Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The aim of this work is the implantation and characterization of a neutron radiography system that uses an electronic device for attainment of images in real time, for its implementation in the nuclear research reactor Argonauta at IEN/CNEN (Nuclear Engineering Institute of the Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission). The Electronic Imaging System in Real Time is composed by a scintillator screen for neutron, a video camera (CCD), a digital plate and a computer with specific computational programs for digital processing of the images. The System in installed real time is apt to carry through neutron radiography inspections of static and dynamic events of several types of samples. (author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The purpose of this research was to develop a methodology for sizing integrated renewable energy systems, useful for rural areas, using simulation and optimization tools developed in MATLAB 6.0. The sizing model produces a system with minimum cost and high reliability level, based on the concept of loss of power supply probability (LPSP) for consecutive hours. An optimization model is presented and three different sizing scenarios are calculated and compared, showing flexibility in the elaboration of different project conceptions. The obtained results show a complete sizing of the energy conversion devices and a long-term cost evaluation. (author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The principle of radiodiagnosis consists in the fact the X-ray beam is attenuated at different degrees by distinct tissues. For this reason, the anatomical structures have distinct radiological opacities, that produce the radiographic image. The progresses in radiology are related to the development if new radiographic image formation systems that enable an amplification in the quality, with low dose and/or risk to the patient. The objective of this work is the sensitometric valuation of a screen-film combination, that is still the most used, for the standardization, of radiographic images. Thinking about this, were constructed homogeneous phantoms of the chest, skull and pelvis, for the calibration of X-ray beams, with the purpose of obtaining radiographic images of good quality, basing in the routine of a radiodiagnosis service and in the scientific knowledge. Questions were approached about the choice of the suitable equipment, that allow the obtention of k Vp and m As combinations, ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The onshore Potiguar basin has nowadays around 5.000 artificial lifting petroleum wells, distributed into 80 fields located on the states of Rio Grande do Norte and Ceara, representing approximately 8% of the national oil production. For that, well maintenance service, realized by Workover Rigs, is essential to preserve the oil productivity of the reservoirs on these fields. However, as the number of rigs is lower than to the number of wells needing maintenance, the task of administrating the management of such equipment according to the demand created by the wells, generates an optimization problem. The decision for a rig intervention on a well depends on parameters such as flow rate, depth, wasted time on intervention, distance from the rig to the next well, type of operation, rig capacity, environmental risks, etc. The objective of this paper is to present an interactive Computational System for Support Decision to the optimized management of the wells attended by the rig fleet. ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

There are several methods for the risk assessment and risk management applied to pipelines, among them the Muhlbauer's Method. W. Kent Muhlbauer is an internationally recognized authority on pipeline risk management. He made a detailed identification about 300 distinct conditions that influence the risk assessment in pipelines and he proposed a score system that is known as method of Muhlbauer. The purpose of this model is to evaluate the public exposure to the risk and identify ways for management that risk in fact. The assessment is made by the attribution of quantitative values to the several items that influences in the pipeline risk. This paper approaches the Muhlbauer's basic model for risk assessment and management in pipelines. In the beginning, the basic model for risk assessment is presented, and methodology for pipelines in onshore environment is detailed. After, presents major items in risk assessment and this relative score. Finally, present the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A heat transfer (condenser) of a domestic freezer was tested in a vertical channel in order to study the influence of the chimney effect in the optimization of the heat transfer coefficient. The variation of the opening of the channel, position and the heating power of the heat exchanger in the heat transfer coefficient was considered. The influence of the surface emissivity on the heat transfer by thermal radiation was studied with the heat exchanger testes without paint and with black paint. The air velocity entering the channel was measured with a hot wire anemometer. In order to evaluate the chimney effect, the heat exchanger was testes in a open ambient. This situation simulates its operational conditions when installed on the freezer system. The variables collected in the experimental procedures was gathered in the form of dimensionless parameters as Nusselt, Rayleigh, Grashof and Prandtl numbers, and dimensional parameters of the convection. The results ...

ScienceCinema

...of this article he quotes um i am told by my english ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Short communication

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

A mechanism is proposed for the previously observed [1] jump in erythrocyte fluidity through a microcapillary 1.3 ?m in diameter at a temperature of 36.6?0.3?C. Our interpretation is based on the experimental evidence both for existence of ortho and para H2O isomers in water and on spin-selective interaction of proteins with para H2O isomers as hydration shells of biomolecules are being formed [2]. It is important that the formation of hydration shells of proteins and DNA in aqueous solutions is accompanied by an increase in the Brillouin shift to 0.4 cm?1 (?0.25 cm?1 in water), which points to the formation of icelike structures. We believe that the coincidence of the translational energy kT of the Brownian motion and the energy of the rotational quanta for the 313?202 transition of para ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Based on the enhanced cooperation between Republic of Korea (ROK) and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), IAEA installed new safeguards equipment (Unattended Monitoring System, UMS) at Wolsung unit 2 on January, 2005. The UMS was utilized in parallel with traditional human surveillance during the transfer campaign of Wolsung unit 2 (7 March - 22 July). Installation of UMS at all Wolsung units will be decided on the basis of the result of this test. The transfer campaign with UMS at Wolsung units 2 and 4 was started from September 1, 2006 at the same time. Implementation of UMS to the transfer campaign in Wolsung site will be considerably reduced the IAEA's inspection effort and burden of operator.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

... um. Water retention capacity is in the range from 40 to 46 %. Dowex

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract prepared

Science.gov (United States)

and audio technology. The exhibition will travel to muse- ums and science centers in several U.S. cities over the next 5 years. Back in the classroom, ...

KoreaScience (Korea)

Full Text Available

Science.gov (United States)

13 Oct 2010 ... Cuando la resina se endureci?, Chen la coloc? en una c?mara de vac?o para depositar una delgada capa de aluminio reflector sobre la ...

Science.gov (United States)

17 Nov 2008 ... El Analizador de Carbono Org?nico Total ser? usado para probar muestras que vendr?n del nuevo sistema de Recobre de Agua. ...

Science.gov (United States)

Several examples of the 14-membered, para-bridged ring system of the cyclopeptide alkaloids have been synthesized via an active ester cyclization. The yield of monomeric cyclopeptide varied from 1 to 33% and was affected by the amino acid substitution pat...

Science.gov (United States)

(hidróxido de calcio o cal hidratada) como un plaguicida en un programa de cuarentena para controlar la especie invasora, el coquí. Hawai está preocupada de que estos...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A method to select, among several commercial diameter options, the most economic combination of pipeline networks is presented. These networks comply with the discharge conditions in the pipes and pressure in the knots. It is applied a static method for the hydraulics analysis of the Engineering Institute of the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM) and an optimization technique to reduce the number of calculations. [Spanish] Se presenta un metodo para seleccionar, de entre varias opciones de diametros comerciales, la combinacion que forma la red de tuberias mas economica que satisface las condiciones de gasto en los tubos y de presion en los nudos de la misma. Para el analisis hidraulico se emplea un metodo estatico del Instituto de Ingenieria de la Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM) y se aplica una tecnica de optimacion para reducir el numero de calculos y alcanzar la solucion.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The atomic masses of the alkali-metal isotopes "6Li,"2"3Na,"3"9","4"1K,"8"5","8"7Rb, and "1"3"3Cs have been obtained from measurements of cyclotron frequency ratios of pairs of ions simultaneously trapped in a Penning trap. The results, with one standard deviation uncertainty, are: M("6Li)=6.015 122 887 4(16)u,M("2"3Na)=22.989769 282 8(26)u,M("3"9K)=38.963 706 485 6(52)u,M("4"1K)=40.961 825 257 4(48)u,M("8"5Rb)=84.911 789739(9)u,M("8"7Rb)=86.909 180 535(10)u, and M("1"3"3Cs)=132.905 451 963(13)u. Our mass of "6Li yields an improved neutron separation energy for "7Li of 7251.1014(45) keV.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The oil palm Elaeis guineensis is usually attacked by pests, particularly, defoliating caterpillars. Between 2004 and 2006 a stinkbug predator (Asopinae) was registered preying on caterpillars of Brassolis sophorae L., Opsiphanes invirae Hubner (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) and Sibine spp. (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae), reducing their populations in commercial oil palm plantations in the State of Para, Brazil. Specimens of the natural enemy were collected, mounted, and identified as Alcaeorrhynchus grandis (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), corresponding to the first report of the occurrence of this stinkbug attacking defoliating caterpillars of oil palm in Brazil. (author)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A methods is presented for an accurate numerical determination of eigenvalues of real symmetric para-p diagonal matrices. The method takes advantage of the band structure to break up the matrix into p x p blocks and performing algebraic operations including inversions on these blocks only, no matter what the size of the matrix is. The eigenvalues are determined independently one at a time. Thus any error in the determination of one eigenvalue does not affect the other eigenvalues. The method is ideally suited for the Schroedinger eigenvalue problem of the anharmonic potentials. (author).

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Path analysis was used to determine the interrelationships between ambient temperature, age at calving, postpartum reproductive events and reproductive performance in dairy cows. The data used in the...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Biosynthesis and uptake of siderophores in Aspergillus nidulans are regulated not only by iron availability but also by ambient pH: expression of this high-affinity iron uptake system...Full Text Available

CERN Document Server

We present physical properties of two submillimeter selected gravitationally lensed sources, identified in the Herschel Astrophysical Terahertz Large Area Survey. These submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) have flux densities > 100 mJy at 500 um, but are not visible in existing optical imaging. We fit light profiles to each component of the lensing systems in Spitzer IRAC 3.6 and 4.5 um data and successfully disentangle the foreground lens from the background source in each case, providing important constraints on the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of the background SMG at rest-frame optical-near-infrared wavelengths. The SED fits show that these two SMGs have high dust obscuration with Av ~4 to 5 and star formation rates of ~100 M_sun/yr. They have low gas fractions and low dynamical masses compared to 850 um selected galaxies.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

It was agreed that both of the Republic Of Korea (ROK) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) cooperate with the new approach using the Unattended Monitoring Systems (UMS), the mailbox declaration and the short notice inspections, which can decrease the agency inspection efforts and operator' s burden. As a result of the positive cooperation of ROK for applying new approach, the IAEA could accomplish a successful implementation of new safeguards approach during last transfer campaigns at Wolsung site. As of the end of Feb. 2007, the IAEA installed the UMS at Wolsung units 2, 3 and 4. The transfer campaigns at Wolsung units 2 and 4 are performing from April, 2007. The IAEA will install the UMS at Wolsung unit 1 by the end of 2007. Then agency will inspect all of transfer campaign at Wolsung units by using new approach with UMS, mailbox declaration and SNI. It is based on the SSAC full ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Short communication.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract prepared.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Secondary energy can be described as a surplus of electrical energy in a hydropower because the lower demand of energy in some period of the day and the excess of water in the reservoir during the rainy periods. This study proposes the using of the excess of energy at Itaipu Bi nacional for electrolytically hydrogen production and ammonia for nitrogenous fertilizers. Ammonia is a raw material for nitrogenous fertilizers synthesis and produced using hydrogen and nitrogen from the atmosphere. This paper determines the minimal cost of hydrogen production and the capacity of hydrogen production, with this data and according the ammonia market for nitrogenous fertilizers in the Centre/South region was estimated the better capacity of ammonia production for one plant near Itaipu. The process of ammonia production using energy excess is the most environmental acceptable. (author)

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

An examination of the kinetics of the alkylation of anisole with 1-hexene and 1-hexanol to produce alkylates over zeolite H-beta is presented. Anisole alkylation is found to occur by a set of parallel reactions when hexene is used as the alkylating agent. When hexyl alcohol is the alkylating agent, the reaction follows a multi-step parallel-series mechanism to form monoalkylates and dihexylether. With 1-hexene, a group of isomeric alkylates, viz., ortho-2-hexyl anisole (2-OHA), ortho-3-hexyl anisole (3-OHA), para-2-hexyl anisole (2-PHA), and para-3-hexyl anisole (3-PHA) was obtained. With hexanol, the olefin (hexene) and dihexyl ether were obtained additionally. The influence of process parameters like temperature, catalyst quantity, and alkylating agent on reaction behavior is reported.

Science.gov (United States)

... in full sun and in shade, using an infrared thermometer (MiniTemp Noncontact, Conrad Electronic, Nürnberg, Germany). Time intervals ... ...

Science.gov (United States)

... a given ternary molten salt system under conditions which are greatly " different than the normal method of potentiometric titration, that is, high ...

Science.gov (United States)

... Characterizing the Relative Contributions of Large Vessels to Total Ocean Noise Fields: A Case Study Using the Gerry E. ... ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

High and ultra-high strength steels for pipelines are produced by properly handling the steel microstructure. The metallurgical principles involved in the microstructure control are presented, with emphasis on TMCP processing, that comprises conventional controlled rolling followed by accelerated cooling. (author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The WIT telemanagement system simply, reliably and efficient by makes available to us in real time processed, ordered and managed data. Such information has been used to optimise the performance of the drinking water distribution networks on a number of housing estates. This has led to major saving in consumption and on equipment maintenance, thereby improving customer service and obtaining a more rational use of piped water. (Author)

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Rice, the world's major staple crop, is a poor source of essential micronutrients, including folates (vitamin B9). We report folate biofortification of rice seeds achieved by overexpressing two Arabidopsis thaliana genes of the pterin and para-aminobenzoate branches of the folate biosynthetic pathway from a single locus. We obtained a maximal enhancement as high as 100 times above wild type, with 100 g of polished raw grains containing up to four times the adult daily folate requirement.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The development of emmissions, the measures planned and carried out and the present state of research in the Federal Republic of Germany into air pollution effects and abatement technology is reported. Possible starting points and solutions for air pollution abatement measures are explored within the legal framework.

CERN Document Server

Using the SCUBA bolometer array on the JCMT, we have carried out a submillimetre survey of Broad Absorption Line quasars (BALQs). The sample has been chosen to match, in redshift and optical luminosity, an existing benchmark 850um sample of radio-quiet quasars, allowing a direct comparison of the submm properties of BAL quasars relative to the parent radio-quiet population. We reach a submm limit 1.5mJy at 850um, allowing a more rigorous measure of the submm properties of BAL quasars than previous studies. Our submm photometry complements extensive observations at other wavelengths, in particular X-rays with Chandra and mid-infrared with Spitzer. To compare the 850um flux distribution of BALQs with that of the non-BAL quasar benchmark sample, we employ a suite of statistical methods, including survival analysis and a novel Bayesian derivation of the underlying flux distribution. Although there are no strong grounds for ...

Science.gov (United States)

This report is a compilation of the Chalk Point surface weather and ambient atmospheric profile data for the months of September to December 1975. The atmospheric profiles were made using rawinsonde instrumentation. The compilation includes the 0700 EST d...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A thermohydraulic study of MTR fuel element is presented as a basic requirement for the development of an irradiation facility for testing fuel elements. A computer code named 'Thermo' has been developed for this purpose, which can stimulate different working conditions, such as, cooling, power elements and neutron flux, performing all pertinent thermohydraulic calculations. Thermocouples were used to measure the temperature gradients of the cooling fluid throughout the IEAR-1 reactor core. All experimental data are in good agreement with the theoretical model applied in this work. Finally, a draft of the proposed facility and its safety system is presented. (author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The contribution attempts a definition of the concepts of ``technical facilities`` and ``facility management``. [Deutsch] Um mit der Ueberschrift zu beginnen: Was ist Gebaeudetechnik? Die Antwort ist nicht ganz einfach. An der TU Berlin gibt es einen Ingenieur-Studiengang mit dieser Bezeichnung. Es hat etwas mit dem Gebaeude, aber nicht viel mit Architektur zu tun, wie manchmal faelschlich angenommen wird. Um solche Missverstaendnisse gar nicht erst aufkommen zu lassen, hat sich die Gruppe des Vereins Deutscher Ingenieure, die sich mit der Gebaeudetechnik beschaeftigt, als `VDI-Gesellschaft Technische Gebaeudeausruestung` bezeichnet. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract prepared.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

A mission to the surface of Venus would have high scientific value, but most electronic devices and sensors cannot operate at the 450degreeC ambient surface temperature of Venus. Power and cooling systems were analyzed for Venus surface operation. A radioisotope power and cooling system was designed to provide electrical power for a probe operating on the surface of Venus. For a mission duration of substantial length, the use of thermal mass to maintain an operable temperature range is likely impractical, and active refrigeration may be required to keep components at a temperature below ambient. Due to the high thermal convection of the high-density atmosphere, the heat rejection temperature was assumed to be at a 500degreeC radiator temperature, 50degreeC above ambient. The radioisotope S...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The scope of the present article is two-fold. Firstly, to conduct an experiment to provide the temperature-time history of the cooling of a hot ball bearing in quiescent ambient air. Secondly, to predict the temporal variation of the bearing under the hypothesis of natural convection, radiation or natural convection coexists with radiation for a non-vanishing total hemispherical emissivity of the surface of the bearing. Numerical solutions of the three governing nonlinear lumped heat equations were carried out with a Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg (RKF45) algorithm accounting for automatic step size control. The experimental data was obtained with chrome steel ball bearings of diameter 0.953 cm (7/16 in) heated in an electric oven to a pre-set temperature. The heated bearing was exposed later to ambient air at atmospheric temperature and pressure. (orig.)

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The development of a new configuration of chemical ionization (CI)-based ion source is presented. The ambient air containing the gaseous sample is sniffed into an enclosed ionization chamber which is of sub-ambient pressure, and is subsequently mixed with metastable species in front of the ion inlet of the mass spectrometer. Metastable helium atoms (He*) are used in this study as the primary ionizing agents and are generated from a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) source. The DBD is powered by an AC high-voltage supply and the configuration of the electrodes is in such a way that the generated plasma is confined within the discharge tube and is not extended into the ionization chamber. The construction of the ion source is simple, and volatile compounds released from the bulky sample can...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Energy consumption is a perennial issue in the design of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) which typically rely on portable sources like batteries for power. Recent advances in ambient energy harvesting technology have made it a potential and promising alternative source of energy for powering WSNs. By using energy harvesters with supercapacitors, WSNs are able to operate perpetually until hardware failure and in places where batteries are hard or impossible to replace. In this paper, we study the performance of different medium access control (MAC) schemes based on CSMA and polling techniques for WSNs which are solely powered by ambient energy harvesting using energy harvesters. We base the study on (i) network throughput (S), which is the rate of sensor data received by the sink, (ii) fair...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sirio is a computerized application to manage the hydroelectric system in a short time. This management is implemented as a real time tool in the Control Department. SIRIO has many modules, independent and integrated to operate and perform the data acquisition, optimization, planning simulation and planning optimization. This article presents the SIRIO System and its applications to the Iberdrola system in Tajo river.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This paper presents the description of methodological procedure specially developed for manufacturing mini turbines. This procedure is used in the design of a Francis type mini turbine with 12.5 kW. The housing volute and the suction tube of this equipment are manufactured with using composed material based on glass fiber and its distributor system is manufactured with stainless steel and brass. At the end it is presented an estimate cost of design / manufacturing of such equipment and a comparison with other equipment in the market.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This article gives a survey of the history, properties and applications of 'Kevlar' aramide fibers. For example, the 'Kevlar' para-aramide fiber is used in compound materials in ship-, aircraft- and vehicle construction. 'Kevlar' is used as a replacement for asbestos, for example in brakes, clutches and seals or as rubber reinforcement (tyres, conveyor belts, hoses). The aramide fibers also offer manufacturers of ropes, hawsers and cables a near ideal range of properties. (MM).

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The photophysical investigation of different para-substituted tetraphenylporphyrins (TP), viz., meso-tetra(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-21H-23H-porphyrin(1),meso-tetrakis (4'-hex-5-enyloxyphenyl)-21H-23H-porphyrin(2), meso-tetrakis(4'-oct-7-enyloxyphenyl)-21H-23H-porphyrin(3) and meso-tetrakis(4'-undecyloxyphenyl)-21H-23H-porphyrin (4) revealed that except for quantum yield (#phi#) the para-substitution has little effect on any other photophysical properties like lifetime, excitation, emission wavelength, etc. The host-guest type interactions of these tetraarylporphyrins (TP 1-4), with [60]-fullerene (F) have been studied with "1H NMR and fluorescence spectrometric techniques in carbon tetrachloride medium. Fluorescence studies revealed that the Q band of the TPs was sufficiently quenched upon addition of F. All the fullerene/porphyrin systems were found to produce stable complexes with 1:1 stoichiometry. Binding constants (K) of all the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The effect of ionizing radiation (2, 5, and 10 KGy of gamma rays) on muscle ultrastructure of grass shrimps (Penaeus monodon Fabricius) tails at ambient or frozen (-18{sup 0}C) temperature was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). No significant change was found in muscle ultrastructure of shrimp meat irradiated at doses of 2 or 5 KGy and then stored at 4{sup 0}C for 0 and 8 days. However, in shrimps which were irradiated at ambient temperature at a dose of 10 KGy, the margin of A-band of the myofibrils in longitudinal sections exhibited an irregular zig-zag pattern. In cross section some myosin filaments in the A-band regions were missing. A possible interpretation of these results would be that 10 KGy gamma irradiation dose at ambient temperature depolymerized myosin in the A-band from the tail of thick filament. Actin damage was also observed in some cross sections. Irradiation damage of sarcoplasmic ...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Temperature sensing is crucial for homeotherms, including human beings, to maintain a stable body core temperature and respond to the ambient environment. A group of exquisitely temperature-sensitive...Full Text Available

Science.gov (United States)

OPERATE AT SOUTH POLE WINTER AMBIENTS, GIVEN THE PROJECT'S BUDGET AND TIME LINES . ... 17 MAXIMUM ELECTRICAL LENGHT CONSTRAINED BY Ku-BAND AT 50 FT. ... A MAXIMUM LENGTH OF 50 FEET HAS BEEN SPECIFIED BY THE SYSTEM LINK CALCULATIONS TO ...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Production of dissolved macromolecules by ambient autotrophic and heterotrophic microbial populations was measured in a eutrophic Florida reservoir by in situ labeling with various radioactive substrates....Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Sustainable management of toilet waste must prevent disease transmission but allow reuse of plant nutrients. Inactivation of uterus-derived Ascaris suum eggs was studied in relation...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

The causality of observed associations between air pollution and respiratory health in children is still subject to debate. If reduced air pollution exposure resulted in improved respiratory health...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

During complementary chromatic adaptation (CCA), cyanobacterial light harvesting structures called phycobilisomes are restructured in response to ambient light quality shifts. Transcription of genes...Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A cooling system for rejecting waste heat consists of a cooling tower incorporating a plurality of coolant tubes provided with cooling fins and each having a plurality of cooling channels therein, means for directing a heat exchange fluid from the power plant through less than the total number of cooling channels to cool the heat exchange fluid under normal ambient temperature conditions, means for directing water through the remaining cooling channels whenever the ambient temperature rises above the temperature at which dry cooling of the heat exchange fluid is sufficient and means for cooling the water. 5 figs.

CERN Document Server

The near infrared (NIR) upgrade to the Robert Stobie Spectrograph (RSS) on the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT), RSS/NIR, extends the spectral coverage of all modes of the visible arm. The RSS/NIR is a low to medium resolution spectrograph with broadband imaging, spectropolarimetric, and Fabry-Perot imaging capabilities. The visible and NIR arms can be used simultaneously to extend spectral coverage from approximately 3200 A to 1.6 um. Both arms utilize high efficiency volume phase holographic gratings via articulating gratings and cameras. The NIR camera is designed around a 2048x2048 HAWAII-2RG detector housed in a cryogenic dewar. The Epps optical design of the camera consists of 6 spherical elements, providing sub-pixel rms image sizes of 7.5 +/- 1.0 um over all wavelengths and field angles. The exact long wavelength cutoff is yet to be determined in a detailed thermal analysis and will depend on the semi-warm instrument cooling ...

Science.gov (United States)

We report on recent progress and improvements in the metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) growth of mid-infrared lasers and using a high speed rotating disk reactor (RDR). The devices contain AlAsSb active regions. These lasers have multi-stage, type I InAsSb/InAsP quantum well active regions. A semi-metal GaAsSb/InAs layer acts as an internal electron source for the multi-stage injection lasers and AlAsSb is an electron confinement layer. These structures are the first MOCVD multi-stage devices. Growth in an RDR was necessary to avoid the previously observed Al memory effects found in conventional horizontal reactors. A single stage, optically pumped laser yielded improved power (greater than 650 mW/facet) at 80K and 3.8um. A multi-stage 3.8-3.9um laser structure operated up to T=170K. At 80K, peak power greater than 100mW and a high slope- efficiency were observed in gain guided lasers.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ventilation systems must ensure high room air quality with minimum energy consumption in all states of operation. Systems for ventilation on demand are increasing their market share. (orig./MSK) [Deutsch] Oberste Aufgabe von Raumlufttechnischen Anlagen ist die Sicherstellung guter Raumluftqualitaet bei minimalem Energieverbrauch unter allen Betriebsbedingungen. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, setzt sich am Markt zunehmend die bedarfsgeregelte Lueftung durch. (orig./MSK)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) is an autosomal dominant disease caused by mutations in the human thyroid receptor beta gene on chromosome 3. Individuals with RTH have an increased incidence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The purpose of this study was to search for developmental brain malformations associated with RTH. Forty-three subjects (20 affected males [AM], 23 affected females [AF]) with resistance to thyroid hormone and 32 unaffected first degree relatives (18 unaffected males [UM], 14 unaffected females [UF]) underwent MRI brain scans with a volumetric acquisition that provided 90 contiguous 2 mm thick sagittal images. Films of six contiguous images beginning at a standard sagittal position lateral to the insula were analyzed by an investigator who was blind with respect to subject characteristics. The presence of extra or missing gyri in the parietal bank of the Sylvian fissure (multimodal association cortex) and multiple Heschl`s ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Most waste water treatment plants have processes to remove nutrients in order to avoid eutrophication in water receiving bodies. Regarding phosphorus removal. the most common option is chemical precipitation with ferric or aluminical precipitation with ferric or aluminium salts. We show here the successful experience carried out by the WWTP of Blanes and the company Safloc. A method ato remove phosphorus from waste water was developed by adding sodium aluminate. The use of this compound has turned out to be a sustainable way for this purpose in terms of costs, reliability and minimization of sludge production. (Author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

It was developed a new formulation of macro aggregates of Samarium 153 ({sup 153} Sm-MH) for the arthropaties treatment. The radio pharmaceutic was prepared by reaction of Samarium 153 chloride (SmCl{sub 3}) in aqueous environment with sodium boron hydride in NaOH 0.5 N. The microscopic analysis shown that the particles have an average size of 4% m (range 1-14 {mu} m). The velocity of sedimentation was 0.008 cm/min with high stability in vitro in human serum. The biological studies in healthy rabbits, shown that the complex is retained inside the articulation still eight days after of the administration of the radiopharmaceutical. Likewise, it is presented the data of absorbed dose in the different target organs, which was determined by thermoluminescent dosimetry (TLD) through the use of a REMCAL phantom (radiation equivalent manikin calibration). (Author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The objective of this work was to combine asymmetric somatic hybridization (donor-recipient fusion or gamma fusion) to microprotoplast-mediated chromosome transfer, as a tool to be used for chromosome mapping in Citrus. Swinglea glutinosa micro protoplasts were irradiated either with 50, 70, 100 or 200 gamma rays and fused to cv. Ruby Red grapefruit or Murcott tangor protoplasts. Cell colonies were successfully formed and AFLP analyses confirmed presence of S. glutinosa in both 'Murcott' tangor and 'Ruby Red' grapefruit genomes. (author)

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Purpose To evaluate the methods of applicator reconstruction in 3D MR-based planning for brachytherapy of cervical cancer, and to investigate applicator shifts and changes in DVH parameters during PDR treatment. Methods For each application MR scans with applicator in situ were made: three T2-weighted (4.5mm slices) Turbo Spin Echo (TSE) scans and a balanced Steady State Free Precession scan (1.5mm). Three observers tested two applicator reconstruction methods: (A) directly on the bSSFP scan and (B) on a resampled combination of the three T2-weighted scans. For 10 patients MR imaging was repeated on the second day of each PDR fraction to determine applicator shifts and changes in DVH parameters. Results For both applicator reconstruction methods the interobserver variation for the DVH para...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The {rvec n} + p {yields} d + {gamma} experiment under construction at LANSCE studies the weak interaction between neutrons and protons. The experiments will measure the directional dependence of the parity-violating {gamma}-ray asymmetry, A{sub {gamma}}, in the polarized cold neutron capture by para-hydrogen. The goal is to measure A{sub {gamma}} with uncertainty of 0.5 x 10{sup -8}, 10% of its predicted value. A{sub {gamma}} primarily isolates the {Delta}I = 1 component of the hadronic weak interaction and thus will determine the long-range weak pion-nucleon coupling constant H{sub {pi}}{sup 1}. The experiment is carefully designed for the LANSCE pulsed spallation neutron source to achieve the proposed statistical precision and to control systematic errors. We discuss the experiment and its status.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

SiO/sub 2//Si samples prepared in 2% and 4% HCl/O/sub 2/ mixtures at 1200/sup 0/C have been annealed in H/sub 2/O/N/sub 2/ ambients at 1200/sup 0/C. The anneals ranged up to 16 hrs in ambients with 4 or 40 ppM H/sub 2/O in N/sub 2/. Rutherford backscattering measurements have been made to determine the amount and location of Cl incorporated in these samples. A linear loss of Cl with annealing time is found for all samples. Changes in the distribution of Cl near the SiO/sub 2//Si interface are found. These changes are interpreted in terms of morphological changes in the third (Cl containing) phase. A significant effect of the H/sub 2/O content of the N/sub 2/ ambient is observed.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A free standing outdoor telephone booth is provided with a photovoltaic (PV) array, one or more rechargeable storage batteries and electrical control circuit which includes a temperature compensated control for limiting the supply of electrical energy from the PV array to the rechargeable battery to avoid over charging the battery, an ambient light (solar insolation) sensing circuit for controlling the electrical lamp load, to turn the lamp ON during dark ambient and OFF during light ambient conditions. In addition, the total discharge limit of the storage battery is controlled to a safe operating limit and a means is disclosed to power a fluorescent lamp at energy conserving intensities with energy derived from the rechargeable storage battery. The lamp control circuitry is preferably constituted by a high frequency power inverter with regulated output power to energize a low wattage fluorescent lamp and to dim the ...

Science.gov (United States)

Maternal exposure to ambient air pollution has increasingly been linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes. The evidence linking this exposure to congenital anomalies is still limited and controversial. This case-control study investigated the association between maternal exposure to ambient particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 ?m (PM(10)), sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide (NO), ozone (O(3)), and carbon monoxide (CO) and the occurrence of congenital heart disease in the population of Northeast England (1993-2003). Each case and control was assigned weekly average (weeks 3-8 of pregnancy) of pollutant levels measured by the closest monitor to the mother's residential postcode. Using exposure as both continuous and categorical variables, logistic regression models were constructed to quantify the adjusted odds ratios of exposure to air pollutants and the occurrence of each outcome group. We found exposure to ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

In previous work, on cooling from 300 K to 10 K the elastic moduli for both #alpha#- and #delta#-Pu dropped 30%. This large change may reflect effects of 5f-electron localization. In this work, the elastic moduli at ambient temperature of several Pu-Ga alloys were measured using resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS). The strong temperature dependence of the bulk and shear modulus and the temperature independence of Poisson's ratio was confirmed and the upper temperature limit for #alpha#-Pu was extended to 360 K. Measurements of the time dependence of the shear moduli of Pu and Pu-2.36 at.% Ga were determined with high precision as a function of time and temperature. Using a model for time dependence of point defects, we determined the exponential time constant at ambient temperature for such variations. The low temperature results are consistent with Fluss .

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The solubility of Sn(IV) oxide was determined in a dilute NaClO_4 solution with pH 2 through 12 at ambient temperature. Both oversaturation and undersaturation experiments were carried out in an inert gas glovebox where the concentration of the oxygen and carbon dioxide were less than 1 ppm. The solubility of Sn(IV) oxide was 3 x 10"-"8 mol/l at neutral pH, and increased at pH > 7.5. Equilibrium constants of soluble reactions were calculated from the experimental data, using curve fitting method. The study suggests that the solubility of Sn(IV) oxide would be higher than that provisionally used in current safety assessments of HLW disposal sites.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In the food, chemical and safety industry there is a demand for gas detectors for process control applications, like quality control of food or leakage control in chemical plants. Gas sensor array systems have the potential to be used in this areas, with the advantage of being also affordable systems compared to other systems like gaschromatographs (GC) or infrared detectors (NIR, FTIR). One of the main drawbacks of the gas sensors is their response to non interesting ambient factors like temperature, pressure and humidity. Metal oxide sensors (MOS) have a low ambient temperature and pressure dependency. Some of them (SnO + dopands) have some sensitivity to humidity. In many cases the response of the sensors is often non-linear, which implies a concentration dependant pattern of the samples. (orig.)

Science.gov (United States)

This report is a compilation of the Chalk Point surface weather and ambient atmospheric profile data for the second intensive test period, June 14-24, 1976. The atmospheric profiles were made using rawinsonde instrumentation. The compilation includes the 0700 EST daily weather chart, hourly surface observations from Chalk Point, Patuxent River Naval Test Center, MD and Andrews Air Force Base, MD. Temperature, relative humidity, dew point, wind speed and wind direction are presented in graphical profiles. All other data are presented in tabular form.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A 16 l liquid parahydrogen target has been developed for a measurement of the parity-violating {gamma}-asymmetry in the capture of polarized cold neutrons on protons in the {rvec n} + p {yields} d + {gamma} reaction by the NPDGamma collaboration. The target system was carefully designed to meet the stringent requirements on systematic effects for the experiment and also to satisfy hydrogen safety requirements. The target was designed to preserve the neutron polarization during neutron scattering on liquid hydrogen (LH{sub 2}), optimize the statistical sensitivity to the {rvec n} + p {yields} d + {gamma} reaction, minimize backgrounds coming from neutron interaction with the beam windows of the target cryostat, minimize LH{sub 2} density fluctuations which can introduce extra noise in the gamma asymmetry signal, and control systematic effects. The target incorporates two mechanical refrigerators, two ortho-para convertors, an aluminum cryostat, an aluminum target ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Two extruded magnesium alloys, AZ31 and AZ61 were selected to evaluate the influence of process parameters on the material forgeability. The processing parameters considered for forging magnesium alloys were: compression load in the range 55 KN to 60 KN and forging temperature, in the range of ambient temperature to 300 C. Uniaxial compression tests were conducted to establish the strain-temperature relationship. The influences of process parameters on the microstructure were also evaluated. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This study was intended to help explain individual differences in susceptibility to irritant effects of ozone (O3), by determining whether prior ambient O3 exposures and/or recent acute respiratory illness modified response to laboratory O3 exposures. Response was measured in terms of lung function changes and irritant symptoms. Initially, 59 adult volunteer Los Angeles area residents underwent screening exposures in spring, before the season of frequent high ambient O3 levels. Unusually responsive and nonresponsive individuals (N = 12 and 13 respectively) underwent followup exposures in autumn (late in the high-O3 season) and in winter (low-O3 season). All exposures were to 0.18 ppm O3 for 2 hr with intermittent heavy exercise at 31 degrees C and 35% relative humidity. Nonresponders tended to remain nonresponsive throughout. In fall, responders had lost much of their reactivity, as if they had adapted to summer ambient O3 ...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

The effects of H, Ca, and anaerobiosis upon loss of K to ambient solutions, upon changes in the fine structure, and upon the respiration of corn root tissue were studied. In the pH range 5.5 to 8.0...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

The capacity of bones to adjust their mass and architecture to withstand the loads of everyday activity derives from the ability of their resident cells to respond appropriately to the strains engendered....Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is typically performed at ambient Earth atmospheric conditions. However, interest in LIBS in other atmospheric conditions has increased in recent years, especially for use in space exploration (e.g., Mars and Lunar) or to improve resolution for isotopic signatures. This review focuses on what has been reported about the performance of LIBS in reduced pressure environments as well as in various gases other than air.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The University of Michigan (UM) is a member of a team of researchers, including the universities of Florida, Texas, and Tennessee, along with Oak Ridge National Laboratory, developing robotic for hazardous environments. The goal of this research is to develop the intelligent and capable robots which can perform useful functions in the new generation of nuclear reactors currently under development. By augmenting human capabilities through remote robotics, increased safety, functionality, and reliability can be achieved. In accordance with the established lines of research responsibilities, our primary efforts during 1991 will continue to focus on the following areas: radiation imaging; mobile robot navigation; three-dimensional vision capabilities for navigation; and machine-intelligence. This report discuss work that has been and will be done in these areas.

Wastenet

... Project Details Title: Influence of increasing droplet concentrations on properties of stratocumulus clouds and climate Supervisor: Dr Alan Gadian Funded by: Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Start date: October 2006 My project involves use of the UK Met Office Unified Model (UM) to calculate the global effect of modifying stratocumulus droplet concentrations on the earth's radiation balance, as well as use of ... Publications Latham, J; Rasch, P; Chen, CC; Kettles, L; Gadian, A; Gettelman, A; Morrison, H; Bower, K; Choularton, T (2008) Global temperature stabilization via controlled albedo enhancement of low-level maritime clouds, Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. A, 366(1882), pp3969-3987. doi:10.1098/rsta.2008.0137 Current Students | Internal ...

CERN Document Server

An effect of laser-cooling of water was observed for the first time with a temperature decrease dT = -2.2 K after irradiation of liquid water surface by a powerful Ar-Xe pulse laser with a pulse energy of about 1 J and wavelength L = 1.73, 2.63 and 2.65 um. The discovered effect can apparently be ascribed to the optical excitation of vibrational states of H2O molecules followed by an endothermic consolidation of chemically active excited molecules into a quasi-stable cluster-like structure. The measured time dependences of the cooling effect show that a typical life time of the new state of water amounts to hours. It has also been shown that the life time of the excited vibrational molecular states due to a radiation trapping effect can be estimated to at least hundreds of seconds.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Background/Purpose: Congenital esophageal stenosis (CES) is a rare malformation. Endoscopic dilations represent a therapeutic option. This study retrospectively evaluated the efficacy and safety of a conservative treatment of CES. Patients and Methods: Patients diagnosed with CES since 1980 by a barium study or endoscopy were reviewed. Endoscopic ultrasonography (Olympus UM-3R-20-MHz radial miniprobe, Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), available from 2001, allowed for the differential diagnosis of tracheobronchial remnants (TBR) and fibromuscular hypertrophy (FMH) CES. All children underwent conservative treatment by endoscopic dilations (hydrostatic and Savary). Results: Forty-seven patients (20 men) had CES. Fifteen were associated with esophageal atresia; and 8, with Down syndrome. Mea...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The responses of ramets of hybrid poplar (Populus spp.) (HP) clones NE388 and NE359, and seedlings of red maple (Acer rubrum, L.) to ambient ozone (O_3) were studied during May-September of 2000 and 2001 under natural forest conditions and differing natural sunlight exposures (sun, partial shade and full shade). Ambient O_3 concentrations at the study site reached hourly peaks of 109 and 98 ppb in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Monthly 12-h average O_3 concentrations ranged from 32.3 to 52.9 ppb. Weekly 12-h average photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) within the sun, partial shade and full shade plots ranged from 200 to 750, 50 to 180, and 25 to 75 #mu#mol m"-"2 s"-"1, respectively. Ambient O_3 exposure induced visible foliar symptoms on HP NE388 and NE359 in both growing seasons, with more severe injury observed on NE388 than on NE359. Slight foliar symptoms were observed on red maple seedlings during the 2001growing ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Borehole stability is affected to a significant extent by the 3D local and regional stress field. Preliminary information on underground stress fields is provided by the World Stress Map, which shows N-NW stress at a depth of about 5000 m for the Voelkersen field. Earlier data analyses showed various directions in the range of 310-360 degrees. This was assumed to be a methodical error. An extensive study was carried out to evaluate and interpret all relevant information provided by borehole tests, borehole logs, and drill core measurements. [German] Standsicherheit und Stabilitaet von Bohrungen werden ganz wesentliche beeinflusst durch das umgebende dreidimensionale lokale und regionale Spannungsfeld. Fuer die Planung zukuenftiger (horizontaler) Bohrungen und die Erzeugung kuenstlicher Risse (''fracs'') spielt das Spannungsfeld eine bedeutende Rolle. Erste Hinweise ueber das regionale Spannungsfeld im Untergrund gibt die World Stress Map, in der ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Compared to the reference year of 1990, CO{sub 2} emissions of the Federal Republic of Germany have been curbed by about 12%, primarily as a result of industrial backfitting and pollution abatement measures accomplished in the industrial infrastructure of the new Federal Laender of Germany. Federal Government policy sticks to the previous commitment, to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 25% by the year 2005. Current forecasts and scenarios of future greenhouse gas emissions show that only immediate adherence to a very stringent reduction policy might ensure that this ambitious goal will be achieved. In this context, any change of the baseline data and scenarios hitherto used for progonostic assessments is a crucial factor, so that the article here discusses the impacts of a change in the nuclear generation scenario, as recently ventilated by the German Federal Government, and expected effects on public power supply. (orig./CB) [Deutsch] Ausgehend von dem Bezugsjahr 1990 sind die ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Resumen Estudios epidemiologicos recientes, muestran claramnete la incidencia de la disfuncion erectil con la edad. Por lo tanto, los profesionales sanitarios que se ocupan de las personas de edad avanzada, deberian preparar cuidadosamente el diagnostico y el abordaje de la disfuncion erectil. Es innegable que la introduccion de los inhibidores de la fosfodisterasa tipo 5 (PDE5Is) ha revolucionado el tratamiento de la disfuncion erectil. Los clinicos deberian conocer el potencial de los efectos adversos asociados con el uso de PDE5Is cuando se aconseja a los pacientes. Otras terapias suplementarias y de segunda/tercera linea para la disfuncion erectil, que incluyen las inyecciones intracavernosas, la aplicacion transuretral de medicacion, la testosterona, los sistemas de vacion peneano, la...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Due to the fact that, the workers' behavior is characterized by its complexity and diversity, this issue has been seen as a great 'black box' in discussions regarding the Management Systems of SHE. Associated with this issue other arises: How conscious people? How to engage them with the process? How to improve the risk control? How to motivate the prevention? Most of these responses are discussed in the Social and Human Sciences for many years. However, it is necessary to closer the technical-operational knowledge and the human aspects, applying in the organizations' daily work, to make the working environment more safe. The purpose of this study, therefore, is examining the possibility of reducing accidents through the identification and treatment of deviations (unsafe acts and unsafe conditions), cause the whole accident, be it serious or not, begins with a small deviation. It was used as a reference tool, the Behavior audit and it is based on ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Downregulation of anterior pituitary GnRH-receptors by application of a slow release GnRH-implant offers an effective and reversible alternative to surgical castration of the male dog. Aim of the present study was to test the efficacy and the underlying mechanisms of a new non-biodegradable controlled-release device implant (Gonazon, Intervet, containing 18.5mg of the GnRH-agonist Azagly-Nafarelin). Eight male beagle dogs were implanted s.c. at the para-umbilical region. In four dogs implant removal was after 180 days (group 1), in the other four dogs after 365 days (group 2). Eleven weeks after implantation availability of LH was reduced (p<0.0001) by 70%. After an initial increase lasting for about 4 days, testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) concentrations decreased (p<0.0001) to basal l...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

It turns out of interest to Comision Federal de Electricidad and Petroleos Mexicanos to reduce costs of fuel oil, reducing the viscosity of the residues petroleum of high vacuum distillation emulsifying these with water. The parameters that define the characteristics of the emulsions are mainly the relation of their components, viscosity, size and drop distribution and its stability. The experimental work began producing emulsions in form of lots, using samples of approximately 500 milliliters of vacuum residue. In this first stage, at different concentrations, were examined eight different surfactants, as well as combinations among them, also seven different stabilizers were used. With these tests it has been managed to identify the concentrations, as well as the most adequate relations of surfactants and stabilizers for the production of emulsions of vacuum residues in water. The size and drop distribution has been determined by means of an optical LEICA microscope, model DMLS, that ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The aim of this work is to the application of a methodology to evaluate the energy associated to the industrial solid wastes in the metropolitan region of Campinas. The methodological route proposed is: the characterization of the research area and the production/management of the industrial solid wastes; the energetic classification and the qualitative/quantitative research of the energy associated to the industrial solid wastes; and, the valuation of the applicability of the energetic utilization mechanisms proposed to the region. This methodology when applied at the Campinas metropolitan region proved to be valid and it resulted in a synthetically presentation of the social and environmental reality of the industrial sector and the destination of the wastes, as well as it indicated the potentialities related to the energetic utilization of the industrial solid waste in the region. With the obtained results it was shown the importance of the the production and the destination of the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The objective of this project was to develop a explosion suppression system capable to confine and extinguish gas explosions of the type produced in sub level caving faces when blasting to the coal pillar. Existing systems, such as triggered barriers, were considered not to be valid because of size, weight, cost, and other operational constraints. The research activities have been focused in the development of a mixed water/air spray system that should be manually activated some second before blasting. Two prototypes have been developed and tested, the first one using nozzle operating at the standard ranges of pressure that are normally available in underground coal mines, and a second one based in high-pressure nozzles. In this case, bottles containing a pressurized air/water mixtures are required. The works carried out included theoretical studies, hydraulic nozzles characterization, and modelling of the explosion phenomena using the AutoReaGas code. Besides, extensive testing of the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The major objective of this work is to seek for new solutions that can lead to significant lifetime improvement of submerse lines which experience severe wear processes on the polymeric layer coating used for protection of the touch down point (TDP) region. Four different materials were selected as possible candidates for the coating layer of this critical region. They are commercially available and posses well known processing technologies. The materials are two polymers: nylon 66 and polyacetal; and two composites: nylon 66 reinforced with 13 or 33% glass fiber. Stress-strain behavior was evaluated using two deformation rates in order to characterize the viscoelastic behavior proper of polymeric materials. It was observed that increasing the amount of glass fiber in the matrix leads to a stronger material and a consequent decrease of elongation to break. Additionally, abrasion tests were carried out using a Taber equipment in three distinct conditions. Results indicate that nylon was ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sub sea pipeline construction at oil and gas fields, with high concentration of on-bottom facilities, becomes more difficult when mooring operations and pipeline approach to a congested platform have to be performed. One method that has often been applied in Brazil is the so-called 'DP (Dynamic Positioning) pull-in', where PETROBRAS owned pipelay Barge, BGL-1, is moored away from the congested area, while a DP anchor handler pulls the rigid pipeline from BGL-1 to a target near the platform. The method was conceived to avoid mooring operations near the congested platforms as well as to minimize risks due to the pipeline initiation process. Inside the congested area the initiation with aid of a 'dead-man' anchor on the sea bottom, which would be a more conventional solution, becomes impossible in most cases. This paper will discuss the engineering work required to perform the 'DP pull-in' as well as show the operational steps, from ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The use of linear accelerators in radiotherapy is of great importance in Medicine, and according to international recommendations the electron beam dosimetry has to be performed using plane-parallel ionization chambers, previously calibrated in standard gamma radiation fields at accredited laboratories. In this work, calibration methods of plane-parallel ionization chambers used in dosimetry procedures of high energy electron beams of clinical accelerators were presented, tested and intercompared. The experiments were carried out using gamma radiation beams of {sup 60} Co at the Calibration Laboratory of Clinical Dosemeters at IPEN and electron beams od 4 to 16 MeV at the Radiotherapy Department of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo. A method was chosen to be established at IPEN. Proposals of the calibration procedure, calibration certificate and data sheets are presented. (author)

ScienceCinema

...and welcome to ...lab also known as berkeley lab my name is jeff miller and ...and a public affairs i'd like to ? ...but space is science center and ...berkeley albany high school science department and berkeley high school science department and oakland high school science ...be a q. and ...here please use and because we wanna make sure that your questions are here ...heard of also for the latest developments on science and technology ...guy we're going to be any more and more new features i hope ...and change ...thank you ? much and thank you for coming on the welcome to my world of and mayotte science journalist and what i've done for the last almost thirty years ...people about things about which there passionate and national religion tonight and ...people to explain the science and and i asking the question so what ...and ...worldwide and what it does best ? uh ...bench science and turn it into reality what do you scientists and ...uh they take scientific theory and they turn ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

We have investigated the characteristics of ion-beam-induced spontaneous etching (IBISE) of GaAs in Cl_2 ambient by using a Ga-focused ion beam (FIB) with an energy ranging from 3 to 15 keV. The etched depth of the irradiated region was more than 20 times greater than that of unirradiated region. When the sputtered depth by FIB irradiation amounted to around 8 A at each ion energy, the etched depth in Cl_2 ambient for 1 hour became saturated. The saturated etched depths were 450, 550, 750 and 800 A at the ion energy of 3, 5, 10 and 15 keV, respectively. The residual damage of the etched surface was also investigated by photoluminescence (PL) measurement. The maximal PL intensity was obtained at around the threshold dose of IBISE and increased with decreasing ion energy. The full recovery of PL intensity was observed at the ion energy of 3 keV after annealing at 400degC. (author).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Research performed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory on the equilibrium and stability of a new class of ambient-temperature passive bearing systems is described. The basic concepts involved are: (1) Stability of the rotating system is only achieved in the rotating state. That is, disengaging mechanical systems are used to insure stable levitation at rest (when Earnshaw`s theorem applies). (2) Stable levitation by passive magnetic elements can be achieved if the vector sum of the force derivatives of the several elements of the system is net negative (i.e. restoring) for axial, transverse, and tilt-type perturbations from equilibrium. To satisfy the requirements of (2) using only permanent magnet elements we have employed periodic ``Halbach arrays.`` These interact with passive inductive loaded circuits and act as stabilizers, with the primary forces arising from axially symmetric permanent-magnet elements. Stabilizers and other elements needed to create ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

To resolve the central thermal safety issue for spent fuel dry storage concrete canister design or Wolsung (CANDU) nuclear power plant unit 1, a thermal analysis method has been developed for the complicated geometry of rod bundles and the multi-dimensional and multi-mode heat transfer phenomena. The canister geometry is simplified and combined heat transfer by conduction, convection, and radiation is considered through effective heat transfer coefficients. Mean temperature distributions of the fuel bundles within the fuel basket are obtained by solving the heat transfer problem using an existing computer code HEATING5. The measured steady state temperature distribution within a mock-up of a storage basket is compared to the calculated result. Steady state and/or transient fuel temperature distributions have been calculated for various ambient conditions at the canister exterior surface.

Science.gov (United States)

Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) plants discharge large volumes of cold water into the upper ocean. A three-dimensional, limited-area model was developed to investigate the regional influence of the far-field effluent plume created by the negatively buoyant discharge. The model was applied to discharges from a 40-MW/sub e/ OTEC plant into coastal waters characterized by various ambient ocean conditions. A typical ambient temperature structure and nutrient distribution, as well as the behavior of the effluent plume itself, were strongly modified by the discharge-induced circulation. Although temperature perturbations in the plume were small, upward entrainment of nutrients from below the thermocline was significant. The regional influence of discharges from an 80-MW/sub e/ OTEC plant, the interactions between the discharges from two adjacent 40-MW/sub e/ OTEC plants, and the effects of coastal boundary and bottom discharge were examined ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

For better understanding and proper use of organic chemicals addition data are needed, including kinetic data on the scavenging reactions in actual cycles, data on ambient temperature stability and decomposition, sampling and analsyis information, data on effects in a case of fire, and more corrosion data. Use of these chemicals for layup of boilers and other equipment needs to be evaluated for each application. After a preliminary evaluation, such as outlined in this report, every new water treatment chemical should be evaluated in at least two month test in actual steam cycle. (orig.).

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

A thermodynamic analysis of a hybrid geothermal heat pump system is carried out. Mass, energy, and exergy balances are applied to the system, which has a cooling tower as a heat rejection unit, and system performance is evaluated in terms of coefficient of performance and exergy efficiency. The heating coefficient of performance for the overall system is found to be 5.34, while the corresponding exergy efficiency is 63.4%. The effect of ambient temperature on the exergy destruction and exergy efficiency is investigated for the system components. The results indicate that the performance of hybrid geothermal heat pump systems is superior to air-source heat pumps.

CERN Document Server

Defects ~10 nm in size, with number densities ~10^{10} cm^{-2}, form spontaneously beneath ion-milled, etched, or HF-dipped silicon surfaces examined in our Ti-ion getter-pumped transmission electron microscope (TEM) after exposure to air. They appear as weakly-strained non-crystalline intrusions into silicon bulk, that show up best in the TEM under conditions of strong edge or bend contrast. If ambient air exposure is <10 minutes, defect nucleation and growth can be monitored {\\em in situ}. Possible mechanisms of formation are discussed.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Recovery of uranium by ion-exchange processes from impure acid leach liquors is described, which produce a concentrated and pure eluate employing 10% sulphuric acid elution. In situations where resin is loaded to 45 g/ltr or more the acid consumption at ambient temperature is less than 4 kg of H_2SO_4 per kilogram of U_3O_8. Precipitation with an alkali such as ammonia or magnesia produces a yellow cake of high purity. (author).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Alternative mechanisms of electron state excitation in diatomic molecules are examined with reference to CN and C2 molecules forming in chemical reactions behind strong shock wave fronts in a CO(CO2)-N2 gas mixture. The temperature range considered is 4000-8000 K. An effective excitation mechanism is proposed which involves rapid vibration-rotation excitation at all electron states and nonradiative transitions between perturbed electron states induced by collisions with the ambient gas particles.

Science.gov (United States)

The effects of variable hardness, pH, alkalinity, humics, and suspended clay on the chemical speciation of copper and its toxicity to fathead minnow larvae in Lake Superior water were investigated. Two proposed methods (toxicity factors and chemical speciation) for predicting LC50 values in specific natural waters from laboratory toxicity data and the average site specific values of general water quality parameters were evaluated. The accuracy of the cupric ion-selective electrode in determining CU/sup +2/ activities in ambient and chemically altered Lake Superior water was also determined.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

An apparatus was designed and built for the purpose of exposing samples of solid polymers to varying temperatures, atmospheres and stress levels while quantitatively recording the resulting chemiluminescence. Preliminary data were acquired with this apparatus that show a correlation between an enhanced chemiluminescence signal at a low level of applied stress and a decrease in tensile strength for the most commonly used epoxy resin in high performance fiber composites, TGMDA DDS. The studies with cellular silicone cushions (which are used to accommodate thermal expansion and contraction) have defined the temperature regimes in which accelerated aging tests are valid for extrapolation to ambient temperature. Preliminary data on Kevlar fibers is also discussed.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Insulated pressure vessels are cryogenic-capable pressure vessels that can be fueled with liquid hydrogen (LIQ) or ambient-temperature compressed hydrogen (CH2). Insulated pressure vessels offer the advantages of liquid hydrogen tanks (low weight and volume), with reduced disadvantages (lower energy requirement for hydrogen liquefaction and reduced evaporative losses). This paper shows an evaluation of the applicability of the insulated pressure vessels for light-duty vehicles. The paper shows an evaluation of evaporative losses and insulation requirements and a description of the current experimental plans for testing insulated pressure vessels. The results show significant advantages to the use of insulated pressure vessels for light-duty vehicles.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This paper reported on a study in which designs for Chinese and Indian fixed-dome anaerobic digesters were modified in an effort to produce smaller and more affordable digesters. While these types of systems are common in tropical regions of developing countries, they have not been used in colder climates because of the low biogas yield during the winter months. Although there is evidence that sufficient biogas production can be maintained in colder temperatures through design and operational changes, there is a lack of knowledge about the seasonal changes in the composition of the microbial communities in ambient temperature digesters. More knowledge is needed to design and operate systems for maximum biogas yield in temperate climates. The purpose of this study was to cultivate a microbial community that maximizes biogas production at psychrophilic temperatures. The study was conducted on a 300 gallon experimental anaerobic digester on the campus of Ohio State ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The Steam Generator (SG) serves as an interface between primary and secondary cycle in Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR). Failure of steam generator tubes result in leaking of active heavy water in the secondary closed loop. In Tarapur Atomic Power Station-3 and 4 (TAPS- 3 and 4), Scintillator detectors are provided to detect on line heavy water leakages in SG and moderator heat exchangers by monitoring Nitrogen-16 (16N) and Oxygen-19 (19O) activities. Efficacy of detection of these activities at designed detector position on SG blow down line in presence of background radiation field is analysed theoretically. The count rate of 19O and 16N estimated at the detector position inside Reactor Building (RB) shows that detectors only respond to very high leak rates due to presence of high ambient radiation level even though sensitivity is appreciably good. For detector position in RB in the accessible areas and out side the RE containment, the travel time for the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In the green building of Shanghai Research Institute of Building Science, the evacuated tubular solar collectors with a total area of 150 m{sup 2} were installed to provide heating for the covered area of 460 m{sup 2}. The floor heating coil pipes were made of high-quality pure copper with the dimension of {phi} 12 x 0.7 mm. Under typical weather condition of Shanghai, the average heating capacity was 25.04 kW during the working hours from 9:00 to 17:00, which was sufficient to keep indoor thermal environment. The average electric COP of the floor heating system was 19.76 during the system operation. Compared with the widely used air-source heat pump heating systems with the electric COP of 3.5 in Shanghai, the solar-powered floor heating system shows great potential in energy conservation in winter. With respect to the whole heating period, the solar fraction was 56%. According to the performance analysis of the system with ambient parameters, it was observed that ...

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The report describes the processing of TiSi{sub 2}, MoSi{sub 2} and Ti{sub 5}Si{sub 3} by means of metal injection molding (MIM). First, the sintering activities of the three materials were investigated. After this, the viscosities of different mixtures of organic binder and powders of the three materials were determined, and in the final stage, components were produced by injection molding, the binder was removed, and the components were sintered. TiSi{sub 2} in powder form could be sintered to more than 95% of its theoretical density after 4 h at 1386 C. Metallographic analyses proved leaktightness of the component at this density. In the case of Ti{sub 5}Si{sub 3}, it was found that this material requires very long sintering times and high sintering temperatures for sintering to about 94% of its theoretical density. Metallographic analyses showed that only about 90% of the theoretical density was reached. MoSi{sub 2} in powder form could be sintered to only 90% of its theoretical ...

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The project is intended to yield information on the transfer factors describing the transfer of ingested radionuclides to breast milk for the following elements: antimony, cerium, chromium, cobalt, gallium, lanthanum, molybdenum, niobium, radium, ruthenium, silver, thorium, titanium, and uranium. Those yet unknown or poorly known transfer factors are required in order to be able to develop a reliable model for description and assessment of the transfer of the radionuclides and the possibly resulting hazardous doses to infants, and for subsequent formulation of recommendations for radiological protection of the population. (orig./CB) [German] Ziel des Projektes ist die Ermittlung von Transferfaktoren fuer den Uebergang von Radionukliden aus der Nahrung der Muetter in die Muttermilch fuer die Elemente Antimon, Cer, Chrom, Cobalt, Gallium, Lanthan, Molybdaen, Niob, Radium, Ruthenium, Silber, Thorium, Titan und Uran. Um die Exposition und damit die moegliche Gefaehrung ...

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Hard surface finishing represents the final manufacturing step for functional areas of machine elements in state-of-the-art production. Raceways of rolling bearing rings are ground and honed to the required low roughness. Plastic deformation is restricted to a narrow edge zone of the hardened steel. Reheating of the machined components below the martensite tempering or bainite transformation temperature results in a marked decrease of the XRD line width on the surface. The investigated samples are made of through-hardened standard bearing steel 100Cr6 (international denotation: SAE 52100). On the basis of a material model that explains the effect as a complex diffusion process of dislocational carbon segregation, i.e. static strain aging, the measured kinetics of the XRD line width reduction is simulated by an Arrhenius-type equation, which describes the rate-controlling reaction step of temper carbide dissolution. The formation of a small white-etching surface layer of around 1 ...

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This article describes a methodology to determine the best strategy in an open bid, where oil and gas fields are the targets for exploration. Based upon the previous bid rounds for a given specific area - the Campos Basin, for that matter -, the data were statistically treated to fit a probability density function, modelling the value of bids offered by the competing companies. By means of techniques and concepts pertaining to Game Theory a balance matrix was built for values of bids made by companies as a function of the company alone in assumed bid rounds. At the end of each british auction, participants of this simultaneous game, using the rationality principle, aimed at winning the tender on the oil field aimed for, through the use of better answers with respect to its rival competitor. The game goal was maximize return on investment purchase in the decisions of lease blocks purchases in the auctions, or to try minimize its opponents gains. Proceeding with the work, this time, ...

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Wider coal lines and larger power plant units necessitate measures for increasing the capacity of the mills without driving up power consumption and installation costs. The result of this development is the modern ALSTOM bowl mill. This paper indicates the stages of development which were necessary for this and the experience which could be accumulated through these measures. The paper also describes in detail the areas of flow in the mills, of design of milling equipment, of mill power supply and of grading in this development. (orig.) [Deutsch] Breitere Kohlebaender und groessere Kraftwerkseinheiten zwingen zu Massnahmen, um die Leistung der Muehlen zu vergroessern, ohne jedoch den Kraftbedarf und die Installationskosten in die Hoehe zu treiben. Das Ergebnis dieser Entwicklung ist die moderne ALSTOM-Schuesselmuehle. Der Beitrag zeigt, welche Entwicklungsschritte hierzu erforderlich waren und welche Erfahrungen mit den Massnahmen gesammelt werden konnten. Im ...

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The current discussion on worldwide climate change suggests that the current situation is unusual or extreme, and that climate changes never - or hardly ever - occurred in the centuries before. The author discusses whether this is really the case, and whether air pollution abatement measures can really help. His answers are based on the findings of palaeoclimatology. [German] Verfolgt man die Diskussion um den derzeitigen Klimawandel, so gewinnt man den Eindruck, Aussergewoehnliches und Extremes wuerde geschehen, und man bekommt zudem ueber Beratungsgremien und Medien vermittelt, dass sich in den Jahrhunderten vor dem heutigen Klimawandel das Klima nicht oder nur wenig geaendert hat. Es wird auch der Eindruck erweckt, man koenne das Klima stabilisieren und durch Emissionsminderungsmassnahmen das Klima schuetzen. Ist Klimaschutz eine loesbare Herausforderung oder ueberschaetzen wir Menschen unsere Moeglichkeiten? Man kann versuchen, sich an die Beantwortung dieser ...

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Clinical studies have proved the effectiveness of local ablading methods in pations with non-resectable liver metastases of a colorectal carcinoma. RF ablation and LITT are a potentially curative therapy option and an alternative to systemic chemotherapy; the latter is carried out primarily for reducing tumour size with the goal of secondary resectability. The number of R0-sesectable metastases can be enhanced by a combined therapy of surgery and local ablading methods, e.g. by preoperative, intraoperative or postoperative ablasion of further non-resectable tumours during surgery. Systemic chemotherapy combined with surgery as an adjuvant method is not recommended unless in cases of non-abladable tumour recidivation. Currently, systemic chemotherapy is used as a neo-adjuvant therapy for tumour size reduction with the goal of secondary resectability or, in case of inoperability, local ablation. (orig.) [German] Abladierende Verfahren. Klinische Studien belegen die Effektivitaet der ...

ScienceCinema

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Because the bridges over the Rio Grande were to be razed, the investigators were able to introduce simulated cracks in four stages of increasing length into the structure. This paper summarizes the results of ambient and conventional, measured-input, modal analyses, performed on the undamaged structure. Also summarized are the results of conventional modal analyses performed after each stage of damage had been introduced. These tests were intended to quantify the amount of damage necessary to produce changes in the global dynamic properties of the bridge and to form a data base that can be used by other investigators to develop damage identification algorithms. Conventional modal analysis identified changes in the global dynamic properties of the structure only after the final stage of a damage.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

During the first and second quarters of 1994 air samples were collected and analyzed from 54 air particulate/halogen sampling stations, 10 noble gas sampling stations and 19 tritiated water vapor sampling stations. Surface water samples were collected and analyzed from 12 open water supply reservoirs, 8 natural springs, 2 wastewater containment ponds and 9 sewage lagoons. Groundwater samples were obtained brom 10 potable and 1 non-potable supply wells, and 8 drinking water consumption points. Ambient radiation levels were measured at 193 locations.

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In this work an experimental study is carried out to determine the thermo-hydraulic performance of an intercooler (IC) with flat tubes provided with triangular plain internal fins and louvered external fins when it is used on a car equipped with a low pressure EGR. The main unknowns to be answered are the thermo-hydraulic characteristics of the IC working under humid conditions induced by EGR, the conditions under which the water content in the mixture of air and exhaust gases begins to condense and the conditions under which the condensed water will be retained inside the IC. The exhaust gases are here replaced by a mixture of dry air and water vapour which are mixed upstream of the IC. The IC is submitted at the following testing conditions: on the ambient air side, the air temperature i...

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New York City data indicate that seasonal and annual variations in dispersion-normalized air pollutant concentrations appear to accurately reflect changes in source emission patterns. The normalized concentrations make it possible to observe the impact of regulatory changes on ambient air quality without these impacts being obscured by meteorological fluctuations. It is found that numerical modeling techniques and regression analysis can be powerful tools for extracting information from large sets of air quality data. The use of differential, as opposed to absolute, pollutant concentration values will reduce artifact correlations caused by seasonal, weekly, or daily meteorological fluctuations and will permit more accurate estimation of the regression coefficients. This technique was successfully applied to a set of daily pollution measurements whose absolute concentrations were found not to yield a statistically significant fit by multiple regression.

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A new class of one-dimensional active acoustic metamaterials (AAMMs) with programmable effective densities is presented. The proposed AAMM is capable of producing densities that are orders of magnitudes lower or higher than the ambient fluid. Such characteristics are achieved by using an array of fluid cavities separated by piezoelectric diaphragms that are controlled to generate constant densities over wide frequency bands. The piezodiaphragms are augmented with passive electrical components to broaden the operating frequency bandwidth and enable densities higher than the fluid medium to be generated. The use of these components is shown to be essential to maintain the closed-loop compliance of the piezodiaphragm away from the zone of elastic instabilities. The values of the passive components are selected on a rational basis in order to ensure a balance between the frequency bandwidth and control voltage. With this unique structure of the AAMM, physically ...

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Medicinal plants i.e. dried seeds of myristica argentea, myristica fragrans, coriandrum sativum and foeniculum vulgare were stored for 0 and 6 months, with and without gamma irradiation at 5 kGy. No detectable changes were seen in infrared and UV spectra, GLC chromatograms and refraction indices of steam distilled, essential oils from the irradiated medicinal plants. The same results were also obtained from irradiated samples stored for 6 months at ambient conditions. Storage for 6 months caused significant changes in the gas liquid chromatograms and UV spectra of all samples compared to non-stored samples. The moisture content of all samples packed in polyethylene bags seems to be constant after 6 months of storage. No measurable changes were found in the amount of essential oil content caused by irradiation.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Although the outer surface of single-walled carbon nanotubes (atomically thin cylinders of carbon) can be involved in a wide range of chemical reactions, it is generally thought that the interior surface of nanotubes is unreactive. In this study, we show that in the presence of catalytically active atoms of rhenium inserted into nanotubes, the nanotube sidewall can be engaged in chemical reactions from the inside. Aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy operated at 80?keV allows visualization of the formation of nanometre-sized hollow protrusions on the nanotube sidewall at the atomic level in real time at ambient temperature. Our direct observations and theoretical modelling demonstrate that the nanoprotrusions are formed in three stages: (i) metal-assisted d...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Electron beam (EB) processing involves using electrons to initiate polymerization or cross-linking reactions in suitable substrates, thereby enhancing specific physical and chemical properties. A relatively new use of EB processing is now emerging: the production of fibre-reinforced composites. EB curing at ambient temperature has the potential to reduce the residual stresses in an advanced composite, a result of expansion during thermal curing, and to significantly increase the overall cure speed and process throughput. Wood fibres are used as a filler material for various thermoplastics such as polypropylene. EB treatment, combined with selected EB-curable coupling agents, significantly increases the adhesion between the wood fibres and the thermoplastic polymer, resulting in improved material properties. Work to develop both products and processes for the EB curing of fibre-reinforced composites is currently underway at AECL Research. This paper briefly updates ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The patent describes a method for repairing leakage-causing cracks and fissures in a cryogenic heat exchanger. It comprises: reducing the interior pressure of the heat exchanger to a level which does not exceed the external pressure upon the hear exchanger while maintaining the temperature of the heat exchanger at a low level relative to the ambient external temperature; applying a curable liquid filler composition to the surface of the heat exchanger proximal the leakage site for seepage into the cracks and fissures located at the leakage. The composition upon a relatively short period of cure at low temperature forming a solid material which fills the cracks and fissures; curing the filler composition; and, applying a sealant composition to the surface of the heat exchanger at the filled leakage site. The sealant composition having long-term sealing performance under cyrogenic conditions.

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The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, established requirements for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to develop rules for the establishment of enhanced ozone monitoring networks or Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (PAMS) in ozone nonattainment areas designated as serious, severe, and extreme. The subsequent rules require these stations to collect ambient air measurements for a target list of volatile organic compounds including several carbonyls, oxides of nitrogen, ozone, and meteorological measurements, both surface and upper air. Twenty-two areas in the US are obligated to install and operate PAMS stations to aid in the identification, development, and implementation of effective ozone control strategies. This paper will examine the specific requirements of the PAMS rules and will provide information regarding the current status of the networks and overall implementation issues.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Recycling of carbon by the photorespiratory pathway involves enzymatic steps in the chloroplast, mitochondria, and peroxisomes. Most of these reactions are essential for plants growing under ambient CO2 concentrations. However, some disruptions of photorespiratory metabolism cause subtle phenotypes in plants grown in air. For example, Arabidopsis thaliana lacking both of the peroxisomal malate dehydrogenase genes (pmdh1pmdh2) or hydroxypyruvate reductase (hpr1) are viable in air and have rates of photosynthesis only slightly lower than wild-type plants. To investigate how disruption of the peroxisomal reduction of hydroxypyruvate to glycerate influences photorespiratory carbon metabolism we analyzed leaf gas exchange in A. thaliana plants lacking peroxisomal HPR1 expression. In addition, b...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ozone production in a negative corona discharge has been studied experimentally at atmospheric pressure in mixtures of N_2O+O_2 at ambient temperature. Ozone formation was found to be dramatically reduced with increase in the content of N_2O in the mixture. The reaction of O("1D) with nitrous oxide is the most likely process reducing the rate of ozone generation. A considerable decrease in the mean discharge current at a constant voltage was also observed with increasing content of nitrous oxide in the mixture and is attributed to the formation of anions in the discharge. The low values of the calculated mobility of negative charge carriers in the drift region of the discharge is caused by the formation of O"- #centre dot# (N_2O)_n and NO"-#centre dot#(N_2O)_n cluster anions in the drift region of the negative corona discharge.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

When withdrawing a fluid sample (for additional chromatographic analyses) from an apparatus operated at a reduced pressure, a typical syringe proves to be ineffective (even if it is equipped with a gas tight plunger). It simply does not create enough pressure differential to remove a fluid sample from a reduced pressure environment. We encountered such a situation as part of efforts to extend the operation of the advanced distillation curve protocol to reduced pressures. The problem was solved by the development of a pressure balance syringe that allows reliable and precise sampling from an apparatus operating at sub-ambient pressures. This new device uses an external vacuum source to evacuate a syringe barrel, allowing a user to withdraw fluid samples from environments with pressures as l...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Abstract Under eons of evolutionary and environmental pressure, biological systems have developed strong and lightweight peptide-based polymeric materials by using the 20 naturally occurring amino acids as principal monomeric units. These materials outperform their man-made counterparts in the following ways: 1)-multifunctionality/tunability, 2)-adaptability/stimuli-responsiveness, 3)-synthesis and processing under ambient and aqueous conditions, and 4)-recyclability and biodegradability. The universal design strategy that affords these advanced properties involves -bottom-up- synthesis and modular, hierarchical organization both within and across multiple length-scales. The field of -biomimicry--elucidating and co-opting nature-s basic material design principles and molecular building blo...

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This paper presents a theoretical analysis based on the second law of thermodynamics for estimating the minimum work required for air dehumidification process to produce potable water in a humidification-dehumidification (HD) desalination cycle. The general air dehumidification process is analyzed through an equivalent path consisting of an isothermal dehumidification followed by a sensible cooling Dehumidification is treated as separation process of an ideal mixture consisting of two components, namely air and water vapor. The present analysis assumes the dead state to be the dry ambient and the final state for complete dehumidification to be saturated air at 0.01?C. Contours of the minimum work are plotted on psychrometric chart and presented as a handy engineering tool to estimate the p...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Materials for the construction of cold neutron sources must satisfy a range of demands. The cryogenic temperature and irradiation create a severe environment. Candidate materials are identified and existing cold sources are briefly surveyed to determine which materials may be used. Aluminum- and magnesium-based alloys are the preferred materials. Existing data for the effects of cryogenic temperature and near-ambient irradiation on the mechanical properties of these alloys are briefly reviewed, and the very limited information on the effects of cryogenic irradiation are outlined. Generating mechanical property data under cold source operating conditions is a daunting prospect. It is clear that the cold source material will be degraded by neutron irradiation, and so the cold source must be designed as a brittle vessel. The continued effective operation of many different cold sources at a number of reactors makes it clear that this can be accomplished. 46 refs., 8 ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The degradation of irradiated human insulin in aqueous solutions was investigated in order to protect the protein against ionizing radiation. The influence of the drug concentration, excipients and irradiation temperature were studied.Aqueous solutions at pH 2 were irradiated by gamma rays or by accelerated electrons. Two different high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods were used: reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC)/UV and size exclusion liquid chromatography (SEC/UV) to investigate both the fragmentation and the formation of higher molecular weight proteins.In solution without excipients irradiated at ambient temperature at 10kGy, the loss of human insulin is almost complete. Addition of radio-protecting excipients (free radicals scavengers) and c...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

It has recently been shown that the superconducting properties of Nb-base A-15 compounds, A_3B, are severely degraded when exposed to high-energy (E>1 MeV) neutron irradiation at ambient reactor temperatures. In each case, superconducting transition temperatures, Tsub(c), and the Bragg Williams order parameters, S, were observed to decrease steadily with irradiations in excess of 10"1"8 nvt. During irradiation the A-15 structure is retained and subsequent isothermal annealing restores almost completely the compound's original Tsub(c) value. In this letter a correlation between B atom diameter and the recovery rates of Tsub(c) for the irradiated materials Nb_3Ge, Nb_3Ga, Nb_3Al and Nb_3Sn is reported. (Auth.).

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Summary 1. Plants express multiple defensive traits, but little is known about the genetic stability and phenotypic plasticity of these traits in nature. To investigate sources of variation and their potential ecological consequences for herbivores, we combined field observations of cyanogenic lima bean with laboratory experiments. 2. Field studies in South Mexico revealed a distinct variability of cyanogenic traits within and among wild lima bean populations. To differentiate among genetic variation and the impact of ambient conditions on plant phenotypes, we used seed grown plants as well as clones propagated from high (HC) and low cyanogenic (LC) wild type plants. 3. In growth chamber experiments, we cultivated plants under three intensities each of drought and salt stress, nutrient sup...

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The article deals with a novel electrochemical method of preparing long-lived silver nanoparticles suspended in aqueous solution as well as silver powders. The method does not involve the use of any chemical stabilising agents. The morphology of the silver nanoparticles obtained was studied using transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and dynamic light scattering measurements. Silver nanoparticles suspended in water solution that were produced by the present technique are nearly spherical and their size distribution lies in the range of 2 to 20 nm, the average size being about 7 nm. Silver nanoparticles synthesised by the proposed method were sufficiently stable for more than 7 years even under ambient conditions. Silver crystal growth on the surface of the cathode in the electrochemical process used was shown to result in micron-sized structures consisting of agglomerated silver nanoparticles with the sizes below 40 ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The intermediate valent behaviour of YbPd_2Si_2 has been studied under pressure in the temperature range from 1.2 K to 90 K by using the 84 keV Moessbauer transition in "1"7"0Yb. At 54 kbar and 4.2 K we obtain an increase of the electric field gradient (EFG) by a factor of #approx =# 3. In addition, the EFG varies strongly with temperature, in contrast to the behaviour at ambient pressure. At 1.2 K a change of the hyperfine pattern is observed indicating a magnetic character of the Yb ion. These results provide evidence of a pressure induced change of the valence state close to 3+. (orig.).

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Heat pipes, loop heat pipes (LHP), and capillary pumped loops (CPL) have already proven their potential to remove high heat fluxes from a small electronic device and transport the heat to a heat sink that is large enough to transfer it into the ambient air. We introduce a novel two-loop system similar in design to CPLs but with an additional buoyancy-driven fluid loop. Non-degassed methanol is used as a working fluid. Key benefits compared to LHPs and CPLs are easy filling procedure, easy startup, and the tolerance toward noncondensable gases in the fluid. The amount of fluid in the system can be varied over a broad range without affecting the heat transfer performance. Three different inverted-meniscus-type evaporators have been employed in this study. A maximum evaporator heat transfer r...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The lower condition factors for two catfish species in water heated by effluents from APCo's Glen Lyn, Virginia plant as compared to control areas probably is not due to lack of food as evidenced by macroinvertebrate sampling and the fact that only 4.3 percent of the catfish stomachs were empty. Results suggested that young-of-the-year channel catfish were nonselectively eating food organisms present at both control and heated stations. The difference between stomach contents of flatheat catfish from the heated site and fauna available at that site indicated that fish were either moving out of the heated area to feed or were selectively feeding on organisms (particularly mayflies) which were in the substrate or drifted into the heated area. Stomach contents of the two species and distribution and abundance of the macroinvertebrate benthos community are detailed.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A study has been made of B transient enhanced diffusion (TED) in heavily P-doped Si using secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS). The P-doped silicon was implanted with boron ions of 40 keV energy to a dose of 3 x 10"1"4 cm"-"2, and then annealed at temperatures ranging from 700--1,000 C in a N_2 ambient for varying durations. As P doping concentration increased from 3 x 10"1"9 to 1 x 10"2"0 cm"-"3, boron diffusivity and the immobile boron fraction decreased. The experimental results are inconsistent with the predictions of the Fermi-level model and suggest that the clustering between B atoms and Si interstitials should be invoked in order to explain the immobile portion of the B peak during TED.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

An apparatus capable of producing current or voltage controlled positive and negative ion beams in 1-atm oxidizing and nonoxidizing ambients between 25/sup 0/ and 950 /sup 0/C is presented. The apparatus utilizes a point-to-plane corona discharge in the gas phase. Room-temperature experiments revealed that the small differences in ion beam shape between the two polarities is primarily due to the difference in applied voltage required to produce the same current for the two polarities. Due to increased ion mobility and decreased threshold voltage at higher temperatures, a slight broadening of the ion beam current-density profiles for both positive and negative ions is predicted.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Developing a test standard/protocol for solar box type cookers has drawn a considerable interest among the researchers throughout the world. Recent publications on solar cookers emphasize the need of introducing the thermal performance indicators determined through exergy analysis. In the present paper, the time variation of instantaneous exergy output and energy output as function of its temperature and also of the instantaneous ambient temperature have been reported for truncated pyramid type solar box cooker and compared with those of box type cooker. Further, variations in the exergy lost with temperature difference have been depicted for the selected water temperature range from 60 degreeC to 95 degreeC. Based on this study, quality factor, exergy temperature difference gap product, a...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The published literature is reviewed and supplemented by current information from the author's laboratory, to show the influence of various compositional, heat treatment and thermomechanical factors on the structural characteristics of Alloy 800. The features discussed include carbon, aluminium, titanium and boron, solution treatment, ageing treatments with and without applied strain, and cold working. Examples of the aspects reviewed include the effect of heat treatment and service or testing temperature on the austenite grain size, and the relative importance of M_2_3C_6 and TiC, the influence of carbon level on gamma prime, the effect of residual or steady stress combined with time at temperature on changes in carbide or gamma prime morphology, and on the appearance of sigma or other intermetallic phases. The questions posed by these features are discussed generally, in terms of their effect on the mechanical properties at ambient and elevated temperatures and ...

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Highly water-repellent surfaces have been prepared from arrayed nanowires of zinc oxide (ZnO) by a treatment with stearic acid. The layers are electrochemically deposited on a nanocrystalline seed layer from an oxygenated aqueous zinc chloride solution. An advancing contact angle (CA) as high as 176{sup 0} is obtained with a very small hysteresis {approx}1{sup 0}. These results, supplemented by infrared spectroscopy, show that the stearic acid forms a very well-packed self-assembled monolayer. The CA measurements show a very good stability of the treated surface even when exposed to harsh conditions or long-term ambient illumination.

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In this work a study of simulation of the gamma graphic studies that are carried out in human esophagus in the Dept. of Nuclear Medicine of the 'Celestino Hernandez Robau Hospital of Santa Clara is presented. For the investigation tubular reactors were used and sting-response techniques with radioactive tracer of Technetium 99 metastable to a concentration of 1 mCi and several flows were applied. The distribution curves of residences times were obtained, those that respond to an equation of the type: Y = A + B exp (- exp((x-C)/D)) - ((x-C/D)+1). They were also carried out, optimizations studies of the doses of the radioactive to give to the patients from 1 mCi (that is the one used in studies) up to 0,5 mCi, and the influences on the obtained distributions of residence time were analyzed. It was confirmed the possibility to lower the doses with clear information of the signal. It was also carried out a simulation of the attenuation of the radiations that takes place in the ...

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This work reports an alternative methodology for the linear attenuation coefficient determination ({mu} {rho}) of irregular form samples, in such a way that is not necessary to consider the sample thickness. With this methodology, indigenous archaeological ceramics fragments from the region of Londrina, north of Parana, were studied. These ceramics fragments belong to the Kaingaing and Tupiguarani traditions. The equation for the {mu} {rho} determination employing the two mean method was obtained and it was used for {mu} {rho} determination by the gamma ray beam attenuation if immersed ceramics, by turns, in two different means with known linear attenuation coefficient. By the other side, {mu} theoretical value was determined with the XCOM computer code. This code uses as input the ceramics chemistry composition and provides an energy versus mass attenuation coefficient table. In order to validate the two mean method validation, five ceramics samples of thickness 1.15 cm and 1.87 cm ...

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In this work a flat receiver of self construction is shown with relatively low cost and easy manufacture, but with a thermal efficiency superior to 40% for applications at temperatures less than 60 degrees Celsius, that allows satisfying international standards in this respect. The heater has been matter of study in open courses distributed in the Universidad Autonoma de la Ciudad de Mexico (UACM) oriented to that the participants construct their own system, in addition to its installation and tests. The obtained results have been excellent. The massive use of efficient solar receivers of self-construction can truly help to the decreasing of the gas discharges of greenhouse effect. [Spanish] En este trabajo se presenta un captador plano de auto construccion con relativamente bajo costo y facil manufactura, pero con un rendimiento termico superior a 40% para aplicaciones a temperatura menos de 60 grados centigrados que le permite satisfacer estandares ...

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In the present work, the introduction of alternative energy of biogas in agricultural communities for the sustainable development was studied through exploitation of residual biomass and also getting as by-product the biological fertilizer. A fast composting of the domestic residue with the organic was made possible where part of this residue after processing was taken together with effluent to the biodigestor. The bibliographical research on the processes of generation of biogas, about composting and the equipment for processing had been carried through. The projects Engineering with the use of computational tools had been developed with the Software Super Pro 4,9 Design and ORC GPEC 2004 by our research group. Five case studies had been elaborated, where different scenes related with our innovation, that uses of the residue for the composting together with domestic effluent for digestion. Several economic parameters were obtained and our work proved the viability about the use of ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Decay mechanism of H{sub 2}{sup -} anions produced by {gamma}-ray or X-ray radiolysis of solid para-H{sub 2} (p-H{sub 2}) has been studied using high-resolution ESR spectroscopy in the temperature range between 2.7-6.6 K. The results can be summarized as follows; First, the decay rate constant of the H{sub 2}{sup -} anion is not proportional to initial yields of reactive species such as H radical and cation but proportional to concentrations of HD and D{sub 2} impurities in p-H{sub 2}. Second, ESR spectra assigned as electron bubbles were observed in solid p-H{sub 2} containing large amount of HD or D{sub 2} (11 mol %), while they were not observed in pure solid p-H{sub 2}. Third, the decay rate constant of the H{sub 2}{sup -} anion increases with the decrease in temperature between 2.7-5 K, while it decreases with the decrease between 5-6.6 K. Fourth, the decay of the H{sub 2}{sup -} anion is suppressed by addition of ortho-H{sub 2} (o-H{sub 2}) impurity. The ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In this work theoretical investigations are carried out for cooling systems, which are used in fuel cell vehicles. This work focuses mainly on the capability of increasing the heat rejection rate by using new alternative cooling systems and by improving the conventional cooling system. Fuel cell vehicles have a higher demand of heat rejection to the ambient than comparable vehicles with combustion engine. The performance of conventional liquid cooling systems, especially at high loads and high ambient temperatures, is often not sufficient anymore. Hence, cooling systems with improved performance are necessary for fuel cell vehicles. The investigations in this work are based on DaimlerChrysler's ''A-Class'' having a PEM-Fuel Cell system integrated. Specific computational models are developed for radiators and condensers to evaluate the performance of different cooling concepts. The models are ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Reinforcement of the legislation concerning the emission of atmospheric pollutants, aerosols, refrigerants, solvents etc and the reduction of the greenhouse effect, has led to the development of performing instruments for the survey and control of ambient air quality and for the limitation of exhaust gases, combustion products, volatile organic compounds (VOC), particulates and noxious compounds in the atmosphere. This study is divided in 4 main parts. The first part describes the context of the air quality control: the problems linked with the environment and health, the pollutants characteristics, the pollution levels and the detection sensitivity of instruments according to the different type of pollutants (petroleum products, VOCs, ozone compounds, particulates, smells..), the protocols of air pollution measurements and their application (chimney smokes, industrial volatile compounds, indoor and ambient air quality, exhaust gases from ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A new series of heteroleptic cyclometalated platinum(II) complexes Pt-1a-f was synthesized, employing 2-arylpyridine (or 1-arylisoquinoline) (HC{sup L}AMDAN-1) and 1,3-bis(3,4-dibutoxyphenyl)propane-1,3-dione (HO{sup L}AMDAO-1) for cyclometalation and as ancillary ligands, respectively, and photoluminescent properties were investigated. Focusing on red-shifted phosphorescence, C{sup L}AMDAN ligands containing pi-extended aromatics and electron-rich heterocycles were examined. All obtained complexes exhibited photoluminescence at ambient temperature, and the emission maxima ranged from green (lambda{sub PL}=518 nm) to far red (lambda{sub PL}=708 nm). The large Stokes shifts of more than 100 nm and sub-microsecond or microsecond emission lifetimes revealed that these complexes are phosphorescent emissive. The quantum yield of Pt-1 ranged from 0.02 to 0.59 at ambient temperature and decreased as the emission maximum was red-shifted. In comparison ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Objective: To survey the data for the state of health in the ambient residents of Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant, and provide the background data to evaluate the state of health affected by fallout of nuclear power plant. Methods: The datas were collected by a radiation epidemiology. The investigation was carried out in the area within 20 km of radius from Daya Bay Nuclear' Power Plant, and the subjects who had lived there for three years or longer before January. 1,1993 and covered by the Household Registry were recruited to a cohort. Results: The mortality rate of overall cancer (per 100 000 PYr) was 88.57 (the standard mortality rate was 79.77 ), the mortality rate of leukemia (per 100 000 PYr) was 3.24 (the standard mortality rate was 2.94), the palpation rate of the goiter in 7-14 years old was 8.34%(9.69% in B ultrasonic), the morbidity rate of newborn's defect (per 100 00 P) was 82.33. The mortality of all cancers or leukemia was similar to the result from ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Depletion of stratospheric ozone increases irradiance of terrestrial ultraviolet (UV) radiation at short wavelengths, which may be harmful to the human health. To understand quantitatively the risks caused by increasing UV radiation to the Finnish population, the actual UV exposure of the population has to be assessed. It was shown that the snow reflection increases the UV exposure to the face and eyes particularly in the northern Finland. In 1993 exceptionally low ozone levels persisted up to the end of May, which resulted in a theoretical increase in the annual UV dose ranging from 8 % to 13 % in Finland. The maximal increase in the measured erythemally effective dose rate was 34 % on 23 April, when compared with the theoretical normal value. During this study exposure models have been developed. The models have been combined them with Green`s radiation transfer model to estimate annual facial UV doses received by different groups of Finnish population. Also, an updated estimate for ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

To understand the effect of Mo-Nb additions on the electrochemical behavior of #beta#-titanium alloys in ambient temperature chloride solutions, characterization of the electrochemistry and passivity of a Ti-15Mo-3Al alloy (#beta#-21S) was undertaken. Both solution heat-treated (SHT) and peak-aged (PA) alloys exhibited passive anodic behavior in aerated and deaerated 0.6M NaCl, aerated and deaerated 0.6M NaCl adjusted to pH 1 with HCl, as well as aerated 5M HCl. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) performed after exposure to neutral 0.6M NaCl indicated that both PA and SHT #beta#-21S formed a predominantly TiO_2 film. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and cathodic kinetics suggest that the Mo and Nb alloying additions are incorporated into the oxide in amounts less than that found in the alloys. The predominance of the passivating TiO_2 may explain the similarity of the electrochemical behavior observed. However, in deaerated 5M HCl, all materials displayed ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The World Bank is analyzing the role of economic policy instruments for the control of air pollution in Poland, in cooperation with Polish and international experts. The first stage, covering Poland as a whole, was recently completed, jointly financed with the U.S. E.P.A. and the Government of the Netherlands. The second stage, now under way, will extend the analysis into a specific regional framework. Stage 2 is financed by the World Bank, the Polish Government, and the U.K. Environment Know-How Fund. Air Pollution in Poland is overwhelmingly caused by energy production and uses, due to the fact that the Polish economy depends heavily on coal and lignite. At present, vehicles contribute less to total emissions than do coal burning and industrial processes, although they account for 25-35% of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and lead; and the concentrated in areas of high population density. The paper shows how economic, technical and meteorological modelling can be used, ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The Steam Generator (SG) serves as an interface between primary and secondary cycle in Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR). Failure of steam generator tubes result in leaking of active heavy water in the secondary closed loop. In Tarapur Atomic Power Station-3 and 4 (TAPS- 3 and 4), Scintillator detectors are provided to detect on line heavy water leakages in SG and moderator heat exchangers by monitoring Nitrogen-16 ("1"6N) and Oxygen-19 ("1"90) activities. Efficacy of detection of these activities at designed detector position on SG blow down line in presence of background radiation field is analysed theoretically. The count rate of "1"9O and "1"6N estimated at the detector position inside Reactor Building (RB) shows that detectors only respond to very high leak rates due to presence of high background even though sensitivity is appreciably good. For detector position out side the RB containment, the travel time for the feed water becomes very long resulting in poor sensitivity. ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Vehicle heating requires a substantial amount of energy. Engines in conventional cars produce enough waste heat to provide comfort heating and defogging/defrosting, even under very extreme conditions. Electric vehicles (EVs), however, generate little waste heat. Using battery energy for heating may consume a substantial fraction of the energy storage capacity, reducing the vehicle range, which is one of the most important parameters in determining EV acceptability. Water vapor generated by the vehicle passengers is in large part responsible for the high heating loads existing in vehicles. In cold climates, the generation of water vapor inside the car may result in water condensation on the windows, diminishing visibility. Two strategies are commonly used to avoid condensation on windows: windows are kept warm, and a large amount of ambient air is introduced in the vehicle. Either strategy results in a substantial heating load. These strategies are often used in ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The further optimisation and improvement of the efficiency of internal combustion engines require the realisation of new technologies leading to a distinctively faster warm-up behaviour of the coolant and lubricants as well as of the engine components after a cold start. In order to achieve reduced fuel consumption and exhaust gas emissions with the help of heat management, the design criteria of innovative cooling systems need to be reflected and adapted to future requirements. The use of intelligent components within the cooling system, such as the 'Stand Alone Rotary Valve' as a thermostat's substitute or the use of coolant pumps with a rotary valve integrated into the pump's inlet chamber, offer new ways to realise in a decisively quicker and more flexible way the appropriate heating up and cooling down procedures at varying driving conditions. A description of both of the intelligent components for the cooling system is given in this paper. The ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Damage survey of protective coats of modern gas turbine blade shows that most damages are not due to classic wear mechanisms such as oxydation or high-temperature corrosion but caused by foreign bodies, poor coating during manufacturing, or operation-caused cracks. Mere visual inspection of cracks is often not sufficient to tell whether cracks are superficial or whether they have already progressed into the base material. Non-destructive methods such as ultrasonic inspection or eddy-current testing are helpful tools but there is not yet a fully matured testing concept at hand. Metallographical tests can give important information about crack mechanisms and thermal, chemical and mechanical stresses.(orig.) [German] Die Schadenerfahrung mit Schutzschichten moderner Gasturbinenschaufeln zeigt, dass die meisten Schaeden nicht auf die klassischen Verbrauchsmechanismen wie Oxydation und Hochtemperaturkorrosion zurueckzufuehren sind, sondern durch Fremdkoerper, herstellungsbedingte ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The nozzle-group regulation of steam turbines plays furtheron an important role in the operation of power stations owing to modern, adaptable control-technical valve timing possibilities. New procedures for a choice-connection of different nozzle areas via the control valves as well as the use of valve laps require, however, a differentiated consideration of the loss mechanism in the inlet area of the turbine, in order to be able to assess and minimize its specific heat consumption also at the operational points outside the layout- and calculation-technically fixed guarantee or valve points, respectively. The basic technical-physical stages to this are explained. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die Duesengruppenregelung von Dampfturbinen nimmt nicht zuletzt dank moderner, anpassungsfaehiger leittechnischer Ventilansteuerungsmoeglichkeiten weiterhin eine bedeutende Stellung beim Betrieb von Kraftwerken ein. Neue Verfahren zur wahlweisen Zuschaltung unterschiedlicher Duesenflaechen ueber die ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Blades of modern steam turbines are designed for high efficiency and operational safety. Modern computer programs enable optimisation of design but factors like manufacturing, assembly, operation and downtimes still play an important role. Damage statistics show that blade damage still quite frequent. Selected cases from the Allianz damage assessment centre show some of the more frequent damage mechanisms. Damage is often caused when several factors come together. Prevention of follow-up damage requires early identification of beginning damage.(orig.) [German] Die Auslegung der Beschaufelung moderner Dampfturbinen hat die Vorgabe, einen hohen Wirkungsgrad bei gleichzeitig hoher Betriebssicherheit zu erreichen. Mit den heute zur Verfuegung stehenden Rechenprogrammen ist eine entsprechende Optimierung realisierbar. Fuer die langzeitige Betriebsbewaehrung haben aber Einflussgroessen aus Fertigung, Montage, Betrieb und Stillstand auch heute noch die gleiche Bedeutung wie in der ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Heat pumps for residential space heating become an increasingly important alternative to the conventional heating system like gas or oil burner. They offer the opportunity to reduce CO{sub 2} emission associated with heating residential homes in Germany. High compressors efficiency and a wide operating map are required so that an economically viable heat pumps is achieved which meets the operational conditions for present and future heating systems. The design parameter of existing heating systems require relatively high condensing temperatures which can be achieved with dedicated compressor designs. The design of Scroll compressors specially adapted to these heat pumps is shown and their operation is explained. (orig.) [German] Waermepumpen fuer die Wohnraumheizung gewinnen an Bedeutung als Alternative zur konventionellen Gas- oder Oelheizung. Sie bieten die Moeglichkeit, die mit der Gebaeudeheizung verbundene Emission von Kohlendioxid in Deutschland zu reduzieren. Ein hoher ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The position paper will provide the basis for further strategies on offshore wind power development in consideration of ecological and conservation aspects. [German] Das Positionspapier des Bundesministeriums fuer Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (BMU) einschliesslich des Umweltbundesamtes (UBA) und des Bundesamtes fuer Naturschutz (BfN) ist Ergebnis der Arbeiten der BMU-Projektgruppe 'Windenergienutzung im Offshore-Bereich im Hinblick auf die BMU-Anliegen'. Es beschreibt den derzeitigen Stand einer Strategie zur umwelt- und naturvertraeglichen Erschliessung der Windenergienutzung auf See (Offshore). Es bildet die Grundlage fuer die Weiterentwicklung dieser Strategie und dabei insbesondere zur Abstimmung mit den Anliegen anderer Bundesressorts und den Kuestenlaendern, sowie zur intensiveren Einbeziehung beteiligter Verbaende und Fachkreise. Vor dem Hintergrund der zur Genehmigung eingereichten Antraege fuer Offshore-Windparks, mangelnder Erfahrung der ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

About 25 years after the last edification of a new large high voltage institute at Technical University of Karlsruhe and about 10 years afte the edification of the test lab at Kaiserslautern University, the Brandenburg Technical University of Cottbus had the opportunity to design new high voltage test facilities from the very beginning on and to realize it in a very short time. To review the project from the first ideas followed by the planning and realization phase and the final commissioning of the technical equipment, this book should be a contribution to spred the experiences made among interested people and to demonstrate the actual technical possibilities. To ensure an international exchange of these experiences, all co-authors to the trouble to translate their participation's also to the English language. (orig.) [German] Etwa 25 Jahre nach dem letzten grossen hochspannungstechnischen Institutsneubau in der deutschen Hochschullandschaft an der TH Karlsruhe, bzw. 10 ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

CNG vehicles suffer from an uncontrolled temperature rise of the gas inside the tank during the filling process and heat exchange with the environment leads to variable filling levels. A partly filled tank reduces the range of CNG vehicles and works as a impediment to the spreading of environmentaly more friendly CNG vehicles. The increase of the pressure inside the tank combined with a prolongation of the filling time beyond three minutes can reduce the deficit of the filling process. For economic reasons the time required for refuelling should be as short as possible without the need to operate the filling station with a critical pressure. To meet this target the current technique requires further improvement. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die betriebliche Praxis bei Tankvorgaengen von Erdgasfahrzeugen zeigt, dass waehrend des Tankvorganges die Temperatur des getankten Erdgases im Fahrzeugtank ansteigt. Waehrend und nach Beendigung des Tankvorganges findet ein Temperaturausgleich mit der ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Molybdenum is an essential element for living organisms. Moreover its radionuclides may represent an incorporation risk for members of the public and/or radiation workers after a nuclear accident or a release of radioactive materials. However, only few reliable data on Mo biokinetics in humans were available. The results of recent tracer kinetic investigations with stable isotopes have shown several differences from the ICRP data with regard to the processes of intestinal absorption and of excretion. As a consequence, the dose coefficients calculated with a revised biokinetic model deviate from the ICRP estimates. By ingestion of {sup 99}Mo radionuclides with solid food, for example, the dose to the colon may be higher of a factor up to 1 order of magnitude, due to the fraction of non-absorbed material which traverses the gastro-intestinal tract. (orig.) [Deutsch] Molybdaen ist einerseits ein fuer Lebewesen essentielles Spurenelement, andererseits koennen radioaktive Mo-Isotope im ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In order for fuel cells to be successful, a full-scale hydrogen infastructure is required. The HyTra concept is presented here (HYdrogen TRAnsform, Transfer and TRAnsport) involves combined production, storage and supply of hydrogen in a transportable trailer, i.e. it is both a hydrogen production unit and a mobile filling station. The trailer can be transported to the selected site, where it will produce gaseous hydrogen from electricity and water by electrolysis. A compressor pumps the gas into an internal pressure tank and compresses it to filling pressure. Filling takes place by the overflow principle via a flexible high-pressure line with a standardised H{sub 2} filling unit. (orig.) [German] Um die Marktdurchdringung der Brennstoffzellentechnik gewaehrleisten zu koennen, muss eine flaechendeckende Wasserstoffinfrastruktur aufgebaut werden. Das neue HyTra-Konzept (HYdrogen TRAnsform, TRAnsfer and TRAnsport) beruht auf der Kombination von Wasserstoff-Erzeugung, ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The externally fired combined cycle (EFCC) process utilises a high temperature heat exchanger to transfer the heat of a dirty flue gas to a clean working medium. In comparison to other combined cycle concepts, like integrated gasification combined cycle or pressurized pulverized coal combustion, the problems of hot gas cleaning are avoided. The first part of the publication (BWK 5/02) deals with the possible concepts and the efficiency potential of the externally fired combined cycle. The applicability of metallic and ceramic heat exchanger materials are discussed. The second part summarizes the state of the art and presents the basic design of a ceramic heat exchanger. [German] Der extern gefeuerte Gasturbinenprozess arbeitet mit einem Waermeuebertrager, um ein Arbeitsmedium auf Gasturbineneintrittstemperatur zu erhitzen. Im Vergleich zu Kombiprozessen mit integrierter Kohlevergasung oder Druckkohlenstaubfeuerung entfaellt damit die Heissgasreinigung. Der erste ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Several technological alternatives have been studied taking into consideration that one of the biggest problems of the electric power companies is to provide electric power during the peak consumption periods, which largest contribution to the increase of the demand comes from the residential sector, especially by the use of electric showers. One of the most promising alternatives is the pre-water heating system for reduced power showers, developed by Universidade de Campinas and Companhia Paulista de Forca e Luz. The goal of this system is basically to reduce demand during the peak periods, in order to avoid heavy investments by the electric power companies in generation, transmission and distribution of electric power directed to low acquisitive power customers, a sector in which the electric power price is not enough to recover such investments. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the total energy required in the construction of one of these systems and compare it to the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The distribution of graphite particles in graphite containing copper alloy was further improved very significantly using several procedures and technological modifications. The developed techniques attacked the graphite distribution problem in two ways. Realizing that clustering of very fine (5um) graphite particles is one of the two major problems, a pretreatment process has been developed using aluminum powders to deagglomerate graphite particles. Along with this, a two-stage stirring technique was used to first incorporate and then to distribute uniformly the deagglomerated particles in the melt. During this year, based on these developments, several components were cast to evaluate the castability of Cu alloy-graphite melts. In addition, machinability tests were done to clearly established that addition of graphite particles improve the machinability of copper MMC alloys over and above that of monolithic copper alloys. The results show that the machining chip ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The results of the creep performance studies at temperatures from 700-1000 C with welds of alloy 800 HT, the manual shielded metal arc welds made with Githerm 85 and Grini 209 filler metals, as well as the MIG pulsed arc welds made with the Nicrofer S 206 and Nicrofer S 5520 filler metals, proved to be in very good agreement with the calculated characteristic values published on VdTUeV sheet 434 in comparative assessments based on creep values valid for a service period of 10 000 hours. The MIG pulsed arc weld made with the Nicrofer S 5520 filler metal achieved by far the best results and strength values comparable to those of the base material, whereas the values of the other welds were corresponding to calculated strength values of the base material reduced by 20%. (orig./CB) [Deutsch] Die im Temperaturbereich von 700-1000 C an Alloy 800 HT und den Elektrodenhandschweissverbindungen mit den Schweisszusaetzen Gritherm 85 und Grini 209, sowie den MIG-Pulsed-Arc-Schweissungen mit den ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pulmonary infections and tumors are a major cause of death in patients with AIDS. The combination of clinical, radiological, laboratory, and pathohistological data helps to narrow the spectrum of differential diagnoses or even allows a specific diagnosis in many patients. Nevertheless, an accurate diagnosis should be obtained as soon as possible during the clinical course of the illness to initiate treatment in time. Computed tomography (CT) has proven to provide promising results in the diagnosis of AIDS-related throacic diseases. The aim of this paper was to demonstrate the diagnostic capacities of CT in the context of particular AIDS-related thoracic pathologies. Additional information on the spectrum of pathological agents and on differential diagnostic signs is summarized. (orig.) [Deutsch] Pulmonale Infektionen und Tumore sind eine wesentliche Todesursache bei Patienten, die am erworbenen Immunmangelsyndrom AIDS leiden. In den meisten Faellen gelingt es, durch Zusammenschau ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The effect of the heavy particle irradiation on cell survival is different from that of X-ray irradiation. In Japan, heavy particles will be applied to cancer patients in the near future. This study was performed to determine the effect that carbon particle irradiation exerts to human monolayer cells in vitro, in comparison with the effect of 200 kVp X-ray. Two human cell lines, HeLaS3 and RMUG, were used. The irradiation was carried out by the RIKEN ring cyclotron and 200 kVp X-ray. The experimental procedure is explained. Also split dose experiment was carried out by applying equally divided doses at intervals of 2 - 4 hours. The Bragg curve of 135 MeV/n carbon beam through the lucite plates with different thickness is given. Thus the different LETs were obtained. The survival curves for 200 kVp X-ray and the various LETs of carbon beam are shown. The curves became steeper, and Do values decreased with increasing LETs in both cell lines. The relative biological effect (RBE) at 10% ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In this thesis a study is made of the of voltage characteristics and reactive power control in the transmission network of the Electric Power Systems (EPS) with static compensators of VARs (SCVs). The necessity of voltage and reactive power control and the application of SCVs as a solution means for three representative operation stages of the EPS, considering balanced operation conditions and fundamental frequency is analyzed: Operation in the presence of incremental voltage changes, quasi-stationary operation or steady state and behavior at the occurrence of big disturbances. The application of SCVs to systems of integral transmission is in general a closed loop control system, reason why the analysis of the interaction of the system EPS-SCV is considered as an essential part of the voltage and reactive power control study. Firstly, the response analysis of the control loop is made for incremental voltage changes, representing the power system by means of its equivalent of Thevenin ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nickel-titanium alloys may coexist in more than one crystalline structure. There is a high temperature phase, austenite, and a low temperature phase, martensite. The metallurgical basis for the superelasticity and the shape memory effect relies in the ability of these alloys to transform easily from one phase to another. There are three essential factors for the orthodontist to understand nickel-titanium alloys behaviour: stress; deflection; and temperature. These three factors are related to each other by the stress-deflection, stress-temperature and deflection-temperature diagrams. This work was undertaken with the objective to analyse commercial nickel-titanium alloys for orthodontics application, using the dynamical mechanical analyser - DMA. Four NiTi 0,017 X 0,025'' archwires were studied. The archwires were Copper NiTi 35 deg C (Ormco), Neo Sentalloy F200 (GAC), Nitinol Superelastic (Unitek) and NiTi (GAC). The different mechanodynamical properties such as ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Abstract Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes are major bacterial pathogens associated with poultry products. A controlled released ClO2 sachet applied with modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) was evaluated for its ability to control the growth of S. Typhimurium and L. monocytogenes on raw chicken breast during refrigerated storage. The fresh chicken samples were inoculated with one or the other of the pathogens at 104-cfu/g, and the packages (with and without ClO2 sachet) were flushed with ambient air or 30% CO2/70% N2 before sealing, and then stored at 4C for up to 21 days. The maximum reduction in MAP plus ClO2 (compared with MAP alone) was 0.68-log-cfu/g for S. Typhimurium and 1.87-log-cfu/g for L. monocytogenes. Color and pH changes of the chicken breast were observed at ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

One of the initial stages in ecological risk assessment for hazardous waste sites is the screening of contaminants to determine which of them are worthy of further consideration as ''contaminants of potential concern.'' This process is termed ''contaminant screening.'' It is performed by comparing measured ambient concentrations of chemicals to benchmark concentrations. Currently, no standard benchmark concentrations exist for assessing contaminants in soil with respect to their toxicity to plants. This report presents a standard method for deriving benchmarks for this purpose (phytotoxicity benchmarks), a set of data concerning effects of chemicals in soil or soil solution on plants, and a set of phytotoxicity benchmarks for 34 chemicals potentially associated with US Department of Energy (DOE) sites. Chemicals that are found in soil at concentrations exceeding both the phytotoxicity benchmark and the background concentration for the soil type should be considered ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

An important early step in the assessment of ecological risks at contaminated sites is the screening of chemicals detected on the site to identify those that constitute a potential risk. Part of this screening process is the comparison of measured ambient concentrations to concentrations that are believed to be nonhazardous, termed benchmarks. This article discusses 13 methods by which benchmarks may be derived for aquatic biota and presents benchmarks for 105 chemicals. It then compares them with respect to their sensitivity, availability, magnitude relative to background concentrations, and conceptual bases. This compilation is limited to chemicals that have been detected on the US Department of Energy's Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR) and to benchmarks derived from studies of toxic effects on freshwater organisms. The list of chemicals includes 45 metals and 56 industrial organic chemicals but only four pesticides. Although some individual values can be shown to be ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

To clarify the effects of the principal factors that govern the thermal fragmentation of a molten metallic fuel jet in the course of fuel-coolant interaction, which is important in evaluating the sequence of core disruptive accidents (CDAs) for metallic fuel fast reactors, basic experiments were carried out using molten metallic fuel simulants (copper and silver) and a sodium pool.Fragmentation of a molten metal jet with a solid crust was caused by internal pressure produced by the boiling of sodium, which is locally entrapped inside the jet due to hydrodynamic motion between the jet and the coolant. The superheating and the latent heat of fusion of the jet are the principal factors governing this type of thermal fragmentation. On the other hand, the effect of the initial sodium temperature is regarded as negligible in the case of thermal conditions expected to result in CDAs for practical metallic fuel cores. Based on the fragmentation data for several kinds of jets (Cu, Ag, SUS, U, ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Transient enhanced diffusion (TED) of boron in silica after low energy boron implantation and annealing was investigated using boron-doping superlattices (DSLs) grown by low temperature molecular beam epitaxy. Boron ions were implanted at 5, 10, 20, and 40 keV at a constant dose of 2{times}10{sup 14}/cm{sup 2}. Subsequent annealing was performed at 750{degree}C for times of 3 min, 15 min, and 2 h in a nitrogen ambient. The broadening of the boron spikes was measured by secondary ion mass spectroscopy and simulated. Boron diffusivity enhancement was quantified as a function of implant energy. Transmission electron microscopy results show that {l_angle}311{r_angle} defects are only seen for implant energies {ge}10 keV at this dose and that the density increases with energy. DSL studies indicate the point defect concentration in the background decays much slower when {l_angle}311{r_angle} defects are present. These results imply there are at least two sources of TED ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Electrochemical Program at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) provides technical and programmatic support to DOE's Electric and Hybrid Propulsion Division (DOE-EHP). The goal of DOE-EHP is to advance promising electric-vehicle (EV) propulsion technologies to levels where industry will continue their commercial development and thereby. significantly reduce petroleum consumption in the transportation sector of the economy. In support of this goal, ANL provides research, development, testing/evaluation, post-test analysis, modeling, database management, and technical management of industrial R D contracts on advanced battery and fuel cell technologies for DOE-EHP. This report summarizes the battery-related activities undertaken during the period of October 1, 1991 through March 31, 1992. In this report, the objective, background, technical progress, and status are described for each task. These tasks are structured into the following task areas: 1.0 Project Management and ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Electrochemical Technology Program at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) provides technical and programmatic support to DOE's Electric and Hybrid Propulsion Division (DOE-EHP). The goal of DOE-EHP is to advance promising electric-vehicle (EV) propulsion technologies to levels where industry will continue their commercial development and thereby significantly reduce petroleum consumption in the transportation sector of the economy. In support of this goal, ANL provides research, development, testing/evaluation, post-test analysis, modeling, database management, and technical management of industrial R D contracts on advanced battery technologies for DOE-EHP. This report summarizes the battery-related activities undertaken during the period of July 1, 1992 through September 30, 1992. In this report, the objective, background, technical progress, and status are described for each task. The work is organized into the following task areas: Project Management and Coordination; ...

Science.gov (United States)

Lutein is a yellow pigment found in common foods that promotes the health of eyes and skin and is associated with reduced risk of age-related macular degeneration and cataracts. In the present study, selected high-lutein wheat and corn were milled into wholegrain flours by two mills to improve flour uniformity. The high-lutein and lutein-fortified wholegrain flours were processed into breads, cookies, and muffins to study lutein stability during baking and subsequent storage. Lutein and its isomers were separated, identified, and quantified by LC-UV/vis and LC-MS following extraction with water-saturated 1-butanol. Baking resulted in a significant reduction in all-trans-lutein and the formation of cis-lutein and cis-zeaxanthin isomers. Subsequent storage at ambient temperature had a slight impact on the content of all-trans-lutein. Effects of processing were more pronounced in lutein-fortified products, and the degradation rate of lutein was influenced by ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The amorphization of a quenched sample of the GaSb-II high-pressure phase was studied at ambient pressure by real-time neutron diffraction in the course of the sample heating from 100 K to room temperature at a rate of 0.4 K min-1. The transformation to the amorphous state begins at 140 K and is completed near room temperature. The ?-Sn type structure was shown to represent only the mean lattice of the high-pressure GaSb-II phase. The superstructure of this phase widely varied with temperature and is caused by the ordered displacement of atoms. The temperature range of the metastable crystalline phase relaxation is divided into three intervals according to the temperature dependence of the tetragonality ratio (c/a). At the boundaries of these temperature intervals, i.e. temperatures T = 170 and 230 K, two second-order phase transitions are observed. Anomalous heat and volumetric effects were observed earlier by means of calorimetry and dilatometry in the same ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

An experimental investigation of a humidification-dehumidification desalination (HDD) process using solar energy at the weather conditions of Suez City, Egypt, is presented. A test rig is designed and constructed to conduct this investigation under different environmental and operating conditions. The test rig consists of a solar water heater (concentrator solar collector type), solar air heater (flat plate solar collector type), humidifier tower and dehumidifier exchanger. Different variables are examined including the feed water flow rate, the air flow rate, the cooling water flow rate in the dehumidifier and the weather conditions. Comparisons between the experimental results and other published results are presented. It is found that the results of the developed mathematical model by the same authors are in good agreement with the experimental results. The tested results show that the productivity of the system is strongly affected by the saline water temperature at the inlet to ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

An experimental investigation of a humidification-dehumidification desalination (HDD) process using solar energy at the weather conditions of Suez City, Egypt, is presented. A test rig is designed and constructed to conduct this investigation under different environmental and operating conditions. The test rig consists of a solar water heater (concentrator solar collector type), solar air heater (flat plate solar collector type), humidifier tower and dehumidifier exchanger. Different variables are examined including the feed water flow rate, the air flow rate, the cooling water flow rate in the dehumidifier and the weather conditions. Comparisons between the experimental results and other published results are presented. It is found that the results of the developed mathematical model by the same authors are in good agreement with the experimental results. The tested results show that the productivity of the system is strongly affected by the saline water temperature at the inlet to ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A numerical investigation of a humidification dehumidification desalination (HDD) process using solar energy is presented. The HDD system consists mainly of a concentrating solar water heating collector, flat plate solar air heating collector, humidifying tower and dehumidifying exchanger. Two separate circulating loops constitute the HDD system, the first for heating the feed water and the second for heating air. A mathematical model is developed, simulating the HDD system, to study the influence of the different system configurations, weather and operating conditions on the system productivity. The model validity is examined by comparing the theoretical and experimental results of the same authors. It is found that the results of the developed mathematical model are in good agreement with the experimental results and other published works. The results show also that the productivity of the unit is strongly influenced by the air flow rate, cooling water flow rate and total solar ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The document describes the outcome of the CSN/CIEMAT-00 interlaboratory test comparison among environmental radioactivity laboratories. the exercise was organised according to the ISO-43 and the ISO/IUPAC/AOAC Harmonized Protocol for the proficiency testing of analytical laboratories. the test sample was a soil containing environmental levels of K-40, Ra-226, Ac-228, Sr-90, Cs-137, Cs-134, Pu (239-240) y Am-241. the Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona prepared the material and reported adequate statistical studies of homogeneity. The results of the exercise were computed for 30 participating laboratories, and their analytical performance was assessed using the u-score approach. A raised percentage of satisfactory laboratory performance has been obtained for all the analysis, being the best performance in gamma measurements. The exercise has drawn that several laboratories have difficulties in the evaluation of combined uncertainty, mainly in analysis involving radiochemical steps. The ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

To determine if barbiturates would protect brain at high doses of radiation, survival rates in rats that received whole-brain x-irradiation during pentobarbital- or lidocaine-induced anesthesia were compared with those of control animals that received no medication and of animals anesthetized with ketamine. The animals were shielded so that respiratory and digestive tissues would not be damaged by the radiation. Survival rates in rats that received whole-brain irradiation as a single 7500-rad dose under pentobarbital- or lidocaine-induced anesthesia was increased from between from 0% and 20% to between 45% and 69% over the 40 days of observation compared with the other two groups (p less than 0.007). Ketamine anesthesia provided no protection. There were no notable differential effects upon non-neural tissues, suggesting that pentobarbital afforded protection through modulation of ambient neural activity during radiation exposure. Neural suppression during ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Experiments were completed to study intermittent coal-water slurry (CWS) fuel sprays injected from an electronically-controlled accumulator injector system. A new synchronization technique was developed using the light extinction signal as a triggering source for the data taking initiation with a laser diffraction particle analyzing (LDPA) technique. This technique allowed measurement of SMDs near the spray tip where the light extinction was low and the data were free from the multiscattering bias. Coal-water slurry fuel with 50% coal loading in mass containing 5 {mu}m mass median diameter coal particulates was considered. A correlation of the SMD with the injection conditions was determined which should show a satisfactory agreement with the measured SMD data. The spray SMD showed an increase with the distance of the axial measurement location and with the ambient gas density, and showed a decrease with increasing injection pressure.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

There has been considerable interest in producing and studying nanoparticle materials because of the effect of size on their structure, physical and chemical structure. Most studied nanoparticle semiconductors belong to the II-VI group, as they are relatively easy to synthesize and are generally prepared as particulates or in thin film form. Among II-VI compounds, CdS is one of the most studied materials. There are different ways to synthesize CdS nanoparticles such as colloidal particles, chemical decomposition, sol-gel, gas evaporation, magnetron sputtering, electrostatic deposition, and etc. {gamma}-irradiation is one of the effective methods for synthesis of nanomaterials. These nonomaterials have been extensively used in the preparation of nanocrystalline metals, metal oxides, and metal-polymer composites. However, The preparation of CdS nanoparticle and CdS/ polyacrylonitrile nanocomposite by {gamma}-irradiation method at room temperature and ambient ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The pozzolanic behaviour of compound-activated red mud-coal gangue has been investigated through TG, DTA, XRD, FTIR and 27Al MAS NMR. From viewpoint of reaction kinetics, it is found that the pozzolanic reaction mechanism of the compound-activated red mud-coal gangue - lime system is clearly consistent with diffusion control up to 14 days, and the reaction rate constant calculated from Jander equation decreases with the increase of CaO addition in the system. The hydration products formed in the red mud-coal gangue - lime systems at ambient temperature are essentially aluminous C-S-H and Ca3Al2O6.xH2O. From TG analysis results, it is thought that the high amount of Ca(OH)2 in the pastes of studied system is not conducive to the continual increase of non-evaporable water content of the hydration products. Of particular interest, 27Al MAS NMR proved to be an effective technique to obtain valuable information of Al[4] in C-S-H and Al[6] in Ca3Al2O6.xH2O.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Photochemical ozone production is observed in March-September. Highest ozone concentrations and production efficiencies are observed in spring in the northern parts and in summer in the southern parts of the country. VOC concentrations are relatively low compared to continental areas in general. During the growing season a substantial part of the total reactive mass of VOCs is of biogenic origin. Large forest areas absorb ozone substantially, decreasing the ambient ozone concentrations in central and northern parts of Finland where long-range transport of ozone is relatively important compared to local production. The aim of the work conducted at Finnish Meteorological Institute has been to characterise concentrations of photochemically active species in the boundary layer and their photochemical formation and deposition including the effects on vegetation. Also interactions between the boundary layer and free troposphere of ozone have been studied. In the future, ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sputter-deposited tantalum (Ta) and reactively sputter-deposited Ta-nitride films were studied with respect to the passivation capability against copper (Cu) oxidation in thermal O{sub 2} ambient. A 200 {angstrom} Ta or Ta-nitride film was sputter-deposited on a 2,000 {angstrom} Cu film using a Ta target in an Ar/N{sub 2} gas mixture. With Ta passivation, Cu was not oxidized at temperatures up to 400 C, which can be further improved by using passivation of an amorphous Ta-nitride film deposited in an appropriate condition. The absence of long-range defects in the Ta-nitride film was presumably responsible for this improvement. However, sputtering-induced surface damage by excess N{sub 2} in the sputter gas mixture may reduce the passivation capability of Ta-nitride films. When the passivated Cu was oxidized, the Cu oxides always resided in the top surface region. That is, in the oxidation process, Cu diffused through the defects of the passivation layers to the ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

"7Be produced by the interaction of cosmic rays with oxygen and nitrogen, predominantly in the stratosphere, has been used to identify and measure stratospheric ozone at the ground level. Simultaneous measurements at Whiteface Mountain, New York, in July 1975 show that the maximum "7Be concentrations are accompanied by increased ozone concentrations. Peaks in "7Be concentrations occurred on July 5-6, 11-12, 16-17, 23, and 27. Ozone peaks were observed on July 7-9, 11, 18, 24, and 27. Isentropic trajectory calculations also showed that the trajectories reaching Whiteface Mountain on July 11-12, 15-16, 23, and 27 had stratospheric origin. One-day delay in ozone peaks on July 7-9, 18, and 24 is attributed to increased tropospheric ozone production. The observed relationship between "7Be and ozone is used to deduce an upper limit of 37 ppb stratospheric ozone at Whiteface Mountain during July 1975. Thus, even during midsummer months, when stratospheric-tropospheric mass exchange is not at ...