British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

In this study, the authors evaluated how much price changes in food and energy - two basic living expenditures competing for consumers' budgets - would affect consumer welfare. We first estimated a US complete demand system to quantify the interdependent demand relationships among 11 categories of consumption expenditures. Among the estimates, the own price elasticities of both food and energy are relatively inelastic, a finding that explains the dynamics of the recent soaring food and energy prices. The estimated demand elasticities were then incorporated into the measurement of Hicksian compensating variation to analyse the consumer welfare effects of price changes in food and energy. The results indicated that an increase in food and energy prices would increase compensated expenditures...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

SummaryBrown fat is specialized in energy expenditure, a process that is principally controlled by the transcriptional co-activator PGC-1α. Here we describe a molecular...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Histamine has been proposed to be an important regulator of energy intake and expenditure. The aim of this study was to evaluate histamine regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism and development...Full Text Available

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

To make the doubly labelled water method for determining energy expenditure more applicable in a free-living population, collection of a single daily urine or breath sample would have advantages compared to a 24-hr urine collection. Coward et al. reported the use of a single daily urine sample. In the previously described study, a single urine collection and a fasting morning breath sample were collected from four men during two 21-day periods (fall, F, spring, S) while maintaining their body wts. on controlled diets (20% calories from protein, 40% from fat, 60% from CHO [F]; 20% protein, 20% fat, 60% CHO [S]). Urine and breath samples were analyzed to determine disappearance rates of D and "1"8O for up to 21 days. Values were compared with metabolizable energy intake levels (EI), with or without corrections for estimated changes in body composition assessed by several methods. Preliminary evaluations suggest that the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Danish Ministry of Transportation has prepared a national plan of transportation, for the years until 2005. Official policy concerning land, maritime and air transport, personal and cargo transportation, investments and expenditures is outlined. Environmental impacts of energy consumption and air pollution abatement measures are considered. (EG)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Energy expenditure (EE) of four adult men on a weight-maintenance diet was estimated by use of doubly labeled water, intake balance, and direct and indirect calorimetry. The doubly labeled water (2H218O) method was used to estimate free-living EE for 13 d. Metabolizable energy (ME) intake was used to estimate free-living EE for 1 wk. The subjects' 24-h EE was measured in a dual direct-indirect room calorimeter on 3 alternate days. Estimates of free-living EE as measured by ME intake and doubly labeled water indicate agreement between the two methods (mean difference +/- SEM, -1.04 +/- 0.63%). Measurements of EE with indirect and direct calorimetry are equivalent (mean difference 0.63 +/- 0.44%). The daily EE measured by doubly labeled water in these free-living adults over a 13-d period was 15.01% greater than the 24-h EE measured within the calorimeter.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Full text: Many studies have demonstrated significant declines in 24-hour energy expenditure (TEE) measured by whole body calorimetry with either the process of weight loss or the maintenance of reduced body weight. The aims of this study were to determine the effect of weight loss and two weeks of weight maintenance on TEE using ["1"4C]-bicarbonate-urea, Eleven subjects (6 males, 5 females), mean (#+-#SE) age 50 #+-# 3 years, BMI 34.1 #+-# 2.1 kg/m2 and body fat 38.7 #+-# 3% were studied before and after a decrease in body weight of > 8% over a period of 8 weeks, followed by two weeks of weight maintenance. Weight loss was induced using the combination of Modifast and one small meal a day (#approx#3.34 MJ/day). Body composition (DEXA), resting energy expenditure (REE) and the thermic effect of a 2.7 MJ test meal (TEF) were measured in addition to TEE at week 2 and again at week 12. Diet was assessed ...

Science.gov (United States)

The financial evaluation of capital and operating cost estimates for a dry coke quenching facility installation indicates a marginal return on investment if the evaluation is based exclusively on steam credits. However, the potential improvements in environmental emissions and reported, but unverified, blast furnace operations may justify the expenditure. The Russian and Japanese claim of 2 to 4% reduction in blast furnace coke usage with up to 4% increase in iron production has not been demonstrated in the domestic steel industry and, therefore, is not included in the financial analysis. A 2% coke reduction represents a savings of approximately $0.81 per ton of hot metal produced or an additional annual credit of $1,800,000 for dry coke quenching, exclusive of productivity gains. Additional credit of this magnitude would increase the estimated discounted cash flow return from 10% to approximately 16% for the estimated capital expenditure of ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

... reactions selenium 74 target selenium 77 target strontium 84 target strontium

Science.gov (United States)

...2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Energy Policy Act target group certification...Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY CLAUSES AND FORMS SOLICITATION...Provisions and Clauses 952.226-73 Energy Policy Act target group...

Science.gov (United States)

... 1670/07-076.1 Spitting versus Biting: Differential Venom Gland Contraction Regulates Venom Expenditure in the Black-Necked Spitt...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) is a proposed Department of Energy facility which will contribute to the resolution of important Defense Program and inertial fusion energy issues for energy production in the future. The NIF will consist of a laser system with 192 independent beamlets transported to a target chamber. The target chamber is a multi-purpose structure that provides the interface between the target and the laser optics. The chamber must be capable of achieving moderate vacuum levels in reasonable times; it must remain dimensionally stable within micron tolerances, provide support for the optics, diagnostics, and target positioner; it must minimize the debris from the x-ray and laser light environments; and it must be capable of supporting external neutron shielding. The chamber must also be fabricated from a low neutron ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The performance and lifetime of energy storage in batteries are an important part of many renewable based energy systems. Not only do batteries impact on the system performance but they are also a significant expenditure when considering the whole life cycle costs. Poor prediction of lifetime can, therefore, lead to uncertainty in the viability of the system in the long term. This report details the work undertaken to investigate and develop two different battery life prediction methodologies with specific reference to their use in hybrid renewable energy systems. Alongside this, results from battery tests designed to exercise batteries in similar modes to those that they experience in hybrid systems have also been analysed. These have yielded battery specific parameters for use in the prediction software and the first results in the validation process of the software are also given. This work has been ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This report documents a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the economy of Haiti, emphasizing energy use in agriculture. CGE models compare favorably with econometric models for developing countries in terms of their ability to take advantage of available data. The model of Haiti contains ten production sectors: manufacturing, services, transportation, electricity, rice, coffee, sugar cane, sugar refining, general agriculture, and fuelwood and charcoal. All production functions use functional forms which permit factor substitution. Consumption is specified for three income categories of consumers and a government sector with a linear expenditure system (LES) of demand equations. The economy exports four categories of products and imports six. Balanced trade and capital accounts are required for equilibrium. Total sectoral allocations of land, labor and capital are constrained to equal the quantities of these inputs in the Haitian ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

British Columbia-based Carmanah Technologies is a world leader in the design, manufacture and supply of patented solar-powered light emitting diode (LED) lighting solutions. As a leading alternative energy manufacturer, it was the first company to integrate LEDs with solar chargers and battery power storage. Carmanah products have high-end assembly, minimal size, maximized performance and field-proven reliability. The products have been used in public transit applications, roadway lighting, and for general aviation lighting solutions. In 2004, their products saved the equivalent of 6,705 metric tonnes of carbon dioxide. This annual report includes information on the company's net earnings and investor profiles. The company has large markets for its products with little competition. It has a strong management team and its funding places it in a position to capitalize on current and emerging technologies. The company's energy resource activities ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This thesis examines the costs and benefits of energy management in office buildings and investigates the relationships between operating costs, space lease contracts, and building value. Energy management be building owners and managers begins with monitoring and analysing building energy, use and continues by reducing energy consumption through operating procedure changes, equipment replacement and control personnel training and continued monitoring. The cost to complete energy management projects in 12 British Columbia office buildings is analyzed. The average before-tax internal rate of return for the 12 energy management programs was 22.1% on total expenditures of Canadian $1.2 million. Nine of the buildings are owned and occupied by the provincial government, and the return on investment directly benefits the public. However, in the ...

CERN Document Server

Using the complex Kohn method, we have calculated variational values of phase shifts and the annihilation parameter, Z_{eff}, for the elastic scattering of positrons by molecular hydrogen. Our results are sensitive to small changes in the accuracy of the wave function representing the target hydrogen molecule. We have developed a systematic approach to demonstrate that, at low positron energies, there are particular forms of the Kohn trial wave function for which the results of variational calculations are not reliable, even when the target wave function accounts for as much as 96.8% of the correlation energy of H_{2}. We find that reliable results can be recovered if our calculations are extended to admit more sophisticated target wave functions accounting for 99.7% of the correlation energy. Remaining discrepancies between theory and experiment are briefly ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

In general, over the course of the time, the phenomenon of acceleration in physical development may be observed, i.e. the children and adults of the next generation are taller and heavier than in former generation. Our data presented in this paper show a regular trend of acceleration in the development on Vietnamese, but the trend is still slow and was mostly probably influenced by our difficulties in a long time of war. It is hoped that, the acceleration in the development may be increased in the future following the economical acceleration of our country, however it is known that the ratio between the length of different parts of human body is a specific characteristic for human race, sex and group age. Therefore we may estimate these ratio for the prolongation of the utilization of our measured physical data. The result of studies on water balance of Vietnamese living in comfortable environment air temperature conditions and working in hot environment with different levels of ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A simple electromagnetic transport system was constructed to identify very rare positrons produced in a powerful laser beam interaction with a target. Testing experiments were carried out with CO[sub 2]-laser (10[sup 12] W/cm[sup 2]) beam pulses ([tau] = 50 ns, f = 0.01 Hz) focused on the copper target, as well as with a 96 MeV alpha-particle beam irradiated carbon target. The results showed that the developed system could be effectively used for positron identification and evaluation of their energy by means of a time-of-flight method. The computerized system to deal with this problem, together with others related to the power laser beam interaction with targets, has been constructed. (orig.).

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Several different aspects of the influence of the target backing on in-beam electron spectra following compound nuclear reactions induced by accelerated ions at tandem energies irradiating backed targets are discussed in detail. This discussion is illustrated by a few typical examples, such as "1"2C"5"+ and "3"1P"1"0"+ beams at 4 MeV/u bombarding Sn(+Be), Sn(+Au), Pb(+C) backed targets. Moreover, the relative influence of electron backscattering, electron Doppler shift and Doppler broadening as well as #delta#-electron emission on the low energy electron spectra (E_e#<=#100 keV) obtained under such conditions are investigated in the frame of the available experimental data. (orig.).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The centroid and envelope dynamics of a high-intensity charged particle beam are investigated as a beam smoothing technique to achieve uniform illumination over a suitably chosen region of the target for applications to ion-beam-driven high energy density physics and heavy ion fusion. The motion of the beam centroid projected onto the target follows a smooth pattern to achieve the desired illumination, for improved stability properties during the beam-target interaction. The centroid dynamics is controlled by an oscillating "wobbler", a set of electrically-biased plates driven by RF voltage. __________________________________________________

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

By contrast to the large mass, complexity and recirculating power of conventional drivers for inertial confinement fusion (ICF), antiproton annihilation offers a specific energy of 90MJ/{micro}g and thus a unique form of energy packaging and delivery. In principle, antiproton drivers could provide a profound reduction in system mass for advanced space propulsion by ICF. We examine the physics underlying the use of antiprotons ({bar p}) to drive various classes of high-yield ICF targets by the methods of volumetric ignition, hotspot ignition and fast ignition. The useable fraction of annihilation deposition energy is determined for both {bar p}-driven ablative compression and {bar p}-driven fast ignition, in association with 0-D and 1-D target burn models. Thereby, we deduce scaling laws for the number of injected antiprotons required per capsule, together with timing and focal spot ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The production methods for seven radioisotopes, Ga-67, Sr-85, Pd-103, In-111, Tu-167, Hg-197 and Pb-203, by using a classical 1.5m cyclotron in the Institute of Physics and Power Engineering, Obninsk, USSR, are described. At present, more than 50 cyclotrons in different countries are used for the production of radioisotopes applied to medicine. Radioisotopes are produced with the cyclotron in the I.Ph.P.E. in the form of irradiated targets, which are delivered to Moscow radiopharmaceutical factory, where radiopharmaceuticals are produced on the base of these targets. The cyclotron is operated in two regimes providing the acceleration of protons, deuterons and alpha -particles. Two types of target assemblies are used for irradiation, the one is intended for the internal beam, and the other is for the external beam. The reactions used for the production of seven radioisotopes described above, the types of ...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

A vast amount of circumstantial evidence implicates oxygen-derived free radicals (especially, superoxide and hydroxyl radical) and high-energy oxidants [such as peroxynitrite (OONO⁻)]...Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

TransCanada Pipelines Limited submitted an application to the National Energy Board for new facilities to increase natural gas deliveries to its domestic and export markets. The proposed facilities consist of 1,590 km of pipeline, 21 new compressor units and two new compressor stations. The total cost of the facilities was estimated at $2,408 million. The Board considered at the hearing 15 applications made pursuant to Part IV of the National Energy Board Act for gas exports at existing delivery points at Emerson and Niagra Falls as well as at proposed new delivery points at Chippawa and Iroquois, Ontario. Twelve of these applications were filed in support of TransCanada's facilities application. Five applications were also filed pursuant to section 71 of the National Energy Board Act for orders requiring TransCanada to receive, transport and deliver natural gas offered by the applicants and to provide adequate and ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

High power and particle deposition on target materials are encountered in many applications including magnetic and inertial fusion devices, nuclear and high energy physics applications, and laser and discharge produced plasma devices. Surface and structural damage to plasma-facing components due to the frequent loss of plasma confinement remains a serious problem for the Tokamak reactor concept. The deposited plasma energy causes significant surface erosion, possible structural failure, and frequent plasma contamination.

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Female sexual promiscuity can have significant effects on male mating decisions because it increases the intensity of competition between ejaculates for fertilization. Because sperm production is costly,...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

BackgroundDiagnostic delay in patients with tuberculosis (TB) leads to ongoing TB transmission, higher mortality rates and increased patient and government health expenditure. Qualitative...Full Text Available

Science.gov (United States)

This paper explores how an aid-funded Ph.D.-programme in mathematics education instituted in some Southern African Development Community countries measures up to issues related to research capacity development projects. The research capacity development programme is described and reflected against mutual benefit, relevance, sustainability and prioritization of the location of project funding expenditure--some of the constructs in the discourse on research capacity development initiatives. It is found that the benefits of the programme are indeed mutual; the outcomes regarding relevance and sustainability are more uncertain and the location of expenditure of the funding is not overtly in favour of the donor country.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The authors use a Glauber multiple-collision model to examine the dynamics of nucleus-nucleus collisions. The model introduces a stopping law, which describes how a baryon loses energy in a baryon-baryon collision, and a particle production law, which is based on the baryon energy loss. The model gives results on the longitudinal energy loss which compare well with the recent WA80 experimental data for /sup 16/O on various targets at 60 and 200 GeV per nucleon. The stopping law that is needed to fit the experimental zero-degree spectra reveals that the degree of stopping in these high-energy nuclear collisions is high.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Studies of Rydberg-atom destruction in collisions with the polar targets CH_3I and CH_2Br_2 for values of principal quantum number n in the range 100--400 are reported. Analysis of the data using the essentially-free-electron model suggests that, for ultralow electron energies (#approx#80 #mu#eV to 1 meV), the cross section #sigma#(var-epsilon) for rotationally inelastic scattering of electrons by a polar target varies approximately as 1/var-epsilon, where var-epsilon is the electron energy. The Born approximation does not predict such behavior at very low collision energies, and possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The in situ assembly states of the glucose transport carrier protein in the plasma membrane and in the intracellular (microsomal) storage pool of rat adipocytes were assessed by studying radiation-induced inactivation of the D-glucose-sensitive cytochalasin B binding activities. High energy radiation inactivated the glucose-sensitive cytochalasin B binding of each of these membrane preparations by reducing the total number of the binding sites without affecting the dissociation constant. The reduction in total number of binding sites was analyzed as a function of radiation dose based on target theory, from which a radiation-sensitive mass (target size) was calculated. When the plasma membranes of insulin-treated adipocytes were used, a target size of approximately 58,000 daltons was obtained. For adipocyte microsomal membranes, we obtained target sizes of approximately 112,000 and ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Target recognition requires the ability to distinguish targets from non-targets, a capability called one-class generalization. Many neural network pattern classifiers fail as one-class classifiers because they use open decision boundaries. To function as one-class classifier, a neural network must have three types of generalization: within-class, between-class, and out-of-class. We discuss these three types of generalization and identify neural network architectures that meet these requirements. We have applied our one-class classifier ideas to the problem of automatic target recognition in synthetic aperture radar. We have compared three neural network algorithms: Carpenter and Grossberg`s algorithmic version of the Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART-2A), Kohonen`s Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ), and Reilly and Cooper`s Restricted Coulomb Energy network (RCE). The ART 2-A neural ...

Wastenet

... We strive to meet the needs of our members at as low a cost as possible. Visit website eSight Energy eSight Energy ...eSight® is the most advanced fully web enabled energy monitoring and targeting package on the market. This comprehensive and intuitive energy management suite ...Drinks Company We have developed the worlds most environmentally friendly cold drinks vending system. Over 40 different drinks available which are good for ...EcoSort® recycling system has been designed to offer customers a unique and flexible solution for the source separation of waste materials. Visit website ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A simple method allowing easy calculation of the spatial damage energy distributions for ion-implanted materials is presented. The direct procedure takes account of the variation with depth of the lateral spreading of implanted ions, as well as the effects of energy transport by the recoiling target atoms. The subsequent computer program LUPIN-3D provides three-dimensional damage distributions and allows the construction of damage energy mappings. Various substrates of technological interest are investigated and several fields of application of the calculation are envisaged. The density of cascades can therefore be determined and heterogeneous amorphization models can be implemented. (orig.).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Asia-Pacific region will see tremendous growth in demand for electricity in the next few decades and will be an important market for generation equipment and associated services. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries alone anticipate additional power demand of more than 37,000 NM by the year 2000, with an estimated total expenditure of US $85 billion. Trends in recent years show natural gas-fired combined cycle in plants to be fast gaining in popularity over conventional thermal plants. The advantages include increased primary energy conversion efficiency coupled with significant reduction in pollutant emissions, shorter construction times, faster loading rates and reduced staffing requirements. In the computer model used for generation capacity expansion planning in Tenaga Nasional Berhad, clean coal technology models are not used as candidate plants. In the opinion of the authors, this results from a lack of ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A transplant experiment was conducted to determine whether standard metabolic rate (SMR) of a freshwater shrimp (Palaeomonetes paludosus) would be affected by exposure to trace element-enriched coal combustion waste (coal ash). Shrimp were transplanted into replicate cages in a coal ash-polluted site and a reference site for 8 months. The coal ash-polluted site was characterized by elevated sediment concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Se compared to sediments in the reference site. After 8 months in the study sites, shrimp in the polluted site appeared to have accumulated As, Cd and Se from the habitat, but there were on differences in survival between the study sites. However, mean SMR of shrimp (measured as O{sub 2} consumption at rest) held in the polluted site was 51% higher than mean SMR of shrimp held in the reference site. The elevation in SMR indicates that the energetic costs of maintenance are greater for shrimp chronically exposed to the coal-ash polluted enviorment ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

TiH{sub 2} and TiD{sub 2} thick targets were bombarded with 100 to 200 keV protons. Evidence for nuclear reactions was obtained by means of a surface barrier particle detector. Proton irradiation of TiD{sub 2} produced the following observations: {alpha} particle emission identified as (p, {alpha}) reactions from {sup 11}B and {sup 7}Li impurities in the target at ppm concentrations; and {approx}3 MeV proton and {approx}1 MeV triton emission from secondary D-D reactions caused by elastic scattering of the primary proton with a target deuteron. A 3.9 MeV {alpha} particle peak measured by others was not observed. (author)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Comparisons of calculated neutron yield distributions from #alpha#-particle induced reactions on thick targets are made with measured data to analyze the initial reaction process in the framework of the exciton (hybrid) model code ALICE91 (M. Blann, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report UCID 19614, 1982). We have considered two reaction mechanisms: dissolution of the #alpha# in the nuclear field, and preequilibrium processes initiated by #alpha#-nucleon collisions. Both these processes seem to contribute to the emitted neutron spectra in varying proportions depending on the incident #alpha# energy and possibly on the target nucleus. Contributions from other processes appear to be non-negligible.

CERN Document Server

A historical summary is made on the measurements concerning the rising total hadron-hadron cross sections at high energies. The first part of this paper concerns the total cross section measurements performed at the Brookhaven, Serpukhov and Fermilab fixed target accelerators; then the measurements at the CERN Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR), and at the CERN and at the Tevatron Fermilab proton-antiproton colliders; finally the cosmic ray measurements at even higher energies. A short discussion on Conclusions and Perspectives follows.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Special beam extraction channel is used at INR linac for isotope production. It starts from 160 MeV measuring and matching area of accelerator. This choice of beam extraction enables to direct to the target of isotope complex a proton beam of wide energy range up to 160 MeV. It is important for production of different types of nuclides. The measuring results of proton beam behavior in this region are presented. Required beam forming in 160 MeV measuring and matching area of accelerator and in beam extraction channel is discussed.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Neutron time-of flight spectra were measured from 90 MeV protons and 140 MeV alpha-particle bombardment of Al, Ni, Zr, and Bi at laboratory angles between 20/sup 0/ and 130/sup 0/. The proton induced neutron spectra reveal three distinct energy regions; a low energy evaporation region, a high-energy region dominated by quasi-free scattering processes and an intermediate-energy region dominated by multi-step, pre-equilibrium processes. In the latter two regions, the spectra show strong angular dependence. The alpha-induced neutron spectra show these same distinct energy regions plus an exponential fall-off above the beam energy per nucleon. The high-energy portions of the forward-angle neutron and proton cross sections are in ratios consistent with the assumption that single nucleon-nucleon scattering dominates. For heavy-mass ...

Science.gov (United States)

Measurements using radioactive targets are important for the determination of key reaction path ways associated with the synthesis of the elements in nuclear astrophysics (sprocess), advanced fuel cycle initiative (transmutation of radioactive waste), and stockpile stewardship. High precision capture cross-section measurements are needed to interpret observations, predict elemental or isotopical ratios, and unobserved abundances. There are two new detector systems that are presently being commissioned at Los Alamos National Laboratory for very precise measurements of (n,{gamma}) and (n,f) cross-sections using small quantities of radioactive samples. DANCE (Detector for Advanced Neutron-Capture Experiments), a 4 {pi} gamma array made up of 160 BaF{sub 2} detectors, is designed to measure neutron capture cross-sections of unstable nuclei in the low-energy range (thermal to {approx}500 keV). The high granularity and high detection efficiency of ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The use of renewable energy offers a range of exceptional benefits, including: a decrease in external energy dependence; a boost to local and regional component manufacturing industries; promotion of regional engineering and consultancy services specialising in the use of renewable energy; increased R and D, decrease in impact of electricity production and transformation; increase in the level of services for the rural population; creation of employment, etc. To achieve these benefits, a series of actions are required, among which the following are particularly important: creation of a suitable climate for performing R and D; training of technicians in design, production and maintenance of equipment; motivation for establishing a new market; proper financing; fostering of appropriate technologies; practical demonstration of results, etc. This article reviews the progress made in the Autonomous Community of Galicia in terms ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bremsstrahlung emitted in the {alpha}+p reaction at 50 MeV/nucleon was studied using a 200 MeV {alpha}-particle beam and a liquid hydrogen target. Double-differential photon cross sections were measured over a wide range of angles and energies. Coherent bremsstrahlung was found to be strong for all photon energies. The cross section is enhanced at the highest photon energies and is characteristic of direct capture to the unbound {sup 5}Li ground and first excited state. With direct capture as a limiting case of coherent bremsstrahlung a consistent reaction picture can be obtained.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

We measured neutron time-of-flight spectra from 90 MeV protons and 140 MeV alpha particles bombarding thin targets of Al, Ni, Zr, and Bi at laboratory angles between 20_0 and 135_0. The low-energy (5 to 45 MeV) portions of the spectra were measured with 5 cm diameter by 5 cm deep NE-213 counters at 1 m flight paths with n-#betta# pulse-shape discrimination. The high-energy (35 to 150 MeV) portions of the spectra were measured with 12.7 cm diameter by 10.2 cm deep NE-102 counters at flight paths of 2.0 to 5.0 m. The proton-induced measured neutron spectra reveal three distinct energy regions: a low-energy evaporation region, a high-energy region dominated by the quasifree scattering process, and an intermediate-energy region dominated by multistep, preequilibrium processes. In the latter two regions, the spectra show strong angular ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

LLNL is developing the nuclear fusion based Laser Inertial Fusion Energy (LIFE) power plant concept. The baseline design uses a depleted uranium (DU) fission fuel blanket with a flowing molten salt coolant (flibe) that also breeds the tritium needed to sustain the fusion energy source. Indirect drive targets, similar to those that will be demonstrated on the National Ignition Facility (NIF), are ignited at 13Hz providing a 500MW fusion source. The DU is in the form of a uranium oxycarbide kernel in modified TRISO-like fuel particles distributed in a carbon matrix forming 2-cm-diameter pebbles. The thermal power is held at 2000MW by continuously varying the 6Li enrichment in the coolants. There are many options to be considered in the engine design including target yield, U-to-C ratio in th...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A calorimetric sensor with several novel design features has been developed. These sensors will provide an accurate sampling of thermal power density and energy deposition from proton beams incident on target components of accelerator-based systems, such as the Accelerator Production of Tritium Project (APT) and the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS). A small, solid slug (volume = 0.347 cc) of target material is suspended by kevlar fibers and surrounded by an adiabatic enclosure in an insulating vacuum canister of stainless steel construction. The slug is in thermal contact with a low-mass, calibrated, 100-k{Omega} thermistor. Power deposition caused by the passage of radiation through the slug is calculated from the rate of temperature rise of the slug. The authors have chosen slugs composed of Pb, Al, and LiAl.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The National Spallation Neutron Source (NSNS), in which neutrons are generated by bombarding a liquid mercury target with 1 GeV protons, will place extraordinary demands on materials performance. The target structural material will operate in an aggressive environment, subject to intense fluxes of high energy protons, neutrons, and other particles, while exposed to liquid mercury and to water. Components that require special consideration include the Hg liquid target container and protective shroud, beam windows, support structures, moderator containers, and beam tubes. In response to these demands a materials R and D program has been developed for the NSNS that includes: selection of materials; calculations of radiation damage; irradiations, post irradiation testing, and characterization; compatibility testing and characterization; design and implementation of a plan for monitoring of materials ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

There is an increasing interest in using radioisotopes of rare earth elements for internal radiotherapy and for imaging in nuclear medicine. "1"7"7Lu is one of the promising radionuclides. This article reports on the first measurements of the excitation function for the production of "1"7"7Lu with proton-beam energies up to 17 MeV on natural hafnium targets. The experimental cross sections for the reaction "n"a"tHf(p,x)"1"7"7Lu were obtained by the activation of a stacked-foil target and subsequent gamma spectrometry. Theoretical cross sections were calculated up to 35 MeV with the EMPIRE nuclear reaction model code. The measured and calculated cross sections were used for deriving the thick-target yields and for estimating the production of other nuclides than "1"7"7Lu. Measured production cross sections of "1"7"5","1"7"6","1"7"7","1"7"8Ta on the same target are also presented.

Environmental Research Database

ObjectivesTo improving the livelihoods of resource-poor farmers in developing countries through plant sciences research.Information on individual projects in the programme can be found by selecting this programme in the advanced search page. Please note that expenditure given in the project records contributes towards the overall expenditure of the programme.DescriptionProject Background: The PSP broad spectrum of research encompasses the latest biotechnology techniques for screening and breeding for drought/disease tolerance through to the development of key technologies - simple, low-cost interventions, the impacts of which are large enough to induce farmers to make other, perhaps more risky or more costly, changes in agronomic practices in order to make yet further gains. The Plant Sciences Research Programme funds projects under five research theme [continued...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Potassium atoms in selected high-lying np Rydberg states (80 #<=# n #<=# 400) are being used as a tool to examine electron-polar molecule collisions at ultra-low energies (#approx#80 #mu#eV - 1 meV). This energy regime has not been investigated previously and is of interest because the corresponding electron de Broglie wavelength is large, #approx#1300 - 330 Angstrom, and because the collision time is comparable to the period of molecular rotation. A variety of target molecules has been studied, including simple rotors such as HF, and more complex species such as NH_3, CH_3I, CH_2Br_2 and C_6H_5NO_2. These targets encompass a range of dipole moments and rotational behavior, but analysis of the data shows that in each case the cross section #sigma#(#epsilon#) for rotationally-inelastic electron-polar molecule scattering varies approximately as 1/#epsilon# where #epsilon# is the electron ...

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Udgivelsesdato: 2002-Mar

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A detector has been developed and used to measure dose distributions versus linear energy transfer to thin gas targets in spherical geometry from fast neutron irradiation of tissue-equivalent plastic and carbon. The detector is a hemispherical proportional counter with a Cs(T1) scintillator at the center of the hemisphere. The coincidence of the proportional counter signals constrain the measurements to charged particles traversing the radius of the hemisphere. The charged particle energy deposition distributions are directly measured for a known pathlength. The A-150 kerma factor was measured at a neutron energy of 14.8 MeV and is in agreement with tabulated values. The carbon kerma factor measurements are less than the tabulated value at 14.8 MeV. The alpha-particle production in carbon was measured for neutron energies from 14.1 to 14.8 MeV and is compared with existing data.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

During the past 2 yr, significant progress has been made in several areas related to the safety and environmental (S and E) aspects of inertial fusion energy (IFE). An updated methodology has been developed, and accident analyses have been performed for two IFE conceptual power plants and a target fabrication facility. Parallel to the consequence analyses of different accident scenarios, ongoing studies of accident initiating events are being used to support safety assessment and create a basic framework of types of events to consider in future risk characterization of new plant designs. Target designers/fabrication specialists have been provided with ranking information related to the S and E characteristics of candidate target materials. We have revisited waste management options for IFE, introducing the concept of clearance versus the traditional shallow land burial. A brief summary of results in ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The production of K{sup +}-mesons in pA(A=D,C,Cu,Ag,Au) collisions has been investigated at the COoler SYnchrotron COSY-Juelich for beam energies T{sub p}=1.0-2.3 GeV. Double differential inclusive pC cross-sections at forward angles {theta}{sub K+}<12 as well as the target mass dependence of the K{sup +} momentum spectra have been measured with the ANKE spectrometer. Far below the free NNthreshold at T{sub NN}=1.58 GeV the spectra reveal a high degree of collectivity in the target nucleus. From the target mass dependence of the cross-sections at higher energies, the repulsive in-medium potential of the K{sup +}-mesons can be deduced. Using pNcross-section parameterisations from the literature and our measured pD data we derive a cross-section ratio {sigma}(pn{yields}K{sup +}X)/{sigma}(pp{yields}K{sup +}X) {proportional_to}(3-4). (orig.)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Some magnetron sputtering systems experience rapid oscillations in the current and voltage of the plasma discharge after several hours when equipped with certain targets. These oscillations often lead to the plasma becoming extinguished, a condition known as ''flame-out.'' This article details the study of two 90% W--10% Ti magnetron targets which differed in density. The higher density targets sometimes experienced flame-out after approximately 3 h of sputtering. The less dense material could be sputtered for the entire 15 h life of the target. Scanning electron microscopy pictures and atomic composition depth profiles were obtained using Auger electron spectroscopy. In addition, a Colutron-based ion source with a high vacuum system was used to measure ion-induced secondary electron emission coefficients as a function of energy, ion specie, and gas coverage. Analysis of the sample ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Neutron Science Project was started at Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute since 1996 for promoting futuristic basic science and nuclear technology utilizing neutrons. For this purpose, research and developments of intense proton accelerator and spallation neutron target were initiated. The present paper describes the current status of such research and developments. (author)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The distribution of mass, charge and angular momentum transfer among the products of 54-Fe (255 MeV) ions collisions with the 106 Cd target have been studied. The energy level schemes for 92-Mo, 60-Ni, 96-Ru and 56-Fe are presented. The production yields of different isotopes were also measured. 1 ref., 14 figs.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The UK government's economy-wide 60% carbon dioxide reduction target by 2050 requires a paradigm shift in the whole energy system. Numerous analytical studies have concluded that the power sector is a critical contributor to a low carbon energy system, and electricity generation has dominated the policy discussion on UK decarbonisation scenarios. However, range of technical, social and market challenges, combined with alternate market investment strategies mean that large scale deployment of key classes of low carbon electricity technologies is fraught with uncertainty. The UK MARKAL energy systems model has been used to investigate these long-term uncertainties in key electricity generation options. A range of power sector specific parametric sensitivities have been performed under a 'what-if' framework to provide a systematic exploration of least-cost ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Benchmark calculations of differential neutron yields were made for intranuclear cascade evaporation (INCE) codes HETC/KFA1 and HIC, and a quantum molecular dynamics (QMD) code. The INCE model showed fairly well productibility of the data. The QMD generally gave better results than the INCE model. At lower energies, the QMD gave overprediction to the measured data, but the relative variation of the data was very well reproduced by the method. Neutron production cross sections were systematically estimated at 337 MeV/u for combinations of several projectiles and targets. Using the obtained cross sections, analytical expressions for cross sections of equilibrium and nonequilibrium neutron productions previously proposed at lower energy range through the analysis of experimental data, were extended to the higher energy. The extended expressions well reproduced the systematic behaviors of the cross sections ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

X-ray ablation of material from the first wall and other components of an ICF (Inertial Confinement Fusion) chamber is a major threat to the laser final optics. Material condensing on these optics after a shot may cause damage with subsequent laser shots. To ensure the successful operation of the ICF facility, removal rates must be predicted accurately. The goal for this dissertation is to develop an experimentally validated x-ray response model, with particular application to the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Accurate knowledge of the x-ray and debris emissions from ICF targets is a critical first step in the process of predicting the performance of the target chamber system. A number of 1-D numerical simulations of NIF targets have been run to characterize target output in terms of energy, angular distribution, spectrum, and pulse shape. Scaling of output characteristics with ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

In the first part of this contribution, the definition of reference values is given and the theoretical and practical problems in the application of this concept are discussed. In this connection, the present resources on instrumentation and the technical requirements for dose assessment are described. In the second part, some consequences are taken and proposals for further actions are made. (orig.)

CERN Document Server

A shockproof container for the transport and storage of fragile or reactive target foils

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

We report here results of an application of single-nucleon stripping reactions at high energies (65 MeV/u) in inverse kinematics to obtain spectroscopic factors. From measurements of the partial cross-sections for ground and excited states in residual nuclei formed in one-proton stripping reactions, single particle orbits and occupancies of light nuclei have been studied in the s-d shell. Single proton stripping cross-sections of "2"5Al and "2"6","2"7","2"8P on a Be target have been measured using the S800 spectrograph and the NaI(Tl) array at the NSCL. These results indicate that this technique may provide a general tool for the intermediate energy range analogous to transfer (pick-up) reactions at low-energy.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This paper reviews three key initiatives undertaken in the historical city of Oxford to bring about reductions in energy-related CO_2 emissions on a city-wide scale. The author has been part of all the three initiatives. In 2002, a collaborative partnership between academia, industry and city council started the Oxford Solar Initiative (OSI) which uses a community-based approach to help households and organisations in Oxford, financially and technically, to install solar energy systems and energy efficiency measures in buildings. So far OSI has facilitated the installation of 80 active solar systems, over 450 energy efficiency measures and 3,000 low energy bulbs. The scientific basis of OSI is a GIS-based DECoRuM model which estimates and maps baseline energy use and CO_2 emissions on a house-by house level, identifies 'pollution' hotspots, predicts the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This paper outlines an approach to develop estimates of individual customer contestability using a combined statistical and engineering analysis. The approach is targeted for use for mid-size commercial and industrial customers who are not being considered for individual flexible pricing contracts. Contestability is defined as the potential lost revenue associated with customers leaving the utility or significantly reducing electricity purchases. Contestability is modeled from the customer`s perspective using a two-stage decision process. In the first stage, the customer decides if he will continue to purchase electricity from the utility (referred to as customer retention), and in the second stage, the customer determines the amount of electricity purchased (referred to as load retention). Measures of individual customer contestability will be key factors in developing market segments and new rate offerings in future energy markets.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The radioisotope production facilities and programs of the 86-Inch Cyclotron are reviewed in this presentation. The 86-Inch Cyclotron is designed to accelerate protons to a maximum energy of 22 MeV for internal targets. These protons are used to bombard metals that are electroplated, potted or soldered to water-cooled plates. Additionally, metals and inorganic compounds are bombarded in water-cooled tube targets. High radioisotope production rates are obtained by beam currents as large as 3 mA. Production rates for /sup 11/C, /sup 57/Co, /sup 67/Ga, /sup 68/Ge, /sup 109/Cd, and other isotopes are presented. The production of /sup 11/C for the carboxyl labeling of amino acids in cooperation with Oak Ridge Associated Universities is discussed. The 86-Inch Cyclotron is used for those programs requiring a larger beam current than is available from commercial cyclotrons.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The radioactive isotopes of lead are reviewed with respect to their choice for in vitro tracer studies. The #gamma#-photon energy and absence of particle emission in the decay of "2"0"3Pb makes it particularly suitable for these applications. Reaction yields of "2"0"3Pb using "2"0"3Tl targets and proton, deuteron, "3He and "4He beams are listed. Using the preferred reaction "2"0"3Tl (d, 2n)"2"0"3Pb with a 15 MeV deuteron beam, yields of about 75 #mu#Ci #mu#Ahr"-"1, after chemical separation, are reported. Details of target design and chemical separation are given. (U.K.).

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Studies of collisions between Rydberg atoms with values of principal quantum number n in the range 100 approx-lt n approx-lt 400 and H_2S and C_6H_5NO_2 are reported. These targets were selected because they have very different dipole moments: 0.97 and 4.22 D, respectively. Analysis of the data using the essentially-free-electron model shows that at micro-electron-volt energies the cross sections for rotationally inelastic electron scattering by these targets have very different energy dependences. This difference suggests that, in the case of C_6H_5NO_2, dipole-supported states might be important in the scattering. To examine this further, the data are compared with the results of calculations using a free-electron cross section that assumes the presence of dipole-supported states, and it is demonstrated that, with a reasonable choice of parameters, it is possible to reproduce the experimental ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A KEK-PS experiment E337 `Angular correlation of intermediate mass fragments emitted from the target multifragmentation reactions with 12 GeV protons` is an extension of the E288 performed a few years ago. The E288 revealed that the proton-induced target multifragmentation reactions at 12 GeV showed quite interesting phenomena such as 70 degree peaking angular distributions for intermediate mass fragments. In December, 1955, the test experiment with 12 GeV protons was started at KEK using this newly constructed counter array of 37 Bragg Curve Counters. The main production experiment was performed in April and May in 1996 after debugging the new counter system and DAQ system, as well as EP1-B beam line. Data with Au, Tm, Sm and Ag targets were successfully accumulated. The data are in the analysis stage, and several interesting features of high energy nuclear reactions have already been seen. (G.K.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The most striking achievement in magnetic fusion experiments during last few years was the discovery of plasma detachment from material targets, a much needed effect for plasmas with high power fusion parameters. Due to the very low heat loads on the targets observed in these regimes and potentially low erosion of the targets, detached regimes look attractive from the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) design point of view. Thus the author has experimental proof for the possibility for a co-existence of fusion relevant hot plasma in the core and a low temperature partly ionized plasma at the edge of magnetic fusion device. Although somewhat similar behavior of edge plasma was considered theoretically even before plasma detachment was found experimentally, it was not clear in the beginning how these theoretical and experimental findings would fit together. Now, after a few years of intensive additional ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Dynamic pipe impact tests were performed in order to determine the impact conditions for which a 2 inch Schedule 80 carbon steel target pipe would not be broken if it were impacted during a pipe whip event created by a postulated break of an adjacent larger parallel pipe. Such pipe/pipe impact scenarios are of special interest for the feeder pipes of a CANDU reactor because the large number of closely spaced parallel feeder pipes that carry coolant between large primary system pipes and individual fuel channels in the reactor core makes it impractical to consider providing feeder pipe whip restraints. The testing which was performed involved simulating the behaviour of 3 inch and larger whipping pipes in order to study their impact with 2 inch target pipes pressurized at about 9 MPa with water at a temperature of about 290"0C. In a conservative simulation of the worst pipe/pipe impact event which it has been predicted could occur for adjacent ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The energy spectra and angular distributions of proton emission in a reaction of {sup nat}Fe(n,xp) at a neutron energy of 14.6 MeV are measured by the University of Science and Technology of China multitelescope system. The double-differential cross sections of 16 reaction angles from 25 to 164.5 deg are obtained in this measurement. The statistical errors are reduced largely because of the thick target used. The angular distributions show a slightly energy-dependent forward-backward asymmetry. The angle-integrated proton spectrum is compared with theoretical calculations and other results. The total proton-emission cross section is in fair agreement with the prediction and evaluation.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Heavy ions used for biomedical studies fragment when they pass through matter. It is known that different fragments cause different types of biological damage. In this paper, results pertaining to differrent kinds of secondary fragments produced by a /sup 28/Si beam at 463 MeV/nucleon in its interaction with nuclear emulsion are presented. It is observed that the production frequencies of secondary fragments are independent of the target. Partial production cross sections and fluences of the secondary fragments are also discussed. The partial production cross sections for different fragments at three lower energy ranges are practically the same within their statistical errors except for the cross section for Li fragments, which is larger by almost a factor of 1.5 at the lowest energy investigated. The dose contributions of the primary Si beam and its components at different points of the Bragg curve are presented for two ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Thick-target recoil ranges of radioactive nuclei produced in 30-200 MeV alpha-particle bombardment of /sup 59/Co have been used to deduce the longitudinal momentum transfer per projectile nucleon (psub(parallel)/A) as a function of residue mass and bombarding energy. The average value of psub(parallel)/A increases monotonically with bombarding energy and reaches a maximum value of proportional160 MeV/c at proportional23 MeV/u, and decreases thereafter. The maximum value of psub(parallel)/A is equal to the incident momentum up to proportional23 MeV/u and saturates at a value of proportional220 MeV/c beyond this energy.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Cost-time management methods have been developed by Westinghouse to examine business applications from a cost-time perspective. The initial application of cost-time management within Westinghouse was targeted at reducing cycle time in the manufacturing sector. As a result of the tremendous success of reduced cycle time in manufacturing, Westinghouse initiated application of the management technique to Environmental Restoration activities at its Government Owned Contractor Operated facilities. The Westinghouse initiative was proposed in support of the Department of Energy's goals for cost effective Environmental Restoration activities. This paper describes the application of the cost-time method to Environmental Restoration work currently being performed at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) for the Department of Energy (DOE) by Westinghouse Idaho Nuclear Company (WINCO).

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Measurements of alpha spectra in the (n, #alpha#) reactions induced on /sup 90,91/Zr at 14.3 and 18.15 MeV incident neutron energy are presented. A microscopic calculation of these spectra has been made using both pick-up and knock-on theories, and in both cases only one overall normalizing factor, which is the same for the two target nuclei and incident energies and all the considered transitions, appears as a free parameter in the calculation. Pick-up calculations provide a very satisfactory reproduction of the data. Knock-on calculations reproduce many qualitative features of the measured spectra, but do not allow a fully satisfactory reproduction of them. While the results obtained do not exclude knock-on contributions to these reactions, their presence is not established.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The expanding plasma produced when an intense pulse of laser radiation is focused in vacuum onto a solid target has been used as a source of highly stripped ions for collision cross-section measurements. Usable fluxes of carbon nuclei at energies of a few hundred eV/charge have been obtained by irradiation of graphite with pulses of CO"2 laser radiation at a focused power density of 3 x 10_1_0 W/cm_2. Bombardment of aluminum and iron targets at comparable power levels have yielded ions of maximum charges of 9 and 16 respectively. A time-of-flight apparatus has been constructed to utilize the laser source for measurement of electron capture cross sections for highly stripped ions in gases at energies in the few hundred eV/charge range. Apertures collimate an ion beam from the plasma blowoff, and an electrostatic analyzer selects ions from the expanding plasma which have the same ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This presentation discussed common mechanisms for procuring wind energy in Canada. Mechanisms included renewable portfolio standards (RPSs); offsets; tax subsidies; financial subsidies; command and control mechanisms; and request for proposals (RFPs). A layered approach is required to avoid reliance on any single mechanism. RPSs require a certain minimum percentage of energy to come from renewable sources and aim to encourage the local development of renewable energy. RPSs are market-friendly and often result in the creation of tradable renewable energy credits (RECs) used for compliance purposes. RPSs work in parallel with cap and trade, baseline, and credit and carbon tax systems. RFPs target the lowest price offering, a practice which has often resulted in lower rates of return, high attrition, and a failure to attribute market prices to green attributes. It was concluded that ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The interaction of intense, sub-picosecond laser pulses with solid targets produces intense picosecond x-ray pulses. With focused laser pulses of several 10 {sup 18} W/cm{sup 2}, He-like and H-like line radiation from targets such as aluminum and silicon has been produced. The energy conversion efficiency from the laser pulse energy to the 1--2 keV line x-rays is nearly one percent. The duration of the line x-ray radiation is of the order of ten picoseconds, although this may be an upper estimate because of the temporal resolution of the x-ray streak camera. The spatial extent of the x-ray source region is only slightly larger than the laser focal spot, or about 10 {mu}m in diameter. With these characteristics, such x-ray sources emit an intensity of nearly 10{sup 14} W/cm{sup 2}. Experiments and modeling which led to the above conclusions will be discussed.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Precise measurements of the single spin asymmetry AN, and the double spin asymmetry ANN, in proton-proton (pp) elastic scattering in the region of four-momentum transfer squared 0.0012 have been performed using a polarized atomic hydrogen gas jet target and the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) polarized proton beam. We present measurements of AN and ANN at center-of-mass energies ?(s)=6.8 and 13.7 GeV. These spin-dependent observables are sensitive to the poorly known hadronic spin-dependent amplitudes. Comparing AN at different energies, a ?(s) dependence of the hadronic single spin-flip amplitude is suggested. A hadronic double spin-flip amplitude from the ANN data is consistent with zero within a 2-? level. We also present ??T, estimated from the measured ANN data. The results for ??T are consistent with zero. Our results provide significant constraints toward a comprehensive understanding of the reaction mechanism ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Societatea Nationala Nuclearelectrica SA is the operator of the Cernavoda nuclear power plant and the second largest energy producer in Romania, after Hidroelectrica, ensuring 18% of the internal energy demand. The production of nuclear power differs from other industrial activities through the risks it involves and through the legacy it leaves to the future generations, i.e. the nuclear waste. Taking into account these considerations, public acceptance represents a constant preoccupation for nuclear companies around the world. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a new practice in the nuclear industry. After a long tradition of involvement in the life of the local community through the Social Program for Cernavoda, Nuclearelectrica has initiated a CSR campaign with the theme 'Welcome a tree in your family', addressed to pupils and high school students from Cernavoda. By this campaign, we aimed at creating relevance, not just green lots and ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

'Energy Nation Norway' looks at Norway as an energy nation from both a national and an international perspective. Its purpose is to provide a basis for political and industrial decisions relating to the petroleum industry. The report is particular concerned with the petroleum sector, besides considering the Norwegian energy cluster from a broader perspective. The energy cluster has been and will continue to be a crucial vehicle for economic growth and the development of wealth in Norway. These are the report's main conclusions: The petroleum industry has played a significant part in Norway's economic development, the side-effects of which have benefited the country's entire population. The world's economic growth and wealth development require energy. In the next few decades oil and gas will continue to form a large part of the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A black neutron detector of novel design has been constructed and tested as a neutron flux monitor. The neutron time-of-flight (TOF) technique was used to measure the zero degree neutron spectrum from a subnanosecond pulsed proton beam on a thick metallic lithium target. We describe the detector, discuss the shielding arrangement and electronics, determine the low-energy cut-off. We calculate the efficiency, show spectra and compare measured zero degree differential cross-section of the {sup 7}Li(p, n{sub 0}){sup 7}Be reaction with recommended published cross-sections. (orig.).

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

#pi#"#+-# and K"#+-# cumulative production in pA #-># #pi#"#+-#+x and pA #-># K"#+-#+x reactions at 10.14 GeV proton beam energy on nuclei (Be-Ta) was invesigated. Measurements were conducted using FAS-1 focusing hadron spectrometer. Invariant cross sections of #pi#"#+-# and K"#+-# cumulative production, values of ratio of this cross sections, dependences of production cross sections for pions and kaons on cumulative number and mass number of nucleus target, as well as on transverse momentum are measured. Difference of cumulative meson spectra occurring in different nuclei fragmentation is discussed in terms of flucton model. 17 refs.; 14 figs.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

We discuss polarizing a proton beam in a storage ring, either by selective removal or by spin flip of the stored ions. Prompted by recent, conflicting calculations, we have carried out a measurement of the spin-flip cross section in low-energy electron-proton scattering. The experiment uses the cooling electron beam at COSY as an electron target. The measured cross sections are too small for making spin flip a viable tool in polarizing a stored beam. This invalidates a recent proposal to use co-moving polarized positrons to polarize a stored antiproton beam.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This paper describes examples of the damage resulting from the impact of a whipping pipe on a nearby pressurised pipe. The work is a by-product of a study of the motion of a whipping pipe. The tests were conducted with small-diameter pipes mounted in rigid supports and hence the results are not directly applicable to large-scale plant applications where flexible support mountings are employed. The results illustrate the influence of whipping pipe energy, impact position and support type on the damage sustained by the target pipe. (author).

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

In Korea, the Proton Engineering Frontier Project (PEFP) is building a proton linear accelerator facility with energy up to 100MeV and a beam current of 20mA. In this study, a radiation field after shutdown in the accelerator facility of the PEFP was evaluated for the purpose of the radiation shielding by using MCNPX code. A facility modeling was performed for the accelerator tunnel building, accelerator chain, target rooms and beam experiment hall. And radiation source terms were evaluated in the facility. With this facility, model and radiation source terms, the concentration of 41Ar was evaluated and the cooling time satisfying regulation in Korea was calculated.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The energy spectra of few-nucleon transfer reactions obtained by bombarding a /sup 197/Au nucleus with the 341 MeV /sup 20/Ne beam of the Berkeley cyclotron have been analysed successfully in terms of direct surface transfer reactions populating the continuum states. At the grazing angle we are dealing with one-step processes; at forward angle two-step processes have to be taken into account.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Cross sections for the elastic and inelastic scattering of "1"6O on "5"8Ni, "8"8Sr, "4"0Ca, and "4"8Ca have been calculated in a coupled-channels treatment, including the low-lying 2"+ and 3"- states of both projectile and target. Real, energy-independent ion-ion potentials and form factors were used, and fusion was simulated by ingoing wave boundary conditions in all channels. The agreement with the measured scattering data is qualitatively as good as obtained in previous optical-model calculations.

CERN Document Server

The changes envisaged in the Management's draft plan will focus the resources of the Laboratory on the LHC project and its completion. One of CERN's largest areas of spending is in Industrial Service Contracts, which currently amount to nearly 15% of the CERN budget. At present more than 2000 people have access to CERN through such contracts, although the nature of the contracts means that expenditure is not only on labour but also on materials. The revised cost to completion of the LHC has caused understandable concern that savings in Industrial Services will give rise to job losses at CERN, and rumours of '500 lay-offs' appeared in some newspaper reports. These reports were based on misunderstanding and speculation rather than the actual plan being prepared at CERN. The current proposal regarding expenditure on Industrial Services - which is supported by the findings of Task Force 3 - is to redirect about CHF170 M to the LHC, spread over the ...

J-STORE (Japan)

Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

All microRNA (miRNA) target—finder algorithms return lists of candidate target genes. How valid is that output in a biological setting? Transcriptome analysis has proven to be a useful approach...Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Although the public generally hold positive attitudes towards wind energy, proposals for the construction of new wind farms are often met with strong resistance. In New Zealand, where the government has recently introduced ambitious policy targets for renewable energy generation, negative perceptions of wind farms are increasingly evident and have the potential to prevent the achievement of these targets. This research sets out to examine what influences social resistance to wind farms in New Zealand. Drawing from public submissions on three wind farm proposals, a framework developed by Devine-Wright [Devine-Wright, P., 2005a. Beyond NIMBYism: towards an integrated Framework for Understanding Public Perceptions of Wind Energy. Wind Energy 8, 125-139.] was used as the basis for identification of factors affecting public perceptions of wind farms. The research ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The purpose of the Utility Applications Program is to provide information and assistance to interested utilities on central station energy storage systems. Compressed air and underground pumped hydroelectric energy storage are the primary technical focus. Smaller utilities are the primary targets of this program, as they may not have resources to track and utilize new energy conservation developments. The program, initiated during this year-long period, consists of a series of tasks integrating and supporting energy storage implementation. Program management and technical coordination activities monitor the wide range of research ongoing both under government support and in industry and provide a locus for dissemination of results. Recently completed DOE demonstration studies provide the central data base and the DOE CAES and UPH Technology Program activities provide another major ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The harnessing and enhanced use of renewable energy today is a matter of lively debate and much concern. Amazingly, hydro power is either rarely considered in these discussions or viewed in a negative light. But hydro power continues to be the most important source of renewable energy, and its use potential is considerable and should be taken into account when, for instance, agreeing on or implementing carbon dioxide reduction targets. Small hydro power stations are an effective means of harnessing existing energy potentials. (orig.) [Deutsch] Ueber die Nutzung und den Ausbau regenerativer Energien wird heutzutage lebhaft diskutiert und gerungen. Es mag erstaunen, dass in diesen Diskussionen die Wasserkraft kaum Beachtung findet oder in einem schlechten Licht gesehen wird. Dabei ist die Wasserkraft nach wie vor bei weitem die wichtigsten Quelle regenerativer Energie, und sie besitzt ...

Science.gov (United States)

Single and selective pole tripping schemes may be used to maintain a desired level of system integrity while minimizing transmission line expenditures. In general, these schemes will be most effective on those portions of the system where relatively few interconnections exist. While selective pole tripping may superficially appear to provide more margin than single pole schemes in the preservation of system stability, it seems unlikely that in those actual applications where single pole tripping is warranted that selective pole tripping will provide any significant advantages.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Oman is an attractive and welcoming country, well-ordered and unpretentious. It has benefited from remarkable achievements of economic and social development since 1970. It now has a resource base that should be sufficient to keep it on continuing path of further development. However, the second 20-years of modern Oman will inevitable contain some testing challenges. These are centred in two main areas - the economic, where expenditure has already outstripped revenue and where firm controls are needed to maintain a reasonable balance; and the social, where the pressures from an increasingly literate and numerous population will demand changes to the autocratic traditional system of government. (author)

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The purpose of this study is to determine whether there are differences among visitors to a destination based on their golfing frequency in the previous year. By constructing a framework for understanding the golf traveller, golf and tourism industry representatives can better understand the contribution that golfers make to a destination based on factors such as satisfaction, perceived value received from the golfing experience, trip length, expenditures, travel decisions, and motivations. The results indicate that there are significant differences between golfers based on golfing frequency. Dedicated golfers are very different from infrequent and moderate golfers on three of the four variables used to profile these visitors. Findings from this research may provide golf and tourism market...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ion desorption from a condensed gas solid Ne impacted by singly- and multiply-charged Ar"q"+ ions (q = 1-7) has been investigated. Various secondary ions such as cluster ions, Ne"+_n (n = 2-20) as well as atomic ions are observed. Mass spectral patterns, thickness dependence of the yields, and kinetic energy distributions of the desorbed Ne"+_n (n = 1,2) depend strongly on the projectile charge state. These results indicate that the dissipation of the projectile potential energy on the surface leads to the desorption of the monomer and small cluster ions by a Coulomb repulsion between adjacent target ions.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Heavy Ion Collisions at RHIC and LHC energies are potentially an interesting laboratory for the study of QED. In these collisions, a Heavy Ion in one beam sees a highly Lorentz contracted electric field due to an oncoming beam particle. The Electric field reaches a maximum value of E {approx_equal} {gamma}{sub eff} {center_dot} Z {center_dot} e/b{sup 2}, where the apparent Lorentz factor, {gamma}{sub eff} = 2 {center_dot} {gamma}{sub beam}{sup 2} - 1. The collision may be viewed in terms of a flux of photons colliding with a stationary ion target using the equivalent photon approximation, originally introduced by Fermi in 1924. We show that the cross section for Inelastic Electromagnetic Interactions of Heavy Ions are both calculable and have been measured in the first RHIC running period.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

In the Introduction the history of the cascade probabilistic method development is described. The calculation model for different charged particles cascade probabilistic functions (CPF) was considered. A new analytical expressions for CPF for electrons, protons, alpha-particles and ions are obtained as well. A new results on mathematical analysis, algorithms, and calculation of CPF with taking into account charged particles energy losses on computer are cited. The peculiarities of these functions are analyzed. The detail analysis of these function behavior in relation from flying particles energy, target atomic number, generation and registration depth, and interactions number is carried out. The program packages in the Windows medium is developed on the visual programming languages: Visual Basic 6.0, Delphi 6.0, C++ Builder 6.0.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Utilities are evaluating several electric generation and storage (G ampersand S) technologies for distributed utility (DU) applications. Attributes of leading DU technologies and implications for photovoltaics (PV) are described. Included is a survey of present and projected cost and performance for: (1) small, advanced combustion turbines (CTs); (2) advanced, natural gas-fired, diesel engines (diesel engines); and (3) advanced lead-acid battery systems (batteries). Technology drivers and relative qualitative benefits are described. A levelized energy cost-based cost target for PV for DU applications is provided. The analysis addresses only relative cost, for PV and for three selected alternative DU technologies. Comparable size, utility, and benefits are assumed, although relative value is application-specific and often technology- and site-specific.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade services designed to assist businesses to effectively operate in global markets, were described. The goal of the Department is to give strategic targeted information that extends beyond export opportunities to include market access, investment, strategic alliances, technology transfer and competitiveness issues. These services constitute the Department`s Trade Commissioner Service, a network of 600 officers, deployed in 128 embassies and consulates worldwide to support Canadian business development initiatives across 16 sectors of the government`s International Trade Business Plan (ITBP). The Trade Commissioner Service programs include the WIN exporters database, a trade inquiries sourcing team, International Financial Institutions (IFI) projects, and the Program for Export Market Development (PEMD). A series of Sectoral Advisory Groups on International Trade (SAGIT) have been established to facilitate the needs ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

TiH{sub 2} and TiD{sub 2} thick targets were bombarded with 100 to 200 keV protons or deuterons. Evidence for nuclear reactions was obtained by means of a surface barrier particle detector. Deuteron irradiation of TiD{sub 2} produced these observations: copious {approx}2.5 MeV neutrons and {approx}3 MeV protons from direct D-D reactions; gamma rays from p,{gamma} and n,{gamma} reactions; {approx}14 MeV protons from the secondary d({sup 3}He, p){alpha} reaction; and a signal between {approx}6-12 MeV that Kasagi et al. has tentatively identified as protons from the fusion of three deuterium nuclei. However, this signal has in it a strong interference signal from either neutrons or gamma rays that directly deposit energy in the detector. This interference spectra was measured by placing a thick absorber in front of the detector that stops up to 20 MeV protons, but not gamma rays or neutrons. More experiments must be done before we can confirm or ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

'Full text:' The use of fuel cell technology in military applications will depend on safe, high energy density systems being developed. An important part of using this technology is also the development of alternative hydrogen producing fuels with high energy densities and are easy to transport. Fuel cells are now a very large R and D effort for several military applications around the world. The major reason is because of the high power demands needed requires electrical energy sources that far exceed the capabilities of batteries currently being fielded for portable applications. Fuel cells are regarded as highly efficient, tactical energy converters that can be adapted for wide range of power requirements. They are potentially the lowest weight power source when coupled with batteries or capacitors to form hybrid systems. Generally electrical power is needed to support a number of applications from ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The low excitation energy spectroscopy of "8"6Sr, "8"8Sr, "8"9Sr, "8"6Rb, and "8"7Rb nuclear systems was studied via one-nucleon transfer reactions. The strontium isotopes, "8"7Sr and "8"8Sr, were used as targets in this study. Spectroscopic strengths were extracted from the measured transfer reaction cross sections and the distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA) analysis. Efforts have been made to accomplish a complete detection of spectroscopic strengths through the excitation energy region where levels can be resolved and identified. A shell model sum rule analysis is then made. Diagonal matrix elements for the effective two-nucleon interaction were deduced from empirical energy centroid. Matrix elements normalized by their empirical monopole energy was plotted against the semiclassical angle between two spins. They were compared with various analytical function forms of the ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A critical issues study of a symmetric illumination, direct drive laser fusion reactor called SIRIUS has been conducted. In particular, the uniformity requirements for direct drive targets have been assessed and it is shown that respectable gains (more than 60) could be obtained at modest (2MJ) KrF laser energies. Previous ICF cavity designs have been examined for use in a symmetric illumination geometry and features from several designs have been combined into a dry wall cavity design with a radius of 8 meters. Neutronic and photonic analysis shows that the present SIRIUS cavity design can breed sufficient tritium (breeding ratio = 1.17) even with 32 laser ports penetrating the cavity. However, it was found that there are a few critical issues that remain to be solved before a self-consistent reactor design could be initiated. Radiation damage to final optics, thermal performance of SiC tiles on the SIRIUS cavity wall, and performance of ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The optoelectronic compounds of GaAs and ZnSe are difficult to analyze by PIXE (particle-induced X-ray emission) due to the strong absorption of the As and Se K_#alpha# X-rays. As part of a program to investigate optoelectronic materials using ion beam techniques, we have explored the possibility of using the high sensitivity of PIXE to check these materials for stoichiometry and dopant concentrations. The K_#alpha# X-ray intensity ratios of Ga to As and Zn to Se have been investigated using H beams of 0.5 to 2.5 MeV and He beams of 1.0 to 2.5 MeV. The variation in the X-ray intensity ratio with beam energy and target thickness is modelled in terms of the cross section for X-ray production and the absorption coefficients of the X-rays in the target. The results of this model show the experimental conditions that must be satisfied in order that the X-ray intensity ratios are not strongly affected by X-ray absorption; and ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The authors develop a procedure for the determination of the Al, Ti, V, Cu, Mn, Mo, and W content of nickel-base alloys by neutron activation analysis. An M-10 microtron with a beryllium target in a paraffin microtron (with a beryllium target) in a paraffin moderator served as the neutron source. In order to evaluate the procedure for quantitative analysis, the authors determined the contents of the above elements in five reference standards, the bulk density of which was 2.94-4.17 g/cm"3. The difference in the self-absorption of the gammaquanta was assessed by determining the number of gamma-quanta with energies in the range 60-1332 keV that had passed through the RS N4 and N8 which showed the greatest difference in their composition. The results of the determination are presented. The proposed procedure is simple and rapid and can be used to determine the alloying components of nickel-based alloys with satisfactory ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The present work addresses an off-axis Cassegrain optical concentration system. The specific primary collector analyzed, a short focal length parabolic concentrator, is at the University of Florida`s Energy Park. A secondary hyperbolic reflective element was designed to redirect the solar radiation from the primary focal plane to an off-axis target on the polar axis of the primary concentrator. This ground level target will be required for planned experimental work. The analysis was performed using a numerical ray tracing procedure that incorporates both random and systematic errors due to slope and surface irregularities. The optimization process varied secondary element size, curvature, and offset angle, and yielded information required for optimum design. As a single secondary element was found impractical, three elements were designed for use at various time of the year. The numerical analysis predicts that typically 70 ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In robotics inverse dynamics is a standard control concept for highly nonlinear multibody systems. It is shown, however, that inverse dynamics results in a high energy demand. Therefore, linear energy efficient state feedback controllers are designed in a way that a performance index representing the energy consumption is minimized. At the same time inequality constraints such as control error and limited input variables have to be met. For the control design an analytical solution by pole placement is presented as well as a numerical controller optimization. This control design includes small motions in the neighborhood of the operating point. Then, linear controllers are tested with respect to control error and energy consumption when undergoing large displacement motion. It is shown that linear state feedback can only save energy if large control errors are accepted. Therefore, ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This paper presents efforts to date and prospective goals towards development of a modelling and analysis framework which is comprehensive enough to address the global climate crisis, and detailed enough to provide policymakers with concrete targets and achievable outcomes. In terms of energy efficiency policy, this requires coverage of the entire world, with emphasis on countries and regions with large and/or rapidly growing energy-related emissions, and analysis at the 'technology' level-building end use, transport mode or industrial process. These elements have not been fully addressed by existing modelling efforts, which usually take either a top-down approach, or concentrate on a few fully industrialized countries where energy demand is well-understood. Inclusion of details such as appliance ownership rates, use patterns and efficiency levels throughout the world allows for a ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The purpose and need for DOE to undertake the actions described in this document are to improve the efficiency of the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) complex. Benefits would include optimization of the AGS scientific program, increased high-energy and nuclear physics experimentation, improved health and safety conditions for workers and users, reduced impact on the environment and the general public, energy conservation, decreased generation of hazardous and radioactive wastes, and completion of actions required to permit the AGS to be the injector to the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC)., Improved efficiency is defined as increasing the AGS`s capabilities to capture and accelerate the proton intensity transferred to the AGS from the AGS booster. Improved capture of beam intensity would reduce the beam losses which equate to lost scientific opportunity for study and increased potential for radiation doses to workers and the general ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Excitation functions ({alpha},3n) and ({alpha},4n) for {sup 209}Bi have been measured up to 60 MeV {alpha}-particle energy. The excitation functions are measured at 15{alpha}-particle energies by a stack foil technique in two steps. Excitation functions for the above two reactions have been reported for the first time in the energy range from 40 to 60 MeV. The measured experimental values are compared with the geometry-dependent hybrid (GDH) model in which the emission of particles prior to the equilibrium decay is taken into account whenever the interaction of projectile with the target nucleus is considered. It is found that the compound nucleus decay mechanism alone is unable to explain the experimental trend of our data. The initial exciton number 4 with different configurations has been tested and it is concluded that the configuration (2n + 2p + 0h) gives the best fit to the experimental data. ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Renewable energy systems have been suggested as appropriate technologies for developing countries for many years. But they are less attractive to low-income rural and urban populations for reasons of risk and initial capital outlay, and market penetration is usually small as a result. Technology transfer by outside intervention appears unlikely to deliver to enough people in Africa; only self propagating technologies have managed that to date. Unfortunately target populations in developing countries have little capital and are understandably reluctant to take risks. Outside interests see little likelihood of profit and have already demonstrated reluctance to invest in many developing countries. Benefit from technology relies on continued use after purchase and is rightly associated with reliability and availability. Mean time to repair may be a better measure of appropriateness than mean time between failures. Technology based on the idea of ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) will be a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) national center for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) and other research into the physics of high temperatures and high densities, and a vital element of the DOE`s nuclear weapons Stockpile Stewardship and Management Program. It will be used by scientists from a numerous different institutions and disciplines to support research advancements in national security, energy, basic science, and economic development. Multiple powerful laser beams will `ignite` small fusion targets, helping liberate more energy than is required to initiate the fusion reactions. This paper discusses the Design for Environment process for NIF, some of the subsequent activities resulting from the initial study, and a few of the lessons learned from this process. Subsequent activities include the development of a Pollution Prevention and Waste ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The staring point of the project was to design and construct, by taking the silvicultural point of view into account, a harvesting and processing system especially for energy-wood, containing manually driven bundling harvester, automatizing of the harvester, and automatized loading. The equipment forms an ideal method for entrepreneur`s-line harvesting. The target is to apply the system also for owner`s-line harvesting. The profitability of the system promotes the utilization of the system in both cases. The objectives of the project were: to construct a test equipment and prototypes for all the project stages, to carry out terrain and strain tests in order to examine the usability and durability, as well as the capacity of the machine, to test the applicability of the Eko-Log system in simultaneous harvesting of energy and pulp woods, and to start the marketing and manufacturing of the products. The basic problems of the ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

A convolution/superposition method is proposed for use with primary and scatter dose kernels formed for energy bins of X-ray spectra reconstructed as a function of off-axis distance. It should be noted that the number of energy bins is usually about ten, and that the reconstructed X-ray spectra can reasonably be applied to media with a wide range of effective Z numbers, ranging from water to lead. The study was carried out for 10-MV X-ray doses in water and thorax-like phantoms with the use of open-jaw-collimated fields. The dose calculations were made separately for primary, scatter, and electron contamination dose components, for which we used two extended radiation sources: one was on the X-ray target and the other on the flattening filter. To calculate the in-air beam intensities at po...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

M shell x-ray production cross sections in thick targets of Pb, Th and U by K x-rays of Rb, Nb and Mo respectively have been measured. As the incident K x-ray energies are above the L_3 edge but below L_2 edge energies of the respective target elements under reference, the M x-rays are produced not only due to direct interaction of incident photons with M shell electrons but also due to the shift of the L_3 subshell vacancies to the M shell. The experiment has been performed using a double reflection geometrical setup with a 1 Curie"2"4"1Am gamma ray source and a Si (Li) x-ray spectrometer. The measured values have been compared with those calculated using known values of M and L_3 subshell photoionisation cross sections and fluorescence yields etc., wherever possible. The component of the percentage contribution due to shift of L_3 subshell vacancies to M shell to the total M shell x-ray emission were ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The mass deployment of electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (EVs and PHEVs) that rely on low greenhouse gas (GHG) emission electricity generation has great potential to significantly reduce the consumption of petroleum and other high CO2-emitting transportation fuels. The vision of the Electric and Plug-in Hybrid (EV/PHEV) Vehicles Roadmap is to achieve by 2050 the widespread adoption and use of EVs and PHEVs, which together represent more than 50% of annual LDV (light duty vehicle) sales worldwide. In addition to establishing a vision, this roadmap sets strategic goals to achieve it, and identifies the steps that need to be taken to accomplish these goals. This roadmap also outlines the roles and collaboration opportunities for different stakeholders and shows how government policy can support the overall achievement of the vision. The strategic goals for attaining the widespread adoption and use of EVs and PHEVs worldwide by 2050 cover the development of the EV/PHEV market ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In situ assembly states of rat adipocyte glucose transport protein in plasma membrane (PM) and in microsomal pool (MM) were assessed by measuring target size (TS) of D glucose-sensitive, cytochalasin B binding activity. High energy radiation inactivated the binding in both PM and MM by reducing the total capacity of the binding (B/sub T/) without affecting the dissociation constant (K/sub D/). The reduction in B/sub T/ as a function of radiation dose was analyzed based on classical target theory, from which TS was calculated. TS in the PM of insulin-treated adipocytes was 58 KDa. TS in the MM of noninsulin-treated and insulin-treated adipocytes were 112 and 109 KDa, respectively. With MM, however, inactivation data showed anomalously low radiation sensitivities at low radiation doses showing a shoulder in the semilog plots, which may be due to an interaction with a radiation sensitive inhibitor. With these results, they ...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Computational prediction of microRNA targets remains a challenging problem. The existing rule-based, data-driven and expression profiling approaches to target prediction are mostly approached from the...Full Text Available

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The refrigerant two-phase flows in a capillary tube and a distributor used in a compression-type refrigerator were visualized by real-time neutron radiography. The thermal neutron radiography system of JRR-3M at the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute was used. In the visualization experiments of the two-phase flow in the capillary tube of 2 mm I.D., a cooled CCD camera was used, and the axial one-dimensional distributions of void fraction were measured. For the distributor, a high sensitivity video camera with a silicone intensified target tube was used. From the visualized images, the refrigerant behaviors in the distributor were clearly shown, and the liquid fraction in each tube was measured. As a result, it was shown that the refrigerant behaviors in the distributor effected the distributing performance of the refrigerant flow.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

An opportunity to study the system {sup 22}Ne+{sup 208}Pb in the proximity of the Coulomb barrier with the PRISMACLARA apparatus was given by a test of the PIAVE-ALPI accelerator in mid-December 2005. The {sup 22}Ne projectiles, having the kinetic energy of 131 MeV, collided with a {sup 208}Pb target 300 {mu}g/cm{sup 2} thick. (The beam was run for {approx}20 hours with a current of {approx}6 particle-nA). The reaction products, mainly originated by scattering or transfer processes, were detected by the PRISMA spectrometer (positioned in the proximity of the grazing angle, {approx}70 degrees), coupled to the CLARA array of germanium detectors.

Science.gov (United States)

The neutron-rich Mn isotopes from A=59 to 63 have been studied through multi-nucleon transfer reactions by bombarding a {sup 238}U target with a beam of {sup 70}Zn at an energy of E{sub lab}=460 MeV. Prompt {gamma} rays measured by the CLARA array have been identified unambiguously for each nucleus, using coincidence relationships with ions detected in the high-acceptance magnetic spectrometer PRISMA. The new data extends the knowledge of the low-lying level structure of Mn isotopes, which is discussed in terms of the systematics of the region. Results are compared with large-scale shell-model calculations using different effective interactions and valence spaces.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Smoothing of laser beam non-uniformities using gas jets has been studied. The experiment has been performed with the PALS (Prague Asterix Laser System) laser working at 0.44 ?m with an intensity of about 1015 W/cm2. The laser beam has been split in two by a prism thus creating an artificial large-scale non-uniformity (? 90 ?m). We recorded time resolved and static images of laser-gas jet interaction with and without an Al target. Multi 1-dimensional and 2-dimensional simulations show that such interaction acts redistributing the over-intensities over larger surface. This effect has to be attributed to ionization processes with consequent laser beam refraction. Results show that Argon gas jet produces a strong refraction of the laser beam thus strongly reducing the initial two spots separation. (authors)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

We have measured production cross-sections of the new neutron-rich isotopes {sup 58}Ti, {sup 61}V, {sup 63}Cr, {sup 66}Mn, {sup 69}Fe, {sup 71}Co and neighbouring isotopes that have been identified as projectile fragments from reactions between a 500 MeV/u {sup 86}Kr beam and a beryllium target. The isotope identification was performed with the zero-degree magnetic spectrometer FRS at GSI, using in addition time-of-flight and energy-loss mesurements. The experimental production cross-sections for the new nuclides and neighbouring isotopes are compared with an empirical parameterization. The resulting prospects for reaching even more neutron-rich isotopes, such as the doubly-magic nuclide {sup 78}Ni, are discussed. (orig.).

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

We have measured production cross-sections of the new neutron-rich isotopes "5"8Ti, "6"1V, "6"3Cr, "6"6Mn, "6"9Fe, "7"1Co and neighbouring isotopes that have been identified as projectile fragments from reactions between a 500 MeV/u "8"6Kr beam and a beryllium target. The isotope identification was performed with the zero-degree magnetic spectrometer FRS at GSI, using in addition time-of-flight and energy-loss measurements. The experimental production cross-sections for the new nuclides and neighbouring isotopes are compared with an empirical parametrization. The resulting prospects for reaching even more neutronrich isotopes, such as the doubly-magic nuclide "7"8Ni, are discussed. (orig.).

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

K-shell x-ray production cross sections and K#beta#/K#alpha# ratios have been measured for thin targets of Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Rb, Sr, and Y for 0.5- to 2.5-MeV alpha particles. The experimental values are compared to the nonrelativistic plane-wave Born approximation (PWBA), the binary-encounter approximation, and the PWBA with binding energy and Coulomb deflection corrections. The PWBA with corrections provides the best agreement with the experimental cross sections.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Initial ICRF heating experiment in the LHD was carried out in 1998. One pair of the movable loop antennas was used and the coupling resistance was around one ohm for the low density ECH plasma. The loading characteristics were consistent with the fast wave excitation. By applying the ICRF heating of 300 kW to the ECH target plasma, the diamagnetic energy was increased from 13 kJ to 26 kJ. The heating performance was decided by hydrogen mixture rate on puffing gas. Efficient electron heating was observed at the higher hydrogen gas ratio. These results can be explained by the one dimensional wave analysis calculation on slab plasma model. (J.P.N.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The entire Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) cofiring program has been in existence of some 9 years. This report presents a summary of the major elements of that program, focusing upon the following questions: (1) In pursuit of increased use of renewable energy in the US economy, why was electricity generation considered the most promising target, and why was cofiring pursued as the most effective near-term technology to use in broadening the use of biomass within the electricity generating arena? (2) What were the unique accomplishments of EPRI before the development of the Cooperative Agreement, which made developing the partnership with EPRI a highly cost-effective approach for USDOE? (3) What were the key accomplishments of the Cooperative Agreement in the development and execution of test and demonstration programs-accomplishments which significantly furthered the process of commercializing cofiring?

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The talk will focus on spin-dependent competition between oblate and prolate shape minima in the potential energy landscape of "1"8"0Hf (the most neutron-rich stable isotope), mediated via the alignment of valence nucleons. Results of a prompt spectroscopic study, using deep inelastic reactions with Gammasphere and CHICO, bombarding a thin "2"3"2Th target with a "1"8"0Hf beam #approx#25% above the Coulomb barrier, will be presented. Nucleon alignments in both prolate and oblate minima will be discussed, as well as the favoring of oblate collective rotation at high spins, observed through a mixing with gamma vibrations built on the prolate shape.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The reaction mechanism underlying the 44 MeV/u {sup 40}Ar projectile break-up process has been studied on different targets, by measuring the coincidences between light particles or intermediate mass fragments detected in a large angular range, and projectile fragments or light charged particles. While the experimental data relative to projectile-like fragments (PLF) with charge close to the one of the projectile can be interpreted in the framework of a three source analysis, the anomalous light fragment production with Z {<=} 10 rather suggests `fission` as one of the possible decay mode of the highly excited projectile or PLF. It is also observed that a great amount of the forward detected light charged particles are correlated, and due to the break-up or decay of light excited ions. (author). 9 refs.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Abstract An increase in chronic disease prevalence is contributing to health care cost growth and decreased quality of life in industrialized nations worldwide. Inadequate management of chronic diseases is a leading cause of hospitalizations and, thus, avoidable expenditures. In this study, we evaluated the impact of nurse-delivered care calls, the primary intervention of a proactive chronic care management (CCM) program, in a population aged 65 and older in Germany. In this analysis, hospital admission rates were evaluated among program enrollees who were diagnosed with diabetes, heart failure, coronary heart disease, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Intervention group comprised those members who participated in care calls (n?=?13,486), whereas the Comparison group included e...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In the first part of this contribution, the definition of reference values is given and the theoretical and practical problems in the application of this concept are discussed. In this connection, the present resources on instrumentation and the technical requirements for dose assessment are described. In the second part, some consequences are taken and proposals for further actions are made. (orig.) [German] Im ersten Teil des Aufsatzes werden Definitionen von Referenzwerten in der radiologischen Diagnostik untersucht und die theoretischen und praktischen Probleme der Umsetzung des gesamten Konzepts eroertert. In diesem Zusammenhang werden auch der gegenwaertige Geraetebestand und die technischen Voraussetzungen zur Dosisermittlung beschrieben. Im zweiten Teil werden daraus Schlussfolgerungen gezogen und Vorschlaege zum weiteren Vorgehen gemacht. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

All of the direct reaction schemes described and the corresponding process schemes are still in an exploratory state. Ethylene by oxidative coupling of methane could become competitive if process schemes are developed with significantly less expenditures for separation of the product from unconverted feed. No encouragement for formaldehyde from methane can be presently derived from the existing knowledge. Liquid-phase oxidation of methane to methanol appears to be attractive but no final judgement is possible at present. Oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylene and propane look promising although further catalyst improvement is required. Acetic acid from ethane and acrylonitrile from propane have a certain potential as an alternative to present technology. The outlook for acrolein and acrylic acid from propane is less favourable; new concepts for catalyst design are necessary. (orig.)

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Experimental and computational investigations were performed in order to better understand the mechanical response of rigid targets with various geometries to the detonation of shallow buried explosives. The motion of the targets was measured by use of high-speed digital video photography. This work involved flat targets, targets that were downwardly convex, and targets that were downwardly concave with explosive charges located at various positions beneath the targets. It was observed that, in general, angled hulls - whether downwardly concave or convex - tended to reduce the amount of momentum imparted to the center of mass of the targets. Computations were performed by use of an arbitrary Langrangian-Eulerian treatment in a nonlinear finite element code. A model based on quasi-static te...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The design of the absorber blocks for internal and external dumping of the SPS proton beam is discussed. In addition, the external target stations for slow and fast extracted proton beams are described.

Science.gov (United States)

Nato SCI-12 on Camouflage Evaluation Workshop on Search and Target Acquisition The Netherlands, June 1999. Image Discrimination Models for Object Detection ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The report presents a long-range plan for a broad-based, coordinated research, development and market transformation program for reducing the lighting energy intensities in commercial and residential buildings in California without compromising lighting quality. An effective program to advance lighting energy efficiency in California must be based on an understanding that lighting is a mature field and the lighting industry has developed many specialized products that meet a wide variety of light needs for different building types. Above all else, the lighting field is diverse and there are applications for a wide range of lighting products, systems, and strategies. Given the range of existing lighting solutions, an effective energy efficient lighting research portfolio must be broad-based and diverse to match the diversity of the lighting market itself. The belief that there is one solution--a magic bullet, such as a ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Excitation functions, production yields and radionuclidic purities are described for "2"0"1Tl production by the "2"0"3Tl(p,3n) "2"0"1Pb #-># "2"0"1Tl and "2"0"5Tl(p,5n)"2"0"1Pb#->#"2"0"1Tl nuclear reactions. The yields (mCi g"-"1 cm"2/#mu#A-hr) of the parent "2"0"1Pb(9.4hr), as well as the radiocontaminants "2"0"0Pb(21.5hr), sup(202m)Pb(3.62 hr), "2"0"3Pb(52.1 hr) and sup(204m)Pb(1.115 hr) were measured by irradiating a stack of thin natural Tl foils with protons from the 76-in isochronous cyclotron at the Crocker Nuclear Laboratory. The "2"0"1Tl thick-target yield (mCi/#mu#A hr) was calculated for different target thicknesses and corresponding incident proton energies. The excitation functions for the "2"0"3Tl(p,3n)"2"0"1Pb and "2"0"5Tl(p,5n)"2"0"1Pb reactions were measured in the 15-60-MeV energy range. (author).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Heavy-Ion Fusion Sciences Virtual National Laboratory is pursuing an approach to target heating experiments in the Warm Dense Matter regime, using spacecharge-dominated ion beams that are simultaneously longitudinally bunched and transversely focused. Longitudinal beam compression by large factors has beendemonstrated in the Neutralized Drift Compression Experiment (NDCX) with controlledramps and forced neutralization. Using an injected 30-mA K+ ion beam with initialkinetic energy 0.3 MeV, axial compression leading to ~;;50-fold current amplification andsimultaneous radial focusing to beam radii of a few mm have led to encouraging energy deposition approaching the intensities required for eV-range target heating experiments. We discuss the status of several improvements to our Neutralized Drift Compression Experiment and associated beam diagnostics that are under development to reach the necessary ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ophir Corporation was awarded a contract by the U. S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory under the Project Title ''Airborne, Optical Remote Sensing of Methane and Ethane for Natural Gas Pipeline Leak Detection'' on October 14, 2002. This second six-month technical report summarizes the progress made towards defining, designing, and developing the hardware and software segments of the airborne, optical remote methane and ethane sensor. The most challenging task to date has been to identify a vendor capable of designing and developing a light source with the appropriate output wavelength and power. This report will document the work that has been done to identify design requirements, and potential vendors for the light source. Significant progress has also been made in characterizing the amount of light return available from a remote target at various distances from ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Research and development activities sponsored by countries within the International Energy Agency`s solar thermal working group. SolarPACES, have helped reduce the cost of solar thermal systems to one-fifth that of the early pilot plants. Continued technological improvements are currently being proven in next-generation demonstration plants. These advances, along with cost reductions made possible by scale-up to larger production and construction of a succession of power plants, have made solar thermal systems the lowest-cost solar energy in the world and promise cost-competitiveness with fossil-fuel plants in the future. Solar thermal technologies are appropriate for a wide range of applications, including dispatchable central-station power plants where they can meet peak-load to near-base-load needs of a utility, and distributed, modular power plants for both remote and grid-connected applications. In this paper, the authors present the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The objective of this research was to determine the extent of damage that occurs when two pipes experience an impact event due to one whipping against the other. The research was conducted through experimental and analytical approaches. The former required the development of a specialized impact machine that could accelerate a whipping pipe with sufficient energy to cause failure of a target pipe that was heated and pressurized to Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) conditions. Damage was measured in terms of crushing, bending, and failure. The results of the tests permitted the correlation between pipes of a certain size and the damage they could cause when impacting with a certain amount of known energy. These results were used to evaluate the pipe whip criteria in the Standard Review Plan 3.6.2-4. It was established that the criteria conditions did not fully represent the results obtained experimentally. An analysis ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

We investigate some aspects of the radiation damage mechanisms in biomolecules, focusing on the modelling of resonant fragmentation caused by the attachment of low-energy electrons (LEEs) initially ejected by biological tissues when exposed to ionizing radiation. Scattering equations are formulated within a symmetry-adapted, single-center expansion of both continuum and bound electrons, and the interaction forces are obtained from a combination of ab initio calculations and a nonempirical model of exchange and correlation effects developed in our group. We present total elastic scattering cross-sections and resonance features obtained for the equilibrium geometries of glycine, alanine, proline and valine. Our results at those geometries of the target molecules are briefly shown to qualitatively explain some of the fragmentation patterns obtained in experiments. We further carry out a one-dimensional (1D) modeling for the dynamics of ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Excitation functions (EFs) for the reaction "1"4"1Pr(#alpha#, n)"1"4"4Pm and "1"4"1Pr(#alpha#, 2n)"1"4"3Pm have been measured using "1"4"1Pr as a target up to 50 MeV #alpha#-particle energy. Stacked foil activation technique and #gamma#-ray spectroscopy using 100 cm"3 Ge (Li) detector, has been used. Excitation functions are also calculated theoretically using Blann's geometry dependent hybrid (GDH) model code ALICE-91, with and without inclusion of pre-equilibrium particle emission. It has been observed that high-energy tails of the EFs are dominated by pre-equilibrium reaction mechanism. With the accepted set of input parameter, initial exciton number n_0=4 (2p + 2n + 0h), a good qualitative agreement is found. However, quantitative agreement for this magic nucleus"1"4"1Pr is also good when theoretical calculations are normalized by a multiple factor of 0.5. (author)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

An attempt was made to minimize the channeling tail by implantation along a random equivalent direction following a careful alignment of the target. In order to analytically determine the random equivalent directions, critical angles for channeling were mapped on a stereogram. Boron ions with energies of 17 and 45 keV are implanted along specified directions determined from the map. The depth distribution of the dopant is profiled by SIMS and the effects of water orientation upon the channeling tail are noted. Industrial common use of a 7"0 tilt is not optimum. However, implantation with the wafer tilted at 5.5 +/- 0.5"0 from the surface normal and rotated at 7.0 +/- 0.5"0 from a (100) plane shows the least channel-tail compared to implantation along other directions. Rapid thermal annealing (RTA) is a promising annealing method for shallow junction formation. Transient enhanced diffusion of implanted boron is observed. Two different mechanisms ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The peak flux relationship between hard X-rays and microwaves from solar flares is studied using about 400 events simultaneously recorded with the hard X-ray burst spectrometer on the SMM satellite and the Nobeyama 17 GHz radiometer. The data indicate that the hard X-ray and microwave peak fluxes correlate best for X-ray energies of less than about 80 keV for impulsive flares and greater than about 360 keV for extended flares. By postulating that electrons responsible for microwave emission at 17 GHz are those emitting hard X-rays at these photon energies, it is concluded that: (1) in impulsive flares, microwaves at about 20 GHz are emitted mainly by electrons of less than about 200 keV from a layer through which the electrons stream down into the thick-target hard X-ray source; and (2) in extended flares, microwaves are emitted mainly by MeV electrons trapped in a coronal loop or loops. 59 references.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The need for a hydrogen economy is driven by increasing fuel prices, depleting oil reserves and uncertainty over supplies, and concerns about global warming and environmental pollution. Alternative methods to portable energy sources such as fossil fuels are being developed that are more efficient and carbon-emission-neutral. A prospective method is to produce hydrogen as an energy carrier. This paper presented a study on the degradation of materials under conditions of the sulphur-iodine (SI) thermochemical cycle. The paper provided background information on the study and presented a schematic of the SI cycle. A literature review was presented along with materials selected, such as refractory metals, reactive metals, superalloys, glassy metals, ceramics, cermets, polymers, composites, and coatings. The experimental method was then described. A capsule method was developed to rapidly quantify the decomposition rate of the candidate materials ...

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Radiotherapy with high-energy carbon ion beams can be more advantageous compared to photons because of better physical dose distribution and higher biological efficiency in tumour cell sterilization. Despite enhanced normal tissue sparing, damage incurred by normal cells at the beam entrance is unavoidable and may affect the progeny of surviving cells in the form of inheritable cytogenetic alterations. Furthermore, the quality of the beam along the Bragg curve is modified by nuclear fragmentation of projectile and target nuclei in the body. We present an experimental approach based on the use of a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) phantom that allows the simultaneous exposure to a particle beam of several biological samples positioned at various depths along the beam path. The device was used to measure the biological effectiveness of a 60 MeV/amu carbon-ion beam at inducing chromosomal aberrations in G{sub 0}-human peripheral blood lymphocytes. ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This paper reports measurements of absolute differential cross sections for the direct scattering of oxygen atoms by He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, H_2, N_2, O_2, CO, CO_2, H_2O, SO_2, NH_3, CH_4, CF_4, and SF_6 targets. The measured cross sections include contributions from all elastic and inelastic processes that result in a fast neutral oxygen atom product. Cross sections are presented for 0.5- and 1.5-keV projectile energies over the laboratory angular range 0.2 degree endash 5 degree. When compared in the center-of-mass reference frame, these cross sections exhibit a high degree of similarity in both amplitude and angular dependence. The cross sections for N_2, CO, CO_2, and H_2O are inverted using a partial-wave analysis to yield empirical interaction potentials, which can then be used to extrapolate the measurements down to lower energies. Using these potentials, cross sections are evaluated at 0.1 keV. copyright 1996 The ...

KoreaScience (Korea)

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Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

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Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

If geothermal heat pumps (GHPs) are to make a significant mark in the market, we believe that it will be through energy service pricing contracts offered by retailcos. The benefits of GHPs are ideally suited to energy service pricing (ESP) contractual arrangements; however, few retailcos are thoroughly familiar with the benefits of GHPs. Many of the same barriers that have prevented GHPs from reaching their full potential in the current market environment remain in place for retailcos. A lack of awareness, concerns over the actual efficiencies of GHPs, perceptions of extremely high first costs, unknown records for maintenance costs, etc. have all contributed to limited adoption of GHP technology. These same factors are of concern to retailcos as they contemplate long term customer contracts. The central focus of this project was the creation of models, using actual GHP operating data and the experience of seasoned professionals, to simulate the ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Results of an experimental study of the interaction of 140 MeV alpha particles with _9_0Zr nuclei resulting in fragmentation of the alpha particle are reported. The experimental observations of the study are analyzed and are found to show that alpha particle breakup reactions leading to at least 4-body final states, composed of two charged alpha particle fragments, contribute significantly to the singles yield of charged fragments observed at a fixed forward angle. The conclusions are based on coincidence measurements where one charged fragment is detected at a small forward angle which remains fixed, while the second charged fragment is detected at a series of coplanar secondary angles. The largest coincidence charged particle yield for the multiparticle final state events results from _9_0Zr(#alpha#,pp)X reactions, where both of the measured protons have energy distributions similar to the proton singles energy distributions. The second ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Experimental excitation functions for deuteron-induced reactions up to 20 MeV on high purity natural hafnium were measured with the activation method using a stacked foil irradiation technique. Metallic hafnium foils with thickness of 10 #mu#m were stacked together with 50 #mu#m thick aluminium and 12 #mu#m thick titanium foils. The aluminium foils served as energy absorber while the titanium foils were used to monitor the energy and intensity of the bombarding deuteron beam. From a detailed remeasurement of the complete excitation function of the "n"a"tTi(d,x)"4"8V monitor reaction it was possible to adopt the proper incident energy and beam intensity by comparing the results with the recommended values. High resolution off-line gamma-ray spectrometry was applied to assess the activity of each foil. From the measured activity independent and/or cumulative elemental or isotopic cross section data for production of Ta, Hf ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The SIEN 2009 symposium organized by Romanian Nuclear Energy Association, AREN, in co-operation with Romanian Atomic Forum, ROMATOM, was primarily targeting the expert community involved in developing new nuclear power projects and implementing the National Nuclear Program. The symposium was also open as a discussion and information forum for scientists, engineers, technicians and students interested in scientific and technologic topics of Nuclear Power. It was structured in the following 6 sections: - Nuclear new builds and developments; - Operation, inspection and maintenance; - Increasing nuclear safety features; - Fuel cycle and decommissioning; - Public perception and confidence strengthening; - Environmental management. The symposium began with three plenary lectures dealing with: - Sustainable Nuclear Energy European Technology Platform; - Nuclear new-build; - Current issues of nuclear equipment standardization in ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

There has been considerable progress in developing SrBi{sub 2}Ta{sub 2}O{sub 9} (SBT) and Ba{sub O.7}Sr{sub O.3}TiO{sub 3} (BST) ferroelectric films for use as nonvolatile memory chips and for capacitors in dynamic random access memories (DRAMs). Ferroelectric materials have a very large dielectric constant ( {approx} 1000), approximately one hundred times greater than that of silicon dioxide. Devices made from these materials have been known to experience breakdown after a repeated voltage pulsing. It has been suggested that this is related to stoichiometric changes within the material. To accurately characterise these materials Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA) is being developed. This technique employs a high energy heavy ion beam to eject nuclei from the target and uses a time of flight and energy dispersive (ToF-E) detector telescope to detect these nuclei. The recoil nuclei carry both ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Following a referendum in Italy in 1987, the four Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) owned and operated by the state utility ENEL were closed. After closing the NPPs, ENEL selected a ''safestore'' decommissioning strategy; anticipating a safestore period of some 40-50 years. This approach was consistent with the funds collected during plant operation, and was reinforced by the lack of both a waste repository and a set of national free release limits for contaminated materials in Italy. During 1999, twin decisions were made to privatize ENEL and to transform the nuclear division into a separate subsidiary of the ENEL group. This group was renamed Sogin and during the following year, ownership of the company was transferred to the Italian Treasury. On formation, Sogin was asked by the Italian government to review the national decommissioning strategy. The objective of the review was to move from a safestore strategy to a prompt decommissioning strategy, with ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Radiation inactivation and sedimentation equilibrium analysis were used to determine the functional and physical size of the chicken hepatic membrane receptor that binds N-acetylglucosamine-terminated glycoproteins. Purified plasma membranes from chicken liver were irradiated with high energy electrons and assayed for 125I-agalactoorosomucoid binding. Increasing the dose of ionizing radiation resulted in a monoexponential decay in binding activity due to a progressive loss of binding sites. The molecular mass of the chicken lectin, determined in situ by target analysis, was 69,000 +/- 9,000 Da. When the same irradiated membranes were solubilized in Brij 58 and assayed, the binding protein exhibited a target size of 62,000 +/- 4,000 Da; in Triton X-100, the functional size of the receptor was 85,000 +/- 10,000 Da. Sedimentation equilibrium measurements of the purified binding protein yielded a lower limit molecular weight of ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

For heavy-ion beam driven inertial fusion ''liquid-protected'' reactor designs such as HYLIFE-II, a mixture of molten salts made of F{sup 10}, Li{sup -6}, Li{sup 7} and Be{sup 9} (called flibe) allows small chambers and final-focus magnets closer to the target with superconducting coils suffering higher radiation damage, though they can stand only a certain amount of energy deposited before quenching. This work has been primarily focusing on verifying that total energy deposited by fusion neutrons and induced gamma rays remain under such limit values and the final purpose is the optimization of the shielding of the magnetic lens system from the points of view of the geometrical configuration and of the physical nature of the materials adopted. The system is analyzed in terms of six geometrical models going from simplified up to much more realistic representations of a system of 192 beam ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

By increasing the price of crude oil and natural gas and the decline in their stock a possibility of more intense use of coal reserves as a feedstock not only for energy purposes but also as a feedstock source for other industries, mainly chemical and steel industry, is opening up. At present brown coal exploited in the Czech Republic is explicitly burned in the power sources of various outputs. Coal pyrolysis under the defined conditions may be an outstanding way of non-energetic brown coal processing. The target of our work was to determine the behaviour of various types of brown coal from the North Bohemian Basin under the pyrolysis up to the temperature 750{sup o}C. At the same time, qualitative parameters of the pyrolysis products in dependence on the features of the input brown coal were observed. Various types of brown coal were used for the pyrolysis tests differing mainly in the content of ash, sulphur and tar. Within the work mass ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Corrosion is a primary determinant of waste package performance at the proposed Yucca Mountain Repository and will control the delay time for radionuclide transport from the waste package. Corrosion is the most probable and most likely degradation process that will determine when packages will be penetrated and the shape, size, and distribution of those penetrations. The general issues in corrosion science, materials science and electrochemistry are well defined, and the knowledge base is substantial for understanding corrosion processes. In this paper, the Yucca Mountain Repository is viewed from a corrosion perspective. A major component of the long-term strategy for safe disposal of nuclear waste at the Yucca Mountain Repository is first to completely isolate the radionuclides in the waste packages for long times and to greatly retard the egress and transport of radionuclides from penetrated packages. Therefore, long-lived waste packages are important. The corrosion resistance of ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Beside traditional applications of refractory metals, e.g. in high temperature furnace construction, lighting or glass industry, one of the most important molybdenum products nowadays are large plates which are frequently used as targets for the sputtering of molybdenum layers in thin-film transistor liquid crystal displays. For the hot rolling of the sintered pre-material, the control over the recovery and recrystallization behavior is of particular importance. Molybdenum tends to a very recovery controlled behavior during hot deformation, at which the dislocations arrange into subcell boundaries instantaneously. These pronounced recovery processes seem to consume a large amount of the stored deformation energy for the actual recrystallization. On the other hand, recovery provides the future recrystallization nuclei. For a comprehensive characterization of these microstructural processes, electron microscopy appears to be the most proper ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

New measurements of the spin structure functions of the proton and deuteron g{sub 1}{sup p}(x, Q{sup 2}) and g{sub 1}{sup d}(x, Q{sup 2}) in the nucleon resonance region are compared with extrapolations of target-mass-corrected next-to-leading-order (NLO) QCD fits to higher energy data. Averaged over the entire resonance region (W < 2 GeV), the data and QCD fits are in good agreement in both magnitude and Q{sup 2} dependence for Q{sup 2} > 1.7 GeV{sup 2}/c{sup 2}. This ''global'' duality appears to result from cancellations among the prominent ''local'' resonance regions: in particular strong {sigma}{sub 3/2} contributions in the {Delta}(1232) region appear to be compensated by strong {sigma}{sub 1/2} contributions in the resonance region centered on 1.5 GeV. These results are encouraging for the extension of NLO QCD fits to lower W and Q{sup 2} than have been used ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Cross-sections for the deuteron-induced reactions on natural molybdenum leading to {sup 93m}Tc, {sup 93m+g}Tc, {sup 94}Tc, {sup 94m}Tc, {sup 95}Tc, {sup 95m}Tc, {sup 96m+g}Tc, {sup 99m}Tc, {sup 99}Mo, {sup 101}Mo, {sup 90m+g}Nb, {sup 92m}Nb, {sup 95}Nb and {sup 89m+g}Zr were measured in the energy range 3.0-19.6 MeV on the cyclotron U-120 M in the Institute of Nuclear Physics AS CR. Special attention was paid to excitation functions and thick target yields for the formation of {sup 95m}Tc, a suitable tracer for {sup 99}Tc, of {sup 96m+g}Tc, which might be used as a beam monitor, and of {sup 99m}Tc and {sup 99}Mo, the most widespread radionuclide generator pair in nuclear medicine. If appropriate, obtained data are compared with the heretofore published cross-sections.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A combination of measuring instruments, consisting of a Beta-Sedimeter and a radionuclide X-ray fluorescence instrument, is described. With the Beta-Sedimeter the C-14-radiation is measured. Through direct irradiation with photons of a Pu238-source in an ancillary irradiation chamber and energy dispersing measurement of the K- and L-radiation resp. of the excited heavy metals with the aid of a Si(Li)-semiconductor detector and a 4-channel analyzer the heavy metal concentrations of the heavy metals Zn, Cr, Ni and Pb are determined. For the determination of cadmium the indirect excitation with Am-241 and Dy-targets is described. The system produces records and operates fully automatically in a step-by-step mode with a testing cycle of 45 minutes. In connection with the process monitoring of the wastewater from a zinc plating plant during a period of 8 months the concentration of the solid material and of the metals Cr and Zn, which were ...

CERN Document Server

Anti-proton and positron Galactic cosmic ray (GCR) spectra are among the key targets for indirect detection of dark matter (DM). The boost factors, corresponding to an enhancement of the signal|linked to the clumpiness properties of the dark matter distribution|, have been taken as high as thousands in the past. The dramatic impact of these boost factors for indirect detection of antiparticles, for instance with the PAMELA satellite or the coming AMS-02 experiment, asks for their detailed calculation. We take into account the state-of-the-art results of high resolution N-body dark matter simulations to calculate the most likely energy dependent boost factors|linked to the GCR propagation properties|, for anti-protons and positrons. The results from extreme, but still possible, configurations of the clumpy dark matter component is also discussed. Starting from the mass and space distributions of sub-halos, the anti-proton and positron ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Electron elastic and collisional excitation cross sections from the ground state of potassium are calculated using the noniterative integral-equation method of Henry, Rountree, and Smith [Comput. Phys. Commun. 23, 233 (1981)] in the electron energy range 4#<=#E#<=#200 eV. Configuration-interaction target wave functions that take account of correlation and polarization effects are used to represent the ground state and the six lowest excited states 4p "2P degree, 5s "2S, 3d "2D, 5p "2P degree, 4d "2D, and 6s "2S. Elastic and discrete excitation cross sections are obtained in a seven-state close-coupling (7CC) approximation. The 7CC elastic and excitation cross sections are compared and contrasted. Near threshold the elastic cross section dominates the resonance, 4s "2S#->#4p "2P degree, and the sum of the other remaining excitation cross sections. Comparison of our total cross sections with some available experimental and theoretical ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Total longitudinal momentum of all registered particles, their total energy and other summary kinematics variables are used for separation of the events with two- and three-quasi-nucleon collisions from the C+C, C+p, d+C, and p+C interactions at 4.2 (GeV/c)/N. The research results on charged particle multiplicity and their momentum spectra lead to the conclusion that nearly 60% of all three-quasi-nucleon events are due to collisions where two nucleons behave like a whole object, called flucton, which has been predicted by D.I.Blokhintsev. Mean values of one-particle longitudinal momenta of the products and their mean multiplicities for the subreactions in which fluctons take part are lower by #approx#30% compared to the subreactions where two nucleons interact not as a whole object, but in a successive way. Production of the cumulative particles is due to flucton interactions, especially when fluctons are used as a target

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Among others, one of the main activities in the Nuclear Engineering and Fluid Mechanics Department of the Engineering School in Bilbao, is the study of liquid metals behavior. And for this purpose the CFD code FLUENT is being used. Currently, the code is being applied to the use of Lead-Bismuth eutectic (LBE) as the coolant of an accelerator driven system (ADS) and also as the target for a neutron source. In this paper, ANSALDO's Energy Amplifier Demonstration Facility is simulated, paying attention only on the coolant. As it will be later explained, natural convection is a very important issue, because the philosophy for safety systems in nuclear devices tends to consider passive technologies. The purpose is to avoid electrical machines like pumps, so the core should remain coolable, even if there is a blackout. To get this natural circulation, heat transfer plays a main role, and as turbulence enhances the heat transfer, it is important to ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

At Himeji Institute of Technology, the high power microwaves with the peak power of 20 MW, frequency of 12 GHz and pulse duration of 14 ns have been produced with a virtual cathode oscillator (vircator). These high power microwaves offer new applications in various fields. One problem in laser-triggered lightning experiment is the strong attenuation of laser energy by rain, cloud and laser-produced plasma. Microwaves propagate in thundercloud with small loss, and also are able to irradiate much extensive region of targets. In this paper, the fundamental experiment on the air breakdown induced by high power, short pulse microwaves is reported. The experimental setup of the vircator diode for microwave generation is shown. The typical evolution of diode voltage, electron beam current and microwave emission from the top in the course of time is shown. The experimental setup for microwave-induced air breakdown and the experimental procedure are ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

These experiments were performed on the Isocele separator, on-line with the Orsay synchrocyclotron; thulium isotopes were produced by bombarding natural erbium targets with 150nA beam of 157MeV protons. Two Ge(Li) detectors, with resolution of 2.3 and 2.5keV at 1332keV used for #gamma#-ray measurements; conversion electron spectra were measured using a Si(Li) detector. #gamma# spectra, #gamma#-#gamma# coincidence and conversion electron measurements were sufficient to build the flow energy level schemes of the transitional "1"5"8Er and "1"5"6Er nuclei. On both nuclei several quasi rotational bands have been identified. These results are compared with other even erbium isotopes and with the neighboring N=88 and 90 isotones. Comparisons with predictions issued from some classical models are also performed: "1"5"8Er appears as a deformed nucleus very similar to "1"6"0Er and "1"6"2Er; on the other hand "1"5"6Er seems to be a soft vibrational ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The EPA proposed air emission guidelines for existing Municipal Waste Combustion (MWC) facilities on December 20, 1989. The regulation, 40 CFR Subpart Ca, was eventually issued on February 11, 1991, but Section 129 of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 required the EPA to review and revise the regulations. On October 31, 1995, Subpart Ca was withdrawn and replaced by a more stringent regulation, 40 CFR Subpart Cb. The new guidelines apply to all existing MWC facilities for which construction began before September 20, 1994 and have a capacity to combust over 35 megagrams per day. Most facilities will be required to be in compliance with the new regulations four years from the date Subpart Cb was issued, or by December 19, 1999. Subpart Cb requires significant capital expenditures and increases in operating costs. The major modifications EPA based the guidelines on are summarized. Pollutants of concern include sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric acid, dioxin/furans, ...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

To capitalize on the response of tumor cells to ionizing radiation, we developed a controlled-release nanoparticle drug delivery system using a targeting peptide that recognizes a radiation-induced...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

The technology of gene targeting through homologous recombination has been extremely useful for elucidating gene functions in mice. The application of this technology was thought impossible in the large...Full Text Available

Science.gov (United States)

... detected (and reported) as a by-product of MRM screening (MS/MS) targeted by Law or Rule ... detected (and reported) as a by-product of MRM screening (MS/MS) targeted by Law or Rule ...