut.edu.cn

2016-12-01

Highlights: • A Zr/ZrC modified layer was formed on AISI 440B stainless steel using plasma surface Zr-alloying. • The thickness of the modified layer increases with alloying temperature and time. • Formation mechanism of the modified layer is dependent on the mutual diffusion of Zr and substrate elements. • The modified surface shows an improved wear resistance. - Abstract: The surface Zr/ZrC gradient alloying layer was prepared by double glow plasma surface alloying technique to increase the surface hardness and wear resistance of AISI 440B stainless steel. The microstructure of the Zr/ZrC alloying layer formed at different alloying temperatures and times as well as its formation mechanism were discussed by using scanning electron microscopy, glow discharge optical emission spectrum, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The adhesive strength, hardness and tribological property of the Zr/ZrC alloying layer were also evaluated in the paper. The alloying surface consists of the Zr-top layer and ZrC-subsurface layer which adheres strongly to the AISI 440B steel substrate. The thickness of the Zr/ZrC alloying layer increases gradually from 16 μm to 23 μm with alloying temperature elevated from 900 °C to 1000 °C. With alloying time from 0.5 h to 4 h, the alloyed depth increases from 3 μm to 30 μm, and the ZrC-rich alloyed thickness vs time is basically parabola at temperature of 1000 °C. Both the hardness and wear resistance of the Zr/ZrC alloying layer obviously increase compared with untreated AISI 440B steel.

GEL DE ALOE-VERA COMO POTENCIAL INHIBIDOR DE LA CORROSIÓN DEL ACERO DE REFUERZO ESTRUCTURAL

OpenAIRE

Héctor Herrera-Hernández

2015-01-01

En el presente trabajo se estudiaelectroquímicamente un GELextracto de las hojas de ALOE VERAcomo un posible inhibidor de la corrosión del acero de refuerzo estructuraldel concreto.Los estudiosde corrosiónse llevaron a cabo en 1M de HCl y utilizando la técnica de espectroscopia de impedancia electroquímica (EIS)se evaluó la resistencia a la corrosión en presencia y ausencia del GEL.Los diagramas de impedancia mostraronque la adición en diferentes proporciones...

Influencia de la ductilidad de las armaduras de acero en el comportamiento y la seguridad de losas de hormigón armado

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Ortega, H.

1999-10-01

Full Text Available This work is based on the results and basic conclusions of author's doctoral thesis, directed by Professor José Calavera. On the one hand, a new form to measure the ductility of those steels used like reinforcement of concrete, is proposed, in order to be compared and classified in accordance with this one. On the other hand it has been studied the results of the tests on 12 continuous slabs of two equal spans, reinforced with four different steel types chosen so that, in the more requested section the steel will reach, in first place, its collapse (situation in the 2 domain, A pivot. The reinforcement to allow the mentioned extent, is provided with same nominal resistance steels and same diameter, but with - different ductility. The results of this experimental study, reveals the importance of the steel ductility concerning the behaviour and real security of the structure in front of the collapse, and furnish a group of conclusions and proposals concerning this interesting subject.

Este trabajo se basa en los resultados y conclusiones básicas de la tesis doctoral del autor, dirigida por el Profesor D. José Calavera. Se propone, por un lado, una forma de medir mediante un único parámetro la ductilidad de los aceros utilizados como armaduras para hormigón armado, de forma que se puedan comparar y clasificar con arreglo al mismo. Por otro, se estudian los resultados de los ensayos sobre 12 losas continuas de dos vanos, de sección maciza, armadas con cuatro cuantías diferentes elegidas de forma que, en la sección más solicitada, sea el acero el que alcance, en primer lugar, su agotamiento (situación en el dominio 2, pivote A . El armado para conseguir las citadas cuantías se realiza con aceros de la misma resistencia nominal y del mismo diámetro, pero con distinta ductilidad. Los resultados de este estudio experimental, ponen de manifiesto la importancia de la ductilidad del acero en relación con el comportamiento, as

A three-dimensional thermal finite element analysis of AISI 304 stainless steel and copper dissimilar weldment

Science.gov (United States)

Singh, Gurdeep; Saxena, Ravindra K.; Pandey, Sunil

2018-04-01

The aim of this study to developed a 3-D thermal finite element model for dissimilar material welding of AISI-304 stainless steel and copper. Welding of similar material is widely studied using experimental and numerical methods but the problem becomes trivial for the welding of dissimilar materials especially in ferrous and nonferrous materials. Finite element analysis of dissimilar material welding is a cost-effective method for the understanding and analysis of the process. The finite element analysis has been performed to predict the heat affected zone and temperature distribution in AISI-304 stainless steel and copper dissimilar weldment using MSC Marc 2017®. Due to the difference in physical properties of these materials the behavior of heat affected zone and temperature distribution are perceived to be different. To verify the accuracy of the thermal finite element model, the welding process was simulated with butt-welded joints having same dimensions and parameters from Attarha and Far [1]. It is found from the study that the heat affected zone is larger in copper weld pads than in AISI 304 stainless steel due to large difference in thermal conductivity of these two weld pads.

Effect of the Ultrasonic Nanocrystalline Surface Modification (UNSM on Bulk and 3D-Printed AISI H13 Tool Steels

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In-Sik Cho

2017-11-01

Full Text Available A comparative study of the microstructure, hardness, and tribological properties of two different AISI H13 tool steels—classified as the bulk with no heat treatment steel or the 3D-printed steel—was undertaken. Both samples were subjected to ultrasonic nanocrystalline surface modification (UNSM to further enhance their mechanical properties and improve their tribological behavior. The objective of this study was to compare the mechanical properties and tribological behavior of these tool steels since steel can exhibit a wide variety of mechanical properties depending on different manufacturing processes. The surface hardness of the samples was measured using a micro-Vickers hardness tester. The hardness of the 3D-printed AISI H13 tool steel was found to be much higher than that of the bulk one. The surface morphology of the samples was characterized by electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD in order to analyze the grain size and number of fractions with respect to the misorientation angle. The results revealed that the grain size of the 3D-printed AISI H13 tool steel was less than 0.5 μm, whereas that of the bulk tool steel was greater than 4 μm. The number of fractions of the bulk tool steel was about 0.5 μm at a low misorientation angle, and it decreased gradually with increasing misorientation angle. The low-angle grain boundary (LAGB and high-angle grain boundary (HAGB of the bulk sample were about 21% and 79%, respectively, and those of the 3D-printed sample were about 8% and 92%, respectively. Moreover, the friction and wear behavior of the UNSM-treated AISI H13 tool steel specimen was better than those of the untreated one. This study demonstrated the capability of 3D-printed AISI H13 tool steel to exhibit excellent mechanical and tribological properties for industrial applications.

Residual stress stability and alternating bending strength of AISI 4140 after shot peening and successive annealing

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Menig, R.; Schulze, V.; Voehringer, O. [Inst. fuer Werkstoffkunde I, Univ. of Karlsruhe (TH), Karlsruhe (Germany)

2002-07-01

Increases of residual stress stability and alternating bending strength of shot peened AISI 4140 are obtained by successive annealing treatments. This is caused by static strain aging effects, which lead to pinning of dislocations by carbon atoms and finest carbides. It will be shown that by short-time annealing of a quenched and tempered AISI 4140 it is possible to maximize the positive effect of static strain aging, while minimizing the detrimental effect of thermal residual stress relaxation, which was measured by X-ray diffraction method. Static strain aging effects were also found to be responsible for an increase of the quasi static and cyclic surface yield strengths. (orig.)

On electrical resistivity of AISI D2 steel during various stages of cryogenic treatment

Science.gov (United States)

Lomte, Sachin Vijay; Gogte, Chandrashekhar Laxman; Peshwe, Dilip

2012-06-01

The effect of dislocation densities and residual stresses is well known in tool steels. Measurement of electrical resistivity in order to monitor dislocation densities or residual stresses has seldom been used in investigating the effect of cryogenic treatment on tool steels. Monitoring residual stresses during cryogenic treatment becomes important as it is directly related to changes due to cryogenic treatment of tool steels. For high carbon high chromium (HCHC- AISI D2) steels, not only wear resistance but dimensional stability is an important issue as the steels are extensively used in dies, precision measuring instruments. This work comprises of study of measurement of electrical resistivity of AISI D2 steel at various stages of cryogenic treatment. Use of these measurements in order to assess the dimensional stability of these steels is discussed in this paper.

Finite Element Simulation and Experimental Verification of Internal Stress of Quenched AISI 4140 Cylinders

Science.gov (United States)

Liu, Yu; Qin, Shengwei; Hao, Qingguo; Chen, Nailu; Zuo, Xunwei; Rong, Yonghua

2017-03-01

The study of internal stress in quenched AISI 4140 medium carbon steel is of importance in engineering. In this work, the finite element simulation (FES) was employed to predict the distribution of internal stress in quenched AISI 4140 cylinders with two sizes of diameter based on exponent-modified (Ex-Modified) normalized function. The results indicate that the FES based on Ex-Modified normalized function proposed is better consistent with X-ray diffraction measurements of the stress distribution than FES based on normalized function proposed by Abrassart, Desalos and Leblond, respectively, which is attributed that Ex-Modified normalized function better describes transformation plasticity. Effect of temperature distribution on the phase formation, the origin of residual stress distribution and effect of transformation plasticity function on the residual stress distribution were further discussed.

Analisa pertumbuhan keausan pahat karbida coated dan uncoated pada alloy steel AISI 4340

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Sobron Lubis

2017-03-01

Full Text Available Abstrak: Keausan pahat merupakan data yang sangat penting dalam perencanaan pemesinan. Penelitian ini menjelaskan tentangpercobaan pertumbuhan keausan pahat pada karbida coated dan uncoated dalam pembubutan bahan alloy steel AISI 4340.Penelitian dilakukan dengan memperhatikan pertumbuhan keausan pada menit 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 sampai didapat VB sebesar0.3 mm untuk kedua mata pahat, sedangkan kondisi pemotongan lain seperti gerak makan, kedalaman potong, kecepatanpotong konstan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji secara ilmiah pertumbuhan keausan yang terjadi pada mata pahatkarbida coated dan uncoated pada proses pemotongan alloy steel AISI 4340. Metode grafik digunakan untuk analisispercobaan, untuk melihat perbandingan pertumbuhan keausan mata pahat karbida coated dan uncoated serta mekanismekeausan yang terjadi, serta korelasi pertumbuhan keausan dengan kekasaran permukaan benda kerja. Hasil penelitianmendapatkan keausan pahat karbida coated pada menit 60 dengan VB sebesar 0.366 mm, sedangkan pada karbida uncoatedpada menit 36 sebesar 0.45 mm. Mekanisme keausan yang terjadi adalah keausan adhesi.Kata Kunci: Pahat potong karbida, baja paduan, keausan pahat, keausan tepi. Abstract: A tool life is an important data in planning a machining process. In this research, an experiment describe about growth of toolwear on carbide coated and uncoated cutting tools used in turning process of an alloy steel of AISI 4340. The experiment wasconducted by observing the growth of tool wear on minutes 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 until get VB 0.3 mm for both of cutting tools, whilethe other cutting conditions such a feed rate, depth of cut, cutting speed constant. The purpose of this experiment is to examinescientifically the growth of tool wear on carbide coated and uncoated in turning process of and alloy steel of AISI 4340. Graphicalmethod used for analisis of the experiment, to compare the growth of tool wear on cutting tool carbide coated and uncoated, andthe

"Estudio tribologico de aceros para moldes. Aplicacion al moldeo por inyeccion de polibutilentereftalato reforzado con fibra de vidrio"

Science.gov (United States)

Martinez Mateo, Isidoro Jose

fabricacion del molde, tienen una gran influencia sobre su comportamiento en servicio a lo largo de la vida util del molde. En la primera parte del presente estudio, a partir de ensayos punzon sobre disco, se ha determinado la relacion entre la resistencia al desgaste y la dureza de aceros para moldes obtenidos a partir de bloques de gran espesor, estudiando los principales mecanismos de desgaste que tienen lugar. A continuacion, con el fin de determinar el dano superficial que sufren los aceros para moldes en condiciones reales de inyeccion, se han estudiado distintos tipos de aceros utilizados comercialmente en moldes de inyeccion de polimeros y materiales compuestos, seleccionando las condiciones de operacion para determinar la variacion de la rugosidad superficial del acero en funcion del material inyectado, del numero de operaciones sucesivas de inyeccion y de la orientacion del flujo de inyeccion, mediante tecnicas de perfilometria optica y microscopia electronica de barrido. Ademas del dano superficial sufrido por el acero con el numero de piezas inyectadas, tambien se ha determinado la evolucion de la rugosidad superficial de los materiales inyectados, polibutilentereftalato (PBT) puro y materiales compuestos derivados de PBT por adicion de un 20 o un 50% en peso de fibra de vidrio. En el caso de las piezas inyectadas, se ha caracterizado su microestructura en funcion del flujo de inyeccion y de la densidad de fibra, se han determinado sus propiedades termicas y dinamico-mecanicas, asi como la variacion de la rugosidad superficial de las piezas inyectadas con el numero de operaciones de inyeccion y con la geometria de las distintas secciones de las piezas. Finalmente, se ha evaluado la resistencia a la abrasion de PBT reforzado con un 50% de fibra, en funcion del numero de piezas inyectadas y de la direccion de rayado con respecto a la orientacion del flujo de inyeccion.

Susceptibility to stress corrosion in stainless steels type AISI 321 and 12X18H10T used in PWR type reactors (WWER)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Matadamas C, N.

1995-01-01

Titanium stabilized stainless steels have been utilized in sovietic pressurized water reactors (VVER) for avoid the susceptibility to Intergranular Corrosion (IGC) present in other austenitic stainless steels. However the Intergranular Corrosion resistance of this kind of materials has been questioned because of Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking failures (IGSCC) have been reported. This paper study the electrochemical behavior of the AISI 321 stainless steel in a H 3 BO 3 Solution contaminated with chlorides and its susceptibility to Intergranular Corrosion.Electrochemical prediction diagrams of the stainless steels AISI 321 and 12X18H10T (sovietic) sensitized (600 Centigrade, 3 h.) were compared. Cylindrical and conical samples were used in Slow Strain Rate Tests (SSRT), to determine the susceptibility to Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) in AISI 321 and 12X18H10T stainless steels. The results obtained showed that the temperature of the solution is a very important factor to detect this susceptibility. Fractography studies on the fracture surfaces of the samples obtained in the SSRT at high temperature were realized. Corrosion velocities of both AISI 321 and 12X18H10T stainless steels were determined using conical samples in the CERT system at high temperature. E.D.A.X. analysis was employed in both AISI 321 and 12X18H10T stainless steels in order to explain the degree of sensitization. (Author)

Wear resistance of AISI 304 stainless steel submitted to low temperature plasma carburizing

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Marcos Antônio Barcelos

Full Text Available Abstract Despite the AISI 304 stainless steel has high corrosion/oxidation resistance, its tribological properties are poor, being one of the barriers for use in severe wear applications. Thus, there is a wide field for studying technologies that aim to increase the surface hardness and wear resistance of this material. In this work, hardness and wear resistance for AISI 304 stainless steel submitted to the thermochemical treatment by low temperature plasma carburizing (LTPC in a fixed gas mixture composition of 93% H2 and 7% CH4 are presented. Through the evaluation of the carburizing layers, it was possible to observe a substantial improvement in tribological properties after all temperature and time of treatment. This improvement is directly related to the increase of the process variables; among them temperature has a stronger influence on the wear resistance obtained using LTPC process.

Microestructuras producidas en la soldadura de unión de aceros para tuberías de gran diámetro

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Salazar, M.

1998-12-01

Full Text Available This is an evaluation of the microstructure in the heat affected zone (HAZ of steel weldings used in pipe lines. The welding was made by shielding metal are welding. This is a welding process with multiple run and low heat input, however local brittle zones are present in the HAZ. These are originated by a complex mechanism that is influenced by welding parameters and chemical composition of the steel. The welding sequences that help to eliminate the local brittle zones are studied.

En este trabajo se estudian las microestructuras producidas en la zona afectada por el calor (HAZ de la soldadura de unión en aceros utilizados en la construcción de poliductos. Se analizan las juntas obtenidas mediante soldadura manual con electrodo revestido. A pesar de que este es un proceso de soldadura con un bajo aporte térmico, se encuentran zonas frágiles locales que se originan por un mecanismo complejo influido por parámetros de soldadura y composición química del acero. Se analizan secuencias de soldaduras que ayuden a la desaparición de las mismas.

Producción de aceros al carbono en hornos de arco eléctrico en condiciones de mineral de manganeso. // Steel production in electric arc furnaces in the condition of use of manganese.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

E. E. Navas Medina

2007-05-01

Full Text Available El presente trabajo constituye una segunda etapa de investigación relacionada con la producción de acero en hornos de arcoeléctrico con revestimiento básico en condiciones de utilización de mineral de manganeso como sustituto del ferromanganeso.En la investigación se caracteriza el acero producido utilizando el mineral de manganeso en dos variantes tecnológicasdiferentes y se determinan parámetros importantes, tales como la estructura del acero obtenido, la influencia de lacomposición química y la temperatura en la reducción del Mn. Adicionalmente, se determina la composición química de laescoria, su basicidad e influencia en el aprovechamiento del Mn del mineral, así como, lo que significa la sustitución delFeMn en la problemática medioambiental.Palabras claves: Producción de aceros al carbono, hornos de arco eléctricos, mineral de manganeso.______________________________________________________________________________Abstract:This present work constitutes the second stage of investigation in relation with the steel production bymeans of electric arc furnaces in the condition of use of manganese ores as a substitute of theferromanganese. In the investigation, the steel manufactured is analyzed the manganese ore in twodifferent technological variants and some important parameters are determined such as: the chemicalcomposition's structure of the steel, the influence of temperature in the reduction of Mn. Moreover, ananalysis of the chemical composition of the slag and the influence in the environmental is realized.Key words: Carbon steel production, electric arc furnaces, manganese mineral.

Wear resistance of DLC coating deposited on pretreated AISI 4140 steel

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Podgornik, B.; Vizintin, J. [Ljubljana Univ. (Slovenia). Centre of Tribology and Technical Diagnostics; Ronkainen, H.; Holmberg, K. [VTT Manufacturing Technology (Finland). Operational Reliability

2000-07-01

In the last few years, the application of nitrided steels as substrates for hard coatings has been increasingly reported. Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings, in particular, have attracted significant attention owing to their desirable tribological properties. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possibilities of using hard DLC coatings on softer substrates, such as AISI 4140 steel. (orig.)

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Laser Clad and Post-cladding Tempered AISI H13 Tool Steel

Science.gov (United States)

Telasang, Gururaj; Dutta Majumdar, Jyotsna; Wasekar, Nitin; Padmanabham, G.; Manna, Indranil

2015-05-01

This study reports a detailed investigation of the microstructure and mechanical properties (wear resistance and tensile strength) of hardened and tempered AISI H13 tool steel substrate following laser cladding with AISI H13 tool steel powder in as-clad and after post-cladding conventional bulk isothermal tempering [at 823 K (550 °C) for 2 hours] heat treatment. Laser cladding was carried out on AISI H13 tool steel substrate using a 6 kW continuous wave diode laser coupled with fiber delivering an energy density of 133 J/mm2 and equipped with a co-axial powder feeding nozzle capable of feeding powder at the rate of 13.3 × 10-3 g/mm2. Laser clad zone comprises martensite, retained austenite, and carbides, and measures an average hardness of 600 to 650 VHN. Subsequent isothermal tempering converted the microstructure into one with tempered martensite and uniform dispersion of carbides with a hardness of 550 to 650 VHN. Interestingly, laser cladding introduced residual compressive stress of 670 ± 15 MPa, which reduces to 580 ± 20 MPa following isothermal tempering. Micro-tensile testing with specimens machined from the clad zone across or transverse to cladding direction showed high strength but failure in brittle mode. On the other hand, similar testing with samples sectioned from the clad zone parallel or longitudinal to the direction of laser cladding prior to and after post-cladding tempering recorded lower strength but ductile failure with 4.7 and 8 pct elongation, respectively. Wear resistance of the laser surface clad and post-cladding tempered samples (evaluated by fretting wear testing) registered superior performance as compared to that of conventional hardened and tempered AISI H13 tool steel.

Microstructural characterization of an AISI-SAE 4140 steel without nitridation and nitrided

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Medina F, A.; Naquid G, C.

2000-01-01

It was micro structurally characterized an AISI-SAE 4140 steel before and after of nitridation through the nitridation process by plasma post-unloading microwaves through Optical microscopy (OM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) by means of secondary electrons and retrodispersed, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy dispersion spectra (EDS) and mapping of elements. (Author)

In pile AISI 316L. Low cycle fatigue. Final report

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Van Nieuwenhove, R.; Moons, F.

1994-12-01

In pile testing of the effect of neutron irradiation on the fatigue life of the reference material AISI 316L was performed in the framework of the European fusion technology program. The overall programme, carried out at SCK CEN (Mol,Belgium), exists of two instrumented rigs for low cycle fatigue testing, which were consecutively loaded in the BR-2 reactor during periods Jan (94) June (94) and Aug (94)-Dec(94). In each experiment, two identical samples were loaded by means of a pneumatically driven system. The samples were instrumented with thermocouples, strain gages, linear variable displacement transducers, and activation monitors. The experimental conditions are given. Type of fatigue test: load controlled, symmetric, uniaxial, triangular wave shape; stress range: about 580 MPa; sample shape: hourglass, diameter 3.2 mm, radius 12.5 mm; environment: NaK (peritectic); temperature: 250 C; maximum dpa value up to fracture: 1.7. Two of four samples were broken (one in each experiment) after having experienced 17 419 respectively 11 870 stress cycles. These new data points confirm earlier results from pile fatigue tests: irradiation causes no degradation of fatigue life of AISI 316L steel, at least for the parameters corresponding to these experiments

Phosphate coating on stainless steel 304 sensitized;Recubrimiento fosfatado sobre acero inoxidable 304 sensibilizado

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Cruz V, J. P. [IPN, Centro de Investigacion en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnologia Avanzada, Unidad Altamira, Km. 14.5 Carretera Tampico-Puerto Industrial Altamira, 89600 Altamira, Tamaulipas (Mexico); Vite T, J. [ININ, Carretera Mexico-Toluca s/n, Ocoyoacac 52750, Estado de Mexico (Mexico); Castillo S, M.; Vite T, M., E-mail: jpcruz@ipn.m [IPN, Escuela Superior de Ingenieria Mecanica y Electrica, Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion, Unidad Profesional -Adolfo Lopez Mateos-, Zacatenco, 07738 Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

2009-07-01

The stainless steel 304 can be sensitized when welding processes are applied, that causes the precipitation of chromium carbide in the grain limits, being promoted in this way the formation of galvanic cells and consequently the corrosion process. Using a phosphate coating is possible to retard the physiochemical damages that can to happen in the corrosion process. The stainless steel 304 substrate sensitized it is phosphate to base of Zn-Mn, in a immersion cell very hot. During the process was considered optimization values, for the characterization equipment of X-rays diffraction and scanning electron microscopy was used. The XRD technique confirmed the presence of the phases of manganese phosphate, zinc phosphate, as well as the phase of the stainless steel 304. When increasing the temperature from 60 to 90 C in the immersion process a homogeneous coating is obtained. (Author)

The Effects of The Industrial Cryogenic Process on The Wear Behaviours of AISI D2 Cold Work Tool Steels

OpenAIRE

Ersöz, Enes; Ovalı, İsmail

2018-01-01

In this study, industrial cryogenic process afterconventional heat treatment process for various holding time was applied toAISI D2 (DIN 1.2379) cold work tool steel. The effects of the industrialcryogenic process on the wear behavior was investigated. In the wear test 5,10and 15 N forces were carried out to all group specimens at a constant shearrate (3,16 m/s) and three different wear distances. Experimental results showthat cryogenic processing of AISI D2 cold work tool steels have a signi...

Effects of Nitrogen on the DOS and the Passive Film Breakdown Potential of AISI 304 Stainless Steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Choe, Han Cheol; Kim, Kwan Hyu; Kim, Myung Soo; Lee, Ho Jong

1992-01-01

Effects of nitrogen on the degree of sensitization (DOS) and the passive film breakdown potential (Eb) of AISI 304 stainless steel were studied by potentiostat. AISI 304 stainless steel samples containing 0.02 ∼ 0.10wt% nitrogen were sensitized by heat treatment at 650 .deg. C. The DOS was measured using the double-loop reactivation method of the electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation (EPR) test with the potential scan rate of 150 mV/min in the electrolyte of 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 + 0.01 M KSCN solution at 25 .deg. C. The passive film breakdown potential (Eb) and repassivation potential (Er) were detected by using the cyclic potentiodynamic polarization test (CPPT) in 0.5M HCI solution at 25 .deg. C. In addition, corrosion morphologies were observed by SEM and optical microscope. It was found that nitrogen additions up to 0.1wt% decreased DOS and increased Eb and Er of AISI 304 stainless steel, whereas the increasing sensitization time increased the DOS and decreased Eb and Er. The corrosion morphologies showed severe pits and intergranular attacks in the samples of low nitrogen content and high DOS

Influence of the ion nitriding temperature in the wear resistance of AISI H13 tool steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Heck, Stenio Cristaldo; Fernandes, Frederico Augusto Pires; Pereira, Ricardo Gomes; Casteletti, Luiz Carlos; Totten, George Edward

2010-01-01

The AISI H13 tool steel for hot work is the most used in its category. This steel was developed for injection molds and extrusion of hot metals as well as for conformation in hot presses and hammers. Plasma nitriding can improve significantly the surface properties of these steels, but the treatments conditions, such as temperature, must be optimized. In this work the influence of nitriding treatment temperature on the wear behavior of this steel is investigated. Samples of AISI H13 steel were quenched and tempered and then ion nitrided in the temperatures of 450, 550 and 650 deg C, at 4mbar pressure, during 5 hours. Samples of the treated material were characterized by optical microscopy, Vickers microhardness, x-ray analysis and wear tests. Plasma nitriding formed hard diffusion zones in all the treated samples. White layers were formed in samples treated at 550 deg C and 650 deg C. The treatment temperature of 450 deg C produced the highest hardness. Treatment temperature showed great influence in the diffusion layer thickness. X-ray analysis indicated the formation of the Fe_3N, Fe_4N and CrN phases for all temperatures, but with different concentrations. Nitriding increased significantly the AISI H13 wear resistance. (author)

Zr/ZrC modified layer formed on AISI 440B stainless steel by plasma Zr-alloying

Science.gov (United States)

Shen, H. H.; Liu, L.; Liu, X. Z.; Guo, Q.; Meng, T. X.; Wang, Z. X.; Yang, H. J.; Liu, X. P.

2016-12-01

The surface Zr/ZrC gradient alloying layer was prepared by double glow plasma surface alloying technique to increase the surface hardness and wear resistance of AISI 440B stainless steel. The microstructure of the Zr/ZrC alloying layer formed at different alloying temperatures and times as well as its formation mechanism were discussed by using scanning electron microscopy, glow discharge optical emission spectrum, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The adhesive strength, hardness and tribological property of the Zr/ZrC alloying layer were also evaluated in the paper. The alloying surface consists of the Zr-top layer and ZrC-subsurface layer which adheres strongly to the AISI 440B steel substrate. The thickness of the Zr/ZrC alloying layer increases gradually from 16 μm to 23 μm with alloying temperature elevated from 900 °C to 1000 °C. With alloying time from 0.5 h to 4 h, the alloyed depth increases from 3 μm to 30 μm, and the ZrC-rich alloyed thickness vs time is basically parabola at temperature of 1000 °C. Both the hardness and wear resistance of the Zr/ZrC alloying layer obviously increase compared with untreated AISI 440B steel.

Influencia del acabado superficial en la permeación de hidrógeno del acero API 5L-X52

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Réquiz, R.

2004-02-01

Full Text Available The influence of surface roughness on the corrosion and hydrogen permeation behaviour was evaluated on a type API 5L-X52 steel in deaerated 0.1 M Na₂SO₄ at pH=2. Potentiodynamic polarization curves were employed to determine the electrochemical behaviour of the steel, while the Devanathan-Stachurski technique was used to estimate the hydrogen permeation rate. Additionally, the surface roughness profiles were obtained in order to correlate the changes in the hydrogen permeation rate with different metal surface finishings. The obtained results clearly demonstrate that when the roughness parameters have larger values, the cathodic current of hydrogen evolution increases while the hydrogen entry rate decreases. This effect can be attributed to the microstructural defects induced at the steel surface, such as dislocations, which increase the catalytic activity of the atomic hydrogen favouring its recombination. Also, these defects could allow the atomic hydrogen to remain adsorbed on the steel surface. Both effects could hinder the hydrogen diffusion into the metal since the possibility for this atom of becoming absorbed has been reduced

En el presente trabajo de investigación se evalúa la influencia del acabado superficial, tanto en la corrosión generalizada como en la permeación de hidrógeno del acero API 5L-X52 en solución de Na₂SO₄ 0,1M, a pH=2. El comportamiento electroquímico del acero se estudió mediante las curvas de polarización potenciodinámicas, mientras que la susceptibilidad al daño por hidrógeno se evaluó mediante la técnica de permeación de Devanathan- Stachurski. Además, se determinaron los parámetros de rugosidad a las muestras de acero con diferentes acabados superficiales, para luego correlacionarlos con los cambios en las corrientes de permeación de hidrógeno. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran, claramente, que, cuando la rugosidad superficial del acero

Determination of Proper Austenitization Temperatures for Hot Stamping of AISI 4140 Steel

Science.gov (United States)

Samadian, Pedram; Parsa, Mohammad Habibi; Shakeri, Amid

2014-04-01

High strength steels are desirable materials for use in automobile bodies in order to reduce vehicle weight and increase the safety of car passengers, but steel grades with high strength commonly show poor formability. Recently, steels with controlled microstructures and compositions are used to gain adequate strength after hot stamping while maintaining good formability during processing. In this study, microstructure evolutions and changes in mechanical properties of AISI 4140 steel sheets resulting from the hot stamping process at different austenitization temperatures were investigated. To determine the proper austenitization temperatures, the results were compared with those of the cold-worked and cold-worked plus quench-tempered specimens. Comparisons showed that the austenitization temperatures of 1000 and 1100 °C are proper for hot stamping of 3-mm-thick AISI 4140 steel sheets due to the resultant martensitic microstructure which led to the yield and ultimate tensile strength of 1.3 and 2.1 GPa, respectively. Such conditions resulted in more favorable simultaneous strength and elongation than those of hot-stamped conventional boron steels.

Study of corrosion resistance of AISI 444 ferritic stainless steel for application as a biomaterial

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Marques, Rogerio Albuquerque

2014-01-01

Ferritic stainless steels are ferromagnetic materials. This property does not allow their use in orthopedic prosthesis. Nevertheless, in some specific applications, this characteristic is very useful, such as, for fixing dental and facial prostheses by using magnetic attachments. In this study, the corrosion resistance and cytotoxicity of the AISI 444 ferritic stainless steel, with low nickel content, extra-low interstitial levels (C and N) and Ti and Nb stabilizers, were investigated for magnetic dental attachments application. The ISO 5832-1 (ASTM F-139) austenitic stainless steel and a commercial universal keeper for dental attachment (Neo-magnet System) were evaluated for comparison reasons. The first stainless steel is the most used metallic material for prostheses, and the second one, is a ferromagnetic keeper for dental prostheses (NeoM). In vitro cytotoxicity analysis was performed by the red neutral incorporation method. The results showed that the AISI 444 stainless steel is non cytotoxic. The corrosion resistance was studied by anodic polarization methods and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), in a saline phosphate buffered solution (PBS) at 37 °C. The electronic properties of the passive film formed on AISI 444 SS were evaluated by the Mott-Schottky approach. All tested materials showed passivity in the PBS medium and the passive oxide film presented a duplex nature. The highest susceptibility to pitting corrosion was associated to the NeoM SS. This steel was also associated to the highest dopant concentration. The comparatively low levels of chromium (nearly 12.5%) and molybdenum (0.3%) of NeoM relatively to the other studied stainless steels are the probable cause of its lower corrosion resistance. The NeoM chemical composition does not match that of the SUS444 standards. The AISI 444 SS pitting resistance was equivalent to the ISO 5832-1 pointing out that it is a potential candidate for replacement of commercial ferromagnetic alloys used

DISEÑO DE UN PROTOTIPO FERMENTADOR DE LECHE SEMIAUTOMÁTICO PARA LA ELABORACIÓN DE SUERO COSTEÑO

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

BASHIR YACUB B.

Full Text Available El Suero Costeño es un producto lácteo fermentado, artesanalmente en la costa atlántica colombiana. Para cumplir con las normas sanitarias el fermentador está constituido por un tanque diseñado y fabricado en acero inoxidable 304, con un volumen neto de 30 L. Se garantizó una temperatura de 35°C en la fermentación de la leche, con un sistema de enfriamiento mediante una chaqueta. La temperatura se medió con un sensor de temperatura, tipo PT-100, con el sistema microcontrolado se programó su set-point, para separar el espiche del suero se utilizó una válvula; la finalización de la fermentación se determinó con la medición del pH con un pH-metro. La cantidad de materia prima y producto se mide con un sensor de nivel y se muestra de manera continua en la pantalla LCD del panel de control.

Mechanical behaviour of AISI 304/307 weldments creep tested at 7000C

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Pope, A.M.; Monteiro, S.N.; Silveira, T.L.

Preliminary observations on the mechanical behavior of AISI 304/347 weldments creep tested at 700 0 C are presented. The results are compared with those of similar welded joints isothermally treated at the same temperature for different times. The peculiar aspects in the mechanical behavior are discussed based on precipitation reactions which occur in the joint materials [pt

Characterization Of Oxide Layers Produced On The AISI 321 Stainless Steel After Annealing

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Bochnowski W.

2015-09-01

Full Text Available In this study, the structure, chemical composition and topography of oxide layers produced on the surface of the AISI 321 austenitic steel in the annealing process were analyzed. Heat treatment was done at 980°C temperature for 1 hour time in different conditions. The annealing was done in a ceramic furnace in oxidation atmosphere and in vacuum furnaces with cylindrical molybdenum and graphite chambers. The analysis was carried out using the following methods: a scanning electron microscope (SEM equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX, a transmission electron microscope (TEM equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX, an X-ray diffractometer (XRD, a secondary ion mass spectrometer with time-of-flight mass analyzer (TOF SIMS and an atomic force microscope (AFM. The oxide layer formed during annealing of the AISI 321 steel at 980°C consisted of sub-layers, diversified in the chemical composition. The thickness of the oxidized layer is depended on the annealing conditions. In a ceramic furnace in oxidation atmosphere, the thickness of the oxide layer was of 300-500 nm, in a vacuum furnace with molybdenum and graphite heating chambers, it ranged from 40 to 300 nm and from a few to 50 nm, respectively. TOF SIMS method allows to get average (for the surface of 100 μm × 100 μm depth profiles of concentration of particular elements and elements combined with oxygen. In oxide layers formed in vacuum furnaces there are no iron oxides. Titanium, apart from being bounded with carbon in carbides, is a component of the oxide layer formed on the surface of the AISI 321 steel.

Corrosion of stainless steel grades in molten NaOH/KOH eutectic at 250 C: AISI304 austenitic and 2205 duplex

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bozzini, B.; Bogani, F.; Scarselli, G. [Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell' Innovazione, Universita del Salento, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce (Italy); Barella, S.; Boniardi, M. [Dipartimento di Meccanica, Politecnico di Milano, via La Masa 34, 20156 Milano (Italy); Giovannelli, G.; Natali, S. [Dipartimento DICMA, Universita di Roma ' ' La Sapienza' ' , via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma (Italy)

2012-11-15

The present paper focuses on the corrosion of an austenitic (AISI304) and a duplex (2205) stainless steel grade in molten KOH/NaOH 50 w/o eutectic at 250 C. Experimental activities have been performed consisting in electrochemical measurements (linear sweep voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectrometry) complemented by metallographic (in-plane and cross-sectional SEM micrography), structural (X-ray diffractometry) and compositional (EDX line-profiles) characterisation of the materials attacked under electrochemically controlled conditions. Electrochemical measurements have shown that AISI304 exhibits a passivating behaviour, characterised by two passivation peaks and a transpassive threshold, while duplex, does not yield a clear indication of passivation. AISI304 was found to fail by intergranular corrosion and to be covered in both passive and transpassive conditions, by an incoherent scale, containing electrolyte species. Duplex samples, instead tends to fail by homogeneous attack and exhibit a range of scale structures, depending on the applied potential. (Copyright copyright 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Microbiologically influenced corrosion evaluation on brass (UNS C68700, UNS C443) and AISI 316 stainless steel; Estudio de la influencia microbiologica en la corrosion de latones (UNS C68700, UNS C443) y acero inoxidable AISI 316

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ohanian, M.; Diaz, V.; Corengia, M.; Russi, P.; Pianzzola, M. J.; Menes, R. J.

2014-10-01

Microorganisms may play an important role in the corrosion process and generate conditions which affect the rate and/or the mechanism of deterioration. They become visible by the formation of bio films: clusters of microorganisms and extracellular polymers. These bio films affect not only the durability of the material, but also reduce the heat transfer. The present work studied the growth of aerobic and anaerobic heterotrophic microorganisms and sulfate reducing bacteria on aluminum brass (Uns C.a.), admiralty brass (Uns C.a.) and stainless steel Asi 316 in exposure experiments held in the Bay of Montevideo (Uruguay). The influence of the biofilm growth on the corrosion behavior was studied by electrochemical techniques: polarization curves and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (Ei). The selection of the most suitable material for the exposure conditions is discussed and hypotheses of the corrosion mechanism are presented. Although stainless steel Asi 316 presented the lowest corrosion rate it showed localized deterioration. (Author)

Corrosion under stress of AISI 304 steel in thiocyanate solutions

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Perillo, P.M.; Duffo, G.S.

1989-01-01

Corrosion susceptibility under stress of AISI 304 steel sensitized in a sodium thiocyanate solution has been studied and results were compared with those obtained with solutions of thiosulfate and tetrathionate. Sensitized steel type 304 is highly susceptible to corrosion when under intergranular stress (IGSCC) in thiocyanate solutions but the aggressiveness of this anion is less than that of the other sulphur anions studied (thiosulfate and tetrathionate). This work has been partly carried out in the Chemistry Department. (Author) [es

Determinación de los parámetros de corrosión y desgaste del par acero/aluminio en presencia de líquidos iónicos

OpenAIRE

Jerez Mesa, Ramón

2008-01-01

El presente proyecto presenta resultados obtenidos en ensayos utilizando LI combinados con aluminio 2011 y acero F-1310, tanto en ensayos de corrosión como de tribología. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial

Microhardness measurement in AISI 321 stainless steel with niobium additions before and after fast neutron irradiation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Galli, V.L.; Lucki, G.

1980-01-01

Data about influence of neutron irradiation on the microhardness of stainless steel of type AISI 321 with 0.05 and 0.1wt.% Nb additions are presented. The microhardness measurements were made in the range of 300 to 650 0 C, before and after fast neutron irradiation with fluences about 10 17 n/cm 2 . Our results indicate that radiation damage peaks occur around 480 0 C for the stainless steel of type AISI 321 without Nb addition, around 500 0 C for the composition with 0.05 wt.% Nb addition and around 570 0 C for the composition with 0.1 wt.% Nb addition. Microhardness data are in agreement with those obtained by means of electrical resistivity measurements, performed at the same conditions. (Author) [pt

Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Burnishing Force on Service Properties of AISI 1010 Steel Plates

Science.gov (United States)

Gharbi, F.; Sghaier, S.; Morel, F.; Benameur, T.

2015-02-01

This paper presents the results obtained with a new ball burnishing tool developed for the mechanical treatment of large flat surfaces. Several parameters can affect the mechanical behavior and fatigue of workpiece. Our study focused on the effect of the burnishing force on the surface quality and on the service properties (mechanical behavior, fatigue) of AISI 1010 steel hot-rolled plates. Experimental results assert that burnishing force not exceeding 300 N causes an increase in the ductility. In addition, results indicated that the effect of the burnishing force on the residual surface stress was greater in the direction of advance than in the cross-feed direction. Furthermore, the flat burnishing surfaces did not improve the fatigue strength of AISI 1010 steel flat specimens.

Aplicabilidad de un concreto de escoria activada alcalinamente como material protector del acero de refuerzo

OpenAIRE

Robinson de Jesús Torres Gómez, William A. Aperador Ch., Enrique Vera López,Rubi Mejía de Gutiérrez

2011-01-01

Se presentan los resultados del análisis electroquímico de las  barras  de  acero  embebidas  en  un  concreto  no convencional usado internacionalmente para reparación de estructuras. Este concreto utiliza materiales de desecho de otros procesos; en este caso específico se empleó escoria siderúrgica de  la empresa Acerías Paz del Río S.A. Se estudio el comportamiento frente a la corrosión generada por  los iones cloruro, con el uso de la técnica de resistencia lineal a la polarización LPR y ...

Brasagem dos aços inoxidáveis duplex 'baixa liga' UNS S32101, UNS S32304 e superduplex UNS S32750 com metal de adição AWS A5.3 tipo BNi-7 (Ni-Cr-P

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Dany Michell Andrade Centeno

2013-12-01

Full Text Available Os aços inoxidáveis duplex, devido à sua resistência à corrosão, têm uma grande aplicação em diversos segmentos industriais, onde a resistência à corrosão é uma propriedade requerida. Por terem resistência mecânica superior aos aços inoxidáveis ferríticos e austeníticos convencionais, podem produzir equipamentos mais leves. Quando ciclados termicamente, estes aços podem ter suas propriedades alteradas, principalmente quando se emprega processos de junção, como a brasagem, e quando ocorre o desbalanceamento da fração volumétrica ferrita/austenita. O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar a brasagem de aços inoxidáveis duplex 'baixa liga' e superduplex, verificando o efeito da folga e do tempo de brasagem na formação de intermetálicos contínuos no interior da junta brasada. Neste trabalho foram brasados, em forno continuo com atmosfera de hidrogênio, corpos-de-prova de aço inoxidável duplex UNS S32101, UNS S32304 e UNS S32750 com a adição para brasagem BNi-7 (Ni-Cr-P, na temperatura de 1100ºC, por tempos de 12 min e 32 min, utilizando-se folgas das juntas de 0,0 e 0,3 mm, seguidos de resfriamento em forno. Os corpos de prova foram caracterizados utilizando-se microscópio óptico, microscópio eletrônico de varredura com EDS e difração de raios X. Os resultados mostraram que a melhor condição para a brasagem em forno empregado foi a brasagem com a folga de 0,0 mm. Ambas as folgas apresentaram microestruturas variadas, porém a folga de 0,0 mm mostrou a presença de uma fase contínua CFC (cúbica de face centrada, rica em níquel, que é denominada, frequentemente, de γ-Ni. Para folgas de 0,3 mm, forma-se uma região eutética contínua no centro da junta, que pode prejudicar as propriedades mecânicas da mesma. Esta região é composta de fases intermetálicas ricas em fósforo. Foram observadas precipitações de fase sigma no metal de base no AID UNS S35750, nas condições de brasagem estudadas.

Effect of caffeine inhibitor in corrosion rate and microstructure of KS01 carbon steel and AISI 1045 at media sea water

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sulistioso Giat S; Setyo Purwanto; Deswita; Ari Handayani; Berta Vidyananda

2013-01-01

Many synthetic materials are good inhibitors for the prevention of corrosion . Many inhibitors are toxic, because of the influence of these toxic properties, recently use organic materials as corrosion inhibitors, that are not hazardous and environmentally friendly. In this study caffeine compounds used as corrosion inhibitors. This compound could be used as corrosion inhibitor because of the existence of their chemical groups that containing free electron pair, that is nitrogen. Corrosion rate testing conducted in sea water medium taken from the Northern region of Indramayu with variations of the concentration of caffeine 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 ppm to determine the optimum concentration of caffeine in corrosion rate of carbon steel AISI 1045 and KS01 that a widely used on the cooling system in the industry. Corrosion rate of KS-01 steel before used in inhibitor media is 25,07 mpy that less than corrosion rate of carbon steel AISI 1045, is 45,82 mpy . The results of this study indicate that caffeine is able to inhibit the corrosion rate of both of samples with optimum efficiency KS01 for 64.38%, and AISI 1045 of 66.63%. The optimum concentration of caffeine to inhibited AISI 1045 is 150 ppm and for KS01 is 100 ppm,. Beside that analysis of microstructure for both samples have done, for media before and after inhibitor addition. (author)

The influence of Reynolds number on the galvanic corrosion of the copper/AISI 304 pair in aqueous LiBr solutions

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Montanes, M.T.; Sanchez-Tovar, R.; Garcia-Anton, J.; Perez-Herranz, V.

2009-01-01

The influence of Reynolds number on the galvanic corrosion of the copper/AISI 304 stainless steel pair in a concentrated lithium bromide solution was investigated according to the mixed potential theory. A hydraulic circuit was designed to study dynamic corrosion processes in situ. A potential relation between corrosion current density (i corr ) and Reynolds number (Re) was found for copper, showing a mixed control of a chemical step and mass transport through the corrosion products film with the predominance of the former. No dependence of i corr on Re could be established for AISI 304, showing a chemical step control. Moreover, under stagnant conditions, partial passivation may occur in AISI 304; however, under flowing conditions passivation is not possible. Copper is the anodic element of the pair under all flowing conditions analysed. The galvanic phenomenon is more important as Re increases, but the results show compatibility of both materials at all Re values analysed. Similarly, a potential relation between galvanic current density (i G ) and Re was found, showing a mixed control of a chemical step and mass transport with the predominance of the latter. Copper corrosion resistance decreases more rapidly as Re increases due to the AISI 304 galvanic effect: there is a synergy between the galvanic effect and the hydrodynamic conditions. Under stagnant conditions, the galvanic behaviour of the materials is close to the compatibility limit and an inversion of the anodic element of the galvanic pair takes place.

Toolpath strategy for cutter life improvement in plunge milling of AISI H13 tool steel

Science.gov (United States)

Adesta, E. Y. T.; Avicenna; hilmy, I.; Daud, M. R. H. C.

2018-01-01

Machinability of AISI H13 tool steel is a prominent issue since the material has the characteristics of high hardenability, excellent wear resistance, and hot toughness. A method of improving cutter life of AISI H13 tool steel plunge milling by alternating the toolpath and cutting conditions is proposed. Taguchi orthogonal array with L9 (3^4) resolution will be employed with one categorical factor of toolpath strategy (TS) and three numeric factors of cutting speed (Vc), radial depth of cut (ae ), and chip load (fz ). It is expected that there are significant differences for each application of toolpath strategy and each cutting condition factor toward the cutting force and tool wear mechanism of the machining process, and medial axis transform toolpath could provide a better tool life improvement by a reduction of cutting force during machining.

Effect of noble metals on the corrosion of AISI 316L stainless steel in nitric acid

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Robin, R.; Andreoletti, G.; Fauvet, P.; Terlain, A.

2004-01-01

In the spent fuel treatment, the solutions of fission products contain dissolution fines, in particular platinoids. These solutions are stored into AISI 316L stainless steel tanks, and the contact of noble metallic particles such as platinoids with austenitic stainless steels may induce a shift of the steel corrosion potential towards the trans-passive domain by galvanic coupling. In that case, the steel may be polarized up to a potential value above the range of passive domain, that induces an increase of the corrosion current. The galvanic corrosion of AISI 316L stainless steel in contact with different platinoids has been investigated by electrochemical and gravimetric techniques. Two types of tests were conducted in 1 mol/L nitric acid media at 80 deg C: (1) polarization curves and (2) immersion tests with either platinoid powders (Ru, Rh, Pd) or true insoluble dissolution fines (radioactive laboratory test). The results of the study have shown that even if galvanic coupling enhances the corrosion rate by about a factor 10 in these conditions, the corrosion behavior of AISI 316L remains low (a corrosion rate below 6 μm/year, few small intergranular indentations). No specific effect of irradiation and of elements contained in radioactive fines (other than Ru, Rh and Pd) was observed on corrosion behavior. A platinoids-ranking has also been established according to their coupling potential: Ru > Pd > Rh. (authors)

Carbides crystalline structure of AISI M2 high-speed steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Serna, M.M.; Galego, E.; Rossi, J.L.

2005-01-01

The aim of this study was to identify the crystallographic structure of the extracted carbides of AISI M2 steel spray formed The structure determination of these carbides. The structure determination of these carbides is a very hard work. Since these structures were formed by atom migration it is not possible to reproduce them by a controlled process with a determined chemical composition. The solution of this problem is to obtain the carbide by chemical extraction from the steel. (Author)

Diseño de redes neuronales con aprendizaje combinado de retropropagación y búsqueda aleatoria progresiva aplicado a la determinación de austenita retenida en aceros TRIP

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Capdevila, C.

2010-12-01

Full Text Available At the beginning of the decade of the nineties, the industrial interest for TRIP steels leads to a significant increase of the investigation and application in this field. In this work, the flexibility of neural networks for the modelling of complex properties is used to tackle the problem of determining the retained austenite content in TRIP-steel. Applying a combination of two learning algorithms (backpropagation and creeping-random-search for the neural network, a model has been created that enables the prediction of retained austenite in low-Si / low-Al multiphase steels as a function of processing parameters.

A partir de los años noventa, el interés que los aceros TRIP despiertan en la industria ha producido un incremento considerable de su estudio y aplicación. En este trabajo, aprovechando la flexibilidad que las redes neuronales proporcionan para la modelización de propiedades complejas, se ha abordado el problema de la determinación de la austenita retenida en los aceros TRIP. Una combinación de dos algoritmos de aprendizaje (retropropagación y búsqueda aleatoria progresiva de la red neuronal ha permitido crear un modelo que predice la cantidad de austenita retenida en aceros multifase con bajo contenido en aluminio y silicio en función de los parámetros de procesado.

Modelado de Control de Nivel en Molde para Vaciado Continuo de Palanquillas de Acero

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Guillermo González Yero

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Resumen: Este trabajo presenta un modelo del sistema de control de nivel en molde de una máquina de vaciado continuo de palanquillas de acero. El objetivo fue realizar el modelado de cada elemento del sistema incluyendo las perturbaciones y transformaciones de la planta que más afectan la calidad del control. Se obtuvo y validó un modelo aproximado, utilizando leyes físicas, la identificación experimental mediante señales especiales e identificación paramétrica fuera de línea. En el modelo se incluyen de forma explícita los fenómenos de obstrucción y erosión en la válvula, que tienen una incidencia significativa en el funcionamiento de la planta. Para el servosistema hidráulico de la instalación se logró un modelo de caja gris que contribuye a un mejor entendimiento del comportamiento del proceso y a evaluar la incidencia de una implementación multifrecuencia bajo esquema convencional. Con el modelo obtenido es posible estudiar la operación del sistema a escala de simulación y la efectividad de soluciones de control avanzadas. El trabajo desarrollado es parte de un proceso de I+D que en el transcurso de más de 10 años ha contribuido a que en la acería donde se realiza la investigación, exista un sistema de control de nivel en molde que tiene impacto positivo sobre la calidad del acero producido. Abstract: This paper presents a model of system for the mould level control in a continuous casting machine for steel billets. The objective was to carry out the modeling of each element of the system including disturbances and transformations of the plant that affect the quality of control in the installation study object. It was obtained and validated an approximate model of the control system using physical laws governing the same one, experimental identification by special signals and parametric identification off- line. The model explicitly includes the phenomena of obstruction and erosion of the valve which have a

Dynamic strain ageing of deformed nitrogen-alloyed AISI 316 stainless steels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ehrnsten, U.; Toivonen, A.; Ivanchenko, M.; Nevdacha, V.; Yagozinskyy, Y.; Haenninen, H.

2004-01-01

Intergranular stress corrosion cracking has occurred in BWR environment in non-sensitized, deformed austenitic stainless steel materials. The affecting parameters are so far not fully known, but deformation mechanisms may be decisive. The effect of deformation and nitrogen content on the behaviour of austenitic stainless steels was investigated. The materials were austenitic stainless steels of AISI 316L type with different amounts of nitrogen (0.03 - 0.18%) and they were mechanically deformed 0, 5 and 20%. The investigations are focused on the dynamic strain ageing (DSA) behaviour. A few crack growth rate measurements are performed on nuclear grade AISI 316NG material with different degrees of deformation (0, 5 and 20%). The effects of DSA on mechanical properties of these materials are evaluated based on peaks in ultimate tensile strength and strain hardening coefficient and minimum in ductility in the DSA temperature range. Additionally, internal friction measurements have been performed in the temperature range of -100 to 600 deg. C for determining nitrogen interactions with other alloying elements and dislocations (cold-worked samples). The results show an effect of nitrogen on the stainless steel behaviour, e.g. clear indications of dynamic strain ageing and changes in the internal friction peaks as a function of nitrogen content and amount of deformation. (authors)

Microstructure, Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of Friction Stir-Processed AISI D2 Tool Steel

Science.gov (United States)

Yasavol, Noushin; Jafari, Hassan

2015-05-01

In this study, AISI D2 tool steel underwent friction stir processing (FSP). The microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of the FSPed materials were then evaluated. A flat WC-Co tool was used; the rotation rate of the tool varied from 400 to 800 rpm, and the travel speed was maintained constant at 385 mm/s during the process. FSP improved mechanical properties and produced ultrafine-grained surface layers in the tool steel. Mechanical properties improvement is attributed to the homogenous distribution of two types of fine (0.2-0.3 μm) and coarse (1.6 μm) carbides in duplex ferrite-martensite matrix. In addition to the refinement of the carbides, the homogenous dispersion of the particles was found to be more effective in enhancing mechanical properties at 500 rpm tool rotation rate. The improved corrosion resistance was observed and is attributed to the volume fraction of low-angle grain boundaries produced after friction stir process of the AISI D2 steel.

Effects of heat treatment conditions on microstructure and mechanical properties of AISI 420 steel

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Scheuer, C.J.; Fraga, R.A.; Cardoso, R.P.; Brunatto, S.F. [Universidade Federal do Parana (UFPR), Curitiba, PR (Brazil). Departamento de Engenharia Mecanica. Grupo de Tecnologia de Fabricacao Assistida por Plasma e Metalurgia do Po

2014-07-01

The cycle control of heat treatments, on the quenching and tempering operation of AISI 420 stainless steel, is essential for improved material performance. The adequate choice of heat treatment parameters, can lead an optimization on its mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Thus, this paper aims to investigate the effects of quenchants medium, and austenitizing and tempering temperatures, on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AISI 420 steel. Different heat treatments cycles were studied: 1) samples were austenitized at 1050°C and water, oil and air quenched; 2) samples were austenitized at range temperatures of 950-1050°C and oil quenched; and 3) as-quenched samples were tempering at range temperatures of 400-500°C. Treated samples were characterized by optical microscopy, X-ray diffractometry and hardness measurements. The samples hardness increases with increasing cooling rate (water > oil > air quenched). Water quenched samples presented crack after cooling to room temperature. Samples hardness also increases with austenitizing temperature increasing, and decreases with increasing tempering temperature. (author)

Surface nanocrystallization by surface mechanical attrition treatment and its effect on structure and properties of plasma nitrided AISI 321 stainless steel

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lin Yimin [State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Middle Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000 (China) and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039 (China)]. E-mail: linyimin_2001@yahoo.com.cn; Lu Jian [LASMIS, University of Technology of Troyes, 10000 Troyes (France); Wang Liping [State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Middle Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000 (China); Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039 (China); Xu Tao [State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Middle Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000 (China); Xue Qunji [State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Middle Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000 (China)]. E-mail: qjxue@ns.lzb.ac.cn

2006-12-15

A plastic deformation surface layer with nanocrystalline grains was produced on AISI 321 austenitic stainless steel by means of surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT). Low-temperature nitriding of SMAT and un-SMAT AISI 321 stainless steel was carried out in pulsed-DC glow discharge. The effect of SMAT pretreatment on the microstructure and properties of the stainless steel were investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Vickers hardness tester and UMT-2MT tribometer. The results show that the plasma nitriding of AISI 321 steel can be enhanced considerably by means of SMAT process before nitriding, and a much thicker nitrogen diffusion layer with higher hardness was obtained for the SMAT samples when compared with un-SMAT samples. In addition, the wear resistance and load capacity of the nitrided layers on the SMAT samples was much higher than that of the un-SMAT samples due to the thicker S phase case and the gradient nitrogen diffusion layer.

Treatment of nitridation by microwave post discharge plasma in an AISI 4140 steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Medina F, A.; Rodriguez L, V.; Zamora R, L.; Oseguera P, J.

1998-01-01

The objective of this work is to determine through X-ray diffraction, microhardness measurement and scanning electron microscopy those main operation parameters of the microwave post discharge treatment (temperature of treatment, gas mixture and permanence time) nitriding an AISI 4140 steel and to characterize the compact layer of nitrides formed during the treatment. (Author)

Empleo de la cáscara de arroz en la fundición de piezas de acero al carbono//Using of rice husk in the carbon steel casting parts process

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Juan Carlos Cruz-Pérez

2012-05-01

Full Text Available Los materiales auxiliares desempeñan un papel importante en el aumento de la eficiencia tecnológica del proceso de fundición de piezas de acero al carbono. En este artículo se exponen los primeros resultados del empleo de la cáscara de arroz como material termoaislante en la obtención de piezas fundidas de acero al carbono. En los experimentos se evaluó la influencia  de seis combinaciones de las variables espesor de pared del casquillo y capa de cobertura. En la confección de los casquillos se utilizó cáscara de arroz triturada, la que posteriormente fue aglutinada con silicato de sodio, apisonada y endurecida con CO2, mientras que la cobertura se utilizó sin procesamiento previo. El mayor nivel de entrega de acero se obtuvo al emplear un espesor de casquillo de 65 mm y una altura de cobertura de 85 mm. El valor del ASAF generado por las variantes experimentales resultó igual o inferior a 0,48. Palabras claves: casquillo termoaislante, polvo de cobertura, cáscara de arroz, acero fundido.______________________________________________________________________________ Abstract Feeding auxiliary materials perform a very important role in improves technological efficiency of carbon steel casting parts process. In this article are exposing the first results in the rice husk using as an insulating material in such process. The variables sleeve thickness and covering thickness’ influence were evaluated in six combinations by means of experiments. In sleeves preparation was used crushed rice husk, which was agglutinated with sodium silicate, compacted and hardened with CO2, meanwhile as covering it was uses without previous preparation. The mayor liquid steel delivering level was get employing 65 mm sleeve thickness and 85 mm covering thickness. The ASAF value generated for experimental variants was equal or inferior to 0.48. Key words: insulating sleeve, riser sleeve, hot topping, rice husk, steel cast.

Estudio de los mecanismos de degradación de la interfase acero (limpio u oxidado-recubrimiento clorocaucho en su exposición al ensayo de condensación de humedad

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Chico, B.

1998-05-01

Full Text Available The effect of time of exposure to the humidity on the behaviour of the system chlorinated rubber paint-steel substrate (cleaned or pre-rusted is investigated from the interfacial chemistry and adhesion points of view. After one day of humidity exposure, the paint-rust free steel substrate system shows an increase of adhesion. A maximum adhesion value is obtained after 15 days of exposure. This behaviour is similar to that previously described for a pre-rusted steel substrate. After 30-60 days of exposure, the adhesion strength values show an important reduction and the locus of adhesion loss shifts from the paint inside to the interphase between the metallic substrate and the paint.

En el presente trabajo se analiza el efecto de la exposición a la humedad de un recubrimiento orgánico de clorocaucho aplicado a un sustrato de acero (únicamente limpio o previamente oxidado sobre los valores de adherencia del sistema y la composición química de la interfase metal-pintura. Se ha intentado establecer posibles relaciones entre la degradación de la interfase acero-recubrimiento clorocaucho en su exposición a condiciones de alta humedad y la presencia o ausencia de una capa de óxido sobre el sustrato original. Después de 1 día de exposición a la humedad, se observó un aumento en los valores de adherencia del sistema pintura-acero sin oxidar. Sorprendentemente, estos valores alcanzan un máximo después de 15 días de exposición. Este mismo comportamiento se había encontrado ya en el sistema acero preoxidado-recubrimiento clorocaucho. Tiempos de exposición a la humedad suficientemente largos (30-60 días producen una acusada disminución en los valores de adherencia y un desplazamiento del lugar donde ocurre el fallo desde el seno de la pintura a la región interfacial entre la pintura y el sustrato.

Electrodos austeníticos inoxidables semisintéticos para la soldadura manual por arco eléctrico: Una variante económica para las pequeñas y medianas empresas (PIME. // Semi-synthetic austenitics stainless steel electrodes for shielded metal arc welding: A

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

A. Paz Iglesias

2002-09-01

Full Text Available En el presente trabajo se brinda una valoración económica para la producción de electrodos austeníticos inoxidables tiposE308L, E309, E312 y E316L en las pequeñas y medianas empresas (PIME. Lo significativo de la presente valoración esque se brindan los resultados obtenidos al fabricar los electrodos de forma semisintética; es decir, utilizando un solo tipo dealambre inoxidable (308L y añadiendo las ferroaleaciones necesarias en el revestimiento. Los resultados que se muestranestán basados en las experiencias de investigación, producción y comercialización de una planta con capacidad para 200toneladas al año, a la cual le es muy difícil insertarse en el mercado utilizando los mismos procedimientos tecnológicos yfinancieros de una gran empresa con grandes capitales y recursos.Palabras claves: Electrodos austeníticos inoxidables, electrodos sintéticos, ferroaleaciones, electrodossemisintéticos, electrodos convencionales, metal depositado.___________________________________________________________________Abstract.This paper offers an economic valuation for the production of stainless electrodes type E308L, E309, E312 and E316L,for small and middle companies (PIME. The significant part of the present valuation gives the results obtained in theproduction of semi-synthetic electrodes; using just one type of stainless wire (308L and adding the ferroalloys neededin the coat. The results shown are based on investigation experiences, production and trading of companies with acapacity for 200 T/year, so it is very difficult to enter in the market using the same technological procedures of a bigcompany with higher capital and financial resources.Key words: Nonrusting austenistic electrodes, sintetic electrodes, semisintetic electrodes, iron alloy,conventional electrodes, metal deposition.

Tribological Response of Heat Treated AISI 52100 Steels Against Steel and Ceramic Counterparts

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Türedi E.

2017-09-01

Full Text Available AISI 52100 bearing steels are commonly used in applications requiring high hardness and abrasion resistance. The bearing steels are working under dynamic loads in service conditions and their toughness properties become important. In order to provide the desired mechanical properties, various heat treatments (austenizing, quenching and tempering are usually applied. In this study, AISI 52100 bearing steel samples were austenized at 900°C for ½ h and water quenched to room temperature. Then tempering was carried out at 795°C, 400°C and 200°C for ½ h. In order to investigate the effect of heat treatment conditions on wear behavior, dry friction tests were performed according to ASTM G99-05 Standard with a ‘ball-on-disk’ type tribometer. The samples were tested against steel and ceramic counterparts using the parameters of 100 m distance and 30 N load and 0.063 m/s rotational speed. After wear test, the surface characterization was carried out using microscopy. Wear loss values were calculated using a novel optical method on both flat and counterpart specimens.

Fabricación de matrices de corte con aceros rápidos para herramientas mediante metalurgia de polvos

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Talacchia, S.

1996-02-01

Full Text Available The present work summarizes the results obtained by compacting water atomized powders of T42 modified carbon and vanadium, M3/2 and M2 high speed steels. The powders were compacted under complex forms (cut off dies and sintered under a 90 N₂-9 H₂-I CH₄ industrial atmosphere. Heat treatments in different severity media were performed. Hardness of 1,100 HV can be obtained in the case of T42 modified steel. Also, the shrinking of the sintered specimens was study.

Se estudia la fabricación de matrices de corte de aceros rápidos para herramientas mediante procesos de metalurgia de polvos. Los polvos de los aceros T42 con contenidos de carbono y vanadio modificados, M3/2 y M2, obtenidos por atomización en agua, se compactaron de tal modo que quedaron dotados de formas geométricas complejas. Después de sinterizados en una atmósfera industrial 90 N₂-9 H₂-I CH₄, se trataron térmicamente en medios de distintas severidades. Tras el temple desde temperaturas de austenización cercanas a la temperatura óptima de sinterizado, se lograron durezas de hasta 1.100 HV. Se determinaron, también, las contracciones sufridas por las piezas sinterizadas.

Evaluation of the TIG welding mechanical behavior in AISI 316 tubes for fuel rods

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bittencourt, M.S.Q.; Carvalho Perdigao, S. de

1985-10-01

The effect of service temperature, the mechanical resistance and the creep behaviour of a steel which is intendend to be used as fuel rods in Nuclear Reactors was investigated. The tests were performed in seamless tubes of austenitic stainless steel, AISI 316, 20% cold worked, TIG welded. (Author) [pt

Surface characterization and wear behaviour of laser surface melted AISI 316L stainless steel

CSIR Research Space (South Africa)

Kumar, A

2010-01-01

Full Text Available The present study concerns an in depth investigation of the influence of laser surface melting of AISI 316L stainless steel using Ar and N2 as shrouding atmosphere. Laser surface melting has been carried out using a 5 kW continuous wave (CW) fibre...

Plasma nitriding process by direct current glow discharge at low temperature increasing the thermal diffusivity of AISI 304 stainless steel

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Prandel, L. V.; Somer, A.; Assmann, A.; Camelotti, F.; Costa, G.; Bonardi, C.; Jurelo, A. R.; Rodrigues, J. B.; Cruz, G. K. [Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Grupo de Espectroscopia Optica e Fotoacustica de Materiais, Departamento de Fisica, Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, CEP 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, PR (Brazil)

2013-02-14

This work reports for the first time on the use of the open photoacoustic cell technique operating at very low frequencies and at room temperature to experimentally determine the thermal diffusivity parameter of commercial AISI304 stainless steel and AISI304 stainless steel nitrided samples. Complementary measurements of X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were also performed. The results show that in standard AISI 304 stainless steel samples the thermal diffusivity is (4.0 {+-} 0.3) Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -6} m{sup 2}/s. After the nitriding process, the thermal diffusivity increases to the value (7.1 {+-} 0.5) Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -6} m{sup 2}/s. The results are being associated to the diffusion process of nitrogen into the surface of the sample. Carrying out subsequent thermal treatment at 500 Degree-Sign C, the thermal diffusivity increases up to (12.0 {+-} 2) Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -6} m{sup 2}/s. Now the observed growing in the thermal diffusivity must be related to the change in the phases contained in the nitrided layer.

Microstructural changes of AISI 316L due to structural sensitization and its influence on the fatigue properties

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Sylvia Dundeková

2014-11-01

Full Text Available Mechanical and fatigue properties of material are dependent on its microstructure. The microstructure of AISI 316L stainless steel commonly used for the production of medical tools, equipment and implants can be easily influenced by its heat treatment. Microstructural changes and fatigue properties of AISI 316L stainless steel due to the heat treatment consisted of annealing at the temperature of 815°C with the dwell time of 500 hours were analyzed in the present paper. Precipitation of intermetallic phases and carbides was observed as a response of the material to the applied heat treatment. Small negative influence was observed in the case of fatigue region bellow 105 cycles; however the fatigue limit remains unchanged due to the structural sensitization.

Corrosion behavior of plasma sprayed hydroxyapatite and hydroxyapatite-silicon oxide coatings on AISI 304 for biomedical application

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Singh, Gurpreet; Singh, Hazoor; Sidhu, Buta Singh

2013-01-01

The objective of this study is to evaluate corrosion resistance of plasma sprayed hydroxyapatite (HA) and HA-silicon oxide (SiO 2 ) coated AISI 304 substrates. In HA-SiO 2 coatings, 10 wt% SiO 2 and 20 wt% SiO 2 was mixed with HA. The feedstock and coatings were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The corrosion resistance was determined for the uncoated and coated samples. The corrosion resistance of the AISI 304 was found more after the deposition of the HA-SiO 2 coatings rather than HA coating and uncoated. All the coatings were crack free after 24 h dipping in Ringer's solution for electrochemical corrosion testing.

Influence of the surface finishing on electrochemical corrosion characteristics of AISI 316L stainless steel

Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

Dundeková, S.; Hadzima, B.; Fintová, Stanislava

2015-01-01

Roč. 22, č. 2 (2015), s. 77-84 ISSN 1335-0803 Institutional support: RVO:68081723 Keywords : AISI 316L stainless steel * EIS * Corrosion Subject RIV: JK - Corrosion ; Surface Treatment of Materials http://ojs.mateng.sk/index.php/Mateng/article/view/167/278

Automatización del proceso de curvado de flejes de acero para el conformado de sierras de corona

OpenAIRE

Guerrero González, Edgar

2004-01-01

El documento que se presenta a continuación es la Memoria del Proyecto de Final de Carrera titulado “Automatización del curvado de flejes de acero para el conformado de sierras de corona”. Proyecto solicitado por la empresa SAEGEN IBERICA, dedicada a la fabricación de coronas de sierra entre otros productos, y motivada por la incapacidad de su sistema productivo y de los procesos existentes, de alcanzar la calidad y la producción exigidas por el mercado. El proyecto queda enmarcado d...

Atmospheric corrosivity in Bogota as a very high-altitude metropolis questions international standards

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John Fredy Ríos-Rojas

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Se presentan resultados del primer estudio sistemático sobre la corrosividad atmosférica de Bogotá, donde se tienen características especiales como una población superior a ocho millones de personas y 2600 m sobre el nivel del mar. Se midieron humedad relativa, temperatura, concentración de dióxido de azufre (SO2 y velocidad de corrosión de acero al carbono AISI/SAE 1006. La corrosividad encontrada se ubica entre los niveles bajo y medio, C2–C3, según la norma ISO 9223. No obstante, los valores estimados a partir de los parámetros meteorológicos dan resultados menores y, de acuerdo a la concentración del SO2, las corrosividades en los sitios con mayor humedad relativa son mayores que las medidas en platinas de acero. El principal problema de contaminación es material particulado, pero las mayores tasas de corrosión estuvieron asociadas con los niveles de SO2. Diferencias entre los valores medidos y estimados son evidentes, proponiendo algunas explicaciones acerca de ello.

La celda Avesta: Un método para evitar problemas de corrosión por resquicios en los ensayos electroquímicos de corrosión por picaduras

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Fosca, C.

1996-06-01

Full Text Available A very common problem, that occurs during the electrochemical pitting corrosion tests of CRAs (corrosion resistant alloys as stainless steels, is the simultaneous occurrence of crevice corrosion that difficults the evaluation of the electrochemical behaviour in presence of pitting corrosion mechanism only. Crevice corrosion appears as a consequence of the formation of crevices during the mountage of the specimen in the electrochemical cell. Several forms have been developed to avoid the presence of crevice during the electrochemical pitting corrosion test, but without satisfactory results. In the present study a relatively new and innovative method to eliminate the risk of crevice corrosion in the electrochemical tests is evaluated the Avesta cell. Anodic polarization electrochemical tests were carried out in a high alloy stainless steel in 3 % NaCl solution. The experimental results obtained using the Avesta cell were more reliable, reproducible and representative of the electrochemical behaviour of the material that those obtained using other methods of samples preparation to avoid the crevice formation.

Uno de los grandes problemas que suelen presentarse en los ensayos electroquímicos ideados para evaluar la resistencia a la corrosión por picaduras de materiales como los aceros inoxidables es la presencia simultánea de corrosión por resquicios, que suele dificultar e impedir muchas veces la interpretación de los resultados electroquímicos. Este mecanismo de corrosión localizada se produce como consecuencia de la presencia de resquicios en el ensamble de la muestra con la celda electroquímica de ensayo. Se han ideado numerosas formas de evitar este inconveniente, pero ninguna ha resultado completamente satisfactoria. En el presente estudio se evalúa uno de los más nuevos e ingeniosos procedimientos para eliminar el riesgo de corrosión por resquicios en los ensayos de corrosión por picaduras: la celda Avesta. Se efectuaron

Plasma spot welding of ferritic stainless steels

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Lešnjak, A.

2002-06-01

Full Text Available Plasma spot welding of ferritic stainless steels is studied. The study was focused on welding parameters, plasma and shielding gases and the optimum welding equipment. Plasma-spot welded overlap joints on a 0.8 mm thick ferritic stainless steel sheet were subjected to a visual examination and mechanical testing in terms of tension-shear strength. Several macro specimens were prepared. Plasma spot welding is suitable to use the same gas as shielding gas and as plasma gas, i.e., a 98 % Ar/2 % H ₂ gas mixture. Tension-shear strength of plasma-spot welded joints was compared to that of resistance-spot welded joints. It was found that the resistance welded joints withstand a somewhat stronger load than the plasma welded joints due to a larger weld spot diameter of the former. Strength of both types of welded joints is approximately the same.

El artículo describe el proceso de soldeo de aceros inoxidables ferríticos por puntos con plasma. La investigación se centró en el establecimiento de los parámetros óptimos de la soldadura, la definición del gas de plasma y de protección más adecuado, así como del equipo óptimo para la realización de la soldadura. Las uniones de láminas de aceros inoxidables ferríticos de 0,8 mm de espesor, soldadas a solape por puntos con plasma, se inspeccionaron visualmente y se ensayaron mecánicamente mediante el ensayo de cizalladura por tracción. Se realizaron macro pulidos. Los resultados de la investigación demostraron que la solución más adecuada para el soldeo por puntos con plasma es elegir el mismo gas de plasma que de protección. Es decir, una mezcla de 98 % de argón y 2 % de hidrógeno. La resistencia a la cizalladura por tracción de las uniones soldadas por puntos con plasma fue comparada con la resistencia de las uniones soldadas por resistencia por puntos. Se llegó a la conclusión de que las uniones soldadas por resistencia soportan una carga algo mayor que la uniones

Diseño óptimo de tableros de puentes mixtos de carretera hormigón-acero

OpenAIRE

Taveras Mendoza, Carlos Tomás

2014-01-01

El desarrollo de la nanotecnología de los materiales, la búsqueda de la optimización en los proyectos de ingeniería, ha emergido una verdadera evolución en el diseño de los puentes a nivel mundial. Europa surge como el génesis de los puentes mixtos en el mundo, grandes puentes y viaductos se hacen con la tipología de viga cajón y viga bijácena mixta. España, concibe la tipología de la doble acción mixta, como alternativa de optimizar los costes del acero. En este trabajo de fin...

Effects of static strain aging on residual stress stability and alternating bending strength of shot peened AISI 4140

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Menig, R.; Schulze, V.; Voehringer, O. [Inst. fuer Werkstoffkunde 1, Univ. Karlsruhe (TH), Karlsruhe (Germany)

2002-07-01

Increases of residual stress stability and alternating bending strength of shot peened AISI 4140 are obtained by successive annealing treatments. This is caused by static strain aging effects, which lead to pinning of dislocations by carbon atoms and very small carbides. It will be shown that by well directed annealing of a quenched and tempered AISI 4140 it is possible to maximize the positive effects of static strain aging, without causing extended thermal residual stress relaxation. The amount of yield stress increases caused by static strain aging is quantified using tensile tests. Static strain aging is also found to be responsible for an increase of the quasi static and cyclic surface yield strength present after shot peening. (orig.)

Comparative tribological studies of duplex surface treated AISI 1045 steels fabricated by combinations of plasma nitriding and aluminizing

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Haftlang, Farahnaz; Habibolahzadeh, Ali; Sohi, Mahmoud Heydarzadeh

2014-01-01

Highlights: • AlN coating was applied on AISI 1045 steel via plasma nitriding and aluminizing. • Aluminizing of pre-nitrided specimen provides the highest surface hardness. • The lowest wear rate was obtained via aluminizing of pre-nitrided specimen. • Wear mechanism of the modified layer consists of oxidative and spallung wear. - Abstract: Duplex surface treatments via aluminizing and plasma nitriding were carried out on AISI 1045 steel. A number of work pieces were aluminized and subsequently plasma nitrided (Al–PN) and other work pieces were plasma nitrided and then aluminized (PN–Al). Aluminizing was carried out via pack process at 1123 K for 5 h and plasma nitriding was performed at 823 K for 5 h. The fabricated steels were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and microhardness testing. Tribological behaviors of the duplex treated AISI 1045 steels were examined against tungsten carbide pin using a pin-on-disc apparatus at room temperature. The PN–Al specimen showed higher surface hardness, lower wear rate and coefficient of friction than the Al–PN one. It was noticed from the worn surfaces that tribo-oxidation plays an important role in wear behavior of both specimens

Cold deformation effect on the microstructures and mechanical properties of AISI 301LN and 316L stainless steels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Silva, Paulo Maria de O.; Abreu, Hamilton Ferreira G. de; Albuquerque, Victor Hugo C. de; Neto, Pedro de Lima; Tavares, Joao Manuel R.S.

2011-01-01

As austenitic stainless steels have an adequate combination of mechanical resistance, conformability and resistance to corrosion they are used in a wide variety of industries, such as the food, transport, nuclear and petrochemical industries. Among these austenitic steels, the AISI 301LN and 316L steels have attracted prominent attention due to their excellent mechanical resistance. In this paper a microstructural characterization of AISI 301LN and 316L steels was made using various techniques such as metallography, optical microscopy, scanning electronic microscopy and atomic force microscopy, in order to analyze the cold deformation effect. Also, the microstructural changes were correlated with the alterations of mechanical properties of the materials under study. One of the numerous uses of AISI 301LN and 316L steels is in the structure of wagons for metropolitan surface trains. For this type of application it is imperative to know their microstructural behavior when subjected to cold deformation and correlate it with their mechanical properties and resistance to corrosion. Microstructural analysis showed that cold deformation causes significant microstructural modifications in these steels, mainly hardening. This modification increases the mechanical resistance of the materials appropriately for their foreseen application. Nonetheless, the materials become susceptible to pitting corrosion.

A preliminary study of laser cladding of AISI 316 stainless steel using preplaced NiTi wire

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Cheng, F.T.; Lo, K.H.; Man, H.C.

2004-01-01

NiTi wire of diameter 1 mm was preplaced on AISI 316 stainless steel samples by using a binder. Melting of the NiTi wire to form a clad track on the steel substrate was achieved by means of a high-power CW Nd:YAG laser using different processing parameters. The geometry and microstructure of the clad deposit were studied by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The hardness and compositional profiles along the depth of the deposit were acquired by microhardness testing and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), respectively. The elastic behavior of the deposit was analyzed using nanoindentation, and compared with that of the NiTi wire. The dilution of the NiTi clad by the substrate material beneath was substantial in single clad tracks, but could be successively reduced in multiple clad layers. A strong fusion bonding with tough interface could be obtained as evidenced by the integrity of Vickers indentations in the interfacial region. In comparison with the NiTi cladding on AISI 316 using the tungsten inert gas (TIG) process, the laser process was capable of producing a much less defective cladding with a more homogeneous microstructure, which is an essential cladding quality with respect to cavitation erosion and corrosion resistance. Thus, the present preliminary study shows that laser cladding using preplaced wire is a feasible method to obtain a thick and homogeneous NiTi-based alloy layer on AISI 316 stainless steel substrate

Tool life and surface roughness of ceramic cutting tool when turning AISI D2 tool steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wan Emri Wan Abdul Rahaman

2007-01-01

The tool life of physical vapor deposition (PVD) titanium nitride (TiN) coated ceramic when turning AISI D2 tool steel of hardness 54-55 HRC was investigated. The experiments were conducted at various cutting speed and feed rate combinations with constant depth of cut and under dry cutting condition. The tool life of the cutting tool for all cutting conditions was obtained. The tool failure mode and wear mechanism were also investigated. The wear mechanism that is responsible for the wear form is abrasion and diffusion. Flank wear and crater wear are the main wear form found when turning AISI D2 grade hardened steel with 54-55 HRC using KY 4400 ceramic cutting tool. Additionally catastrophic failure is observed at cutting speed of 183 m/min and feed rate of 0.16 mm/ rev. (author)

LaCrO3 composite coatings for AISI 444 stainless steel solid oxide fuel cell interconnects

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Wilson Acchar

2012-12-01

Full Text Available Doped lanthanum chromite-based ceramics are the most widely used interconnector material in solid fuel cells (SOFC since they exhibit significant electrical and thermal conductivity, substantial corrosion resistance and adequate mechanical strength at ambient and high temperatures. The disadvantage of this material is its high cost and poor ductility. The aim of this study is to determine the mechanical and oxidation behavior of a stainless steel (AISI 444 with a LaCrO3 deposition on its surface obtained through spray pyrolisis. Coated and pure AISI 444 materials were characterized by mechanical properties, oxidation behavior, X-ray diffraction and scanning electronic microscopy. Results indicated that the coated material displays better oxidation behavior in comparison to pure stainless steel, but no improvement in mechanical strength. Both materials indicate that deformation behavior depends on testing temperatures.

Microstructural changes of AISI 316L due to structural sensitization and its influence on the fatigue properties

Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

Dundeková, S.; Nový, F.; Fintová, Stanislava

2014-01-01

Roč. 21, č. 4 (2014), s. 172-177 ISSN 1335-0803 Institutional support: RVO:68081723 Keywords : AISI 316L * Structural sensitization * Rotating bending fatigue test Subject RIV: JL - Materials Fatigue, Friction Mechanics

Restaurante en Orebro – Suecia

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jawerth, D.

1974-02-01

Full Text Available Taking advantage of the demolition of an old wooden restaurant, a new one was erected on the same site, on condition that its shape should be such that in itself it served as publicity for the park in which it is located. The building is single-storeyed, with a roof formed by two hyperbolic paraboloids linked together, like two wings. These paraboloids have rolled steel square section edges, formation of a cold drawn steel cable mesh surface, covered with shaped sheet, insulation and stainless steel lining. The roof rests on four foundation piles. The walls are almost entirely glazed, enclosing inside: two meeting rooms for 40 and 100 people, respectively, and one kitchen and restaurant to hold 300 people seated, which can be enlarged by 260 additional seats, taking advantage of the outer area of the flaps of the roof.Aprovechando la demolición de un antiguo restaurante de madera se levantó otro nuevo en el mismo lugar, imponiéndosele la condición de que su forma debía ser tal que, por sí misma, sirviera de publicidad al parque en el que está enclavado. El edificio es de un solo nivel, con una cubierta formada por dos paraboloides hiperbólicos enlazados que semejan dos alas. Dichos paraboloides presentan bordes cuadrados de acero laminado, formación de superficie de malla de cables de acero estirado en frío, recubierta con chapa perfilada, aislamiento y revestimiento de acero inoxidable. La cubierta apoya sobre cuatro pilas de cimentación. Los muros están acristalados casi en su totalidad, encerrando en su interior: dos salas de reuniones para 40 y 100 personas, respectivamente, y una cocina y restaurante con capacidad para unas 300 personas sentadas, ampliable en 260 asientos adicionales aprovechando la superficie exterior de los faldones de la cubierta.

BILL MUNDY THEORY, EFFECTIVE RAKE ANGLE CUTTING TOOLS IN COPPER ALLOYS TEORIA DE BILL MUNDY Y EL ANGULO EFECTIVO DE ATAQUE DE HERRAMIENTAS DE CORTE EN ALEACIONES DE COBRE

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Juan Miguel Godoy R

2007-08-01

Full Text Available Magazines like American Machinist and Manufacturing Engineering, have explained the Bill Mundy theory about the effective rake angle of cutting tools. These articles show the effective rake angle of cutting tools for carbon steel, steel , alloys, cast iron, aluminium and stainless steel. In the present work the theory is applied to cutting tools used in brass and bronze. The effective rake angle for these materials was obtained with the tensile stress test. The rake angles in the cutting tools were made in a Universal Grinding Machine Heiler. Finally, the power consumption was measured in a CNC Lathe. Tools with commercial rake angles from bibliography were compared with tools with the experimental effective rake angle obtained from the Bill Mundy Theory. The results show that the power consumption is about 10% lower for tools with the experimental effective rake angle.Revistas como American Machinist y Manufacturing Engineering, han explicado la Teoría de Bill Mundy y el ángulo efectivo de ataque en herramientas de corte utilizadas en aceros al carbono, aceros aleados, hierro fundido, aluminio y acero inoxidable. En este trabajo, esta teoría es aplicada a herramientas de corte usadas para latón y bronce y sus resultados son comparados con los ángulos de ataque recomendados por los fabricantes de herramientas de corte. El ángulo de ataque efectivo se obtiene del ensayo de tracción del material a ser mecanizado. Los ángulos de las herramientas fueron hechos en una máquina universal de afilar Heiler. El consumo de potencia fue medido en un torno CNC. El consumo de potencia con herramientas de corte comerciales con ángulos de corte recomendados por la bibliografía existente, fue comparado con las herramientas afiladas con el ángulo de corte efectivo obtenido a través de la teoría de Bill Mundy. Los resultados indican que el consumo de potencia es un 10% menor para las herramientas afiladas con el ángulo efectivo recomendado por la

Physical and Tribological Properties of Nitrided AISI 316 Stainless Steel Balls

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Yang Shicai

2016-01-01

Full Text Available AISI 316 austenitic stainless steel balls (diameters 5.0 and 12.0 mm, typical hardness 250 HV0.3 and flat samples (20×20×2.0 mm were nitrided by a pulsed glow discharge Ar/N2 plasma. Hardness of the ball surfaces was analysed using Vickers indentation. Thermal stability of the nitrided balls (diameter 12.0 mm was studied using a furnace to heat them in air for 8 hours at temperatures up to 700.0°C and then, after cooling to room temperature, the surface hardness of the heated balls was re-measured. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to study the microstructures, composition and phase formation of the nitrided sublayers. Unlubricated pin-on-disc wear testing was used to evaluate the wear resistance of nitrided stainless steel balls (5.0 mm diameter and the results were compared with similar testing on hardened Cr-Steel balls (5 mm diameter with hardness of about 650 HV0.3. All the test results indicated that the nitrided AISI 316 austenitic stainless steel balls have advantages over the hardened Cr-Steel balls in terms of retaining high hardness after heat treatment and high resistance to sliding wear at room temperature under higher counterpart stress. These properties are expected to be beneficial for wide range of bearing applications.

In-situ investigation of martensite formation in AISI 52100 bearing steel at sub-zero Celsius temperature

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Villa, Matteo; Hansen, Mikkel Fougt; Pantleon, Karen

2013-01-01

Martensite formation in AISI 52100 bearing steel at sub-zero Celsius temperature was investigated with Vibrating Sample Magnetometry. The investigation reports the stabilization of retained austenite in quenched samples during storage at room temperature and reveals the thermally activated nature...

Electrochemical Study of Welded AISI 304 and 904L Stainless Steel in Seawater in View of Corrosion

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Richárd Székely

2010-10-01

Full Text Available This is a comparative study of the corrosion behaviour of welds in AISI 304 and AISI 904L stainless steels carried out in seawater model solution in the temperature range 5-35°C and the standard of corrosion testing of welds was followed. The corrosion rate and corrosion attack characteristics were determined for welds of the examined steels with several type of treatment. The aim of this work was to compare the steels based on their resistance against the corrosion in terms of pitting potential (Epit and repassivation potential (Erepass. Seawater is an electrochemically aggressive medium, which can initiate localised corrosion in welded stainless steels. Different electrochemical and testing methods were used, including cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS, pH measuring and penetration tests.

Effect of the oxygen partial pressure on ferritic stainless steel AISI 441 at high temperatures

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Salgado, M.F.; Carvalho, I.S.; Santos, R.S.; Correa, O.V.; Ramanathan, L.V.

2014-01-01

Stainless steels can be exposed to aggressive gases at high temperatures. To understand the behavior of oxidation of the steel AISI 441 was made oxidation at temperatures between 850 ° C and 950 ° C, at two different atmospheres: synthetic air, using tubular furnace and Argon, containing 1ppm O_2, in thermobalance. The kinetics of oxidation of the films was established by measuring the mass gain per unit of area as a function of the oxidation time. The microstructure and chemical composition of the oxides were analyzed by SEM, EDS and XRD. Chemical analysis showed that films formed on steel AISI 441 had mostly chromium oxide and the following elements: Cr, Mn, Fe, Ti and Si. Regarding the kinetics of oxidation, it was observed that in synthetic air, the steel oxidation increased gradually with the temperature, but in argon, it showed the highest oxidation at 900 ° C and the lowest oxidation at 950 ° C. (author)

Relating high-temperature flow stress of AISI 316 stainless steel to strain and strain rate

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Matteazzi, S.; Paitti, G.; Boerman, D.

1982-01-01

The authors have performed an experimental determination of tensile stress-strain curves for different strain rates (4.67 x 10 - 5 , 4.67 x 10 - 2 s - 1 ) and for a variety of temperature conditions (773-1073 K) of AISI 316H stainless steel (annealed conditions) and also a computer analysis of the experimental curves using a fitting program which takes into consideration different constitutive relations describing the plastic flow behaviour of the metals. The results show that the materials tested are clearly affected by strain rate only at the highest temperature investigated (1073 K) and that the plastic strain is the more significant variable. Of the constitutive equations considered, Voce's relation gives the best fit for the true stress-time-strain curves. However, the Ludwik and Ludwigson equations also provide a description of the experimental data, whereas Hollomon's equation does not suitably characterize AISI 316H stainless steel and can be applied with some accuracy only at 1073 K. (author)

Impact of structure and morphology of nanostructured ceria coating on AISI 304 oxidation kinetics

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Aadhavan, R.; Suresh Babu, K.

2017-01-01

Highlights: • Ceria coating reduced the oxidation kinetics of AISI304 by 3–4 orders. • Lower deposition rate (0.1 Å/s) resulted in dense and uniform coating. • Substrate temperature of 100 °C provided coating with smaller crystallite size. • Surface morphology of the coating has strong influence in oxidation protection. - Abstract: Nanostructured ceria-based coatings are shown to be protective against high-temperature oxidation of AISI 304 due to the dynamics of oxidation state and associated defects. However, the processing parameters of deposition have a strong influence in determining the structural and morphological aspects of ceria. The present work focuses on the effect of variation in substrate temperature (50–300 °C) and deposition rate (0.1–50 Å/s) of ceria in electron beam physical vapour evaporation method and correlates the changes in structure and morphology to high-temperature oxidation protection. Unlike deposition rate, substrate temperature exhibited a profound influence on crystallite size (7–18 nm) and oxygen vacancy concentration. Upon isothermal oxidation at 1243 K for 24 h, bare AISI 304 exhibited a linear mass gain with a rate constant of 3.0 ± 0.03 × 10"−"3 kg"2 m"−"4 s"−"1 while ceria coating lowered the kinetics by 3–4 orders. Though the thickness of the coating was kept constant at 2 μm, higher deposition rate offered one order lower protection due to the porous nature of the coating. Variation in the substrate temperature modulated the porosity as well as oxygen vacancy concentration and displayed the best protection for coatings deposited at moderate substrate temperature. The present work demonstrates the significance of selecting appropriate processing parameters to obtain the required morphology for efficient high-temperature oxidation protection.

Impact of structure and morphology of nanostructured ceria coating on AISI 304 oxidation kinetics

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Aadhavan, R.; Suresh Babu, K., E-mail: sureshbabu.nst@pondiuni.edu.in

2017-07-31

Highlights: • Ceria coating reduced the oxidation kinetics of AISI304 by 3–4 orders. • Lower deposition rate (0.1 Å/s) resulted in dense and uniform coating. • Substrate temperature of 100 °C provided coating with smaller crystallite size. • Surface morphology of the coating has strong influence in oxidation protection. - Abstract: Nanostructured ceria-based coatings are shown to be protective against high-temperature oxidation of AISI 304 due to the dynamics of oxidation state and associated defects. However, the processing parameters of deposition have a strong influence in determining the structural and morphological aspects of ceria. The present work focuses on the effect of variation in substrate temperature (50–300 °C) and deposition rate (0.1–50 Å/s) of ceria in electron beam physical vapour evaporation method and correlates the changes in structure and morphology to high-temperature oxidation protection. Unlike deposition rate, substrate temperature exhibited a profound influence on crystallite size (7–18 nm) and oxygen vacancy concentration. Upon isothermal oxidation at 1243 K for 24 h, bare AISI 304 exhibited a linear mass gain with a rate constant of 3.0 ± 0.03 × 10{sup −3} kg{sup 2} m{sup −4} s{sup −1} while ceria coating lowered the kinetics by 3–4 orders. Though the thickness of the coating was kept constant at 2 μm, higher deposition rate offered one order lower protection due to the porous nature of the coating. Variation in the substrate temperature modulated the porosity as well as oxygen vacancy concentration and displayed the best protection for coatings deposited at moderate substrate temperature. The present work demonstrates the significance of selecting appropriate processing parameters to obtain the required morphology for efficient high-temperature oxidation protection.

Pulse generator for bias materials in the plasma immerse ion implantation process; Generador de pulsos para polarizar materiales en el proceso de implantacion de iones inmersos en plasma

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lopez Callegas, Regulo; Valencia Alvarado, Raul; Munoz Castro, Arturo Eduardo; Godoy Cabrera, Oscar Gerardo [Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Mexico D.F. (Mexico); Moreno Saavedra, Hilda; Gonzalez Colin, Mireya; Mariano Escamilla, Hector Fernando [Instituto Tecnologico de Toluca, Estado de Mexico (Mexico)

2003-10-15

The 0-10 kV pulse generator has been designed, with 100 {mu}s duration and 1-100 Hz frequencies ranges. The use of the pulse generator is in the plasma immersed ion implantation technique (P III). The process was realized in 304 austenitic stainless steel, the results were analyzed by: SEM, X-rays diffraction and hardness Vickers. The hardness was increased due to the efficiency of the pulse generator and P III process, the results obtained showed that the nitrogen inside the stainless steel was implanted and besides some nitrides was formed and therefore the hardness was increased. Also, the more adequate work pressure was determined to carry out the P III process. [Spanish] Se presenta el diseno de un generador de pulsos de alto voltaje con amplitudes controladas de hasta 10 kV, la duracion maxima de los pulsos es del orden de los 100 {mu}s y frecuencia de repeticion en el intervalo de 1-100 Hz. La aplicacion de este generador de pulsos es para el proceso de implantacion de iones en materiales inmersos en plasmas (PIII). Los analisis hechos a los aceros austeniticos cedula 304 mediante microscopia electronica de barrido, difraccion de rayos X y dureza Vickers, muestran la eficiencia obtenida con el generador de pulsos en el proceso PIII, debido a que en el acero inoxidable se presenta un incremento en el nitrogeno y conformacion de algunos nitruros, lo cual da lugar al incremento de la dureza. Asimismo, se determino la presion de trabajo mas adecuada para llevar a cabo el proceso PIII.

Effect of mechanical activation on jell boronizing treatment of the AISI 4140

Science.gov (United States)

Yılmaz, S. O.; Karataş, S.

2013-06-01

The article presents the effect of mechanical activation on the growth kinetics of boride layer of boronized AISI 4140 steel. The samples were boronized by ferroboron + (SiO2-Na2O) powders for 873-1173 K temperature and 2, 4, 6 and 8 h times, respectively. The morphology and types of borides formed on the surface of AISI 4140 steel substrate were analyzed. Layer growth kinetics were analyzed by measuring the extent of penetration of FeB and Fe2B sublayers as function of treatment time and temperature in the range of 873-1173 K. High diffusivity was obtained by creating a large number of defects through mechanical activation in the form of nanometer sized crystalline particles through the repeated fracturing and cold-welding of the powder particles, and a depth of 100 μm was found in the specimen borided by the 2 h MA powders, for 4 h and 1073 K, where 2000-2350 HV were measured. Consequently, the application conditions of boronizing were improved by usage of mechanical activation. The preferred Fe2B boride without FeB could be formed in the boride layer under 973 K boronizing temperature by mechanically activated by ferroboron + sodium silicate powder mixture due to the decrease of the activation energy.

Improving by postoxidation of corrosion resistance of plasma nitrocarburized AISI 316 stainless steels

Science.gov (United States)

Yenilmez, A.; Karakan, M.; Çelik, İ.

2017-01-01

Austenitic stainless steels are widely used in several industries such as chemistry, food, health and space due to their perfect corrosion resistance. However, in addition to corrosion resistance, the mechanic and tribological features such as wear resistance and friction are required to be good in the production and engineering of this type of machines, equipment and mechanic parts. In this study, ferritic (FNC) and austenitic (ANC) nitrocarburizing were applied on AISI 316 stainless steel specimens with perfect corrosion resistance in the plasma environment at the definite time (4 h) and constant gas mixture atmosphere. In order to recover corrosion resistance which was deteriorated after nitrocarburizing again, plasma postoxidation process (45 min) was applied. After the duplex treatment, the specimens' structural analyses with XRD and SEM methods, corrosion analysis with polarization method and surface hardness with microhardness method were examined. At the end of the studies, AISI 316 surface hardness of stainless steel increased with nitrocarburizing process, but the corrosion resistance was deteriorated with FNC (570 °C) and ANC (670 °C) nitrocarburizing. With the following of the postoxidation treatment, it was detected that the corrosion resistance became better and it approached its value before the process.

The electrochemical behaviour of stainless steel AISI 304 in alkaline solutions with different pH in the presence of chlorides

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Freire, L.; Carmezim, M.J.; Ferreira, M.G.S.; Montemor, M.F.

2011-01-01

Highlights: → The passivation and passivation breakdown of AISI 304 in alkaline solutions with different pH was studied. → The electrochemical behaviour and the corrosion resistance in chloride environments were evaluated using d.c. potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. → The results were modelled using a hierarchically distributed circuit and revealed a more susceptible surface at pH 9. → The passive film characterization was carried out by SEM and EDS analysis, revealing the existence of MnS inclusions and the increase of Cr/Fe ratio in the attacked areas, preferably the vicinity of those inclusions. - Abstract: Nowadays, stainless steel reinforcements appear as an effective solution to increase the durability of reinforced concrete structures exposed to very aggressive environments. AISI 304 is widely used for this purpose. Although the improved durability of reinforcing AISI 304, when compared to carbon steel, there is a high probability of pitting susceptibility in the presence of chlorides. Thus, the present work aims at studying the passivation and passivation breakdown of AISI 304 in alkaline solutions of different pH (pH from 13 to 9), simulating the interstitial concrete electrolyte. These solutions were contaminated with different concentrations of chloride ions (3% and 10%, as NaCl). The electrochemical behaviour was evaluated by d.c. potentiodynamic polarization and by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The morphological features and the changes observed in the surface composition were evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) together with EDS chemical analysis. The results evidence that pH plays an important role in the evolution of the film resistance and charge transfer processes. Moreover, the effect is highly dependent upon the chloride content and immersion time.

Application of the EPR technique in welded couplings in 08X18H10T (AISI 321) stainless steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fuentes, D.A.; Menendez, C.M.; Dominguez, H.; Sendoya, F.

1993-01-01

Stainless steel samples, one AISI 304 and the other 08X18H10T of Soviet origin (equivalent to AISI 320) were welded for the TIG method, submitted to a thermal treatment in order to its sensitization against the intergranular corrosion, then the samples were submitted to the EPR technique in order to establish the sensitization degree which is an indicative of susceptibility to intergranular corrosion. The result were corroborated by two different methodologies, the ASTM A262 standard and the soviet standard GOST 6032-89. The state of the tested surface was analyzed using optical microscopy in order to quantify the number of pricking since its presence disturbs the normalized charge, Pa. (Author)

Processing of plane strain compression test results for investigation of AISI-304 stainless steel constitutive behavior

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Aksenov, Sergey A.; Puzino, Yuriy A.; Bober, Stanislav A.; Kliber, Jiri

2015-01-01

The paper is oriented toward the determination of constitutive equation constants by the inverse analysis of plane strain compression test results. The interpretation of such results is complicated by the inhomogeneity of strain rate distribution in the specimen caused by rigid ends, the lateral spreading of a specimen friction and the variation of temperature during the test. The results of plane strain compression tests of AISI-304 stainless steel are presented and significant deviations of temperature are observed at higher strain rates. Finite element simulation was performed to estimate the inhomogeneity of strain rate within the specimen and evaluate the effect of friction on the test results. Constitutive equations of the material were obtained by inverse analysis minimizing the deviations between the measured load values and the ones predicted by numerical simulation. Keywords: PSCT, AISI-304, Gleeble, constitutive equations, hot forming, FEM, inverse analysis.

Microstructural interpretation of the fluence and temperature dependence of the mechanical properties of irradiated AISI 316

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Johnson, G.D.; Garner, F.A.; Brager, H.R.; Fish, R.L.

1980-01-01

The effects of neutron irradiation on the mechanical properties of annealed and 20% cold-worked AISI 316 irradiated in EBR-II were determined for the temperature regime of 370 to 760 0 C for fluences up to 8.4 x 10 22 n/cm 2 (E > 0.1 MeV). At irradiation temperatures below about 500 0 C, both annealed and cold-worked material exhibit a substantial increase in the flow stress with increasing fluence. Furthermore, both materials eventually exhibit the same flow stress, which is independent of fluence. At temperatures in the range of 538 to 650 0 C, the cold-worked material exhibits a softening with increasing fluence. Annealed AISI 316 in this temperature regime exhibits hardening and at a fluence of 2 to 3 x 10 22 n/cm 2 (E > 0.1 MeV) reaches the same value of flow stress as the cold-worked material

Análisis termodinámico de la descarburación de aceros

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Gómez-Acebo, T.

2000-06-01

Full Text Available It is necessary to study both the equilibrium and the kinetics of gas-solid reaction in order to control the carbon content of powder metallurgy steels during sintering. In this paper a thermodynamic study is given. Several atmospheres are used in industrial practice, that can contain CO, CO2, CH4 or H2. With the aid of powerful software for thermodynamic calculations as Thermo-Calc, it is possible to do estimations of complex equilibria. It has been proved that representations of the phase diagram of a steel in the potentials space carbon activity vs. 1/T can help to select gas atmospheres. Here both a graphical and an analytical method are presented for calculating carbon activity as a function of the partial pressures ratios p(CO/ p(CO2 and p(CH4/p(H2. As an example, the decarburation control in pure iron and in certain Fe-Cu and Fe-Cr alloys is studied.

El control del contenido en carbono en aceros pulvimetalúrgicos durante el tratamiento de sinterización requiere plantear el equilibrio y la cinética de la reacción del metal con la fase gaseosa. En este artículo se aborda el estudio termodinámico. En la práctica industrial se suelen emplear diferentes atmósferas, que pueden contener CO, CO2, CH4 ó H2. Con ayuda de programas de cálculos termodinámicos como Thermo-Calc, es posible realizar estimaciones complejas de equilibrio. Se ha comprobado que la representación del diagrama de fases de un acero en el espacio de coordenadas potenciales actividad de carbono frente a 1/T facilita la selección de las atmósferas gaseosas de reacción. Se presenta también el modo de calcular analítica y gráficamente la actividad de carbono en función de la relación de presiones parciales p(CO/p(CO2 y p(CH4/ p(H2. Como ejemplo, se ha estudiado el control de la descarburación en el hierro puro y en las aleaciones Fe-Cu y Fe-Cr.

Control de la descomposición anisotérmica de la austenita en ferrita acicular buscando la combinación óptima de propiedades mecánicas en un acero microaleado de forja

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García de Andrés, C.

2001-04-01

Full Text Available The aim of this work is to study the anisothermal decomposition of austenite at two different austenisation conditions in a medium carbon microalloyed steel. In this sense, continuous cooling transformation diagrams (CCT have been obtained for both austenisation conditions to determine the continuous cooling that allows the formation of a microstructure mainly formed of acicular ferrite with the best mechanical properties.The knowledge of the anisothermal decomposition oí austenite in this steel has allowed to propose continuous cooling cycles for industrial aplication. That produce high volume fraction of acicular ferrite.

El propósito del presente trabajo es estudiar la descomposición anisotérmica de la austenita de un acero microaleado de contenido medio en carbono para dos diferentes condiciones de austenización. Con este objeto se han construido los diagramas CCT del acero para ambos estados de austenización y se han establecido las condiciones de enfriamiento que permiten la formación de microestructuras constituidas mayoritariamente por ferrita acicular con propiedades mecánicas óptimas. El conocimiento de la evolución de las transformaciones anisotérmicas de este acero, ha permitido encontrar ciclos de enfriamiento continuo, aplicables en procesos industriales, para obtener directamente microestructuras con un alto porcentaje de ferrita acicular.

Fluidos iónicos en lubricación de contactos aluminio-acero : interacciones superficiales y triboquímicas

OpenAIRE

Jiménez Ballesta, Ana Eva

2009-01-01

Los líquidos iónicos (LI) son fluidos de altas prestaciones con un amplio rango de estabilidad térmica. Actualmente están siendo objeto de estudio en una gran variedad de contactos, siendo una de sus aplicaciones tribológicas más interesante la lubricación del contacto aluminio-acero. En este trabajo se estudia la influencia de la longitud de la cadena lateral del catión y de la naturaleza del anión sobre la capacidad lubricante de 6 LI derivados del catión imidazolio, un derivado de piridini...

Vacancy clustering behavior in hydrogen-charged martensitic steel AISI 410 under tensile deformation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sugita, K; Mutou, Y; Shirai, Y

2016-01-01

The formation and accumulation of defects under tensile deformation of hydrogen- charged AISI 410 martensitic steels were investigated by using positron lifetime spectroscopy. During the deformation process, dislocations and vacancy-clusters were introduced and increased with increasing strains. Between hydrogen-charged and uncharged samples with the same tensile strains there was no significant difference in the dislocation density and monovacancy equivalent vacancy density. (paper)

Cladding of Ni superalloy powders on AISI 4140 steel with concentrated solar energy

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Fernandez, B.J.; Lopez, V.; Vazquez, A.J. [Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metalurgicas, CENIM-CSIC, Madrid (Spain); Martinez, D. [Plataforma Solar de Almeria, Tabernas Almeria (Spain)

1998-05-12

The present work deals with Ni alloy cladding on AISI 4140 steel samples made with high power density concentrated solar beams. The quality of the cladding is high concerning the adherence, low dilution and high hardness of the coating. Some considerations are presented concerning the future of high power density beams related to SUrface Modification of Metallic mAterials with SOLar Energy (SUMMA cum SOLE)

Kajian Aus Pahat pada pembubutan Baja Aisi 4340 Menggunakan Pahat Karbida PVD Berlapis

OpenAIRE

Carnegie, Dale

2017-01-01

120401084 Pada industri pemotongan logam, cairan pendingin banyak digunakan untuk memperoleh umur pahat yang lebih lama, tetapi cairan pendingin yang digunakan pada proses pemotongan logam mempunyai beberapa dampak negatif bagi kesehatan dan lingkungan. Oleh karena itu dilakukan permesinan kering pada penelitian ini untuk membuat proses pemotongan logam yang bersih dan aman terhadap lingkungan. Proses pembubutan dilakukan juga dengan permesinan keras untuk membubut material baja AISI 4340 ...

Formação de biofilme em aço inoxidável por Aeromonas hydrophila e Staphylococcus aureus usando leite e diferentes condições de cultivo Biofilm formation by Aeromonas hydrophila and Staphylococcus aureus on stainless steel using milk and different conditions of cultivation

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Cleube Andrade Boari

2009-12-01

Full Text Available O objetivo desta pesquisa consistiu em avaliar a formação de biofilme em aço inoxidável por Aeromonas hydrophila e Staphylococcus aureus usando leite e diferentes condições de cultivo. As variáveis em estudo consistem no cultivo monoespécie e combinado, dos referidos microrganismos e nas temperaturas de 4, 7 e 18 °C. Recipientes contendo 1000 mL de leite, densidade populacional de 10(5 UFC.mL-1 de cada microrganismo e 10 cupons de aço inoxidável (10 × 20 mm foram lacrados e armazenados, sob agitação de 60 rpm, por um período de 10 dias. As análises ocorreram a cada 48 horas. Células sésseis de A.hydrophila e S. aureus foram enumeradas através do plaqueamento seletivo em ágar m-Aeromonas selective e Baird-Parker, respectivamente. Estudos sobre o tempo de geração, enumeração de células planctônicas e observação dos cupons através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura foram conduzidos. S. aureus, em monocultivo, formou biofilme a 18 °C e a 7 °C. Para 4 °C, foi observado um processo de adesão. A presença de A. hydrophila reduziu o desempenho de S. aureus. Nesta condição de cultivo multiespécie houve formação de biofilme a 18 °C. A. hydrophila, tanto em monocultivo quanto em presença de S. aureus, formou biofilme em todas as condições pesquisadas.The aim of this research was to verify the capability of biofilm formation on stainless steel by Aeromonas hydrophila and Staphylococcus aureus using milk and different conditions of cultivation. The variables consisted in mono and multi-species cultivation of these microorganisms and in the temperatures of 4, 7 and 18 °C. Containers containing 1000 mL of milk, population density of 10(5 CFU.mL-1 of each microorganism, and ten suspended chips of stainless steel AISI 304 (10 × 20 mm were used to seal up and storage, under 60 rpm of agitation for 10 days. The analyses were conducted every 48 hours. Sessile cells of A. hydrophila and S. aureus and were enumerated

X-Ray diffraction application in studying the nitrogen fixing and aging in stainless steel AISI 304

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ramos, L.F.V.

1973-01-01

Solid solutions of N in AISI-304 stainless steels were aged to different degrees. The aging was monitored through X-Ray difraction measurement of the lattice parameter 'a'. The increases in 'a', due to the increase of N in solid solution were determined experimentally

Avaliação do coeficiente de atrito de braquetes metálicos e estéticos com fios de aço inoxidável e beta-titânio Evaluation of the friction coefficient of metal and esthetic brackets with stainless steel and beta-titanium wires

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Cristine Pritsch Braga

2004-12-01

Full Text Available Um fator importante que define a eficácia dos aparelhos ortodônticos fixos é o atrito existente entre as superfícies de fios e braquetes. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo investigar o coeficiente de atrito estático entre fios de aço inoxidável e beta-titânio (TP Orthodontics e braquetes de aço inoxidável (Dynalock® - Unitek, braquetes estéticos com slot de aço inoxidável (Clarity® - Unitek e estéticos convencionais (Allure® - GAC. Para tanto, construiu-se um equipamento no Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica e Mecatrônica da PUCRS. Antes de serem iniciados os testes, foi quantificado o erro de método e constatou-se que não houve interferência significante (p>0,05 do fator operador nas medições. Então, pôde-se calcular o valor do coeficiente de atrito, obtido pela divisão da força de atrito pela carga normal. O método estatístico utilizado neste estudo foi Análise de Variância (ANOVA e teste de Comparações Múltiplas (Tukey. Constatou-se que: 1 a combinação com menor coeficiente de atrito foi composta pelo fio de aço inoxidável e braquete Dynalock® e a que apresentou maior coeficiente foi a do braquete Allure® com o fio de beta-titânio; 2 o fio de beta-titânio apresentou coeficiente de atrito significativamente maior do que o fio de aço inoxidável; 3 o braquete Dynalock® não apresentou diferenças significativas em relação ao coeficiente de atrito do braquete Clarity® quando o fio utilizado foi de beta-titânio. No entanto, quando o fio testado foi de aço inoxidável, apresentou coeficiente de atrito significativamente menor. O braquete Clarity® apresentou coeficiente de atrito significativamente menor do que o braquete Allure®.An important factor that defines the effectiveness of the appliances is the friction between the surfaces of wires and brackets. Thus, that study was developed in order to investigate the static friction coefficient between stainless steel and beta-titanium wires (TP

Effect of cerium and lanthanum on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AISI D2 tool steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hamidzadeh, Mohammad Ali; Meratian, Mahmood; Saatchi, Ahmad

2013-01-01

AISI D2 tool steel has excellent wear resistance with high dimensional stability. This type of steel is suitable for making molds. This paper describes investigations into the effect of adding Ce/La on microstructure of AISI D2 type cold work tool steels obtained by means of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) and image analyzer. The results showed that after modification with Ce/La, the morphology, size and distribution of M 7 C 3 carbides change greatly. The carbide network tends to break, and all carbides are refined and distributed homogeneously in the matrix, and also reduce the size of chromium carbides and increase the dissolution of carbides during heat treatment. The results of mechanical tests show that the toughness of the alloy increased about 75% without reducing the hardness of the alloy

Some pitfalls in welding of duplex stainless steels Algumas armadilhas na soldagem de aços inoxidáveis duplex

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Demian J. Kotecki

2010-12-01

Full Text Available Duplex stainless steels (DSS, including super duplex stainless steels {SDSS} have proven to be very useful engineering materials, albeit with somewhat different welding requirements than those of the more familiar austenitic stainless steels. Despite a generally good track record in welding of duplex stainless steels, certain pitfalls have been encountered with enough frequency that they deserve review. Inappropriate base metal specification often leads to unsuitable heat affected zone (HAZ properties. Autogenous fusion zones are also of concern. This issue centers around nitrogen limits. The most frequently encountered is applying the UNS S31803 composition for 2205 DSS, instead of the S32205 composition. Inappropriate welding heat input arises most frequently with SDSS. While 0.5 to 1.5 kJ/mm is a normal heat input recommendation for SDSS, either a root pass or many small beads towards the low end of this heat input range tends to result in precipitation and/or secondary austenite formation in weld metal subjected to repeated thermal cycles from multiple weld passes. Inappropriate PWHT occurs when the enhanced nickel filler metals (typically 9% Ni are used. DSS are not normally given PWHT, but extensive forming of heads, for example, or repair welding of castings, may require a postweld anneal. Specifications such as ASTM A790 and A890 call for annealing at 1040ºC minimum, and the fabricator tends to use temperatures close to that minimum. However, the enhanced nickel filler metals require higher temperatures to dissolve sigma phase that forms during heating to the annealing temperature.Aços inoxidáveis duplex (AID, incluindo os aços super duplex, AISD provaram ser materiais de engenharia muito úteis, embora com requerimentos de soldagem em alguma medida diferentes daqueles dos aços inoxidáveis austeníticos mais usuais. Apesar do histórico geralmente bom dos aços inoxidáveis duplex quanto a soldagem, algumas dificuldades têm sido

Resistência à corrosão de aços inoxidáveis em solução sintética de condensado de álcool combustível

OpenAIRE

Menezes, Marcela Rabelo

2010-01-01

A necessidade de atender as exigências impostas por órgãos ambientais no que se refere à emissão de poluentes gasosos e à demanda dos consumidores por veículos mais econômicos e mais duráveis, principalmente no que diz respeito à maior resistência à corrosão, tem promovido pesquisas para a substituição de materiais tradicionais nos sistemas de exaustão de veículos procurando atingir um custo-benefício favorável. Nesse contexto estão inseridos os aços inoxidáveis que têm elevadas resistência m...

Microstructural evolution and precipitation behavior in heat affected zone of Inconel 625 and AISI 904L dissimilar welds

Science.gov (United States)

Senthur Prabu, S.; Devendranath Ramkumar, K.; Arivazhagan, N.

2017-11-01

In the present investigation an attempt has been made to join the dissimilar combination of Inconel 625 super alloy and super austenitic stainless steel (AISI 904L) using manual multi-pass continuous current gas tungsten arc (CCGTA) welding processes. Two different filler wires such as ERNiCrMo-4 and ERNiCrCoMo-1 have been used to compare the metallurgical properties of these welded joints. Both optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy techniques were adopted to disseminate the microstructure traits of these weldments. Formation of secondary phases at the HAZ and weld interface of AISI 904L was witnessed while using the ERNiCrCoMo-1 filler, along with Solidification Grain Boundary (SGB) and Migrated Grain Boundary (MGB) were also observed at the weld zone.

OPTIMIZATION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF AISI 304 AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL IN DRY TURNING OPERATION USING TAGUCHI DESIGN METHOD

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D. PHILIP SELVARAJ

2010-09-01

Full Text Available The present work is concentrated with the dry turning of AISI 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel (ASS. This paper presents the influence of cutting parameters like cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut on the surface roughness of austenitic stainless steel during dry turning. A plan of experiments based on Taguchi’s technique has been used to acquire the data. An orthogonal array, the signal to noise (S/N ratio and the analysis of variance (ANOVA are employed to investigate the cutting characteristics of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel bars using TiC and TiCN coated tungsten carbide cutting tool. Finally the confirmation tests that have been carried out to compare the predicted values with the experimental values confirm its effectiveness in the analysis of surface roughness.

Effect of Friction Coefficient on the Small Punch Creep Behavior of AISI 316L Stainless Steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kim, Bum-Joon; Cho, Nam-Hyuck; Kim, Moon-K; Lim, Byeong-Soo

2011-01-01

Small punch creep testing has received attention due to the convenience of using smaller specimens than those of conventional uniaxial creep tests, which enables creep testing on developing or currently operational components. However, precedent studies have shown that it is necessary to consider friction between the punch and specimen when computing uniaxial equivalent stress from a finite element model. In this study, small punch creep behaviors of AISI 316L stainless steel, which is widely used in high temperature-high pressure machineries, have been compared for the two different ceramic balls such as Si 3 N 4 and Al 2 O 3 . The optimal range of the friction coefficient is 0.4⁓0.5 at 650°C for the best fit between experimental and simulation data of AISI 316 L stainless steel. The higher the friction coefficient, the longer the creep rupture time is. Therefore, the type of ceramic ball used must be specified for standardization of small punch creep testing.

Desenvolvimento da ferrita delta na solda e ZTA resultante de soldagem plasma pulsada em um aço inoxidável supermartensítico Delta-ferrite development in weld and HAZ produced by pulsed plasma arc welding in a supermartensitic stainless steel

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sérgio L. Henke

2013-03-01

Full Text Available A ferrita delta é considerada uma fase indesejável na microestrutura dos aços inoxidáveis martensíticos haja vista a mesma poder influenciar no desempenho da resistência à fadiga, tenacidade e corrosão sob-tensão. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o efeito da soldagem plasma pulsada sobre a distribuição e quantidade de ferrita delta em um aço inoxidável supermartensítico. Para tal foram obtidos cordões por meio de fusão superficial sobre uma amostra de aço inoxidável supermartensítico de alta liga utilizando corrente pulsada e convencional. Em seguida foi efetuada a caracterização microestrutural, em especial da ferrita delta, via análises metalográficas por meio de microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura . Os experimentos revelaram que, para o mesmo aporte térmico, a pulsação de corrente promoveu a formação de ferrita delta na forma de bandas ao longo do cordão de solda e redução significativa desta fase na ZTA quando comparada à soldagem convencional.The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of pulsed plasma welding on the distribution and amount of delta ferrite which is considered an undesirable phase in a supermartensitic stainless steel. For such weld beads have been obtained by melting the surface of a sample of a high-alloy supermartensitic stainless steel using pulsed and conventional current. Microstructural characterization, especially of delta ferrite, was performed by metallographic analysis by means of optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The experiments showed that for the same heat input, pulsed current promoted the formation of delta ferrite in the form of bands along the weld bead and caused a significant reduction of this phase in HAZ as compared to conventional welding.

Behaviour under fatigue of AISI 304-L stainless steel welded joints

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Scal, M.W.; Joia, C.J.B.M.; Sousa e Silva, A.S. de

1979-01-01

The fatigue behaviour at room temperature of AISI-304-L stainless steel welded joints obtained by two distinct welding methods was studied. The results obtained were compared to those characteristic of the base metal. The welded joint fatigue samples were rectified in order to eliminate the effect of the welded seam geometry. It was concluded that the mechanisms of fatigue crack start in this case is commanded by the austenitic matrix, there being no influence of the delta ferrite rate and distribution present at the melted zone. (Author) [pt

On the tempered martensite embrittlement in AISI 4140 low alloy steel

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Darwish, F.A. (Dept. of Materials Science and Metallurgy, Catholic Univ., Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil)); Pereira, L.C.; Gatts, C. (Dept. of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Federal Univ., Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil)); Graca, M.L. (Materials Div., Technical Aerospace Center, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP (Brazil))

1991-02-01

In the present investigation the Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) technique was used to determine local carbon and phosphorus concentrations on the fracture surfaces of as-quenched and quenched-and-tempered (at 350deg C) AISI 4140 steel specimens austenitized at low and high temperatures. The AES results were rationalized to conclude that, although carbide growth as well as phosphorus segregation are expected to contribute to tempered martensite embrittlement, carbide precipitation on prior austenite grain boundaries during tempering is seen to be the microstructural change directly responsible for the occurrence of the referred embrittlement phenomenon. (orig.).

Effect of mechanical activation on jell boronizing treatment of the AISI 4140

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yılmaz, S.O.; Karataş, S.

2013-01-01

The article presents the effect of mechanical activation on the growth kinetics of boride layer of boronized AISI 4140 steel. The samples were boronized by ferroboron + (SiO 2 –Na 2 O) powders for 873–1173 K temperature and 2, 4, 6 and 8 h times, respectively. The morphology and types of borides formed on the surface of AISI 4140 steel substrate were analyzed. Layer growth kinetics were analyzed by measuring the extent of penetration of FeB and Fe 2 B sublayers as function of treatment time and temperature in the range of 873–1173 K. High diffusivity was obtained by creating a large number of defects through mechanical activation in the form of nanometer sized crystalline particles through the repeated fracturing and cold-welding of the powder particles, and a depth of 100 μm was found in the specimen borided by the 2 h MA powders, for 4 h and 1073 K, where 2000–2350 HV were measured. Consequently, the application conditions of boronizing were improved by usage of mechanical activation. The preferred Fe 2 B boride without FeB could be formed in the boride layer under 973 K boronizing temperature by mechanically activated by ferroboron + sodium silicate powder mixture due to the decrease of the activation energy.

Effect of mechanical activation on jell boronizing treatment of the AISI 4140

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Yılmaz, S.O., E-mail: osyilmaz@firat.edu.tr [F.U. Engineering Faculty, Metallurgical and Material Science, 23119 Elazığ (Turkey); Karataş, S. [F.U. Engineering Faculty, Metallurgical and Material Science, 23119 Elazığ (Turkey)

2013-06-15

The article presents the effect of mechanical activation on the growth kinetics of boride layer of boronized AISI 4140 steel. The samples were boronized by ferroboron + (SiO{sub 2}–Na{sub 2}O) powders for 873–1173 K temperature and 2, 4, 6 and 8 h times, respectively. The morphology and types of borides formed on the surface of AISI 4140 steel substrate were analyzed. Layer growth kinetics were analyzed by measuring the extent of penetration of FeB and Fe{sub 2}B sublayers as function of treatment time and temperature in the range of 873–1173 K. High diffusivity was obtained by creating a large number of defects through mechanical activation in the form of nanometer sized crystalline particles through the repeated fracturing and cold-welding of the powder particles, and a depth of 100 μm was found in the specimen borided by the 2 h MA powders, for 4 h and 1073 K, where 2000–2350 HV were measured. Consequently, the application conditions of boronizing were improved by usage of mechanical activation. The preferred Fe{sub 2}B boride without FeB could be formed in the boride layer under 973 K boronizing temperature by mechanically activated by ferroboron + sodium silicate powder mixture due to the decrease of the activation energy.

Factors Affecting Optimal Surface Roughness of AISI 4140 Steel in Turning Operation Using Taguchi Experiment

Science.gov (United States)

Novareza, O.; Sulistiyarini, D. H.; Wiradmoko, R.

2018-02-01

This paper presents the result of using Taguchi method in turning process of medium carbon steel of AISI 4140. The primary concern is to find the optimal surface roughness after turning process. The taguchi method is used to get a combination of factors and factor levels in order to get the optimum surface roughness level. Four important factors with three levels were used in experiment based on Taguchi method. A number of 27 experiments were carried out during the research and analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) method. The result of surface finish was determined in Ra type surface roughness. The depth of cut was found to be the most important factors for reducing the surface roughness of AISI 4140 steel. On the contrary, the other important factors i.e. spindle speed and rake side angle of the tool were proven to be less factors that affecting the surface finish. It is interesting to see the effect of coolant composition that gained the second important factors to reduce the roughness. It may need further research to explain this result.

Modeling of the flow stress for AISI H13 Tool Steel during Hard Machining Processes

Science.gov (United States)

Umbrello, Domenico; Rizzuti, Stefania; Outeiro, José C.; Shivpuri, Rajiv

2007-04-01

In general, the flow stress models used in computer simulation of machining processes are a function of effective strain, effective strain rate and temperature developed during the cutting process. However, these models do not adequately describe the material behavior in hard machining, where a range of material hardness between 45 and 60 HRC are used. Thus, depending on the specific material hardness different material models must be used in modeling the cutting process. This paper describes the development of a hardness-based flow stress and fracture models for the AISI H13 tool steel, which can be applied for range of material hardness mentioned above. These models were implemented in a non-isothermal viscoplastic numerical model to simulate the machining process for AISI H13 with various hardness values and applying different cutting regime parameters. Predicted results are validated by comparing them with experimental results found in the literature. They are found to predict reasonably well the cutting forces as well as the change in chip morphology from continuous to segmented chip as the material hardness change.

Modeling of the flow stress for AISI H13 Tool Steel during Hard Machining Processes

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Umbrello, Domenico; Rizzuti, Stefania; Outeiro, Jose C.; Shivpuri, Rajiv

2007-01-01

In general, the flow stress models used in computer simulation of machining processes are a function of effective strain, effective strain rate and temperature developed during the cutting process. However, these models do not adequately describe the material behavior in hard machining, where a range of material hardness between 45 and 60 HRC are used. Thus, depending on the specific material hardness different material models must be used in modeling the cutting process. This paper describes the development of a hardness-based flow stress and fracture models for the AISI H13 tool steel, which can be applied for range of material hardness mentioned above. These models were implemented in a non-isothermal viscoplastic numerical model to simulate the machining process for AISI H13 with various hardness values and applying different cutting regime parameters. Predicted results are validated by comparing them with experimental results found in the literature. They are found to predict reasonably well the cutting forces as well as the change in chip morphology from continuous to segmented chip as the material hardness change

Tribological behavior of an austenitic stainless steel AISI 316L nitrurated by DC-pulsed plasma

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

De Las Heras, E; Walther, F; Corengia, P.A; Quinteiro, M.O; Cabo, A; Bruhl, S; Sommadossi, S

2004-01-01

Austenitic stainless steels are widely used in different applications because they withstands corrosion. Ionic nitruration has proven to be an adequate technique for modifying this type of steel, in order to improve its resistance to wear without diminishing its resistance to corrosion. While many publications have reported improvements in the tribological properties of the nitrurated AISI 316, systematic studies that evaluate this behavior using industrial equipment for its thermochemical treatment are of interest. This work studied the tribological behavior of an AISI 316L steel nitrurated by DC pulsed plasma in an industrial machine in an atmosphere of 25% N 2 and 75% H 2 for 20 h at 400 o C by means of abrasion tests under different conditions in an A 135 Amsler-disk machine. In order to characterize the abraded samples microhardness, optic and scanning electron microscopy profiles to determine the abrasion mechanisms were performed. The results showed substantial improvement in the abrasion resistance of the nitrurated samples compared to the non nitrurated ones and the different abrasion mechanisms are discussed to explain the test results (CW)

Fricção em braquetes gerada por fios de aço inoxidável, superelásticos com IonGuard e sem IonGuard Friction force on brackets generated by stainless steel wire and superelastic wires with and without IonGuard

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Luiz Carlos Campos Braga

2011-08-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVO: o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a fricção no braquete (Roth, Composite, 10.17.005, 3,2mm, largura 0,022" x 0,030", Torque -2° e angulação +13°, Morelli®, Brasil, utilizando fios ortodônticos retangulares de 0,019" x 0,025" de aço inoxidável (Morelli®, Brasil e de níquel-titânio superelásticos Bioforce com IonGuard e sem IonGuard (Bioforce, GAC®, EUA. MÉTODOS: foram utilizados 24 conjuntos braquetes/segmento de fio, divididos em 3 grupos de acordo com o fio. Cada conjunto braquete/segmento de fio foi testado 3 vezes e obtida uma média. Os ensaios foram realizados em máquina universal de ensaios EMIC DL2000®. Os dados foram submetidos à Análise de Variância com significância de 95%. RESULTADOS: o fio retangular Bioforce com IonGuard apresentou fricção significativamente menor que o Bioforce sem IonGuard, porém sem diferença do fio de aço inoxidável. Entretanto, o coeficiente de variação dos fios Bioforce com e sem IonGuard foi menor que o do fio de aço inoxidável. CONCLUSÃO: os fios retangulares de 0,019" x 0,025" Bioforce com IonGuard apresentam menor fricção que o fio Bioforce sem IonGuard, sem diferença para o fio de aço inoxidável.OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the friction forces on brackets (Roth, Composite, 10.17.005, 3.2 mm, width 0.022" x 0.030 ", Torque -2° and angulation +13°, Morelli®, Brazil, with stainless steel orthodontic rectangular wire (Morelli®, Brazil and nickel titanium superelastic Bioforce wires with and without IonGuard (Bioforce, GAC®, USA. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-four brackets/wire segment combinations were used, distributed into three groups according to the orthodontic wire. Each bracket/wire segment combination was tested three times. The tests were performed in a universal testing machine Emic DL2000®. The data was submitted to ANOVA one way followed by Tukey's post hoc test (p<0.05. RESULTS: The rectangular orthodontic Bioforce wire

Strain hardening behavior and microstructural evolution during plastic deformation of dual phase, non-grain oriented electrical and AISI 304 steels

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Soares, Guilherme Corrêa; Gonzalez, Berenice Mendonça; Arruda Santos, Leandro de, E-mail: leandro.arruda@demet.ufmg.br

2017-01-27

Strain hardening behavior and microstructural evolution of non-grain oriented electrical, dual phase, and AISI 304 steels, subjected to uniaxial tensile tests, were investigated in this study. Tensile tests were performed at room temperature and the strain hardening behavior of the steels was characterized by three different parameters: modified Crussard–Jaoul stages, strain hardening rate and instantaneous strain hardening exponent. Optical microscopic analysis, X-ray diffraction measurements, phase quantification by Rietveld refinement and hardness tests were also carried out in order to correlate the microstructural and mechanical responses to plastic deformation. Distinct strain hardening stages were observed in the steels in terms of the instantaneous strain hardening exponent and the strain hardening rate. The dual phase and non-grain oriented steels exhibited a two-stage strain hardening behavior while the AISI 304 steel displayed multiple stages, resulting in a more complex strain hardening behavior. The dual phase steels showed a high work hardening capacity in stage 1, which was gradually reduced in stage 2. On the other hand, the AISI 304 steel showed high strain hardening capacity, which continued to increase up to the tensile strength. This is a consequence of its additional strain hardening mechanism, based on a strain-induced martensitic transformation, as shown by the X-ray diffraction and optical microscopic analyses.