International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

An attempt to develop a simple framework for financial evaluation of renewable energy technologies (RETs) such as photovoltaic (PV) pump, windmill pump, biogas and producer gas-driven dual fuel engine pumps for irrigation water pumping has been made. The unit cost of water and unit cost of useful energy delivered by the RETs have been estimated. The monetary benefits that accrued to the end-user have been quantified in terms of the amount of diesel or electricity saved. Financial figures of merit for the investments made in the RETs have been estimated. The effect of fuel price escalation on these measures of financial performance has also been evaluated along with the estimation of the break-even prices of fuels likely to be substituted by RETs. Results of some exemplifying calculations are presented and briefly discussed.

KoreaScience (Korea)

Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Olive tree (Olea european L.) cultivation, the major tree crops in Mediterranean countries is being extended to irrigated lands. However, the limited water availability, the severe climatic conditions and the increased need for good water quality for urban and industrial sector uses are leading to the urgent use of less water qualities (brackish water and recycled wastewater) for olive tree irrigation. The aim of this work was to asses the effects of long term irrigation with treated waste water (TWW) on the soil chemical properties, on olive tree growth and on oil quality characteristics. (Author)

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Changing water demands induced through climate change and a growing biofuel energy sector throughout the western States are expected to increase pressures on the present allocation mechanisms for an increasingly scarce resource, raising uncertainty about the sustainability of irrigated agriculture in the West. In this paper, we first present the policy motivation for examining continued producer adoption of water conserving irrigation production systems as a foundation for providing a sustainable future for western irrigated agriculture. Second, we summarize the historical transitions that help to define the adjustment path to increased sustainability for the sector. While western irrigated agriculture is on a path toward greater sustainability, evidence suggests that the sustainability go...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

We present an innovative approach to estimating residential irrigation water demand for a large metropolitan area using GIS data, weather station data, and a water budget modeling approach commonly used by plant scientists and landscape management professionals. An important question addressed by our study is how a growing urban forest affects the overall irrigation water demand of a semiarid metropolitan area. To estimate the amount of water required by residential landscaping, we consider water demand to be a function of the areal extent of residential landscaping (i.e. tree/shrub or turf grass), the water-loss rate for different landscaping types, the efficiency with which the landscape is irrigated, and local climatic factors (i.e. reference evapotranspiration and precipitation). We es...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Simple frameworks have been developed for estimating the utilization potential of: (a) solar photovoltaic (SPV) pumps; (b) windmill pumps; (c) producer gas based dual fuel engine pumps; and (d) biogas based dual fuel engine pumps for irrigation water pumping in India. The approach takes into account factors such as: solar radiation intensity, wind speed, availability of bovine dung and agri-residues, and their alternative uses, ground water requirements for irrigation and its availability, affordability, and propensity of the users to invest in renewable energy devices, etc. SPV pumps are estimated to have the maximum utilization potential in India, followed by windmill pumps. (author)

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

BackgroundAgricultural practices such as the use of irrigation during rice cultivation, the use of ponds for fish farming and the storage of water in tanks for livestock provide...Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This book contains the Proceedings of the Conference on Climate and Water under the following groupings: Impacts of climatic variability and change-resulting from the changes in hydrological variables; Aquatic environment; Terrestrial environment; Coastal zones and navigation; Urban and industrial water supply and drainage; Energy production; Intropogenic changes of climate and water management problems; Flood potential; Irrigation and land drainage.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The goal of the Fifteenmile Creek Habitat Improvement project is to improve wild winter steelhead habitat in the Fifteenmile Creek Basin. This goal was addressed under the Columbia River Basin Fish and Wildlife Program, Measure 703 (c) (1) - Action Item 4.2. Construction of fish habitat structures was completed on approximately 3.5 miles of Eightmile Creek and on approximately 8.5 miles of Fifteenmile Creek. A total of 15,435 yds of rock was placed to improve rearing and spawning habitat, and to improve water quality and reduce siltation. Riparian protection fencing was completed on 1.8 miles of Dry Creek, approximately 1.75 miles on Eightmile Creek, and 4.75 miles on Fifteenmile Creek. Approximately 10 miles of stream will receive protection from the 8 miles of new fencing installed and 6.5 miles of abandoned fence repaired. Irrigation withdrawal screens were installed at six irrigation pump withdrawals. These screens ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

In the Mediterranean arc, vines for wine production are mainly grown without the support of irrigation. Under such conditions, site variables affecting the extent and seasonal timing of water deficits are the dominant environmental constraints for grape production. Moreover, water availability and vine water status are the factors most comprehensively determining fruit composition and, thus, wine quality. Therefore, monitoring the extent of water stress in vines might be a valuable tool for the optimisation of grape yield and quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using the reflectance based Water Index (WI) to estimate vine water status at the leaf and canopy levels. The study was conducted on Vitis vinifera cv. Chardonnay potted plants submitted to contra...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Visits were made to selected manufacturing units with 25 or more employees. Information was gathered on energy consumption and advice was given on the opportunities available for improving the efficiency of energy use. Potential energy savings are estimated and recommendations are made on the action that should be taken to improve the efficiency of energy use. In the footwear industry space heating controls, improvements in boiler plant and steam services along with building insulation provide most of the savings potential. In the leather industries major energy saving opportunities can be found in low-temperature drying, and heat recovery, where the use of heat pumps could contribute substantial savings in drying and process water heating. Boiler controls and good housekeeping are areas where firms can make worthwhile savings at very little capital cost. (MCW)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Total river discharge in Pakistan in summer season vary from 3 thousand to 34 thousand cusses (100 thousand Cusses to 1,200 thousand Cusses) and can cause tremendous loss to human lives, crops and property, this causes the loss of most of the flood water in the lower Indus plains to the sea. Due to limited capacity of storage at Tarbela and Mangla Dams on river Indus and Jhelum, with virtually no control on Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej, devastating problems are faced between July and October in the event of excessive rainfall in the catchments. Due to enormous amounts of sediments brought in by the feeding rivers, the three major reservoirs -Tarbela, Mangla and Chashma will lose their storage capacity, by 25 % by the end of the year 2010, which will further aggravate the water-availability situation in Pakistan. The quality of water is also deteriorating due to urbanization and industrialization and agricultural developments. On ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Energy savings in the synthetic fiber industry could be realized by using autoclave reactor condensate and boiler flue gas heat recovery. The non-cellulose (polyester) production process analysis shows that condensate returning from the reactor to the steam boiler raises inlet temperature, giving a reduced fuel requirement of about 8%. Also, boiler flue gas with a sufficiently high outlet temperature for boiler feed water and combustion air preheating results in further fuel savings. The process with an economizer saves up to 8.44%, and with a combustion air preheater, 6.25%. (Author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Energy savings performance contracting (ESPC) is now receiving greater attention as a means of implementing large-scale energy conservation projects in housing. Opportunities for such projects exist for military housing, federally subsidized low-income housing, and planned communities (condominiums, townhomes, senior centers), to name a few. Accurate prior (to construction) estimates of the energy savings in these projects reduce risk, decrease financing costs, and help avoid post-construction disputes over performance contract baseline adjustments. This paper demonstrates an improved method of estimating energy savings before construction takes place. Using an engineering model calibrated to pre-construction energy-use data collected in the field, this method is able to predict actual energy savings to a high degree of accuracy. This is verified with post-construction energy-use data from a geothermal ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

An energy saving self-powered industrial dehumidifier for use in a building having a tap water conduit leading from a source of supply to utilization points is described comprising: a dehumidifying apparatus positioned in a stream of air to be dehumidified in the building. The dehumidifying apparatus comprising conduit means for diverting at least a portion of a relatively continuously moving stream of tap water from the tap water conduit through a heat exchanger positioned in a stream of air and returning the diverted portion to the tap water stream upstream of the utilization points. Water vapor in the stream of air will condense onto the heat exchanger when the tap water has a temperature below a dew point temperature of the air stream, thereby dehumidifying the air stream.

Science.gov (United States)

Drownings in Recreational Water Settings - United States, 2001-2002 While immediate CPR can save someone's life, often medical care in the hospital cannot prevent serious...

Science.gov (United States)

Pyrethroid pesticides occur in urban creek sediments at concentrations acutely toxic to sensitive aquatic life. To better understand the source of these residues, runoff from residential neighborhoods around Sacramento, California was monitored over the course of a year. Pyrethroids were present in every sample. Bifenthrin, found at up to 73 ng/L in the water and 1211 ng/g on suspended sediment, was the pyrethroid of greatest toxicological concern, with cypermethrin and cyfluthrin of secondary concern. The bifenthrin could have originated either from use by consumers or professional pest controllers, though the seasonal pattern of discharge from the drain was more consistent with professional use as the dominant source. Stormwater runoff was more important than dry season irrigation runoff in transporting pyrethroids to urban creeks. A single intense storm was capable of discharging as much bifenthrin to an urban creek in 3h as that discharged ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), molybdenum (Mo) and vanadium (V) in 28 types of Egyptian common foodstuffs as well as drinking and irrigation water samples were determined using neutron activation analysis (NAA) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The samples were collected from 74 sites over 13 governorates as well as the Nile river, wells and tap water in the regions of the Nile Delta, Sinai, the east and west desert, and north and south Egypt. These trace elements were chosen according to international references, which show the close relationship of their deficiencies to immunity-related diseases. Calculation values of daily uptake per capita were made with the results of analysis. The results, as calculated per 100 g dry weight, showed that some Egyptian foods are rich in Se including such fish (0.94 #mu#g), sesame (0.88 #mu#g), beef meat (0.48 #mu#g), instant tea (0.42 #mu#g), mushroom (0.34 #mu#g) and ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ways of reducing the excessive energy consumption in the Polish sugar industry are examined. The three main areas where energy reduction measures might be taken are: reducing the process heat demand which arises from the need to evaporate excess water from the juice supplied to the crystallisers; improving the effectiveness of the thermal system by moving from the present four-effect evaporation to five-effect evaporation and using crystallisation vapours for juice heating; replacing old steam boilers with more efficient units. Most Polish sugar factories are relatively small, however, and the energy saving measures, all of which require the installation of more modern equipment, are not economically feasible in the short term. Moreover, the stringent limits on atmospheric emissions which come into effect in 1998 will require factories to use low-sulphur coal and install costly glue-gas cleaning equipment. With limited funds available this may ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Abstract Large areas of the southern European countries possess a Mediterranean climate, which influences soil properties, land use, fertilizer application practices and pathways of phosphorus (P) loss from agricultural soils. On average, inputs of fertilizer P exceed P exports from the agricultural areas in these countries; however, large differences in P surplus/deficit and soil P test values exist among regions. Losses of P in drainage water are modest except in some irrigated areas and in those regions where intensive animal production is concentrated. Losses of P in runoff water, whether as dissolved reactive or particulate P, can be substantial as a result of the significance of erosive processes under the land uses typical of the Mediterranean region, where extreme rainfall events c...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This document provides guidance for modeling and inspecting energy-efficient property in commercial buildings for certification of the energy and power cost savings related to Section 179D of the Internal Revenue Code enacted in Section 1331 of the 2005 Energy Policy Act and noted in Internal Revenue Service Notice 2006-52. Specifically, Section 179D provides federal tax deductions for energy-efficient property related to a commercial building's envelope; interior lighting; heating, ventilating, and air conditioning; and service hot water systems.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), and the Department of Energy-National Energy Technologies Laboratory (DOE-NETL) are evaluating and demonstrating integration of terrestrial carbon sequestration techniques at a coal-fired electric power plant through the use of Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) system gypsum as a soil amendment and mulch, and coal fly ash pond process water for periodic irrigation. From January to March 2002, the Project Team initiated the construction of a 40 ha Carbon Capture and Water Emissions Treatment System (CCWESTRS) near TVA's Paradise Fossil Plant on marginally reclaimed surface coal mine lands in Kentucky. The CCWESTRS is growing commercial grade trees and cover crops and is expected to sequester 1.5-2.0 MT/ha carbon per year over a 20-year period. The concept could be used to meet a portion of the timber industry's needs while ...

Science.gov (United States)

Summaries are included of research contracts which expired prior to Dec. 31, 1960. The contracts were concerned with investigations of: electrophysiological responses of biological systems in nerve cells to irradiation with small doses of ionizing radiations; the mode of the protective action of certain sulfhydryl compounds against radiation effects on the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid, using tritium-labeled thymidine; development of a bubble chamber method of monitoring and dosimetry for Low fast neutron fluxes; effects of incorporated radioisotopes on the stability of genetic materials; interrelation of root and leaf absorption of radioisotopes in herbaceous plants; uptake of radioactive wastes by lowland rice from soils contaminated by irrigation water, and decontamination of the rice; and comparison between mutation rates induced by acute and chronic gamma irradiations. (B.O.G.)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A research was started aiming at evaluating the possible use of natural zeolites as exchange conditioners to improve and make durable the soil resilience against the adverse effects of the use of anomalous waters for irrigation purposes. This paper deals with a preliminary investigation on the comparative resilience of an Entisol with poor exchange properties and of a Neapolitan yellow tuff (NYT) sample against the adverse features of a dirty municipal sewage (DSW). Results showed that NYT treatment largely and significantly improved the poor soil exchange activity. In particular. NYT exchange sites selectively took up ammonium from DSW. As a consequence, ammonium was trapped, then protected against losses in the environment and, concurrently, exchangeable cations, such as K and Ca, were made free as plant nutrients. The results highlight the possible positive role of zeolitized tuff in restoring and sustaining soil resilience.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Potential maximum radiation dose rates over a 1,000-year time horizon were calculated for exposure to the decontaminated concrete removed from the 183-H Solar Evaporation Basins at the Hanford Site, Richland, Washington. The RESRAD computer code, Version 5.62, which implements the methodology described in the US Department of Energy`s manual for developing residual radioactive material guidelines, was used in this evaluation. Currently, the concrete is not being used. Four potential exposure scenarios were developed for the land area where the decontaminated concrete will be stored. In Scenario A industrial use of the land is assumed; in Scenario B recreational use of the land is assumed; in Scenario C residential use of the land is assumed; and in Scenario D (a plausible but unlikely land-use scenario), the presence of a subsistence farmer in the immediate vicinity of the land is assumed. For Scenarios A and B, water used for drinking is assumed to be surface ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The paper gives a general view of techniques and systems related to soil less culture developed in the last years (on substrate in beg; NFT; Ebb-Flood, aeroponic,..) taking into account their management and problems (water quality, control of plant nutrition and irrigation; substrates; pathological aspects,..). The evolution, now in progress, of soil less culture from open to closed system as a way to realized an environmental friendly growing system, is considered. When plants are grown with open cycle techniques a large amount of waste solution, with an a high content of nutrients, are discharged in soil and water. Furthermore, they need an extra-utilization of water and fertilizers. Another aspect is the utilization of low cost substrates, which can be reused for more than one cultural cycle without negative effects on yield, and also finally discharged without negative effects on the environment. ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The use of irrigation systems in the proximity of high voltage transmission lines is increasing. This study examines the induced voltages and currents on a pivotal irrigation system operating under a 765 kV line. With a few simple precautions such as a system can be operated in complete safety. 1 ref.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

More important than waste generation numbers, the pollution prevention and waste minimization successes achieved at Hanford in 1993 have reduced waste and improved operations at the Site. Just a few of these projects are: A small research nuclear reactor, unused and destined for disposal as low level radioactive waste, was provided to a Texas University for their nuclear research program, avoiding 25 cubic meters of waste and saving $116,000. By changing the slope on a asphalt lot in front of a waste storage pad, run-off rainwater was prevented from becoming mixed low level waste water, preventing 40 cubic meters of waste and saving $750,000. Through more efficient electrostatic paint spraying equipment and a solvent recovery system, a paint shop reduced hazardous waste by 3,500 kilograms, saving $90,800. During the demolition of a large decommissioned building, more than 90% of the building's material ...

Wastenet

...Chapter 11 Aqueous Solutions Chapter 11 Aqueous Solutions Download the entire chapter (PDF-136k) Drilling to China More water than rivers Saving the aquifer Drying with Xeriscapes Everywhere in the house Rainwater and graywater Creating urban watersheds Wastewater equals ...3851 Powered by Intrcomm Technology's SMC ...

Science.gov (United States)

Carbon isotope discrimination (?(13) C) is considered a useful indicator for indirect selection of grain yield (GY) in cereals. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the genetic variation in ?(13) C and its relationship with GY. A doubled haploid (DH) population derived from a cross of two common wheat varieties, Hanxuan 10 (H10) and Lumai 14 (L14), was phenotyped for ?(13) C in the flag leaf, GY and yield associated traits in two trials contrasted by water availability, specifically, rain-fed and irrigated. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified by single locus and two locus QTL analyses. QTLs for ?(13) C were located on chromosomes 1A, 2B, 3B, 5A, 7A and 7B, and QTLs for other traits on all chromosomes except 1A, 4D, 5A, 5B and 6D. The population selected for high ?(13) C had an increased frequency of QTL for high ?(13) C, GY and number of spikes per plant (NSP) when grown under rain-fed conditions and only for high ?(13) C and NSP ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Most waste water treatment plants have processes to remove nutrients in order to avoid eutrophication in water receiving bodies. Regarding phosphorus removal. the most common option is chemical precipitation with ferric or aluminical precipitation with ferric or aluminium salts. We show here the successful experience carried out by the WWTP of Blanes and the company Safloc. A method ato remove phosphorus from waste water was developed by adding sodium aluminate. The use of this compound has turned out to be a sustainable way for this purpose in terms of costs, reliability and minimization of sludge production. (Author)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Operations at the Savannah River Site (SRS) result in releases of small amounts of radioactive materials to the atmosphere and to the Savannah River. For regulatory compliance purposes, potential offsite radiological doses are estimated annually using computer models that follow U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Regulatory Guides. Within the regulatory guides, default values are provided for many of the dose model parameters but the use of site-specific values by the applicant is encouraged. A detailed survey of land and water use parameters was conducted in 1991 and is being updated here. These parameters include local characteristics of meat, milk and vegetable production; river recreational activities; and meat, milk and vegetable consumption rates as well as other human usage parameters required in the SRS dosimetry models. In addition, the preferred elemental bioaccumulation factors and transfer factors to be used in human health exposure calculations ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Contamination and blockages of the cooling tubes in the turbine condenser disturb the heat transfer, thereby causing power losses at the turbine and increasing the fuel demand. Corrosions cause tubing leakages which require operating downtimes and reduce the lifetime of the pipes. Tube cleaning systems and backflushing cooling water filters eliminate these problems. Nevertheless it can come to coatings in the condenser tubes, if the tube cleaning equipment does not operate optimally or if coarse dirt is entered. Under this aspect, the author of the contribution under consideration reports on these problems on the basis of practical examples. The author gives references to the optimized operation of the tube cleaning system and the cooling water filtration.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The assessment of greenhouse gas impacts in the US shows that against a baseline gasoline vehicle, the impact of including the full fuel cycle generally reduces the relative advantages of alternative transportation fuels. While a switch to diesel is estimated to save 30% as compared to gasoline, the savings from natural gas/LPG are (around 20%), for ethanol from corn (8%) and for battery electricity vehicles using power from coal (6%) are much smaller. This is largely due to the use of LCA rather than end-use comparisons. However, the results also show that there would be large savings from the use of ethanol from fuel cells using methanol (39%) or natural gas (50%), while ethanol from wood in a conventional engine appears to have the greatest savings (63%). In external costs of motor vehicle use, analysis results were presented for both air pollution and energy security impacts (including SPR, military ...

Science.gov (United States)

In 1996, a field-scale phytoremediation demonstration project was initiated and managed by the U.S. Air Force at a site in western Fort Worth, Texas, using a plantation of 1-year-old stems harvested from branches of eastern cottonwoods during the dormant season (whips) and a plantation of 1-year-old eastern cottonwood seedlings (calipers). The primary objective of the demonstration project was to determine the effectiveness of eastern cottonwoods at reducing the mass of dissolved trichloroethene transported within an alluvial aquifer. The U.S. Geological Survey conducted a study, in cooperation with the U.S. Air Force, to determine water-level variations and their effects on tree growth and mortality and on the biogeochemical system at the phytoremediation site. As part of the study, water-level and water-quality data were collected throughout the duration of the project. This report presents ...

Science.gov (United States)

The Rio Grande alluvial floodplain aquifer between El Paso/Juarez and Fort Quitman, Texas has been intensively tilled and irrigated since 1910. Almost since that time, the Rio Grande and its interconnected alluvial aquifer in this stream reach have been affected by excessive salinity problems. Presently, salinity of surface water and groundwater increases from 800 to 2000 mg/L total dissolved solids (TDS) near El Paso, Texas to 2500 to 5500 mg/L TDS near Fort Quitman, Texas, approximately 115 km downstream. Chloride (Cl) and Chloride/Bromide (Cl/Br) ratios increase downstream, with a marked increase in salinity beginning about 45 km below El Paso. Groundwater sampling in an intensively investigated reach of the floodplain aquifer, extending from 35 to 60 km below El Paso identified two distinct water types. The first water type (17 samples) is a relatively dilute groundwater containing 1000 to 2000 ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This technical report describes an outline, features, total energy efficiency, and specifications of binary heat pump system. A closed circuit distributed water heat source heat pump method is employed in the binary heat pump system. Since the circulating water, which is adjusted at a constant temperature, is used as the heat source of the indoor unit, a stable performance can be obtained regardless of outside atmospheric temperature. The binary heat pump system is mainly composed of a center heat pump unit, indoor heat pump unit, heat source water pipes, and circulating pump. The center heat pump unit and the indoor heat pump unit are connected with each other by the heat source water, and each unit can be operated independently. This system is characterized by the simultaneous operation of cooling and heating, high efficiency, high energy saving, high reliability of system, ...

Science.gov (United States)

Accurate crop growth monitoring and yield forecasting are significant to food security and sustainable development of agriculture. However, regional crop growth simulation faces the difficulties in determining the spatial distribution of some model parameters and initial conditions. In this study, regional biomasses at turn-green stage of winter wheat were re-estimated by linking WOFOST model and Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) synthesized from remote sensing data. Moreover, we proposed a way of combining evapotranspiration derived from satellite remote sensing data to crop grow simulation model. Thus, the regional initial available soil water and irrigation at earring stage were re-initialized and re-estimated by using remote sensing data. Those methods were well applied to simulate the growth and development for winter wheat at local site. After regionalizing of weather data, crop model parameters and initial conditions, those methods ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

IntroductionThe elimination of microorganisms from the root canal system necessitates the use of combination of irrigating solutions to enhance their antimicrobial property. The combination of irrigants and their interaction sometimes could be detrimental to the outcome of the root canal therapy. The purposes of this study were (1) to evaluate the interaction between 7% maleic acid (MA) and 2% chlorhexidine gluconate solution (CHX) and to find out the availability of individual irrigant and (2) to determine the free available chlorine content when 7% MA was mixed with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution. MethodsInteraction between MA and CHX was assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Available chlorine content in NaOCl was evaluated by the standard iodine/thiosulfate tit...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

North Dakota Concrete Products Company uses a steam curing process that accelerates the concrete curing so that 28-day strength is obtained within 24 hours. The cost of energy required to accomplish this is significant, amounting to approximately $80,000 in 1980. The present boilers are oil fired. Recently, fuel oil prices have increased substantially. Further, supply shortages in the past have threatened plant production. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the economic feasibility of using deep formation warm water as an alternative energy source. A water-to-water heat pump system to replace the existing boiler system was investigated. TPI, Inc. economic and engineering findings for this particular potential geothermal application are disclosed. The operating cost savings of the geothermal system over the operating costs of the existing oilfired system would be insufficient to provide an acceptable rate of return on ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Radioactively contaminated acidic aqueous wastes and organic liquids were discharged to the soil column at three disposal sites within the 200 West Area of the Hanford Site, Washington. As a result, a portion of the underlying groundwater is contaminated with carbon tetrachloride several orders of magnitude above the maximum contaminant level accepted for a drinking water supply. Treatability testing and cleanup actions have been initiated to remove the contamination from both the unsaturated soils to minimize further groundwater contamination and the groundwater itself. To expedite cleanup, innovative technologies for (1) drilling, (2) site characterization, (3) monitoring, (4) well field development, and (5) contaminant treatment are being demonstrated and subsequently used where possible to improve the rates and cost savings associated with the removal of carbon tetrachloride from the soils and groundwater.

Environmental Research Database

ObjectivesThe practical exploitation of tidal stream energy is limited by man's activities in coastal waters: navigation, fishing and~%~leisure pursuits. It is important therefore to make the best use of the sites, which are available. The main objective of the~%~Proposed study is to assess the limits imposed by waves on the performance of tidal stream rotors, and to investigate way:~%~in which these limits might be related by refinements in rotor design and the control of operating conditions. Secondary~ [continued...]DescriptionHorizontal aids wind turbines have been recognised as one of the most successful renewable energy saving devices. The use of the similar concept as a 'tidy stream rotor' in offshore environment appears to be even more compelling. However, the application of this concept will require the confirmation of various operational and environmental limitations due to complexities of offshore environment compared to those of on ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A study was made for the purpose of electrification of unelectrified zones of the mountainous areas in developing countries using extremely small hydroelectric power facilities. The target for this project is a development of a micro hydroelectric power system with a size of about 5kW, which is estimated regarding that 1 village has 80 houses and each house needs electricity of 60W. In the study, the low-head system using a weir of irrigation channels in Subang pref. of West Java state was selected by the evaluation of access, stability of flow rate, natural conditions, etc. The hydroelectric power plant is of a flow-in method in which water is taken from the left bank and is injected/discharged to the downstream of the left bank. As the hybrid complementary power source, hybrid battery with a two-hour charging time at peak and a capacity of 3.5kWh was considered. When estimating the construction cost of the hybrid micro hydroelectric power ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A great deal of current research is directed to finding a way to minimize thermal injury in the esophagus during radiofrequency catheter ablation of the atrium. A recent clinical study employing a cooling intraesophageal balloon reported a reduction of the temperature in the esophageal lumen. However, it could not be determined whether the deeper muscular layer of the esophagus was cooled enough to prevent injury. We built a model based on an agar phantom in order to experimentally study the thermal behavior of this balloon by measuring the temperature not only on the balloon, but also at a hypothetical point between the esophageal lumen and myocardium (2 mm distant). Controlled temperature (55 {sup 0}C) ablations were conducted for 120 s. The results showed that (1) the cooling balloon provides a reduction in the final temperature reached, both on the balloon surface and at a distance of 2 mm; (2) coolant temperature has a significant effect on the temperature measured at 2 mm from ...

International Science & Technology Center (ISTC)

Research and Development of Resource-Saving Technology for Manufacturing of Titanium Semifinished Items from Chips

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Improved uranium utilization by means of extended burnup via routine end-of-cycle coastdown has been analyzed, with a specific focus on pressurided water reactors. Both computer and simple analytic models have been developed to determine the optimal coastdown length. Coastdown has been compared with the use of higher fuel-enrichment to achieve comparable burnup values. Temperature and Power coastdown modes were analyzed and changes in the plant thermodynamic efficiency determined. Effects on fuel integrity due to coastdown were examined using a fuel reliability code (SPEAR). Finally the effects on coastdown duration of major parameters involved in charaterizing reactor operation and the economic enviroment were examined. It was found that natural uranium savings up to 7% could be achieved in a typical application by the use of routine pre-planned coast down up to the economic optimun. If coastdown is carried out all the way up to the economic ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Energy saving technologies in the railway vehicle traction field can be mainly categorized into two domains: reducing loss and increasing the regenerative energy. Energy saving technologies for the traction equipment by the use of power converters with less loss and high-efficiency permanent magnet synchronous motors are introduced. The regenerative brake related technologies are also presented as another measure to save the energy, including the improvement of the regenerative brake control and application of energy storage devices. It is concluded that the benefit of the energy saving technology is not only the energy saving itself but also downsizing traction equipments and reducing the maintenance work in the electrical railway system. Copyright Copyright 2010 Institute of Electrical E...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The paper is Part 2 of the study on the thermodynamic and thermoeconomic analyses of trigeneration system with a gas-diesel engine. In Part 1, thermodynamic and thermoeconomic methodologies for such a comprehensive analysis were provided, while this paper applies the developed methodology to an actual TRIGEN system with a rated output of 6.5 MW gas-diesel engine installed in the Eskisehir Industry Estate Zone, Turkey. Energy and exergy efficiencies, equivalent electrical efficiency, the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) efficiency, fuel energy saving ratio, fuel exergy saving ratio and other thermodynamic performance parameters are determined for the TRIGEN system. The efficiencies of energy, exergy, PURPA and equivalent electrical efficiency of the entire system are found to be 58.97%, 36.13%, 45.7% and 48.53%, respectively. For the whole system and its components, exergetic cost allocations and various exergoeconomic performance ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This investigation was carried out during the two seasons of 1998/1999 and 1999/2000 at the experimental farm belonging to the plant research department, nuclear research center, atomic energy authority in Inshas to evaluate four lupin mutant lines (L_1, L_2, L_3 and L_4) along with their original mother varieties giza 1 and giza 2 under different levels and nitrogen fertilizer levels. The results indicated that seed yield/ plant and its effective components number and weight of pods/plant were significantly higher in all the mutant lines as compared to their parents either in the first or second seasons. Concerning the effect of irrigation intervals on yield and its components for developed mutants and their mother varieties as well as the results gave an evidence that the wider interval showed the lesser values for yield and most of yield components. Obtained data also revealed that yield attributes of lupin mutants and their parents were affected by applying ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The leaching of phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), and radionuclides "2"3"2Th, "2"2"6Ra, "2"2"8Ra, and "4"0K from Joel sands amended with red mud/gypsum (RMG) at 9 rates (0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, and 256 t/ha) was measured using columns. Intense leaching conditions (34 mm/day for 12 days) and a high rate of applied P (320 kg/ha as superphosphate) and N (680 kg/ha as ammonium nitrate) were used to simulate extremes of irrigated vegetable production on the Swan Coastal Plain. Addition of the highest rate of RMG (256 t/ha) reduced leaching of fertiliser P and ammonium-nitrogen (NH4-N) by 85% and 50%, respectively, compared with 0 t/ha after 12 days. At 64 t RMG/ha P leaching was reduced 50% compared with 0 t/ha. Nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) leaching was not affected by addition of RMG. Reduced leaching of NH4-N was attributed to an increase in cation exchange capacity of the soil with the addition of RMG. Bicarbonate-extractable P in the soil increased with rate of RMG to ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Vehicle heating requires a substantial amount of energy. Engines in conventional cars produce enough waste heat to provide comfort heating and defogging/defrosting, even under very extreme conditions. Electric vehicles (EVs), however, generate little waste heat. Using battery energy for heating may consume a substantial fraction of the energy storage capacity, reducing the vehicle range, which is one of the most important parameters in determining EV acceptability. Water vapor generated by the vehicle passengers is in large part responsible for the high heating loads existing in vehicles. In cold climates, the generation of water vapor inside the car may result in water condensation on the windows, diminishing visibility. Two strategies are commonly used to avoid condensation on windows: windows are kept warm, and a large amount of ambient air is introduced in the vehicle. Either strategy results in a substantial heating ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract prepared.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Vaarst Vestervang (Denmark) comprises 16 villas and 1 communal building. The complex was designed by the inhabitants themselves with the aim of polluting the environment as little as possible. The land area constitutes 69.000 square meters where it is possible to grass animals. The document reports a measuring programme concerning the overall heat consumption as one of the main aims of the inhabitants is to save energy and thus contribute to the protection of the environment. The capacity of the solar collectors predominantly used in the building complex was 235 kWh/m{sup 2}. Supplementary heating is provided by boilers fired with wood. The measuring system is described in detail. Tables show the influence of heat transmission losses, ventilation, airing out of rooms, the angle of the sun`s rays within the buildings and heating needs on energy consumption. Energy consumption data is presented in relation to the forms of space and water heating ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Panel cooling of buildings offers energy savings over conventional space-cooling systems. We present a procedure for calculating the performance of H[sub 2]O-LiBr absorption-panel cooling systems, in which the evaporator is the panel itself. Nomographs have been developed for this approach. Under the conditions examined, the H[sub 2]O-LiBr absorption unit operates with a theoretical performance coefficient of about 90% and with a practically constant specific cooling capacity of 2394 kJ/kg H[sub 2]O. For common values of the parameters involved, the panel cooling power varies from 25 to 175 W/m[sup 2] and the cooling water mass-flow through the panel is 40-260 g/m[sup 2]h. The thermal power needed to drive the system varies from 27 to 200 W/m[sup 2] and the associated temperatures from 70 to 100[sup o]C; thus, the system may be operated on solar energy. (Author).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

By joining the `climate association of European cities`, Frankfurt has agreed to reduce its CO{sub 2}-emissions by 50% by the year 2010. The so-called `climate offense 1991` was the first regulatory paper to be set up by a community to reach this goal over a long term. This report now represents the present level of the project. Main points are the development of houses with low entropy, the retrofitting of heating systems, water saving measures and energy management. (BWI) [Deutsch] Durch den Beitritt zum `Klima-Buendnis der Europaeischen Staedte` hat sich die Stadt Frankfurt/M. verpflichtet, die CO{sub 2}-Emissionen bis zum Jahr 2010 um 50% zu senken. Mit der sog. `Klimaoffensive 1991` wurde dann erstmals von einer Kommune in Deutschland ein detailliertes Regelwerk aufgestellt, um dieses Ziel langfristig erreichen zu koennen. Der vorliegende Bericht stellt den aktuellen Stand des Projektes dar. Kernpunkte sind die Entwicklung von ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Implementation of Noble Metal Chemical Application (NMCA) in a Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) requires injection of a noble metal compound while the reactor is idle at hot shutdown conditions. In order to minimize outage time, utilities are very pro-actively finding ways to reduce the number of critical path tasks. One of these tasks is to remove some containment vessel drywell head bolts during the NMCA idle time. This, thereby, saves the utilities outage time, or they can perform other tasks as desired. Using design basis conditions and state-of-the-art analytical techniques, detailed finite element stress analyses of the closure region are performed. Two acceptance criteria are evaluated. The first is that contained within Section III of the ASME Code for allowable stresses. The second relates to leak tightness, i.e., with bolt removal the joint must still remain leak tight. This paper describes the activities performed to justify bolt removal ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Full text of publication follows: As the coolant experiences no phase change in the core, SCWRs, unlike LWRs, cannot use design criteria based on the critical heat flux concept. The commonly accepted practice in SCWRs is to specify cladding temperature limits that must be met during transient and accident events. Therefore for the design of the SCWR, it is very important to predict the heat transfer coefficient to the supercritical water coolant with great accuracy. Our recent study focuses on the critical issue of measuring heat transfer to supercritical water at prototypical SCWR conditions and to develop the tools to predict the SCWR thermal behavior. A heat transfer test loop using a surrogate fluids, CO_2, is under construction. The reason of using CO_2 instead of water is that (i) valuable insight of the physical phenomena can be obtained with this fluid, and (ii) some existing facilities already used surrogate ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This paper reviews power fluidics technology in the nuclear industry giving emphasis also on its potential uses in chemical plants and in flood and irrigation control. This is a technology of controlling process fluids by purely hydrodynamic methods, which should increase system reliability by eliminating valves, pumps and other fluid control devices that are often causes of failure. This review indicates that the hydrodynamics of fluidic components are not satisfactorily understood at present and may be more complex than similar theory in electronics.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The hospitals are important consumers of energy. At the General Hospital of Zone (HGZ) N of the IMSS in Aguscalientes (HGZ N . IMSS Ags.), the diesel oil is the main fuel that is used to satisfy the requirements of thermal energy of the hospital. According to the data collected by this author, this fuel represented in 2001, 75% of its total energy consumption and the 67.9% of its total costs in energy that ascended to $396.131 (December 2001 Dollars) Since this last amount represents an important percentage of the total expenses of the hospital (29.367 million dollars) it is important to determine the technical-economic possibilities of thermal energy saving of the hospital. The HGZ N 1 IMSS Ags. is located in a ampler conglomerate where the IMSS units are located, such as, the regional laundry, the sport unit, the center of social security, the familiar medicine unit N 1 and the hospital. Nevertheless departing from the installation of the electrical systems and ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Vacuum insulation panels (VIP) offer excellent thermal resistance properties that can enhance the energy efficiency of insulating systems, save space and contribute to energy consumption reductions. However, VIPs are not used much in Canada, and new commitments to carbon dioxide reductions has created the need to study the prospect of using VIPs in various components of a building envelope. For that reason, assessment methods for the applicability and sustainability of VIPs for use in building envelope construction were developed. There are practical aspects regarding the long-term performance and application of VIPs in building construction. Air molecules and water molecules can permeate through the foil and seams of the VIPs, causing a reduction in thermal resistance. This paper addresses some of the test methods that may accelerate long term changes in thermal resistance. Results were presented from tests using elevated pressure, relative ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The objective of the project was to provide a readily understandable and usable methodology for preliminary analysis of the economic benefit that can accrue from the use of thermal energy storage for building heating and cooling. The procedure was to be capable of providing an estimate of cooling plant and storage size, as well as the monthly savings that can be saved. The research focused on the development of a procedure for a limited class of commercial and institutional buildings in North Carolina. A simplified procedure for analyzing the potential for using thermal energy storage (TES) in such buildings in North Carolina was developed. The procedure developed consists of charts and nomographs that can be used for estimating the size of TES systems, and for estimating the monthly demand savings. The monthly demand savings can be combined with the applicable rate schedule to determine the annual cost ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This paper uses a choice experiment to evaluate the consumers' willingness to pay for energy-saving measures in Switzerland's residential buildings. These measures include air renewal (ventilation) systems and insulation of windows and facades. Two groups of respondents consisting respectively of 163 apartment tenants and 142 house owners were asked to choose between their housing status quo and each one of the several hypothetical situations with different attributes and prices. The estimation method is based on a fixed-effects logit model. The results suggest that the benefits of the energy-saving attributes are significantly valued by the consumers. These benefits include both individual energy savings and environmental benefits as well as comfort benefits namely, thermal comfort, air quality and noise protection. (author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract prepared.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Pollution Prevention (EM-77) created is successful internally competed program to fund innovative projects based on projected returns. This is called the Return-on-Investment (ROI) program. EM-77 conducted a successful ROI pilot, developed and implemented sound management practices, and successfully transferred the program to several Operations Offices. Over the past 4 years sites have completed 262 ROI projects (costing $18.8 million) with claimed first-year savings of $88 million and claimed life cycle savings exceeding $300 million. EM-77 requested that Oak Ridge National Laboratory perform an independent evaluation of the site-led, DOE-HQ-funded pollution prevention (P2) ROI program to assist the Department in determining whether claimed savings are real.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Overhead, high power transmission lines have secured rights of way on agricultural lands in Minnesota. The economic impact of such utility crossings, including effects on land price, was investigated. Sale records and survey data were analyzed. Buyers, sellers, and brokers were interviewed concerning inconvenience, radio interference, appearance, and loss of irrigation possibilities due to the transmission lines. In nine affected sales, there was only one case in which less money was indicated for the farm because of the presence of a transmission line.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

In this article, equations of motion of a manipulator are derived after consideration of the characteristics of the driving source. By considering a collision between a link and an object, and considering the active motion to absorb the kinetic energy of the object, the trajectories for saving energy are calculated by the iterative dynamic programming (IDP) method. The dynamic characteristics of manipulator control based on the trajectory for saving energy are also analyzed theoretically and investigated experimentally.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The research project's objective is to create a decision help for owners of residential buildings for several families regarding the renewal of decentralized heating and warm water preparation systems in the flats. The focus lies on a comparison of the costs of typical systems on the basis of a full cost calculation. This is done by taking into consideration the intentions of residential building companies like the reduction of additional costs to be paid by the tenants (both for social reasons and to make the flats easier to rent), low investment costs, low maintenance costs, energy saving, tenants' claims for comfort and acceptance by the tenants, economical reasons, especially regarding flats fully amortized (activation in the balance sheet). In addition to the quantitative comparison, the advantages and disadvantages of the different systems were also compared to one another from the qualitative point of view. [German] ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The high-purity-oxygen activated sludge process will be used to expand secondary treatment capacity and improve water quality in Santa Monica Bay. The facility is operated by the city of Los Angeles Department of Public Works` Bureau of Sanitation. The overall Hyperion Full Secondary Project is 30% complete, including a new headworks, a new primary clarifier battery, an electrical switch yard, and additional support facilities. The upgrading of secondary facilities is 50% complete, and construction of the digester facilities, the waste-activated sludge thickening facility, and the second phase of the three-phase modification to existing primary clarifier batteries has just begun. The expansion program will provide a maximum monthly design capacity of 19,723 L/s(450 mgd). Hyperion`s expansion program uses industrial treatment techniques rarely attempted in a municipal facility, particularly on such a large scale, including: a user-friendly intermediate pumping ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This article described a full-scale green renovation project undertaken by a construction management firm in Newton, Massachusetts. Chapman Construction and Design began renovating its own office building in late 2007 and completed it in September 2008. The firm set out to achieve LEED Platinum certification from the United States Green Building Council. The project involved energy saving modifications to its mechanical systems; replacing plumbing fixtures with high efficiency alternatives to reduce water consumption by at least 40 per cent; installing skylights and additional windows to allow more natural light into the interior space; salvaging doors, lighting, metal studs and masonry whenever possible; and using sustainable products such as recyclable carpets, tiles and low-VOC paint. The main feature of the renovation was a new 47 kW (DC) photovoltaic (PV) solar power array installed on the rooftop. The PV array includes 208 panels and a ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The paper presents a computer-aided analysis of the combined use of ventilation and structural heat capacity and insulation as a means of saving air-conditioning power in digital telephone exchanges. It is shown that such savings can be effected by increasing air change with outdoor cool air at night, and when feasible, also in daytime, through the air change unit, in a conventional airconditioning cycle. The total thermal time constant (TTTC) method of calculation used enables the evaluation of daily or seasonal heat-flow balance for a given indoor temperature, considering the tendency of the heat capacity of the building and of envelope components to flatten the fluctuations of this temperature.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Smart metering is required by the EU and will be implemented in Germany during the next few years, but customers are not much interested in ''intelligent meters''. Displays and information services may ensure higher acceptance and additional use and provide an incentive for saving energy. In a pilot programme in BAvaria, Eon tested the customers' reaction to such a system. Smart metering technology and long-wave services were combined into an overall system that helps customers save energy. (orig.)

Science.gov (United States)

Studies in our wound ballistics laboratory have shown that excellent healing can occur in complicated assault rifle wounds that are free of tension and well drained. A conservative approach to debridement and excision of tissue in uncomplicated extremity wounds may be a valid and resource-saving technique. PMID:2366941

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Optimal capacitor placement determines the size, type, and location of capacitors to be installed on a radial distribution feeder that will reduce peak power and energy losses while minimizing the costs of investment and installation of the capacitor banks. This paper describes a sensitivity-based optimal placement of capacitors that employs a new load characterization scheme using a voltage-current-angle-logger. The proposed method allows modeling of loads of different power factors for different portions of the distribution feeder. The optimal solution is obtained by testing various combinations of capacitor banks (based on the smallest bank size specified by the user) and candidate nodes along the distribution feeder, and calculating the resultant savings. In order to reduce solution time, the candidate nodes are ranked according to their sensitivity factors. The highest ranking nodes are considered first in the optimization process. At a node where the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The economics of renewable energy technologies when deployed in a decentralised manner are more favourable than the simple cost of the fossil fuel generated electricity displaced. They have capital and maintenance cost savings associated with the electrical transmission in infrastructures which are avoided. Worked examples are presented. (UK)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In June 2009, the State of Hawaii enacted an Energy Efficiency Portfolio Standard (EEPS) with a target of 4,300 gigawatt hours (GWh) by 2030 (Hawaii 2009). Upon setting this goal, the Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative, Booz Allen Hamilton (BAH), and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), working with select local stakeholders, partnered to execute the first key step toward attaining the EEPS goal: the creation of a high-resolution roadmap outlining key areas of potential electricity savings. This roadmap was divided into two core elements: savings from new construction and savings from existing buildings. BAH focused primarily on the existing building analysis, while NREL focused on new construction forecasting. This report presents the results of the Booz Allen Hamilton study on the existing building stock of Hawaii, along with conclusions on the key drivers of potential energy efficiency ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The advantages of district heating as an environmental-friendly and energy-saving technique are reviewed. The role of district heating as part of the Dutch national plan to reduce the emission of acidification and greenhouse gases by respectively 50 and 25 percent is clarified. 12 Tabs. (A.S.).

ScienceCinema

...of global warming ? ...coal has created a global warming of temperatures ...that global warming is real and that we have changed the world ...the global warming possibly ten degrees that have ? ...

International Science & Technology Center (ISTC)

Development of New Resource-Saving Technologies for Ceramic Material Production: High resistant Pigments, Heat Shielding, Plasters, Filters, etc.; by the Method of Controllable Thermosynthesis in Combustion Wave Using Industrial Metal-Containing Wastes

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Geothermal heat pump systems are a promising new energy technology that has shown rapid increase in usage over the past 10 years in the United States. These systems offer substantial benefits to consumers and utilities in energy (kWh) and demand (kW) savings. The purpose of this study was to determine what existing monitored data were available mainly from electric utilities on heat pump performance, energy savings, and demand reduction for residential, school, and commercial building applications. Information was developed on the status of electric utility marketing programs, barriers to market entry, incentive programs, and benefits.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The role of computers has become increasingly important for oil and gas field research and operations support. Today, the computer network is an integral part of the increasingly complex computing environment that exists in many companies. Computer networks allow users to efficiently share information, software, and hardware to support critical global communication needs. Because users are able to share software and hardware, the use of computer networks can also result in significant cost savings. This paper describes typical network loading and demand levels for shared software applications on a computer network that has been used for several years.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The commercialization of geothermal energy resources consists of a sequence of exploration, development, and utilization activities. Each of these activities are beset by both generic and project specific technical, environmental, and institutional constraints which must be adequately resolved before geothermal operations can be conducted. This report presents a summary of selected environmental activities conducted during the early planning stages of geothermal resource commercialization. Three representative activities are elaborated upon. These include preliminary environmental planning for geothermal energy development in the Medicine Lake Highlands of California; potential alternatives for non-electric use of the geothermal resource at East Mesa in Imperial County, California; and site specific studies of the impacts from using East Mesa geothermal fluids to irrigate selected crops and indigenous climax vegetation.

Science.gov (United States)

for? Learn the Issues Science & Technology Laws & Regulations About EPA Contact Us Water: Water Quality Criteria You are here: Water Science & Technology Surface Water Standards &...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The use of aqueous methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) for selective removal of hydrogen sulfide from acid gas streams has been studied in a 2 inch column packed with 1/4 inch ceramic Intalox saddles. The column was operated in a counter-current, steady state fashion. The feed gas composition varied between 1 and 5 mole % hydrogen sulfide and between 0 and 50 mole % carbon dioxide. In order to assist the development of packed column absorption models, the rate at which pure carbon dioxide absorbs into 2 M MDEA was measured as a function of pressure, liquid flow rate and packed bed length. The importance of end effects was carefully evaluated. In addition, draining and tracer methods were used to estimate the amount of static holdup present in the column. Using classical draining methods, as much as 50 % of the total holdup was found to be static. However, according to the step decrease in tracer method, less than 5 % of the total holdup was static. Since the step decrease in tracer method ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

... hydrology norway water pollution pollution scandinavia surface waters

Science.gov (United States)

This paper builds upon previous work [Sprigg and Ehlen, 2004] by introducing a bond market into a model of production and employment. The previous paper described an economy in which households choose whether to enter the labor and product markets based on wages and prices. Firms experiment with prices and employment levels to maximize their profits. We developed agent-based simulations using Aspen, a powerful economic modeling tool developed at Sandia, to demonstrate that multiple-firm economies converge toward the competitive equilibria typified by lower prices and higher output and employment, but also suffer from market noise stemming from consumer churn. In this paper we introduce a bond market as a mechanism for household savings. We simulate an economy of continuous overlapping generations in which each household grows older in the course of the simulation and continually revises its target level of savings according to a life-cycle ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This paper describes construction procedures to be employed at the Kansk-Achinsk Fuel and Power Generation Complex, where over 8,000 people are employed, and particularly at the Beresovskii-1 surface mine with a planned annual output of 55 million t of coal. Roads are to be built of reinforced concrete slabs, reducing labor consumption by 1.5-2 times, while the use of pile foundations for buildings will reduce the consumption of monolithic reinforced concrete by 2.5 times and labor by 20,000 man days. Similar economies may be achieved by the use of light metal structures. Details are given of the erection of coal storage silos 68 m high using sliding forms. The 15 km transport gallery from the mine to the Beresovskii GREhS-1 power station will be constructed using a conveyor method with units weighing up to 50 t, saving up to 25% on labor. Total savings on metal for the Berezovskii-1 mine as a whole will be 2,200 t, manpower ...

Science.gov (United States)

Stanley Fish in his new book ["Save the World on Your Own Time" (New York: Oxford UP,2008)] says that composition studies presents "the clearest example" of what is desperately wrong in the academy, because in writing classrooms, he says, "more often than not anthologies of provocative readings take center stage and the actual teaching of writing is shunted to the sidelines." Fish's thesis in this book is that academics have one job only: to teach the material of their disciplines, the disciplinary methods, and objects of study. Arguing against those academics who claim that their work as teachers will foster social justice, Fish characterizes them as making a much larger claim: that their work will "save the world." In this essay, Bizzell summarizes two of the ways in which she believes composition studies can indeed contribute to making the world a better place. One: by properly teaching writing, educators help students develop abilities that ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Versatility of the TRNSYS software program, the ease with which new components can be incorporated into the software, and its application to simulate heat pump systems was discussed. A case history was described in which the package, augmented by the addition of several recent large-scale heat pump projects, was used in calibrating a residential geothermal heat pump system at a military housing project in Fort Polk, LA. The project involved retrofitting over 4000 air source heat pumps with geothermal heat pumps in an energy savings performance contract. The calibration of the component models led to a system model which accurately predicts the performance of the geothermal heat pump. The lessons learned from the calibration exercise were used to help to predict the energy savings from one of the electric feeders at the base which serves some 200 of the 4000+ apartments. Energy savings estimates within one per cent of the ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Since the radiometric measuring technique was introduced for industrial measuring and control engineering 15 to 20 years ago, the advantages of this technique have become more and more evident and have led to its world-wide application. In the last 15 to 20 years this method has become the standard one in this field. Its major advantages as compared with conventional methods are: contactless measurement; high reliability and accuracy; no mechanically moving parts; and no maintenance required. Despite higher investment costs the application of this method is paid off within a very short time owing to a higher output and the savings in maintenance costs. Some chemo-technical methods can be realized on a grand scale only when radiometric measuring equipment is used - e.g., urea plants, high-pressure polyethylene production. Especially in moisture measurements of blast-furnace coke are the economical advantages significant. Detailed studies have shown that the system ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The evaluation methodology utilized in deciding to change over Oyster Creek plant operation from chemical regeneration of condensate demineralizer resin beds to throwaway of this spent resin is presented. Both the economic and operational aspects considered are discussed. The evaluation shows that potential savings in the $1.1M range are feasible over a 5 year cycle. Cost sensitivity analysis results define the throwaway versus regeneration breakeven point to be 47 condensate demineralization beds per 5 year cycle. The evaluation also discusses the trade off between resin and evaporator concentrates burial volumes. Analyses are given which show that the burial volume cost equivalency of resin to solidified concentrates is 150 ft./sup 3/ of resin equals 400 ft./sup 3/ of concentrates. Based on one year of power operation in the throwaway mode, the savings and operational value anticipated in the initial study are being realized.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Summary Many important moral decisions, particularly at the policy level, require the evaluation of choices involving outcomes of variable magnitude and probability. Many economic decisions involve the same problem. It is not known whether and to what extent these structurally isomorphic decisions rely on common neural mechanisms. Subjects undergoing fMRI evaluated the moral acceptability of sacrificing a single life to save a larger group of variable size and probability of dying without action. Paralleling research on economic decision making, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum were specifically sensitive to the "expected moral value" of actions, i.e., the expected number of lives lost/saved. Likewise, the right anterior insula was specifically sensitive to outcome p...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) is interested in assessing the potential economic impacts of its portfolio of subprograms on national employment and income. A special purpose version of the IMPLAN input-output model called ImBuild II is used in this study of all 21 Building Technologies Program subprograms in the EERE final FY 2005 budget request to the Office of Management and Budget on February 2, 2004. Energy savings, investments, and impacts on U.S. national employment and earned income are reported by subprogram for selected years to the year 2030. Energy savings and investments from these subprograms have the potential of creating a total of 396,000 jobs and about $5.6 billion in earned income (2003$) by the year 2030.

Science.gov (United States)

In 1980 through 1982 a Basewide Energy Systems Plan (BESP) was developed under the direction of the Corps of Engineers at Ft. McClellan to assist the installation in meeting the requirements of the Army Facilities Energy Plan and the ten (10) year Energy Use Reduction Goal. Some of the energy saving projects recommended by the BESP have been implemented. In FY 1977, the total base energy consumption was 1,105,221 MBtu (Million British thermal units). By FY 1987, this had been reduced to 870,900 MBtu, a reduction of twenty-one percent (21%). This resulted in a cost avoidance for FY 1987 over base year FY 1977 of $2,960,986, or a thirty-two percent (32%) reduction.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

An energy saving dc-dc converter circuit is disclosed having two energy efficient means which operate in tandem, an energy conserving means and a voltage doubling means. These energy efficient means are applied in combination with elements commonly found in dc-dc converter circuits, namely an ac voltage generator, a transformer for stepping up the generated ac voltage, and means for storing the converted dc voltage. The energy conserving means is connected to the dc voltage storage means. It comprises a resettable inhibit circuit which cuts off the provision of dc voltage for conversion for a predetermined interval when the output of the converter exceeds a predetermined level. The voltage doubling means is reponsive to outputs of the inhibit circuit of the energy conserving means and the ac voltage generator. It provides a phase inverted waveform of the generated ac voltage on one of two leads to the ac voltage step-up transformer.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The goal of this project was to increase the high-temperature strength of the H-Series of cast austenitic stainless steels by 50% and the upper use temperature by 86 to 140 degrees fahrenheit (30 to 60 degrees celsius). Meeting this goal is expected to result in energy savings of 35 trillion Btu/year by 2020 and energy cost savings of approximately $230 million/year. The higher-strength H-Series cast stainless steels (HK and HP type) have applications for the production of ethylene in the chemical industry, for radiant burner tubes and transfer rolls for secondary processing of steel in the steel industry, and for many applications in the heat treating industry, including radiant burner tubes. The project was led by Duraloy Technologies, Inc., with research participation by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and industrial participation by a diverse group of companies.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Studies were conducted to describe current habitat conditions in the White River basin above White River Falls and to evaluate the potential to produce anadromous fish. An inventory of spawning and rearing habitats, irrigation diversions, and enhancement opportunities for anadromous fish in the White River drainage was conducted. Survival of juvenile fish at White River Falls was estimated by releasing juvenile chinook and steelhead above the falls during high and low flow periods and recapturing them below the falls in 1983 and 1984. Four alternatives to provide upstream passage for adult salmon and steelhead were developd to a predesign level. The cost of adult passage and the estimated run size of anadromous fish were used to determine the benefit/cost of the preferred alternative. Possible effects of the introduction of anadromous fish on resident fish and on nearby Oak Springs Hatchery were evaluated. This included an inventory of resident species, a genetic ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Corona discharge has been investigated for the treatment of off-gases arising from nuclear fuel reprocessing operations, in particular Dissolver off-Gases (DOG). Results are presented of studies carried out on single tube, wire-in-tube experimental rigs to examine the behaviour of molecular iodine, organic iodine and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). The effect of corona current, gas residence time, electrode configuration, oxygen concentration and moisture content are discussed. Decontamination Factors (DF's) of greater than 104 (> 99.99% removal) have been achieved for both molecular and organic iodine. Efficient NOx removal has also been demonstrated. Moisture and NOx both interfere with iodine removal above certain concentrations. To overcome this a two stage corona system has been developed consisting of a primary continuously irrigated corona unit followed by a dehumidifier prior to a secondary dry corona unit.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A field-based microcosm approach was tested to identify deterioration of sediment quality in waterways using freshwater macroinvertebrates. The method can potentially identify the nature of contaminants based on species-specific responses. Sediments were collected from the Murray and Darling Rivers and irrigation drains within the Sunraysia region of south-eastern Australia and compared to non-polluted reference sediment. Clean sediments were also spiked with fertiliser to test whether nutrients affected the aquatic fauna. Seven of the eight sediments from the Sunraysia region had a negative impact on the macroinvertebrates, in particular sediment from the Darling River, which supported an impoverished fauna. Three species of chironomid showed varied responses to sediment quality and, although it was hypothesised that nutrients may have impacted on the macroinvertebrate fauna, the results suggest that other pollutants are also involved. The field-based microcosm ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Design considerations of a combined photovoltaic-thermal (PV-T) system for a particular site and application must include thermal and electrical tradeoffs. A simplified technique for determining preliminary design and economic analyses would minimize costly computer simulation and indicate feasibility. To that end, nomographs that size an array to meet a specific annual load and determine the subsequent cost savings have been developed, and are presented in this paper.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Smart electricity and gas supply grids are a prerequiste for full-scale utilization of the potential of modern energy-saving appliances and equipment. Direct exchange of information between the supplier and the consumer is indispensable for reducing costly and energy-intensive peak loads. (orig.)

Wastenet

... Reduce partner costs, save time, and overcome delays in data transmission. Data Exchanges States are currently submitting data to each other and to the EPA in the exchanges listed below. Data Exchanges are typically referred to by their acronyms, which are listed below. To find out more about EPA data exchanges, please follow the links to EPA Web sites. AQS - Air Quality Sub-system (...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Heat pumps can be installed indoors or outdoors. H. Klein investigates which site would be preferable for a one-family house. Advantages and disadvantages with regard to necessary space, noise, maintenance and repair are discussed; heat losses in both cases of installations are dealt with. Mathematic calculation shows that indoor installation is safer and more adequate in terms of energy savings.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

This paper reviews the main studies on entrepreneurship conducted during the past two decades that are relevant for the understanding of various macroeconomic issues. I organize the discussion by distinguishing three groups of contributions. The first group includes studies whose main purpose is to understand the factors that affect the decision to become an entrepreneur. The second group includes studies that look at the aggregate and distributional implications of entrepreneurship for savings and investment. The third group deals with issues of economic development and growth.

Science.gov (United States)

Marshall Hall was selected by the US Army Corps of Engineers to participate in the Energy Efficiency Analysis Program. The objective of this program is to assist military installations in identifying energy usage and cost saving projects at their facilities and possibly provide funding for projects. Entech Engineering, Inc. was selected to perform this study.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The resulting emissions of the firing of ceramic products of all type are described, the factors are enumerated to diminish the emissions in the kilns and the technologies applied in the kilns to reduce these emissions while carrying out energy saving are described briefly. (author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Water-resources data for the 1993 water year for Minnesota consists of records of stage, discharge and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality in wells and springs. This volume contains discharge records for 58 gaging stations; stage and contents for 9 lakes and reservoirs; water quality 15 stream stations, 1 lakes station, 1 precipitation station, and water levels for 15 observation wells. Also included are 61 high-flow partial-record stations. Additional water data were collected at various sites, not part of the systematic data collection program and are pulished as miscellaneous measurements.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

In the National Water Plan it is described which measures must be taken to keep the Netherlands safe and livable for future generations and to make use of the chances offered by water.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract prepared.

KoreaScience (Korea)

Full Text Available

Science.gov (United States)

Turbidimetric method for determining sulfite in inhibited ethylene glycol-water solutions

Science.gov (United States)

water and of the ethylene glycol-water solutions are shown as functions of temperature in figures 4 and 5, respectively. (data from reference 4). ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In the United States, economic growth increasingly requires that greater volumes of freshwater be made available for new users, yet supplies of freshwater are already allocated to existing users. Currently, water for new users is made available through re-allocation of xisting water supplies-for example, by cities purchasing agricultural water rights. Water may also be made available through conservation efforts and, in some locales, through the development of ''new'' water from non-traditional sources such as the oceans, deep aquifer rackish groundwater, and water reuse.

Science.gov (United States)

... Descriptors : *Combustible cartridge cases, *Water repellents, *Protective coatings, *Patents, Silica gel, Aluminum compounds, Binders ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The water and steam circuits of steam generators in pressurized-water nuclear power plants are described together with the mechanism of denting, and the corrosion of spacer plates that leads to cracks in tubes by constriction. The different chemical specifications applicable to the water of the secondary circuit of the generators in normal operation and on first commissioning are listed. The results obtained and the measurements of chemical values taken in operation on the water in the secondary circuits of steam generators at Fessenheim and Bugey are presented.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Cooling water is sprayed on the outer surface of an upper portion of a container, and a pool is formed by the cooling water flowing down while cooling the container. Further, the cooling water stored in the cooling water pool is recycled by a pump for spraying the cooling water on the outer surface of the upper portion of the container. Sufficient amount of cooling water is supplied for spraying the cooling water to the outer surface of the upper portion of the container so that the outer surface of the container is free from drying and a liquid membrane is formed on the entire surface. The amount of the cooling water is made greater than that of the cooling water evaporated when the entire amount of the heat generate in the reactor core of the reactor is transferred to the cooling ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Partial combustion of biomass in the gasifier generates producer gas that can be used for heating purposes and as supplementary or sole fuel in internal combustion engines. In this study, the potential of coir-pith and wood chips as the feedstock for gasifier is analyzed. The performance of the gasifier-engine system is analyzed by running the engine for various producer gas-air flow ratios and at different load conditions. The system is experimentally optimized with respect to maximum diesel savings and lower emissions in the dual fuel mode operation while using coir-pith and wood chips separately. The performance and emission characteristics of the dual fuel engine are compared with that of diesel engine at different load conditions. Specific energy consumption in the dual fuel mode of operation is found to be in the higher side at all load conditions. The brake thermal efficiency of the engine while using wood chips in the dual mode operation is higher than that ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Working in partnership with industry, the US Department of Energy`s (DOE`s) Office of Industrial Technologies (OIT) is helping reduce industrial energy use, emissions, and waste while boosting productivity. Operating within the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EE), OIT conducts research, development, demonstration, and technology transfer efforts that are producing substantial, measurable benefits to industry. This document summarizes some of the impacts of OIT`s programs through 1997. OIT tracks energy savings as well as other benefits associated with the successfully commercialized technologies resulting from OIT-supported research partnerships. Specifically, a chart shows current and cumulative energy savings as well as cumulative reductions of various air pollutants including particulates, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NO{sub x}), sulfur oxides (SO{sub x}), and the greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Many governments around the world are focusing on emissions reduction through energy efficiency improvements, particularly on the demand side. Although Integrated Resource Planning (IRP), which considers both supply-side and demand-side options, had been a useful tool in the planning process for the power industry, its effectiveness has been challenged recently with the restructuring of the power sector that has occurred in China and elsewhere around the world. The paper proposes Integrated Resource Strategic Planning (IRSP) as an alternative to IRP in a deregulated power sector. IRSP takes the resource planning process one step further to the national level. In this paper, the authors demonstrate the tremendous potential for efficiency improvements on both the supply and demand sides of the power sector in China with IRSP. The results show that between 2009 and 2020, the potential for electricity savings will reach about 1228.5 TWh, and the potential reduction in ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In most countries, residential electricity consumption typically ranges from 20% to 40% of total electricity consumption. This energy is used for heating, cooling, refrigeration and other end-uses. Significant energy savings are possible if new appliance purchases are for models with higher efficiency than that of existing models. There are several ways to ensure or encourage such an outcome, for example, appliance rebates, innovative procurement, and minimum efficiency standards. This paper focuses on the latter approach. At the present time, the US is the only country with comprehensive appliance energy efficiency standards. However, many other countries, such as Australia, Canada, the European Community (EC), Japan and Korea, are considering enacting standards. The greatest potential impact of minimum efficiency standards for appliances is in the developing countries (e.g., China and India), where saturations of household appliances are relatively low but ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The industrial standard process for the purification of natural gas is to remove acid gases, mainly hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide, by the absorption and reaction of these gases with alkanolamines. The natural gas industry requires vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data to develop more energy efficient amine mixtures. Some energy reductions have been realized in the past decade by applying such amine systems as hindered amines, methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), and MDEA based amine mixtures. However, the lack of reliable and accurate VLE data impedes the commercial application of these more efficient alkanolamine systems. The first objective of this project is to improve the accuracy of vapor-liquid equilibrium measurements at low hydrogen sulfide concentrations. The second objective is to make VLE measurements for amine mixtures. By improving the accuracy of the VLE data on MDEA and other amines, energy savings can be implemented in the many existing absorption units ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The industrial standard process for the purification of natural gas is to remove acid gases, mainly hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide, by the absorption and reaction of these gases with alkanolamines. Inadequate data for vapor -- liquid equilibrium (VLE) hinder the industry from converting operations to more energy efficient amine mixtures and conserving energy. Some energy reductions have been realized in the past decade by applying such amine systems as hindered'' amines, methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), and MDEA based amine mixtures. However, the lack of reliable and accurate fundamental VLE data impedes the commercial application of these more efficient alkanolamine systems. The first project objective is to improve the accuracy of vapor -- liquid equilibrium measurements at low hydrogen sulfide concentrations. The second project objective is to measure the VLE for amine mixtures. By improving the accuracy of the VLE measurements on MDEA and mixtures with other ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The chemistries of reactants, plasticizers, solvents and additives in an epoxy paint are discussed. Polyamide additives may play an important role in the absorption of molecular iodine by epoxy paints. It is recommended that the unsaturation of the polyamide additive in the epoxy cure be determined. Experimental studies of water absorption by epoxy resins are discussed. These studies show that absorption can disrupt hydrogen bonds among segments of the polymers and cause swelling of the polymer. The water absorption increases the diffusion coefficient of water within the polymer. Permanent damage to the polymer can result if water causes hydrolysis of ether linkages. Water desorption studies are recommended to ascertain how water absorption affects epoxy paint.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This paper describes a proposed set of guidelines for analyzing the energy savings achieved by a package of retrofits or an extensive rehabilitation of an existing home. It also describes certain field test and audit methods that can help establish accurate building system performance characteristics that are needed for a meaningful simulation of whole-house energy use. Several sets of default efficiency values have been developed for older appliances that cannot be easily tested and for which published specifications are not readily available. These proposed analysis procedures are documented more comprehensively in NREL Technical Report TP-550-38238.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

;Table of Contents: Gaseous Pollutants Emissions from Coal Combustors and Their Control Technologies in Japan; Simultaneous Determination of Cooper (II) and Iron (III) Using 8-Quinolinol by Solvent Extraction Flow-injection Method; Fundamental Studies on Red Mud as a Catalyst for Coal Liquefaction: Studies on Active Components in Red Mud and Possibilities for Improvement of Its Catalytic Activities; Elution Behavior of Coal-derived Liquids with Sephadex LG-20; Characteristic of Activated Carbon Produced from Scrap Tires at Different Activation Temperatures; Energy Saving Snow Melting System.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Contents include: countermeasures to save energy of sintering plant and future plans in fukuyama works; improvement of surface quality of continuous-casting slab; development of direct quenching and tempering type HT80 steel with good weldability; numerical analysis of fluid flow in a geothermal reservoir; the finite-element calculation of turbulent flow using the universal law of the wall; development of PC 4 dual fuel engine; design of industrialized housing; Computer-aided Navigation system (CANSY); and new production control system in Fukuyama Works.

CERN Document Server

Typical receiver processing, targeting always the best achievable bit error rate performance, can result in a waste of resources, especially, when the transmission conditions are such that the best performance is orders of magnitude better than the required. In this work, a processing framework is proposed which allows adjusting the processing requirements to the transmission conditions and the required bit error rate. It applies a-posteriori probability receivers operating over multiple-input multiple-output channels. It is demonstrated that significant complexity savings can be achieved both at the soft, sphere-decoder based detector and the channel decoder with only minor modifications.

Wastenet

...review on the Bank Simpanan Nasional (National Savings Bank) in Malaysia by Mohd. Fuad Md. Sawari & Razi Hassan & ...crisis and Islamic stock markets integration by Bakri Abdul Karim & Nor Akila Mohd. Kassim & Mohammad Affendy Arip [Downloadable! (...Index and the Dow Jones Islamic Market Index by Azhar Abdul Rahman & Mohd Azlan Yahya & Mohd Herry Mohd Nasir [Downloadable! ...at the International Islamic University Malaysia by Noor Hazilah Abd Manaf & Dinon Mohd & Kalthom Abdullah [Downloadable! (restricted)] ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The geothermal well-cost model developed by Sandia National Laboratories is being used to analyze the sensitivity of well costs to improvements in geothermal drilling technology. Three interim results from this modeling effort are discussed. The sensitivity of well costs to bit parameters, rig parameters, and material costs; an analysis of the cost reduction potential of an advanced bit; and a consideration of breakeven costs for new cementing technology. All three results illustrate that the well-cost savings arising from any new technology will be highly site-dependent but that in specific wells the advances considered can result in significant cost reductions.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Air conditioning is getting maximum attention these days when building new offices. For the new office building of the assurance company Zwitserleven in Amstelveen, Netherlands, a new air conditioning concept is applied, based on four existing air conditioning methods: cold storage and heat storage in the soil, heat pump, double-wall facades with integrated climate control, and radiant heating combined with a cooling system in the ceiling. The integration of these methods not only provides complete climate comfort for the employees but also substantial energy savings. 3 figs.,1 ills.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Westinghouse Electric Corporation is aggressively applying cost-time management to bolster timely, cost-effective cleanup and waste management activities at sites it manages for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Cost-time management is a diagnostic technique which is applicable to virtually any process. It identifies opportunities to reduce cycle-times and costs. When applied to cleanup and waste management at DOE facilities, cost-time profile analysis helps identify actions to improve productivity and quality. Moreover, by reducing cycle-times and costs, it achieves significant savings to taxpayers. (author)

CERN Document Server

As an International Organization, one the most important issues that CERN has to respect and guarantee is the protection of the environment. Several of ST activities and operations have a direct impact on the environment: civil engineering works, electrical (transformers) and air-cooling operation, chemical products storage, various waste disposal etc.... Important measures, taken in the past, have to be kept and new ones should be applied in order to insure the conformity of the infrastructure with existing legislation, the correct operation of equipment and systems, the constant monitoring of the different situations and the traceability of the events. Moreover good management of the environment would bring large savings to CERN.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A database has been designed for storing, retrieving and analyzing information about samples, experimental conditions and results obtained by neutron activation analysis and gamma-ray spectrometry. It has been created using Microsoft ACCESS 2002 under a Windows operating system. The database has been designed not only for saving information but also for quality assurance and quality control purposes. The structure of the relational design has been discussed and demonstrated with a new graphical feature of ACCESS 2002 called PIVOTCHART. (author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Canadian railway traffic is delayed until lines are plowed of snow following heavy snowfalls. A modification that would permit higher plowing speeds and fewer delays could realize significant benefits in addition to direct fuel and labor savings. The objective of this project was to carry out a cost benefit analysis on a low-friction coating applied to a mainline railway snow plow. The assessment was carried out using old Canadian National Railway snow plows for test purposes. An analytical model was developed to estimate the importance of friction reduction to fuel consumption and power requirements. The sensitivity analysis revealed a bump or discontinuity in the power vs speed profile, corresponding to the minimum plow speed at which the snow will cease to flow over the plow. Reducing the coefficient of friction reduces this minimum plowing speed. This could mean the difference between success and failure in plowing some tight, heavily laden snow drifts. The ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Energy conservative building design has triggered greater interests in developing flexible and sophisticated air conditioning systems capable of achieving enhanced energy-savings potential without sacrificing the desired thermal comfort and indoor air quality (IAQ). This research work greatly aimed at achieving enhanced energy conservation, good thermal comfort and better IAQ for space conditioning with the application of combined variable refrigerant volume (VRV) and variable air volume (VAV) air conditioning (A/C) systems. Experimental investigation on the proposed combined air conditioning system with the application of intelligent fuzzy logic controller was performed for summer and winter climatic conditions to substantiate the energy-savings capability. The proposed system experimentally analyzed under fixed ventilation, demand controlled ventilation (DCV) and combined DCV and economizer cycle (EC) ventilation techniques effectively ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The aim was to compare the energy consumption by private and commercial vehicles with that of public transport facilities constituting urban street traffic, and to evaluate the influence of various traffic related plans such as green waves (where cars are able to drive through the town with relatively few accelerations and braking) streets with lower speed limits and special lanes and priorities for buses. The traffic pattern in four Copenhagen streets (Jagtvej, Soelvgade, Bredgade and Strandvejen) were measured and analyzed both in, and not in, the rush hour, and a special model was used to calculate the energy consumption. The model defines degree of acceleration and slow-down and speed when calculating energy consumption with regard to various driving patterns. It also calculates carbon dioxide emission. It was found that energy consumption decreased with increasing driving speed at 10-60 km/h for all vehicles. The case of buses is a little different because of having to stop so ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This document contains the technical proceedings of the 19 national seminar on the rational use of energy and exposition of equipment and services, organized by the Asociacion de Tecnicos y Pofesionistas en Aplicacion Energetica (ATPAE) (Association of Technicians and Professionals on Energy Application) conducted in Mexico City on September 21-25, 1998. This seminar encompassed subjects such as: energy saving in the energy sector, energy efficiency in industrial processes and practical developments, practical cases of energy saving in industry, energy saving in buildings, transportation, non-renewable energy utilization and environmental impact and eco-energies. [Espanol] Este documento contiene la memoria tecnica del 19 seminario nacional sobre el uso racional de la energia y exposicion de equipos y servicios, organizado por la Asociacion de Tecnicos y Profesionistas en Aplicacion Energetica (ATPAE), en Mexico, D.F, los ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This procedure describes the formulation and make-up of Simulated Dilute Water (SOW), a low-ionic-content water to be used for Activity E-20-50, Long-Term Corrosion Studies. This water has an ionic content which is nominally a factor of ten higher than that of representative waters at or near Yucca Mountain. Representative waters were chosen as J-13 well water [Harrar, 1990] and perched water at Yucca Mountain [Glassley, 1996]. J-13 well water is obtained from ground water that is in contact with the Topopah Spring tuff, which is the repository horizon rock. The perched water is located in the Topopah Spring tuff, but below the repository horizon and above the water table. A nominal times ten higher ionic content was chosen to simulate the effect of ionic ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Using the Laser-Fluorescence technique, an investigation was made, adopting the standard mix method, on trace uranium concentrations in hot spring water and geothermal water from Lishan region, and in tap water from some major cities in Shanxi province. Totally 40 samples from 27 sites were investigated. Measurement showed that the tap water contains around 10"-"6 g/L of uranium, whose concentrations in both hot spring water and geothermal water are 10"-"5 g/L. Most of samples are at normal radioactive background level, some higher contents were determined in a few samples

Wastenet

...AquaMagna Water Conditioner and Descaler OCETA Environmental Technology & Business Profiles AQUAMAGNA WATER CONDITIONER AND DESCALER CAT. #03-018 CONTACT: Magna-Tek ...removal high-strength ceramic magnet no energy input The AquaMagna Water Conditioner and Descaler is a non-chemical method of water treatment. The technology uses ... Figure 1: The AquaMagna Water Conditioner and Descaler PROCESS/ PRODUCT APPLICATION: hard water domestic water process water reverse osmosis heat exchangers cooling ... For once-through or recirculating heating or cooling equipment, the AquaMagna descaler improves thermal efficiencies and reduces downtime. Figure 2 illustrates a cross-section ...

Wastenet

...Tota-MaharajE-Mail: Interests: water and wastewater treatment, environmental engineering and sustainable systems; sustainable water management; sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS); combined renewable energy applications with reverse osmosis desalination; microbial fuel cells for bioenergy production and treatment of urban wastewater; solar photocatalytic treatment and disinfection of water/wastewater Dr. Simon Toze CSIRO Land and Water, Queensland Bioscience Precinct - St Lucia, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia QLD 4067,...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Automatic segmentation of anatomical structures in medical images is a valuable tool for efficient computer-aided radiotherapy and surgery planning and an enabling technology for dynamic adaptive radiotherapy. This paper presents the design, algorithms and validation of new software for the automatic segmentation of CT images used for radiotherapy treatment planning. A coarse to fine approach is followed that consists of presegmentation, anatomic orientation and structure segmentation. No user input or a priori information about the image content is required. In presegmentation, the body outline, the bones and lung equivalent tissue are detected. Anatomic orientation recognizes the patient's position, orientation and gender and creates an elastic mapping of the slice positions to a reference scale. Structure segmentation is divided into localization, outlining and refinement, performed by procedures with implicit anatomic knowledge using standard image processing operations. ...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Background Microbial water-quality indicators, in high concentrations in sewage, are used to determine whether water is safe for recreational purposes. Recently, the use of these indicators...Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Before the implementation Water Framework directive, it was usual to forget that a good environment protection of the receiving waters needs a correct and coordinated operation of the subsystems of the water cycle, specially sewerage system, WWTP and receiving waters. This explains that most of the countries have focused their efforts in the treatment of dry weather flows forgetting the management of wet weather flows. Actually the idea that a sewerage system or a WWTP can not be planned or managed independently without considering the effects on the receiving waters is commonly accepted because not only each one of these systems must work correctly but also it is required a minimum impact in the receiving waters of the sewerage and WWTP overflows in dry and wet weather. All these links will affect the management strategy of the sewerage system (storm ...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

The effect of water stress on patterns of nitrate reductase activity in the leaves and nodules and on nitrogen fixation were investigated in Medicago sativa L. plants watered 1 week...Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A model was developed to compute concentration of impurities in the WWER 440 steam generator (SG) secondary water along the tube bundle. Calculated values were verified by concentration values obtained from secondary water sample chemical analysis. (orig.). 2 refs.

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

By the time of primary 21st century, water hyacinth had become a serious environmental problem in China. Water hyacinth contributes to the major part of ecological hazards from the invasion of foreign...Full Text Available

Science.gov (United States)

average bulk water temper ature rise, OF bulk water temperature at elevation z, OF bulk water temperature in channels 0 and 1, O F film temperature, OF ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Japanese (Jul 1976). Japan Kametani, Katsuaki Tomura, Kayoko . National

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

We wanted to determine the technical and clinical efficacy of using a PTFE-covered self-expandable nitinol stent for the palliative treatment of malignant biliary obstruction. Thirty-seven patients with common bile duct strictures caused by malignant disease were treated by placing a total of 37 nitinol PTFE stents. These stents were covered with PTFE with the exception of the last 5 mm at each end; the stent had an unconstrained diameter of 10 mm and a total length of 50 80 mm. The patient survival rate and stent patency rate were calculated by performing Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. The bilirubin, serum amylase and lipase levels before and after stent placement were measured and then compared using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The average follow-up duration was 27.9 weeks (range: 2 81 weeks). Placement was successful in all cases. Seventy-six percent of the patients (28/37) experienced adequate palliative drainage for the remainder of their lives. There were no immediate ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Spontaneous mutation has been discovered and utilized in domestication of narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.). As the result of the domestication, lupin has become a dominant grain legume crop in Western Australia. Facing the new challenge of developing herbicide tolerance cultivars, chemical mutagenesis has been used to create new tolerance to herbicide. This paper reports the characterization of two lupin mutants (Tanjil-AZ-33 and Tanjil-AZ-55) that are highly tolerant to metribuzin herbicide. A dose response study over 8 doses revealed that Tanjil-AZ-33 was 6 times more tolerant to metribuzin than the original parental cultivar Tanjil by measure of LD50. This mutant Tanjil-AZ-33 is the most tolerant germplasm in narrow-leafed lupin. Both mutants also maintain the high resistance to the disease anthracnose as cv Tanjil. Seed yield based on small field plots (3.6 m"2) under irrigation was 4.2 t/ha for Tanjil-AZ-33 and 1.9 t/ha for Tanjil when the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

THMs are disinfection by-products (DBPs) generated during water chlorination. Concentration of individual and total THMs, depends on treatment process and THMs precursors level. ATLL water utility has two DWTP (Llobregar and Ter) that produce and supply drinking water to Barcelona and regional area. This work studies the levels of THMs along the ATLL distribution system (450 km). Although, no differences were observed along water pipes system, changes of water resource and mix procedures were related. (Author) 12 refs.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In this paper the diffusion of tritiated water vapor into concrete walls is studied to evaluate tritiated water retention capacity of a fusion reactor concrete building. Using a model of the tritiated water diffusion determined form experimental results, depth profiles of tritiated water in concrete are calculated in the case of being exposed to air containing tritiated water vapor during the normal operational condition of a fusion reactor. A 0.5-m-thick concrete is sufficient for reactor hall walls from a viewpoint of the tritium containment.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The transport of liquid water and gaseous reactants through a gas diffusion layer (GDL) is one of the most important water management issues in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). In this work, the liquid water breakthrough dynamics, characterized by the capillary pressure and water saturation, across GDLs with and without a microporous layer (MPL) are studied in an ex-situ setup which closely simulates a real fuel cell configuration and operating conditions. The results reveal that recurrent breakthroughs are observed for all of the GDL samples tested, indicating the presence of an intermittent water drainage mechanism in the GDL. This is accounted for by the breakdown and redevelopment of the continuous water paths during water drainage as demonstrated by Haines jumps. For GDL ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Most plans for the disposition of surplus nuclear materials involve storage in sealed containers where the evolution of gases from reactions of adsorbed water could present both pressure and flammability hazards[l] . Despite efforts such as calcining the material to minimize the water content prior to packaging, both residual moisture and readsorbed water may be present in the final containers . Given the anticipated temperature excursions during transportation and storage, this water may thermally desorb, increasing the pressure, and/or thermally dissociate to produce H2 gas, increasing flammability hazards . In addition, the radiation from the nuclear material may induce radiolysis of the water with the likely products being water vapor, H2, 02 and H2O2. In order to better understand the relative importance of the thermal- and radiationinduced chemistry, we ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ground water is treated in the Czech Republic so that small water tanks are built above each water source to serve the primary ground water treatment; water so pretreated is then concentrated in large basins for subsequent treatment. Some water tanks where the first contact of the ground water with air takes place were selected as sites predisposed to radon accumulation. The examination was carried out near the town of Jihlava, where the bedrock contains slightly elevated radium concentrations. The average radon concentrations lay within the region of 2-4 kBq/m"3; the instantaneous values, however, exhibited appreciable periodical variations during the day. The relatively high radon concentrations will not pose a marked hazard for the personnel because the employees only reside at the sites in question for 10 to 15 minutes within 2 days, not ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Conference paper regarding research in the use of freeze prevention for passive solar domestic water heating systems.

Science.gov (United States)

... Marine transport and oil disposal by boats and Matadi pose threats in the region. When the water ... Marine transport and oil disposal by boats and Matadi pose threats in the region. When the water ... ...

Science.gov (United States)

This site explains how temperature, pressure, and salinity work together to determine the density of ocean water. The three density layers of the ocean are described by means of text description and a graphic illustration.

Science.gov (United States)

... will utilize man-made habitats, including artificial wetlands, waste water ponds, water hazards on golf courses, and an abandoned ... ...

Science.gov (United States)

The largest outbreak of cryptosporidiosis reported in the United Kingdom, involving 575 confirmed cases (of which 474 met an agreed case definition), occurred in the county of Devon during August and September of 1995. The descriptive epidemiology supports the hypothesis that the outbreak was associated with the consumption of cold tap water in the area served by a particular water treatment works. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in treated water samples at the time of the outbreak. Although the epidemiological analysis provided strong circumstantial evidence of a waterborne outbreak, the data were not recorded in a manner that made them admissible in criminal proceedings taken by the Drinking Water Inspectorate against the water company involved. The need to carry out an analytical study in conjunction with the identification and characterisation of the pathogen in the ...

Science.gov (United States)

... should give full con- As for the effects of the Three Gorges on the mouth of sideration to the rising water process and water temper- the river, the ...

Science.gov (United States)

... Where Suck Creek enters the river, a formidable whirlpool and 2 Ground-water data for the Suck Creek area of Walden Ridge, Southern ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The very low-pressure expansion tank of the title invention is connected to the water in the central heating installation via a connecting pipe with a pump and valves on one side, and on the other side the tank is connected via a connecting pipe with valve to the tap water mains, so that the supply of water can be regulated automatically. Within the expansion tank contact with the outside air is not possible because of an air/water separating floater. By means of recording and control (also remote) of the contents of the expansion tank, the installation pressure and the quantity of supplied water from the expansion tank and the tap water mains, failures and water damage are prevented. 4 figs.

Science.gov (United States)

density is slightly higher, its electrical conductivity is much higher, and it is slightly ... Sea water has characteristic properties (e.g. density) that are independent of ...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Halothane, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride, in the vapor and liquid phases, stimulate the water receptor of the blowfly Phormia regina. There are three successive phases of response to long-lasting...Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This paper, firstly, introduces the background in developing a high quality water supply system, in which the drinking water system is isolated inside a building. Results of questionnaire on the high quality service water are illustrated. The results of questionnaire have revealed that the high quality service water is extremely interested. Then, are described the target quality of high quality water, the constitution of high quality water supply system, the treatment process, the measures to secure safety and sanitary, and the method of maintenance. The high quality water is produced through the activated charcoal absorption treatment, membrane treatment, ozonation, cooling, mineral addition, and disinfection of city water. Furthermore, application examples of this system adopted to a department store and a bachelor ...

Science.gov (United States)

PMID:21956869

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

... v. 1267(1) RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY AND NUCLEAR

Science.gov (United States)

... ULTRASONIC VIBRATION TO PORTLAND CEMENT-WATER PASTE REDUCES THE ULTIMATE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF MORTARS ...

KoreaScience (Korea)

Full Text Available

Medline Plus

... know if the drainage becomes very clear, like tap water. This may be the first indication that there ...

KoreaScience (Korea)

Full Text Available

KoreaScience (Korea)

Full Text Available

Science.gov (United States)

... Marine transport and oil disposal by boats and Matadi pose threats in the region. When the water ... ...

Wastenet

...In 2000, the Water Framework Directive (WFD) came into force, introducing a comprehensive, river basin based water management for Europe. The aim of the Directive is ...In 2000, the Water Framework Directive (WFD) came into force, introducing a comprehensive, river basin based water management for Europe. The aim of the Directive ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Short communication.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

General corrosion behavior of ALLOY 800 in high temperature water was studied in relation to its surface film structure. The surface film formed in water was found to decrease the corrosion rate of ALLOY 800. This film is composed of Ni ferrite, and can be obtained by oxidation in air or steam. Based on these results, air or steam oxidation treatment to inhibit Ni and Co release of ALLOY 800 into high temperature water is proposed. (author).

Science.gov (United States)

Language: English ...

KoreaScience (Korea)

Full Text Available

KoreaScience (Korea)

Full Text Available

KoreaScience (Korea)

Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract prepared

KoreaScience (Korea)

Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

After the devastating natural disasters that have hit China recently, another crisis is looming, Drought, pollution and heavy usage in the fast-developing megacities have resulted in a shortage of water. A huge construction effort is underway to divert water from the south to the north. But experts warn that it will not solve China's structural water problems.

KoreaScience (Korea)

Full Text Available