Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A century of technical development put steam turbines on a high level regarding efficiency and reliability. This procedure is still ongoing. The technological-commercial point of view - influenced intensively by liberalisation of the energy-market - makes great demands on field services. Well suited concepts in service and modernization are the solutions, as shown in NPP Emsland upgrade. [German] Ein Jahrhundert technischer Entwick lung brachte Dampfturbinen auf ein hohes Niveau bezueglich Effizienz und Zuverlaessigkeit. Dieser Vorgang ist auch in der heutigen Zeit nicht ab geschlossen. Die technologisch-wirtschaftliche Betrachtungs weise '' von der Liberalisierung des Strommarktes intensiv beeinflusst '' stellt dementsprechend hohe Anforderungen auch an den Kraftwerksservice. Massgeschneiderte Modernisierungs- und Servicekonzepte sind die Antwort, wie das Beispiel Kernkraftwerk Emsland zeigt. (orig.)

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The textbook is primarily intended for radiologic staff and radiologic safety officers and gives information on the current regulatory provisions of the German X-ray Ordinance, applications of X-rays, quality assurance, organisational aspects of film processing and quality requirements of X-rays. An annex lists the guidelines of the Bundesaerztekammer (German National Chamber of Physicians) relating to quality assurance aspects, and further useful information on commercially available film-screen systems, the various associations of physicians in Germany, and requirements and performance of radiation surveys. (vhe) [Deutsch] Das vorliegende Lehrbuch, das sich vor allem an das technische Personal und an Strahlenschutzbeauftragte wendet, unterrichtet ueber die derzeit gueltigen Bestimmungen der Roentgenverordnung, die Anwendung von Roentgenstrahlen, ueber Qualitaetssicherung, die Organisation der Filmverarbeitung sowie ueber die Anforderungen an ...

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The first commercial vehicle, built by Gottlieb Daimler in Cannstatt (Germany), head foto, had been the begin of a new transport technology around the world. Benz had been consolidated 1926 with Daimler to the Daimler-Benz AG with a new vehicle programme; all trucks over 5 t payload would be powered since 1935 by diesel engines only. Worldwide all-wheel drived vehicles had been under development for different purposes. After 1945 the European Automobil industry launched at first former types followed by new designed and improved types. The eight-wheeler used since the twentees in England conquered Switzerland, and in 1984 Germany too. The development of gear boxes and drive axles had been influenced on the drive train demands depending of the engine output and speed and the increased GTW. The future of the commercial vehicles will be determined by the European legislation, higher economy and reduced-pollutant Euro II and later Euro III engines, further by the cooperation of the truck ...

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The technical rule intends to maintain the function of the safety facilities in case of explosion hazards resulting from materials capable of generating explosive atmospheres or forming explosive mixtures if such materials are brought or released into the nuclear facility or are generated on site. (orig.).

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Endograftimplantationen im oder am Aortenbogen stellen besondere Herausforderungen an die Implantationstechnik und an die mechanischen Eigenschaften von Stentgrafts und ihren Einf?hrungssystemen, bedingt durch die Notwendigkeit, die Prothesen punktgenau abzusetzen und durch die mit der Biegung im Aortenbogen zunehmende Reibungswiderst?nde innerhalb der Einf?hrungssysteme. Die Endograftsysteme der 1. Generation (Talent?, Zenith TX 1?, TAG?) zeigten in dieser Lokalisation technisch bedingte Limitationen. Neue Prothesen Bei den seit 2004 und 2005 verf?gbaren neuen Stentgrafts (E-vita?, Zenith TX 2?, Valiant?, Relay?) sind diese Limitationen weitgehend ?berwunden. Durch technische Verbesserungen von Stentgrafts und Einf?hrungssystemen ist es nun m?glich, auch lange ...

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Leakfree compression of gaseous liquids prevents impurities resulting from entry of lubricants and abrasive particles and is therefore an important requirement on modern compressors. Another requirement voiced increasingly often is the reduction or even prevention of problematic off-gases and contaminated residues of libricating oils. Further, compressors should have high corrosion resistance, low noise, a long service life and high reliability. Membrane compressors are largely able to meet these requirements. The article describes the technical concept and applications of membrane compressors. (orig.) [Deutsch] Umweltschutz und steigende Forderungen der Industrie an die Reinheit technischer Gase verlangen Kompressoren, die weitgehend leckagefrei verdichten und keine Verunreinigungen des Gases durch Schmierstoffe und Abrieb hervorrufen. Immer haeufiger wird in diesem Zusammenhang die Reduzierung oder sogar die Vermeidung von schwer zu entsorgenden Abgasen und ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Zusammenfassung Das Lungenkarzinom ist eine der h?ufigsten Krebserkrankungen und die h?ufigste Krebstodesursache. Mit der Einf?hrung innovativer Substanzen ist die M?glichkeit einer individualisierten Therapie gegeben, die eine Verbesserung von Prognose und Lebensqualit?t verspricht. Die Wirksamkeit dieser Therapeutika basiert auf spezifischen molekularen Eigenschaften des Lungenkarzinoms und stellt neue Anforderungen an die pathohistologische Diagnostik. Neben dem Histotyp haben sich molekulare Alterationen, insbesondere EGFR-Mutationen, als pr?diktive Marker erwiesen. Die histologische Typisierung umfasst daher nicht nur die Unterscheidung von SCLC und NSCLC, sondern die Subtypisierung der NSCLC unter Einbezug immunhistologischer und molekularer Untersuchungen. Zusammenfassend werden Kri...

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High oleic acid sunflower oils have been commercially available for some years now. Due to their high content of monounsaturated fatty acids these oils have a number of potential applications in the oleochemical industry, especially where technical oleic acids and their derivatives are used. Whereas conventional sunflower oil contains approx. 68% linoleic acid (C{sub 1}8:2), it is now possible through breeding measures to obtain ''new sunflower oils'' (NSb oils) with oleic acid levels of 70-95% oleic acid (C{sub 1}8:1). The oil itself is of interest for technical applications: it is light-coloured, has a neutral odour and is relatively resistant to oxidation. Plant oils, especially those with a low content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, are increasingly gaining interest as ester oils in technical application areas, e.g. as lubricants. However, there are limits to the technical applicability of triglycerides due to their temperature behaviour or ...

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This assessment is a feasibility study according to ISO 14024. It deals with the question whether an ecolabel is suitable for wood pellet heating systems and how concrete criteria for an ecolabel for wood pellet heating plants could be specified. The study begins with a comprehensive market analysis in order to identify possible plants for which an ecolabel would make sense. In the main part of the study, the environmental relevance of the chosen plants is analysed. For this analysis, plant manufacturers were interviewed and a comparison between wood pellet heating systems and heating systems which use gas, oil or wood was carried out. On the basis of this analysis, it was possible to derive a number of criteria which were discussed with company representatives and other experts in this field. As a result of this dialogue and the investigation process as a whole, the introduction of an ecolabel for wood pellet heating plants can be recommended. Wood pellet heating systems are ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Germany's national metrology institute, developed an alignment strategy to specify elemental depth profiling in vertical sidewall layers on structured wafers. For this purpose, PTB's irradiation chamber for 200?mm and 300?mm silicon wafers was used to combine total-reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) and grazing incidence XRF (GIXRF) techniques by employing monochromatized undulator radiation of the BESSY II electron storage ring. 3-D test structures were fabricated to develop an optimal alignment strategy allowing for depth profiling in such nanolayers. The test structures consisted of silicon bars with widths/spacings either in the ?m or in the nm range. In order to be able to differentiate the sidewalls more easily from the remainder of ...

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A new material has been developed for welded low-pressure shafts in steam turbines. Nine test welds were examined in order to confirm the chemical analysis. A shaft disc with an optimized composition was produced and destructively tested. The new material demonstrates, both in a total forging and also in a joint weld examined, excellent strength and toughness characteristics as well as excellent resistance to corrosion. Accordingly, all the requirements for welded low-pressure shafts in steam turbines are fulfilled. (orig.) [Deutsch] Fuer geschweisste Niederdruckwellen in Dampfturbinen wurde ein neuer Werkstoff entwickelt. Zur Festlegung der chemischen Analyse wurden 9 Versuchsschmelzen untersucht. Mit optimierter Zusammensetzung wurde eine Wellenscheibe hergestellt und zerstoerend untersucht. Der neue Werkstoff zeigt sowohl im gesamten Schmiedestueck als auch in einer untersuchten Verbindungsschweissung gute Festigkeits- und Zaehigkeitseigenschaften sowie gute ...

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The BMW four-cylinder two-valve engine was first launched in September 1987 as a 1.8 l engine and was described in detail in [1]. After initial optimisation for model year 94, four years later the engine has undergone a complete technical revision. From model year 98, the four-cylinder two-valve engine with appropriate exhaust emission technology will satisfy the EU3 class for exhaust emissions. (orig.) [Deutsch] Der BMW Vierzylinder-Zweiventilmotor wurde im September 1987 als 1,8-l-Motor erstmals vorgestellt und in [1] ausfuehrlich beschrieben. Nach einer ersten Optimierungsueberarbeitung zum Modelljahr 1994 wurde nun eine grundlegende technische Ueberarbeitung vorgenommen. Der Vierzylindermotor mit Zweiventiltechnik erfuellt als Antriebsaggregat in Verbindung mit einer entsprechenden Abgastechnik bereits ab Modelljahr 1998 die EU 3-Stufe fuer Abgasemissionen. (orig.)

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The programme 'Solarthermie 2000' aimed at the testing and optimization of active solar systems, especially for service water heating. Sub-programme 2 was to provide the technical fundamentals and achieve a certain degree of standardization in order to make the technology economically competitive. This necessitated long-term monitoring of a representative number of systems. [German] Im Rahmen des Foerder- und Demonstrationsprogramms Solarthermie 2000, Teilprogramm 2 erfolgt durch die Foerderung von bis zu 100 solarthermischer Anlagen mit Schwerpunkt in den neuen Bundeslaendern eine umfassende Erprobung und Optimierung von Systemen zur aktiven thermischen Sonnenenergienutzung vorwiegend zur Brauchwassererwaermung. Mit dem Teilprogramm 2 sollen die technischen Voraussetzungen fuer einen kuenftigen wirksamen Beitrag der Solarthermie zur Energieversorgung geschaffen und durch Systemstandardisierung die wirtschaftliche Konkurrenzfaehigkeit dieser Anlagen verbessert werden. ...

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By retrofitting the existing steam turbine dual purpose power plant with a gas turbine plant and a secondary waste heat boiler the Technische Werke Ludwigshafen AG have considerably improved the energy generation in energetic, economic and ecological terms. The extension of the existing system to a combined cycle process has lead to this positive effect. The erection of a boiler plant during the first two construction phases has fully met the optimistic expectations. (orig.) [Deutsch] Mit der Nachruestung eines vorhandenen Dampfturbinen-HKW um eine Gasturbinenanlage mit nachgeschaltetem Abhitzekessel haben die Technischen Werke Ludwigshafen AG ihre Energieerzeugung entscheidend in energetischer, oekonomischer und oekologischer Sicht optimiert. Insbesondere die Erweiterung des vorhandenen Systems zu einem GuD-Prozess fuehrt zu dieser positiven Bilanz. Die Errichtung der Kesselanlage in den ersten beiden Bauabschnitten hat die optimistischen Erwartungen voll ...

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Until now, monitoring of power transformers focussed mainly large generator and network transformers. Siemens goes a step ahead and provides a system especially developed and designed for small and medium power transformers, e.g. for the 100 kV level. This low cost version could be achieved by restriction to really necessary measuring quantities. This allows to realize also for small and medium power transformers an online monitoring including an estimation of aging and as an option an early warning to avoid unexpected failures. (orig.) [German] Die Ueberwachung (Monitoring) von Leistungstransformatoren war bisher vor allem fuer Maschinentransformatoren und grosse Netzkuppeltransformatoren in der Diskussion. Siemens geht einen Schritt weiter und stellt nun auch ein System bereit, das speziell fuer kleine und mittlere Leistungstransformatoren, z.B. der 110-kV-Spannungsebene, konzipiert ist. Diese kostenguenstige Variante wurde durch Beschraenkung auf die aus ...

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Differential elastic and inelastic neutron-scattering cross sections of elemental iron are measured from 4.5 to 10 MeV in increments of {approx}0.5 MeV. The measurements are made at >or{approx}40 scattering angles distributed between {approx}17 and 160 , with emphasis on elastic scattering and inelastic scattering due to the excitation of the yrast 2{sup +} state. The measured data is combined with earlier lower-energy results from this laboratory, with recent high-precision {approx}9.5-15 MeV results from the Physikalisch. Technische Bundesanstalt and with selected values from the literature to provide a detailed neutron-scattering data base extending from {approx}1.5 to 26 MeV. This data is interpreted in the context of spherical-optical and coupled-channels (vibrational and rotational) models, and the physical implications are discussed. Deformation, coupling, asymmetry and dispersive effects are explored. A good description of the interaction of neutrons ...

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Ventilation, cooling and illumination of modern high-rise office buildings with high-quality thermal insulation (average k-value 1.0 W/m12K) and high loads from office machinery (up to 20 W/m12 and beyond) are problematic even for modern facility management systems, with consequences for the building shell, heating system, and window ventilation. [Deutsch] Die Lueftung, Kuehlung und Beleuchtung moderner Buerohochbauten mit extremer Waermedaemmung (mittlerer K-Wert 1,0 W/m{sup 2}K) und hohen Bueromaschinenlasten (bis zu 20 W/m{sup 2} und mehr) verursachen auch heute noch erhebliche Probleme, obwohl die technische Gebaeudeausruestung weiterentwickelt wurde. Dies zeigt sich vor allem bei der Fassadenausbildung der Heizung und Fensterlueftung. (orig.)

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This report for the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) describes the borehole that has been driven into the underlying crystalline rock of the Rhine valley near Basle. This work has been carried out within the framework of the 'Deep Heat Mining' project. The 2,755 metre deep borehole provides geological information essential for the realisation of a proposed geothermal power station using the 'Hot Dry Rock' process. The boring of the test borehole is described. The results obtained from samples taken from the test borehole and the measurements made in it are presented, including details on geological formations, temperature, gas measurements and rock strain values. The author is of the opinion that the chances of finding temperatures of at least 200 {sup o}C in a depth of 5 km - as foreseen in the 'Deep Heat Mining' project - can be considered as being quite high.

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The development of new steels is always a challenge for the manufacturer of filler metals. In many cases it is obvious that some properties of the base metal cannot be fulfilled with matching filler metals. In some cases, dissimilar filler metals can solve the problem in some cases, there is no chance to meet the requirements of the base metal (for example yield strengths of new ultra high strength steels). This paper deals with different kinds of new steels and the requirements for the weld metal with examples from motor car industry (Mangan Austenite), crane (Ultra high strength steels), earthmoving machinery (Wear-resistant steels) and offshore (Supermartensitic steels). Specific problems will be discussed and best solutions will be highlighted. These examples make clear that the success of new kinds of steels in the market depends on solving the joining problems of these steels. (Abstract Copyright [2007], Wiley Periodicals, Inc.) [German] Die Entwicklung von neuen Staehlen ist ...

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In a case study of the River Lahn, Hessen, Germany, the ecological impact of effluents from sewage treatment plants was investigated. These emissions have a significant impact on the receiving water quality with ammonia, nitrite, phosphorus and the eutrophication as most important factors. Current legislation standards seem to be sufficent for the sanitation of the nitrogen load. The potential of phosphorus removal in sewage treatment plants however may not reach the demand for eutrophication abatement. Therefore, integrated and immission oriented strategies are required including in site measures of river restoration. (orig.) [Deutsch] An der hessischen Lahn wurde in einem mehrjaehrigen Forschungsvorhabens die Bedeutung von Abwasserereinleitungen aus Klaeranlagen hinsichtlich ihrer gewaesseroekologischen Relevanz untersucht. Wesentliche Belastungen beziehen sich auf die Parameter Ammonium, Nitrit und Phosphor sowie eutrophierungsbedingte Folgeerscheinungen. Waehrend bei den ...

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For the transformation of gasoline direct injection concepts into production solutions not only fuel economy and emission potential but also system stability and durability is important as well as the optimized interaction with exhaust gas aftertreatment and engine management. By application of optical diagnostic methods on research engines and especially in real multicylinder engines, a DI gasoline combustion system could be developed meeting all these requirements. Its fuel economy in the lower part load range is found within the scatterband of DI-Diesel engines. Special emphasis has been concentrated on the optimum adaptation of the combustion system to the limited exhaust gas temperature range of the NOx storage catalyst technology. A combination of this DI gasoline concept with turbocharging reveals a high potential especially regarding transient response. (orig.) [Deutsch] Bei der Ueberfuehrung von Direkteinspritzkonzepten in reale Serienloesungen sind nicht nur das Verbrauchs- ...

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For purposes of assessing the dumpability of wastes, Article 1 - Ordinance on the Environmentally Responsible Landfilling of Household Wastes (AbfAblV) - of the Ordinance on the Environmentally Responsible Landfilling of Household Wastes and Biological Waste Treatment Plants defines classificaton criteria for biologically and mechanically treated wastes destined for landfilling. The practical experiences that have been gathered with these classification criteria and values were evaluated in a questionnaire-based survey. This was done in particular for the purpose of verifying and validating proposals on the methodology of respiration and fermentation tests. A general finding has been that the application and implementation of the regulations of the AbfAblV is fraught with difficulties. This is evident for one thing in the frequency of analyses and for another in the difficulty of complying with the limit values of the classification criteria. The authors are in support of demands that ...

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Technical innovations such as the availability of movable patient platforms and the introduction of 32-channel systems have made whole-body MRI for tumor staging feasible. In addition, the development of dual-modality PET/CT systems offers the opportunity to perform anatometabolic tumor staging with whole-body coverage in a single session. Based on an increase in patient survival when applying a stage-adapted therapy in different malignant diseases the relevant question relates to the accuracies of whole-body MRI and whole-body PET/CT for TNM staging. This review article addresses whole-body tumor staging with MRI and FDG-PET/CT with special emphasis on diagnostic accuracies for staging different malignant diseases. (orig.) [German] Technische Neuerungen, wie die Verfuegbarkeit beweglicher Tischaufsaetze oder die Einfuehrung von 32-Kanal-Systemen, haben die Ganzkoerperbildgebung mit der MRT ermoeglicht. Die Entwicklung kombinierter PET/CT-Systeme bereitet den Weg ...

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This update of a system concept entitled ``Maritime hazard prevention and water protection`` makes full use of the technical room for maneuver while considering that reasonable financial and economic conditions must be provided. The update allows on to continue or start the exploitation of feasible technical, logistic and information-technology development potentials. The same applies to the national maritime traffic safety measures developed for the German waterways. Considering the maritime hazards that have been prevailing in the coastal areas of the German North Sea, the conducted damage risk investigations suggest that a large-scale, disastrous oil contamination of the mud flats ecosystem cannot be excluded or controlled definitely in spite of the numerous measures taken. (orig.) [Deutsch] Mit der vorgelegten Fortschreibung zum Systemkonzept ``Gefahrenabwehr und Gewaesserschutz im Seeverkehr`` werden die technisch realisierten Handlungsspielraeume unter ...

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The nozzle-group regulation of steam turbines plays furtheron an important role in the operation of power stations owing to modern, adaptable control-technical valve timing possibilities. New procedures for a choice-connection of different nozzle areas via the control valves as well as the use of valve laps require, however, a differentiated consideration of the loss mechanism in the inlet area of the turbine, in order to be able to assess and minimize its specific heat consumption also at the operational points outside the layout- and calculation-technically fixed guarantee or valve points, respectively. The basic technical-physical stages to this are explained. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die Duesengruppenregelung von Dampfturbinen nimmt nicht zuletzt dank moderner, anpassungsfaehiger leittechnischer Ventilansteuerungsmoeglichkeiten weiterhin eine bedeutende Stellung beim Betrieb von Kraftwerken ein. Neue Verfahren zur wahlweisen Zuschaltung unterschiedlicher Duesenflaechen ueber die ...

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The regenerator of Stirling cycle machines has an relatively unknown potential for thermal shorting, because the thermal flow path within the solid of a randomly stacked wire mesh, which is defined by its 'connectivity', is unknown. Earlier publications have shown two principles of experimental techniques to quantify connectivity. One quantifies connectivity as a function of axial pressure using the electric current analogy, the other measures connectivity via the temperature gradients along a regenerator and a series-connected reference body of known conductivity. Both papers offer preliminary results of reduced usefulness related to the testing method or setup. This contribution describes a new setup and its technique, which results from the practical knowledge and experience of the first two attempts, and aims for an improved determination of connectivity of the original representative Stirling regenerators with and without housing. Please contact the author for ...

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Osteonecrosis (ON) of the hip joint remains an unsolved therapeutical problem. Diagnosis of ON of the hip has been improved by the technical progress of imaging modalities and better understanding pathomorphology. Over a long period only plain radiographs have been available. Scintigraphy and computed tomography contributed to differential diagnosis and early detection of bone necrosis. Diagnosis in an early reversible stage is of importance. Understanding of pathophysiology, early diagnosis and therapeutical approach has been significantly improved by MR imaging. Using the ARCO system all imaging modalities and their diagnostic viability are described in the five ARCO stages. At the end a diagnostic algorithm will be proposed. (orig.) [German] Die Osteonekrose des Hueftgelenks (ON) stellt noch immer ein nicht geloestes therapeutisches Problem dar. Die diagnostischen Moeglichkeiten bei der ON wurden in den letzten Jahren durch technische Fortschritte bei den ...

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Since enterprises operating offices and facilities at geographically distributed sites have been establishing an intranet for inter-office communication at the management level, the idea of integrating another intranet for multi-site technological facility management comes naturally. The Aachen-based technology enterprise Eurem for this purpose developed a Network and Security concept with solutions that can be customized for linking a variety of computerized control and monitoring systems. The package includes a modular substation named modUS, which is open to the field side as well as to the management side, is capable of efficiently and reliably performing the facility management functions by way of remote controlling via intranets. (orig./CB) [Deutsch] Nachdem in den Unternehmen mit verteilten Liegenschaften die unterschiedlichsten Buerokommunikationssysteme ueber eigene Netzwerke verbunden werden, liegt es nahe, auch verteilte Gebaeudeautomationssysteme in diese Vernetzung ...

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Owing to their key function in power production the technology of gas- and steam turbines has a very high importance. Gas turbines in particular have become much more efficient and show higher performance in cogeneration plants. The VDI group on materials engineering puts these issues at the centre of this report whose focus is on measures necessary to increase plant availability: damage analysis, materials optimisation, supervision of construction and repair. The report which looks at applications and practical experience is adressed to operators of gas-, steam-, and water turbine plants, manufacturers of turbines and their components as well as maintenance companies, experts and insurance engineers. (orig.) [German] Aufgrund ihrer Schluesselposition bei der Stromerzeugung kommen den Gas- und Dampfturbinen eine sehr hohe technische Bedeutung zu. Insbesondere die Gasturbine macht in den letzten Jahren eine rasante Entwicklung im Hinblick auf Erhoehung von ...

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The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Germany's national metrology institute, developed an alignment strategy to specify elemental depth profiling in vertical sidewall layers on structured wafers. For this purpose, PTB's irradiation chamber for 200 mm and 300 mm silicon wafers was used to combine total-reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) and grazing incidence XRF (GIXRF) techniques by employing monochromatized undulator radiation of the BESSY II electron storage ring. 3-D test structures were fabricated to develop an optimal alignment strategy allowing for depth profiling in such nanolayers. The test structures consisted of silicon bars with widths/spacings either in the {mu}m or in the nm range. In order to be able to differentiate the sidewalls more easily from the remainder of the structures, they were provided with an additional silicon nitride layer. Four structure types of different bar width and density parameters on two 200 mm ...

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After 3 years of construction the trial run of the heating power station HKW 2 ended in November 1997 on time. No extraordinary damage occured during construction, assembly or commissioning. The plant has been operating according to schedule since November 1997. A brief inspection carried out in the summer of 1998 in order to assess warranty claims showed no damage to any part except one valve. Experience shows that all aforementioned activities were necessary. The paper reports about success and negative experience. Certification according to DIN EN ISO 9000ff., however, affords to guarantee of high-quality construction. Builders of such plants therefore need to set up their own quality assurance centre and ensure its technical competence. If necessary,additional experts should be called in.Quality assurance costs for HKW 2 came to about 0.5-0.6 percent of total costs. In view of the success and long life of this investment these expenses are more than justified. (orig.) [German] Nach ...

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This contribution provides an overview and imparts basic knowledge on pertinent technical developments in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the liver: 3D sequences, respiratory triggering, parallel imaging, and 3 Tesla (3T). 3D sequences can be used as T1-weighted (T1w) sequences for analyzing dynamics of contrast enhancement or as T2w sequences for MR cholangiography. Consistent improvements in respiratory triggering make it possible to obtain good image quality on T2w scans even in patients unable to hold their breath. Parallel imaging as a universal technique to accelerate image acquisition is particularly appropriate for MRI of the liver, and it has been shown that the reduced acquisition time is not achieved at the expense of image quality. Further progress in MRI of the liver can be expected with use of the 3T systems, but hitherto irrelevant problems must still be solved. Overall the innovations presented here, applied alone or in combination, facilitate rapid, robust, and ...

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Purpose: In vitro evaluation of possible deflection and heating of present-day prosthetic heart valves, 12 technical and 5 biological, were investigated using a 1.5 Tesla Siemens Vision system. Deflection was measured at the edge of a 1.5 Tesla superconducting magnet. Each valve was then submerged in a vial of a 1/1 electrolyte solution and temperature was measured before and after imaging with a turbo-spin-echo sequence (TR 5200 ms, TE 138 ms, Flip angle 180 C, acquisition time 10.5 minutes, length of echo train 29). MR imaging was performed with phase encoding parallel and perpendicular to the plane of the valves. Results: None of the investigated prosthetic heart valves was deflected. The maximal observed temperature rise was 0.5 C. During MR investigation of the prostheses, artifacts caused by metallic parts were less evident using a spin-echo sequence than a gradient-echo sequence. Conclusions: Patients with the tested present-day prosthetic heart valves can be safely imaged by ...

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A working group (SC 45B/WG B8) exists within the international electrochemical commission (IEC) which is working on the combination and revision of the IEC standards 61283, 61323, 61344, 61525 and 61526. All these standards concern direct reading, electronic, personal dose equivalent meters for the quantities H{sub p}(10) and H{sub p}(0,07); they are different with regard to the kind of radiation (photons, and/or beta rays and/or neutrons). The new standard with the number 61526 shall cover the following topics: 1. Combination of all the mentioned standards; 2. Maintenance of the essential requirements of the former standards; 3. Inclusion of the determination of the uncertainty of measurement for the measured dose equivalent value according to the ''Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement''; 4. Consideration of all the relevant ISO-standards for reference radiation fields for photon, beta and neutron radiations; 5. Consideration of ...

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This report describes work carried out in the context of TurboTech Interim for the development of a system for monitoring stationary gas turbines for approaching the stability limit of the compressor. The requirements for the system components were defined and the suitability of different types and positions of pressure sensors were examined and evaluated. It was found very early in the work that, due to the complexity of the object being monitored, one would not succeed in finding a simple criterion for monitoring the pump limit. Rather, apart from the selection of suitable sensors and optimum positions, one must analyse the present signals in different ways and create a decision matrix from this. Existing work on this subject is mostly concerned with the phenomena in the context of experiments on experimental compressors or is not suitable for the requirements of stationary industrial gas turbines. The project is being carried out in the context of TurboTech II with the main aims of: ...

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Nuclear energy will have to cope more and more with a rapid changing environment due to economic competitive pressure and the deregulatory progress. In current economic environment, utilities will have to focus strongly on the reduction of their total generation costs, covering the fuel cycle costs, which are only partly under their control. Developments in the fuel cycle will be in the short-term rather evolutionary addressing the current needs of utilities. However, within the context of sustainable development and more and more inclusion of externalities in energy generation costs, more performing developments in the fuel cycle could become important and feasible. A life-cycle design approach of the fuel cycle will be requested in order to cover all factors in order to decrease significantly the nuclear energy generation cost to complete with other alternative fuels in the long-term. This paper will report on some of the trends one could distinguish in the fuel cycle with emphasis ...

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Low energy buildings promise significant energy savings and help climate preservation by cutting down on annual heating requirements to values below 70 kWh per m{sup 2} dwelling space. It is expected that low energy constructions will become the common standard by the year 2000 as a result of the forthcoming energy saving ordinance. For making the introduction and implementation of this standard successful, practical experience will be essential. For this reason, the state government of Hesse has supported respective pilot projects 1987. In 1989 the funding programme `30 low energy buildings in Hesse` has been established. Consecutively - between 1989 and 1993 - 29 buildings were erected. At first, the thermal quality of the crafted building construction including the ventilation systems was checked. Consecutively, energy consumption, indoor and outdoor temperatures were measured over a time span of several years. The experience of the inhabitants was surveyed. The `Institut Wohnen und ...