International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The time and dose characteristics of the electron and X-ray radiations of a tube, connected to a subnanosecond mega volt accelerator, are measured. By the pulse of the accelerating voltage of #>=# 600 kV with duration of #approx =# 0.3 ns the tube generates approximately 5 x 10"1"2 electrons pulse. The current amplitude equals approximately 5 kA/pulse and the radiation dose-about 5 kGy/pulse. The X-ray radiation dose from the tantalum external target constitutes 0.15 Gy/pulse. The prototypes of the electron and X-ray tubes sufficiently lower volumes, opening new applications in the technique and medicine, are developed

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lifetime of minority charae carriers in the Si and Ge p-n unctions has been measured by pulse method of conductivity modulation of base. Its dependence on the X-ray radiation dose has been investigated. Dependence of current transmission coefficients on the dose has been measured and their sharp decrease at low doses and the following saturation at high doses have been observed. Linear dependence of lifetime on X-ray radiation dose has been obtained. Resulting from the comparison of regularities of the change of lifetime due to current characteristics, it has been shown that X-ray radiation leads to the formation of the surface defects, influencing the change of current characteristics as well as to stationary structural defects, causing the decrease of lifetime of the charge carriers with the increase of X-ray radiation dose.

Science.gov (United States)

A Pulsed Radiation Dosimetry System designed to measure radiation produced by particle accelerators is described. The problems associated with total-dose measurement of irregular shaped pulses of ionizing radiation have been simplified. The system responds to extremely narrow pulses of charged particles or X-rays using a pin diode as the detector. Direct readout of dose in rads (Si) is displayed on a 3-1/2 digit digital panel meter. The system will operate in either the multiple-pulse or single-pulse mode. The multiple-pulse mode would be useful in monitoring or tuning a linear accelerator. In the single-pulse mode the system will automatically display total dose of a transient event in real time and hold that measurement indefinitely or until the next ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The paper presents an integrated approach to the problem of electron temperature diagnostics of the plasma in a reversed field pinch. Three different methods, sampling different portions of the electron distribution function, are adopted, namely Thomson scattering, soft X-ray spectroscopy by pulse-height analysis and filtered soft X-ray intensity ratio. A careful analysis of the different sources of systematic errors is performed and a novel statistical approach is adopted to mutually validate the three independent measurements. A satisfactory agreement is obtained over a large range of experimental conditions, indicating that in the plasma core the energy distribution function is well represented by a maxwellian. (author)

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Circularly polarized X-rays produced by a diamond X-ray phase retarder of thickness 0.5 mm in the Laue transmission configuration have been used for recording X-ray magnetic circular dichroism...Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The interaction of intense, sub-picosecond laser pulses with solid targets produces intense picosecond x-ray pulses. With focused laser pulses of several 10 {sup 18} W/cm{sup 2}, He-like and H-like line radiation from targets such as aluminum and silicon has been produced. The energy conversion efficiency from the laser pulse energy to the 1--2 keV line x-rays is nearly one percent. The duration of the line x-ray radiation is of the order of ten picoseconds, although this may be an upper estimate because of the temporal resolution of the x-ray streak camera. The spatial extent of the x-ray source region is only slightly larger than the laser focal spot, or about 10 {mu}m in diameter. With these characteristics, such x-ray sources emit an intensity of nearly 10{sup 14} W/cm{sup ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The X-ray photoacoustic spectra of copper and brass (64.7 wt.% Cu and 35.3 wt.% Zn) have been measured at XANES (X-ray absorption near-edge structure) regions using synchrotron radiation. These spectra were compared with optical density of X-ray spectra. It is shown that the information derived from XANES is also included in the X-ray photoacoustic spectrum which reflects the heat production processes in copper and brass. However, the results showed that the increases and changes of the photoacoustic signal were different from those of the X-ray absorption coefficient at XANES regions. (author).

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Electron beams as a source of directed energy are under study at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). An intense 10-kA, 50-MeV, 50-ns full-width half-maximum, pulsed electron beam is generated by the prototype Advanced Test Accelerator (ATA) at the Laboratory's Site 300. Whenever the electron beam is stopped in materials, intense radiation is generated. Estimates based on available data in the literature show that for materials such as lead, photon radiation (x ray, gamma, bremsstrahlung) levels can be as large as 10"4 roentgens per pulse at 1 m in the zero-degree direction (i.e., the electron-beam direction). Neutrons, which are emitted isotropically, are produced at a level of 10"1"3 n/m"2 per pulse. Depending upon the number of pulses and the shielding geometry, the accumulated dose is potentially lethal to personnel and potentially damaging to ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The effect of resonance, observed in X-ray waveguide layered structures in a characteristic way influences the scattering properties of the films. It is well known that the resonant region in the reflectivity shows a series of minima, usually very deep and extremely narrow. The positions and depths of the minima depend only on X-ray waveguide and quasi X-ray waveguide film structural properties, on the X-ray wavelength and on the incident beam divergence. In the present work we propose and discuss the application of the X-ray waveguide and quasi X-ray waveguide film structures as a tools to experimental evaluation of some quantities related to X-ray reflectometric and diffractometric measurements, like the beam divergence, wavelength, or angular distance. Examples of application of X-ray waveguide as ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Discusses methods for determining ash content in coal using backscattering in X-ray fluorescence. The following aspects are evaluated: principle of ash content determination, energy sources, factors that influence measurement accuracy, reliability. Types of X-ray fluorescence analyzers developed in Czechoslovakia and manufactured in the Czech Republic are comparatively evaluated. Operation of the RPM 113.1 radionuclide X-ray fluorescence analyzer developed by the PAR company and used for measuring ash content in coal and coal calorific value is discussed. 7 refs.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

After having discussed the peculiarities of children in X-ray diagnosis the application of the effective as well as the mean equivalent doses as to the determination of the radiation exposure in children is represented. In using computerized tomograms to determine position and extent of an organ the exposure by repeated X-raying was calculated referring to the entrance dose. Entrance dose measurements for all types of X-ray examination in hospitals and ascertainments of the frequency of radiograms in 20 X-ray departments were used to determine per capita and collective doses, resp., in several age groups. Alltogether, the per capita dose of children in the GDR amounts to 30% of that of adults. Conclusions were drawn as to taking measures to further reduction of radiation exposure: (1) Technical measures, such as positioning of patients, ...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

In this paper, we report a method of precise in situ x-ray scattering measurements on protein solutions using small stationary sample cells. Although reduction in the radiation damage...Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A number of diagnostic X-ray units in Poland were subjected to analysis. The air kerma on X-ray tables was measured for the X-ray parameters used routinely during lumbo-sacral spine radiography of standard adult patient. Measurements of air kerma were performed using TLD made of lithium-fluoride. The doses received by patients in different X-ray departments can differ more than two orders of magnitude (from 0.42 mGy up to 72.11 mGy), for the same X-ray examination. The dose can be significantly reduced if fluorescent screens made from components of rare earth are used. (author). 10 refs, 1 fig., 2 tabs.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

K_#beta#/ K_#alpha# x-ray intensity ratio of chromium were measured in different chromium compounds. The results show the variation of the intensity ratio as a function of the chemical environment around the metal ion. (author)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

We report the detection of X-ray pulsations with a period of ?315.87 ms from the 2009 XMM-Newton observation for the radio-quiet ?-ray pulsar, LAT PSR J0007+7303, centered in the supernova remnant CTA 1. The detected pulsed period is consistent with the ?-ray periodicity at the same epoch found with the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. The broader sinusoidal structure in the folded light curve of the X-ray emission is dissimilar to that of the ?-ray emission, and the phase of the peak is about 0.5 shifting from the peak in the ?-ray bands, indicating that the main component of the X-rays originates from different sites of the pulsar. We conclude that the main component of the X-ray pulsation is contributed by the thermal emission from the neutron star. Although with a significantly different characteristic age, PSR J0007+7303 is similar to Geminga in emission properties of ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A method has been developed to optimize the energy resolution of a horizontally focusing monochromator. The method consists of determining the optimum radius of curvature of the cylindrically bent monochromator crystal by minimizing the total diffracted X-ray flux measured through an X-ray absorption foil. When measured at an absorption edge a global minimum can be identified, which corresponds to the minimum energy band accepted along the entire length of the crystal. Experimental verification of this method has been validated by comparing X-ray fluorescent scans taken for a series of crystal curvatures and by directly measuring the X-ray beam profiles at the corresponding points. The actual optical configuration and asymmetric-cut parameter of the focusing monochromator on beamline X4C at the National Synchrotron Light Source are modeled ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The authors have measured the relaxation time of hot electrons in short pulse laser-solid interactions using a picosecond time-resolved x-ray spectrometer and a time-integrated electron spectrometer. Employing laser intensities of 10{sup 17}, 10{sup 18}, and 10{sup 19} W/cm{sup 2}, they find increased laser coupling to hot electrons as the laser intensity becomes relativistic and thermalization of hot electrons at timescales on the order of 10 ps at all laser intensities. They propose a simple model based on collisional coupling and plasma expansion to describe the rapid relaxation of hot electrons. The agreement between the resulting K{sub {alpha}} time-history from this model with the experiments is best at highest laser intensity and less satisfactory at the two lower laser intensities.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

TlGaSe_2 compound belongs to group of layered semiconductors of A"3B"3C_2"6-type. Photoelectric and optical properties of TlGaSe_2 single crystals were investigated in detail. Influence of gamma-, electron and neutron radiation on photoelectric properties of TlGaSe_2 single crystals is investigated too. The present work deals with experimental results relative to X-ray dosimetric characteristics of TlGaSe_2 crystals at 300 K. X-ray conductivity and X-ray dosimetric characteristic measurements are carried out in low load resistance regime. The source of X-ray radiation is the installation of X-ray diffraction analysis (URS-55a) with the BCV-2(Cu). Intensity of X-ray radiation (E) is regulated by measurement with current variation in tube at each given value of X-ray radiation dose E (R/min) are ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Airborne lead particulates collected on a membrane filter were determined by the nondestructive X-ray fluorescence method. The gamma/X radionuclide source "2"4"1Am/Ag and a scintillation detector with a NaI/Tl crystal were used for the excitation and detection, respectively, of L X-rays of Pb. One can say, with reference to the obtained results, that the sensitivity and accuracy of the measurement is more than adequate for monitoring the Pb level in air. (author).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

High (spatial) resolution imaging detectors for X-ray astronomy were developed. Several prototype detectors built and their feasibility and baseline performance were assessed. Two of these detector types are proposed for investigations on the advanced X-ray astrophysics facility (AXAF). The readiness of a new X-ray imaging system, the charge coupled device (CCD) imaging specctrometer is outlined, and state of the art performance parameters for microchannel plate (MCP) and CCD detectors are measured. Laboratory facilities and procedures for coating MCP are developed general high resolution imagery systems are analyzed.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

An x-ray diffraction technique for determining thin-film thickness is presented which should prove to be a valuable alternative to the array of spectroscopies (Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, Auger electron spectroscopy, etc.) currently favored for these measurements. Some of the virtues of this x-ray diffraction approach are its nondestructive nature, fast data acquisition rate (enabling in situ observations), thickness resolution better than 5 nm, and conventional equipment requirements. Results are shown for Pd/sub 2/Si thin films grown during isothermal annealing of Pd coatings (100 nm) on Si at 200 /sup 0/C for various amounts of time. A comparison of these x-ray measurements with Rutherford backscattering spectrometry data taken from the same specimens is used to demonstrate the validity of the x-ray technique.

CERN Document Server

We study the spectral and temporal behavior of the High Mass X-ray Binary A 0535+26 during a `pre-outburst flare' which took place ~5 d before the peak of a normal (type I) outburst in August/September 2005. We compare the studied behavior with that observed during the outburst. We analyse RXTE observations that monitored A 0535+26 during the outburst. We complete spectral and timing analyses of the data. We study the evolution of the pulse period, present energy-dependent pulse profiles both at the initial pre-outburst flare and close to outburst maximum, and measure how the cyclotron resonance-scattering feature (hereafter CRSF) evolves. We present three main results: a constant period P=103.3960(5)s is measured until periastron passage, followed by a spin-up with a decreasing period derivative of Pdot=(-1.69+/-0.04)x10^(-8)s/s at MJD 53618, and P remains constant again at the end ...

Science.gov (United States)

The {ital L}{sub 2}-{ital L}{sub 3} Coster-Kronig transition probability ({ital f}{sub 23}) in Tm was measured by multiparameter {ital K} versus {ital L} x-ray coincidence techniques. The Tm x rays were obtained from a radioactive source of {sup 169}Yb and were detected with cooled germanium and silicon detectors of high-energy resolution. Corrections were applied for the contribution of {ital K}{alpha}{sub 1} x rays to the {ital K}{alpha}{sub 2} x-ray peak and for the contribution of unresolved {ital L}{eta} x rays to the {ital L}{alpha}{sub 1,2} x-ray peak. The contribution of {ital K}{alpha}{sub 1} x rays to the {ital K}{alpha}{sub 2} x-ray peak was determined solely from the results of the coincidence ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Oxide superconducting thin films were irradiated with X-rays and ultra-violet (UV) light, and induced radiation effects on electrical and chemical properties were examined by transport measurement, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), diamagnetization measurement and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS). After irradiation for ErBa_2Cu_3O_x films with X-rays emitted from a Rh tube for 100 hours, superconductivity was remarkably damaged, destroying the zero-resistance state. The UV-light irradiation for Bi_2Sr_2CaCu_2O_x films was performed in He gas of about 500 Pa with a low pressure mercury lamp. The superconductivity was gradually degraded with the UV irradiation time up to 70 minutes. In both cases, adequate oxygen-annealing treatments restored superconductivity. The X-ray photoemission spectra showed that the mean Cu valence of the films ...

CERN Document Server

Thermal and Electromigration-Induced Strains in Polycrystalline Films and Conductor Lines

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

M-shell X-ray production cross sections for the light rare-earth elements of {sup 68}Er, {sup 7}Yb and {sup 71}Lu have been measured for incident {sup 4}He{sup +} ions in the energy range from 0.75 to 6 MeV. The measured X-ray production cross sections are compared to the predictions of the First Born approximation, the ECPSSR theory and the ECUSAR theory. A comparison of the ytterbium M-shell X-ray production cross sections with these theories is made for two different sets of fluorescence yields and Coster-Kronig factors that are further modified for multiple ionization.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The paper presents a description of the physical processes governing the variations of the pulse rise-time which occur during the operation of the proportional counter and are due to varying either the count rate or the applied voltage. On the basis of the rise-time concept the differences in the count rate effect observed in various types of proportional counters are discussed.

Science.gov (United States)

The development of new efficient afterglow phosphors is currently hampered by a limited understanding of the persistent luminescence mechanism. Radioluminescence (RL) and x-ray absorption measurements on the persistent phosphor SrAl2O4:Eu,Dy were combined to reveal possible valence state changes for the rare earth (co)dopants. Traps in the phosphor material are quickly filled when exposing thermally emptied SrAl2O4:Eu,Dy powder to x rays. On the same time scale a partial oxidation of Eu2+ to Eu3+ is observed by x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES), while for the trivalent dysprosium the valence state remains unchanged. The impact of these observations on the recently proposed models for persistent luminescence is discussed.

CERN Document Server

The Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium (WHIM) arises from shock-heated gas collapsing in large-scale filaments and probably harbours a substantial fraction of the baryons in the local Universe. Absorption-line measurements in the ultraviolet (UV) and in the X-ray band currently represent the best method to study the WHIM at low redshifts. We here describe the physical properties of the WHIM and the concepts behind WHIM absorption line measurements of H I and high ions such as O VI, O VII, and O VIII in the far-ultraviolet and X-ray band. We review results of recent WHIM absorption line studies carried out with UV and X-ray satellites such as FUSE, HST, Chandra, and XMM-Newton and discuss their implications for our knowledge of the WHIM.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This Final Report documents the research accomplishments achieved in the first phase of operations of a new Advanced Photon Source beam line (7-ID MHATT-CAT) dedicated to real-time x-ray studies. The period covered by this report covers the establishment of a world-class facility for time-dependent x-ray studies of materials. During this period many new and innovative research programs were initiated at Sector 7 with support of this grant, most notably using a combination of ultrafast lasers and pulsed synchrotron radiation. This work initiated a new frontier of materials research: namely, the study of the dynamics of materials under extreme conditions of high intensity impulsive laser irradiation.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The L-subshell and total M-shell X-ray production cross sections of Ta, W, Pt, Au, Pb and Bi have been measured by protons of energy between 0.7 and 2.4 MeV. The obtained results for X-ray production cross sections have been compared with the existing experimental data, prediction of the ECPSSR theory and also with fitted empirical cross sections of Strivay and Weber.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The physical foundations are described of radionuclide X-ray fluorescence analysis (RXFA) and the table shows the values of K- and L-absorption thresholds and the K- and L-line energies of elements. The calculation of the intensity of characteristic radiation during RXFA proceeds from relations derived for conventional X-ray fluorescence analysis. The choice of the radionuclide source is ruled by the nature of the analysed substance and the used detection technique. The diagram shows the areas of radionuclide sources and the energy of the fluorescence radiation of elements. The table shows the spectra of radionuclide sources suitable for the purposes of RXFA measured by semiconductor Si(Li) and Ge(Li) detectors. (ES).

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

There is growing interest in the generation and characterization of femtosecond and subfemtosecond pulses from linac-based free-electron lasers (FELs). In this report, following the method of Ricci and Smith (Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 3, 032801 (2000)), we investigate the measurement of the longitudinal bunch profile of an ultrashort electron bunch produced by these FELs. We show that this method can be applied in a straightforward manner at x-ray FEL facilities such as the Linac Coherent Light Source by slightly adjusting the second bunch compressor followed by running the bunch on an rf zero-crossing phase of the final linac. We find that the linac wakefield strongly perturbs the measurement, and through analysis show that it can be compensated in a simple way. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this method and wakefield compensation through numerical simulations, including effects of coherent ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) with soft x-rays is uniquely suited to study the elec-tronic structure of a variety of materials, but is currently limited by low (fluorescence yield) count rates. This limitation is overcome with a new high-transmission spectrometer that allows to measure soft x-ray RIXS"maps." The S L2,3 RIXS map of CdS is discussed and compared with density functional calculations. The map allows the extraction of decay channel-specific"absorp-tion spectra," giving detailed insight into the wave functions of occupied and unoccupied elec-tronic states.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Thick targets of several heavy lanthanide (Ho-Lu) compounds were bombarded by protons and "3He ions of 3 MeV/amu, and M_#alpha# and M_#beta# X-rays were measured with a crystal spectrometer. Ionization probabilities of the N-shell for zero impact parameter were obtained from the X-ray intensity ratio for proton and "3He ion impacts. A shell dependence of the ionization probability was found in a scaling plot. X-ray spectra of lanthanide compounds were compared and no chemical effect was observed. This result is considered to be due to the fact that the main component of M_#alpha# and M_#beta# lines is for radiative transition after the refilling of the 4f orbit (3d"-"14f"n"+"1 #-># 4f"n) where n denotes the number of 4f electrons of the target atom before ionization. (orig.).

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The National Radiological Protection Board is to carry out a survey of doses received by patients from the diagnostic use of X-rays, beginning in June 1977, and carried out at over 100 National Health Service hospitals. Details are given of the reasons for carrying out the survey and the survey objectives. The survey working methods are discussed, together with methods of calculation of the genetically significant dose. The radiation doses will be measured by a thermoluminescent dosimeter developed specially for the survey. (U.K.).

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The feasibility was studied of the application of radionuclide X-ray fluorescence analysis to the identification and determination of chemical elements in the air. A description of the method is presented, the main stages of the analysis are discussed (sample preparation and standards, selection of radioactive radiation sources, geometry of measurement and evaluation of results). The method is illustrated on the determination of elements Fe, Cu, Zn, Br, and Pb in air samples taken in the city of Prague. (author) 2 tabs., 2 figs., 14 refs.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe) were determined in surface waters in the surroundings of the depositories of the mining shrubs in the region of Banska Stiavnica (SR) by radionuclide X-ray fluorescence analysis. Allowed concentrations of the determined metals are exceeded numerously (multiplicity in some cases was 10"3-10"6). (author).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Chemical influences on the relative Ksub(..beta..)/Ksub(..cap alpha..) x-ray intensity ratio up to five per cent were found for different chemical constitutions of Cr, Mn, Fe and Cu by very precise PIXE measurements. In the discussion of these effects, screening of 3p electrons by a varying 3d valence charge, as well as polarizational effects are of importance.

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

The design of the time-resolved x-ray diffraction experiments reported in this and an accompanying paper was based on direct measurements of enzyme phosphorylation using [gamma-32P]ATP that were employed...Full Text Available

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Free Electron Laser (FEL) with the wide wavelength tunability has been developed and used for various applications. The FEL gives high efficiency for the photo-induced ablation when the laser is tuned to an absorption maximum of the target. The FEL was tuned to 9.4 #mu#m, which is an absorption maximum of phosphoric acid ion, a known major component of dentine. The FEL pulse length was several ps. The average output power was varied from 5 to 20 mW by filters. The change of irradiated dentine surface was analyzed by mass spectroscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. Positive ions which correspond to Na"+, CO_3"+ and many phosphoric acid ions were measured. It was found that atomic ratio of P/Ca had reduced from 0.65-0.60. The atomic ratio of P/Ca, however had not changed with irradiation by Er:YAG laser (2.9 #mu#m), or CO_2 laser (10.6 #mu#m). These results indicate the selective ablation of phosphoric acid ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The knowledge shown in this work of the relationships between the oxidation stage of chromium, molybdenum and tungsten and their catalytic activity in some hydrocarbon reactions was achieved by the combination of separate investigations of reduction properties and the catalytic activity of the catalysts concerned. To characterize the electronic state of the reduced surfaces, X-ray photo-electronic spectroscopy was mainly used, supplemented by electron spin resonance. The catalyst activity was measured in conventional apparatus (flow, pulse and gradient-free reactors). (orig.) [Deutsch] Die in dieser Arbeit dargestellten Erkenntnisse ueber die Zusammenhaenge zwischen der Oxidationsstufe von Chrom, Molybdaen und Wolfram und ihrer katalytischen Aktivitaet in einigen Kohlenwasserstoffreaktionen wurden durch die Kombination getrennter Untersuchungen ueber Reduktionseigenschaften und katalytische Aktivitaet der betreffenden ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The consistency of different instruments and methods for measuring two-dimensional (2D) power spectral density (PSD) distributions are investigated. The instruments are an interferometric microscope, an atomic force microscope (AFM) and the X-ray Reflectivity and Scattering experimental facility, all available at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The measurements were performed with a gold-coated mirror with a highly polished stainless steel substrate. It was shown that these three techniques provide essentially consistent results. For the stainless steel mirror, an envelope over all measured PSD distributions can be described with an inverse power-law PSD function. It is also shown that the measurements can be corrected for the specific spatial frequency dependent systematic errors of the instruments. The AFM and the X-ray scattering ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Tl(InS_2)_1_-_x(FeSe_2)_x single crystals (where x=0; 0.001; 0.005; 0.01 and 0.015) were grown by the Bridgman-Stockbarger method. Obtained single crystals were crystallized in monoclinic structure. The present paper deals with experimental results relative to X-ray dosimetric characteristics of the Tl(InS_2)_1_-_x(FeSe_2)_x solid solutions at 300 K. Installation URS-55a was the source of radiation. X-ray radiation dose (E) falling on the crystals is measured by the crystalline X-ray dosimeter DRGZ-02. The value of X-ray conductivity coefficient K_#sigma# characterising X-ray sensitivity is defined as K_#sigma#= (#sigma#_E-#sigma#_0)/E#sigma#_0. where #sigma#_E is conductivity under the effect of X-ray radiation by intensity E, #sigma#_0 is conductivity in the lack of radiation. Comparing X-ray dosimetric characteristics ...

ScienceCinema

...english of ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

An x-ray fluorescence spectrometer was designed and fabricated which nondestructively determines the thickness of aluminum cladding at small suspected thin spots in the inner or outer surface of actinide reactor tubes. The analysis method is based on the difference in absorption of actinide L/sub #alpha#/ and L/sub #beta#/ fluorescent x-rays in passing through the cladding. Calibration plots of the logarithm of the L/sub #beta#//L/sub #alpha#/ x-ray intensity ratio versus cladding thickness are linear to at least 40 mils for U-Al, U_3O_8-Al, and PuO_2-Al substrates. Accuracy and precision of the experimentally determined cladding thickness and evaluated for both uranium and plutonium substrates. Experimental thickness data are reported for 618 quality assurance analyses on six Mark 41 PuO_2-Al target tubes. An x-ray fluorescence cladding thickness monitor operated with a computer-controlled fluoroscope ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Radionuclides exhibiting in decaying a strong interaction between nucleus and electron shell (especially electron capture and internal conversion) are, in principle, sensitive to their chemical surroundings. Consequently, they can be used to yield chemical information after an appropriate labelling procedure. The information can be extracted from the decay rate variation as well as from their X-ray emission as a response to an inner-shell vacancy creation during nuclear deexcitation. As an example of the former method the relationship between the decay rate of /sup 99m/Tc and the chemical structures of pertechnetate and bis(meso-dimercapto-succinate)oxotechnetate(V) is considered. Lower expectations with respect to measuring techniques are associated with the observation of X-ray emission. For a number of elements (especially 3d transition elements) the K/sub ..cap alpha..//K/sub ..beta../ X-ray ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

We review the recent development of bendable x-ray optics used for focusing of beams of soft and hard x-rays at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) x-ray free electron laser (FEL) at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) National Accelerator Laboratory. For simultaneous focusing in the tangential and sagittal directions, two elliptically cylindrical reflecting elements, a Kirkpatrick-Baez (KB) pair, are used. Because fabrication of elliptical surfaces is complicated, the cost of directly fabricated tangential elliptical cylinders is often prohibitive. Moreover, such optics cannot be easily readjusted for use in multiple, different experimental arrangements, e.g. at different focal distances. This is in contrast to flat optics that are simpler to manufacture and easier to measure by conventional interferometry. The ...

Science.gov (United States)

We present a sample preparation method for measuring magnesium in individual whole lymphocytes by electron probe X-ray microanalysis. We use Burkitt's lymphoma cells in culture as the test sample and compare X-ray microanalysis of individual cells with atomic absorption analysis of pooled cell populations. We determine the magnesium peak-to-local continuum X-ray intensity ratio by electron probe X-ray microanalysis and calculate a mean cell magnesium concentration of 39 +/- 19 mmol/kg dry weight from analysis of 100 cells. We determine a mean cell magnesium concentration of 34 +/- 4 mmol/kg dry weight by atomic absorption analysis of pooled cells in three cell cultures. The mean cell magnesium concentrations determined by the two methods are not significantly different. We find a 10% coefficient of variation for both methods of analysis and a 30% coefficient of variation in ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A measurement of the magnetic form factor of a ferromagnetic actinide compound of UTe with circularly polarized X-rays is reported. The present geometrical configuration of the measurement gives a form factor of L(k)+0.3S(k), where L(k) and S(k) are the form factors of the orbital and the spin magnetic moment, respectively. We have combined the X-ray magnetic form factor with the neutron one which gives L(k)+2S(k) (G. Busch et al.: J. Phys. C 12 (1979) 1391), and have deduced L(k) and S(k) separately. The obtained profiles of L(k) and S(k) show that the orbital and the spin magnetic moments are spatially spread out more than those calculated for a free uranium ion. (author).

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

We have studied L x-rays from 64 MeV iodine projectile in collision with various gas targets, Z_2 #18, do not arise from selective M subshell vacancy population, has been conclusively established by the observations by Datz et al (1971) and by Saha et al (1996) that the measured intensity ratio of the Ll and L#alpha# lines, which arise because of transitions from different M subshells into the same L, subshell, does not show any periodic behaviour with Z, but stays rather constant. Differences in the measured L#beta#_1/L#alpha# intensity ratio of iodine with 7"+ and 24"+ charge states impinging on Kr target established the minor role of the electrons in the N shell of the projectile in the x-ray production mechanism. (author)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The effect that different chemical and physical atomic environments can have on the relative intensities of radiative electron transitions from the filling of K shell vacancies was investigated. The method used involved the detection of photoionization induced X-ray fluorescence. An experimental system based on a hyper pure germanium detector (HPGE) was used to measure the relative K-L and K-M X-ray yields from the photofluorescence of a series of lanthanide elements and compounds. A background subtraction and peak integration strategy was employed which accounted for scattering in the samples and scattering of the flux from the radioisotope photoionization sources. Analysis of the data resulted in a tabulation of relative K/sub #beta#//K/sub #alpha#/ X-ray intensity ratios. The measured relative K/sub #beta#//K/sub #alpha#/ X-ray intensity ratios were compared ...

Science.gov (United States)

Oct 2, 2007 ... The Payload combines some of the most sensitive particle sensors .... provide state-of-the-art measurements of incoming x-ray, ultraviolet, .... It will be launched into a low-Earth orbit on a Delta 7320 rocket in September 2004. ...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

X-ray diffuse scattering was measured from oriented stacks and unilamellar vesicles of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine lipid bilayers to obtain the temperature dependence of the structure and of the material...Full Text Available

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The somatically significant dose index can be considered as a measure for the somatic radiation risk to which the population is exposed. Figures are stated for conventional tomography of the skull and thorax. These are compared with the corresponding data for other X-ray examinations, especially computerised tomography. (orig.).

CERN Document Server

Hydroxyapatite samples were produced by two different wet-chemical methods, and characterized by x-ray diffraction, infrared and compression strength measurements. The x-ray diffraction measurements were simulated using the Rietveld method, and structural data as lattice parameters and average crystallite size were obtained. The infrared spectra showed the presence of CO$_3^{2-}$ ions in all samples, indicating a contamination by these ions. By mixing samples produced by both methods, a bioceramic was obtained and, after sintering, samples with very high compression strengths (26--30 MPa) were obtained.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

X-ray photoemission spectroscopy has been used to measure the valence band offset {Delta}E{sub v} for the AlP/GaP (001) heterojunction interface. The heterojunction samples were prepared by molecular-beam epitaxy. A value of {triangle}E{sub v}=0.43 eV is obtained (staggered band alignment, with AlP valence band below that of GaP). 24 refs., 8 figs., 1 tab.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The patient positioning and repositioning control in radiation therapy all along the treatment can be conducted using a variety of X-ray sources and imaging detector devices. The development of image guided radiation therapy techniques leads to more frequent use of this imaging control. In this article we summarize the current methods for measuring the dose delivered by X-ray imaging devices used in radiation therapy, as well as basic proposals to take account of these imaging doses for prescribing, recording and reporting radiation therapy treatment. (authors)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The results of experiments received on the plasma focus (PF) device with energy stored equal 4 kJ are represented. Photos of the current plasma sheath (CPS), pre-pinch, sphere-like plasma formations are produced with help of the electron-optical converter contained a gated micro-channel plate (MCP) and the CCD-camera imaging system in the visible region. The redial velocity of the CPS is about 107 cm/s. Neon plasma electron density measured with help of the interferograms in the visible region and the spectra in the soft X-ray region is equals to 3?1018 cm-3. Electron temperature is equal to about 200 eV. Discharge integral photos were obtained with help of the soft X-ray pinhole camera. Pictures with 2 ?s resolution of the plasma luminescence above PF anode region were made by CCD-camera.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

An experiment on the K#beta#/K#alpha# characteristic X-ray intensity ratio in silver was performed at VEC Centre, Calcutta using the #alpha#-beams at energies 40 MeV and 50 MeV employing a Si(Li) detector system on-line. The results show that the K#beta#/K#alpha# X-ray intensity ratio at energies 40 and 50 MeV are 0.215 #+-# 0.006 and 0.216 #+-# 0.006, respectively, which indicates no change with beam energy and in accordance with the earlier reports. The present experiment shows the feasibility of studying the K#beta#/K#alpha# ratios as a function of beam energy in different regions of periodic table. Experiments in elements belonging to the 3d shell and their compounds are suggested to look for the chemical effects and their dependence on #alpha#-energy. (author). 7 refs.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

In this study, Kb/Ka X-ray intensity ratios, Formula Not Shown , Formula Not Shown production cross-sections and K fluorescence yields of Co and Cu and Lb/La X-ray intensity ratios, Formula Not Shown , Formula Not Shown production cross-sections and Formula Not Shown average fluorescence yields of Ag in pure metals and in different alloy compositions were measured. In this study, alloying effects on the Formula Not Shown production cross-sections of Co and Cu were investigated and changes interpreted according to the rearrangement of valance state electrons and the charge transfer process between the 3d elements (Co and Cu) and Ag.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

X-ray diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI) is one of X-ray phase-contrast imaging methods, which is applied to inspect internal structures of weakly absorbing low-Z samples. The key problem of the DEI is how to extract phase information which is expressed by refraction-angle images from a series of DEI images measured in different positions of the rocking curve of the analyzer. Three effective extraction methods are presented in this paper: the statistical geometric-optics-approximation method, the maximum refraction-angle method and the Gaussian curve fitting method. They are compared with the existing methods, such as the D. Chapman's geometric optics approximation method and the multiple-images statistical method. A 2D computer simulation experiment is performed to draw comparisons of these methods. The experimental results prove that the above three methods have more precision of refraction-angle values than existing ...

CERN Document Server

Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis in the Electron Microscope

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This thesis is concerned with the optimization and development of the production of nanofocusing refractive X-ray lenses. These optics made of either silicon or diamond are well-suited for high resolution X-ray microscopy. The goal of this work is the design of a reproducible manufacturing process which allows the production of silicon lenses with high precision, high quality and high piece number. Furthermore a process for the production of diamond lenses is to be developed and established. In this work, the theoretical basics of X-rays and their interaction with matter are described. Especially, aspects of synchrotron radiation are emphasized. Important in X-ray microscopy are the different optics. The details, advantages and disadvantages, in particular those of refractive lenses are given. To achieve small X-ray beams well beyond the 100 nm range a small focal length is ...

Science.gov (United States)

Kbeta-to-Kalpha X-ray intensity ratios of Ti and Ni have been measured in pure metals and in alloys of Ti(x)Ni(1-x) (x=0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4 and 0.3) following excitation by 22.69 keV X-rays from a 10 mCi (109)Cd radioactive point source. The valence-electron configurations of these metals were determined by corporation of measured Kbeta-to-Kalpha X-ray intensity ratios with the results of multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock calculation for various valence-electron configurations. Valence-electron configurations of 3d-transition metals in alloys indicate significant differences with respect to the pure metals. Our analysis indicates that these differences arise from delocalization and/or charge transfer phenomena in alloys. Namely, the observed change of the valence-electron configurations of metals in alloys can be explained with the transfer of 3d electrons from one element to the other ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The measurements of the L X-ray intensity ratio I(L?)/I(L?), I(L?)/I(L?), I(L?)/I(L?), I(L?)/I(L?) and I(L?)/I(L?) for elements Dy, Ho, Yb, W, Hg, Tl and Pb were experimentally determined both by photon excitation, in which 59.5 keV ?-rays from a filtered radioisotope 241Am was used, and by the radioactive decay of 160Tb, 160Er, 173Lu, 182Re, 201Tl, 203Pb and 207Bi. L X-rays emitted by samples were counted by a Si(Li) detector with resolution 160 eV at 5.9 keV. Obtained values were compared with the calculated theoretical values. Theoretical values of the I(L?/L?), I(L?/L?), I(L?/L?), I(L?/L?) and I(L?/L?) intensity ratios were calculated using theoretically tabulated values of subshell photoionization cross-section, fluorescence yield, fractional X-ray emission rates, Coster-Kronig transition probabilities. It was observed that present values agree with previous theoretical and other available ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

We performed experimental studies on the convolution/superposition method reported in the former companion paper (Iwasaki in Radiol Phys Technol 4, 2011) using 10-MV X-ray beams from open-jaw-collimated fields. The method uses primary and scatter dose kernels formed for energy bins of X-ray spectra reconstructed as a function of off-axis distance. We made a comparison of calculations and measurements in water phantoms and thorax-like phantoms with respect to percentage depth dose curves, tissue???phantom ratio curves, and dose profiles. We made the dose calculation by taking into account the beam-hardening effect with depth and the off-axis radiation-softening effect. We found that the method could be used, in general, for performing accurate dose calculations.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Evaluation of the tolerance limits of X-ray image density accepted by the radiologist shows that for different kinds of examinations, deviations of more than 50% from optimal density lead to images which cannot be used diagnostically. Within this range diagnostic accuracy shows a distinct maximum and diminishes to the limits by 20%. These figures are related to differences in the intensifying factor of screens, sensitivity of films, sensitometric parameters of film processing as well as the doses employed with automatic exposure control devices, measured in clinical conditions. Maximum permissible tolerance limits of the whole imaging system and of its constituents are discussed using the Gaussian law of error addition. (author).

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The measurement of K(alpha)/K(beta) X-ray intensity ratio indicates the excitation process and the chemical state of the atom examined. Theoretical considerations on the origin of this property are presented. The difference of these ratios following photoionization and electron capture are calculated by a computer code generating transition matrix elements. The theoretical assumptions involved in the codes are tested by comparing the experimental and calculated data concerning 3d transition element atoms. (D.Gy.).

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The authors give a survey of the somatic radiation ris in X-ray diagnostics. A somatic dose index is calculated for different examination methods containing the organ doses to the red bone marrow, the lung, the female breast, and the thyroid gland and evaluating their somatic significance. If this somatic dose index by which the individual radiation risk is described, is multiplied by the examination frequencies per year in the German Federal Republic, one gets the somatically significant dose index, which is a measure of the collective somatic radiation risk. In this sense, mammography has the highest, and dental radiography the lowest collective radiation risk. (orig.).

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Organ and tissue doses and integral doses in patients due to diagnostic x-ray examinations of the chest and of the head will be presented. These data have been obtained by measuring the dose distributions in man phantoms by LiF-dosimetry. The data will be compared with data obtained by Monte-Carlo calculations. To obtain average organ doses for a special type of examination for the population or for a specified subpopulation in the variation of the exposure, data due to the different techniques used by the different radiologists has to be known. Such data will be presented. The results of the investigation will be discussed in connection with the concept of the 'somatic significant.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Toroidal Alfven eigenmodes (TAE) destabilized by the pressure gradient of energetic alpha particles may expel the alpha particles before thermalization. TAE is important for tokamaks, and for helical systems (stellarators) as well. In CHS (compact helical system) TAE localized in the plasma core are destabilized when the plasma current is induced by co-injection of neutral beams. The observed TAE exhibits a ballooning nature. The internal structure of TAE was measured with a soft X-ray detector. The soft X-ray fluctuations level for TAE is too low to obtain the radial profiles of fluctuation intensities. (Tanaka, M.)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The results of X-ray and neutron diffraction experiments on molten alkali halides in which some data of our experiments by X-ray diffraction such as those of molten LiCl, NaCl, KCl, LiBr and KBr are included were summarized. The first peak positions in the radial distribution function in molten alkali halides by X-ray or neutron diffraction experiments are always longer than those by computer simulations and the differences of 0.1 -- 0.3 A exceed the experimental error. It seems to be due to the deformation of the electron shell. In the computer simulation, the shell model which has the spherical deformation was expected to have more closer value of the first peak position to the experimental one than the rigid ion model by taking the polarization of ions. However, no change in the first peak position was found. Therefore, the non-spherical deformation of electron shell at the point where ions are in contact with each other ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The effect of the #+-# 0.75 T external magnetic field on the K_#alpha#_1, K_#alpha#_2, K_#beta#_'_1 and K_#beta#_'_2 x-ray production cross sections and radiative vacancy transfer probabilities from K-shell to L2 and L3 subshells and M-shell for ferromagnetic Nd, Gd and Dy and paramagnetic Eu and Ho have been investigated, using the 59.5 keV incident photons. K-shell fluorescence yields and K x-ray intensity ratios for these elements have been determined in the external magnetic field also. The K x-rays from different targets were detected using a high-resolution Si(Li) semiconductor detector. For B = 0, the present experimental results were compared with the experimental and theoretical data in the literature. The results show that K-shell fluorescence parameters such as photoionization cross section, fluorescence yield, radiation rates, vacancy transfer probabilities and spectral linewidth can change owing to the applied ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The transport properties of a 'thin' polycrystalline diamond film are analyzed after the sample exposure to 8.06-keV x-ray radiation. Structure and morphology of the as-grown film have been evaluated by Raman, x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The transport properties have been investigated by measuring dark current-voltage characteristics in the temperature range of 60 to 360 K. Ohmic transport has been evidenced on the as-grown film up to 1.16x10"5 V/cm. After irradiation, nonlinear contributions to the dark current have been evidenced and related to field-assisted thermal ionization of traps. Below 200 K, hopping mechanisms have been observed. Correlations have been found among x-ray irradiation, density of traps involved in the transport processes, and the nonhomogeneous nature of the sample. A simple model of the grain boundary structure is proposed to explain the ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The alloying effects on K to L shell vacancy transfer probabilities (?KL) in 3d transition metals have been carried out by X-ray fluorescence studies of various alloy compositions. K X-ray intensity ratios of Ti, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu elements in the FexNi1?x, FexCr1?x, NixCr1?x, FexCryNi1?(x+y), TixNi1?x, TixCo1?x, and CoxCu1?x alloys have been measured following excitation by 22.69keV X-rays from a 10 mCi 109Cd radioactive point source and ?KL values for alloying elements have been determined from these ratios. The spectrum of characteristic K-X-ray photons from samples were detected with a high resolution Si(Li) detector coupled to a 4 K multichannel analyzer. The present investigation makes it possible to ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Fe{sub x}Zn{sub 1-x} alloys were electrochemically deposited on aluminum substrates from a sulfate bath. The K{beta}/K{alpha} x-ray intensity ratios of Zn and Fe in Fe{sub x}Zn{sub 1-x} thin films have been experimentally studied. The energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) technique was used to measure K x-ray photons. Samples were excited by using 59.5 keV photons emitted by a 50 mCi {sup 241}Am radioactive source. The emitted K x-rays were detected by an Ultra-LEGe detector having a resolution of 150 eV at 5.9 keV. In addition, the effect of bath composition on the phase structure was investigated by x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The composition of the thin films was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry analysis. Iron content was shown to strongly affect the structure of Zn-Fe alloys. It was found that the K-shell x-ray ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

We describe a camera to record coherent scattering patterns with a soft-x-ray free-electron laser (FEL). The camera consists of a laterally graded multilayer mirror, which reflects the diffraction pattern onto a CCD detector. The mirror acts as a bandpass filter for both the wavelength and the angle, which isolates the desired scattering pattern from nonsample scattering or incoherent emission from the sample. The mirror also solves the particular problem of the extreme intensity of the FEL pulses, which are focused to greater than 10"1"4 W/cm"2. The strong undiffracted pulse passes through a hole in the mirror and propagates onto a beam dump at a distance behind the instrument rather than interacting with a beam stop placed near the CCD. The camera concept is extendable for the full range of the fundamental wavelength of the free electron laser in Hamburg (FLASH) FEL (i.e., between 6 and 60 nm) and into the water window. ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Specificity of the pulses mean frequency measurement (the pulses being generated in a stochastic process) is described. Status of the domain of analog frequency meters is presented. Methods of increasing accuracy of such meters are discussed. (author).

Science.gov (United States)

... The constancy of the X-ray intensity ratio for each element in Table 8 as the X-ray tube settings were changed shows the excellent compensating ...

Science.gov (United States)

This investigation describes the technique for the detection of the X-ray fluorescent radiation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Coherent x-ray production by a seeded free electron laser (FEL) is important for next generation synchrotron light sources. The authors examine the feasibility and features of FEL emission seeded by a high-order harmonic generation (HHG) of an infrared laser. In addition to the intrinsic FEL chirp, the longitudinal profile and spectral bandwidth of the HHG seed are modified significantly by the FEL interaction well before saturation. This smears out the original attosecond pulselet structure. The authors introduce criteria for this smearing effect on the pulselet and the stretching effect on the entire pulse. They discuss the noise issue in such a seeded FEL.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The local strain and texture in Al interconnect wires have been investigated using white and monochromatic x-ray microbeams on the MHATTCAT undulator beam line at the Advanced Photon Source. Intergrain and intragrain orientations were obtained with ~0.01 degree sensitivity using white beam measurements on wide Al pads (~100 Mu-m) and thin (2 Mu-m) Al wires. Orientation changes of up to 1 degree were found within individual grains of the (111) textured Al interconnects. Deviatoric strain measurements indicate small intragranular strain variations, but intergranular strain variations were found to be quite large.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The properties of a new commercial thermoluminescent dosimeter, CaSO4:Dy without a LiF binder (TLD-900) was studied for low-exposure measurements in diagnostic radiology. The former TLD-900 had a LiF binder (herein referred to as ''TLD-900/LiF''). The principle features of this dosimeter are its high sensitivity to low-energy radiation and its relatively low fading which permits measurements down to less than 2.6 X 10(-8) C kg (0.1 mR) with an accuracy better than 20%. The characteristics, annealing procedures, light sensitivity, energy response, reproducibility, and fading, of TLD-900 are discussed and compared with TLD-900/LiF. When the precautions presented in this paper are used, the dosimeters can be used for the measurement of x-ray exposures.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Radionuclide X-ray fluorescence analysis is a method, which has many advantages for analysing various historic artefacts, as it is relatively cheap, sensitive and non-destructive, and it allows measurements in-situ. However, this analysis has also certain limitations especially concerning sensitivity to chemical elements only, irrespective of the compounds or chemical forms in which these elements have been bonded. In addition, light elements emitting very soft X-rays cannot be measured, and in order to detect a wide range of elements, it is necessary to carry out repeated measurements with different radiation sources. Despite these limitations, valuable information can be obtained about the composition of historic materials and data about the origin and age of these artefacts can be derived. Analyses of wall paintings, ancient metal sculptures or other objects of art provide the ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A Real-Time Neutron Radiography (RTNR) system and a high speed X-ray Computed Tomography (X-CT) system are used to determine the flow regime, the instantaneous cross-sectional averaged void fraction, and the time averaged void fraction in a vertical annulus flow channel. A standard optical video system is also used to observe the flow regime. The annulus flow channel is operated as a bubble column and measurements are obtained for gas flow rates form 0.0 to 30.0 l/min. The flow regimes observed by all three measurement systems via image analysis shows that the results agree well with each other. Both the RTNR and the X-CT systems show that the time averaged and cross-sectional averaged void fraction increases with increasing superficial gas velocity. Time and cross-sectional averaged void fractions determined by the RTNR system agree within 4% with those determined by the high speed X-ray CT technique. ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A 340-watt CO_2 laser is being used to generate PuO_2-UO_2 condensation aerosol from the surface of a Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor (LMFBR) fuel pellet. A wide range of concentrations is achieved by varying the laser power, pulse width, and/or pulse period. The resulting aerosol is composed of branch chain-like aggregates, with the primary particle size ranging between 0.005 and 0.15 #mu#m. X-ray diffraction analyses show that these aerosols condense into a face-centered cubic crystal structure. The activity mean aerodynamic diameter (AMAD), for most power levels, is approximately 0.85 #mu#m with a geometric standard deviation of 1.5.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Reducing count losses and pile-up pulse effects in quantitative and qualitative analysis is necessary for accuracy of analysis. Therefore, the optimum peaking time for particular detector systems is important. For this purpose, pure Se and Zn elements were excited by 59.5 keV ?-rays from a 50 mCi 241Am annular radioactive source in this study. The characteristic x-rays emitted from pure Se and Zn elements were detected by using an ultra low energy Ge (Ultra-LEGe) detector connecting Tennelec TC 244 spectroscopy amplifier at different peaking time modes. Overall pulse widths were determined by HM 203-7 oscilloscope connecting amplifier. The proper peaking time for ultra low energy germanium detector (Ultra-LEGe) is determined about 4 ?s.

Science.gov (United States)

Not Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract prepared.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

In this project, measurement of x-ray radiation dose level during radiological examination in Jos university teaching hospital and Plateau State specialist hospital at different locations within the department were carried out using radiation survey meter. The results were converted from micro sievert per hour (#mu#Sv/hr) to milisievert per year (mSv/yr). The radiation levels from the two hospitals visited ranged from 1.3m Sv/yr to 8.4m Sv/yr. This implies that all the radiology departments visited are still operating within the safety limit having less than 20 mSv/yr which is the standard permissible radiation level recommended per year.

Science.gov (United States)

For visible-light-emitting laser diodes, InGaAsP double heterostructures have been grown on GaAs substrates using liquid-phase epitaxy. As the growth temperature is as high as about 780 /sup 0/C, a large amount of phosphorus evaporates from the solutions for the cladding layers during the growth process. The phosphorus vapor disturbs the solution composition for the active layer, so that very thin and uniform active layers cannot be obtained. By using In-P-Sn solution and supplying the phosphorus partial pressure around the graphite boat, the influence of phosphorus vapor ambient for InGaAsP (lambda/sub P//sub L/ = 805 nm) growth is confirmed. When the phosphorus partial pressure increases, the surface of epitaxial layer becomes rough and the substrate is partly etched back. From x-ray diffraction and photoluminescence spectral measurements, the composition of the grown layer is also found to be changed. As a result of increasing the flow rate ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The standard deviation of measurement results of a given element in XRF spectrometry depends on three factors: concentration and concentration region, atomic number and matrix. The effects of these factors were investigated by an XRF instrument type ARL 72.000 for aluminium metal, bauxite-red mud and aluminium using computerized data processing. A comparison of linear and nonlinear relation between concentration and the result of XRF analysis was made for the determination of standard deviation. (R.P.).

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A method for calculation of absorbed dose distributions in three dimensions for 1-20 MeV photons is presented. The method uses convolution/superposition of photon fluence distributions with energy scattering kernels. Results for Co-60 and X-ray beams in homogeneous and inhomogeneous media are compared with measurements. Good agreement is found between calculations and measurements. 8 refs.; 3 figs.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

One aspect of the research program SFB 570 'Distortion engineering' is the in situ X-Ray diffraction analysis of phases and residual stresses during complete heat treatment cycles. These investigations result in experimental evidence available for the extensive computations. The optimisation of the instrumentation will be reported. A surface decarburisation of samples made from the ball bearing steel 100Cr6 could be avoided for a temperature range from 800 to 900 C and a holding time of one hour by a combination of evacuate the furnace and using a certain nitrogen flow as protective gas. At lower temperatures small amounts of ferrite caused by an increased diffusion rate of carbon lead again to a surface decarburisation up to a depth of 2 {mu}m. It was proved that with an evacuation of the X-Ray beam path at constant power of the X-Ray source the intensity of diffraction lines could be increased by more ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The measurements of the K X-ray intensity ratio I(K#alpha# _2/K#alpha# _1), I(K#beta# _1/K#alpha# _1) and I(K#beta#/K#alpha#) for elements V, Mn, Zn, Tc, Ru, Cd, Xe, Ba, Cs, Hg and Rn were experimentally determined both by photon excitation, in which 59.5 keV #gamma#-rays from a "2"4"1Am and 123.6 keV #gamma#-rays from a "6"0Co were used, and following the radioactive decay of "5"1Cr, "5"5Fe, "6"7Ga, "9"9Tc, "1"1"1In, "1"3"1I, "1"3"3Ba, "1"3"3Xe, "1"3"7Cs, "2"0"1Tl and "2"2"6Ra. K X-rays emitted by samples were counted by a Si(Li) detector with resolution 160 eV at 5.9 keV. Obtained values were compared with the theoretical values. It was observed that present values agree with the previous theoretical and other experimental results.

Science.gov (United States)

Polycrystalline powders of Na{sub 2x}Mn{sub 1-x}PS{sub 3} have been synthesized from layered MnPS{sub 3} material by successive ion-exchange intercalation of potassium and sodium ions. Their x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and x-ray excited Auger spectroscopy spectra have been measured at room temperature using Mg K{alpha} (1253.6 eV) x-ray source. In particular, the Mn, P, and S 2p and Na 1s and 2p core-level regions and the Na Auger KL{sub 23}L{sub 23} transition have been investigated. All the analyzed XPS core-level spectra display a single-peak structure, suggesting the absence of nonequivalent atoms of Na, Mn, P, and S. The manganese XPS spectrum shows, as observed in MnPS{sub 3} and in its cesium and potassium intercalation compounds, typical shake-up satellites, suggesting that the Mn-S bond is yet mainly ionic in nature. The comparison with the XPS spectra relative to MnPS{sub 3} and its ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

We have performed X-ray magnetic diffraction (XMD) experiment of ferromagnets at the Photon Factory (PF) of the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) in Tsukuba. In this study, we have upgraded the XMD experimental system in order to apply this method to as many samples as possible. Upgrade was made for (1) the X-ray counting system and related measurement program, (2) the electromagnet, and (3) the refrigerator. The performance of the system was enhanced so that (1) the counting rate capability was improved from 104cps to 105cps, (2) the maximum magnetic field was increased from 0.85T to 2.15T, and (3) the lowest sample temperature was reduced from 15K to 5K. The new system was applied to an orbital ordering compound of YTiO3, and we obtained spin magnetic form factor for the reflection plane (010) perpendicular to the b axis. The magnetic field of 2T was needed to saturate the magnetization of YTiO3 along ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The Schiff base ligand, 4-isopropylbenzaldehyde[N-(3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2-quinoxalinyl)hydrazone] (Ipbh), the 1:1 condensation product of 4-isopropylbenzaldehyde and 2-hydroxy-3-hydrazinoquinoxiline, has been synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography. A series of complexes of Ipbh with Nickel(II), viz., [Ni(Ipbh)2]Cl2 (1), [Ni(Ipbh)2]Br2 (2), [Ni(Ipbh)2]I2 (3), [Ni(Ipbh)2(CH3OH)2](NO3)2(CH3OH)2 (4) and [Ni(Ipbh)2ClO4]ClO4 (5) have been synthesized. All the complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductivity, CHN analysis, spectroscopic studies, magnetic susceptibility measurements and TG/DTA methods. The solid-state structure of the complex 4 was established by single crystal X-ray crystallography. In all the complexes, Ipbh acts as a bidentate NO chelating age...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pd/sub 2/Si layers produced by evaporation or sputtering onto silicon substrates were examined by high resolution electron microscopy, microdiffraction, X-ray, energy loss and Auger spectroscopy. The Si-Pd/sub 2/Si interfaces produced by evaporation were in all cases rougher and more polycrystalline than those produced by sputtering. X-ray microanalysis showed the predictable variation in palladium distribution across the interface but quantification did not produce the expected palladium-to-silicon ratios, primarily because of probe broadening and X-ray-induced fluorescence. Energy loss spectra showed plasmon energy shifts and changes in Si L edge shape due to bond formation with palladium. Auger data provided evidence for a small amount of oxygen at the Si-Pd/sub 2/Si interface. Electrical measurements of the ideality factor for Schottky barriers made from the materials produced higher values for the ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The purpose of this research is to investigate the micro-mechanism of deformation behavior of metallic glasses. We report the results of direct observations of short-range and medium-range structural change during tensile deformation of metallic glasses by high energy X-ray diffraction method. Cu50Zr50 and Ni30Zr70 metallic glass samples in the ribbon shape (1.5 mm width and 25 ?m) were made by using rapid quenching method. Tensile deformation added to the sample was made by using special equipment adopted for measuring the high energy X-ray diffraction. The peaks in pair distribution function g(r) for Cu50Zr50 and N30iZr70 metallic glasses move zigzag into front and into rear during tensile deformation. These results of direct observation on atomic distribution change for Cu50Zr50 and Ni30Zr70 metallic glass ribbons during tensile deformation suggest that the micro-relaxations occur.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The most serious challenges in the design of chambers for inertial fusion energy (IFE) are 1) protecting the first wall from fusion energy pulses on the order of several hundred megajoules released in the form of x rays, target debris, and high energy neutrons, and 2) operating the chamber at a pulse repetition rate of 5-10 Hz (i.e., re-establishing, the wall protection and chamber conditions needed for beam propagation to the target between pulses). In meeting these challenges, designers have capitalized on the ability to separate the fusion burn physics from the geometry and environment of the fusion chamber. Most recent conceptual designs use gases or flowing liquids inside the chamber. Thin liquid layers of molten salt or metal and low pressure, high-Z gases can protect the first wall from x rays and target debris, while thick liquid ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The present paper is a comparative study of the cerium-containing nickel catalysts supported on x- and y-zeolites. In general, the addition of cerium ions caused an increase in the catalytic activity for CO hydrogenation and shifted the product selectivity to high molecular weight hydrocarbons. The degree of the effect of cerium additive depends on the ratio of cerium to nickel contents, the reduction temperature, and the nature of the supporting materials. Catalyst characterization, including volumetric hydrogen chemisorption, temperature programmed reduction/desorption, x-ray diffraction, surface area measurements, in-situ infrared spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, was performed in order to interpret the phenomena due to the effects of cerium additives and the support effect on Ni/zeolite catalysts.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Radionuclide X-ray fluorescence analysis (RXRFA), as a non-destructive method, relatively simple and allowing measurements to be carried out in situ, is an excellent tool in research on various objects of art. A range of artefacts have been investigated by our laboratory, in part for the purposes of history of art and in part as a basis for restoration works - medieval frescoes in some Czech castles and churches, metal sculptures and objects of applied art, paints and inks of old manuscripts, paintings. Some of these are among the most valuable monuments in the Czech cultural heritage. The contribution of the results of the tests to the investigation of their 'life story' and, in some cases, to their conservation, is not negligible. Later additions and repairs can be recognised, and materials and technologies that are close to their historic counterparts can be used in restoration work.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The energy dependence of the Yb and Au L_#alpha#/L_l X-ray intensity ratio, produced by 0.5 - 3.0 MeV/u Li, Be, C, N, F, and Si ion bombardment (Malhi and Gray, Phys. Rev. A 44, 7199, (1991)), measured at 90"0 relative to the beam axis, has been explained. While for light ion impact the behaviour of the alignment parameter as a function of impact velocity is dominant, for the impact of heavier ions the multiple ionization effects become important. Using Larkins' prescription in the last case, calculations have been performed, which agree well with the data over the whole energy range investigated. (Author).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A real-time orbit feedback system has been implemented at the Advanced Photon Source in order to meet the stringent orbit stability requirements. The system reduces global orbit motion below 30Hz by a factor of four to below 5{micro}m rms horizontally and 2{micro}m rms vertically. This paper focuses on dynamic orbit stability and describes the all-digital orbit feedback system that has been implemented at the APS. Implementation of the global orbit feedback system is described and its latest performance is presented. Ultimately, the system will provide local feedback at each x-ray source point using installed photon BPMs to measure x-ray beam position and angle directly. Technical challenges associated with local feedback and with dynamics of the associated corrector magnets are described. The unique diagnostic capabilities provided by the APS system are discussed with reference to their use in identifying sources of the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

When evaluating the risks of oncogenesis and cancer mortality following exposure to the radiations of the atomic bombs (A-bombs), the medical X-ray doses received by the A-bomb survivors must also be estimated and considered. Using a human phantom, dosimetry was performed to estimate the X-ray doses received by A-bomb survivors during medical examinations at the Radiation Effects Foundation (RERF) as part of the long-term follow-up on the Adult Health Study (AHS). These examinations have been estimated to represent nearly 45% of the survivors' cumulative medical irradiation dose. Doses to the salivary glands, thyroid gland, lung, breast, stomach and colon were measured using thermoluminescent dosemeters. The results, which are reported here, will aid in estimating organ doses received by individual AHS participants. (Author).

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) made layers of strontium-bismuth-tantalate (SBT) were characterized by spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) using the Adachi model [S. Adachi, Phys. Rev. B 35 (1987) 7454-7463]. The evaluated optical parameters were correlated with the physical and chemical behavior examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). As a result, it was possible to fit the measured spectra with the Adachi model in a wide range covering the region of the band gap. The Adachi model provides electronic layer parameters like the transition energy E 0 and broadening ?. Our investigations established a correlation between XRD-determined average grain size and the electronic layer parameters.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Radionuclide X-ray fluorescence analysis for nondestructive determination of Fe, Zn, Pb, and Br in air samples collected on nitrocellulose membrane filter Synpor 4 is described. A /sup 238/Pu source for the excitation and a semiconductor Si/Li detector for the detection of characteristic and L-fluorescent radiation of the above elements were used. A correction method based upon the measurements of simple or multiple Compton scattering for compensation of varying mass per unit area values in sample deposits was theoretically proposed and experimentally tested. The results obtained both with and without the correction were compared and good agreement with those given by atomic absorption spectrometry was observed.

CERN Document Server

In order to reduce the activation temperature of the TiZrV alloy, thin films of various compositions were produced by three-cathode magnetron sputtering on stainless-steel substrates. For the characterisation of the activation behaviour the surface chemical composition has been monitored by Auger electron spectroscopy during specific in situ thermal cycles. The volume elemental composition of the film has been measured by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and the morphology (crystal structure and size of the crystallites) has been investigated by X-ray diffraction. The criteria indicating the sample quality and its dependence on film structure and chemical composition are presented and discussed. (13 refs).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The K/sub ..beta..//K/sub ..cap alpha../ X-ray intensity ratios are measured for Mn and Fe and for six other elements with Z lying in the range 49 less than or equal to Z less than or equal to 82 following electron capture decay and photon excitation using /sup 241/Am and /sup 57/Co sources. High-resolution Si(Li) and HpGe detector systems were used in the experiments. The dependence of K/sub ..beta..//K/sub ..cap alpha../ values on the mode of excitation in the case of Mn and Fe is attributed to chemical effects, while no such dependence is found for the high-Z elements.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Orbit correction is now routinely performed at the few-micron level in the Advanced Photon Source (APS) storage ring. Three diagnostics are presently in use to measure and control both AC and DC orbit motions: broad-band turn-by-turn rf beam position monitors (BPMs), narrow-band switched heterodyne receivers, and photoemission-style x-ray beam position monitors. Each type of diagnostic has its own set of systematic error effects that place limits on the ultimate pointing stability of x-ray beams supplied to users at the APS. Limiting sources of beam motion at present are magnet power supply noise, girder vibration, and thermal timescale vacuum chamber and girder motion. This paper will investigate the present limitations on orbit correction, and will delve into the upgrades necessary to achieve true sub-micron beam stability.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This paper aimed to the evaluation of different kinds of sorbent material preparation and to the evaluation of their characteristics at different pH conditions by X-ray fluorescence analysis. This method is suitable for identification and determination of elements in samples of different character, state and origin because it is a polycomponent, non-destructive, fast and simple analytical method. Moreover, it allows timeadvantageous and reliable measurements. This paper studies problems concerning the determination of some selected elements (Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb) in pharmaceutical samples of sodium chloride in the solid state as well as in its solution by sorption on chelating extraction membrane 3M Empore"T"M and on the strongly acidic ion-exchanger Dowex 50Wx8. Conditions for the most effective sorption of determined elements are also interpreted. (author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The purpose of the present study is to develop a new method for chemical state analysis by means of EPMA(Electron probe microanalyser). The measured X-ray intensity of Si-K{beta} characteristic X-ray spectra were read-out by a 16 bit microcomputer with a RS-232C interface. And using the curve fitting method the quantitative analysis of chemical compositions in a ternary compound that constituted of the same element has been established. The present method was applied to analyse of the friction and wear properties of Si-base ceramics sliding materials. It was found that the wear debris contains both the compositions of the sliding materials and SiO{sub 2}, and the SiO{sub 2} contents in wear debris was changed with relative humidity. The results clearly showed that the proposed method is very useful for determing the compositions in the ternary compound. (author).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The task of designing high performance X-ray optical systemsrequires the development of sophisticated X-ray scattering calculationsbased on rigorous information about the optics. One of the mostinsightful approaches to these calculations is based on the powerspectral density (PSD) distribution of the surface height. The majorproblem of measurement of a PSD distribution with an interferometricand/or atomic force microscope arises due to the unknown ModulationTransfer Function (MTF) of the instruments. The MTF characterizes theperturbation of the PSD distribution at higher spatial frequencies. Here,we describe a new method and dedicated test surfaces for calibration ofthe MTF of a microscope. The method is based on use of a speciallydesigned Binary Pseudo-random (BPR) grating. Comparison of atheoretically calculated PSD spectrum of a BPR grating with a spectrummeasured with the grating provides the desired calibration of ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The TESLA Test Facility (TTF) at DESY is a facility producing sub-picosecond electron pulses for the generation of VUV or soft X-ray radiation in a free electron laser (FEL). The same electron pulses would also allow the direct production of high-power coherent radiation by passing the electron beam through an undulator. Intense, coherent far-infrared (FIR) undulator radiation can be produced from electron bunches at wavelengths longer than or equal to the bunch length. The source described in this paper provides, in the wavelength range 50-300 #mu#m, a train of about 1-10 ps long radiation pulses, with about 1 mJ of optical energy per pulse radiated into the central cone. The average output power can exceed 50 W. In this conceptual design, we intend to use a conventional electromagnetic undulator with a 60 cm period length and a maximum field of 1.5 T. The FIR source will use the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Exposure of teachers of physics to X-radiation emitted by instruments which are used for demonstrating rarefied gas discharges during physics lessons at secondary schools is discussed. The measurements performed provide an explicit evidence that an effective, annual exposure dose under the most unfavorable conditions does not exceed admissible levels according to Polish regulations pertaining to persons non-occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation. (author). 3 refs,1 fig.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This volume of the monograph covers the following topics: activation analysis, non-activation interaction analysis (elastic scattering of charged particles, absorption and backscattering of beta radiation and photons, radionuclide X-ray fluorescence analysis, thermalization, scattering and absorption of neutrons, use of ionization caused by nuclear radiation, use of ionization by alpha or beta radiation for the measurement of pressure, density and flow rate of gases), and automation in radioanalytical chemistry. (P.A.).

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The Ksub(#beta#)/Ksub(#alpha# 12) x-ray intensity ratio of the Si K spectrum was measured for proton impact on Si0_2 in the energy range 300-800 keV. An energy dependence of the intensity ratio was found and an explanation is given in terms of multiple ionisation. (author).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract prepared.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

K{beta}-to-K{alpha} X-ray intensity ratios of Ti and Ni have been measured in pure metals and in alloys of Ti{sub x}Ni{sub 1-x} (x=0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4 and 0.3) following excitation by 22.69 keV X-rays from a 10 mCi {sup 109}Cd radioactive point source. The valence-electron configurations of these metals were determined by corporation of measured K{beta}-to-K{alpha} X-ray intensity ratios with the results of multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock calculation for various valence-electron configurations. Valence-electron configurations of 3d-transition metals in alloys indicate significant differences with respect to the pure metals. Our analysis indicates that these differences arise from delocalization and/or charge transfer phenomena in alloys. Namely, the observed change of the valence-electron configurations of metals in alloys can be explained with the transfer of 3d electrons from one ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The measurements of the L X-ray intensity ratio I(L{alpha})/I(L{beta}), I(L{alpha})/I(L{gamma}), I(L{alpha})/I(L{iota}), I(L{beta})/I(L{gamma}) and I(L{iota})/I(L{gamma}) for elements Dy, Ho, Yb, W, Hg, Tl and Pb were experimentally determined both by photon excitation, in which 59.5 keV {gamma}-rays from a filtered radioisotope {sup 241}Am was used, and by the radioactive decay of {sup 160}Tb, {sup 160}Er, {sup 173}Lu, {sup 182}Re, {sup 201}Tl, {sup 203}Pb and {sup 207}Bi. L X-rays emitted by samples were counted by a Si(Li) detector with resolution 160 eV at 5.9 keV. Obtained values were compared with the calculated theoretical values. Theoretical values of the I(L{alpha}/L{beta}), I(L{alpha}/L{gamma}), I(L{alpha}/L{iota}), I(L{beta}/L{gamma}) and I(L{iota}/L{gamma}) intensity ratios were calculated using theoretically tabulated values of subshell photoionization cross-section, fluorescence yield, fractional ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Membranes in Palladium and its alloys, in particular Pd/Ag alloys, are selectively permeable to hydrogen and can therefore be used to purify hydrogen. It is intended to use them as material for electrodes in fuel cells. As the manufacturing process of a substrate Pd/Ag-layer consists of several stages and is still not completely understood, it would be advantageous to be able to characterise separately the layers of noble metals obtained by electro-plating . Attempts are being made in this work to vary the cristallographical structure of the deposited alloy by the choice of test parameters and by sintering when depositing the Pd/Ag. The layers produced are to be examined using an interference microscope and X-ray diffraction. Moreover, the diffusion behaviour of the hydrogen is to be examined with an electro-chemical pulse method specifically developed for this purpose. figs., tabs., 27 refs.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

... beam monitoring betatrons delay circuits errors fluctuations gamma radiation

Science.gov (United States)

The properties and kinetics of x-ray stars in globular clusters are described. Locations, configurations, star evolution, massive close binary systems, various mechanisms, and the x-ray burster properties are included. (JFP)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

ASTROSAT, India's first dedicated astronomy satellite is slated for launch in 2007. The primary science objective of ASTROSAT is to explore the Universe using broad-band instruments covering optical, UV, soft X-ray and hard X-ray studies

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Radionuclide X-ray fluorescence analysis and fast neutron activation analysis were used for the determination of chromium. The excitation source for X-ray fluorescence analysis was a ring-shaped "2"4"1Am source with an activity of 18.5x10"9 Bq. SYNPOR filters of 35 mm in diameter were used for the measurement. The 5.414 keV Cr peak was measured with a Si(Li) detector. The sensitivity was 0.05 mg for a period of measurement of 1000 s. A neutron generator with an emission of 10"9 s"-"1 was used as the source of fast neutrons. "5"2V and "5"3V, the products of nuclear reaction with Cr, were measured gamma spectrometrically with a Ge(Li) detector. The sensitivity for Cr is 0.015 mg, in the presence of Mn which causes interference the sensitivity is a mere 0.075 mg. The mentioned methods were used to determine total Cr and Cr(VI) in welding aerosols. It was found that ...

CERN Document Server

Determining the type of matter that is inside a neutron star (NS) has been a long-standing goal of astrophysics. Despite this, most of the NS equations of state (EOS) that predict maximum masses in the range 1.4-2.8 solar masses are still viable. Most of the precise NS mass measurements that have been made to date show values close to 1.4 solar masses, but a reliable measurement of an over-massive NS would constrain the EOS possibilities. Here, we investigate how optical astrometry at the microarcsecond level can be used to map out the orbits of High-Mass X-ray Binaries (HMXBs), leading to tight constraints on NS masses. While previous studies by Unwin and co-workers and Tomsick and co-workers discuss the fact that the future Space Interferometry Mission should be capable of making such measurements, the current work describes detailed simulations for 6 HMXB systems, including predicted constraints on ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A Real-Time Neutron Radiography (RTNR) system and a high speed X-ray Computed tomography (X-CT) system are compared for measurement of two-phase flow. Each system is used to determine the flow regime, and the void fraction distribution in a vertical annulus flow channel. A standard optical video system is also used to observe the flow regime. The annulus flow channel is operated as a bubble column and measurements obtained for gas flow rates from 0.0 to 30.01/min. The flow regimes observed by all three measurement systems through image analysis shows that the two-dimensional void fraction distribution can be obtained. The X-CT system is shown to have a superior temporal resolution capable of resolving the void fraction distribution in an (r,#theta#) plane in 33.0 ms. Void fraction distribution for bubbly flow and slug flow is determined.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nitriding leads to improved tribological and corrosive properties of iron alloy components. In order to study the effect of plasma nitriding parameters on the structure of compound layer and diffusion zone, a systematic variation of process parameters, temperature and process gas atmosphere has been carried out. Metallographic inspection, X-ray diffraction and glow discharge optical spectroscopy analysis (GDOES) were used in this investigation. The results clarified that depending on the amount of nitrogen in the gas atmosphere nitrided layers with and without compound layer can be generated in the surface of M2 tool steel for temperatures from 350 C to 500 C. For plasma nitriding in 5 vol.% Nitrogen and 95 vol.% Hydrogen no compact compound layer was formed. The gas mixture of 76 vol.% Nitrogen resulted in compound layer formation for all temperatures from 350 C to 500 C. X-ray phase analysis indicated an almost 100% {epsilon}-(carbo)nitride ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) was used to probe the existence of induced magnetic moments in yttrium iron garnet (YIG) films in which yttrium is partly substituted with lanthanum, lutetium or bismuth. Spin polarization of the 4d states of yttrium and of the 5d states of lanthanum or lutetium was clearly demonstrated. Angular momentum resolved d-DOS of yttrium and lanthanun was shown to be split by the crystal field, the two resolved substructures having opposite magnetic polarization. The existence of a weak orbital moment involving the 6p states of bismuth was definitely established with the detection of a small XMCD signal at the Bi M{sub 1}-edge. Difference spectra also enhanced the visibility of subtle changes in the Fe K-edge XMCD spectra of YIG and {l_brace}Y, Bi{r_brace}IG films. Weak natural X-ray linear dichroism signatures were systematically observed with all iron garnet films and with a bulk YIG single crystal cut ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The response of MOS capacitors to low- and medium-energy x-ray irradiation is investigated as a function of gate material (TaSi or Al), oxide thickness, and electric field. Measured device response is compared with predictions based on discrete ordinates and Monte Carlo code simulations of dose enhancement effects, coupled with recent estimates of electron-hole recombination in MOS oxides. In comparisons of 10-keV x-ray and Co-60 irradiations of Al-gate MOS capacitors at an oxide electric field of 1 MV/cm, it is found that predictions and experiments agree to within better than 20 percent for oxide thicknesses ranging from 35 to 1060 nm. For capacitors having TaSi/Al gates, predictions and experiments agree to within better than 30 percent at 1 MV/cm, with the largest differences occurring for 35-nm gate oxides. At other electric fields, the disagreement between experiment and prediction increases significantly for both Al- ...

Science.gov (United States)

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) were measured in a mild case of dyssegmental dysplasia. X-ray pictures of a female baby born vaginally at 39 weeks of gestation showed short, bent, dumbbell-shaped long bones of the limbs and profound dyssegmental ossification in the spine, findings characteristic of dyssegmental dysplasia. When the levels of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 were measured, the levels of MMP-2 and TIMP-1 were significantly reduced. This case might provide a clue to disclose the etiology of dyssegmental dysplasia. PMID:12568417

Science.gov (United States)

Mar 1, 2011 ... Radionuclide X-ray fluorescence analysis. 2: Detection of the X-ray fluorescence radiation excited by radionuclide radiation ...

Science.gov (United States)

Aug 1, 1972 ... The principles of radionuclide excitation of X-ray fluorescence radiation and its application in analytic chemistry are discussed.

CERN Document Server

We propose a new method to measure the metallicity of Type Ia supernova progenitors using Mn and Cr lines in the X-ray spectra of young supernova remnants. We show that the Mn to Cr mass ratio in Type Ia supernova ejecta is tightly correlated with the initial metallicity of the progenitor, as determined by the neutron excess of the white dwarf material before thermonuclear runaway. We use this correlation, together with the flux of the Cr and Mn Kalpha X-ray lines in the Tycho supernova remnant recently detected by Suzaku (Tamagawa et al. 2008) to derive a metallicity of log(Z) = -1.32 (+0.67,-0.33) for the progenitor of this supernova, which corresponds to log(Z/Zsun)= 0.60 (+0.31,-0.60) according to the latest determination of the solar metallicity by Asplund et al. (2005). The uncertainty in the measurement is large, but metallicities much smaller than the solar value can be confidently discarded. We ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The L shell fluorescence cross-sections of the elements in range 45Z50 have been determined at 8keV using Synchrotron radiation. The individual L X-ray photons, Ll, La, LbI, LbII, LgI and LgII produced in the target were measured with high resolution Si(Li) detector. The experimental set-up provided a low background by using linearly polarized monoenergetic photon beam, improving the signal-to-noise ratio. The experimental cross-sections obtained in this work were compared with available experimental data from Scofield [1,2] Krause [3,4] and Scofield and Puri et al. [5,6]. These experimental values closely agree with the theoretical values calculated using Scofield and Krause data, except for the case of Lg, where values measured of this work are slighter higher.

CERN Document Server

Polarization measurements in the X-ray and gamma-ray energy range can provide crucial information on massive compact objects such as black holes and neutron stars. The Polarized Gamma-ray Observer (PoGO) is a new balloon-borne instrument designed to measure polarization from astrophysical objects in the 30-100 keV range, under development by an international collaboration with members from United States, Japan, Sweden and France. To examine PoGO's capability, a beam test of a simplified prototype detector array was conducted at the Argonne National Laboratory Advanced Photon Source. The detector array consisted of seven plastic scintillators, and was irradiated by polarized photon beams at 60, 73, and 83 keV. The data showed a clear polarization signal, with a measured modulation factor of $0.42 \\pm 0.01$. This was successfully reproduced at the 10% level by the computer simulation package Geant4 after ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A computerized system for monitoring dose-area product (DAP) has been developed for region of interest (ROI) fluoroscopy in which patient exposure is reduced using an x-ray attenuating filter with an aperture. The system includes an IBM compatible computer which is connected through an IEEE-488 interface to an electrometer which measures the charge from a DAP ionization chamber. A digital input/output board connects the computer to the filter placement device to determine whether the filter is in or out of the beam, and to the x-ray generator to determine when the exposure is due to spot filming. The computer logs the DAP from conventional fluoroscopy, ROI fluoroscopy and spot filming separately, applying the appropriate calibration factor for each. Measured DAPs, fluoroscopic DAP rates and exposure times are displayed in real-time. The system has been installed in a GI fluoroscopic room so that the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Stearic acid (C{sub 1}8H{sub 36}O{sub 2}) was treated into Ar and Ar-O{sub 2}(10%) pulsed DC discharge created by a cathode-anode confined system. The samples were placed at the floating potential. The results show that the mass variation of the stearic acid samples after Ar-O{sub 2} plasma exposure is more important than the pure Ar plasma treatments. This comportment demonstrate that the oxygen actives species (O and O{sub 2} in all states) strongly enhance the etching process with regards to A{sup *} species, regardless of their concentration. After treatment by Ar and Ar-O{sub 2} plasma, analyses by X-ray diffraction show a significant structural modification of the samples surface, utilizing Ar-O{sub 2} plasma the modification was more pronounced. The chemical composition evolution shows that the acid function is etched preferentially in the beginning of the treatment (about 5 min) and that after 10 min the carbonic chains seems to be ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) is an x-ray free-electron laser (FEL) project based on the SLAC linac. The LCLS Photoinjector beamline has been designed to deliver 10-ps long electron bunches of 1 nC with a normalized projected transverse emittance smaller than 1.2 mm-mrad at 135 MeV. Tolerances and regulation requirements are tight for this tuning. Half of the total emittance at the end of the injector comes from the ''cathode emittance'' which is 0.7 mm-mrad for our nominal 1nC tuning. As the ''cathode emittance'' scales linearly with laser spot radius, the emittance will be dramatically reduced for smaller radius, but this is only possible at lower charge. In particular, for a 0.2 nC charge, we believe we can achieve an emittance closer to 0.4 mm-mrad. This working point will be easier to tune and the beam quality should be much easier to maintain than for the 1 nC case. In the second ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The barrier glow discharge between two planar electrodes, covered with dielectric, is studied under high-voltage pulsed power supply. Wide applications of such type of discharges, in particular, for ozone production, stimulated a number of investigations in this direction. In this work we investigated the dependence of ozone concentration on the duration and the rate of pulse rise of the applied voltage. The thyristor converter circuit with the shortening of input pulses on the base of the saturable throttle was used for the realization of this task. The output pulses with amplitude up to 15 kV, repetition frequency of 1 kHz, pulse duration of 0.3 #mu#s (or 7 #mu#s) and the rate of pulse rise of 0.1 #mu#s were generated with this scheme. Measurements of the ozone concentration produced in the air mixture have shown that its value increased ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

K{beta}-to-K{alpha} X-ray intensity ratios of Ti, V, Cr, and Co in pure metals and their disilicide compounds have been measured following excitation by 59.54 keV {gamma}-rays from a 200 mCi {sup 241}Am point-source. The K{beta}-to-K{alpha} intensity ratios of all these metals in the disilicide compounds are found to be less than the corresponding ratios for pure metals. Comparison of the measured K{beta}-to-K{alpha} intensity ratios for the disilicides and pure metals with the multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock calculations indicates increase of the 3d electron populations of Ti, V, Cr, and Co in the disilicides from their pure metal values suggesting the rearrangement of electrons between 3d and 4s states of the individual metal atom. This rearrangement is found to be opposite to that observed in our previously reported work on NiSi{sub 2} and CuSi{sub 2}.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A 19.1 metre wind turbine blade was subjected to static tests. The purpose of the test series was to verify the abilities of different types of sensors to detect damage in wind turbine blades. Prior to each of the static test-series an artificial damage was made on the blade. The damage made for each test-series was surveyed during each series by acoustic emission, fiber optic micro bend displacement transducers and strain gauges. The propagation of the damage was determined by use of ultra sonic and X-ray surveillance during stops in the test series. By use of acoustic emission it was possible to measure damage propagation before the propagation was of visible size. By use of fiber optic micro bend displacement transducers and strain gauges it was possible to measure minor damage propagation. By use of both ultra sonic, and X-ray NDT-equipment it were possible to determine the size of propagated ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ion bombardment during deposition can significantly modify the film properties. In the partially ionized beam deposition, ions derived from the depositing material, i.e., the self-ions, are used during deposition. Cu films were deposited on SiO{sub 2} substrates at room temperature using 1% Cu self-ions with an energy ranging between 0--4 keV. We studied the microstructures of the Cu films using x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, measured the impurity level inside the films using secondary ion mass spectrometry, and performed the resistivity measurements using a four point probe. The results indicate that there is an optimum ion energy around 2 keV at which, the integrated x-ray intensity ratio {ital I}(111)/{ital I}(200) reaches its maximum value indicating a strong {l angle}111{r angle} texture, while the impurity concentration and resisitivity are minimum. The correlation between ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Three typical Japanese coals of non-coking coal, coking coal and anthracite were heat-treated with KOH, and change in their pore structure was examined by absorption of N2, X-ray diffraction and TEM observation. In addition, the relation between a coal rank and pore structure was also studied by absorption experiment of N2. In experiment, the mixture of coal and KOH in a nickel holder was heat-treated in N2 gas flow at heating rate of 2{degree}C/min, and held at a fixed temperature for one hour. To clarify the pore structure, N2 absorption isotherms were measured at -196{degree}C under nearly 76cmHg using a commercially available full-automatic absorption measurement equipment. Based on the X-ray diffraction and TEM observation results on activated coals, the relation between the N2 absorption and pore structure was studied. The results are summarized as follows: (1) The yield and absorption ability of ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

An optical klystron is built in the 800 MeV electron storage ring at University of Science and Technology of China for harmonic super-radiation generation. In single bunch operation mode the repetition rate of the spontaneous radiation pulses is about 4.533 MHz, and the repetition rate of the seed laser pulses is about 3 Hz, while the radiation pulse duration is 300 ps. For measuring harmonic radiation a high on/off ratio ICCD is used as an optical switch to reject spontaneous radiation pulses of high repetition rate

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The principle of conservation and transferability of chemical bonds explains the recent discovery by extended x-ray absorption fine-structure measurements of two unequal anion-cation bond lengths R/sub A/C and R/sub B/C in A/sub x/B/sub 1-x/C zinc-blende semiconductor alloys despite the close adherence of the lattice constant to the average value (Vegard rule). This bond alternation, manifested as a structural distortion to a local chalcopyrite coordination around the anions, explains also most of the observed optical bowing in semiconductor alloys.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Water-soluble, ethanol-insoluble extracts prepared from several medicinal herbs of the Araliaceae and other families were tested for their radioprotective activity by either measuring 30 days survival rates (a commonly applied method) or counting the thrombocytes 14 days after irradiation (an improved method) in mice. The extracts were i.p. injected once within 4 min after the whole body X-ray irradiation. Of 12 materials examined, Aralia elata, Angelica acutiloba and Morus bombysis seemed to be good starting materials for preparing radioprotective substance(s) because of their relatively high specific activity and high yields of the extracts. (author).

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Doses to the salivary glands, thyroid gland, breast, lung, stomach and colon during mass radiological gastric screening, mass radiographic chest screening, upper gastrointestinal series and computed tomography were determined by exposing a female human phantom to simulated radiological X-ray examinations as performed in community hospitals. The doses were measured using thermoluminescent dosemeters, and the results will be used to document organ doses received by participants in the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission/Radiation Effects Research Foundation Adult Health Study. (Author).

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Radionuclide X-ray fluorescence analysis for nondestructive determination of Fe, Zn, Pb, and Br in air samples collected on nitrocellulose membrane filter Synpor 4 is described. A "2"3"8Pu source for the excitation and a semiconductor Si/Li detector for the detection of characteristic and L-fluorescent radiation of the above elements were used. A correction method based upon the measurements of simple or multiple Compton scattering for compensation of varying mass per unit area values in sample deposits was theoretically proposed and experimentally tested. The results obtained both with and without the correction were compared and good agreement with those given by atomic absorption spectrometry was observed. (author).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Measurements on laser shock compressed aluminium using the EXAFS (Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure) technique on the Al K-edge are described. Two methods of analysis of this data were used for the determination of density: the standard EXAFS technique using Fourier transforms and curve fitting, and a method based on a bandstructure calculation of the absorption spectra as a function of compression. These two techniques give results which are in fairly good agreement with each other and also with a hydrodynamic simulation of the experiment. The ion correlation parameter is estimated and shows that two-sided laser irradiation of aluminium foils produces a dense plasma which is strongly coupled. (author).

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The influence of microalloying vanadium or titanium on improving the corrosion resistance of mild steel in saturated calcium hydroxide solution was investigated. Potential-time, potentiodynamic polarization, and impedance measurement techniques were employed. The corrosion products have been examined by infrared and X-ray diffraction analysis and by scanning electron microscopy. It has been shown that the grain refining, due to microalloying, plays an important role in enhancing the corrosion resistance of steel. Scales of calcite and iron oxides on top of a protective oxide are formed on the investigated steels.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements of bismuth clusters in the temperature range of 23 -300 K have been performed using synchrotron radiation in order to investigate the size dependent phase transition. The inter-atomic distances around 3.0 A and 3.6 A are attributed to the nearest neighbors within the layer and between layers, respectively. EXAFS functions were analysed by the curve fitting method within a symmetric distribution approximation. The nearest neighbor distance of the 0.5 nm thick films is shorter than that of the 300 nm thick films at all the temperatures, which is related to the reduction of the inter-layer correlation.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Total photon attenuation coefficients near absorption edges are determined in certain suitable elements and compounds. Photoelectric cross sections for elements are deduced from these by subtracting the coherent and incoherent scattering cross sections as well as other elemental cross sections in the cases of compounds. Certain deviations are observed on comparison with the available theoretical and experimental compilations. The I/sub L//sub ..cap alpha..//Il x-ray intensity ratio measured by photon excitation near threshold is found to agree better with the theory than the other available experimental data.

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The use of the method is described on powder samples before and after sintering with a La content of up to 1%. For excitation of the K series of La a /sup 241/Am source with an activity of 1.11 GBq was used. The obtained results showed that the method is sufficiently accurate (error 7%) at a short period of measurement (100 s). It gives satisfactory results even in the comparison of the experimental relative count rate and the theoretically calculated value despite the fact that the analytical signal comes from the sample surface.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The magnetic and electronic properties of non-Fermi liquid UCu{sub 4Pd} depend on annealing conditions. Local structural changes due to this annealing are reported from UL{sub III}- and Pd K-edge x-ray absorption fine-structure measurements. In particular, annealing decreases the fraction of Pd atoms on nominally Cu 16e sites and the U-Cu pair-distance distribution width. This study provides quantitative information on the amount of disorder in UCu{sub 4Pd} and allows an assessment of its possible importance to the observed non-Fermi liquid behavior.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Short communication.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Global angular momentum balance suggests that the neutron stars in Be/X-ray binaries are not spinning in equilibrium. This requires an X-ray lifetime ''approx <'' 10"5 yr, and suggests that there are many 'dead' Be/X-ray binaries in the Galaxy. Some of these may be turned up as millisecond radio pulsars with Be star companions. (author).

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Published in summary form only.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract prepared.

Science.gov (United States)

Examples are given of the applicability and importance of radionuclide fluorescence analysis as a

Science.gov (United States)

... NONDESTRUCTIVE DETERMINATION OF AIRBORNE LEAD PARTICULATES BY THE RADIONUCLIDE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS. ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

X-ray scattering methods suitable for the investigation of the morphology and chemical composition of self-organized quantum dots and quantum wires are reviewed. Their application is demonstrated in experimental examples showing that a combination of small angle X-ray scattering with high-resolution X-ray diffraction can reveal both the shape and the chemical composition of the self-organized objects. (author)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Published in summary form only.

Science.gov (United States)

Not Available

CERN Document Server

We analyze archived Chandra and XMM-Newton X-ray observations of 536 Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Data Release 5 (DR5) quasars (QSOs) at 1.7 <= z <= 2.7 in order to characterize the relative UV and X-ray spectral properties of QSOs that do not have broad UV absorption lines (BALs). We constrain the fraction of X-ray weak, non-BAL QSOs and find that such objects are rare; for example, sources underluminous by a factor of 10 comprise $\\la$2% of optically-selected SDSS QSOs. X-ray luminosities vary with respect to UV emission by a factor of $\\la$2 over several years for most sources. UV continuum reddening and the presence of narrow-line absorbing systems are not strongly associated with X-ray weakness in our sample. X-ray brightness is significantly correlated with UV emission line properties, so that relatively X-ray weak, non-BAL ...

Science.gov (United States)

Polycrystalline soft ferrite, Cu1+xSixFe2?2xO4 (x=0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2 and 0.3) were prepared by standard ceramic technique. The X-ray analysis confirmed the single phase formation of the samples up to x=0.1 beside a second phase for x?0.15. The lattice parameter was found to decrease with composition(x), which is attributed to ionic size difference of cations involved. The bulk density measurements shows two different behavior for x0.15. The IR spectra of Cu Si ferrite system have been analyzed in the frequency range 200 1200 cm?1. It revealed two prominent bands ?1 and ?2 which are assigned to tetrahedral and octahedral metal complexes, respectively. The position of the highest frequency band is around 575 cm?1 while the lower frequency band is around 400 cm?1.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In the present paper the tribological behavior of the coatings are discussed. Duplex coatings were applied on cold working steel 100Cr6. Samples were plasma nitrided at different thickness of plasma surface layers. TiN was deposited with a classic BALZERS PVD equipment and subsequent ion implantation. Ion implantation was provided with N{sup 5+} ions. The other samples were produced with IBAD technology in DANFYSIK chamber. Wear resistance and exchanges of friction coefficient were measured with on-line test using special designed tribology equipment. Following the tests, the wear zone morphology and characteristics of surface layer structure as well as important properties were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). Scratch adhesion testing was performed using commercially available equipment. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) of the wear-scars on pins provided ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and radionuclide X-ray fluorescence analysis (RXFA) were used for the determination of rare earth elements. For INAA, solution obtained by sample decomposition was dripped onto filter paper, enclosed and sealed into a polyethylene foil. The sample was activated in reactor WWR-S over a period of 4 to 6 hours with a neutron fluence of 10"1"3cm"-"2. Gamma radiation measurement was carried out with a planar and a coaxial HP-Ge detector in three decay periods. La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Ho, Tm, Yb and Lu were determined. The advantage of the method is its accuracy and high sensitivity, the disadvantage is the time-consuming analysis. The RXFA method was used as a rapid and operative method for the analysis of loose ore samples, aqueous and organic solutions of rare earth elements. For exciting X-ray radiation, "2"4"1Am was used and the radiation of K-lines was detected with a ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nano-sized zinc oxide was synthesized and deposited onto cellulosic fibers using the sol-gel process at ambient temperature. The prepared materials were characterized using several techniques including scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis. X-ray diffraction studies of the ZnO-coated fiber indicate formation of the hexagonal crystal phase which was satisfactory crystallized on the fiber surface. The electron micrographs show formation of zinc oxide nanoparticles within 10-15 nm in size which have been homogeneously dispersed on the fiber surface. The prepared materials show significant photocatalytic self-cleaning activity, which was monitored by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The photoactivity was studied upon measuring the photodegradation of methylene blue and eosin yellowish under UV-Vis irradiation. The ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The magnetic properties of as-grown Ga1-xMnxAs have been investigated by the systematic temperature and magnetic field dependent soft x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) measurements in the Mn L2,3 absorption edge region. The XMCD intensity at high temperatures obeys the Curie-Weiss law, but residual spin magnetic moment appears already around 100 K, significantly above Curie temperature (Tc), suggesting that short-range ferromagnetic correlations are developed significantly above Tc. The high-field magnetic susceptibility becomes T-independent below TC, indicating that the AF interaction between the substitutional Mn (Mnsub and interstitial Mn (Mnint) ions, which becomes strong as the Mn concentration x increases, exists and that the amount of the Mnint affects Tc. The present experimental findings should give valuable insight into the inhomogeneous magnetic properties of many DMS's. (author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Micro-strip Metal Foil Detectors (MMFD) designed and used for the Beam Profile Monitoring (BPM) are discussed. The results obtained for the MMFDs produced by different technologies are presented. The MMFD deposited onto the 20 {mu}m thick Si-wafer has been used for the BPM of the 32 MeV alpha-particle beam at the MPIfK (Heidelberg) Tandem generator. Another MMFD with totally removed Si-wafer at the working area has been applied for the on-line X-ray BPM at the HASYLAB (DESY). One may conclude that the developed technology of the micro-strip metal detector manufacturing allows to provide non-destructive measurement of X-ray intensity distribution over area of up to 50 mm{sup 2} with an accuracy of 10-20 {mu}m with a possibility of its improvement by a factor 5. A sub-micron position resolution is expected by applying electron lithography for the strip pattern production.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

K beta X-ray lines from partially M-shell-ionized ions of titanium through nickel which are produced in vacuum-spark plasmas have been observed systematically for the first time, using a high-resolution curved-crystal spectrometer. Each K beta line is clearly separated into its corresponding charge state. As a result, it is possible to measure the K beta-type transition energies of the M-shell-ionized ions. The transition energies accurately determined are compared with those calculated for iron ions, and the agreement is excellent except for ions having some additional 3d outer-shell electrons or 3s inner-shell vacancies. The square root of the K beta transition frequency is expressed as a linear function of the nuclear charge for isoelectronic sequences. The effective nuclear charges have been also determined for each K beta transition. The 3p electrons do not affect the effective nuclear charges. 10 references.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Radioactive particles as well as x irradiation from an external source has been used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. In order to clarify effects of ionizing irradiation on synovial cells, radioactive gold ("1"9"8Au) and yttrium ("9"0Y) were added to fibroblast cultures derived from human synovial membranes. Other cultures were irradiated by a Picker x-ray machine. Fibroblast growth and hyaluronic acid production were measured. Radioactive gold and yttrium particles induced a significant increase of hyaluronic acid synthesis rate (pg/cell/day) and inhibited fibroblast growth. Fibroblasts continued to overproduce hyaluronic acid and to show growth inhibition 3 weeks after irradiation with radioactive gold. Hydrocortisone inhibited hyaluronic acid overproduction induced by radioactive gold. Overproduction of hyaluronic acid induced by the x-ray machine was inhibited by ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Abstract Visible blue cathodoluminescence (CL), photoluminescence (PL), x-ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL) and electroluminescence (EL) via Zf free excitonic emission have been obtained from CuBr thin films deposited on glass, Cr coated glass, GaAs and Si substrates. In addition to the Zf emission several peaks corresponding to Cu+ emissions via 3d94s - d10 transitions were observed on the AC EL spectrum at 2.10, 2.7, 3.03, 3.07 and 3.80 eV. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements confirmed that the vacuum evaporated CuBr thin films grow preferentially with a (111) orientation irrespective of the substrate. While the AC voltage source was found to have no detrimental effects on CuBr thin films, cathodic deposition of Cu metal via electrolytic decomposition was observed under steady sta...