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Ultrasonically sprayed indium sulfide buffer layers for Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 thin-film solar cells
2009-01-01
Indium sulfide layers were grown by an ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method for application in Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 solar cells. X-ray diffraction measurements of layers on soda lime glass showed polycrystalline In2S3 with preferential orientation along the [103] direction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed presence or absence of oxygen and chlorine impurities depending on the composition of the spray solution. For more quantitative chemical composition measurements In2S3 layers were sprayed on silicon substrates and analyzed with Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. The structural and chemical information on the In2S3 layer sprayed with different sulfur concentrations in the chemical precursor solution are correlated to the photovoltaic performance of solar ...
Ultrasonically sprayed and inkjet printed thin film electrodes for organic solar cells
2009-01-01
Thin film pi-conjugated poly(3,4ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulphonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as a hole transport layer on indium tin oxide is a key element in some of the most efficient organic photovoltaic and light emitting devices to date. Films are typically deposited by spincoating, which is not readily scalable. In this paper we investigate the critical parameters for both inkjet and ultrasonic spray deposition of PEDOT:PSS thin films on commercial indium tin oxide as a potentially scalable approach to contact formation. Inkjet parameters investigated include drop spacing and substrate temperature. Ultrasonic spray coating parameters investigated include substrate temperature and solution flow rate. We also show that the ink viscosity has a Newtonian character, making it well suited for inkjet printing. Films were characterized via optical ...
Indium oxide/n-silicon heterojunction solar cells
A high photo-conversion efficiency indium oxide/n-silicon heterojunction solar cell is spray deposited from a solution containing indium trichloride. The solar cell exhibits an Air Mass One solar conversion efficiency in excess of about 10%.
2010-01-01
Thin films of BiVO4 with monoclinic structure were deposited onto indium-doped tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrates by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. The effects of tungsten doping and hydrogen reducing were investigated. The films were characterized with XRD, Raman spectra, SEM, UV-Vis transmittance spectra. Furthermore, the films were investigated by electrochemical and photoelectrochemical measurements with regard to splitting water for solar energy conversion. The films possessed a scheelite-monoclinic structure with good absorption to visible light. The optical band gaps were evaluated to be about 2.65eV. The flat band potentials were estimated to be about -0.61V vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCE) in 0.5M Na2SO4 solution from Mott-Schottky plots. For non-doping samples, the inciden...
Characterisation of ultrasonically sprayed In xS y buffer layers for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells
2007-01-01
In order to replace chemical bath deposited (CBD) CdS buffer layers in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells by an alternative material, In xS y thin-film buffer layers were prepared by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis at various substrate temperatures. X-ray Diffraction measurements confirmed that the films contained primarily the tetragonal In2S3 phase. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy measurements revealed a small concentration of chlorine impurity throughout the In xS y layer. By depositing the indium sulphide layer as buffer layer in the CIGS solar cell configuration, a maximum solar cell efficiency of 8.9% was achieved, whilst the reference cell with CdS/CIGS on a similar absorber exhibited 12.7% efficiency. Additionally, light soaking enhanced the efficiency of In xS ...
Single-walled carbon nanotube networks growth optimization
2009-01-01
In recent years there have been many improvements in quality and yield of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) obtained by chemical vapour deposition (CVD). Mainstream in research is focused on growing thick vertically aligned forests of SWCNTs. At the same time SWCNT films - usually obtained by spraying and filtration - are one of the most promising candidates to replace indium tin oxide (ITO) as transparent electrodes in solar cells and flat displays. The main limit of those techniques is that usually carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are deposited in the form of thick bundles and are mixed with insulating molecules, such as surfactants, used to try to unbundle the CNTs in solution. Moreover, ultrasonication is in general used to help dispersion, inducing defects in the tubes; the overall effec...
Indium sulfide thin films deposited by the spray ion layer gas reaction technique
2006-08-14
The Spray Ion Layer Gas Reaction (Spray-ILGAR) technique is a new variation on the ILGAR technique used to prepare chalcogenide thin films. High quality indium sulfide thin films were produced by Spray-ILGAR with an indirect bandgap of 2.2 eV and a high suitability for use as buffer layers in chalcopyrite solar cells. The process involves the cyclical spray deposition of an indium containing precursor layer followed by its conversion to sulfide using hydrogen sulfide gas. Analysis of the deposition reveals that the indium chloride based precursor is transported via the vapour phase from the spray droplets to the substrate surface.
Indium sulfide thin films deposited by the spray ion layer gas reaction technique
2006-01-01
The Spray Ion Layer Gas Reaction (Spray-ILGAR) technique is a new variation on the ILGAR technique used to prepare chalcogenide thin films. High quality indium sulfide thin films were produced by Spray-ILGAR with an indirect bandgap of 2.2 eV and a high suitability for use as buffer layers in chalcopyrite solar cells. The process involves the cyclical spray deposition of an indium containing precursor layer followed by its conversion to sulfide using hydrogen sulfide gas. Analysis of the deposition reveals that the indium chloride based precursor is transported via the vapour phase from the spray droplets to the substrate surface
The nano-size, large-aspect ratio and conductive carbon structure of carbon nanotubes ... acquisition of an integrated spray system will allow for ... positioning dispensing robot. Spraying ultrasonically is ...
2010-01-01
Preparation of p-cymene in a pilot equipment using ultrasonic spraying of raw material industrial dipentene (DP) was studied. By comparison with common spraying, it was found that ultrasonic spraying could improve DP dehydrogenation process. The running temperatures of preheater and spray room were all relative lower (10-25 and 100-150^oC). The p-cymene yields in ultrasonic spraying mode were higher with 2.45-6.23% than those in common spraying mode at 210-270^oC. The p-cymene yields in ultrasonic spraying mode were higher with 0.31-1.10% than those in common spraying mode at 280-310^oC. The yield of p-cymene was up to 99.25% in the condition of reactor temperature 310^oC, flow rate of DP 4L/h, nitrogen flow rate 2L/min based on Pd/C catalyst and ultrasonic spraying.
2010-01-01
A series of Cd1-xZnxS thin films were deposited onto indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrates by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis CdCl2, ZnCl2, and CS(NH2)2 aqueous solutions. The XRD patterns revealed that these films processed a wurtzite structure and a series of solid solutions of CdS and ZnS formed. The lattice constants decreased as the x value increased. From the transmittance and reflectance, the optical band gap was estimated to be between 2.45eV and 3.72eV, and the band gap increased as the x value increased according to a near linear relationship with the x value. The Mott-Schottky tests revealed that the flat potential shifted negatively as the x value increased. The photo responses agreed with the optical absorption of these films quite well. The current-potential measure...
A Study on the Performance of EFI Engine Used Ultrasonic Energy Adding Fuel system(II)
1997-03-01
This experiment was undertaken to investigate spray characteristics of the conventional injection system and the ultrasonic energy added injection system. Sauter mean diameter was measured under the variation of injection pressure and the spray distance. To measure the droplet size, we used the Malvern system 2600 C. The spray angle and mass distribution were analyzed to the CCD camera and the patternater. After experiment, it was found that the ultrasonic energy added injection system had smaller Sauter mean diameter of droplet, wider mass distribution and wider spray angle than the conventional injection system had. (author). 10 refs., 13 figs.
2010-01-01
In this paper, we describe a novel technique—ultrasonication-assisted spray ionization (UASI)—for the generation of singly charged and multiply charged gas-phase ions of biomolecules (e.g., amino acids, peptides, and proteins) from solution; this method employs a low-frequency ultrasonicator (ca. 40 kHz) in place of the high electric field required for electrospray ionization. When a capillary inlet is immersed into a sample solution within a vial subjected to ultrasonication, the solution is continually directed to the capillary outlet as a result of ultrasonication-assisted capillary action; an ultrasonic spray of the sample solution is emitted at the outlet of the tapered capillary, leading to the ready generation of gas-phase ions. Using an ion trap mass spectrometer, we ...
2003-01-01
Good quality indium tin oxide (ITO) films were successfully deposited on to glass substrates in open atmosphere employing the novel one-step electrostatic spray assisted vapour deposition process. The effect of process parameters such as temperature and deposition time on the microstructure, electrical and optical properties of the ITO films was analysed. A sheet resistance in the range of 50 OMEGA square-1 and an optical transparency
Method for forming indium oxide/n-silicon heterojunction solar cells
1984-03-13
A high photo-conversion efficiency indium oxide/n-silicon heterojunction solar cell is spray deposited from a solution containing indium trichloride. The solar cell exhibits an Air Mass One solar conversion efficiency in excess of about 10%.
Method for forming indium oxide/n-silicon heterojunction solar cells
A high photo-conversion efficiency indium oxide/n-silicon heterojunction solar cell is spray deposited from a solution containing indium trichloride. The solar cell exhibits an Air Mass One solar conversion efficiency in excess of about 10%.
1984-06-01
Thin copper sulfide layers are obtained by partial or complete dipping of doped sprayed CdS films. The CdS doping studies were made with the following impurities: copper, indium or copper + indium, with different concentrations. The effects of the doping on the structural and optical properties of copper sulfide layers are presented here. It is shown that, unlike indium, copper above a few ppm induces degradation of almost all chemical and optical characteristics of the copper sulfide layer by introducing serious damages on crystallinity of the CdS layer. By introducing indium with copper, the former tends to moderate this drastic effect and to bring the optical and structural properties of couple doped films to acceptable levels.
Evaluation of Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis for Synthesis of Perovskite Powders
2002-06-01
The ultrasonic spray pyrolysis is an advanced method for sub- micrometric particles production from metals and oxides. The method can be applied for homogeneous thin films deposition also. The main advantages of ultrasonic spray pyrolysis are simple control of technology parameters and achievement of precisely defined chemical composition. The aim of the present work is to evaluate the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis as an effective method for perovskite powder synthesis. The equipment has been arranged using ultrasonic generator, gradient furnace, carrier- gas system and filter unit for powder capture. The object of synthesis was perovskite compositions based on La-, Sr-, Mn-, Cr-, Fe-, Co- oxides starting from the corresponding nitrate liquid precursors. The experiments were carried out at three different concentrations of starting solutions. The synthesis conditions were ultrasonic generator power- 2,64 MHz, flow rate- 66 ml/h and operating temperature -950 {sup o}C. The perovskite powders obtained were characterized by XRD, IRS, SEM, and BET analysis. It was established that the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method is an advanced one for powders synthesis. The perovskite powders obtained possess high homogeneity, high specific surface area and spherical morphology of the powder particles. These powder parameters are significant for three- phase boundary (TPB) increasing in SOFCs. (author)
Rotation of plane of polarization and ellipticity of ultrasonic waves in indium
1978-10-20
The ellipticity and angle of rotation of the polarization plane of ultrasound were measured as functions of the magnetic field. The character of the obtained plots is attributed both to the Doppler-shifted acoustic cyclotron resonance and to interaction of the elastic waves with multiple dopplerons.
Low resistance contacts for semiconducting ceramics
1976-08-01
A method of applying low contact resistance ohmic electrodes to semiconducting polycrystalline oxide ceramics is described. The electroding technique involves ultrasonically soldering indium or an indium alloy to the ceramic. The technique produces a low resistance ohmic contact which does not age and remains stable over a wide temperature range.
Low resistance contacts for semiconducting ceramics
1976-01-01
A method of applying low contact resistance ohmic electrodes to semiconducting polycrystalline oxide ceramics is described. The electroding technique involves ultrasonically soldering indium or an indium alloy to the ceramic. The technique produces a low resistance ohmic contact which does not age and remains stable over a wide temperature range
Effect of indium doping in CdO thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis technique
2010-01-01
Preparation of transparent and conducting indium doped CdO thin films by spray pyrolysis on glass substrate is reported for various concentration of indium (2–8wt%) in the spray solution. The electrical, optical and structural properties of indium doped CdO films were investigated using different techniques such as Hall measurement, optical transmission, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope. X-ray analysis shows that the undoped CdO films are preferentially orientated along (200) crystallographic direction. Increase of indium doping concentration increases the films packing density and reorient the crystallites along (111) plane. A minimum resistivity of 4.843×10−4Ωcm and carrier concentration of 3.73×1020cm−3 with high transmit...
peaks assignable to Et2S and the occurrence of fragment ions with a mass to ..... (19) Kodas, T. T.; Hampden-Smith, M. J. The Chemistry of Metal CVD; Eds. VCH, ... J. A.; Hepp, A. F.; Buhro, W. E. Spray CVD of Copper Indium Disulfide ...
1991-11-30
This paper outlined the manufacturing methods, characteristics, behavior and spraying conditions of the spraying powder. The thermal source atmosphere of plasma flame and the powder reaction starts from the powder surface, and the powder surface area and the capacity are important to determine the spraying conditions. The rate of oxidized surface layer on metallic powder affects the melting point, fluidity and hygroscopicity, and affects also the performances of sprayed coatings. The grain size distribution is more important than the mean grain size when using any powder. The representative manufacturing methods include the gas atomization, water atomization, centrifugal atomization, rotating electrode process, vibrating electrode, ultrasonic atomization, and vacuum atomization, etc. The spray powder is processed by the agglomeration, spray-drying, sintering, and densifying. The powder configuration and characteristics change depending on the manufacturing method and physical properties are independent of chemical composition of powder. It is necessary to establish the spraying conditions suitable for each powder to manufacture the thermal spray coatings. The performance of a thermal spray coating is determined by the interaction between the spraying atmosphere and the spraying powder. 9 refs., 7 figs., 8 tabs.
Ultrasonic spray deposition for production of organic solar cells
2009-04-15
Recent improvements of organic photovoltaic power conversion efficiencies have motivated development of scalable processing techniques. We compare chlorobenzene and p-xylene, as solvents with similar bulk properties, in a case study of ultrasonic spray depositions of bulk heterojunction layers in photovoltaic devices. Structure and morphology of spray-deposited films are investigated via small-angle X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy. Unique phases are observed in bulk heterostructure films sprayed from p-xylene. Films sprayed from chlorobenzene resulted in higher device efficiencies than p-xylene due to large differences in film morphologies. Carrier loss mechanisms are also investigated. Post-production annealing increases power conversion efficiency to 3.2% when chlorobenzene is used. (author)
2006-01-01
LiCoO2 powders for lithium secondary battery were successfully prepared by the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis process. In this work, the statistical experimental design method was used to compare the characteristics (particle size, standard deviation, surface area, tab density) of the LiCoO2 particles according to the four parameters (synthesis temperature, sintering temperature, sintering time, sintering heating rate). The optimal synthesis conditions for the synthesis of LiCoO2 particles in ultrasonic spray pyrolysis process were to be obtained. The above-mentioned optimal conditions were used to prepare the particles with particle size 4.7mm (standard deviation: +-1.3%) and the experimental results were in a good agreement with simulated values. The oxide powders were characterized by scann...
Workplace exposure at nanomaterial production processes
2009-01-01
Typical nanomaterial production processes from daily practice had been performed in order to determine simultaneously the exposure to nanoparticles. They involve mixing of ZnO powder into a liquid, filling and emptying an oven with indium tin oxide (ITO), spraying a suspension of nanoparticles, flame spraying of silanes, and an outside location as comparison
Preparation of indium sulfide thin films by spray pyrolysis using a new precursor indium nitrate
2005-12-15
Indium nitrate and thiourea were used as the precursor solutions for preparing indium sulfide thin films using Chemical Spray Pyrolysis (CSP) technique. Films having various In/S ratios were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), optical absorption, transmission and photosensitivity measurements. Sample having In/S ratio 2/3 showed better crystallinity with band gap 2.66 eV. Depth profile of the sample also indicated the formation of indium sulfide. It was also observed that In/S ratio in the initial precursor solution determined the composition as well as electrical properties of the films. Maximum photosensitivity was observed for the sample prepared using solution having In/S ratio 2/4.
Preparation of indium sulfide thin films by spray pyrolysis using a new precursor indium nitrate
2005-01-01
Indium nitrate and thiourea were used as the precursor solutions for preparing indium sulfide thin films using Chemical Spray Pyrolysis (CSP) technique. Films having various In/S ratios were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), optical absorption, transmission and photosensitivity measurements. Sample having In/S ratio 2/3 showed better crystallinity with band gap 2.66 eV. Depth profile of the sample also indicated the formation of indium sulfide. It was also observed that In/S ratio in the initial precursor solution determined the composition as well as electrical properties of the films. Maximum photosensitivity was observed for the sample prepared using solution having In/S ratio 2/4
2001-01-01
Yttria partially stabilized zirconia (YSZ) was atmosphere plasma sprayed on to mild steel substrates. The spray parameters were varied to determine their effects on the elastic modulus of the coating. The parameters were (i) continuous spray vs. paused spray, (ii) bond coat vs. no bond coat, and (iii) cooled vs. not-cooled. The elastic modulus was measured using laser ultrasonics and Knoop Indentation. Using indentation, the continuous/ paused spray exhibited the greatest effect with the paused spray samples having a lower elastic modulus value regardless of the condition of the other parameters. The other parameters did not reveal any statistically significant effect. The laser ultrasonics measurements showed that cooling and no-cooling had a greater effect on elastic modulus, with the other parameters having little effect. Laser ultrasonics detected parameters whose influence can be detected near the surface (in this work the cooling and no-cooling), but did not detect those parameters that influence the properties throughout the coating. Indentation detected the parameters that influence the properties throughout the coating, in this work continuous and paused spraying. Publisher: ASM International Relation: Other identifier: swin:9517 Language: English Source: Proceedings of the 2nd International Thermal Spray Conference, 'Thermal spray 2001: new surfaces for a new millennium', Singapore, 28-30 May 2001 / Christopher C. Berndt, Khiam A. Khor and Erich F. Lugscheider (eds.), pp. 1045-1050
2008-01-01
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) sensors based on sprayed zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films have been prepared. The effect of the film thickness and the In-doping on the sensor performance (sensor response and resistance) is analyzed. By adding 3 wt.% of indium nitrate to the spraying solution it is possible to enhance the film-gas response to 5 ppm of NO2 at 275 deg. C. At the same time the film resistance is sensibly reduced. The film crystallographic structure, morphology and additive content are studied by means of X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy. The possible sensitization mechanism is discussed
2010-01-01
High-quality (Y,Gd)VO4:Eu,Zn phosphors were synthesized by the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method using an organic additive of ethylene glycol:citric acid=0.5:0.5. The annealed (Y,Gd)VO4:Eu,Zn phosphors crystallized in the tetragonal zircon type structure (a=b=7.143A and c=6.310A). The emission of the electric dipole ^5D0-
2010-01-01
Bismuth titanate-lithium niobate based ultrasonic transducers have been fabricated using a sol-gel spray-on deposition technique. These transducers were then tested to determine their potential as high temperature ultrasonic transducers. Fabricated transducers were capable of operating to 1000 deg. C in pulse-echo mode. However, the exposure to such extreme temperatures appears to be destructive to the transducers
Structural and Morphological studies of CuIn(1-x)AlxS2 deposited by spray on various substrates
2010-01-01
Structural properties of CuIn(1-x)AlxS2 layers obtained by spray pyrolysis on various substrates were studied using X Ray Diffraction, Atomic Force Microscopy and Scanning electron microscopy. The concentration of Al in the spray solution, represented by the ratio z (z=[Al^3^+]/[In^3^+]), was varied from 0 to 3.2%. The different substrates are: glass, ZnO/glass, SnO2/glass, ZnO/SnO2/glass and In2S3/Glass. All the layers were deposited by spray. The ZnO used in the substrates was doped with indium. The concentration of indium in the ZnO sprayed solution is [In]/[Zn]=3%. The X-ray diffraction spectra revealed that, different values of the ratio z, the CuIn(1-x)AlxS2 thin films were well crystallized in the tetragonal structure of the CuInS2 material with the privileged orientation (112) what...
2010-01-01
Copper indium disulphide films were produced by electrostatic spray deposition using a water/alcohol solution of copper chloride (CuCl2), indium chloride (InCl3) and thiourea (CS(NH2)2) sprayed onto SnO2:F coated glass substrates. The influence of various deposition parameters, namely substrate temperature (380-450^oC), applied voltage (12-18kV), solution concentration (0.21-0.49M), flow rate (25-200ml/min) and needle-substrate distance (40-70mm) were investigated. particle image velocimetry measurements were made of the spray cone and correlated with the film uniformity. The film uniformity was measured using an optically based test developed in-house. Results show that the highest concentrated spray solution and lowest deposition temperature produce non-uniform films. In contrast, a need...
Surface analysis of spray deposited copper indium disulfide films
2008-01-01
CuInS2 films were deposited by spray pyrolysis method at 350 deg. C. Films were characterized by XPS, AFM and electrical resistivity. The effect of chemical etchings in KCN and (NH4)2S2O8 solutions and thermal treatment at 530 deg. C in flowing hydrogen sulphide on the film surface composition has been studied. Indium oxide as main secondary phase in surface region of KCN-etched films is probably responsible of high surface conductivity and failure to prepare substrate configuration solar cell. Oxygen bounded to metal is present in the film bulk revealed by O1s BE of 530.0 eV of Ar+ sputtered profile. Hydrogen sulfide treatment transforms indium oxide into indium sulfide. Etching in ammonium persulfate solution has found to be effective to remove conductive upper layer resulting in surface with ...
Preparation and characterization of indium doped CdS0.2Se0.8 thin films by spray pyrolysis
2010-01-01
The CdS0.2Se0.8 and indium doped CdS0.2Se0.8 thin films have been deposited onto the amorphous glass and fluorine doped tin oxide coated glass substrates by spray pyrolysis. The doping concentration of indium has been optimized by photoelectrochemical characterization technique. The structural, surface morphological, optical and electrical properties of CdS0.2Se0.8 and indium doped CdS0.2Se0.8 thin films have been studied. X-ray diffraction studies reveal that the films are polycrystalline in nature with hexagonal crystal structure. Scanning electron microscopy studies reveal that the grains are uniform with uneven spherically shaped, distributed over the entire substrate surface. The complete surface morphology has been changed after doping. In optical studies, the transition of the depos...
2007-01-01
In this article we have studied the effect of Indium impurity on Tin Oxide layers sensitivity. Tin Oxide thin films without impurity and with different impurities are deposited by spray pyrolysis method and because of characterization of structural layers, we have studied X-ray diffraction spectrum and the image of scanning electron microscopy for sample with 2% impurity. In different temperatures we have calculated layers sensitivity that the most sensitivity in the sample of 6% impurity and in 200degC was considered. with increasing of impurity concentration The total process of work temperature decreasing was noticed. this process was continued until in the 15% impurity sample the work temperature decreased to 100degC
1999-03-31
The paper reported the lecture meeting of thermal spraying technology jointly held by the Kyushu Branch of Japan Thermal Spraying Society and the Nagasaki Prefectural Thermal Spraying Technology Study Society carried out by Industrial Technology Center of Nagasaki. In the lecture titled 'Application of thermal spraying at Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in Nagasaki' given by Mr. K. Noutomi of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, the spraying is for protection of product/part and addition of new function. In the lecture titled 'Evaluation of adhesiveness of sprayed coating by shear detachment test' given by Mr. F. Otsubo of Kyushu Institute of Technology, the proper shear adhesiveness can be evaluated by introducing the suitable notch. In the lecture titled 'Recent thermal spraying robot' given by K. Masushiro of Daihen Corp., its original new thermal spraying functional robot was introduced which is aimed at the total cost reduction. In the lecture titled 'Application examples in company of thermal spraying technology' given by Mr. K. Sakata of Fujiki Kosan Corp., examples of practical use of plasma spraying/ultrasonic flame spraying and wire spraying were introduced. In the lecture titled 'Study on spraying for casting materials' given by Mr. K. Hiraki of Industrial Technology Center of Nagasaki, the difference in tensile strength by sprayed portion was reported. (NEDO)
2010-01-01
Barium strontium titanate nanoparticles of spherical morphology and variable sizes could be synthesized by alkoxide-hydroxide sol-precipitation method, adopting an ultrasonic spray nozzle system. In the warm aqueous solution of barium and/or strontium hydroxide, a diluted solution of titanium isopropoxide (TIIP) in isopropanol was introduced as fine droplets produced by passing the solution through the ultrasonic nozzle. Phase-pure nanocrystals were produced. They were spherical, agglomeration-free, and fairly narrow in particle-size distribution. The average particle size can be controlled by changing the precursor concentration. When the TIIP concentration was increased above a certain critical value, a further increase in the particle size was interrupted as many doublets and triplets o...
Thermal boundary resistance at inferfaces between sapphire and indium
1976-01-01
The Kapitza thermal boundary resistance R/sub K/ has been measured above 10K on several sapphire--indium boundaries prepared with different methods. By vapor-deposition of indium on sapphire and subsequent cold-welding with bulk indium, reproducible results were obtained. With the indium superconducting, R/sub K/ approximately equal to T-3 was found within a certain temperature range, and R/sub K/(1K) = 42 to 44 and 30 to 36 cm2 K/W for polished and rough sapphire surfaces, respectively. The calculation according to the acoustic mismatch theory yields R/sub K/(1K) approximately equal to 20 cm2 K/W. Samples prepared by ultrasonic soldering also follow the relation R/sub K/ approximately equal to T-3 approximately, and give R/sub K/(1K) = 14--17 cm2 K/W. However, it is doubtful whether the ...
Automated robot inspection of spray painted surfaces
1995-12-31
Applications of paints and coatings can be greatly enhanced by using robotics spraying. Benefits include increased application rates with tighter control over coating finish, quality, and costs. The use of robotics can reduce human exposure to hazardous materials and dangerous spray environments. Successful deployment of a robotics system requires process feedback, automated task and path planning, and teleoperation. This paper describes a measurement system consisting of an inspection sensor and automated path planner for automated robot inspection of painted surfaces. The inspection sensor includes ultrasonic and eddy current components configured in a mechanism providing both compliant force and compliant motion.
From beads-to-wires-to-fibers of tungsten oxide: electrochromic response
2009-01-01
Suitable host lattice and morphology for easy intercalation and deintercalation process are crucial requirements for electrochromic device. In this investigation, the evolution of structural and morphological changes and their effect on electrochromic (EC) properties of spray-deposited WO3 thin films are studied. Films of different morphologies were deposited from an ammonium tungstate precursor solution using a novel pulsed spray pyrolysis technique (PSPT) on tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) coated glass substrates by varying quantity of spraying solution. Interesting morphological transition from beads-to-wires-to-fibers as a function of quantity of sprayed solution has been demonstrated. The porosity, crystallinity and ''open'' structures in the films consisting of beads, wires, and fiber-like morphology enabled us to correlate these ...
A newly designed ultrasonic spray pyrolysis device to fabricate YBCO tapes
2003-04-15
A newly designed ultrasonic spray pyrolysis device has been manufactured to fabricate YBCO tapes. The apparatus is primarily composed of four zones: the ultrasonic generator, the atomization chamber, the pyrolysis chamber and the rotating equipment. Every part of them is designed and fabricated by us. The whole system costs far less than the ready-made equipment facility in which there is always a vacuum apparatus. This apparatus with processing parameters accurately controlled can fabricate short and long YBCO tapes. In this paper, we mainly focused on how to design and manufacture four parts of the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. We have deposited c-axis aligned short YBCO tapes on biaxially textured Ag {l_brace}1 1 0{r_brace}<1 1 0> substrates with J{sub c}=10{sup 3} A/cm{sup 2} using this method with our device. The method is very promising in terms of its precise control of metal compositions, high deposition rate and low cost non-vacuum approach. Improvements of this technique are being carried out to fabricate long YBCO tapes.
2010-01-01
Molybdenum doped indium oxide (IO) thin films were deposited on the Coring F1737 glass substrates at 400 degreeC by spray pyrolysis technique. The Mo doping was varied between 0 and 4 at.%. The films were characterized by their structural, electrical and optical properties. The films are confirmed to be cubic bixbyite In2O3 with a strongest orientation along (222) for 0.5 at.% Mo, which is shifted to (400) plane when the Mo doping is increased to ≥1.2 at.%. The films deposited with 0.5 at.% Mo showed high mobility of 90 cm2/Vs, resistivity of 6.8 x 10-4 cm and carrier concentration of 1.01 x 1020 cm-3 with
1994-10-01
The bibliography contains citations concerning the characterization, fabrication, and applications of transparent and conductive tin oxide (SnO) and indium oxide (InO) films. The optical, electrical, structural, electrochemical, and photochemical properties of SnO and InO thin films are examined. The citations examine methods of fabricating SnO and InO semiconductor thin films and optical films, using chemical vapor deposition, reactive sputtering, spray pyrolysis, and electron beam deposition. Applications include gas sensors, solar cells, thin film resistors, and various thin film devices. Citations concerning indium-tin oxide films are excluded and examined in a separate bibliography. (Contains 250 citations and includes a subject term index and title list.)
1993-10-01
The bibliography contains citations concerning the characterization, fabrication, and applications of transparent and conductive tin oxide (SnO) and indium oxide (InO) films. The optical, electrical, structural, electrochemical, and photochemical properties of SnO and InO thin films are examined. The citations examine methods of fabricating SnO and InO semiconductor thin films and optical films, using chemical vapor deposition, reactive sputtering, spray pyrolysis, and electron beam deposition. Applications include gas sensors, solar cells, thin film resistors, and various thin film devices. Citations concerning indium-tin oxide films are excluded and examined in a separate bibliography. (Contains 250 citations and includes a subject term index and title list.)
2008-01-01
Chemically sprayed fluorine-indium-doped zinc oxide thin films (ZnO:F:In) were deposited on glass substrates. A mixture of zinc pentanedionate, indium sulfate, and fluoride acid was used in the starting solution. The influence of both the dopant concentration in the starting solution and the substrate temperature on the transport, morphological, linear, and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties were fully characterized with atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning-electron microscopy (SEM), UV-VIS, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies, and the second-harmonic generation (SHG) technique, respectively. A decrease in the resistivity was observed for increasing substrate temperatures, reaching a minimum value of 1.2 102 cm for samples deposited at 500C. The surface morphology was a...
Characteristics of the CuInS2 solar cell made at NASA GRC. ... (14) W. Hirpo, S. Dhingra, A. C. Sutorik, and M. G. Kanatzidis, Synthesis of Mixed Copper-Indium ... and L. Dloczik, CuInS2 sprayed films on different metal oxide ...
2006-01-01
Cadmium free chalcopyrite solar cells based upon industrial Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 absorber films with indium sulfide buffer layers deposited by the Spray-ILGAR technique have recently achieved certified efficiencies of 14.7%. Here we report for the first time on the stability of these cells. The cells were subjected to dry and damp heat conditions of 85 deg. C and 85% humidity for 100 h without encapsulation. The resulting cell parameters are measured and compared to cells prepared using a standard cadmium sulfide layer deposited by chemical bath deposition. Two different zinc oxide window processes were used for both buffers and the effect of changing the zinc oxide process is discussed. Before the damp heat tests, using an rf-sputtered zinc oxide process the indium sulfide buffers have an efficiency equal to the cadmium sulfide buffered cells and when using a second ...
2005-01-01
Indium sulfide (In2S3) thin films have been prepared by the spray pyrolysis (SP) technique using indium acetate and N-N dimethyl thiourea as precursor compounds. Samples prepared at different temperatures and atomic ratio of In to S in the starting solution (In/S)sol, have been characterized using several techniques. X-ray diffraction studies have shown that the preparation temperature (T p) affects the crystallinity of the deposited materials as well as the optoelectronic properties. For (In/S)sol=1/8, the optical band gap (E g) increases from 2.2 up to 2.67 eV when T p increases from 250 up to 450 deg. C. For (In/S)sol=1 and T p=450 deg. C, the deposited material shows n-type electrical conductivity with a dark value of 1 (no. OMEGAno. cm)-1, and E ...
Synthesis of Cathode Materials for SOFCs by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis
2002-06-01
In the recent years the attention of scientific society is focused on the creation and development of new alternative sources of energy. Numerous studies in the field of technology for material synthesis and material properties optimization have been carried out. The perovskite materials are the most appropriate materials for producing of SOFC cathodes because of their specific properties mixed ion and electron conductivity, high catalytic activity and ionization of adsorbed O{sub 2} and next O{sup 2-} diffusion process, chemical resistance towards electrolyte materials, good compatibility with the other elements of SOFC. The aim of the present work is to be carried out the synthesis and characterization of the perovskite materials from liquid phase by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis for SOFC cathode application. The method of ultrasonic spray pyrolysis provides high homogeneity on sub- microscale level, precise control of the process parameters and defined chemical composition of the powders obtained. It was measured high specific surface area and narrow particles size distribution was established. The powder particles are free of agglomeration and possess clearly defined spherical morphology. It was found that thus synthesized perovskite materials are suitable for shaping of a tubular cathode for SOFCs working up 950 to 1000 {sup o}C. (author)
Tin doping in spray pyrolysed indium sulfide thin films for solar cell applications
This paper presents studies carried out on tin-doped indium sulfide films prepared using Chemical Spray Pyrolysis (CSP) technique. Effect of both in-situ and ex-situ doping were analyzed. Ex-situ doping was done by thermal diffusion, which was realized by annealing Sn/In{sub 2}S{sub 3} bilayer films. In-situ doping was accomplished by introducing Sn into the spray solution by using SnCl{sub 4}.5H{sub 2}O. Interestingly, it was noted that by ex-situ doping, conductivity of the sample enhanced considerably without affecting any of the physical properties such as crystallinity or band gap. Analysis also showed that higher percentage of doping resulted in samples with low crystallinity and negative photosensitivity. In-situ doping resulted in amorphous films. In contrast to ex-situ doping, 'in- situ doping' resulted in widening of optical band gap through oxygen incorporation; also it gave highly photosensitive films. (author)
Tin doping in spray pyrolysed indium sulfide thin films for solar cell applications
2010-06-15
This paper presents studies carried out on tin-doped indium sulfide films prepared using Chemical Spray Pyrolysis (CSP) technique. Effect of both in-situ and ex-situ doping were analyzed. Ex-situ doping was done by thermal diffusion, which was realized by annealing Sn/In{sub 2}S{sub 3} bilayer films. In-situ doping was accomplished by introducing Sn into the spray solution by using SnCl{sub 4}.5H{sub 2}O. Interestingly, it was noted that by ex-situ doping, conductivity of the sample enhanced considerably without affecting any of the physical properties such as crystallinity or band gap. Analysis also showed that higher percentage of doping resulted in samples with low crystallinity and negative photosensitivity. In-situ doping resulted in amorphous films. In contrast to ex-situ doping, 'in- situ doping' resulted in widening of optical band gap through oxygen incorporation; also it gave highly photosensitive films. (author)
Tin doping in spray pyrolysed indium sulfide thin films for solar cell applications
2010-01-01
This paper presents studies carried out on tin-doped indium sulfide films prepared using Chemical Spray Pyrolysis (CSP) technique. Effect of both in-situ and ex-situ doping were analyzed. Ex-situ doping was done by thermal diffusion, which was realized by annealing Sn/In2S3 bilayer films. In-situ doping was accomplished by introducing Sn into the spray solution by using SnCl45H2O. Interestingly, it was noted that by ex-situ doping, conductivity of the sample enhanced considerably without affecting any of the physical properties such as crystallinity or band gap. Analysis also showed that higher percentage of doping resulted in samples with low crystallinity and negative photosensitivity. In-situ doping resulted in amorphous films. In contrast to ex-situ doping, `in- situ doping' resulted i...
Low resistivity CdS(In) films prepared by spray pyrolysis
1982-02-19
Low resistivity films of CdS doped with indium were prepared by spray pyrolysis. The resistivity was measured as a function of both the cadmium-to-sulfur molar ratio and the amount of hydroxylamine hydrochloride (NH/sub 2/OH x HCl) added to the starting spray solution. The amount of indium was kept constant at 3 mol.%. For a Cd:S ratio of 1:0.9 the resistivity drops by about two orders of magnitude from 3400 to 16 ..cap omega.. cm as the NH/sub 2/OH x HCl:Cd ratio is varied from 0 to 4. For Cd:S ratios of 1:1.2 and 1:1.5 the resistivity increases linearly for the same variation of NH/sub 2/OH x HCl:Cd going from 1.5 to 8 ..cap omega.. cm and from 0.68 to 6.8 ..cap omega.. cm respectively. These results are discussed in terms of the Cd:S ratio in these systems.
Synthesis of submicron carbon spheres by the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method
2010-01-01
Submicron carbon spherical particles were obtained by polycondensation of resorcinol and formaldehyde in a solution and subsequent ultrasonic spray pyrolysis of the prepared sol. Microscopic characterization indicates the regular spherical shape of the obtained particles and sphere diameters in 200-700nm range. The carbon spheres are amorphous as confirmed by electron diffraction, EELS, XRD and HREM characterization. Activation procedure was performed with H2O in a nitrogen flow for 15 and 30min at 800^oC. The activation procedure preserved the initial spherical shapes of the particles while the particle porosity and specific surface area were increased. The amount of surface oxygen functionalities was also increased by activation procedure as indicated by FTIR analysis.
Synthesis and characterization of carbon nanotubes via ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method on zeolite
2010-01-01
Ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has been investigated with zeolite supporting material. Single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were obtained at 850^oC in nitrogen environment. Such deposition system makes it possible to grow CNTs without reducing agent at atmospheric pressure in a simple setup. Iron and cobalt acetate were used as catalyst and ethanol as carbon source for the synthesis of CNTs. Results show that nature of zeolite and cobalt concentration play important roles for SWCNTs production. Interestingly, we notice that in catalyst particles of sharp shape, nucleation of a nanotubes cap occurs dominantly in the forward direction.
Optical characterization and determination of carrier density of ultrasonically sprayed CdS:Cu films
2010-01-01
In this work, CdS and Cu doped CdS films (at the Cu percentages of 1, 3 and 5) have been deposited onto glass substrates at 350+/-5^oC by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis technique and their application potential for photovoltaic solar cells have been investigated. Optical properties and thicknesses of the films have been investigated by spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). Ellipsometric angle was used as the source point for optical characterizations. The optical constants (n and k) and the thicknesses of the films have been fitted according to Cauchy model. Also, optical properties of the produced films have been analyzed by transmittance and reflectance spectra. Refractive index (n), extinction coefficient (k) and reflectance spectra have been taken by spectroscopic ellipsometer, while transmitta...
Fabrication of solid oxide fuel cell anode electrode by spray pyrolysis
2010-01-01
Large triple phase boundaries (TPBs) and high gas diffusion capability are critical in enhancing the performance of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). In this study, ultrasonic spray pyrolysis has been investigated to assess its capability in controlling the anode microstructure. Deposition of porous anode film of nickel and Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95 on a dense 8mol.% yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) substrate was carried out. First, an ultrasonic atomization model was utilized to predict the deposited particle size. The model accurately estimated the deposited particle size based on the feed solution condition. Second, effects of various process parameters, which included the precursor solution feed rate, precursor solution concentration and deposition temperature, on the TPB formation and porosity we...
2008-01-01
Multiple-step ultrasonic spray pyrolysis was developed to produce a gradient porous lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM) cathode on yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte for use in intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs). The effect of solvent and precursor type on the morphology and compositional homogeneity of the LSM film was first identified. The LSM film prepared from organo-metallic precursor and organic solvent showed a homogeneous crack-free microstructure before and after heat treatment as opposed to aqueous solution. With respect to the effect of processing parameters, increasing the temperature and solution flow rate in the specific range of 520-580 deg. C leads to change the microstructure from a dense to a highly porous structure. Using a dilute organic solution a nanocrystalline thin layer was first deposited at 520 deg. C and ...
2008-01-01
Multiple-step ultrasonic spray pyrolysis was developed to produce a gradient porous lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM) cathode on yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte for use in intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs). The effect of solvent and precursor type on the morphology and compositional homogeneity of the LSM film was first identified. The LSM film prepared from organo-metallic precursor and organic solvent showed a homogeneous crack-free microstructure before and after heat treatment as opposed to aqueous solution. With respect to the effect of processing parameters, increasing the temperature and solution flow rate in the specific range of 520-580degreeC leads to change the microstructure from a dense to a highly porous structure. Using a dilute organi...
Characterization of ZnO films obtained by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis technique
2009-06-15
In this work, ZnO film was deposited onto microscope glass substrates at 300 {+-} 5 C by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis technique to investigate its application potential in photovoltaic solar cells. Optical, surface, structural and electrical properties of the film were investigated. Transmittance and absorbance spectra were taken to examine the optical properties, and band gap was calculated by optical method. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs and X-ray diffraction pattern were used to investigate the surface and structural properties of the film, respectively. Temperature dependent current measurements were performed by two-probe method to analyze electrical properties, and electrical conductivity at room temperature and activation energy values were calculated. After all investigations, application potential of ZnO film in photovoltaic cells as transparent conducting oxide contact was searched. (author)
A novel chrysanthemum-like ZnO nanostructure synthesized by the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method
2010-01-01
A novel ZnO nanostructure was synthesized by the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman Spectroscopy analyses reveal the hexagonal polycrystalline structure of wurtzite. Under the lower magnification image of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), ZnO film exhibits a chrysanthemum-like configuration. Their petals are built up from numerous fine particles linking together under higher magnifications, with the uniform diameters of 100 nm. The strong peaks for Zn and O in the EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy) spectrum indicate the main chemical composition. The reasonable growth process and formation mechanism of the unique ZnO nanostructure were proposed (Copyright 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ultrasonically synthesized nanocrystalline ZnO powder-based thick film sensor for ammonia sensing
2010-01-01
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to show how to obtain better response, selectivity and fast response and recovery from nanocrystalline ZnO-based gas sensors as compared to conventional materials. Design/methodology/approach - Nanocrystalline ZnO powders were prepared from the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method. Aqueous solution of zinc acetate was atomized using ultrasonic atomizer. The aerosol generated was fed to the reaction furnace for pyrolysis. Nanocrystalline ZnO crystallites were collected using simple but novel trapping system. Thick film resistors of this powder were fabricated using screen printing technique. Findings - As-prepared powder was studied using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to know structure, size of nanocr...
2010-01-01
Two different spray application methods were compared in three vine varieties at different crop stages. A conventional spray application with a constant volume rate per unit ground area (l ha-1) was compared with a variable rate application method designed to compensate electronically for measured variations in canopy dimensions. An air-blast sprayer with individual multi-nozzle spouts was fitted with three ultrasonic sensors and three electro valves on one side, in order to modify the emitted flow rate of the nozzles according to the variability of canopy dimensions in real time. The purpose of this prototype was to precisely apply the required amount of spray liquid and avoid over dosing. On average, a 58% saving in application volume was achieved with the variable rate method, obtaining...
Tensile properties of HVOF sprayed Inconel 625 coatings subjected aqueous corrosion
2006-01-01
Purpose ? To examine the tensile properties of high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) sprayed Inconel 625 coating of steel substrate before and after the aqueous corrosion. Design/methodology/approach ? Workpieces were cut from steel sheets. After chemical and ultrasonic cleaning, workpiece surfaces were sand blasted and HVOF sprayed Inconel 625 coated. The coated and un-coated surfaces were subjected to the aqueous corrosion tests for one and three weeks. After the completion of the corrosion tests, tensile properties of the workpieces were examined. Findings ? The workpieces subjected to a three weeks static corrosion environment fail at a lower load than the untreated workpiece due to high stiffness. The defect sites in the coating and at the interface act as stress risers and contribute substan...
1990-11-01
The high {Tc} oxide superconductor of the Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system was prepared by spray pyrolysis. X-ray diffraction patterns of the sample show a perfectly isolated 110 K phase. Superconducting transition with zero-resistance temperture at {Tc} = 101 K was achieved for a sample calcined at 850{degree}C for 18 hr and sintered at the same temperature for 12 hr. The heat treatment time required to form the pure 110 K phase could be minimized by spray pyrolysis. The critical current density at 77 K in zero magnetic field was 528 A/cm{sup 2}.
Conceptual model for spray pyrolysis mechanism: fabrication and annealing of titania thin films
2010-01-01
The present work presents a comprehensive model of both processes and outcomes of the spray pyrolysis mechanism, which is based on wide-ranging experience gained from experimentation involving a range of parameters. The deposition temperature and initial droplet size are the main parameters controlling film properties, including mineralogy, surface morphology, thickness, and bonding; the effect of annealing on these properties also is considered. The model is supported experimentally through the processing of films aerosol and ultrasonically spray pyrolyzed at 350C, followed by annealing for 12h at 500C in air. Assessment of the mineralogy, chemical bonding, and crystallinity/residual stress of the films involved glancing-angle X-ray diffraction and laser Raman microspectroscopy, Fou...
Characterization of plasma sprayed beryllium ITER first wall mockups
1998-01-01
ITER first wall beryllium mockups, which were fabricated by vacuum plasma spraying the beryllium armor, have survived 3000 thermal fatigue cycles at 1 MW/m{sup 2} without damage during high heat flux testing at the Plasma Materials Test Facility at Sandia National Laboratory in New Mexico. The thermal and mechanical properties of the plasma sprayed beryllium armor have been characterized. Results are reported on the chemical composition of the beryllium armor in the as-deposited condition, the through thickness and normal to the through thickness thermal conductivity and thermal expansion, the four-point bend flexure strength and edge-notch fracture toughness of the beryllium armor, the bond strength between the beryllium armor and the underlying heat sink material, and ultrasonic C-scans of the Be/heat sink interface. (author)
Characterization of Plasma Sprayed Beryllium ITER First Wall Mockups
1997-12-31
ITER first wall beryllium mockups, which were fabricated by vacuum plasma spraying the beryllium armor, have survived 3000 thermal fatigue cycles at 1 MW/sq m without damage during high heat flux testing at the Plasma Materials Test Facility at Sandia National Laboratory in New Mexico. The thermal and mechanical properties of the plasma sprayed beryllium armor have been characterized. Results are reported on the chemical composition of the beryllium armor in the as-deposited condition, the through thickness and normal to the through thickness thermal conductivity and thermal expansion, the four-point bend flexure strength and edge-notch fracture toughness of the beryllium armor, the bond strength between the beryllium armor and the underlying heat sink material, and ultrasonic C-scans of the Be/heat sink interface.
Automated spray cleaning using flammable solvents in a glovebox
1998-05-01
The phase-out of the ozone-depleting solvents has forced industry to look to solvents such as alcohol, terpenes and other flammable solvents to perform the critical cleaning processes. These solvents are not as efficient as the ozone-depleting solvents in terms of soil loading, cleaning time and drying when used in standard cleaning processes such as manual sprays or ultrasonic baths. They also require special equipment designs to meet part cleaning specifications and operator safety requirements. This paper describes a cleaning system that incorporates the automated spraying of flammable solvents to effectively perform precision cleaning processes. Key to the project`s success was the development of software that controls the robotic system and automatically generates robotic cleaning paths from three dimensional CAD models of the items to be cleaned.
Thermal boundary resistance at inferfaces between sapphire and indium
1976-03-01
The Kapitza thermal boundary resistance R/sub K/ has been measured above 1/sup 0/K on several sapphire--indium boundaries prepared with different methods. By vapor-deposition of indium on sapphire and subsequent cold-welding with bulk indium, reproducible results were obtained. With the indium superconducting, R/sub K/ approximately equal to T/sup -3/ was found within a certain temperature range, and R/sub K/(1K) = 42 to 44 and 30 to 36 cm/sup 2/ K/W for polished and rough sapphire surfaces, respectively. The calculation according to the acoustic mismatch theory yields R/sub K/(1K) approximately equal to 20 cm/sup 2/ K/W. Samples prepared by ultrasonic soldering also follow the relation R/sub K/ approximately equal to T/sup -3/ approximately, and give R/sub K/(1K) = 14--17 cm/sup 2/ K/W. However, it is doubtful whether the calculation presuming a smooth boundary can be applied to the latter samples. Furthermore, it was found that the method of vapor deposition and subsequent pouring on molten indium does not give good contacts. Moreover, the electronic contribution to the heat transfer across the boundary has been proved by ruling out other effects.
MOS solar cells based on p-InP
1984-01-01
Solar cells were formed using single-crystal indium phosphide of p-type conductance. An oxide layer was grown on the surface of the wafer in a pure oxygen atmosphere, and a semiopaque metallic electrode 2-5 mm in diameter, which formed a barrier with the indium phosphide, was applied by vacuum deposition of nickel. Ohmic contact on the back of the substrate was provided by the spray deposition of a Ag + Zn alloy. The volt-ampere characteristics are presented in graphs for a metal-semiconductor (MS) cell and for the proposed MOS cell with the intermediate thermal oxide layer. A comparison of the volt-capacitance characteristics for cells of each structure demonstrates that for the MOS cell the voltage cut-off significantly exceeds that of the MS structure. It is also shown that the introduction of a dielectric layer permits a large increase in the no-load voltage and greater efficiency. 7 references.
Anomalous behavior of silver doped indium sulfide thin films
2006-01-01
The effect of doping spray pyrolyzed thin films of In2S3 with silver is discussed. It was observed that silver diffused into In2S3 films in as deposited condition itself. Depth profile using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy clearly showed diffusion of silver into In2S3 layer without any annealing. X-ray analysis revealed significant enhancement in crystallinity and grain size up to an optimum percentage of doping concentration. This optimum value showed dependence on thickness and atomic ratio of indium and sulfur in the film. Band gap decreased up to the optimum value of doping and thereafter it increased. Electrical studies showed a drastic decrease in resistivity from 1.2x103 to 0.06 OMEGA cm due to doping. A sample having optimum doping was found to be more ...
2004-01-30
A bilayer CdS/ITO film was obtained. The dipped CdS was grown by an ultrasonic colloid deposition (USCD) method. Microstructure of the CdS film made by USCD has a wider transmission range and a higher transmittance. Amorphous indium-tin-oxide (ITO) thin film was deposited using d.c. magnetron-sputtering at room temperature. The ITO films exhibited good conductivity and maximum transmittance of 94%. The CdS/ITO bilayer was investigated by means of GIXD (grazing incidence X-ray diffraction) at different incidence angles ({alpha}=0.20-5.00 deg.) and XRD. We discuss a model for the thin bilayer film. SEM and AFM show that homogeneous CdS films with a bar-shaped ultrafine particles and ITO film with nanometer structure. The mechanism of the bilayer CdS/ITO film is discussed.
1999-01-01
Abstract not available. Publisher: Plenum Relation: Other identifier: swin:9478 Language: English Source: Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation / Donald O. Thompson and Dale E. Chimenti (eds.), Vol. 18, pp. 373-380
40 CFR 433.10 - Applicability; description of the metal finishing point source category.
...Shearing, Heat Treating, Thermal Cutting, Welding, Brazing, Soldering, Flame Spraying, Sand Blasting, Other Abrasive Jet Machining...Machining, Laser Beam Machining, Plasma Arc Machining, Ultrasonic Machining, Sintering, Laminating, Hot Dip Coating,...
Selectivity enhancement of indium-doped SnO{sub 2} gas sensors
2002-09-02
Indium doping was used to enhance the selectivity of SnO{sub 2} gas sensor. Both indium-doped and undoped SnO{sub 2} gas sensors fabricated with different deposition techniques were investigated. The changes in the sensitivity of the sensors caused by selective gases (hydrogen and wood smoke) ranging from 500 to 3000 ppm were measured at different temperatures from 50 to 300 deg. C. The sensitivity peaks of the samples exhibit different values for selective gases with a response time of approximately 0.5 s. Thermally evaporated indium-doped SnO{sub 2} gas sensor shows a considerable increase in the sensitivity peak of 27% in response to wood smoke, whereas it shows a sensitivity peak of 7% to hydrogen. This is in contrast to the sputter deposited indium-doped SnO{sub 2} gas sensor, which exhibits a much lower sensitivity peak of approximately 2% to hydrogen and wood smoke compared to undoped SnO{sub 2} gas sensors fabricated by chemical vapor deposition and spray pyrolysis. Scanning electron microscopy shows that different deposition techniques result in different porosity of the films. It is observed that the thermally evaporated indium-doped SnO{sub 2} gas sensor shows high porosity, while the sputtered sample exhibits almost no porosity.
2009-01-01
Full text: Multi-Walled Carbon Nano tubes (MWCNT) were deposited onto Indium-Tin-Oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrates by introducing the use of Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD) as the method. The Multi-Walled Carbon Nano tubes (MWCNT) were dispersed ultrasonically in ethanol and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to form stable suspension. The addition of Sodium Hydroxide in ethanol can stabilize the suspension, which was very important step before the deposition take place. Two substrates of Indium-Tin-Oxide(ITO)-coated glass placed in parallel facing each other (conductive side) into the suspension. The deposition occurs at room temperature, which the distance fixed at 1 cm between both electrodes and the voltage level applied was fixed at 400 V, respectively. The deposition time also was fixed at 30 minutes. The deposited ITO-Glass with Multi-Walled Carbon Nano tubes ...
The feasibility study of hot cell decontamination by the PFC spray method
The characteristics of per-fluorocarbon compounds (PFC) are colorless, non-toxic, easily vaporized and nonflammable. Also, some of them are liquids of a high density, low surface tension, low latent heat and low specific heat. These particular chemical and physical properties of fluoro-organic compounds permit their use in very different fields such as electronics, medicine, tribology, nuclear and material science. The Sonatol process was developed under a contract with the DOE. The Sonatol process uses an ultrasonic agitation in a PFC solution that contains a fluorinated surfactant to remove radioactive particles from surfaces. Filtering the suspended particles allows the solutions to be reused indefinitely. They applied the Sonatol process to the decontamination of a heterogeneous legacy Pu-238 waste that exhibited an excessive hydrogen gas generation, which prevents a transportation of such a waste to a Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) is developing dry decontamination technologies applicable to a decontamination of a highly radioactive area loosely contaminated with radioactive particles. This contamination has occurred as a result of an examination of a post-irradiated material or the development of the DUPIC process. The dry decontamination technologies developed are the carbon dioxide pellet spray method and the PFC spray method. As a part of the project, PFC ultrasonic decontamination technology was developed in 2004. The PFC spray decontamination method which is based on the test results of the PFC ultrasonic method has been under development since 2005. The developed PFC spray decontamination equipment consists of four modules (spray, collection, filtration and distillation). Vacuum cup of the collection module gathers the contaminated PFC solution, then the solution is moved to the filtration module and it is recycled. After a multiple recycling of the spent PFC solution, it is purified in the distillation module. A performance test on each module was executed and the results have been reported. A combined test of the four modules, however, has not been performed as yet. The main objective of the present study is to demonstrate the feasibility of the full PFC spray decontamination process. Decontamination of the inside of the IMEF hot cell by the PFC spray method was also performed. PFC spray decontamination process was demonstrated by using a surrogate wall contaminated with Eu{sub 2}O{sub 3} powder. The spray pressure was 41 kgf/cm{sup 2}, the orifice diameter was 0.2 mm and the spray velocity was 0.2 L/min. And, the decontaminated area was 100 cm{sup 2}. From previous test results, we found that the decontamination factor of the PFC spray method was in the range from 9.6 to 62.4. When the decontamination efficiency of Co-60 was high, then the decontamination efficiency of Cs-137 was also high. As the surface roughness of the specimen increased, the PFC spray decontamination efficiency decreased. Inferring from the previous results, the surface of the surrogate wall was cleaned by the PFC spray method. The vacuum cup of the collection module operated well and gathered more than 99 % of the PFC solution. Also, filtration and distillation modules operated well. All the filtered PFC solution flowed to the storage chamber where some of the PFC solution was distilled. The coolant of the distillation module was a dry ice. And, the recycled solution was transferred to the spray module by a high pressure pump. To evaluate the PFC spray decontamination efficiency, a smear device was fabricated and operated by a manipulator. Before and after decontamination, a smear test was performed. The tested area was 100 cm{sup 2} and the radioactivity was estimated indirectly by measuring the radioactivity of the filter paper. The average decontamination factor was in the range between 10 and 15. One application time was 2 minutes. The sprayed PFC solution was collected by the vacuum cup and it was stored in the collection equipment. After the termination of the decontamination test, the flexible hose was cut near a toboggan. The collection equipment that contained the spent PFC solution, vacuum cup, spray nozzle and the flexible hose was stored in a radioactive waste storage tank. A feasibility study for the PFC spray decontamination method for an application to a hot cell surface was performed. The decontamination equipment that consisted of four modules operated well in the hot cell. The collection module gathered the sprayed PFC solution. The solution was purified in the filtration or distillation modules. The main characteristic of the distillation module is the use of dry ice as a coolant. The decontamination factor of IMEF hot cell was in the range from 10 to 15. It was difficult to measure the radioactivity accurately at a given time. We, however, concluded that the PFC spray decontamination method is a promising technology. It generated a small amount of secondary waste and used a non-toxic and non-conducting material. Decontamination work was performed with a little loss of the main decontamination agent. Based on the test results, we are developing an improved PFC spray decontamination process.
2008-05-01
Ultrasonic spray pyrolysis assisted by an electrostatic field was used to deposit thick Sm{sub 0.5}Sr{sub 0.5}CoO{sub 3} (SSC) films (>40 {mu}m) as solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) cathodes with a unique porous columnar structure. The high porosity and great thickness provided many active sites for reduction reaction. The space between columns, as well as the large pores ({proportional_to}100 nm) inside the columns allowed gas molecules to diffuse quickly to the reaction sites; thus, very low interfacial resistance values (0.20 and 0.035 {omega} cm{sup 2} at 600 and 700 C, respectively) were obtained. Moreover, the high deposition rate, ease of operation in open air and low cost make the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis assisted by an electrostatic field a particularly useful method for preparation of films ideal for SOFC operation. (author)
2008-01-01
Nanocrystalline ZnO and ZnO:Ag films have been deposited on Si (1 0 0) substrates by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) technique under ambient atmosphere. Among pure ZnO films, the sample deposited at 500 oC with spray rate of 0.15 ml/min has the strongest near-band edge (NBE) ultraviolet emission (378 nm) observed in the room-temperature photoluminescence (RT PL) measurement. Its PL intensity ratio (R) of the UV emission to the deep-level emission has a largest value of 470 and the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of UV peak has a smallest value of 10 nm (87 meV). Moreover, RT PL spectra show that compared with undoped ZnO, the UV emission intensity of ZnO:Ag films (with the Ag:Zn atomic ratio = 3% in the precursor solution) is even markedly enhanced and the R increases to the value of at least 700. However, a silver phase is detected and the UV luminescence becomes weak for ...
Role of chlorine on the opto-electronic properties of ^2-In2S3 thin films
2010-01-01
Effect of chlorine doping on the opto-electronic properties of b-In2S3 thin film, deposited by spray pyrolysis technique is studied for the first time. Chlorine was incorporated in the spray solution, using HCl. Pristine sample prepared using In(NO3)3 and thiourea as the precursors showed very low photosensitivity. But upon adding optimum quantity of chlorine, the photosensitivity increased by 3 orders. X-ray analysis revealed that crystallinity was also increasing up to this optimum level of Cl concentration. It was also observed that samples with high photosensitivity were having higher band gap. The present study proved that doping with chlorine was beneficial as this could result in forming crystalline and photosensitive films of indium sulfide.
Synthesis and characterization of CdIn2O4 thin films by spray pyrolysis technique
2009-01-01
Transparent conducting cadmium indium oxide (CIO) thin films were deposited onto preheated glass substrates by using spray pyrolysis technique with cadmium acetate and indium acetate as precursors for Cd and In ions, respectively. The films have been deposited at various substrate temperatures within 250-325degreeC. As-deposited films were annealed at optimized temperature of 400degreeC for 2h in order to enhance the film properties under ambient air atmosphere. These films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM, optical absorption and Hall effect techniques. The XRD studies reveal that films are of polycrystalline CdIn2O4 with cubic spinel structure and crystallinity increases appreciably after annealing. Optical absorption study shows the presence of direct optical transition...
Study of the I-V characteristics of SnO2:F/AgInS2 (p)/Al Schottky diodes
2010-01-01
AgInS2 sprayed thin films have been deposited on glass SnO2:F substrates using an aqueous solution which contains silver acetate (AgCH3CO2), thiourea (SC(NH2)2) and indium chloride (InCl3) as precursors. The depositions were carried out at the substrate temperature of 420^oC. The concentration ratio in the spray solution of indium and silver elements x=[Ag^+]/[In^3^+] was equal to 1.3 whereas y=[S^2^-]/[In^3^+] was varied between 5 and 7. The current-voltage study of SnO2:F/AgInS2/Al Shottky diodes as a function of y composition has been carried out. A rectifier effect has been shown and the transport process is mainly governed by the generation-recombination and tunneling effects.
2003-11-15
Good quality indium tin oxide (ITO) films were successfully deposited on to glass substrates in open atmosphere employing the novel one-step electrostatic spray assisted vapour deposition process. The effect of process parameters such as temperature and deposition time on the microstructure, electrical and optical properties of the ITO films was analysed. A sheet resistance in the range of 50 {omega} {open_square}{sup -1} and an optical transparency >80% were achieved at a substrate temperature of 500 deg. C. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern indicates polycrystallinity with grain orientations predominantly along (2 2 2) and (4 0 0) directions with average crystallite size ranging between 15 and 55 nm in the temperature range 300-550 deg. C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed spherical grain growth with sizes ranging between 250 and 850 nm and atomic force microscopy (AFM) indicated the ITO films produced at higher temperatures have reduced surface roughness.
Effect of precursor concentration on the properties of ITO thin films
2008-01-01
Tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) thin films have been prepared by the spray pyrolysis method using indium chloride as a precursor and stannic chloride as a dopant. The effect of a precursor concentration on the structural, morphological, electrical and optical properties of films has been studied. The concentration of InCl3 in the spraying solution is varied from 6.25 to 37.5 mM keeping doping percentage of tin fixed at its optimized value of 5 wt.%. Bare glass is used as a substrate and oxygen as the carrier and reaction gas. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns show that films are polycrystalline and their crystallinities are dependent on the precursor concentration. A surface morphology has been observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. The typical ITO film has minimum resistivity value of 2.71 x 10-3 ...
Detection of pollutant gases using electrostatic sprayed indium oxide and tin-doped indium oxide
2009-01-01
The aim of this paper is to present the gas sensing performance of In2O3 and Sn-doped In2O3 films prepared by a novel technique, i.e., Electrostatic Spray Deposition technique. The morphology and the microstructure studies reveal that the films are porous comprising grains in the nanometer range and crystallizing in the cubic structure. The present films prove to be sensitive to low H2S concentrations (1-10 ppm) at low operating temperature (200 deg. C). Undoped films present a very high sensitivity to H2S, compared with doped films, and a negligible response to NO2 and SO2. Sn dopant introduced in In2O3 causes a great sensitivity decrease in H2S response, and, on the contrary, a slight increase in NO2 and SO2 ...
1992-11-01
The bibliography contains citations concerning the characterization, fabrication, and applications of transparent and conductive tin oxide (SnO) and indium oxide (InO) films. The optical, electrical, structural, electrochemical, and photochemical properties of SnO and InO thin films are examined. The citations examine methods of fabricating SnO and InO semiconductor thin films and optical films, using chemical vapor deposition, reactive sputtering, spray pyrolysis, and electron beam deposition. Applications include gas sensors, solar cells, thin film resistors, and various thin film devices. Citations concerning indium-tin oxide films are excluded and examined in a separate bibliography. (Contains a minimum of 218 citations and includes a subject term index and title list.)
1998-02-01
The bibliography contains citations concerning the characterization, fabrication, and applications of transparent and conductive tin oxide (SnO) and indium oxide (InO) films. The optical, electrical, structural, electrochemical, and photochemical properties of SnO and InO thin films are examined. The citations examine methods of fabricating SnO and InO semiconductor thin films and optical films, using chemical vapor deposition, reactive sputtering, spray pyrolysis, and electron beam deposition. Applications include gas sensors, solar cells, thin film resistors, and various thin film devices. Citations concerning indium-tin oxide films are excluded and examined in a separate bibliography.(Contains 50-250 citations and includes a subject term index and title list.) (Copyright NERAC, Inc. 1995)
Tribological property of TiO2 nanolubricant on piston and cylinder surfaces
2010-01-01
In this paper, an arc spray nanofluid synthesis system with complex ultrasonic orthogonal vibration and vortex stirring was proposed and developed for TiO2 nanolubricant, in which TiO2 nanoparticles were of equal roundness and consistent size. In the proposed nanofluid synthesis system, one of the electrodes and ultrasonic vibrator were assembled to form an orthogonal model with another electrode installed inside the vacuum chamber of arc discharge system, with 10W/30 lubricant serving as the dielectric liquid. The tribological behavior of the lubricant with TiO2 nanoparticles at average particle size 25nm on the surface of piston ring is compared with that of the lubricant without TiO2 nanoparticles. Experimental results showed that the coefficients of friction between the piston ring and...
2008-01-01
In this study, we present a simple method to improve the electrochromic properties of a nickel oxide thin film. The method involves a three-step process-(a) conducting indium tin oxide (ITO) nano-particles were first sprayed onto a conducting substrate to form a porous nano-structured ITO layer, (b) nickel oxide film was then deposited onto the nano-structured ITO layer by a spray pyrolysis technique, and (c) the substrate, ITO nano-particles layer and nickel oxide film were annealed at high temperature of 300 deg. C to improve adhesion of these three layers. The microstructure of the resulting electrochromic cell was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. It is evident that the nickel oxide film covers the surface of the ITO nano-particle layer and forms a nano-structured nickel oxide (NSNO) film. The switching time and contrast were characterized by Autolab ...
2008-01-01
In this study, we present a simple method to improve the electrochromic properties of a nickel oxide thin film. The method involves a three-step process-(a) conducting indium tin oxide (ITO) nano-particles were first sprayed onto a conducting substrate to form a porous nano-structured ITO layer, (b) nickel oxide film was then deposited onto the nano-structured ITO layer by a spray pyrolysis technique, and (c) the substrate, ITO nano-particles layer and nickel oxide film were annealed at high temperature of 300degreeC to improve adhesion of these three layers. The microstructure of the resulting electrochromic cell was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. It is evident that the nickel oxide film covers the surface of the ITO nano-particle layer and forms a nano-structured nickel...
2009-05-15
The specific contact resistivity ({rho}{sub C}) for aluminum (Al), silver (Ag) and indium (In) metallic contacts on CuInS{sub 2} thin films was determined from I-V measurements, with the purpose of having the most appropriate ohmic contact for TCO/CdS/CuInS{sub 2} solar cells; {rho}{sub C} was measured using the transmission line method (TLM) for the metallic contacts evaporated on CuInS{sub 2} thin films deposited by spray pyrolysis with ratios x=[Cu]/[In]=1.0, 1.1, 1.3 and 1.5 in the spray solution. The results show that In contacts have the lowest {rho}{sub C} values for CuInS{sub 2} samples grown with x=1.5. The minimum {rho}{sub C} was 0.26 {omega} cm{sup 2} for the In contacts. This value, although not very low, will allow the fabrication of CuInS{sub 2} solar cells with a small series resistance. (author)
2009-01-01
The specific contact resistivity (C) for aluminum (Al), silver (Ag) and indium (In) metallic contacts on CuInS2 thin films was determined from I-V measurements, with the purpose of having the most appropriate ohmic contact for TCO/CdS/CuInS2 solar cells; C was measured using the transmission line method (TLM) for the metallic contacts evaporated on CuInS2 thin films deposited by spray pyrolysis with ratios x=[Cu]/[In]=1.0, 1.1, 1.3 and 1.5 in the spray solution. The results show that In contacts have the lowest C values for CuInS2 samples grown with x=1.5. The minimum C was 0.26cm2 for the In contacts. This value, although not very low, will allow the fabrication of CuInS2 solar cells with a small series resistance.
2010-01-01
Copper indium disulphide (CuInS2), is a good absorber material for photovoltaic applications. In this work, CuInS2 is deposited by chemical spray pyrolysis on heated glass substrates. It is observed that the film growth temperature and the ion ratio Cu/In affects the structural and optical properties of CuInS2 thin films. This paper presents the effect of temperature on the growth (for the ion ratio Cu/In=1.25), optical and photoluminescence properties of sprayed CuInS2 films. The XRD patterns confirm the well defined single phase composition of CuInS2 films grown from 300 to 350 deg. C (at Cu/In=1.25) as optimum temperature for depositing well defined crystallites along (1 1 2) oriented CuInS2 thin films with chalcopyrite structure. D2d point symmetry group is associated with the ...
2010-01-01
Thin films of copper indium disulfide (CuInS2) are deposited on various substrates (In2S3/ZnO/SnO2/glass, ZnO/SnO2/glass), where In2S3 will be used as the optical window, ZnO as the optical window or wafer layer, CuInS2 as the absorber material in photovoltaic system and SnO2 as the ohmic contact. In2S3 is grown by chemical bath deposition; CuInS2, ZnO and SnO2 are grown by airless spray technique. The substrate temperature and the deposition duration of CuInS2 thin layer are fixed at 340 ^oC and 20 minutes respectively. The films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and spectrophotometer. The X-ray diffraction revealed that the as-sprayed CuInS2 absorber films are of chalcopyrite crystalline phase with a highly (112) preferential orientation, the In2...
Characterisation of porous doped ZnO thin films deposited by spray pyrolysis technique
2007-01-01
Al or Sn doped ZnO films were deposited by spray pyrolysis using aqueous solutions. The films were deposited on either indium tin oxide coated or bare glass substrates. ZnCl2, AlCl3 and SnCl2 were used as precursors. The effect of ZnCl2 molar concentration (0.1-0.3 M) and doping percentage (2-4% AlCl3 or SnCl2) have been investigated. The main goal of this work being to grow porous ZnO thin films, small temperature substrates (200-300 deg. C) have been used during the spray pyrolysis deposition. It is shown that, if the X-ray diffraction patterns correspond to ZnO, the films deposited onto bare glass substrate are only partly crystallized while those deposited onto ITO coated glass substrate exhibit better crystallization. The homogeneity of the films decreases when the molar concentration of the ...
YAG:Ce3+ nanostructured particles obtained via spray pyrolysis of polymeric precursor solution
2010-01-01
Cerium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG:Ce3+) powder phosphor is synthesized via spray pyrolysis of polymeric precursor solution obtained by dissolving the corresponding nitrates in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Ultrasonically generated aerosol droplets are decomposed at 600degreeC in argon atmosphere. Following the initial attempt in providing pure YAG:Ce3+ phase generation the particles were additionally thermally treated for 3h in air at 1000 and 1100degreeC. The powder morphology is followed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while inner particle structure is analysed by analytical and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Phase identification is performed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) based on which a structural refinement through Rietveld meth...
Sensing properties of chemically sprayed TiO2 thin films using Ni, Ir, and Rh as catalysts
2008-01-01
The purpose of this work is double, to analyze the influence of (i) the addition of different catalysts and (ii) the implementation of different procedures to introduce them in the titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films, in order to improve the film sensitivity for detecting oxygen. For reaching these objectives, TiO2 thin films were deposited on alumina substrates by the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) technique employing titanium(IV) oxide acetylacetonate (TiO(acac)2) as a titanium precursor, and pure methanol as a solvent. Iridium, nickel, and rhodium were the three catalysts used, which were incorporated by impregnation and USP onto the TiO2 thin films surface. The electrical characterization, consisting in surface resistance measurements of the films, in a mixture of oxygen and zero-grad...
2010-01-01
The structural, morphological and photocatalytic properties of ZnO thin films and nanostructures deposited on Corning glass substrates via various chemical routes were investigated. It is demonstrated that the structural and morphological characteristics of the samples depend drastically on deposition technique and parameters. ZnO nanostructured films, nanopetals and nanowires were systematically obtained by varying the experimental conditions. Sol-gel method leads to the formation of dense ZnO nanostructured thin films with a preferred growth orientation along the (002) crystallographic direction, while ultrasonic spray pyrolysis results in ZnO nanopetals, their dimensions increasing with spraying time. On the other hand, highly oriented ZnO nanowires were obtained via aqueous solution gr...
Metrology of grit blasted surfaces
1995-12-31
Substrate surface condition is a critical parameter which affects the adhesive bond strength of thermal spray coatings. The characterization of substrate surface condition is important for testing and evaluation, process modeling, and product modeling of thermal spray coatings. The characterization technique should be robust, nondestructive, preferably noncontact and capable of providing reproducible results. This paper presents the results of a study which explores the application of advanced nondestructive techniques for characterizing surface features of grit blasted substrates. The study is part of a program aimed at the development of ultrasonic techniques to characterize bond integrity and strength. Noncontact techniques such as confocal scanning laser microscopy, laser based microfocus techniques, and scanning acoustic microscopy are presented for the characterization of surfaces. Noncontact measurements of surface roughness are also compared with conventional stylus profilometer measurements. The effect of grit type and blasting parameters on the surface roughness was also studied.
Chemical spray deposition of YSZ and GCO solid electrolyte films
1999-04-15
The chemical deposition of YSZ and GCO solid electrolyte films by spraying of precursor solutions onto heated substrates was investigated using ultrasonic atomisation. Various precursors (chlorides, acetylacetonates and alcoxides of the corresponding metals) and solvents (ethanol, diethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate and triethylene glycol monobutyl ether) were tested. The experimental results are presented and the mechanism of the film formation is discussed. It is shown that dense thin films of YSZ and GCO are formed from liquid droplets spreading on the substrate surface. A novel technology for thin film electrolyte solid oxide fuel cells which uses etched metallic meshes as an electrolyte support and current collector is demonstrated
White light generation in Al2O3:Ce^3^+:Tb^3^+:Mn^2^+ films deposited by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis
2010-01-01
Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) films doped with CeCl3, TbCl3 and MnCl2 were deposited at 300^oC with the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis technique. The films were analysed using the X-ray diffraction technique and they exhibited a very broad band without any indication of crystallinity, typical of amorphous materials. Sensitization of Tb^3^+ and Mn^2^+ ions by Ce^3^+ ions gives rise to blue, green and red simultaneous emission when the film activated by such ions is excited with UV radiation. The overall efficiency of such energy transfer results to be about 85% upon excitation at 312nm. Energy transfer from Ce^3^+ to Tb^3^+ ions through an electric dipole-quadrupole interaction mechanism appears to be more probable than the electric dipole-dipole one. A strong white light emission for the Al2O3:Ce^3^...
2009-01-01
Visible light active carbon-doped Ti0.91Zr0.09O2 solid solution photocatalysts were directly obtained by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis of an aqueous solution containing TiCl4, ZrOCl2.8H2O and CH3(CH2)17NH2. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The characterizations revealed the spherical structures of the resulting samples and the substitution of Ti4+ by Zr4+ ions and carbon in the TiO2 lattice. Meanwhile, partial carbon and zirconium existed in the form of carbonate and zirconia, respectively. Moreover, the pyrolysis ...
2010-01-01
This study presents the preparation of LiMn2O4 spinel type ion-sieves, characterization of their Li^+ extraction/insertion rates and discussion about the effect of the particle structure and morphology on lithium adsorption rate. LiMn2O4 spinel powders were synthesized by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and solid state reaction. LiMn2O4 powder prepared by pyrolysis has agglomerate structure and spherical shape with a very uniform morphology while the other has a needle like structure with sharp edges and rough surface. Besides this, the mean particle/agglomerate size and specific surface area of the powders were relatively the same. The Li^+ uptake capacity of the sieve (delithiated lithium manganese powder) which has agglomerate structure was 34.9mg/g for which the maximum adsorption capacity ...
2010-01-01
Undoped and aluminum-doped zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films have been grown on polycrystalline α-alumina substrates by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) technique using zinc acetate dihydrate and aluminum chloride hexahydrate (Al source) dissolved in methanol, ethanol and deionized water. A number of techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and photoluminescence (PL) were used to characterize the obtained ZnO thin films. It was seen that the orientation changed with increase in substrate temperature. During the ZnO deposition Zn source reacted with polycrystalline α-Al2O3 substrate to form an intermediate ZnAl2O4 spinel layer. It has been interestingly found that the intensity of green emiss...
2010-01-01
High-quality ZnO:Al films were deposited on glass substrates at a relatively low temperature of 300 deg. C by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. Zn(acac)2 and Al(acac)3 acted as zinc and aluminum source, which dissolved in ethanol-water solution. The influences of aluminum concentration and vacuum annealing on microstructure, electrical and optical properties were investigated by XRD, SEM, EDS, four-point probe and visible spectroscopy. The experimental results shown that ZnO:Al films exhibit stronger (1 0 1) preferred orientation and have lenticular-like grain morphology. The resistivity as low as 4.3 x 10-1 OMEGA cm for as-deposited films was obtained at the 4 at.% doping concentration, which can be decreased to 10-2 OMEGA cm level by post-deposited vacuum annealing. The average transmittance ...
2010-01-01
High-quality ZnO:Al films were deposited on glass substrates at a relatively low temperature of 300^oC by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. Zn(acac)2 and Al(acac)3 acted as zinc and aluminum source, which dissolved in ethanol-water solution. The influences of aluminum concentration and vacuum annealing on microstructure, electrical and optical properties were investigated by XRD, SEM, EDS, four-point probe and visible spectroscopy. The experimental results shown that ZnO:Al films exhibit stronger (101) preferred orientation and have lenticular-like grain morphology. The resistivity as low as 4.3x10^-^1cm for as-deposited films was obtained at the 4at.% doping concentration, which can be decreased to 10^-^2cm level by post-deposited vacuum annealing. The average transmittance of as-deposited film...
Deposition of Ni-CGO composite anodes by electrostatic assisted ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method
2007-01-01
Deposition of composite films of Ni and Gd-doped ceria was carried out using the electrostatic assisted ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method for the first time. The composite films were highly homogeneous, as revealed by element mapping via energy-dispersive spectrometry. Scanning electron microscope examinations revealed that deposition temperature and electric field strength had profound influence on resultant microstructure, while composition of the precursor solution had little effect. A highly porous cauliflower structure ideal for solid oxide fuel cell anode performance was obtained with a deposition temperature of 450 deg. C under an electric field introduced by an applied voltage of 12 kV. Films obtained with a lower deposition temperature of 250 deg. C or a higher applied voltage of 15 kV resulted in denser films with low porosity, while lower applied voltages ...
2005-06-01
Indium sulfide (In{sub 2}S{sub 3}) thin films have been prepared by the spray pyrolysis (SP) technique using indium acetate and N-N dimethyl thiourea as precursor compounds. Samples prepared at different temperatures and atomic ratio of In to S in the starting solution (In/S){sub sol}, have been characterized using several techniques. X-ray diffraction studies have shown that the preparation temperature (T {sub p}) affects the crystallinity of the deposited materials as well as the optoelectronic properties. For (In/S){sub sol}=1/8, the optical band gap (E {sub g}) increases from 2.2 up to 2.67 eV when T {sub p} increases from 250 up to 450 deg. C. For (In/S){sub sol}=1 and T {sub p}=450 deg. C, the deposited material shows n-type electrical conductivity with a dark value of 1 (no. OMEGAno. cm){sup -1}, and E {sub g}=2.04 eV. The In{sub 2}S{sub 3} thin films prepared under these conditions have a big potential use as a window material for photovoltaic heterojunction devices.
Anomalous behavior of silver doped indium sulfide thin films
The effect of doping spray pyrolyzed thin films of In{sub 2}S{sub 3} with silver is discussed. It was observed that silver diffused into In{sub 2}S{sub 3} films in as deposited condition itself. Depth profile using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy clearly showed diffusion of silver into In{sub 2}S{sub 3} layer without any annealing. X-ray analysis revealed significant enhancement in crystallinity and grain size up to an optimum percentage of doping concentration. This optimum value showed dependence on thickness and atomic ratio of indium and sulfur in the film. Band gap decreased up to the optimum value of doping and thereafter it increased. Electrical studies showed a drastic decrease in resistivity from 1.2x10{sup 3} to 0.06 {omega} cm due to doping. A sample having optimum doping was found to be more photosensitive and low resistive when compared with a pristine sample. Improvement in crystallinity, conductivity, and photosensitivity due to doping of spray pyrolyzed In{sub 2}S{sub 3} films with Ag helped to attain efficiency of 9.5% for Ag/In{sub 2}S{sub 3}/CuInS{sub 2}/ITO (indium tin oxide) solar cell.
Field emission from the film of the finely dispersed arc discharge black core material
2005-01-01
We have studied, for the first time, the field emission from the film, prepared by a spray method, of the finely dispersed black core material, including multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), fabricated by arc discharge. We dispersed the black core material by using an ultrasonic processor and found that the dispersed ones were much finer than those observed when treated with a ball mill and normal ultra-sonic bath. By SEM, HRTEM and Raman analyses, the MWNTs were almost not deformed and damaged during ultra-sonication. The field emission current density measured from the film of the dispersed black core material was about 15mA/cm2 at an applied field of 8V/m, which was about 23 times higher than that found by a ball mill. A current density of 1mA/cm2, which is required basically for fl...
Characterization techniques to validate models of density variations in pressed powder compacts
Techniques for characterizing density gradients generated during typical powder compaction processes are reviewed and several are evaluated. The techniques reviewed are ultrasonic velocity measurements, laser ultrasonic velocity measurements, x-ray radiography, autoradiography, computer tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and simple image analysis of polished cross-sections. Experimental results are reported for all of these techniques except autoradiography, CT and MRI. The test specimens examined were right circular cylinders of a high length/diameter ratio (to ensure significant density variation) pressed from commercial spray-dried alumina powders. Although the density gradients could be detected with all four techniques, ultrasonic velocity measurements gave the best contour map of gradients and is therefore most suitable for model validation. On the other hand, it was concluded that x-ray radiography is preferable in situations where cost and/or number of samples are more important that high resolution.
Characterization techniques to validate models of density variations in pressed powder compacts
1995-07-01
Techniques for characterizing density gradients generated during typical powder compaction processes are reviewed and several are evaluated. The techniques reviewed are ultrasonic velocity measurements, laser ultrasonic velocity measurements, x-ray radiography, autoradiography, computer tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and simple image analysis of polished cross-sections. Experimental results are reported for all of these techniques except autoradiography, CT and MRI. The test specimens examined were right circular cylinders of a high length/diameter ratio (to ensure significant density variation) pressed from commercial spray-dried alumina powders. Although the density gradients could be detected with all four techniques, ultrasonic velocity measurements gave the best contour map of gradients and is therefore most suitable for model validation. On the other hand, it was concluded that x-ray radiography is preferable in situations where cost and/or number of samples are more important that high resolution.
2008-01-01
Wettability studies have been performed to probe the surface properties of ITO substrates, aimed to be used as hole injecting electrode in OLEDs. The elimination of organic contaminants upon the cleaning treatment (ultrasonic bath in organic solvents) leads to an increase of the free energy of the ITO surface becoming hydrophilic. The surface energy components calculated from the Van Oss model show the appearance of a basic component upon the cleaning treatment. A thermal treatment at 100 deg. C for 3 h leads to a decrease of the surface free energy due to surface dehydration. These properties are attributed to the hydroxides formed at the ITO surface inducing improved adhesion at the ITO/polymer interface. The ITO surfaces have been functionalised with a chloroethylphosphonic acid mono-layer to increase their stability. The appearance of an acid-base component leads to a ...
Sonochemical-assisted synthesis of nano-structured indium(III) hydroxide and oxide
2011-01-01
In(OH)3 and In2O3 nano-structures have been synthesized from the reaction of In(CH3COO)3 and sodium hydroxide by a sonochemical method. The effects of reaction conditions, such as the concentration of the In3+ ion, aging time and power of the ultrasonic device have been investigated. The In2O3 and In(OH)3 nano-structures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) technique.
Recovery of valuable materials from waste liquid crystal display panel
2009-01-01
Associated with the rapid development of the information and electronic industry, liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have been increasingly sold as displays. However, during the discarding at their end-of-life stage, significant environmental hazards, impacts on health and a loss of resources may occur, if the scraps are not managed in an appropriate way. In order to improve the efficiency of the recovery of valuable materials from waste LCDs panel in an environmentally sound manner, this study presents a combined recycling technology process on the basis of manual dismantling and chemical treatment of LCDs. Three key processes of this technology have been studied, including the separation of LCD polarizing film by thermal shock method the removal of liquid crystals between the glass substrates by the ultrasonic cleaning, and the recovery of indium metal from glass by ...
1996-12-31
This paper addresses the effects of the Hartman cavity on performance of the USGA (Ultrasonic Gas Atomizer) used for Al spray forming. Numerical simulations of the gas flow field were done in order to establish effects of the cavity on flow development both inside and outside the air nozzles. PDPA measurements were made of gas velocity and turbulence intensity, droplet mean and fluctuating velocity, and droplet size across planes at various distances downstream. High speed imaging is used in the flow region near the orifice exit where recirculation zones are generated and there is concern about metal droplet deposition on atomizer surfaces. Shadowgraphy show presence of shock waves and cells in the emerging gas jets. It was found that the Hartman cavity has little effect on droplet sizes generated; also little effect on spray development. The rectangular slit orifices for the 2 gas jets and the liquid jet generate a spray, after impingement, which is somewhat rectangular in cross section. As the spray develops downstream, it changes shape under influence of entrainment from the gas surrounding the spray. After a distance of 254 mm from nozzle exit, width and breadth of the jet are equal but significant shape change occur further downstream. Gaussian velocity distributions result in liquid flux distributions and metal deposits with Gaussian shapes instead of deposits with uniform thickness.
Large area thin film cadmium telluride heterojunction solar cells
1984-05-01
Cadmium telluride films have been deposited by the direct combination of the elements on the surface of heated substrates in hydrogen. The resistivity of p-type films was controlled by using a cadmium-deficient reaction mixture, and adding a dopant to a nearly stoichiometric reaction mixture. Heterojunction solar cells were prepared from p-type cadmium telluride films by using cadmium oxide, cadmium sulfide, tin-doped indium oxide, and zinc oxide, deposited by ionbeam sputtering, spray pyrolysis, or vacuum evaporation, as the window material. Thus far, n-ITO/p-CdTe solar cells have the highest AM1 efficiency, 8.1% for cells of 1 cm/sup 2/ area. All heterojunction cells exhibit some degradation under continuous illumination, which may be minimized by passivation.
Gamma scintigraphy in the evaluation of pharmaceutical dosage forms
1992-01-01
Gamma-scintigraphy is applied extensively in the development and evaluation of pharmaceutical drug delivery systems. It is used particularly for monitoring formulations in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. The radiolabelling is generally achieved by the incorporation of an appropriate technetium-99m or indium-111 labelled radiopharmaceutical into the formulation. In the case of complex dosage forms, such as enteric-coated tablets, labelling is best undertaken by the addition of a non-radioactive tracer such as samarium-152 or erbium-170 followed by neutron activation of the final product. Systems investigated include tablets and multiparticulates for oral administration, enemas and suppositories, metered dose inhalers and nebulisers, and nasal sprays and drops. Gamma-scintigraphy provides information on the deposition, dispersion and ...
Electrochromic properties of nanocomposite WO3 films
2007-01-01
A new nanocomposite WO3 (NWO) film-based electrochromic layer was fabricated by a spray and electroplating technique in sequence. An indium-tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticle layer was employed as a permanent template to generate the particular nanostructure. The structure and morphology of the NWO film were characterized. The optical and electrochromic properties of the NWO films under lithium intercalation are described and compared to the regular WO3 film. The NWO films showed an improved cycling life and an improved contrast with compatible bleach-coloration transition time, owing to the larger reactive surface area. The nanocomposite WO3 film-based electrochromic device (NWO-ECD) was also successfully fabricated. Most importantly, the NWO film can be prepared on a large scale directly onto ...
Nanostructured solar cell based on spray pyrolysis deposited ZnO nanorod array
2008-09-15
In this paper we present a realization of an extremely thin absorber (ETA) layer solar cell by the chemical spray pyrolysis method. CuInS{sub 2} absorber was deposited onto a blocking layer coated ZnO nanorods grown on a transparent conductive oxide. Layers and cells were characterized by optical and Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Current-voltage, spectral response and electron beam induced current measurements were applied to solar cells. ZnO nanorod cell showed twice higher short circuit current density than the flat reference. ETA cells with efficiency of 2.2% (j=12 mA/cm{sup 2}, V{sub oc}=425 mV, FF=43%) and of 2.5% were prepared using TiO{sub 2}-anatase and an indium sulfide blocking layer, respectively. (author)
2006-01-01
We report a new structure for CuInS2/In2S3 solar cell, in which both absorber and buffer layers were deposited using chemical spray pyrolysis (CSP) technique. The usual superstrate structure, having buffer layer just above ITO, was not functioning mainly due to diffusion of Cu into In2S3 layer as seen from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results. However, when the configuration of the cell was ITO/CuInS2/In2S3/Ag, cell parameters obtained were Voc=0.45 V, Jsc=44.03 mA/cm2, fill factor (FF) = 29.5% and eta=5.87%. Good results could be obtained by using indium sulfide thin films having maximum photosensitivity. The cell was characterized using X-ray diffraction, optical absorption, current-voltage and ...
Influence of substrates on photoelectrochemical performance of sprayed n-CdIn2S4 electrodes
2010-01-01
Cadmium indium sulphide (CdIn2S4) electrodes have been prepared onto the preheated fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass and stainless steel (SS) substrates at optimized deposition conditions by using spray pyrolysis. Influence of substrates on the photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance has been carried out using cell configuration n-CdIn2S4/1M (NaOH+Na2S+S)/C for studying the current-voltage (I-V), photovoltaic output, photovoltaic rise and decay, photo and spectral responses and capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics. The junction ideality factor in dark (nD) and light (nL), series and shunt resistances (Rs and Rsh), fill factor (FF) and efficiency () for the cell have been estimated. The measured fill factor (FF) and cell efficiency () of the cells are found to be 0.47%, 0.38%,...
2006-01-01
In2O3:Sn (Indium Tin Oxide. ITO) films were prepared from a sol solution with highly crystalline ITO nanoparticles (less than 20 nm in size with 10 at.% Sn) which had been prepared by low-pressure spray pyrolysis (LPSP) in a single step. The ITO sol solution was prepared by dispersing LPSP-prepared ITO nanoparticles into ultra pure water. The nanoparticle ITO film was deposited on a glass substrate using a dip-coating method and then annealed in air at various temperatures. The optical transmittances of the ITO films were measured by UV-Vis spectrometry, and the films were found to have a high transparency to visible light (in the case of a film thickness of 250 nm annealed at 400 deg. C, the transparency was in excess of 95% over the range lambda=450-800 nm, with a maximum value near 100% at wavelengths above lambda=700 nm). The ...
Characterization of CuInS2 films prepared by atmospheric pressure spray chemical vapor deposition
2003-01-01
Copper indium disulfide films were deposited by atmospheric pressure spray chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Films were deposited at 390 deg. C using [(PPh3)2CuIn(SEt)4] as a single source precursor in an argon atmosphere. The films range in thickness from 0.75 to 1.0 mum and exhibit a crystallographic gradient, with the leading edge having a (220) preferred orientation and the trailing edge having a (112) orientation. Schottky diodes prepared by thermal evaporation of aluminum contacts onto the CuInS2 yielded diodes for films that were annealed at 600 deg. C. The photoresponse of several films was measured by photoelectrochemical analysis in an aqueous, acidic electrolyte. Prolonged exposure of the films to the electrolyte caused a decreased photoresponse. Complete solar cells were prepared using ...
2007-01-01
Investigation of halide vapor transport with the participation of indium and indium sulfides in a closed system indicates that applying a temperature gradient is insufficient for quantitative spontaneous indium transfer from the lower indium sulfides or for the transport of elemental indium. A major reason for this is that the vapor phase over indium and its lower sulfides is dominated by monohalides. Impossible under conventional experimental conditions, chemical vapor transport can be achieved by diluting indium with an inert substance, e.g., gold. It is shown that the vapor transport of indium is possible in systems of the form indium sulfide-indium chloride vapor-charge (Au-In) and that chloride vapor transport can be used to nondestructively control the composition of indium sulfides. The transport process is shown to be selective and reversible. Conditions are ...
2006-12-01
Li{sub 2}O-B{sub 2}O{sub 3}-P{sub 2}O{sub 5} glass soot was fabricated from aqueous precursor solution of a CH{sub 3}CO{sub 2}Li.2H{sub 2}O and BCl{sub 3}, POCl{sub 3} by the flame-assisted ultrasonic spray hydrolysis. The aqueous precursor solution of the lithium acetates was first atomized with an ultrasonic vibrator (1.7 MHz). B{sub 2}O{sub 3} and P{sub 2}O{sub 5} were formed from BCl{sub 3} and POCl{sub 3} by oxy-hydrogen flame. Their properties were investigated by SEM, XRD, TGA-DSC and impedance analyzer. The formed particles in glass soot had spherical shape and the size of approximately 50-100 nm. XRD analysis revealed that the amorphous phase and crystalline phases were mixed in glass soot and the crystalline phases were B(OH){sub 3} and B{sub 2}O{sub 3}. The crystalline B(OH){sub 3} and B{sub 2}O{sub 3} found in glass soot completely disappeared by heat treatment. Conductivity was measured by complex impedance method using impedance analyzer and the conductivity was 10{sup -8} S/cm.
2006-01-01
In this study, traditional Soxhlet, automatic Soxhlet and ultrasonic extraction techniques were employed to determine the speciation and concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on lime spray dryer (LSD) ash samples collected from the baghouse of a spreader stoker boiler. To test the efficiencies of different extraction methods, LSD ash samples were doped with a mixture of 16 US EPA specified PAHs to measure the matrix spike recoveries. The results showed that the spike recoveries of PAHs were different using these three extraction methods with dichloromethane (DCM) as the solvent. Traditional Soxhlet extraction achieved slightly higher recoveries than automatic Soxhlet and ultrasonic extraction. Different solvents including toluene, DCM:acetone (1:1 V/V) and hexane:acetone (1:1 V/V) were further examined to optimize the recovery using ultrasonic extraction. Toluene achieved the highest spike recoveries of PAHs at a spike level of 10 {mu}g kg{sup -1}. When the spike level was increased to 50 {mu}g kg{sup -1}, the spike recoveries of PAHs also correspondingly increased. Although the type and concentration of PAHs detected on LSD ash samples by different extraction methods varied, the concentration of each detected PAH was consistently low, at {mu}g kg{sup -1} levels.
Ultrasonic study of phonon mode softening and melting in indium-thallium alloys
1976-04-15
Measurements of ultrasonic wave velocities have been made between room temperature and the melting point in single crystals of indium, the fct 11.5-at.%-Tl and 15-at.%-Tl alloys and the fcc 27-at.%-Tl alloy. The object has been to test Ida's theory of melting on the basis of lattice instability and also suggestions that melting may take place by a phonon-mode-softening process. Contrary to the predictions of the both these hypotheses, it is found that for these materials longitudinal-acoustic modes stiffen somewhat near the melting point, while transverse modes exhibit no measurable premelting effects. The temperature dependence of the elastic stiffness tensor components of each material have been obtained. For the fct crystals the modulus (C/sub 11/ - C/sub 12/)/2 decreases as the temperature is raised: the 110, q parallel 110 acoustic-phonon mode in these fct crystals is softening in the vicintiy of the Brillouin zone center, a result which is consistent with an incipient martensitic transition, although the crystals melt before such a transition can occur. In the 15-at.%-Tl alloy, which at its melting point is very close to the fcc-fct phase boundary, (C/sub 11/ - C/sub 12/)/2 is very small: the 110, q parallel 110 mode is particularly soft. In all the fct crystals studied the modulus (C/sub 11/ - C/sub 12/)/2 tends to zero not at the melting point but at a higher temperature; this convergence above the melting point is also found in the elastic-constant pairs (C/sub 11/ and C/sub 33/) and (C/sub 44/ and C/sub 66/) (in a cubic crystal C/sub 11/ = C/sub 33/ and C/sub 44/ = C/sub 66/). It is concluded that acoustic-mode softening is not a prelude to melting in the way that it is to the martensitic transition in these indium-thallium alloys. (AIP)
Colloidal spray method for low cost thin coating deposition
A dense or porous coating of material is deposited onto a substrate by forcing a colloidal suspension through an ultrasonic nebulizer and spraying a fine mist of particles in a carrier medium onto a sufficiently heated substrate. The spraying rate is essentially matched to the evaporation rate of the carrier liquid from the substrate to produce a coating that is uniformly distributed over the surface of the substrate. Following deposition to a sufficient coating thickness, a single sintering step may be used to produce a dense ceramic coating. Using this method, coatings ranging in thickness from about one to several hundred microns can be obtained. By using a plurality of compounds in the colloidal suspension, coatings of mixed composition can be obtained. By using a plurality of solutions and separate pumps and a single or multiple ultrasonic nebulizer(s), and varying the individual pumping rates and/or the concentrations of the solutions, a coating of mixed and discontinuously graded (e.g., stepped) or continuously graded layers may be obtained. This method is particularly useful for depositing ceramic coatings. Dense ceramic coating materials on porous substrates are useful in providing improved electrode performance in devices such as high power density solid oxide fuel cells. Dense ceramic coatings obtained by the invention are also useful for gas turbine blade coatings, sensors, steam electrolyzers, etc. The invention has general use in preparation of systems requiring durable and chemically resistant coatings, or coatings having other specific chemical or physical properties.
Colloidal spray method for low cost thin coating deposition
A dense or porous coating of material is deposited onto a substrate by forcing a colloidal suspension through an ultrasonic nebulizer and spraying a fine mist of particles in a carrier medium onto a sufficiently heated substrate. The spraying rate is essentially matched to the evaporation rate of the carrier liquid from the substrate to produce a coating that is uniformly distributed over the surface of the substrate. Following deposition to a sufficient coating thickness, a single sintering step may be used to produce a dense ceramic coating. Using this method, coatings ranging in thickness from about one to several hundred microns can be obtained. By using a plurality of compounds in the colloidal suspension, coatings of mixed composition can be obtained. By using a plurality of solutions and separate pumps and a single or multiple ultrasonic nebulizer(s), and varying the individual pumping rates and/or the concentrations of the solutions, a coating of mixed and discontinuously graded (e.g., stepped) or continuously graded layers may be obtained. This method is particularly useful for depositing ceramic coatings. Dense ceramic coating materials on porous substrates are useful in providing improved electrode performance in devices such as high power density solid oxide fuel cells. Dense ceramic coatings obtained by the invention are also useful for gas turbine blade coatings, sensors, steam electrolyzers, etc. The invention has general use in preparation of systems requiring durable and chemically resistant coatings, or coatings having other specific chemical or physical properties.
Colloidal spray method for low cost thin coating deposition
A dense or porous coating of material is deposited onto a substrate by forcing a colloidal suspension through an ultrasonic nebulizer and spraying a fine mist of particles in a carrier medium onto a sufficiently heated substrate. The spraying rate is essentially matched to the evaporation rate of the carrier liquid from the substrate to produce a coating that is uniformly distributed over the surface of the substrate. Following deposition to a sufficient coating thickness, a single sintering step may be used to produce a dense ceramic coating. Using this method, coatings ranging in thickness from about one to several hundred microns can be obtained. By using a plurality of compounds in the colloidal suspension, coatings of mixed composition can be obtained. By using a plurality of solutions and separate pumps and a single or multiple ultrasonic nebulizer(s), and varying the individual pumping rates and/or the concentrations of the solutions, a coating of mixed and discontinuously graded (e.g., stepped) or continuously graded layers may be obtained. This method is particularly useful for depositing ceramic coatings. Dense ceramic coating materials on porous substrates are useful in providing improved electrode performance in devices such as high power density solid oxide fuel cells. Dense ceramic coatings obtained by the invention are also useful for gas turbine blade coatings, sensors, steam electrolyzers, etc. The invention has general use in preparation of systems requiring durable and chemically resistant coatings, or coatings having other specific chemical or physical properties.
1974-01-01
The following topics are discussed: ultrasonic physics; ultrasonic technology; ultrasonic testing; transfer functions of transducers; acoustical holography; automation of ultrasonic testing; applications of ultrasonic waves to physical metallurgy; focused ultrasonic beams; and ultrasonic display methods. (FR)
2004-05-01
Indium doped cadmium sulfide thin films were prepared by spray pyrolysis on glass substrates at different temperatures ranging from 300 deg C to 450 deg C in 25 deg C steps, using aqueous solution of copper chloride and thiourea salts. We used In(COOH){sub 3} as the dopant. Structural characterization was carried out by X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy and high resolution electron microscopy were used together with atomic force microscopy (AFM) to follow the evolution of structural and morphological parameters of the films with substrate temperature (T{sub s}), At least two preferential growth, (1 1 2) for samples with T{sub s} between 325 deg C and 400 deg C and (0 0 2) for T{sub s} between 400 deg C and 450 deg C, respectively were detected. For the films obtained at higher substrate temperatures, HREM micrographs revealed the presence of a large number of structural defects together with nanostructured configurations. AFM revealed surface modifications of CdS:In grains at higher substrate temperature. The substrate temperature is directly related with the shift detected in the band gap values derived from optical of parameters. (Author)
2006-09-30
The project entitled, ''Innovative Instrumentation and Analysis of the Temperature Measurement for High Temperature Gasification'', was successfully completed by the Principal Investigator, Dr. S. Lee and his research team in the Center for Advanced Energy Systems and Environmental Control Technologies at Morgan State University. The major results and outcomes were presented in semi-annual progress reports and annual project review meetings/presentations. Specifically, the literature survey including the gasifier temperature measurement, the ultrasonic application in cleaning application, and spray coating process and the gasifier simulator (cold model) testing has been successfully conducted during the first year. The results show that four factors (blower voltage, ultrasonic application, injection time intervals, particle weight) were considered as significant factors that affect the temperature measurement. Then the gasifier simulator (hot model) design and the fabrication as well as the systematic tests on hot model were completed to test the significant factors on temperature measurement in the second year. The advanced Industrial analytic methods such as statistics-based experimental design, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression methods were applied in the hot model tests. The results show that operational parameters (i.e. air flow rate, water flow rate, fine dust particle amount, ammonia addition) presented significant impact on the temperature measurement inside the gasifier simulator. The experimental design and ANOVA are very efficient way to design and analyze the experiments. The results show that the air flow rate and fine dust particle amount are statistically significant to the temperature measurement. The regression model provided the functional relation between the temperature and these factors with substantial accuracy. In the last year of the project period, the ultrasonic and subsonic cleaning methods and coating materials were tested/applied on the thermocouple cleaning according to the proposed approach. Different frequency, application time and power of the ultrasonic/subsonic output were tested. The results show that the ultrasonic approach is one of the best methods to clean the thermocouple tips during the routine operation of the gasifier. In addition, the real time data acquisition system was also designed and applied in the experiments. This advanced instrumentation provided the efficient and accurate data acquisition for this project. In summary, the accomplishment of the project provided useful information of the ultrasonic cleaning method applied in thermocouple tip cleaning. The temperature measurement could be much improved both in accuracy and duration provided that the proposed approach is widely used in the gasification facilities.
2005-01-01
A simple and rapid process has been developed for the preparation of indium nanoparticles from bulk indium via ultrasound irradiation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) shows the as-prepared indium nanoparticles are appear to be close to a spherical shape. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern indicates that the samples are the tetragonal phase of indium with the same crystal structure as that of the bulk indium. It is confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectrum (XPS) analysis that there is an indium oxide layer at the surface of the indium nanoparticles. The tribological property of indium nanoparticles as additives in oil is evaluated on a four-ball tester and shown that indium nanoparticles exhibit good performance in wears
2010-01-01
An eluting-stent system with mAb dispersed in the PLLA (poly (L-lactic acid)) was validated in vitro. Specifically designed spray equipment based on the principle of ultrasonic atomization was used to produce a thin continuous PLLA (poly (L-lactic acid)) polymer coating incorporating monoclonal antibody (mAb). This PLLA coating was observed in light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The concentration of the monoclonal antibody (mAb) to the platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIIa receptor and the eluting rate were then measured by a radioisotope technique with 125I-labelled GP IIIa mAb. An in vitro perfusion circuit was designed to evaluate the release rates at different velocities (10 or 20 ml min-1). The PLLA coating was thin and transparent, uniformly distributed on the sur...
Preparation of hydroxyapatite-ferrite composite particles by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis
2010-01-01
Bio-compatible composite particles composed of hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, HAp) and ferrite (maghemite (g-Fe2O3) or magnetite (Fe3O4)) were synthesized by two-step synthesis. In this work, co-precipitation method using aqueous solution of FeSO4 and FeCl3 was employed to synthesize g-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 particles. It was found that the resultant phase was changed by the molar ratio of FeSO4 and FeCl3, and optimal molar ratio to suppress the coexistence of a-FeOOH was FeSO4/FeCl3=2. The suspension composed of crushed ferrite particles, Ca(NO3)2 and H3PO4 aqueous solution with surfactant ultrasonically nebulized into mist and the mist was pyrolyzed at 500^oC to synthesize HAp-ferrite composite particles. The shape of the synthesized composite particle was round with dimple, and the particle ...
2010-01-01
The effect of replacing the desolvation system (i.e., heater/condenser (HC) and membrane desolvator (MD)) of an ultrasonic nebulizer (USN) system with a pre-evaporation tube (PET) that is heated to about 400^oC on the analytical capabilities of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was investigated. A multivariate optimisation was conducted in each case to find operating conditions maximizing plasma robustness. Under optimum conditions, the analytical performance of ICP-OES was significantly improved (i.e., better sensitivity, detection limit and plasma robustness) with USN-PET compared to that achieved with both the commercially-available USN-HC-MD and a conventional pneumatic nebulizer/spray chamber sample introduction system. However, only the USN-PET approa...
ZnO nanorod gas sensor for NO2 detection
2009-01-01
Vertically aligned ZnO nanorod arrays are prepared by a hydrothermal method with zinc acetate and hexamethylenetetramine, and used for NO2 gas sensing. The NO2 sensor based on nanorod arrays shows a higher sensitivity and lower operating temperature as compared to the sensor based on the ZnO film prepared by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. The enhanced sensitivity is attributed to the higher aspect ratio of the nanorod structure. The response of the ZnO nanorod sensor is linearly proportional to the NO2 concentration in the 0.2-5.0ppm range, and the sensitivity of the sensor increases with the length of the ZnO nanorod.
2010-01-01
In this study the anticorrosion performance of a two components water-based epoxy coating system is improved by using the nanopolyaniline (nanoPAni) particles. The purchased nanopolyaniline which was dispersed in water was mixed mechanically with the water-based polyamidoamine hardener of the epoxy system using ultrasonic homogenizer. Average particle size of the polyaniline in hardener was determined using dynamic light scattering technique (DLS). Results revealed that the particles were in the range of 50-57nm. After combining the prepared sample with the DGEBA epoxy resin, finished coating was applied on steel substrates. Anticorrosion performance and adhesion properties of coating which contained nanoPAni were compared to the model water-based epoxy coating with the help of salt spray ...
Synthesis of carbon nanofibers using C60, graphite and boron
2010-01-01
The growth of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) using C60, graphite-carbon and boron powders via the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method of ethanol is reported. CNFs of various morphologies were observed with different powders. Kinked CNFs of about 100nm were produced while using a mixture of C60 particles and ethanol as precursors, whereas straight CNFs were obtained using graphite-carbon and boron powders as catalysts. Element analysis measurement of the as-produced CNFs shows that the CNFs synthesized using C60 and graphite powder have the carbon particles on the tip. When boron powders were added in ethanol, boron related materials were examined at the tip of the CNFs. The present study indicates that the clusters composed of carbon and boron related materials act as nucleating sites for CNF form...
Some physical properties of copper oxide films: The effect of substrate temperature
2008-01-01
In this work, copper oxide films were deposited at different substrate temperatures of 200, 250, 300 and 350 +- 5 deg. C by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis technique and the effect of substrate temperature on the structural, surface, optical and electrical properties of the films was presented. The film structures were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD). To obtain information about structural properties in detail, the grain size (D), dislocation density (delta) and lattice parameters (a = b = c for cubic structure) for preferential orientations were calculated. The surface properties and elemental analyses were characterised using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, respectively. Optical properties of the films were analyzed by transmission, linear absorption coefficient and reflection spectra, and the ...
Optical characterization of SnO2:F films by spectroscopic ellipsometry
2010-01-01
Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), which is a non-destructive and a non-contact optical technique used in characterization of thin films, is widely used to determine thickness, microstructure and optical constants. In this work, the effect of F incorporation on optical properties of SnO2 films grown by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis technique (USP) is presented. The reflections, refractive indices and thicknesses of the films were investigated using room temperature spectroscopic ellipsometry. The optical constants and the thicknesses of the films were fitted according to Cauchy-Urbach model, and ellipsometric angle was used as source point for optical characterizations. Besides, transmittance spectra of the films were taken from UV spectrometer, and the optical method was used to determine the ...
Optical and magneto-optical properties of thin Zn1-xMnxO films doped by nitrogen
2009-01-01
Zn1-xMnxO thin films doped by nitrogen with a low concentration of Mn (1%) were prepared by using ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. Optical absorption and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) measurements were conducted in order to study the optical and magnetic properties of Zn0.99Mn0.01O. The exciton lines are dominant in the spectra of these samples, which indicate a high crystal quality of the films. Magneto-optical measurements show a significant MCD signal at the band edge of Zn0.99Mn0.01O
Lithium AlPO4 composite polymer battery with nanostructured LiMn2O4 cathode
2008-01-01
The borate ester plasticized AlPO4 composite solid polymer electrolytes (SPE) have been synthesized and studied as candidates for lithium polymer battery (LPB) application. The electrochemical and thermal properties of SPE were shown to be suitable for practical LPB. Nanostructured LiMn2O4 with spherical particles was synthesized via ultrasonic spray pyrolysis technique and has shown a superior performance to the one prepared via conventional methods as cathode for LPB. Furthermore, the AlPO4 addition to the polymer electrolyte has improved the polymer battery performance. Based on the AC impedance spectroscopy data, the performance improvement was suggested as being due to the cathode/polymer electrolyte interface stabilization in the presence of AlPO4. The Li/composite polymer electrolyt...
2010-01-01
A different method was employed for the preparation of a metal supported perovskite catalyst for the catalytic combustion of methane. The prepared metallic catalysts were characterized by means of X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and also by ultrasonic and thermal shock tests and catalytic activity. It was found that the process factors during the preparation, e.g. the preparation of the catalyst precursor and the coating slurry, the calcination temperature, all had strong effects on the activity and stability of the coated catalyst. Based on the experimental results, it was proposed that the sample adopted spray-pyrolysis method showed better catalytic activity and adhesion stability than those adopted co-precipitation...
Growth and Characterization of Zn-Incorporated Copper Oxide Films
2009-01-01
In this work, undoped and Zn-doped copper oxide films were deposited on glass substrates at a substrate temperature of 2505C by using an ultrasonic spray pyrolysis technique. Electrical, optical, and structural properties of the films were investigated, and the effect of Zn incorporation on these properties are presented. The variations of electrical conductivities and electrical conduction mechanisms of all films were investigated in the dark and in the light. Optical properties of the produced films were analyzed by transmission, linear absorption coefficient, and reflection spectra. The band gaps of the films were determined by an optical method. The film structures were studied by x-ray diffraction. To obtain information about structural properties in detail, the grain size (D)...
Electrical, structural and surface properties of fluorine doped tin oxide films
2010-01-01
Fluorine (F) incorporated polycrystalline SnO2 films have been deposited onto glass substrates by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis technique. To possess information about the electrical properties of all films, their electrical conductivities were investigated depending on the temperature, and their activation and trap energies were analyzed. The crystalline structure, surface properties and elemental analysis of the SnO2 films were examined to determine the effect of the F element. After all investigations, it was concluded that each fluorine incorporation rate has a different and important effect on the physical properties, and SnO2:F (3at%) films were found to be the most promising sample for energy conversion devices, especially as conducting electrode in solar cells with its improved struct...
Effect of Ag doping on the photoluminescence properties of ZnO films
2009-01-01
ZnO:Ag films were grown on Si (1 0 0) substrates by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis at various substrate temperatures. The effect of deposition temperature on the structural and the room temperature photoluminescence (RT-PL) properties of ZnO:Ag films was studied. With the deposition temperature rising to 550 deg. C, the intensity of the near-band edge (NBE) emission at 378 nm decreased and a new emission peak at 399 nm was observed. On the basis of the X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), the X-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectra of ZnO:Ag films, and the effects of annealing on the PL, we suggest that the 399 nm emission should be attributed to the electron transition from the conduction band to AgZn-related complexes defects radiative centers above the valence band
Direct-Write Contacts: Metallization and Contact Formation; Preprint
2008-05-01
Using direct-write approaches in photovoltaics for metallization and contact formation can significantly reduce the cost per watt of producing photovoltaic devices. Inks have been developed for various materials, such as Ag, Cu, Ni and Al, which can be used to inkjet print metallizations for various kinds of photovoltaic devices. Use of these inks results in metallization with resistivities close to those of bulk materials. By means of inkjet printing a metallization grid can be printed with better resolution, i.e. smaller lines, than screen-printing. Also inks have been developed to deposit transparent conductive oxide films by means of ultrasonic spraying.
Development of NDE to monitor bond degradation in aircraft honeycomb components
1999-01-01
This paper presents results of recent research at DSTO Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory to develop NDE techniques to assess bond degradation in metal-skin honeycomb and composite skin honeycomb control surfaces. In particular, it covers the detection of fillet bond failure where the honeycomb core and adhesive separate. Realistic fillet bond failure specimens, one of which had only 20% of the good bond strength, were generated by the application of spray-release agent to the honeycomb. 20MHz ultrasonic pulse-echo imaging was successfully used to detect fillet bond failure in these specimens. This technique was successful in detecting defined areas of fillet bond failure for a range of skin type and thickness Promising results were also obtained for the application to actual components, whilst also highlighting effects due to the presence of repairs. ...
Decontamination techniques applicable to waste packages: Final report
1988-01-01
This report presents an evaluation of methods for decontamination of reference waste canisters and waste containers. The potential use of chemical solvents, ultrasonics, liquid abrasive blasting, vibratory finishing, electropolishing, liquid honing, high-pressure steam/water spraying, and fixatives as decontamination techniques for outer waste package and canister surfaces is discussed. Either test results or available literature on these techniques were examined to assess applicability of the methods. Pertinent technical considerations for each method are presented and discussed. Electropolishing and liquid abrasive blasting are the processes recommended for remote decontamination of waste overpacks and canisters. These processes are recommended on the basis of a number of factors including the type of contaminants present. The geometric ...
Behavior, propulsion; Fonctionnement, propulsion
2002-09-01
This article presents two examples of collaboration with university to characterize energetic materials behaviour. The first example is about the use of ultrasound measurements for web thickness determination. The second one is about the characterization of a gelled oxidizer spray used for hybrid motor. Ultrasound measurements have been used to determine the burning rate on small samples of solid propellant for more than 20 years. More recently, an ultrasonic numeric device has been used in full scale motors in order to predict accurately their internal ballistics and performances. Up to now, the maximum measured thickness on full scale motor is estimated around a dozen centimeters of propellant for composite structure. We are now investigating the application of in depth measurement with ultrasonic technique in full-scale motors. A new device developed at SNPE is able to increase the measured depth by up to one meter of propellant. To achieve this goal SNPE has worked closely with INSA to develop a prototype made of: - low frequency transducers; - signal generation and acquisition; - signal conditioning; - signal processing. The equipment is able to monitor simultaneously four points each one consists of one receiver and one transmitter. Due to the dispersive nature of propellants ultrasonic in depth measurements require the use of low frequency transducers, thus decreasing the measurement resolution. To keep resolution high, we use a specific new kind of signal to provoke a reaction from the transmitter. The received signal is then acquired and stored continuously on a hard drive. Once the data is acquired it is processed by correlation algorithms to localize the burning surface echo. This device and signal processing has been tested on a large inert sample. We demonstrated that this method increases accuracy as high as 300 kHz transducers. This device was validated on a small static firing test with on end burning grain of about 20 cm. Pressure and web thickness evolution was measured simultaneously. Using this ultrasonic device on o full scale motor will certainly increase the measured propellant thickness. We now need further development to introduce slight corrections to take into account the distortion created by transducer spacing. The second example was carried out in partnership with the LCD laboratory of ENSMA. It allowed us to obtain the aerodynamic field and the granulometric distribution of sprays of gelled oxidizer. Four gels with different rheology were evaluated. PIV measurements consists of processing tomographic images of a flow lighted by a laser sheet. A CCD camera is synchronized with the laser in order to record several couple of frames separated by a short delay (15{mu}s). The processing of the spot displacements corresponding to the drop allows to obtain the aerodynamic field of the spray. The PIV processing scheme developed for flows with strong gradients enables to reach a high spatial resolution as well as a high measurement accuracy. In order to determine the granulometric distribution of the spray a specific processing lies been developed to provide the drops features as position, size and density. (authors)
2010-01-01
Nanostructured LiMnPO4 particles could be successfully synthesized by an ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method from the precursor solution; LiNO3, Mn(NO3)26H2O and H3PO4 were stoichiometrically dissolved into distilled water. The X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the as-prepared powders which had the desired olivine structure without any impurity phase could be obtained in the reactor temperatures ranging from 500 to 800degreeC. Carbon coated LiMnPO4 could be prepared from the as-prepared powders by a dry ball-milling followed by heat treatment for 4h in a N2+3% H2 atmosphere. Transmission Electron Microscopy observation confirmed that a carbon layer was formed on the surface of LiMnPO4 particles, which aimed to enhance the electronic conductivity of the material as well as inhibit the ag...
1993-01-01
The present conference discusses titanium aluminide synthesis via mechanical alloying, the lightweight materials needs of the automotive industry, Japanese P/M light metals developments, the ultrasonic characterization of P/M materials, the evolution of gas-metal atomization, failure-engineered heavy metal penetrators, the high temperature fracture of tungsten alloys, and the centrifugal spray deposition of titanium aluminides. Also discussed are low-temperature deposition of titanium aluminides, development trends for the Osprey process, spray casting of copper alloys, processing effects on the mechanical behavior of forged P/M tantalum, forged Al-Li alloy torpedo fuel tanks, advanced HIPing of aerospace P/M parts, consolidation by plasma-activated sintering, isotropic diamond particulate-reinforced metals for electronic packaging, and high speed video and IR imaging of close-coupled gas atomization.
Elbow assemblies and adjacent piping from the loops A and B core spray injection lines of Quad Cities Units 1 and 2 Boiling Water Reactors have been examined in order to determine the nature and causes of coolant leakages and flaw indications detected during hydrostatic tests and subsequent ultrasonic inspections. The elbow assemblies were found to contain multiple intergranular cracks in the weld heat-affected zones. The cracking was predominantly axial in orientation in the forged elbow and wedge components, whereas mixed axial and circumferential cracking was seen in the wrought piping pieces. In at least two instances, axial cracks completely penetrated the circumferential weld joining adjacent components. Based upon the observations made in the present study, the failures were attributed to intergranular stress corrosion cracking caused by the weld-induced sensitized microstructure and residual stresses present; dissolved oxygen in the reactor coolant apparently served as the corrosive species. The predominantly axial orientation of the cracks present in the forged components is believed to be related to the banded microstructure present in these components. The metallographic studies reported are supplemented by x-radiography, chemical analysis and mechanical test results, determinations of the degree of sensitization present, and measurements of weld metal delta ferrite content.
1983-12-01
Elbow assemblies and adjacent piping from the loops A and B core spray injection lines of Quad Cities Units 1 and 2 Boiling Water Reactors have been examined in order to determine the nature and causes of coolant leakages and flaw indications detected during hydrostatic tests and subsequent ultrasonic inspections. The elbow assemblies were found to contain multiple intergranular cracks in the weld heat-affected zones. The cracking was predominantly axial in orientation in the forged elbow and wedge components, whereas mixed axial and circumferential cracking was seen in the wrought piping pieces. In at least two instances, axial cracks completely penetrated the circumferential weld joining adjacent components. Based upon the observations made in the present study, the failures were attributed to intergranular stress corrosion cracking caused by the weld-induced sensitized microstructure and residual stresses present; dissolved oxygen in the reactor coolant apparently served as the corrosive species. The predominantly axial orientation of the cracks present in the forged components is believed to be related to the banded microstructure present in these components. The metallographic studies reported are supplemented by x-radiography, chemical analysis and mechanical test results, determinations of the degree of sensitization present, and measurements of weld metal delta ferrite content.
Spray pyrolysis deposition of zinc oxide nanostructured layers
2006-11-23
Highly structured ZnO layers comprising well-shaped hexagonal rods were prepared by spray pyrolysis deposition of zinc chloride aqueous solutions in the temperature range of 490-560 deg. C. The layers were characterised by SEM, XRD and SAED. A flat ZnO film evolves into the structured layer consisting of single crystalline hexagonal elongated prisms at growth temperatures close to 500 deg. C and above. The rise of both the growth temperature and solution concentration increases rod dimensions. The deposition of the 0.1 mol/l solution at {approx}500 deg. C results in crystals with a diameter of 200-300 nm and length of 800 nm. However, the rods grown at 560 deg. C indicate a width in the range of 400-600 nm and a length of up to 2500 nm. The deposition of the 0.05 mol/l solution at 560 deg. C results in the rods with a diameter of 100-300 nm and a length of 1500 nm. The increase of the concentration up to 0.2 mol/l results in branched crystals, mainly tripods with a similar leg size of 600-700 nm in width and 3000 nm in length. According to XRD, the ZnO layers grown from the 0.1 mol/l solution in the temperature range of 450-560 deg. C are c-axis-oriented, independent of morphology. The XRD peaks intensities ratio (I {sub 002}/I {sub 101}) of the samples deposited at 560 deg. C changes from 9 to 1.3 by an increase in the solution concentration from 0.05 to 0.2 mol/l and indicates that c-axis orientation vanishes at higher concentrations. We showed that ZnO nanorods with the length to diameter ratio of 30 can be prepared by spray technique using indium tin oxide-covered glass substrates instead of bare glass.
2008-06-15
Thin films of ZnIn{sub 2}S{sub 4} were deposited onto indium-doped tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrates from a mixed aqueous solution of ZnCl{sub 2}, InCl{sub 3} and (NH{sub 2}){sub 2}CS by a simple and economical spray pyrolysis technique. Structural, morphologic and optical properties of the deposited films were characterized by XRD, SEM, and UV-vis spectra. Moreover, the electrochemical and photoelectrochemical properties were studied via Mott-Schottky method, current-voltage measurement, and photocurrent spectrum measurement. It was found that ZnIn{sub 2}S{sub 4} films can be prepared by spray pyrolysis and the grain size obtained was about 120-200 nm in diameter. The deposited films have a cubic spinel structure and the optical band gap is about 2.1 eV. The results of electrochemical and photoelectrochemical characteristics show that ZnIn{sub 2}S{sub 4} is a potential material for splitting water to produce hydrogen using solar energy. (author)
Coeliac cavity ultrasonic diagnosis apparatus
1983-07-05
A coeliac cavity ultrasonic diagnosis apparatus is disclosed which includes an ultrasonic transducer or scanner portion adapted to be inserted into a coeliac cavity to effect a sector scan of an ultrasonic beam to produce an ultrasonic image of internal tissues and in which the ultrasonic oscillator on the one hand and an ultrasonic reflecting mirror and rotary disc on the other hand are relatively rotated so as to effect the sector scan of the ultrasonic beam and the rotary angle of the rotary disc is detected so as to obtain a deflecting angle of the ultrasonic beam and a display on a cathode ray tube of a precise ultrasonic picture image.
Improved Orifice Plate for Spray Gun
Erratic spray pattern of commercial spray gun changed to repeatable one by simple redesign of two parts. In modified spray gun orifice plate and polytetrafluoroethylene bushing redesigned to assure ...
Light forces on an indium atonic beam; Lichtkraefte auf einen Indiumatomstrahl
2007-07-01
In this thesis it was studied, whether indium is a possible candidate for the nanostructuration respectively atomic lithography. For this known method for the generation and stabilization of the light necessary for the laser cooling had to be fitted to the special properties of indium. The spectroscopy of indium with the 451 nm and the 410 nm light yielded first hints that the formulae for the atom-light interaction for a two-level atom cannot be directly transferred to the indium atom. By means of the obtained parameters of the present experiment predictions for a possible Doppler cooling of the indium atomic beam were calculated. Furthermore the possibility for the direct deposition of indium on a substrate was studied.
2007-01-01
InSe thin films are obtained by evaporating InSe crystal onto ultrasonically cleaned glass substrates under pressure of 10-5Torr. The structural and compositional analysis revealed that these films are of amorphous nature and are atomically composed of 51% In and 49% Se. The reflectance and transmittance of the films are measured at various temperatures (300-450K) in the incident photon energy range of 1.1-2.1eV. The direct allowed transitions band gap - calculated at various temperatures - show a linear dependence on temperature. The absolute zero value band gap and the rate of change of the band gap with temperature are found to be (1.62+-0.01) eV and -(4.27+-0.02)x10-4eV/K, respectively. The room temperature refractive index is estimated from the transmittance spectrum. The later analys...
2008-02-15
Wettability studies have been performed to probe the surface properties of ITO substrates, aimed to be used as hole injecting electrode in OLEDs. The elimination of organic contaminants upon the cleaning treatment (ultrasonic bath in organic solvents) leads to an increase of the free energy of the ITO surface becoming hydrophilic. The surface energy components calculated from the Van Oss model show the appearance of a basic component upon the cleaning treatment. A thermal treatment at 100 deg. C for 3 h leads to a decrease of the surface free energy due to surface dehydration. These properties are attributed to the hydroxides formed at the ITO surface inducing improved adhesion at the ITO/polymer interface. The ITO surfaces have been functionalised with a chloroethylphosphonic acid mono-layer to increase their stability. The appearance of an acid-base component leads to a dipolar character of the ITO surface. The formation of a compact layer of a spin coated poly(phenylenevinylene) derivative induces the shielding of the ITO basic character. The weakening of the near infrared absorption associated to ITO free carriers confirms the formation of a dipole layer at the interface with the molecular layer in contact with ITO. Improved injection properties, shown by the current/voltage characteristics, result from the interface modifications.
During this reporting period, the literature survey including the gasifier temperature measurement literature, the ultrasonic application and its background study in cleaning application, and spray coating process are completed. The gasifier simulator (cold model) testing has been successfully conducted. Four factors (blower voltage, ultrasonic application, injection time intervals, particle weight) were considered as significant factors that affect the temperature measurement. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was applied to analyze the test data. The analysis shows that all four factors are significant to the temperature measurements in the gasifier simulator (cold model). The regression analysis for the case with the normalized room temperature shows that linear model fits the temperature data with 82% accuracy (18% error). The regression analysis for the case without the normalized room temperature shows 72.5% accuracy (27.5% error). The nonlinear regression analysis indicates a better fit than that of the linear regression. The nonlinear regression model's accuracy is 88.7% (11.3% error) for normalized room temperature case, which is better than the linear regression analysis. The hot model thermocouple sleeve design and fabrication are completed. The gasifier simulator (hot model) design and the fabrication are completed. The system tests of the gasifier simulator (hot model) have been conducted and some modifications have been made. Based on the system tests and results analysis, the gasifier simulator (hot model) has met the proposed design requirement and the ready for system test. The ultrasonic cleaning method is under evaluation and will be further studied for the gasifier simulator (hot model) application. The progress of this project has been on schedule.
2003-09-01
During this reporting period, the literature survey including the gasifier temperature measurement literature, the ultrasonic application and its background study in cleaning application, and spray coating process are completed. The gasifier simulator (cold model) testing has been successfully conducted. Four factors (blower voltage, ultrasonic application, injection time intervals, particle weight) were considered as significant factors that affect the temperature measurement. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was applied to analyze the test data. The analysis shows that all four factors are significant to the temperature measurements in the gasifier simulator (cold model). The regression analysis for the case with the normalized room temperature shows that linear model fits the temperature data with 82% accuracy (18% error). The regression analysis for the case without the normalized room temperature shows 72.5% accuracy (27.5% error). The nonlinear regression analysis indicates a better fit than that of the linear regression. The nonlinear regression model's accuracy is 88.7% (11.3% error) for normalized room temperature case, which is better than the linear regression analysis. The hot model thermocouple sleeve design and fabrication are completed. The gasifier simulator (hot model) design and the fabrication are completed. The system tests of the gasifier simulator (hot model) have been conducted and some modifications have been made. Based on the system tests and results analysis, the gasifier simulator (hot model) has met the proposed design requirement and the ready for system test. The ultrasonic cleaning method is under evaluation and will be further studied for the gasifier simulator (hot model) application. The progress of this project has been on schedule.
The evaluation of integrity and elasticity of thermally sprayed ceramic coatings by ultrasonics
1997-12-31
Thermally sprayed ceramic coatings are widely used in industrial applications where the coated component is subject to, e.g. high thermal loads or mechanical wear. The mechanical properties of the coating are finally created in the coating process and the chemical composition of the powder used as raw material can only give some hints about the properties of the final coating. Several non-destructive testing techniques are available for the detection of defects in ceramic materials or for the evaluation of density and density variations. In addition to this, ultrasonic techniques can be used for quantitative evaluation of elastic properties of materials. This evaluation is based on the measurement of sound velocities of different wave modes in the material and is normally applied only to relatively simple-shaped specimens having parallel surfaces. Acoustic microscopy operating at very high (> 100 MHz) frequencies has been used to measure the sound velocities in homogeneous and thin coatings. With this type of equipment, reliable and accurate results have been achieved in laboratory measurements. A lot of development work has been carried out world-wide to develop the measurement techniques and acoustic lenses (transducers) used in acoustic microscopy. However, less attention has been paid on the development of techniques for industrial applications on-site. The present work was focused on the development of measurement techniques for industrial applications. A new type of large-aperture low-frequency transducer was designed and constructed for the measurement of sound velocities in thermally sprayed ceramic coatings. The major difference to the lenses used in acoustic microscopy is that in the new transducer no separate lens is needed for focusing the sound beam. The piezoelectric element in the new transducer is a plastic (PVDF)-film that can be shaped to create the required focus. The practical measurement of the sound velocity is based on a modification of the V(z)-technique known from acoustic microscopy. The measurements carried out with specimens having different types of ceramic coatings and variable coating thickness show that the accuracy of the technique is sufficient for most industrial applications. For industrial measurements the technique can be simplified and the measurement performed directly on-site. This technique was tested by measuring the sound velocity at different levels of strain in connection with an instrumented tensile testing of coated specimen. The detection of cracking caused by bending loads was experimentally tested. The cracks could be reliably detected both by using a transmitter-receiver probe arrangement and by pulse-echo technique where only one transducer is used. This technique can also be applied in industrial conditions where access to the component to be measured is limited. (orig.) 93 refs.
2000-06-01
Thin films of indium tin oxide (ITO) have been deposited on fused quartz substrates by the spray deposition and rf-magnetron sputtering methods and their optical and electrical properties investigated. The junction properties of fabricated ITO/pCdTe and ITO/plnP structures have also been studied and their electrical properties presented. It is established that the deposited ITO films have a lattice constant of 10.14 A and grow in cubic modifications along the (400) direction. Their transmittance value rises up to between 85% and 90% and extends well beyond the visible range of the spectrum. In the forward direction of the ITO/pCdTe structure, it is suggested that tunnelling dominated processes determine the current flow mechanism. Recombination currents at the interface region and thermionic-emission currents, however, dominate in the ITO/pInP structure at low bias and high bias respectively. The two structures can best be described as heterojunctions. (author)
2007-01-01
The kinetics of In2O3-based thin film gas sensor response to reducing and oxidizing gases was analyzed in this article. In2O3 films with thickness from 20 to 400nm were deposited by spray pyrolysis. The influence of operating temperature, air humidity and film thickness on time constant of sensor response was reviewed. Model concepts that allow explanation of the specific character of the In2O3 interaction with reducing and oxidizing gases were proposed. It was concluded that water and oxygen adsorption/desorption processes are the main factors controlling the rate of response and recovery of the In2O3 gas sensors. Only during response to ozone in dry air the time of intergrain or bulk oxygen diffusion determines the sensor response time. It was established that reduction/reoxidation pro...
Gamma scintigraphy in the evaluation of pharmaceutical dosage forms
1992-11-01
Gamma-scintigraphy is applied extensively in the development and evaluation of pharmaceutical drug delivery systems. It is used particularly for monitoring formulations in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. The radiolabelling is generally achieved by the incorporation of an appropriate technetium-99m or indium-111 labelled radiopharmaceutical into the formulation. In the case of complex dosage forms, such as enteric-coated tablets, labelling is best undertaken by the addition of a non-radioactive tracer such as samarium-152 or erbium-170 followed by neutron activation of the final product. Systems investigated include tablets and multiparticulates for oral administration, enemas and suppositories, metered dose inhalers and nebulisers, and nasal sprays and drops. Gamma-scintigraphy provides information on the deposition, dispersion and movement of the formulation. The combination of such studies with the assay of drug levels in blood or urine specimens, pharmacoscintigraphy, provides information concerning the sites of drug release and absorption. Data acquired from the scintigraphic evaluation of pharmaceutical dosage forms are now being used increasingly at all stages of product development, from the assessment of prototype delivery systems to supporting the product licence application. (orig.).
Fluorine cleavage of the light blue heteroleptic triplet emitter FIrpic
2009-01-01
The lifetime stability of devices containing FIrpic as emitter has been a major concern for organic blue light emitting devices (OLEDs). To gain a deeper knowledge about the purity of FIrpic (bis[2-(4,6-difluorophenyl)pyridyl-N,C2']iridium (III)) emitters and how the purity is influenced by sublimation steps, non-sublimated and sublimated FIrpic material was analyzed via liquid chromatography coupled with electron spray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI/MS). Cleavage of an electron-withdrawing group from one of the ligands of the heteroleptic phosphorescent emitter could be identified in sublimated FIrpic material via LC/ESI/MS. A detailed chemical analysis using LC/ESI/MS was carried out for complete blue emitting devices of the following structure: indium-tin-oxide (ITO)/50nm (a-4,4'-...
Electrochromic properties of nanocomposite WO{sub 3} films
2007-09-06
A new nanocomposite WO{sub 3} (NWO) film-based electrochromic layer was fabricated by a spray and electroplating technique in sequence. An indium-tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticle layer was employed as a permanent template to generate the particular nanostructure. The structure and morphology of the NWO film were characterized. The optical and electrochromic properties of the NWO films under lithium intercalation are described and compared to the regular WO{sub 3} film. The NWO films showed an improved cycling life and an improved contrast with compatible bleach-coloration transition time, owing to the larger reactive surface area. The nanocomposite WO{sub 3} film-based electrochromic device (NWO-ECD) was also successfully fabricated. Most importantly, the NWO film can be prepared on a large scale directly onto a transparent conductive substrate, which demonstrates its potential for many electrochromic applications, especially, smart windows, sunroof and displays. (author)
Electrochemical thin films fabricated by an ambient plasma technique
1996-12-31
We report new results on electrochemical thin films fabricated by an RF plasma technique in an atmospheric environment. This technique is a modified plasma spray process. Materials include yttrium stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and ceria for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) electrolytes, NiO-YSZ cermet (SOFC anode), lanthanum strontium manganite (SOFC cathode), transparent conductive indium-tin oxide (ITO) for a variety of uses, manganese oxide and cobalt oxide for use in optical filters. Film density, thickness, and crystallite size could b e controlled by altering deposition parameters to obtain films of different characteristics. This is advantageous to fuel cell fabrication where a dense electrolyte and porous electrodes are required. Films were characterized via several techniques including SEM, XRD, EDS, SIMS, laser surface profiling, optical transmission-reflection, Moessbauer spectrometry, and atomic force microscopy (AFM).
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