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Clinical studies have proved the effectiveness of local ablading methods in pations with non-resectable liver metastases of a colorectal carcinoma. RF ablation and LITT are a potentially curative therapy option and an alternative to systemic chemotherapy; the latter is carried out primarily for reducing tumour size with the goal of secondary resectability. The number of R0-sesectable metastases can be enhanced by a combined therapy of surgery and local ablading methods, e.g. by preoperative, intraoperative or postoperative ablasion of further non-resectable tumours during surgery. Systemic chemotherapy combined with surgery as an adjuvant method is not recommended unless in cases of non-abladable tumour recidivation. Currently, systemic chemotherapy is used as a neo-adjuvant therapy for tumour size reduction with the goal of secondary resectability or, in case of inoperability, local ablation. (orig.) [German] Abladierende ...

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To evaluate the usefulness of radiation therapy alternative to surgery for clinical N0-N1 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). From 1976 through 1989, 116 patients with NSCLC without mediastinal involvement were treated with definitive radiation therapy alone at Gunma University Hospital. All patients were treated with once-daily standard fractionation using 10 MV X-rays. The total dose ranged from 60 Gy to 80 Gy. The actuarial 2- and 5-year survival rates of the entire group were 43% and 20%, respectively with a median survival time of 19 months. The survival of 76 patients with stage T2 tumors was significantly better than that of 28 patients with T3 tumors (mean survival time 21 versus 15.5 months; p<0.05). Sixty-two patients with tumors less than 5 cm in diameter had a 2-year progression rate of 20%, in comparison with 39% of 54 patients with tumors greater than 5 cm. The difference of survivals for these 2 groups was statistically ...

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The R and D activities of the institute focused on two major projects, ``Molecular and cellular environmental toxicology``, and ``Biophysics of multi-cellular systems``. For assessment of health risks emanating from the uptake of heavy metal compounds, work performed under the first mentioned project studies the formation of allergy-inducing metabolic products from membrane lipids, and the effects of related cellular signaling processes. These studies are accompanied by an approach to quantify and classify the toxicity of environmental organometallic compounds. Another major task is research into the pathogenesis of lung disease induced by dusts, gases, and gas-dust mixtures and the liberation of inflammatory agents by immunological cell reactions (alveolar macrophages). Atomic force microscopy is the tool used to visualize the related dynamic changes in bronchial cells. Studies for detection of the localisation and structure of the Fe-Mo co-factor in nitrogenase by means of the method ...

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Patients with haemarthros of the knee were examined by MRI and arthroscopy to identify the bleeding source and to determine surgical or conservative therapy. A prospective study was performed on 120 patients who underwent MRI and arthroscopy, point lesions and bleeding sources were documented separately on a standardised form. Arthroscopy demonstrated a ruptured anterior cruciate ligament in 86%, meniscal tears in 55%, disruption of collateral ligaments in 17%, osteochondral lesions in 5% and tears of capsule or plicae in 13%. Disruption of cruciate ligaments caused haemorrhage in all but three cases. In contrast, only meniscal tears located very adjacent to the meniscal basement had bled. Those types of osteochondral lesions caused haemorrhage characterised on MRI by destruction of the subchondral plate and overlying cartilage. Severe lesions of the knee were diagnosed by MRI in 71% to 100%, slight lesions in 13% to 40% of the cases. Single, combined and bland ...

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Fundamental investigations into the biosorption of environmentally relevant heavy metals were carried out with different microbial adsorbents, and processes were proposed for industrial effluents. In order to improve the technology of biosorption processes, attempts were made to improve the sorption efficiency of biological sorbents, and investigations were carried out on the immobilisation of biological adsorbents. (orig.) [Deutsch] Es wurden Grundlagenuntersuchungen zur Biosorption von umweltrelevanten Schwermetallen mit verschiedenen mikrobiellen Adsorbentien durchgefuehrt und an technischen Abwaessern Technologievorschlaege erarbeitet. Zur Verbesserung der Technologie von Biosorptionsprozessen wurden Moeglichkeiten der Steigerung der Sorptionsleistung von Biosorbentien erarbeitet und Untersuchungen zur Immobilisierung der biologischen Adsorbentien ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Zusammenfassung Das Konzept der ?quivalenten Spannung (Vergleichsspannung) wird seit langem angewendet und hat sich bew?hrt. Ein wesentlicher Grund daf?r liegt darin, dass es u.?a. bei der Formulierung ph?nomenologischer Werkstoffmodelle weiterhilft. Von Nachteil ist, dass es weder mit physikalischen Prinzipien in Verbindung steht, noch Informationen ?ber die Mikrostruktur des Werkstoffs enth?lt. Trotzdem wurden zahlreiche Hypothesen zur Formulierung von ?quivalenten Spannungen in der Vergangenheit aufgestellt und in der Praxis mit unterschiedlichem Erfolg angewendet. Als Basis f?r die Systematisierung der zahlreichen Modelle hat Yu die Unified Strength Theory (UST) vorgeschlagen. Diese eignet sich, u.?a. inkompressibles inelastisches Materialverhalten sowie kompressible Werkstoffe mit unt...

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Purpose: Budd-Chiari syndrome is a fairly uncommon disease in Europe. This often leads to its late diagnosis. The syndrome is characterised by portal hypertension and splanchnic congestion due to obstruction of hepatic venous outflow. This paper describes the treatment of three patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome by interventional therapeutic techniques and discusses alternative treatment modalities. Patients and Methods: The first patient presented with veno-occlusive disease and was treated by the placement of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stentshunt. The second patient showed an occlusion of the major hepatic veins. After percutaneous recanalisation, a stent was placed in the right hepatic vein which remained patent. The third patient had a membranous obstruction of the right hepatic vein which was treated by percutaneous balloon dilatation. Results: In all patients the clinical symptoms resolved completely after treatment and no complications were encountered. ...

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Aim: Treatment of carcinoma of the uterine cervix by remote afterloading brachytherapy has been accompanied with new isotopes having dose rates different from the classical low-dose rate (LDR) radium source. The dose rate conversion factor from LDR to high-dose rate (HDR) found to be around 0.54 in most studies. As regards medium-dose rate (MDR) brachytherapie, the published data are very few and the experience is still short. In this study the experience of Osaka University Hospital with micro-HDR-Selectron and Selectron-MDR, as a preliminary report of the clinical trial, is presented. Results: The 3-year survival and loco-regional control rates for both modalities were nearly equivalent (62% and 67% for HDR and 68% and 74% for MDR)(totally 45 patients). The cumulative rectal and bladder complication rates were the same in both groups (29% at 3 years), with only 1 patient (MDR-group) developed grade 3 rectal and bladder complication. In this study, point A dose rate correction factor ...

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Biosorption behaviour of and toxic effects of heavy metals in submersed and immobilised microorganisms was studied in batches and in continuous processes in an airlift-recycle reactor. Nickel, cadmium, and zinc were used as heavy metals. (orig./VHE) [Deutsch] Am Beispiel einer Naphthalin-2-sulfonsaeure-abbauenden Kultur wurde das Biosorptionsverhalten und die toxische Wirkung von Schwermetallen auf submerse und immobilisierte Mikroorganismen im Batch-Ansatz und im kontinuierlichen Betrieb in einem Airlift-Schlaufenreaktor untersucht. Als Schwermetalle wurden Nickel, Cadmium und Zink eingesetzt. (orig./VHE)

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In the first part of this contribution, the definition of reference values is given and the theoretical and practical problems in the application of this concept are discussed. In this connection, the present resources on instrumentation and the technical requirements for dose assessment are described. In the second part, some consequences are taken and proposals for further actions are made. (orig.) [German] Im ersten Teil des Aufsatzes werden die Definition von Referenzwerten in der radiologischen Diagnostik untersucht und die theoretischen und praktischen Probleme der Umsetzung des gesamten Konzepts eroertert. In diesem Zusammenhang werden auch der gegenwaertige Geraetebestand und die technischen Voraussetzungen zur Dosisermittlung beschrieben. Im zweiten Teil werden daraus Schlussfolgerungen gezogen und Vorschlaege zum weiteren Vorgehen gemacht. (orig.)

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A report is given of investigations into the possibility of utilizing red mud from the Bayer process for producing Ferrari cements. On repeated burning at 1450deg C suitable mixtures of red mud with silica and lime form a clinker with a low free lime content from which Ferrari cement can be produced. The average 28-day compressive strengths of cements produced from this clinker are so encouraging that further investigations are appropriate. (orig.).

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A new procedure for an efficient and sparing cleaning procedure of turbines was developed. The procedure uses cleaning and passivation chemicals that solve effectively and homogeneously salt and ferrous oxide coatings from turbines, avoiding attacks from corrosion, plugging and unbalances. In several high-pressure and condensation turbines the cleaning procedure has been already put into practice. (orig.)

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This bibliographical study compiles and analyzes findings about the metabolism and resorption of molybdenum. Besides including studies on the physiology of molybdenum 99, a general survey is given on molybdenum in the environment and on its physiological behaviour. In particular, information on the dependence of molybdenum resorption on various factors, such as the chemical form, antagonisms etc., are gathered from literature. These factors have to be considered for sensibly carrying out necessary experiments.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Elektrochemische Potentialmessungen (auch Potentialfeldmessungen) haben sich seit Jahren bewahrt, Bereiche mit aktiver chloridinduzierter Korrosion an tausalzexponierten Bauwerken, wie z. B. Bruckentafeln sowie Zwischendecks und Bodenplatten von Parkhausern und Tiefgaragen nachzuweisen. Bereits 1990 erschien die erste Fassung des Merkblatts B3 der DGZfP. Das DAfStb Heft 422 (1991) - Prufung von Beton Empfehlungen und Hinweise zu DIN 1048 - enthielt die Potentialfeldmessung bzw. das Merkblatt B3 im Anhang. In Deutschland liegen somit zwei Jahrzehnte Erfahrungen mit den entsprechenden Regelwerken und naturlich auch in der praktischen Anwendung vor. In der Praxis zeigte sich jedoch auch, dass die Anwendung verbessert werden muss. Die Potentialmessung wurde vielfach sogar falsch durchgefuhrt, ...

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Meltdown and gasification of waste in an oxygen atmosphere ('2sv' process) is an economically efficient alternative to energetic and thermal utilisation of biomass. Organic pollutants are split at temperatures up to 2000 C in a reducing atmosphere. The process uses elements of the oxygen cupola furnace for melting and gasification of many different waste fractions, e.g. polluted waste wood, household refuse and bulk waste, old tyres, light shredder fractions, sewage sludge, etc. [German] Die Sauerstoff-Schmelz-Vergasung ('2sv') stellt eine wirtschaftliche Alternative zur energetischen Nutzung von Biomassen wie auch zur thermischen Abfallverwertung dar. Organische Schadstoffe werden bei diesem neuen Verfahren bei Temperaturen bis zu 2000 C unter reduzierenden Bedingungen aufgespalten. Das Verfahren nutzt Elemente des Sauerstoff-Kupolofens fuer die Schmelzvergasung und eignet sich fuer ...

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A high-temperature flow reactor and different technical plants were tested within the framework of this research project. Anthropogenic N{sub 2}O emissions form during secondary flue gas or waste gas purification as secondary emissions during denitrification and pollution abatement measures. N{sub 2}O forms as an intermediate product as NO is reduced to N{sub 2}. Under certain operating conditions N{sub 2}O is not decomposed completely. Different secondary flue gas purification measures, i.e. selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR), selective catalytic reduction (SCR), and nonselective catalytic reduction (NSCR) were investigated testing several technical plants and the high-temperature flow reactor. (orig./EF) [Deutsch] Das Forschungsprojekt ``Messung der N{sub 2}O-Emissionen von Verbrennungsanlagen und Untersuchung von Moeglichkeiten zur Emissionsminderung`` wurde an einem Hochtemperatur-Stroemungsreaktor und an ...

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The microelectronic cable diagnosis is a substantial tool to determine destruction free the residual strength and the lifetime of laid PE/XLPE medium voltage cables. Fundamentals of the ageing diagnosis and a cost reduced inspection concept are the `Isothermal-Relaxation-Current` Analysis and the Neuro-Fuzzy evaluation software. These new tools are able to determine the ageing status of the investigated cable without any references. The authors also show that the test breakdown during the assessment of the ageing status of criterial systems can be reduced by this approach. The cable diagnosis equipment KDA is also useful for the steering of investment as well as for preventive maintenance. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die zerstoerungsfreie dielektrische Kabeldiagnostik kann heute einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Bestimmung der Restfestigkeit und der Restlebensdauer eines PE/VPE-isolierten Mittelspannungskabels leisten. Basis der Alterungsdiagnose und des Konzeptes ...

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Disposal of fine-particled byproducts via injection into a capola furnace using natural gas/O{sub 2} burners is a cost-efficient alternative to landfill dumping. Tests conducted in a foundry demonstrated that dusts collected there can be injected without detriment to melt-down rate and iron quality. The replacement of FeSi pellets with FeSi dust in addition reduced the slag content, while injection of coal dust permitted a decrease in coke consumption. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die Entsorgung von feinkoernigen Reststoffen durch Einblasen in einen Kupolofen ueber Erdgas/O{sub 2}-Brenner ist eine wirtschaftliche Alternative zur Deponierung. Anhand von Versuchen in einer Giesserei konnte aufgezeigt werden, dass hier anfallende Staeube ohne nachteilige Auswirkungen auf Schmelzleistung und Eisenqualitaet einzublasen sind. Die Substitution von FeSi-Formlingen durch FeSi-Staub brachte zudem eine Reduzierung des ...

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A process model is presented and used for identifying options for controlling the cupola furnace process and for investigating natural gas substitutes. Fuel substitution will affect temperature curves (i.e. tapping temperatures and melting capacity), outlet temperatures and gas mass flow out of the preheating zone. The contribution presents several process variations to overcome these problems and compares them with the natural gas process. [German] Mit dem Prozessmodell werden zunaechst Moeglichkeiten der Steuerung von Abstichtemperatur und Schmelzleistung, insbesondere unter Beruecksichtigung der Schrottqualitaet (spezifische Oberflaeche a{sub G}), untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, dass das Prozessmodell die Ergebnisse aus der Praxis wiedergibt. Daran anschliessend wird mit dem Prozessmodell die Substitution von Erdgas durch minderwertige Gase untersucht (Brennstoffsubstitution, Ressourcenschonung). Durch die Brennstoffsubstitution veraendern sich ...

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For millions of people general noise and especially traffic noise are the main sources of environmental pollution. The increasingly stricter noise pollution abatement limiting values laid down by the law call for motor vehicle noise pollution abatement measures. Within the framework of today`s cost- and performance-oriented automobile and engine development developing engineers are required to reduce noise levels. The present state of the art is described and future possibilities of combustion engine structure-borne noise calculation and optimization are discussed from the point of view of K + P Computerunterstuetzte Strukturanalysen GmbH. (orig.) [Deutsch] Laerm allgemein und dabei speziell wiederum der Verkehrslaerm steht fuer Millionen von Menschen an allererster Stelle der persoenlichen Belastung durch die Umwelt. Zur Minderung der Laermbelastung werden vom Gesetzgeber immer schaerfere Grenzwerte vorgeschrieben, die dazu zwingen, Massnahmen ...

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In Duisburg the Citibank is building a new call center. As an alternative to the conventional switch cupboard technology, an innovative energy bus technology by ABB Gebaeudeautomation is being used: it involves less planning effort, faster start of operation and a shorter construction time, cost saving through lower space and material demand, plus the advantage of flexibility of extension. (orig.) [German] In Duisburg entsteht zur Zeit der Neubau eines Call Centers der Citibank. Dabei wird als Alternative zur herkoemmlichen Schaltschranktechnik die innovative Energiebus-Technik von ABB Gebaeudeautomation eingesetzt: Geringerer Planungsaufwand, schnellere Inbetriebnahme und kurze Bauzeit, Kostenersparnis durch geringeren Platz- und Materialverbrauch sowie flexible Erweiterbarkeit sind die Vorteile. (orig.)

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Purpose: To evaluate the success rates of the implantation of stent grafts in the treatment of peripheral aneurysms. Materials and methods: in 13 patients with 15 aneurysms at the common iliac artery (n = 6), external iliac artery (n = 1), hypogastric artery (n = 2), femoral artery (n = 2) or popliteal artery (n = 4), implantation of dacron-covered nitinol stents was performed. The patients were followed up for three to 20 months (mean, 8.8 months) with intravenous digital subtraction angiography, CT or colour-coded Doppler sonography. Results: In all cases, the aneurysm was successfully occluded after stent implantation. In one case with a popliteal aneurysm, kinking of the vessel caused thrombosis of the stent. The stent was successfully reopened. The aneurysm however, had to be surgically treated 9 months later. The primary and secondary patency rates at 6 months were 93% and 100%, respectively. Conclusion: The method described might be an alternative therapy to ...

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The stirling cryocooler ILK 15 is a machine with simple drive concept. This machine works with a conventional built-in electric motor and crank drive and needs a power input of about 500 W. The refrigerating capacity is 15 W at 80 K with a cooldown time of 12 minutes. The cooler is somehow a replacement for the Gifford-McMahon cycle coolers, which are bigger and heavier. The Stirling cryocooler was designed to cool HTSC-components. (orig.) [Deutsch] Der Stirlingkuehler ILK 15 ist eine Kaeltemaschine mit einfachem Antriebskonzept. Die Maschine arbeitet mit einem konventionellen Elektroeinbaumotor und Kurbeltrieb. Sie benoetigt eine Antriebsleistung von 500 W und hat eine Kaelteleistung von 15 W bis 80 K und eine Einkuehlzeit von 12 Minuten. Die Maschine kann als Alternative zur wesentlich groesseren und schweren Gifford-McMahon-Maschine gesehen und bei der Kuehlung von ...

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Calcium sulfate dihydrate which is co-produced in the scrubbing of waste gases from bituminous coal power plants is employed in the underground road securing after recrystallization. Beta-sulfate semi hydrate is obtained from the dihydrate by recrystallisation and it is used as such or as a stiff mixture with additives as a stowing material. Particularly fly ash from coal combustion units, washery refuses and development rocks from coal mining or slags from the metallurgical industry can be used as additives. The compressive and the bending tensile strength of the stowing material can be adjusted by the water content in case beta sulfate semihydrate is used as such.

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This conference of Deutsche Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft fuer Erdoel, Erdgas und Kohle focused on energetic utilisation and recycling of waste materials and biomass, i.e. combustion, gasification and pyrolysis. Aspects of process control were gone into as well. [German] Die Fachbereichstagung der Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft fuer Erdoel, Erdgas und Kohle beschaeftigte sich mit der energetischen und stofflichen Nutzung von Abfall und Biomasse. Verbrennung, Vergasung und Pyrolyse verschiedener Abfallstoffe sowie die Prozesssteuerung wurden eroertert.

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The author investigates whether waste fermentation is an economically feasible alternative to composting. Decisions on projects and sites should not be made until the basic problems of feasibility and economic efficiency are solved. [German] In Anbetracht der derzeitigen Situation bei der Restmuellbehandlung, in der die mechanisch-biologische Behandlung als Alternative zu einer rein thermischen Behandlung immer mehr an Bedeutung gewinnt, stellt sich immer haeufiger die Frage, ob die Restmuellvergaerung eine Alternative zur ausschliesslichen Restmuellrotte darstellt. Diese Frage muss zunaechst prinzipiell aus Sicht der technischen Machbarkeit und von der Sinnhaftigkeit, hier vor allem von der Kostenseite her, betrachtet werden. Erst daran anschliessend lassen sich projekt- und standortbezogene Betrachtungen anstellen. Hinsichtlich der technischen Machbarkeit laesst sich im wesentlichen auf den grosstechnischen Erfahrungen ...

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Modern oscillation- and analysis systems are often mentioned in the context of oscillation diagnosis which implies that this is a method of establishing the causes of the mechanical changes that cause the unwanted oscillation. Experience shows, however, that oscillation monitoring instruments can merely indicate oscillation symptoms at an early point in time. These findings must be interpreted in a machine-specific way and seen in the context of previous developments in order to establish the mechanical root cause of the matter. A 1000 MVA-generator shows that conventional oscillation measuring systems may also serve for diagnostic purposes within certain limits.(orig.) [German] Im Zusammenhang mit modernen Schwingungsmess- und Analysensystemen wird haeufig der Begriff der Schwingungsdiagnose verwandt und inpliziert, damit auch die Ursache von mechanischen Veraenderungen finden zu koennen, welche das beanstandete Schwingungsverhalten hervorruft. In der Praxis zeigt ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Zusammenfassung Das Lungenkarzinom ist eine der h?ufigsten Krebserkrankungen und die h?ufigste Krebstodesursache. Mit der Einf?hrung innovativer Substanzen ist die M?glichkeit einer individualisierten Therapie gegeben, die eine Verbesserung von Prognose und Lebensqualit?t verspricht. Die Wirksamkeit dieser Therapeutika basiert auf spezifischen molekularen Eigenschaften des Lungenkarzinoms und stellt neue Anforderungen an die pathohistologische Diagnostik. Neben dem Histotyp haben sich molekulare Alterationen, insbesondere EGFR-Mutationen, als pr?diktive Marker erwiesen. Die histologische Typisierung umfasst daher nicht nur die Unterscheidung von SCLC und NSCLC, sondern die Subtypisierung der NSCLC unter Einbezug immunhistologischer und molekularer Untersuchungen. Zusammenfassend werden Kri...

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In order to improve the capacity and service life of cathodes, the effect of carboxy-methyl cellulose, soot, silica gel and fibres was examined. Structural tests and electrical and electro-chemical measurements are used for this. The additives can affect crystallization in the manufacturing stage of the electrodes and can increase the storage capacity for water and the electronic conductivity. They act to stabilize the mass in cyclic operation. Soot additive has little effect on the properties of the electrode, but the other substances increase the service life or the use of the mass. (LU).

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The comprehensive survey explains the indications and the specific value of the modern tomographic modalities with respect to the various diagnostic issues. Numerous reproductions of CT, MRI, US scans illustrate the aspects discussed. (orig./CB) [German] Bildgebende Verfahren kommen bei der Abklaerung von Erkrankungen des weiblichen Urogenitaltrakts ergaenzend zu der klinischen Untersuchung zur Anwendung. Kongenitale Uterusanomalien werden primaer mit der HSG oder der Laparoskopie diagnostiziert. Zusaetzlich koennen der transvaginale US und in unklaren Faellen die MRT eingesetzt werden. Die Diagnose entzuendlicher Erkrankungen des weiblichen Genitaltrakts erfolgt in der Regel klinisch. Schnittbildverfahren werden bei therapieresistenten, komplizierten Faellen angewendet. Initial werden benigne Neoplasien des Uterus mit dem transvaginalen US abgeklaert. Eine Verdickung des Endometriums ist dabei ein unspezifischer Befund und kann auf eine ...

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Within its competence for energy research, the Bundesministerium fuer Wirtschaft und Arbeit (BMWA) (Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology) sponsors investigations into the safety of nuclear power plants. The objective of these investigations is to provide fundamental knowledge, procedures and methods to contribute to realistic safety assessments of nuclear installations, to the further development of safety technology and to make use of the potential of innovative safety-related approaches. The Gesellschaft fuer Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) mbH, by order to the BMWi, continuously issues information on the status of such investigations by publishing semi-annual and annual progress reports within the series of GRS-F-Fortschrittsberichte (GRS-F-Progress Reports). Each progress report represents a compilation of individual reports about the objectives, work performed, results achieved, next steps of the work etc. The individual reports are prepared in a standard form by the ...

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Surface structure analysis, i.e. metallographic analysis of component surfaces with the aid of replicas, is an established method of component monitoring and the only reliable non-destructive method for detecting and analyzing beginning creep damage in the form of creep pores. Creep pore development provides a basis for component condition analysis. It must be noted, however, that the modern martensitic 9-12 % Cr steels - like the established steels 10CrMo9-10 (P22) und X20CrMoV12-1 - have comparatively high creep fracture deformation rates in fatigue tests. This raises the question if these steels can be judged on the basis of data for established steels. The results so far suggest that even with low pore densities (single pores), a higher degree of damage and a shorter time until failure must be assumed. [German] Eine bewaehrte Methode der Bauteilueberwachung stellt die Oberflaechengefuegeuntersuchung, d. h. die metallografische Untersuchung der Bauteiloberflaeche mit Hilfe ...

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The position paper will provide the basis for further strategies on offshore wind power development in consideration of ecological and conservation aspects. [German] Das Positionspapier des Bundesministeriums fuer Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (BMU) einschliesslich des Umweltbundesamtes (UBA) und des Bundesamtes fuer Naturschutz (BfN) ist Ergebnis der Arbeiten der BMU-Projektgruppe 'Windenergienutzung im Offshore-Bereich im Hinblick auf die BMU-Anliegen'. Es beschreibt den derzeitigen Stand einer Strategie zur umwelt- und naturvertraeglichen Erschliessung der Windenergienutzung auf See (Offshore). Es bildet die Grundlage fuer die Weiterentwicklung dieser Strategie und dabei insbesondere zur Abstimmung mit den Anliegen anderer Bundesressorts und den Kuestenlaendern, sowie zur intensiveren Einbeziehung beteiligter Verbaende und Fachkreise. Vor dem Hintergrund der zur ...

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The first volume of the report covers the state of implementation of primary and secondary measures for SO{sub 2}- and NO{sub x} control applied in the most important industrial sectors in Germany. Integrated pollution abatement techniques, called primary measures in this report, such as process integrated measures and low emission processes, have gained increased importance in recent years. The end-of-pipe processes, described here as secondary measures, are generally highly effective. They represent mature technologies, which are capable of achieving significant reductions in SO{sub 2}- and NO{sub x} emissions, and which have been used in particular for retrofitting existing plants. At first, an overview is given regarding the development of SO{sub 2}- and NO{sub x} emissions in selected European countries during the last 20 years and in Europe. Current national and European emission limits and emission guidelines on SO{sub 2}- and NO{sub x} emissions from stationary sources are ...

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This report presents the results of the BMBF-sponsored project Fundamentals and models for assessing the effect of climate changes on soil, plant development and the crops of an economically significant range of farm products. Its aim was to study, by means of the results obtained for winter wheat, the dependence of plant growth on temperature, radiation and water as well as nutrient supply for other economically important crop types. Building on this, process-oriented, climate-sensitive agricultural ecosystem models for winter rye, winter barley, sugar-beet and winter intercrops were developed, verified and, in some sites, validated. First scenario calculations served to demonstrate the climate sensitivity of these models. (orig./KW) [Deutsch] Im vorliegenden Bericht werden die Ergebnisse des BMBF - Vorhabens `Grundlagen und Modelle zur Abschaetzung von Klimaaenderungen auf den Boden, die Pflanzenentwicklung sowie den verwertbaren Ernteertrag ...

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A computer program for optimization of modular cogeneration plants is introduced. Computer calculation fundamentals are discussed referring to examples which elucidate the verification of the calculated data by measured data or empirical values. The results obtained as one optimizes plants by varying their size or by splitting them into modules are introduced referring to examples. Sensitivity analyses are made to investigate the influence of parameters such as fuel prices, electricity tariffs and interest rates. (orig.) [Deutsch] Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird ein Computerprogramm zur Optimierung von BHKW-Anlagen vorgestellt. Zunaechst werden in einem ersten Schritt die Berechnungsgrundlagen an einem Beispiel in Hinblick auf ihre Ueberpruefung durch Messdaten oder durch Erfahrungswerte diskutiert. Dann werden in einem zweiten Schritt exemplarisch die Ergebnisse einer Optimierung durch Variation der Gesamtanlagengroesse auf Aufsplittung der ...

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T{sub 2} weighted ultra-short turbo spin echo sequences were used in five individuals with variations in echo times, delayed triggering and echo intervals. To reduce movement artifacts all examinations were carried out with ECG and respiratory triggering. The sequences giving optimal image quality were then employed in 19 patients having various pulmonary abnormalities. Image resolutions, artifacts, image contrasts and diagnostic value were then judged by two observers and compared with CT. In the first study, a diastole-triggered UTSE sequence with the shortest echo proved optimal (T{sub E}=90 ms, T{sub R}=2-4 s, echo=9 ms, turbo factor=19). In the patient series studied, MRT was inferior to CT with regard to resolution and number of artifacts, but better in respect of contrast and diagnostic value. Using UTSE of the lung, MRT can produce images of good quality. Compared with CT, contrast is better with MRT, offering diagnostic advantages for MRT. (orig./MG) [Deutsch] Zuerst wurde an ...

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CT-Expo is a novel MS Excel application for assessing the radiation doses delivered to patients undergoing CT examinations, based on computational methods that were used to analyze the data collected in the German survey on CT practice in 1999. The program enables the calculation of all dose quantities of practical value, such as axial dose free-in-air, weighted CTDI, dose-length product, effective dose and uterine dose. In contrast to existing programs for CT dose assessment, CT-Expo offers a number of unique features, such as gender-specific dose calculation for all age groups (adults, children, newborns), applicability to all existing scanner models including correction of scanner-specific influences, and the possibility of comparison with the results from the German CT survey on CT practice. Three different application modules offer free and standardized dose calculations as well as a comprehensive benchmarking section including guidance on dose optimization. The program is ...

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A part of the waste materials arising in iron and steel manufacture is utilised physically, either internally for the recovery of iron or externally for the production of cement and nonferrous metals. Most of these materials can be used without prior processing. Iron and steel-relevant waste materials which at present are still landfilled or disposed of as hazardous wastes are not immediately suitable for physical recycling as secondary raw material. These waste materials have to be processed without exception before they can be used again in the existing steel and iron manufacturing plants. The results of the authors` own studies have clearly shown that the cupola furnace is suited for the use of a wide variety of waste materials. [Deutsch] Ein Teil der bei der Eisen- und Stahlerzeugung anfallenden Abfallstoffe werden entweder intern zur Rueckgewinnung des Eisens oder extern in der Zement- bzw. Nichteisenmetallgewinnung stofflich verwertet. Dabei handelt es sich ...

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Blades of modern steam turbines are designed for high efficiency and operational safety. Modern computer programs enable optimisation of design but factors like manufacturing, assembly, operation and downtimes still play an important role. Damage statistics show that blade damage still quite frequent. Selected cases from the Allianz damage assessment centre show some of the more frequent damage mechanisms. Damage is often caused when several factors come together. Prevention of follow-up damage requires early identification of beginning damage.(orig.) [German] Die Auslegung der Beschaufelung moderner Dampfturbinen hat die Vorgabe, einen hohen Wirkungsgrad bei gleichzeitig hoher Betriebssicherheit zu erreichen. Mit den heute zur Verfuegung stehenden Rechenprogrammen ist eine entsprechende Optimierung realisierbar. Fuer die langzeitige Betriebsbewaehrung haben aber Einflussgroessen aus Fertigung, Montage, Betrieb und Stillstand auch heute noch die gleiche Bedeutung ...

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Purpose: To report on the nephron-sparing, percutaneous ablation of a large renal cell carcinoma by combined superselective embolization and percutaneous radiofrequency ablation. Materials and Methods: A 5 cm renal cell carcinoma of a 43-year-old drug abusing male with serologically proven HIV, hepatitis B and C infection, who refused surgery, was superselectively embolized using microspheres (size: 500 - 700 {mu}m) and a platinum coil under local anesthesia. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation using a 7F LeVeen probe (size of expanded probe tip: 40 mm) and a 200 Watt generator was performed one day after transcatheter embolization under general anesthesia. Results: The combined treatment resulted in complete destruction of the tumor without relevant damage of the surrounding healthy renal tissue. The patient was discharged 24 hours after RF ablation. No complications like urinary leaks or fistulas were observed and follow up CT one day and 4 weeks after the radiofrequency ...

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A procedure is described for the isolation and determination of {sup 90}Sr, {sup 226}Ra, {sup 228}Ra and {sup 210}Pb in food. These nuclides are highly radiotoxic, above all for babies and children. Samples are dry ashed, alkali metals are removed as carbonates. Separation from other matrix ions and separation of Ra, Sr and Pb can be achieved with a column of Sr-Spec, an immobilized crown ether. For activity measurements membrane filters with SrSO{sub 4}, Ba(Ra)SO{sub 4} and PbS are prepared. Ra is determined by gamma-spectrometry, {sup 90}Sr and {sup 210}Pb are determined by low-level-betacounting. The determination limits are 10 mBq/kg for {sup 90}Sr and {sup 210}Pb and 50 mBq/kg for {sup 226}Ra and {sup 228}Ra. The procedure is useful for all kinds of foodstuff. (orig.) [Deutsch] Es wird ein Analysengang zur Abtrennung und Bestimmung von {sup 90}Sr, {sup 226}Ra, {sup 228}Ra und {sup 210}Pb in Lebensmitteln beschrieben. Ein Merkmal dieser ...

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The VerTech Pit Method for wet oxidation of municipal sewage sludge offers an ecologically and economically advantageous alternative for dealing with sewage and special sludges. Europe`s first commercial plant has now been commissioned in Apeldoorn in the Netherlands following industrial-scale trials in the USA. Up to its present stage of operation the plant has achieved a high degree of reduction of solid residues and a favourable resource and environmental profile, thus impressively confirming earlier results. It is amply in keeping with the landfill criteria laid down in the Household Waste Technical Code. Furthermore, the potential sludge throughput has been found to exceed the projected value. [Deutsch] Mit dem VerTech-Tiefschachtverfahren zur Nassoxidation kommunaler Klaerschlaemme steht ein alternatives Verfahren zur Behandlung von Klaer- und Sonderschlaemmen zur Verfuegung, das oekologische und ...

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The intermetallic phase NiAl is a potential material for high-temperature applications; however, its technical application was prevented so far by its high brittleness at room temperature. This problem may be solved by incorporating relatively high-ductility particles into the NiAl matrix. Controlled crack propagation experiments, tensile and pressure tests were carried out in order to analyze the toughness and deformation characteristics of NiAl composite materials containing niobium or molybdenum particles at room temperature and in ambient atmosphere. Both the niobium and the molybdenum particles increase the toughness as compared to the pure NiAl matrix, but no ductilisation was observed in the composite materials investigated. Model experiments in consideration of experimental data suggest, hovewer, that the toughness and ductility of NiAl may be enhanced by optimizing the microstructural and production parameters of the incorporated ductile particles. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die ...

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Today electric power steering systems are regularly considered by the car manufacturers as an alternative to a conventional hydraulic power steering system in the development of new vehicle platforms. Simplified vehicle assembly and the potential to contribute to the reduction of the vehicle's energy consumption are the main motivation for this. The performance of the systems available at present with 13.5 V supply voltage will be improved even more as soon as the future 42 V vehicle electrical systems are available. Like most active chassis systems, electric power steering has to meet the highest safety requirements imaginable. This article summarizes the safety philosophy of the TRW rack drive Electric Power Steering system. (orig.) [German] Elektromechanische Servolenkungen werden heute bei der Entwicklung neuer Fahrzeuge als Alternative zur konventionellen hydraulischen Servolenkung in Betracht gezogen. Die vereinfachte Fahrzeugmontage und das ...

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In the first part of the symposium, experts reviewed the state of the art of decentralized waste water treatment in Europe. In the second part, exemplary solutions in Poland and the Czech Republic were presented. The final part was dedicated to future concepts and strategies. [German] Im Herbst letzten Jahres hat die Kommunale Umwelt-AktioN U.A.N. in einer Abfolge von drei Abwasserfachsymposien Expertenrunden zum Austausch ueber den aktuellen Stand des Wissens zum Thema dezentrale Abwasserbehandlung veranstaltet. Mit dem Internationalen Symposium 'Konzepte zur Abwasserbehandlung im laendlichen Raum Europas' in Celle hat das Projekt der U.A.N. seinen Abschluss gefunden. Der Konzeption des Projektes entsprechend haben im 1. Teil des Symposiums Experten ueber den Stand der Entwicklung auf dem Sektor der dezentralen Abwasserbehandlung in Deutschland berichtet. Im 2. Teil unserer Fachtagung wurden europaeische Beispiele fuer ...

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Endoluminal vascular prostheses that can be implanted by percutaneous routes represent the most recent development in vascular interventional radiology. Various commercially available types of prosthesis are presented and the construction principles and applications are described. At present secure indications for the implantation of endoluminal prostheses are limited to the elimination of aneurysms and arteriovenous fistulae of the large vessels near the trunk in sections that do not cross a joint. The wide use in peripheral occlusive diseases cannot yet be recommended because confirmed data are not available. (orig.) [German] Endoluminale Gefaessprothesen, die perkutan implantierbar sind, stellen die juengste Entwicklung in der vaskulaeren interventionellen Radiologie dar. Verschiedene kommerziell erhaeltliche Prothesentypen werden vorgestellt, ihr Konstruktionsprinzip und ihre Applikation erlaeutert. Die gesicherten Indikationen zur endoluminalen ...

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We develop a general framework for the formulation of the action principle and the noether theorem for classical noncommutative field theories. We give a concrete example of an algebra that fits into this framework. It describes a scalar field theory on noncommutative minkowski space. We develop a notion of locality for this algebra and investigate the locality properties of localised interaction terms. This leads us to the definition of local functionals on the field algebra. We propose a scheme for the quantisation of these functionals. (orig.) [German] Wir entwickeln eine allgemeinen rahmen, der es erlaubt, das wirkungsprinzip und das noether-theorem fuer klassische nichtkommutative feldtheorien zu formulieren. Als ein konkretes beispiel betrachten wir eine algebra, die sich in diesem rahmen einfuegt, und die eine skalare feldtheorie auf dem nichtkommutativen minkowski-raum beschreibt. Fuer diese algebra wird ein lokalitaetsbegriff entwickelt und untersucht, welche ...

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Minimally invasive thermotherapies for focal tissue destruction on the basis of laser-, microwave-, focused ultrasound-, or cryogeninduced changes of tissue temperature represent an alternative to surgical tissue ablation, particularly in the treatment of tumors. The thermotherapy modalities listed necessitate indirect guidance and monitoring, since they often do not lend themselves to immediate visual control. In the brain, in head and neck tumors, in the liver, and in the prostate, MRI reliably and accurately delineates both the positions of interstitial thermotherapy applicators and - in contrast-enhanced, T1-weighted images - the perfusion defects in tissue necrosis induced by thermotherapy. The transfer of results of in-vitro and in-vivo model studies to assess interstitial temperature and lesion development during thermotherapy to the actual treatment of patients, however, is still in an initial phase. Further development of both rapid MRI sequences and MRI scanners suited for ...

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By tests about pipe failure under extreme bending, moment at cross sections affected by circumferential cracks, admissible strains for securing the integrity in the area of a flow link are indicated. These are 7% for austenic and ferritic materials in the undisturbed cross section. From d/t-ratios of 20 onwards the strains are limited by pipe bulging on the pressure-load side. In this connection, circumferential flaws do not have any influence on the behaviour on the strained side, when their expansion does not exceed the investigated limitis of <60 circumferential expansion and crack depth of 0,3 t. (orig.)

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Liberalization and the associated necessity of providing, where possible, inexpensive electrical energy, has intensified still further the demand for higher efficiency steam turbines. Accordingly, continuous efforts are being taken to improve all the flow guiding components of a steam turbine. Special attention is given here to the blading. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die Liberalisierung und die damit verbundene Notwendigkeit, elektrische Energie moeglichst preisguenstig zur Verfuegung zu stellen, hat die Forderung nach hohen Wirkungsgraden von Dampfturbinen weiter verschaerft. Es werden daher kontinuierlich Anstrengungen unternommen, alle stroemungsfuehrenden Teile einer Dampfturbine zu verbessern. Das Hauptaugenmerk gilt dabei der Beschaufelung. (orig.)

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MPA research activities focus on fracture prevention and on the development of a generally applicable method of component integrity testing which, independent of the safety relevance of the components involved, is also part of ageing management. (orig.) [German] Die Forschungsaktivitaeten an der MPA im Hinblick auf die Erhoehung der Sicherheit und Zuverlaessigkeit komplex beanspruchter Bauteile orientieren sich an den Grundgedanken des Basissicherheitskonzepts (Prinzip des Bruchausschlusses). Zielsetzung war dabei die Entwicklung eines allgemein anwendbaren Nachweisverfahrens zur Komponentenintegritaet, das, abhaengig von der sicherheitstechnischen Relevanz der zu betrachtenden Komponenten, auch Bestandteil des Alterungsmanagements ist. (orig.)

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Trapezblechstege im Bruckenbau kommen trotz der groen Vorteile, die diese Bauweise bietet, in Deutschland bisher nur an einem Pilotprojekt zur Anwendung. Durch die charakteristischen Eigenschaften des Trapezbleches entstehen konstruktive und wirtschaftliche Vorteile gegenuber herkommlichen Bruckenbauweisen. Allerdings lassen die aktuell gultigen Regelwerke aufgrund fehlender Kenntnis zum Tragverhalten und mangelnder Erfahrung keine wirtschaftliche Ausbildung zu. Dies zeigt sich am Beispiel des Pilotprojekts. Die Ausbildung der Verbundfuge wurde hier nur sehr unbefriedigend gelost und verdeutlicht somit die Notwendigkeit einfacher und praktikabler Verbindungsmoglichkeiten. Am Institut fur Leichtbau Entwerfen und Konstruieren der Universitat Stuttgart wurde in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Institut...

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Computerized descriptions of isothermal, multi-stage creep fatigue load were established for one melt each of steels of the type 1%CrMoNiV and 12%CrMoV and were implemented in the service life prediction program SARA 2. SARA 2 predicts the time and number of cycles to incipient cracking for a given number of part cycles on the basis of rules for description of cyclic deformation and damage and of a generalized damage accumulation hypothesis. [German] Fuer je eine Schmelze der Staehle vom Typ 1%CrMoNiV and 12%CrMoV wurde eine rechnergestuetzte Beschreibung fuer isotherme mehrstufige Kriechermuedungsbeanspruchung erstellt und in ein Lebensdauerzaehlerprogramm SARA 2 implementiert. Auf der Grundlage von Regeln zur Beschreibung von zyklischer Verformung und Schaedigung unter Anwendung der verallgemeinerten Schadensakkumulationshypothese ermittelt SARA 2 fuer beliebig vorgebbare Teilzyklen einen Vorhersagewert fuer die ...

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Verification of guarantees mostly calls for measurements on the spot. The paper deals with the guarantees that apply to small hydroelectric power stations. Already when planning a plant it should be decided what guarantees are to be demanded and how they can be verified. Specifically, measurements to verify guaranteed performance and efficiency on the spot are dealt with. Details are not given. Rather, the report wants to give an overview of methods and aspects to be taken heed of. For in-depth information, the reader is referred to the corresponding standards and guidelines. (orig.) [Deutsch] Zur Ueberpruefung von Garantien ist meistens die Durchfuehrung von Messungen vorort notwendig. Es werden die Garantien behandelt, die bei Kleinwasserkraftanlagen in Frage kommen. Bereits bei der Planung der Anlage sollte entschieden werden, welche Garantien gefordert werden sollen und wie sie ueberprueft werden koennen. Es wird ...

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One part of the RWE measure catalogue in order to guarantee an environmental friendly and competitive electric power generation based on brown coal is to carry out measures improving the efficiency at existing steam turbines in RWE brown coal power plants. Since 1993 a total of 21 steam turbines with a gross capacity of 7,100 MW or net capacity of 6540 MW - this corresponds to approximately 70 % of the installed RWE brown coal power plant capacity - have been improved with an investment of approximately DM 500 million. The net block efficiency has been increased by 1.3 % on average. The planned net capacity increase of approximately 250 MW is still going to be achieved taking into account the pending enhancements. Nuclear power plant turbines have been successfully improved in the same way. Apart from the described retrofit programme measures to improve efficiency are carried out at further steam turbines of brown coal power plants. In the frame of this talk the measures taken are ...

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The article deals with the problem of a humidity addition to thermal conductivity, diffusion and latent heat effects in heat transfer through building components. It shows with examples humidity effects for exterior walls with core insulation, with composite insulation system as well as for insulated roof membrane assemblies. From these it can be summarized that - sorption humidity is for today`s construction conditions (good thermal insulation and humidity protection) a suitable reference quantity for the determination of practice-oriented, substance-specific and physically correct humidity additions to the thermal conductivity of hygroscopic components; - diffusion and latent heat effects are in case of good rain imperviousness and low water absorbing capacity of the exterior component layers of secondary importance for transmission heat losses; - an increase in insulating layer thickness in order to improve the thermal insulation is possible without humidity problems; - today`s ...

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The textbook is primarily intended for radiologic staff and radiologic safety officers and gives information on the current regulatory provisions of the German X-ray Ordinance, applications of X-rays, quality assurance, organisational aspects of film processing and quality requirements of X-rays. An annex lists the guidelines of the Bundesaerztekammer (German National Chamber of Physicians) relating to quality assurance aspects, and further useful information on commercially available film-screen systems, the various associations of physicians in Germany, and requirements and performance of radiation surveys. (vhe) [Deutsch] Das vorliegende Lehrbuch, das sich vor allem an das technische Personal und an Strahlenschutzbeauftragte wendet, unterrichtet ueber die derzeit gueltigen Bestimmungen der Roentgenverordnung, die Anwendung von Roentgenstrahlen, ueber Qualitaetssicherung, die Organisation der Filmverarbeitung sowie ueber die Anforderungen an die Qualitaet ...

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With publication the fire design rules of the Eurocode and the national application documents (NAD) for the first time also calculation methods of constructive structural fire protection are available. This dimensioning of components and structures in fire case is based on the normal temperature design on Eurocodes and can be applied in the future as alternative to the classical fire design method of the German standard DIN 4102 part 4. In this contribution a view of the proof procedures of the Eurocode fire protection parts and the arrangements of the NADs is given as soon as the application of these fire design rules in Germany is described. (orig.) [German] Mit der Veroeffentlichung der Eurocode-Brandschutzteile als Vornormen und der zugehoerigen nationalen Anwendungsregelungen (NAD) als DIN-Fachberichte stehen erstmals auch rechnerische Nachweisverfahren fuer den konstruktiven baulichen Brandschutz zur Verfuegung. Diese brandschutztechnische Bemessung ...

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The presented paper describes the formulation of the fractional mass balances which are used to calculate the concentration and size distribution of char in the balance cells of a circulating fluidized bed boiler. In case of using the shrinking core model additionally the distribution of conversion of the char particles is calculated. Basically two reaction models (a shrinking particle and a shrinking core model) are available to describe the combustion process. The model considers all essential physico/chemical phenomena (primary fragmentation, attrition, mass transfer to gas phase) which have to be taken into account for the description of the combustion process. The model is part of an overall simulation program for circulating fluidized bed boilers. This engineering simulator has been developed to return the main performance parameters of such systems like temperature along the furnace height, size distribution of balanced solid components, heat flows at the different heat ...

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In the year 1996 the spheres of competence of several DLR-Institutes working in the areas of fluid dynamics, reaction kinetics, combustion, numerical methods and laser measuring techniques have been brought together while contributing to the internal DLR project 'combustion chamber modelling (BKM)', in order to proceed with the computational simulation of combustion processes in combustion chambers of gas turbines. The main issue was the development of a research code for numerical simulation of fluid flow in real combustion chambers. Here the development of computational models of physical and chemical processes was emphasized, among other processes the formation of soot was treated. Moreover, a worldwide outstanding database of measured data for the purpose of code validation has been created within the framework of the BKM project using the laboratory facilities of the DLR, which are in Germany unique for the experimental investigation of the various processes in ...

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{gamma} Ti-Al have a higher temperature potential than commercial titanium alloys and a 50 percent lower density than nickel base superalloys. Application temperatures in aircraft turbines are 750 C and above. The authors investigated the high-temperature performance of {gamma} TiAl, i.e. isothermal high-temperature fatigue and the type and importance of damage. LCF experiments were made in the temperature range of brittle/ductile transition in air and vacuum. Damage mechanisms were characterized by microstructural investigations. [German] Unter den modernen Hochtemperaturwerkstoffen kommt den Legierungen auf Basis von {gamma}-TiAl eine zunehmend wichtige Bedeutung zu, da diese Werkstoffe ein hoeheres Temperaturpotential als alle kommerziellen Titanlegierungen haben und eine im Vergleich zu den Nickelbasis-Superlegierungen um ca. 50% geringere Dichte aufweisen. TiAl-Werkstoffe, die z.B. fuer Schaufeln und Gehaeuse in Flugzeugturbinen eingesetzt werden sollen, ...

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To study the biogeochemical behaviour, mobility and transport of trace metals in seawater (Se, Mo, Cd, Pb, Hg, Cu, Co, Fe, Ni, Zn), in suspended particulate matter (Mo, Cd, Pb, Cu, Co, Fe, Ni, Zn, Al, Mn) and in sediments of the inner and outer coastal regions, samples were collected on 3 separate cruises during a one year period (Mai 1993 - April 1994) at 20 stations in the coastal area of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Standard hydrographic parameters, nutrients and dissolved oxygen were also measured. Priority was taken to establish the methods for the determination of molybdenum and selenium. To study the behaviour of these two elements in detail, longterm measurements were carried out weekly between January 1993 and June 1994 at the `Messsteg/Warnemuende`. Because of parallel measurements correlations to biological, chemical and hydrographic parameters have been tested. The total database is summarized in the Appendix. The results are presented in 30 figures and 13 tables and are ...

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FLUTAN is a highly vectorized computer code for 3-D fluiddynamic and thermal-hydraulic analyses in cartesian and cylinder coordinates. It is related to the family of COMMIX codes originally developed at Argonne National Laboratory, USA. To a large extent, FLUTAN relies on basic concepts and structures imported from COMMIX-1B and COMMIX-2 which were made available to KfK in the frame of cooperation contracts in the fast reactor safety field. While on the one hand not all features of the original COMMIX versions have been implemented in FLUTAN, the code on the other hand includes some essential innovative options like CRESOR solution algorithm, general 3-dimensional rebalacing scheme for solving the pressure equation, and LECUSSO-QUICK-FRAM techniques suitable for reducing `numerical diffusion` in both the enthalphy and momentum equations. This report provides users with detailed input instructions, presents formulations of the various model options, and explains by means of ...

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The staging of patients with multiple myeloma demands sensitive imaging methods for the assessment of the skeletal system. MRI allows for direct visualization of the bone marrow which exhibits five different infiltration patterns in multiple myeloma: 1. normal appearance of the bone marrow, 2. focal involvement, 3. homogeneous diffuse infiltration, 4. combined diffuse and focal infiltration, 5. ''salt and pepper'' pattern with inhomogeneous bone marrow signals due to multiple fat islands. The combination of T1w-SE and STIR sequences is best suited for detecting all infiltration patterns and for the differential diagnoses e. g. hemangiomas. With parallel imaging in MRI, acquisition times can be markedly reduced and whole-body screening of the bone marrow can be achieved within 30 min. MRI is superior to radiography for the detection of focal as well as diffuse infiltration. Multidetector computed tomography and especially 16- and 64-detector row ...

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The nozzle-group regulation of steam turbines plays furtheron an important role in the operation of power stations owing to modern, adaptable control-technical valve timing possibilities. New procedures for a choice-connection of different nozzle areas via the control valves as well as the use of valve laps require, however, a differentiated consideration of the loss mechanism in the inlet area of the turbine, in order to be able to assess and minimize its specific heat consumption also at the operational points outside the layout- and calculation-technically fixed guarantee or valve points, respectively. The basic technical-physical stages to this are explained. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die Duesengruppenregelung von Dampfturbinen nimmt nicht zuletzt dank moderner, anpassungsfaehiger leittechnischer Ventilansteuerungsmoeglichkeiten weiterhin eine bedeutende Stellung beim Betrieb von Kraftwerken ein. Neue Verfahren zur wahlweisen ...

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In an extended case report, we discuss four cases with masses in the lacrimal fossa representing the most important entities in this region (lymphoma, pleomorphadenoma, inflammatory pseudotumor, and malignant epithelial tumor). The different indications for CT and MRI are explained. For the differential diagnosis of lacrimal gland lesions, the following imaging parameters are important: The shape of the lacrimal gland, the inner structure, the degree of contrast enhancement, and the surrounding bony structures. In the evaluation of the expansion of lacrimal gland lesions, CT in thin slices with multiplanar reconstructions is equal to MRI. However, the contrast-enhancement of lacrimal glands is better evaluated with MRI than with CT. The bony structures are better visualized on CT than on MRI. (orig.) [Deutsch] In einem erweiterten Fallbericht wird ueber die vier grossen Entitaeten bei Traenendruesenraumforderungen berichtet (Lymphom, pleomorphes Adenom, entzuendlicher Pseudotumor und ...

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The low budgets of local governments and Federal States in Germany as well as lack of financial means of renters delaying thorough modernisation of existing heating systems in residential and public buildings, novel heat supply and related customer services are emerging on the market. Heat supply companies and housing construction associations increasingly use modern electronics and telecommunication systems for heating system upgrading and reliable operation and maintenance. This option holds an enormous potential of saving money today and in the future. Installation of remote control and maintenance systems and the related telephone-based services offer fast repair and other services via electronic telecommunications systems, thus saving money and manpower for the repair services of heat suppliers or plumbers, or financial losses due to rents being docked for broken down heating systems. Such remote control and maintenance systems however need to be reasonable in price, and versatile ...

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Aim: The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the value of immunoscintigraphy (ISG) with anti-225.28S in clinically suspected ocular melanoma. Methods: For this purpose standardized ISG was performed in 36 patients using both planar acquisition and emission computed tomography (ECT). Ocular melanoma was present in 31 patients. In 21 patients therapy was enucleation of the eye. These specimens were evaluated by histology and immunohistochemistry in 11 of 21 patients. Results: Regarding the clinical diagnosis, ISG was positive only in 15 of 31 patients with ocular melanoma, regarding histology in 11 of 21 and regarding immunohistochemistry in 5 of 6 patients with a positive immunoreaction. 5 patients showed no immunoreactivity, their ISG was negative. Conclusion: Thus a good correlation between ISG and immunohistochemistry was observed. However ISG using the cutaneous melanoma antibody 225.28S cannot be recommended for the diagnostic work-up of an ocular ...

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Infrainguinal peripheral occlusive disease is increasingly being treated by endovascular techniques. Bare metal stainless steel, self-expanding nitinol stents, drug-eluting and covered stents (stent grafts) are becoming increasingly more important adjuncts to percutaneous translumninal angioplasty in the treatment of peripheral artery disease. In this article the available evidence supporting the use of stents in the femoropopliteal and tibial arteries will be described as well as their limitations. Future stent developments will also be discussed. (orig.) [German] Die endovaskulaere Therapie spielt bei der Therapie der peripheren arteriellen Verschlusskrankheit (PAVK) eine wichtige Rolle. Unbeschichtete ballonexpandierbare Stahlstents, selbstexpandierende Nitinolstents sowie medikamentenbeschichtete und ''covered stents'' (Stentgrafts) haben eine zunehmende Bedeutung als Zusatztherapie zusammen mit der ...

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When the use of retarders in utility vehicles increased in the middle of the 80s, the Forschungsvereinigung Automobiltechnik (FAT) commissioned a study on the safety aspect of this braking technology in trucks. Retarders are wear-free permanent brakes that are fitted in the drive transmission system of utility vehicles, thereby generating braking forces only at the wheels of the live shaft. The question of the possible overbraking of the live shafts was just as well investigated as the interaction between the retarder and service brake in so-called integrated braking systems, and both under conditions of low adhesion as well as in the border area of the dynamics of vehicle movement. This subject met with considerable joint interest on the part of the motor vehicle industry as well as of manufacturers of towed vehicles and unit sets. FAT, therefore, commissioned the Institut fuer Kraftfahrwesen of the University of Hannover to carry out a three-phase research project on the braking ...

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Purpose: An animal model is used to investigate whether MR angiography combined with super-paramagnetic particles of iron oxide (SPIO) is suitable for detecting thromboses. Methods: 42 rats in groups of 7 each were examined on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11, respectively, after mechanical/chemical thrombus induction in a 1.5 Tesla magnet with a FISP sequence (TR/TE/FA 50 ms/6 ms/40 ). Imaging was performed before and up to 90 minutes after intravenous injection of 30 {mu}mol FE/kg BW of the experimental SPIO (hydrodynamic diameter, 34{+-}17 nm LLS; R1 and R2 relaxivity at 0.47 T, 31 and 57 L/(mmol*s)). MIP reconstructions of MR angiographies were submitted to consensus assessment by two examiners using histology as the gold standard. Results: The image quality of MIP reconstructions was rated as good in 38 of 42 cases. With regard to thrombotic vessel occlusion, MR angiography coincided with histology in 17 of 42 cases and differed in 25, lumen narrowing being overestimated by MRI in 4 ...

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Against the background of more severe limitation of particle emission in all application areas of Diesel engines, it is necessary to monitor the particle emission, but also the chemical composition of the particles. The basis of assessing particle emission is formed by gravimetric determination of the particle concentration from exhaust gas diluted with particle-free ambient air, with a maximum temperature of 52 degrees C at the sampling position. While it is already possible, using the part flow dilution system, to take samples locally, previously the subsequent particle determination and characterisation could only be done in a chemical laboratory. For this reason, the C/S particle measurement process was developed as an alternative to gravimetry, which can be used locally, eg: on ships and which makes it possible to determine the particle mass and composition. This process is based on a thermographic carbon and sulphate determination. Comparative investigations were done both on ...

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The aim of this review is to evaluate the role of inflammatory spine disease in patients with chronic back pain. The contribution of imaging modalities for the diagnostic evaluation of back pain is discussed. A systematic literature search based on the classification of seronegative spondyloarthropathies and rheumatoid arthritis was performed. The results of this search and the experiences in a large collective of rheumatological patients are analyzed. The prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis (1-2%) is comparable to that of spondyloarthropathies (1.9%). The etiology of these entities is not fully elucidated. Magnetic resonance imaging is increasingly used for early detection and surveillance of therapy with TNF-{alpha} antagonists. Bone marrow edema, which is only detectable with MRI, represents an early sign of inflammation. Therapy with TNF-{alpha} antagonists is based on clinical and laboratory criteria, and signs of inflammation in MRI. MRI ...

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A model describes the effect of changes to the pore structure on the mechanical properties of semi-coke during coking. The gap tensile experiment makes it possible to determine the mechanical properties of the coke and semi-coke; a theoretical analysis is valid for the deformation of samples in the gap tensile test, by which the gap tensile strength of the coke can be determined, and by which a method for the simultaneous determination of the effective modulus of elasticity was developed. The effect of the pore structure on the mechanical properties is given in semi-empirical equations. The main point here is to check whether a pore in the coke can be regarded as a Griffith crack, and whether the interaction of pores can be neglected. A model which takes the pore distribution into account was also developed and tested. A model for the change of pore structure during coking, which includes the contraction of the semi-coke, and which presupposes a difference in direction of the ...

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Efficiency of energy coversion of primary energy to an end use in industrial countries is about 30%. This is insufficient. Evaluating on basis of exergy efficiency becomes only about 15%. Usage of fuel cells give a great chance to improve efficiency. This concerns in particular to high temperature fuel cell systems SOFC and MCFC as well as their combination with heat pumps. [German] Die Effizienz der Energieversorgung in Industrielaendern ist energetisch bewertet mit rund 30 % unbefriedigend. Legt man den strengeren, energiewirtschaftlich treffenderen exergetischen Massstab an, halbiert sich dieser Wert sogar. Brennstoffzellen bieten durch ihren Einsatz Moeglichkeiten zur Effizienzerhoehung. Dies gilt insbesondere fuer die Hochtemperatursysteme SOFC und MCFC sowie deren Verbund mit Waermepumpen.

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The austenitic nitrided Cr-Mn steels CrMnN 1812, CrMnNMo 1714 and CrNiTi 1810 has been investigated in chloride nitric acid at temperature 20-60 C. The Potentials of pitting nucleation and the time for pitting initiation has been determinate by the hronoamperometric method. It was established that alloying only with nitrogen is not sufficient procedure for obtaining of resistive to localised corrosion steel structure. Of importance for the resistance to localised corrosion of Cr-Mn steels is alloying with molybdenum. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die austenitischen stickstoffhaltigen Cr-Mn Staehle CrMnN 1812, CrMnNMo 1714 und der klassische CrNiTi 1810 wurden in chloridhaltigen Salpetersaeureloesungen im Temperaturbereich 20-60 C untersucht. Durch die hronoamperometrische Methode wurden die Potentiale der Lochfrassbildung und die Zeit zur Initiierung der Lochfrasskorrosion bestimmt. Man stellte fest, dass das Legieren der Staehle nur mit Stickstoff eine nicht genuegende ...

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Beside sucker-rod-type pumps and submersible centrifugal pumps, excentric screw pumps (so-called progressing cavity pumps) belong to standard conveyors in the production of crude oil. The authors of the contribution under consideration present the further development of excentric screw pumps with respect to the reduction of fluid levels in gas wells. This further development is based on a co-operation between the operator (Rohoel Aufsuchungs AG (Gampern, Austria)), the pump supplier (NETZSCH Oilfield Products GmbH (Selb, Federal Republic of Germany)) and the Institute for Process Technologies and Machinery at the University of Erlangen-Nuernberg (Federal Republic of Germany). The authors report on first attempts with the excentric screw pump at Weizberg (Federal Republic of Germany), material investigations at the University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, optimization of pump components and pump systems as well as on the optimization of the entire drainage process. Although excentric screw ...

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Problems with the refractory liners of incinerator combustion chambers have accompanied incinerators from the very beginning. They increased during the past decade, owing to higher combustion temperatures required by law (17. BImSchV), the higher calorific values of the waste to be combusted, and the higher or changed pollutant concentrations in the waste materials. This caused the providers and the materials and the producers of incinerators to develop new refractory products and new design concepts, with a great variety of processes and cost levels. [German] Seit Beginn der Abfallverbrennung, insbesondere aber mit zunehmender Tendenz in den vergangenen 10 Jahren, wird ueber Probleme mit der Feuerfestauskleidung in den Brennkammern von Abfallverbrennungsanlagen geklagt. Als Gruende fuer die zunehmenden Korrosionsprobleme werden die hoeheren gesetzlich geforderten Verbrennungstemperaturen (17. BImSchV), die hoeheren Heizwerte der verbrannten Abfaelle und die ...

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The European Court of Justice has defined a clear means by which waste utilisation methods can be distinguished from waste disposal methods in a logical, well-understandable manner. With its stringent definition of ''utilisation'' this judgement points the way to quality-oriented waste management practices. We do not share the often voiced fear that this decision will lead to an increased incineration of compound wastes in industrial plants such as cement works. From the fact that, according to the decision by the European Court of Justice, wastes destined for utilisation fulfil a certain purpose and therefore, if not available in sufficient quantity must be replaced by primary raw materials, it follows that these wastes are required to fulfil specific quality criteria. This is rarely the case, if at all, with compound wastes. From the viewpoint of Luxembourg the decision by the European Court of Justice can be regarded as a positive impulse towards ...

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The basis of assessment for particulate exhaust emissions is the gravimetric analysis of the particle concentration of diluted exhaust gases at temperatures below 52 C. This is very time consuming and takes sufficient sensitivity at low particulate emission rates like downstream of particle filters. For this reason the C/S-method, based on the thermographic analysis of carbon and sulfur, has been developed as an alternative to the gravimetric anallysis. This method yields particle mass as well as the main particle compounds. Comparisons between both methods have been carried out for heavy duty and automobile diesel engines as well as road vehicles and large diesel engines. The tests were conducted with commercial diesel fuel and also with other fuels, such as heavy oils. It could be shown that the C/S-procedure yields the same results as the gravimetric procedure independent of engine, engine mode and kind of fuel. The analysis of all important particulate compounds - elemental carbon ...

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This update of a system concept entitled ``Maritime hazard prevention and water protection`` makes full use of the technical room for maneuver while considering that reasonable financial and economic conditions must be provided. The update allows on to continue or start the exploitation of feasible technical, logistic and information-technology development potentials. The same applies to the national maritime traffic safety measures developed for the German waterways. Considering the maritime hazards that have been prevailing in the coastal areas of the German North Sea, the conducted damage risk investigations suggest that a large-scale, disastrous oil contamination of the mud flats ecosystem cannot be excluded or controlled definitely in spite of the numerous measures taken. (orig.) [Deutsch] Mit der vorgelegten Fortschreibung zum Systemkonzept ``Gefahrenabwehr und Gewaesserschutz im Seeverkehr`` werden die technisch realisierten Handlungsspielraeume unter Beachtung der finanziellen ...

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Heat pumps for residential space heating become an increasingly important alternative to the conventional heating system like gas or oil burner. They offer the opportunity to reduce CO{sub 2} emission associated with heating residential homes in Germany. High compressors efficiency and a wide operating map are required so that an economically viable heat pumps is achieved which meets the operational conditions for present and future heating systems. The design parameter of existing heating systems require relatively high condensing temperatures which can be achieved with dedicated compressor designs. The design of Scroll compressors specially adapted to these heat pumps is shown and their operation is explained. (orig.) [German] Waermepumpen fuer die Wohnraumheizung gewinnen an Bedeutung als Alternative zur konventionellen Gas- oder Oelheizung. Sie bieten die Moeglichkeit, die mit der Gebaeudeheizung verbundene Emission von Kohlendioxid in ...

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The book is a German translation of an American textbook with the original title ''MRI Survival Guide'' and is intended to serve as an introductory guide for beginners or a reference book for quick information. Readers will find information on the fundamentals of the technology and methodology of MRI as well as all details of relevance to practice in a precise and easy-to-grasp arrangement, covering all anatomic areas of interest, illustrations and descriptions of characteristic signs of pathologic processes, high-quality and unusually large-sized diagnostic pictures, a modern didactic concept for quick orientiation, including surveys, tables, and reproductions for visualisation of contents. (orig./CB) [German] Praktisch jeder Mediziner wird im Laufe seiner Berufstaetigkeit mit der MRT konfrontiert - unabhaengig davon ob in der Radiologie, Orthopaedie, Gynaekologie, Chirurgie, Neurologie oder sonstigen Fachrichtung. Das Buch ist eine Uebersetzung ...

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The fibre reinforcement of ceramic materials is used above all to improve the toughness and tolerance of damage, compared to unreinforced monolithic ceramics. This improvement is made possibly by the bridging effect of the cracks by the fibres in crack propagation in the matrix. In this work, the crack bridging effect of the fibres is included in a bridge stress equation, in which a clear relationship between bridge stress and crack opening is determined. The most important step for deriving the bridge stress law was determining the probability of failure of a fibre for a given axial stress curve. One relied on the micromechanical analysis of Hutchinson and Jensen here, by which the boundary conditions in multi-fibre materials can be included and realistic assumptions can be made for the load transfer mechanisms in the fibre/matrix boundary surface. (orig./MM) [Deutsch] Die Faserverstaerkung keramischer Werkstoffe dient vor allem zur Verbesserung der Zaehigkeit und ...

Medline Plus

... or she will start intensive rehabilitation. This includes physical therapy and occupational therapy. Physical and occupational therapies aim at strengthening the remaining ...

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Primary malignant lymphoma of the brain is a disease of unknown etiology, which is increasing in incidence and has an unfavorable prognosis. Despite the lack of specific changes on CT or MRI in most cases, these procedures may typically facilitate the diagnosis: A focal-enhancing mass with subependymal spread on CT or MRI and hyperattenuation on nonenhanced CT are the most reliable features in the diagnosis of primary malignant lymphoma of the brain. Peritumoral edema and mass effect are usually not prominent features. On unenhanced CT scans they usually appear homogeneously isodense to mildly hyperdense relative to the gray matter. On MRI these tumors are slightly hypointense on T1-weighted images and slightly hpyerintense on PD- and T2-weighted images relative to the gray matter. On CT and MRI enhancement is usually homogeneous. Contrast-enhanced MRI, with its multiplanar capability, lack of bone-induced artifacts, and high-contrast resolution, is likely to reveal subependymal spread ...

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The interdiffusion behaviour of MCrAlY-coats on polycrystalline and single-crystalline materials of a similar composition (IN 738 LC/SC 16)shows similar interdiffusion characteristics. TCF-tests, where stress is generated by temperature and sample geometry at the edges of a disk-shaped sample, show that it is possible to differentiate betwee crack resistance of coated and uncoated samples. This method is also suitable for screening tests with different coat thicknesses. Coating of the edge area must, however, be done with great diligence in order to prevent coat thickness variation as results would then not be reproducable. Contrary to TCF (thermal cycle fatigue) TMF-tests (thermal mechanical fatigue)allow to set the stress states that one wishes to test. This method is therefore well suited for testing under operating conditions.(orig.) [German] Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde gezeigt, dass das Interdiffusionsverhalten von MCrAlY-Schichten auf polykristallinen bzw. ...

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Purpose: Reconstruction of organ doses of selected organs and tissues from radiographic settings and exposure data collected during chest X-ray examinations of children of various age groups performed in Dr. von Hauner's Kinderspital (children's hospital of the University of Munich, DvHK) between 1976 and 2007. Materials and Method: The dosimetric data of all X-ray examinations performed since 1976 at DvHK were stored electronically in a database. After 30 years of data collection, the database now includes 305 107 radiological examinations (radiographs and fluoroscopies), especially 119 150 chest radiographs of all age groups. Reconstruction of organ doses in 40 organs and tissues in X-ray examinations of the chest was performed based on the conversion factor concept. Results: The radiation exposure of organs in projection radiography is determined by the exact site of the organs relative to the edges of the X-ray field and the beam direction of ...

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Compared to the reference year of 1990, CO{sub 2} emissions of the Federal Republic of Germany have been curbed by about 12%, primarily as a result of industrial backfitting and pollution abatement measures accomplished in the industrial infrastructure of the new Federal Laender of Germany. Federal Government policy sticks to the previous commitment, to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 25% by the year 2005. Current forecasts and scenarios of future greenhouse gas emissions show that only immediate adherence to a very stringent reduction policy might ensure that this ambitious goal will be achieved. In this context, any change of the baseline data and scenarios hitherto used for progonostic assessments is a crucial factor, so that the article here discusses the impacts of a change in the nuclear generation scenario, as recently ventilated by the German Federal Government, and expected effects on public power supply. (orig./CB) [Deutsch] Ausgehend von dem ...

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Metal hydrode stores are used as fuel tanks in vehicles or as stationary stores of high-purity hydrogen. Equilibrium isotherms at low pessures were measured in order to validate the laws of Henry or Sievert for hydrogen uptake of the alloy Ti{sub 0.98}Zr{sub 0.02}V{sub 0.43}Fe{sub 0.09}Cr{sub 0.05}Mn{sub 1.5} (patented by Daimler Benz AG, code DB5800). The laws were to provide information on whether hydrogen uptake is atomic or molecular and on the conditions in which isothermal measurements are possible. (orig.) [Deutsch] Metallhydridspeicher werden als Kraftstofftank in Fahrzeuge oder als stationaere Speicher zur Bereitstellung von Reinstwasserstoff verwendet. Fuer diese Arbeit wurden die Gleichgewichtsisothermen bei kleinen Druecken vermessen, um die Gesetze von HENRY oder SIEVERT fuer die Wasserstoffaufnahme in der Legierung Ti{sub 0.98}Zr{sub 0.02}V{sub 0.43}Fe{sub 0.09}Cr{sub 0.05}Mn{sub 1.5} zu pruefen. Anhand dieser ...

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In rare cases, large adrenal masses with a suspicion of malignancy exhibit tumor extension into the adrenal vein and inferior vena cava. When planning surgery, the relationship of the extension to the inferior vena cava is of decisive improtance. We describe in two cases on the detection of a tumor thrombus in the inferior vena cava arising from a malignant adrenal mass by means of MR angiography (TOF, coronary 2D GRE images [FLASH], 3 slices acquired during 15 second apnea). The angiograms correlated well with the results of DSA venacavography and with the intraoperative findings. Thus, MRA has been demonstrated to be suitable for the certain proof of a venous tumor thrombus not only in cases of renal cell carcinomas but also in cases of malignant adrenal masses. The method should be applied whenever there is evidence of a venous involvement in the adrenal MR images. (orig.) [Deutsch] Grosse malignomverdaechtige Nebennierentumoren zeigen in seltenen Faellen eine Tumorausdehnung in die ...

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Methods: Systemic irradiation of neuroaxis is an essential part in the management of medulloblastoma, stPNET and intracranial germ cell tumors. The introduction of quality assurance programs in radiooncology assures a precise radiotherapy of target volumes and is a prerequisite to improve survival. Results: Hyperfractionated radiotherapy has the potential of increasing dose to tumor more safely without increasing the risk for late adverse effects. Pilot studies revealed excellent tumor control in medulloblastoma with acceptable acute toxicity and a long-term survival of up to 96%. In medulloblastoma stereotactic radiation techniques reveal an acceptable toxicity and promising results in tumor control in recurrent disease or as primary treatment. They are now part of future treatment protocols in case of persisting residual tumor. Radiotherapy alone in pure germinoma is continuously yielding high cure rates. In secreting germ cell tumors cisplatin containing chemotherapies in ...

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Objective: To determine the reproductibility of three-dimensional volume and thickness measurements of the knee joint cartilage with MRI in volunteers. Methods: The knees of 7 healthy individuals (ages 23 to 58 yrs.) were sagitally imaged with a resolution of 2x0.31x0.31 mm{sup 3}, using a fat-suppressed FLASH-3 D sequence. The knee was repositioned in between replicate acquisitions, 6 data sets being obtained in each case. After semiautomatic segmentation and three-dimensional reconstruction of the cartilage, the thickness was determined independent of the original section orientation. The coefficient of variation for repeated volume measurements and the deviations of the maximal cartilage thickness values were calculated subsequently. Results: The mean variation of the cartilage volumes of the replicate measurements was 1.4% ({+-}0.8%) in the patella, 1.7% ({+-}1.5%) in the femur, 3.0% ({+-}1.2%) in the medial tibial plateau and 3.5% ({+-}2.0%) in the lateral tibial plateau. The ...

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This feasibility study of the uve Institut fuer Technische Chemie und Umweltschutz GmbH discusses the scientific and technical fundamentals of a catalytic process for complete removal of organic pollutants (PAH, H-HC, PCB, phenols, nitro-aromatics and organometallic compounds, e.g. from polluted soil and groundwater) by thermal-catalytic cracking and conversion into simple gases. The process is based on the catalytic reaction of the hydrocarbon compounds with water vapour in the temperature range of 700-900 degrees centigrade. The resulting gas mixtures consist mainly of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and methane which can be used as fuels, e.g. for heating or in gas engines. The process is an alterntive to combustion. It is therefore well suited whenever the pollutant to be removed is already mixed with water or water vapour and wherever in-situ removal would be too great a hazard. [Deutsch] Die vorliegende Machbarkeitsstudie aus dem uve Institut fuer Technische Chemie und ...

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Normally, the alloy NiMo28 is used in the solution annealed and quenched condition in which it has a face centred cubic matrix structure. The matrix of the material is supersaturated with molybdenum and, at temperatures above 800 C, has a tendency to form intermetallic precipitates such as the Ni{sub 4}Mo-ordered phase leading to the embrittlement of the NiMo28-ordered phase leading to the embrittlement of the NiMo28 alloy during hot working. For this reason, the aim of these investigations was to optimise the alloy by reducing its tendency to embrittle. The TEM-analyses carried out served to investigate the precipitation of the material as a function of its iron content after ageing at 700 C. The change in hardness and in the lattice constants of the NiMo28-specimens with iron content were also determined. To improve the hot working properties of this material it is recommended that the iron content be kept to about 3.2 mass % in order to reduce the tendency of the alloy to ...

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The nuclear structure of A {proportional_to} 100 nuclei has been studied in the frame of this thesis with a recently developed {beta} - {gamma} - {gamma} triple coincidence fast timing technique and different models such as shell model, hydrodynamic model, Nilsson and particle-rotor models. This technique which allows the measurement of the level lifetimes in the ps range has been applied at JOSEF at the research reactor DIDO of KFA Juelich in studes of the short-lived neutron-rich nuclei in the A {approx_equal} 100 region. Lifetimes of level in {sup 96},{sup 98},{sup 100} ZR, {sup 99},{sup 101}-{sup 104} Nb, {sup 100}-{sup 105} Mo have been measured, which are in many cases completely new, and otherwise more precise than previously published data. From the lifetimes of the members of rotational bands, the size of the nuclear deformations has been deduced. (orig./HSI). [Deutsch] Im Rahmen dieser Doktorarbeit wurde die Kernstruktur der A {proportional_to} 100 Kerne untersucht. Dazu ...

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Maintenance of power stations so far operated on the concept of using or extending the expected service life of a machine or plant as far as possible in order to avoid early and costly replacement. This was done by means of time-oriented maintenance, inspection and repair, otherwise called preventive maintenance. A European study on maintenance methods totals the cost of these measures at between 140 to 200 billion DM. One way of reducing these costs is 'predictive maintenance'. Estimated savings are about 8 percent or between 12 and 16 billion DM per year. Predictive maintenance identifies irregulaties of machine parts at an early point in time by means of condition monitoring and can help to cut costs: unplanned repairs can be avoided; repairs can be fitted into production schedules; production will not be disturbed to to unforeseen repairs, optimised spare part warehousing helps to cut costs. Predictive maintenance aims at keeping availability high, give maximum ...

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The measuring series was performed from November 1991 through April 1992 in seven drinking-water conditioning plants of the Fichtel mountains area in the north-eastern part of Bavaria, and the results revealed as an annual average a dose of about 1 - 40 WLM. The area of interest is a drinking-water catchment area where the ground water and other water resources include waters particularly rich in radon content, which explains this relatively high dose range. This is why comprehensive, specific local and long-term mearurements were carried out in order to assess the occupational radiation dose in the drinking-water conditioning plants, taking as a model site the conditioning plant of the municipal utilities of Hof in Weissenstadt. These more specific measurements were performed by the Technical Inspectorates (TUeV) of Bavaria and Saxony and the isotope laboratory of Georg-August University of Goettingen in mid-April 1994 (Goettingen University, TUeV Saxonia and Bavaria) and from June ...

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Purpose: For planning the therapeutic strategies and estimating the prognosis in esophageal cancer, N-staging is very important. To date, MRI still is of minor importance as imaging modality of the mediastinum despite promising developments in the past, like ECG-gating or 'averaging' sequences, e.g. LOTA (Long-term averaging), which facilitate mediastinal and thoracic MR-imaging. In a prospective approach, the value of MRI based N-staging was examined with respect to LOTA-sequences. Material and Methods: Within from weeks prior to esophagectomy, standardized MRI of the esophagus was performed in 15 patients (10 squamous-cell-carcinomas and 5 adenocarcinomas) using a 1.5 T whole body scanner. Imaging quality was classified based on depiction of aortic wall or tracheal wall layers. Criteria for malignant infiltration were a diameter of more than 15 mm or a round appearance of a lymph node together with GD-DTPA enhancement. All data were blinded and separately read by ...

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CERN Document Server

Eigenschaften von Atomuhren und ihre Verwendung bei der Zeitskalenherstellung

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The quantitative measurement of carbon concentration-distance curves serves as fundamental prerequisite for the evaluation of rim zone properties connected with decarburisation processes in material science. This was shown in part 1 of the present work with two samples from through-hardenable rolling bearing steel 100Cr6 (SAE 52100) austenitised in different oxidising atmospheres by position dependent determination of hardness, residual stresses, and X-ray line broadening ({l_brace}211{r_brace} {alpha}'-Fe diffraction line). In practice, it is important to predict carbon concentration-distance curves under prevailing heat treatment conditions or to conclude conversely from profile measurements. Based on a refined kinetics model of a diffusion-controlled process, part 2 therefore presents a simulation tool developed by means of the finite element method (FEM). Apart from the concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficient, it also considers the decarburisation induced ...

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In technical combustors, flow and combustion processes inside the combustion chamber determine the design and also the safety of the plant. A modelling technique was developed at TU Dresden which comprises both numerical simulations and experimental data and thus achieves a high degree of transparency in its visualisation of the processes inside the combustion chambers under investigation. With the experience gained, numerical models of commercial simulation software (FLUENT, CFX) can be validated by measured values, and potential applications of the programs can be investigated. The first stage of experimental modelling consisted in isothermal (cold) modelling in consideration of flow-relevant similarity characteristics. In the reactive, non-isothermal models, the fuel/air ratio and temperature conditions inside the original combustion chamber were modelled as well. In order to obtain detailed data on the combustion conditions at the burner, measurements were made on a separate ...

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To permit an assessment of the system presented in this paper the data collected up to this point should be complemented by further experience with its practical use in electromobiles and the recovery of zink and the electrolyte. To this end the system is to be tested in electromobiles in 1995 and 1996. If there are no serious problems in the course of these tests and the above-mentioned estimates on economic efficiency are confirmed, then there is much to be said for a large-scale trial of these battery systems in electromobiles in the framework of a pilot project in Karlsruhe. Because of the infrastructure required for recharging, such a project should first be carried out in cooperation with fleet operators. As the recharging technique employed is so simple as to require no great investment and cost-effectiveness should already be achievable with a few tens of vehicles, one can conceive of a whole variety of applications in cooperation with public utilities, municipalities, and ...

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A cooperative effort of the Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research (ZSW) and Phototronics Solartechnik GmbH (PST) aimed at the transfer of highly efficient solar cells developed on a laboratory scale, to large-area thin-film solar modules suitable for production. This work was based on research and development at the Institute for Physical Electronics (IPE) of Stuttgart University and ZSW on one hand, and on the know-how of PST in regard to large-area module fabrication on the other hand. The various thin-film layers of the cells and modules comprize molybdenum as rear contact, copper-indium(gallium)-diselenide (CIGS) as absorber material, the combination of cadmium sulphide (CdS) and ZnO as window layer. To produce these layers on large areas (30x30 cm{sup 2}), equipment was constructed and procedures were developed. Monolithic series connection of cells, used in other thin-film technologies, was studied and optimized by suitable patterning procedures, such as laser-scribing, ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Subject of this study is the question of whether cone beam CT (CBCT) images with reduced projection data are suitable for use in adaptive radiation therapy (ART) treatment planning. For this purpose image quality and dose calculation accuracy depending on imaging modality were analysed. In this context, two CBCT-methods will be indicated having reduced projection data sets: Scans acquired with 200^o rotation angle in order to accelerate the CBCT process (half scan), or scans with an asymmetric cone beam and detector offset, used to enlarge the field-of-view (half fan). Methods: For three different CBCT-modes (On-Board-Imaging, Varian Medical Systems), two of them based on reduced projection data, and a conventional multidetector CT system, the main image quality parameters were studied. Tr...

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To compare the accuracy in the detection and staging of various malignant tumors with high resolution whole-body MRI using parallel imaging with whole-body dual-modality PET-CT. Preliminary results of an interim analysis from a prospective, blinded study are presented, in which 20 patients (mean age 59 years, range 27-77 years) with different oncological diseases underwent whole-body dual modality FDG-PET-CT screening for tumor search or staging in case of confirmed or suspected metastatic disease. All patients also underwent whole-body MRI imaging with the use of parallel imaging (iPAT). High-resolution coronal T1w- and STIR-sequences of 5 body levels with 512 x 512 matrix, axial fast T2w imaging of lung and abdomen (HASTE), contrast-enhanced dynamic and static T1w-sequences of liver, brain, abdomen, and pelvis were performed. Using a 32-channel whole-body MRI scanner (Magnetom Avanto, Siemens Medical Solutions) with a total field of view of 205 cm and free table movement, all ...

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The transport-relevant basic data recorded within the framework of a federation-wide transport data survey made in 1986 are the best-founded source at present for determining the transport volume of other radioactive materials in different economic areas of the Federal Republic of Germany. Due to the high recording rates, a sufficiently complete survey can be provided in particular with regard to the transport volume (e.g.transports/consignments/cargos, transport distance) - with the exception of transport by ship - for the ranges of application in reserach, medicine and technology. However, as regards the radiologically relevant basic data and transport modalities, the information supplied by the transporting agencies is incomplete. A table gives a comprehensive survey of type and scope of the transport volume of other radioactive materials in the Federal Republic of Germany (excluding the GDR) for transport by road, rail and air. The table also includes data on the dose rate of ...

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Purpose: In an experimental study, the correlation between the trabecular bone density of the different regions of the proximal femur and the fracture load in the setting of femoral neck fractures was examined. Methods: The bone mineral density 41 random proximal human femora was estimated by single-energy quanitative CT (SE-QCT). The trabecular bone density was measured at the greatest possible extracortical volume at midcapital, midneck and intertrochanteric level and in the 1 cm{sup 3} volumes of the centres of these regions in a standardised 10 mm thick slice in the middle of the femoral neck axis (in mg/ml Ca-hydroxyl apatite). The proximal femora were then isolated and mounted on a compression/bending device under two-legged stand conditions and loaded up to the point when a femoral neck fracture occurred. Results: Statistical analysis revealed a linear correlation between the trabecular bone density and the fracture load for the greater regions, with the highest value in the ...

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Tribological performance of alumina and silicon carbide ceramics as well as of the hardened steel 100Cr6 for reference was studied during reciprocating sliding and cavitation erosion in isooctane as substitute of gasoline and in distilled water. It was the aim to characterize effects of surface finish of the specimens and the liquid media on friction, resistance to sliding wear and cavitation erosion. Sliding wear tests were run on the self-mated ceramics and ceramic/steel pairs under conditions of boundary lubrication using a laboratory tribometer with cylinder-on-plate geometry. Vibratory cavitation erosion tests were conducted according to ASTM G 32-92. High initial surface roughness of coarse ground specimens led to a distinct running-in period during sliding contact with a transition from high to low values of friction coefficient and wear intensity. Incubation time was reduced with increasing surface roughness in the cavitation tests. Depending on the materials investigated, the ...

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A comparative process can be shown for the design of combined fuel cell powerstations. It is worth noting that the output of a combined powerstation working reversibly is independent of the thermodynamic state of the cell, and only depends on the reaction and thermodynamic state of the environment. The potential efficiency of gas-fired combined fuel cell powerstations is estimated at 80%. The fuel cell proves to be an isothermal heat source and not an adiabatic fluegas generator. This applies generally for all combustion power processes. Compared with external reforming, the integration of the reforming in the whole process leads to distinct advantages in efficiency if the possibilities of using the waste heat of intermediate thermal power processes are fully exploited. The plant implementation with an SOFC gas turbine process shows that realisation of a relatively simple plant concept leads to efficiencies distinctly above 70%. The enclosure design is of central improtance for the ...

Science.gov (United States)

PMID:20156044

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Brief item.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In a case study of the River Lahn, Hessen, Germany, the ecological impact of effluents from sewage treatment plants was investigated. These emissions have a significant impact on the receiving water quality with ammonia, nitrite, phosphorus and the eutrophication as most important factors. Current legislation standards seem to be sufficent for the sanitation of the nitrogen load. The potential of phosphorus removal in sewage treatment plants however may not reach the demand for eutrophication abatement. Therefore, integrated and immission oriented strategies are required including in site measures of river restoration. (orig.) [Deutsch] An der hessischen Lahn wurde in einem mehrjaehrigen Forschungsvorhabens die Bedeutung von Abwasserereinleitungen aus Klaeranlagen hinsichtlich ihrer gewaesseroekologischen Relevanz untersucht. Wesentliche Belastungen beziehen sich auf die Parameter Ammonium, Nitrit und Phosphor sowie eutrophierungsbedingte Folgeerscheinungen. ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The thesis explains the development of a mass spectrometerical isotope dilution analysis (MS/DA) for determining trace amounts of Tc. The Tc-97 isotope has been prepared by in-core irradiation of Ru of natural isotopic composition, and used as the indicator isotope. For separation of Tc-97 from the Ru matrix, a method has been developed to quantitatively separate Tc-97 from a high Ru surplus. For determining the isotope ratio for the MS/DA, a mass spectrometrical measuring technique has been found which allows reproducible measurement of the Tc-99/Tc-97 isotope ratio. Positive and, for the first time, also negative thermoionisation has been used as a method of selective ionisation of Tc. The applicability of the MS/DA for Tc trace analysis has been verified using two Al foils doped with Tc-99 or Mo-98, respectively. These have been irradiated in a nuclear reactor, the irradiation of Tc-99 yielding Ru-100, and irradiation of Mo-98 Tc-99. The determination of the elements Ru and Mo in ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Buildings in the USA are commonly not perceived as energy efficient and sustainable. Considering this, it comes as a surprise that the LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) certification system is leading the process to certify ''Green Buildings'' despite the broad range of certification systems in countries such as BREEAM in England, CASBEE in Japan, HQE in France, Green Star in Australia, and most recently DGNB in Germany. International companies are pursuing the LEED certification due to its worldwide applicability - over 20,000 buildings in 76 countries are currently registered. (Abstract Copyright [2009], Wiley Periodicals, Inc.) [German] Die USA sind nicht gerade fuer oekologisches und energieeffizientes Bauen bekannt. Umso erstaunlicher ist es, dass das LEED-Zertifizierungssystem (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) neben anderen landesspezifischen Systemen wie z. B. BREEAM in England, CASBEE in Japan, HQE in ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The direct injection Diesel engine with its specific fuel consumption of about 200 g/kWh is one of the most efficient thermal engines. However in case of relatively low CH- und CO-emission the soot- and NO{sub x} concentration in the exhaust gas turns out to be a problem with respect to the legislation on emission limits. At the department of piston- and turbo-machines of the Trier University of Applied Sciences, a single-cylinder testing engine with two injection-systems (fuel and water) has been developed. This engine has been constructed to analyse the effect of stratified water-injection on the soot- and NO{sub x} emissions of exhaust gases of a Diesel engine. (orig.) [German] Der Dieselmotor mit Direkteinspritzung stellt mit spezifischen Kraftstoffverbraeuchen in der Groessenordnung von 200 g/kWh eine der wirtschaftlichsten thermischen Kraftmaschinen dar. Bei relativ niedrigen Kohlenwasserstoff- und Kohlenmonoxid-Emissionen erweist sich die Russ- und ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Isothermal reaction experiments were performed in the temperature range of 1000 - 1300 C in order to determine the chemical interactions between Zircaloy-4 fuel rod cladding and Inconel-718 spacer grids of Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR) under severe accident conditions. It was not possible to apply even higher temperatures since fast and complete liquefaction of the components occurred as a result of eutectic interactions during heatup. The liquid reaction products formed enhance and accelerate the degradation of the material couples and the fuel elements, respectively. Only small amounts of Inconel are necessary to liquefy large amounts of Zircaloy. Thin oxide layers on the Zircaloy surface delay the beginning of the chemical interactions with Inconel but cannot prevent them. In this work the reaction kinetics have been determined for the system: as-received and pre-oxidized Zircaloy-4/Inconel 718. The interactions can be described by parabolic rate laws; the Arrhenius equations for ...

Medline Plus

... Massage therapy can help the body release certain chemicals. These chemicals help us relax, improve blood circulation and get ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In an epidemiological study of the somatic late effects risk following incorporation of a short lived {alpha}-emitter, 1473 ankylosing spondylitis patients treated with repeated intravenous injections of {sup 224}Ra in the years 1948 - 75, have been observed in the GSF. The usual therapeutic plan consisted of a total of 10 - 12 injections of 1.036 MBq (28 {mu}Ci) of {sup 224}Ra each, given at weekly intervals; this would result in an cumulative {alpha}-dose of 0.56 - 0.67 Gy to the marrow-free skeleton of a 70-kg-man (standard man). These patients have been followed together with a control group of ankylosing spondylitis patients not treated with radioactive drugs and/or X-rays. Until May 1993 (mean follow-up time 19.9 yr), 595 patients of the exposure group and 722 patients of the control group have died, causes of death have been ascertained for 578, resp. 668 patients. Among others we observed in the exposure group 10 cases of leukaemia (vs. 2.7 - 2.8 cases expected, p < 0.001) ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Objective: To determine the efficacy of a covered stent prototype designed for protected carotid angioplasty to reduce cerebral embolization. Material and Method: The covered stent tested is made of nitinol, coated with a polyurethane membrane (MembraX{sup TM}; porous size 80 {mu}m). In a bench-top model (flow-rate 650 ml/min, pulsatile flow [dicrote] 123 Pulses/min, pressure 100/60 mm Hg [mean pressure 80 mmHg]) with inserted human carotid (n=6) stent implantation was performed (8/32 mm). Passed particles (mg) were determined in the effluent of a 100 {mu}m filter prior to intervention, after stent deployment and after final dilation (5 mm). Results: When stenting carotid arteries obtained from human cadavers, the highest rate of particle embolization was measured while crossing the lesion with the delivery device (6,8 mg; for all p<0,05), embolization after additional balloon angioplasty and particle rates measured in the effluent filter prior covered stent placement were ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pr{sub 2}[Mo{sub 2}C{sub 3}] was obtained by arc melting of the elements followed by annealing at 1500 C in arc welded and sealed Mo-ampoules. The compound was characterised by chemical analyses, X-ray diffraction and metallography. The crystal structure (monoclinic, P2{sub 1}/c, Z = 4, a = 597.99(10) pm, b = 665.15(11) pm, c = 1185.60(19) pm and {beta} = 111.631(5) ) represents a new structure type containing a three dimensional polyanion {sub {infinity}}{sup 3}[(Mo{sub 2}C{sub 3}){sup 6-}] with Molybdenum(III) in a distorted tetrahedral coordination by carbo-ligands. Tetrameric building-blocks, Mo{sub 4}C{sub 10}, of edge sharing MoC{sub 4}-tetrahedra are arranged to form layers running parallel to (100). The layers are interconnected along [100] by sharing common apices of the MoC{sub 4} tetrahedra. The coordination polyhedra around praseodymium represent distorted (PrC{sub 5})-arrangements (mono capped tetrahedra and square pyramids). The metal atoms together form a distorted motif ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract prepared

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Short communication

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The role of high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of preoperative and postoperative complications caused by acquired cholesteatomas will be described in this paper. The pre- and postoperative imaging of the temporal bone was performed with HRCT and MRI. HRCT and MRI were performed in the axial and coronal plane. MRI was done with T2 weighted and T1 weighted sequences both before and after the intravenous application of contrast material. All imaging findings were confirmed clinically or surgically. The preoperative cholesteatoma-caused complications depicted by HRCT included bony erosions of the ossicles, scutum, facial canal in the middle ear, tympanic walls including the tegmen tympani, and of the labyrinth. The preoperative cholesteatoma-caused complications depicted by MRI included signs indicative for labyrinthitis, and brain abscess. Postoperative HRCT depicted bony erosions caused by recurrent cholesteatoma, bony defects ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The fundamental recommendations of the ICRP issued in its publication of 1990 stipulate the general principle of performance of dose measurements at regular intervals in the field of diagnostic radiology, for the purpose of equipment performance checking and optimization of radiological protection. In response to this requirement, the Federal Ministry, in cooperation with experts and the competent supervising authorities, has issued an order to install dose-area-product meters in angiographic examination systems, imaging systems and fluoroscopic screen devices primarily used for examining infants and children up to the age of 12. This is done in response to reported cases of adverse effects of radiation exposure and the high priority given to radiological protection in the examination of infants and children. In 1992, an expert group was convened to discuss and elaborate instructions for including dose-area product measurement in the dosimetry activities in medical diagnostic ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nuclear energy will have to cope more and more with a rapid changing environment due to economic competitive pressure and the deregulatory progress. In current economic environment, utilities will have to focus strongly on the reduction of their total generation costs, covering the fuel cycle costs, which are only partly under their control. Developments in the fuel cycle will be in the short-term rather evolutionary addressing the current needs of utilities. However, within the context of sustainable development and more and more inclusion of externalities in energy generation costs, more performing developments in the fuel cycle could become important and feasible. A life-cycle design approach of the fuel cycle will be requested in order to cover all factors in order to decrease significantly the nuclear energy generation cost to complete with other alternative fuels in the long-term. This paper will report on some of the trends one could distinguish in the fuel cycle with emphasis ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Which imaging modalities are appropriate for the Differential diagnosis of Rheumatic diseases. MRI has far most the highest sensitivity and is unequaled in its brilliant presentation of Anatomy and Pathology. But it is sometimes forgotten, that this is at least in part the result of carefully selected sequences, dedicated to the expected result. In a method totally independent of any result, this should not be the case. In contrary this method should be highly standardised and regardless what will be the findings. This is true for Plain X-ray. It will be shown, that already the outer silhouette of the soft parts with different features of swelling, and differences in density and even more - defects or appositions of the bony silhouette in the majority of cases at least will allow to classify the patient for a group of diseases and in many cases will lead to a definite diagnosis. Differential diagnoses like Rheumatoid Arthritis versus Psoriatic Arthritis or simply but not always simple ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This contribution provides an overview and imparts basic knowledge on pertinent technical developments in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the liver: 3D sequences, respiratory triggering, parallel imaging, and 3 Tesla (3T). 3D sequences can be used as T1-weighted (T1w) sequences for analyzing dynamics of contrast enhancement or as T2w sequences for MR cholangiography. Consistent improvements in respiratory triggering make it possible to obtain good image quality on T2w scans even in patients unable to hold their breath. Parallel imaging as a universal technique to accelerate image acquisition is particularly appropriate for MRI of the liver, and it has been shown that the reduced acquisition time is not achieved at the expense of image quality. Further progress in MRI of the liver can be expected with use of the 3T systems, but hitherto irrelevant problems must still be solved. Overall the innovations presented here, applied alone or in combination, facilitate rapid, robust, and ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This proceedings volume comprises 17 papers on the following subjects: Methane hydrates, compounds of gas and water; Compressed air stroage gas turbine power plants / Scheduled application for load levelling between varying wind power production and power demand; Modern pumped storage power stations in the GW range - the PSW Goldisthal example; Lead batteries - new developments and future applications; Alkaline battery systems for hybrid electric road vehicles; Lighium systems and their applications; Zinc/air cells; Hydrogen storage - metal hydride storage, compressed gas storage, LNG storage; Carbon nanofibres for hydrogen storage; Double-layer condensers - technology, cost, perslpectives; Supercondensers in motor vehicles; Superconducting magnetic energy stores; Flywheel storage - status report; Decentralized energy storage in the European integrated supply grid - the EU project DISPOWER; Intercontinental integration of power supply - perspectives of full-scale power supply on the ...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Forty-four patients with histologically proven Hodgkin's disease underwent initial treatment with extended-field radiation therapy. Nineteen of these patients also received combination chemotherapy....Full Text Available

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Radionuclide bone metastases therapy is a major achievement of nuclear medicine. Development of less radiotoxic and more effective radiopharmaceuticals is therefore a challenge for radiopharmacists and industry. This paper reviews the application of rhenium-188 HEDP as a reactor- or generator-produced nuclide for bone metastases therapy. (author)

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

The current therapy for extrinsic and intrinsic asthma, together with that of ‘wheezing bronchitis’, is presented, with special attention to bronchodilators and adrenocorticosteroids....Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

PurposeTo determine the dosimetric impact of inter-fraction anatomical movements in prostate cancer patients receiving proton therapy.Full Text Available

Science.gov (United States)

... radiation during clinical therapy and exposures due to radiation accidents or attacks, in which the doses are uncontrolled ... only be used off-label in victims of radiation accidents or attacks. The idea...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in stroke makes it possible to visualize the initial infarct in cases of acute cerebral ischemia. Perfusion MRI serves to determine which tissues are additionally at risk of infarction due to persistent hypoperfusion. MRI also allows those examiners with limited experience to reliably confirm an infarct. The most important differential diagnosis of cerebral ischemia, intracerebral hemorrhage, can likewise be recognized with certainty using MRI. Although diffusion and perfusion MRI only demonstrate the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia approximately, the method is suited for identifying those patients who would profit from reperfusion therapy. Whether MRI is also appropriate as an aid to reaching a prognosis on the risk of secondary hemorrhage has not yet been resolved. (orig.) [German] Die Schlaganfall-MRT ermoeglicht es, bei akuter zerebraler Ischaemie den bereits initial entstandenen Infarkt darzustellen. Mittels Perfusions-MRT ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Purpose: {sup 31}P-MRS is used to assess the influence of sex and age on quadriceps muscle metabolism before and after exercise. Materials and Methods: 32 healthy volunteers (15 women, 17 men; mean age: 38{+-}17 yrs.) were examined by dynamic phosphorus-31 ({sup 31}P) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). In the magnet, the quadriceps muscle was stressed by an isometric and an isotonic form of exercise until exhaustion, respectively. Results: Resting conditions: With increasing subjects` age, the ratio {beta}-adenosine triphosphate/total phosphate decreased (r=-0.37; p=0.02). With increasing subjects` age, the ratios inorganic phosphate/phosphocreatine (r=0.79; p=5x10{sup -8}), phosphomonoester/{beta}-adenosine triphosphate (r=0.74; p=10{sup -6}) and phosphodiester/{beta}-adenosine triphosphate (r=0.62; p=10{sup -4}) increased. The pH was the only one of the evaluated spectroscopic parameters which showed a sex-dependence: Female subjects had a significantly lower pH (7.03{+-}0.02) ...

Science.gov (United States)

PMID:17236670

KoreaScience (Korea)

Full Text Available

KoreaScience (Korea)

Full Text Available

Science.gov (United States)

PMID:21395650

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

BackgroundTo compare two strategies of dynamic intensity modulated radiation therapy (dIMRT) with 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT) in the setting of hypofractionated...Full Text Available

Science.gov (United States)

... use of water in wound management, such as whirlpool baths, but can be used interchangeably with the ...

KoreaScience (Korea)

Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

The agglutination of human platelets by ristocetin and von Willebrand factor was inhibited by aggregated immunoglobulin (Ig)G and by Fc fragments of IgG, but not by Fab, F(ab′)₂ or...Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract prepared.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

In this article we obtain an alternative formulation of the von Mises type conditions for p-max stable laws in terms of generalized log Pareto distributions (glogPds). Relationship between the rate of convergence of extremes and the remainder terms in the von Mises type conditions is investigated. It is shown that the rate of convergence in the von Mises type conditions for p-max stable laws determines the distance of the underlying distribution function from a glogPd.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract prepared.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Aim: Changes within the brain detected by MRI after chronic manganese poisoning raised the question whether morphological changes of the basal ganglia, particularly of the globus pallidus, could be detected after chronic occupational exposure to manganese dioxide. Results: No cases of parkinsonism were detected in clinical examinations or by other means. The mean manganese concentration in blood was 12 {mu}g/l (range: 3.9-23.3 {mu}g/l). In comparison to the upper reference value of 10 {mu}g/l, 42 workers (56%) had a higher body burden. A significant positive correlation between manganese levels in blood and the PI (indicated by T{sub 1}-shortening) was observed as well as between the CBI and workplace-specific exposure. Brain atrophy was not detected in any of the observed cases. Conclusions: Long-term exposure to manganese dioxide dust correlates with the Pallidum-Index in MRI scans. Although the MRI findings have no current clinical relevance for individuals, further studies are ...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

BackgroundIt remains unclear if certain antiretroviral medications, particularly abacavir, compromise response to hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapy. Such data can inform...Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A simple device is described which is used to determine treatment distance and beam direction in electron therapy employing one collimation. A technique for the production of irregular field templates and localization films is given.

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

BackgroundTo assess the relationship between improved regional and global myocardial function in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy in response to β-blocker therapy or...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) related therapies – mainly tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as erlotinib and gefitinib, but also monoclonal antibodies targeting EGFR, for example,...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

BackgroundThe lack of adequate randomized clinical trials (RCT) has hindered identification of new therapies that are safe and effective for patients with primary focal segmental...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an established endoscopic technique for ablating Barrett’s esophagus with high-grade dysplasia or early-stage intraepithelial neoplasia. The most common clinically...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Several compact proton accelerator systems for use in proton therapy have recently been proposed. Of paramount importance to the development of such an accelerator system is the maximum kinetic energy...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

BackgroundHerpes simplex virus (HSV) suppressive therapy reduces genital and plasma HIV-1 RNA over periods up to three months but the longer-term effect is unknown.Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of different concomitant disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) on the persistence with antitumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapies in...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Purpose: Understanding the kinetics of tumor growth∕shrinkage represents a critical step in quantitative assessment of therapeutics and realization of adaptive radiation therapy....Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

The heterogeneity of metastatic breast cancer mandates the need to select therapies taking into account tumor and patient characteristics. Chemotherapy is indicated in the palliative setting especially...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Multiple disease-specific systematic reviews on the effectiveness of physical therapy intervention for shoulder dysfunction have been inconclusive. To date, there have been two systematic reviews that...Full Text Available

Medline Plus

... and at that point she had already failed physical therapy, which someone else had prescribed, and so ... MRI, we may try a brief course of physical therapy to see if they feel better, but ...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

ObjectiveTo report the efficacy and safety of combined photodynamic therapy (PDT) and intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injection in the treatment of idiopathic polypoidal choroidal...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

This study was an evaluation of the performance of self-applied, blue light, light-emitting diode therapy in the treatment of mild-to-moderate inflammatory acne on the face, concerning: 1) time to improvement...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

BackgroundPostnatal glucocorticoid therapy in premature infants diminishes chronic lung disease, but it also increases the risk of hypertension in adulthood. Since glucocorticoid...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

In many radiotherapy clinics, geometric uncertainties in the delivery of 3D conformal radiation therapy and intensity modulated radiation therapy of the prostate are reduced by aligning the...Full Text Available

Medline Plus

... acquired, which we then volumetrically fuse with the 3D image set from the MR. And by doing ...

Science.gov (United States)

Cervical Cancer; Radiation Toxicity

Science.gov (United States)

PMID:9226309

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Japanese Mar 1999 p. 371-372 Japan Shi, Dequan Yamazaki, Takashi

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Purpose: Measurement of the oscillating CSF flow in the spinal canal (SC) of healthy volunteers and in patients with post-traumatic syringomyelia (PTS) using an optimized MRI protocol as well as to determine whether stenosis induced velocity changes are detectable using MRI. Methods: In 68 healthy volunteers quantitative studies of CSF flow in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions were performed. First, an optimized sequence was developed and tested in 19 volunteers using four different flow-encoding velocities (4, 8, 12, 16 cm/s). Secondly, the optimized sequence was employed in 49 volunteers to measure the different CSF patterns in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal canals (CSC, TSC, LSC). Part three of the study, in which patients with PTS are being examined is still underway. We measured the maximum velocity (cm/s), the pixel area (mm{sup 2}), and the stroke volume (ml/s). Using a flow model the velocities prior to and after compression with 5 different power levels ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

An electron accelerator unit is described for electron beam therapy, comprising: a source of an electron beam; means for finally directing at least a portion of the beam to a therapy site, the directing means being mechanically independent of, and electrically isolated from, the source, and having a target area; and means for aligning the source with the directing means, the aligning means comprising means for projecting at least one beam of light from the source toward the target area.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The Monte Carlo transport codes LAHET and MCNP were used to calculate energy fluence spectra at three neutron therapy facilities. The results compare very favourably with measured data. Kerma spectra and the ratio of ICRU muscle tissue kerma to A-150 kerma, along the carbon to oxygen kerma ratio, were determined. Absorbed dose rate calculations are in reasonable agreement with measured values. Use of these codes to study modifications to existing therapy beams is briefly discussed. (author).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The obligations under international law to reduce transfrontier air pollution is discussed in five chapters from various aspects. Consequences for the European Communities are gone into in five further chapters. (orig./HP)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In order to remove ash from coal, it is introduced into an aqueous ash removal solution, which contains nitric acid or citric acid and ammonium hydrogen fluoride. The coal without ash is then separated from the aqueous solution. According to the process, either finely ground coal is introduced into the ash removel solution or the coal with the solution is ground in a wet pulveriser.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

AbstractBackground: So far, infliximab (IFX) therapy for the treatment of Crohn's disease (CD) has generally been guided by clinical symptoms. Data on treatment response as ascertained by endoscopy in IFX therapy are scarce. The aims of this study were to measure the endoscopic response rate during IFX induction and maintenance therapy in luminal CD, and also evaluate the role of endoscopy in monitoring IFX therapy. Methods: Data obtained from 71 patients with active luminal CD and treated with IFX were analyzed retrospectively. The endoscopy findings were scored according to mucosal activity as: 0 (remission), 1-2 (mild), 3-4 (moderate), and 5-6 (severe). A positive endoscopic response was determined by a decrease in score of at least two points and mucosal healing was assigned a score of...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Little clinical evidence has been provided to show the minimization of radiation resistance of tumors using high linear energy transfer radiation. We therefore investigated the radiobiological and molecular pathological aspects of carbon beam therapy. A total of 27 patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the cervix were treated using a carbon beam and 50 control patients with SCC of the cervix using a photon beam. The expression of Ki-67, p53, and p27 proteins before radiotherapy and 5 and 15 days after therapy initiation were investigated using immunohistochemistry. Similar changes were observed in Ki-67 labeling index (LI) and p53 LI during carbon and photon beam therapies. However, for carbon beam therapy, the mean p27 LI significantly decreased from 25.2% before treatment to 18.6% on the 5th day after treatment initiation, followed by a significant increase to 36.1% on the 15th day. In ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract available.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract prepared.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Short communication

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Short communication

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract prepared.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Radiation therapy has had a significant and an expanded role in the management of cancer of the pancreas during the last decade. In particular, for locally advanced disease, radiation therapy has improved the median survival of patients to 1 year. Intraoperative electron beam therapy has been applied to unresectable and resectable pancreatic cancer in an attempt to enhance local control of disease and to improve patient survival. This paper presents a survey of the role of radiation therapy in treatment of cancer of the pancreas, provides information on the radiobiological aspects of this treatment modality and details the physical and dosimetric characteristics of intraoperative radiation therapy with electrons. Presented are the design specifics of an applicator system, central axis beam data, applicator parameters, dose distribution data, shielding, treatment planning and means ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The brochure reports on the construction and method of operation of heat pumps: - Efficiency and temperature difference - output figure - circuit processes - saving of primary energy - monovalent and bivalent plants - absorber, earth collectors - heat recovery. (HW) [Deutsch] Die Broschuere berichtet ueber den Aufbau und die Wirkungsweise von Waermepumpen: - Wirkungsgrad und Temperaturdifferenz - Leistungszahl - Kreisprozesse - Einsparung von Primaerenergie - monovalente und bivalente Anlagen - Absorber, Erdkollektoren - Waermerueckgewinnung. (HW)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The ash of biomass fuels was analysed in order to identify its inorganic chemical characteristics. The experiments were carried out using different methods of extraction. The accuracy of the measurements was verified by comparative analyses using certified samples. The composition was shown to vary with the fuel type and ash fraction. In the case of arsenic and the toxic heavy metals cadmium, mercury and lead, accumulation factors of 1.4 to 43 were measured in the tissue filter ash. [German] Fuer die Bestimmung der stofflichen Eigenschaften von Biobrennstoffaschen werden neben der fuer die Ermittlung von Stoffbilanzen notwendigen Analyse der Gesamtgehalte, in Abhaengigkeit von der Zielsetzung und den gesetzlichen Vorgaben, unterschiedliche Extraktionsverfahren eingesetzt. Fuer die Gesamtgehaltsbestimmung wurden aus laborinternen Wiederholungsuntersuchungen sowie einem laborexternen Analysenvergleich Kenngroessen fuer die ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Tumours lesions of the temporal bone and of the cerebello-pontine angle are rare.This tumours can be separated into benign and malignant lesions. In this paper the CT and MRI characteristica of tumours of the temporal bone and the cerebello-pontane angle will be demonstrated. High resolution CT (HRCT) as usually performed in the axial plane are using a high resolution bone window level setting, coronal planes are the reconstructed from the axial data set or will be obtained directly. With the MRI FLAIR sequence in the axial plane the whole brain will be scanned either to depict or exclude a tumour invasion into the brain. After this,T2-weighted fast spin echo sequences or fatsuppressed inversion recovery sequences in high resolution technique in the axial plane will be obtained from the temporal bone and axial T1-weighted spinecho sequences before and after the intravenous application of contrast material will be obtained of this region. Finally T1-weighted spinecho sequences in high ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

For over 50 years, electron beams have been an important modality for providing an accurate dose of radiation to superficial cancers and disease and for limiting the dose to underlying normal tissues and structures. This review looks at many of the important contributions of physics and dosimetry to the development and utilization of electron beam therapy, including electron treatment machines, dose specification and calibration, dose measurement, electron transport calculations, treatment and treatment-planning tools, and clinical utilization, including special procedures. Also, future changes in the practice of electron therapy resulting from challenges to its utilization and from potential future technology are discussed. (review)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Electron beam therapy has often been used for radiation therapy of carcinomas of the buccal mucosa, though side effects, including stomatitis and dermatitis, are known to exist. We experimented using the additional back scatter and transit with the phantom under a lead plate within the irradiation field, in order to better focus the dose on the target volume moreover, we fabricated a mouthpiece fitted with a lead plate shaped to the target volume, and with respect to the influence of the mouthpiece on stomatitis and dermatitis, obtained good clinical results. (author).

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Prostate cancer can be successfully treated using dynamic adaptive external beam radiation techniques along with interstitial brachytherapy to deliver curative therapies with low urinary, rectal and erectile function morbidity. Through the use of sophisticated, state-of-the art radiographic imaging for staging and treatment planning, a precise, individual design for treatment is accomplished. Symptom management and patient education are of paramount importance and are integrated throughout the treatment process.

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Background and ObjectivePulsed dye laser (PDL) treatment of cutaneous vascular lesions is associated with variable and unpredictable efficacy. Thus, alternative treatment...Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Short communication.

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Mycosis fungoides (MF) in deep-seated lymph nodes, spleen or liver appears to be associated with a lack of response of the disease to topical external therapy. Fourteen patients with mycosis fungoides...Full Text Available