Substrates to be contaminated and contamination source were prepared. Additional information on paintspray method apparatus was obtained. Silver teflon second surface mirror samples and S 13 GLO paint samples were mounted, photographed under the microscope and measured to establish baseline data. Atomic oxygen cleaning and spraypainting are being considered. Electrostatic powder and plasma spray coating systems appear to have serious drawbacks.
around room temperature, while the hot side was heated ... to provide a flat, uniform temperature boundary, and a water-cooled plate containing thin film heat .... The top surface of the polyimide sheet was spraypainted using a flat black paint ...
INDEX OF MODEL PHOTOGRAPHS AND SKETCHES. 4. INDEX .... is smoothly faired to an saucer shape. ..... The paint was thinned with acetone and spraypainted ... The thin film heat transfer coefficients and heating rates were calculated ...
(NASA CR-151473) ElECTROSTATIC FORCES FOR. N77-28391 ..... [SAMPLE PAINTED WITH CONDUCTING PAINT ON ONE SIDE].. . . . 85. 46 ..... problems generally have been overcome by flame spray coating techniques,. Reference 13 ...
Research and development on thickness-sensitive and thickness-insensitive solar paints are discussed. The thickness-sensitive paints include reverse roll coated, gravure printed, and spray coated paints. The coating methods and optical properties of the thickness-sensitive paints are discussed. The thickness-insensitive solar paints include a low emittance flake such as aluminium-flake, and pigment. Durability tests are discussed, including accelerated weathering and humidity durability tests, for the thickness-sensitive coatings. (LEW)
Electrostatic corona painting on nonconductive surfaces normally requires a ground-connected conductive precoating of the surface in order to dissipate the continuously incoming ionic charge from the corona gun. If the surface charge does not flow to ground, the resulting surface electric field will repel a substantial amount of the incoming paint. The authors present a new painting method consisting of generating ultrasonically atomized electrically charged water particles behind the nonconductive surface to be painted. The paintspraying is carried out with a mechanical spray gun maintained at ground potential. The water base paint becomes charged by induction under the influence of the space charge behind the nonconductive surface to be painted. As the resulting charge on the water base paint particles is of opposite polarity to that of the ultrasonically atomized electrically charged water particles cloud, all propelling electric fields converge toward the surface to be painted. The results show excellent transfer efficiencies.
In this activity, learners explore properties of water and watch evaporation happen by "painting" with water in the sun. On a sunny day, learners use a variety of painting tools (brushes, rollers, spray bottles, etc.) to "paint" water on sidewalks, buildings, fences, etc. outside. Learners observe how the water moves and evaporates from the surfaces.
Particle size distributions of high-solids acrylic-enamel paint overspray aerosols were determined isokinetically in a typical downdraft spraypainting booth in which a 7-stage cascade impactor was used. Three different industrial paint atomizers were used, and the paint aerosols were characterized before and after a paint both scrubber. The mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of a metallic basecoat and an acrylic clearcoat paint aerosol from air-atomized spray guns ranged from 4-12 ..mu..m and was dependent on atomization pressure. When the paint booth was operated under controlled conditions simulating those in a plant, the collection efficiency of paint overspray aerosols by a paint scrubber was found to be size dependent and decreased sharply for particles smaller than 2 ..mu..m to as low as 64% for clearcoat paint particles of 0.6 ..mu..m. Improvement in the overall particulate removal efficiency can be achieved by optimizing the spraypainting operations so as to produce the least amount of fine overspray paint aerosols less than 2 ..mu..m. Maintaining a higher static pressure drop across the paint both scrubber also will improve scrubber performance.
This Process Waste Assessment was conducted to evaluate hazardous wastes generated in the Paint Shop, Building 913, Room 130. Special attention is given to waste streams generated by the spraypainting process because it requires a number of steps for preparing, priming, and painting an object. Also, the spraypaint booth covers the largest area in R-130. The largest and most costly waste stream to dispose of is {open_quote}Paint Shop waste{close_quotes} -- a combination of paint cans, rags, sticks, filters, and paper containers. These items are compacted in 55-gallon drums and disposed of as solid hazardous waste. Recommendations are made for minimizing waste in the Paint Shop. Paint Shop personnel are very aware of the need to minimize hazardous wastes and are continuously looking for opportunities to do so.
Painting in spray booths causes overspray that is collected by a water curtain. The mixture of water and paint is commonly treated by means of precipitation. By means of this method, water can be used again but a paint sludge is created. Within this project, it was investigated how the paint as well as the water can be recycled. Separation by membrane filtration was tested for different paints in laboratory scale (0.2 liter volume). It was possible to separate all tested paints from the water and to concentrate it. At large scale (15 to 75 liters volume), an emulsion paint and a dispersion paint were tested. Under the tested conditions, it was slightly easier to concentrate the emulsion paint than the dispersion paint. It was possible to concentrate the paints to the original dry substance percentage. An important aspect of membrane filtration is cleaning of the membrane when the performance decreases. It was possible to clean all the tested membranes, but in many cases it was difficult. A ceramic membrane and a membrane of polyaramide showed the best results with regard to flux and cleaning of the membrane under the tested conditions. During the performance of the project two new applications of membrane filtration of paint were found. The method can be used for waste minimization by only separating the paint in an easy way at low costs. A third application is treating cleaning water from paint manufacturing.
Motor car painting has been investigated to develop a spray gun which can reduce paint consumption by 10% while maintaining the quality. To analyze the spray flow, it was visualized using slit-like light by xenon lamp, and the photographs were taken by a high-speed camera. In addition, particle sizes of paint, its velocity, air velocity, flow rate, and face pressure were measured during atomizing, carrying, and depositing processes of the spray flow. Based on these results, a simulation software of the spray was made in response to the variation of painting conditions. For the experiments and investigation, improvement of deposition efficiency and painted surface quality were taken into account. Lowering of air velocity and increasing of air flow amount were planned. Thus, a low air pressure atomizing electrostatic spray gun was developed, which has an intermediate air pressure between the conventional electrostatic spray gun and the HVLP gun. As a result of performance tests, it was demonstrated that the present spray gun satisfied the required quality of outside view of motor cars and provided excellent painting efficiency. 19 figs., 1 tab.
... wood fires in fireplaces or wood stoves. Avoid strong odors from paint, perfume, hair spray, disinfectants, chemical cleaners, air fresheners, and glues. Some kids develop symptoms or have increased symptoms during the ...
... nonprescription items in your medicine cabinet , to the aerosol spray cans and cleaning liquids in the kitchen, ... household products such as solvents, glues, paints and aerosols can be used to get high. Kitchen Cabinet - ( ...
Mar 2, 1993 ... 3,219,851 11/1965 Kidwell . .... technology to eliminate moving parts in the traditional ... used to supply high-pressure air for conveying* paint ... spraying, tire inflating, cleaning, pneumatic tools, and fluid compressor that will ...
Electrostatic discharges (ESD) can occur in space between various parts of a spacecraft ... These procedures have been prepared for both paint and tape coatings. ... whether bybrush, spraying, or by applications of strips of tape are defined.
Electrostatic discharges (ESD) can occur in space between various parts of a ... These procedures have been prepared for both paint and tape coatings. ... The application of the coating whether by brush, spraying, or by applications of strips of ...
5), thermal paint that would radiate heat from ..... The use of electrostatic focus, magnetic deflection, and a low-power heater-cathode structure .... or flake off, especially when subjected to salt spray, humidity, vacuum, and ultraviolet radiation.
adhered to painted surfaces,. Teflon TM, metal surfaces, and glass surfaces in decreasing .... promising component concepts are the mechanical and electrostatic ..... spray bottle. After the surface is coated with fluid, suction is used to remove ...
transition studies were conducted using temperature sensitive paint and infrared ..... electrostatic-coating methods (described in more detail in the following section). The TSP coating was then applied using standard spray-coating techniques ...
Less than 5% Over-spray and No Bounce Back. APPLICATION ... •Eliminates the need to transfer aircraft from 'green' states for (re) painting with the associated ... Electrostatic Discharge Protection 1000gm/litre <120gm/litre. 733% less ...
The upward-facing surface was modeled with a white paint ... Lunar dust is a major operational issue: behaves as if it is electrostatically charged; It is ... lift and mechanical pumping; Spray Cooling enables efficient localized heat removal from ...
The benefits of investing in next generation thermal control paint chemistry are explored. ..... NASA Small Business Innovative Research program to achieve electrostatic .... at AMSENG, with emphasis placed on plasma spraying, SCEPTRE ...
Microgravity — the absence or reduction of some of the effects of gravity — is an important .... Peel UPC stickers off of couplings, then sand or ... To reduce sags in paint coats, use intermittent spraying from side-to-side and shake occasion- ...
... or plastic bag; huffing from an inhalant-soaked rag; or inhaling from balloons filled with nitrous oxide. ... spraypaint or solvent containers and chemical-soaked rags or clothing; Drunk or disoriented appearance; Slurred speech; ...
Product quality, waste reduction, and economic issues were evaluated for a spraypaint application technology using supercritical carbon dioxide to replace some of the solvent in a conventional solvent-borne coatings formulation. roduct quality was evaluated by comparing product ...
This paper is a case history of spraypaint optimization system based on machine vision technology in a factory automation application. The system is implemented as an industrial control for a reciprocating electrostatic sprayer used for priming and painting of armor plate for military ground vehicles. Incoming plates are highly variable in size, shape, and orientation, and are processes in very small production lots. A laser imager is used to digitize visual cross sections of each plate one line at a time. The raster lines are then assembled into a two dimensional image and processed. The spray pattern is optimized for precise paint coverage with minimum overspray. The paint optimizer system has yielded a measured 25 percent savings in bulk paint use, resulting in less booth and equipment maintenance, reduced paint fumes in the atmosphere, and reduced waste disposal, and now has several months of successful production history.
Exposure data on biocides are relatively rare in published literature, especially for secondary exposure. This is also the case for antifouling exposure. Therefore, a field study was carried out measuring exposure to antifouling paints. Both primary exposure (rolling and spraying) and secondary exposure (during sand blasting) were studied. Exposure during rolling was measured in boatyards where paints containing dichlofluanid (DCF) were applied. Spraying was measured in dockyards (larger than boatyards) where paints containing copper were applied. Furthermore, during sand blasting the removal of old paint layers containing copper was measured. A total of 54 datasets was collected, both for inhalation and dermal exposure data. For paint and stripped paint bulk analyses were performed. The f...
During a series of painting operations in a horizontal-flow paintspray booth at Travis AFB, CA, baseline concentrations of four classes of toxic airborne pollutants were measured at 24 locations across a plane immediately forward of the exhaust filters, in the exhaust duct, and ...
During a series of painting operations in a horizontal-flow paintspray booth at Travis AFB, CA, baseline concentrations of four classes of toxic airborne pollutants were measured at 24 locations across a plane immediately forward of the exhaust filters, in the exhaust duct, and ...
Feb 10, 1992 ... second “U” frame member, a compliant joint between the first “U” frame .... The compliance joints in this .... Working robot 108 can clean, spraypaint, rub paint weld, etc. ... The user interface would be a simple hand held inter- ...
We describe a new method for the scabbling of concrete surfaces using a thin layer of explosive material sprayed onto the surfaces. We also developed a new explosive mixture that could be applied with commercial spraypainting equipment. The first part of our record describes experiments that studied methods for the initiation of the sprayed explosive. We successfully initiated layers 0.36 mm thick using a commercial EBW detonator, a flying plate detonator, and by pellet impact. The second part of our report describes a survey of spray methods and tests with two commercial spray systems that we believe could be used for developing a robotic spray system.
The painting which made the fragrance group hydrocarbon of Belgian metal company a base and to sweep it sold zinc composition paints to Otaka company. The same paints are the liquid paints, which contain the electrolytic quality zinc powder of 99.995 % of the purity. Because it is made to combine the quality of the zinc melting plating and the zinc paints, it can get a protection character like electric chemistry, and excellent in the rust power and the close adhesion power. It can be swept in the spot, and a coating by the spray can be done, and the electric power tower and a tank and the body are painted to the bottom painting of the large metal structure thing, the top, and it is the most suitable together. (translated by NEDO)
Electrostatic powder painting in which aerosolized paint particles are charged up by an electron beam injected into air has been shown to be very promising in many applications including automobile painting. Behavior of low energy electrons ({approximately} 10 keV) interacting with air and powder particles at one atmospheric pressure, however, is not well understood and the detailed information of the interaction is essential in designing commercial paintspray. In order to understand the above process, the authors use a three-dimensional electrostatic particle simulation model in which an electron beam is injected into the air. Various ionization processes are included in the model by means of Monte-Carlo method. Preliminary results of the simulations indicate that a beam electron can generate a few hundred secondary electrons as well as negative ions that are important in charging the paint powder. Results of the simulations are presented and compared with data available from the powder spray experiment.
Airborne asbestos levels were measured by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) before, during and after encapsulation of asbestos-containing material with latex paint in a suburban junior high school. The ceilings of the school were covered with a sprayed-on material containing chrysotile asbestos. Air samples were collected at four types of sites: indoor sites with unpainted asbestos material scheduled for painting, indoor sites with asbestos material which had been painted 16 months prior to the study, indoor sites with no asbestos material, and outdoor sites on the roof of the building. Bulk samples were collected prior to painting and analyzed by polarized light microscopy (PLM) to characterize the asbestos-containing material.
Important developments in electrostatic spray theory, sprayers relying solely on electrostatic forces and hybrid spray systems that have occurred during the last decade, are reviewed. Electrostatic spraying depends upon liquid electrical resistivity, except for those spray systems that operate by charge injection into the liquid phase prior to dispersion. Spraying of liquids may produce ions, highly charged submicron-sized drops or large charged drops. Numerous applications for charged ions or drops have been developed, ranging from ion sources for spacecraft propulsion, microscopy, implantation, sputtering and micromachining to charged drop sprays for maskless pattern generation, thin-film coating, the production of ultrafine powders, lubrication, emulsification, crop spraying, paintspraying and fuel-spraying control. A comprehensive range of references is cited.
Technology permits to achieve low-cost, energy saving coating results in painting shops. A checklist for optimization in terms of energy is given, the following methods are compared as to heat consumption and energy demand: pretreatment (solvent degreasing, steamjet degreasing, immersion degreasing, spray degreasing); applications (powder coating, immersion, electrostatic spraying, manual spraying), and drying furnace. The list show the most favourable construction- and processing conditions for the individual processing steps, thus makes it possible to find a solution geared to each individual painting problem.
Exposure to lead can lead to adverse health affects including permanent damage to the central nervous system. Common means of exposure to lead are from ingestion of lead paint chips or breathing of dust from deteriorating painted surfaces. The U.S. Army has over 101 million square feet of buildings dating to World War II or earlier. Many of these structures were built before the 1978 ban on lead based paints. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers CERL is developing technologies to remove and stabilize lead containing organic coatings. Promising results have been achieved using a patented flame spray process that utilizes a glass frit to stabilize the hazardous constituents. When the glass frit is sprayed onto the paint containing substrate, differences in thermal expansion coefficients between the frit and the paint results in spalling of the paint from the substrate surface. The removed fragments are then collected and remelted to stabilize the hazardous constituents and allow for disposal as non-hazardous waste. Similar successful results using a patented process involving microwave technology for paint removal have also been achieved. In this process, the painted surface is coated with a microwave coupling compound that when exposed to microwave energy results in the spalling of the hazardous paint from the surface. The fragments can again be accumulated and remelted for stabilization and disposal.
The salt spray cabinet is used as an accelerated test method to evaluate coatings. Oxygen permeability, moisture permeability and the adhesion of coatings were compared with the accelerated salt spray tests as a means to evaluate the performance of coatings. Painted brake cable parts were exposed in the salt spray cabinet. The permeability to oxygen and water of different pain films were measured. The results show a strong correlation between oxygen permeability and corrosion resistance of these coatings.
The transport of mixed paint solvents through natural rubber latex (4 mil) and nitrile rubber (5 mil) gloves was evaluated after spray application of the paint formulation directly on the glove surface. Glove materials and thicknesses were those selected by the majority of spray painters in the local automobile repair industry. A flat panel containing glove specimens mounted in multiple permeation cells permitted evaporation of solvents from the applied paint and incorporated a solid sorbent receiving medium for measuring glove membrane transport. The panel was sprayed in a paint booth to simulate use conditions. Charcoal cloth under the glove adsorbed transported solvents, which were quantified by gas chromatography. For each solvent component, results were expressed as mass transported through the glove relative to the mass applied, per unit area, during 30 min after spray application. The paint formulation contained ketones, acetates, and aromatics. Natural rubber latex allowed 6-10 times the transport of solvents relative to nitrile rubber for all eight solvent components: methyl ethyl ketone, toluene, styrene, ethyl benzene, xylene isomers, and 2-heptanone. m-Xylene showed the largest difference in transport between the two glove materials. This solvent also had the highest transport for each material. The results indicate that nitrile rubber gloves offer somewhat greater chemical resistance to all eight solvents studied compared with natural rubber latex gloves, regardless of the chemical properties of the individual solvent components. However, it must be emphasized that neither of the glove materials, in the thicknesses used in this study, provide adequate protection when exposed by direct spraypainting. Simulation of realistic spray conditions may offer a source of useful information on the performance of chemical protective gloves because it accounts for solvent evaporation and the effect of paint polymerization after application on glove transport. PMID:22434453
An employee representative of the San Francisco Opera Costume Shop requested an investigation of possible exposure to chemical substances by crafts persons and textile artists. No overexposure to chemicals was found during cloth stripping and dying operations, boot deglazing, hat lacquering, fabric painting or casting operations. During boot spraypainting, two personal air samples contained methylene chloride at 11.9 and 25 parts per million; both above the NIOSH recommended criteria for methylene-chloride exposure.
New protective coating film for automobile has been developed referring to characteristics of ordinary various protective materials. Objectives of the development were as follows. It requires excellent protective performance and validity. It can be painted with excellent workability. It can be easily peeled off for removal in film-state. It does not take long time to remove. It can protect damage of painted coating. It is water-based and separated film can be incinerated. It is water-based paint of acrylate emulsion. The material development was promoted from the viewpoint of protective performance, adhesive property with car paint, and change of strength, elongation and adhesive strength of protective film. Not spraypainting but roller painting was adopted as painting method, by which rather uniform painting film can be obtained without scattering on the parts. Combined infrared heating and hot air drying was adopted as drying method. As a result of practical application, the newly developed protective coating film was inferior to ordinary wax type coating in the painting procedure and direct cost, but it provided large advantage in the total cost due to the remarkable reduction of separation and removal procedure. 10 figs., 4 tabs.
Applications of paints and coatings can be greatly enhanced by using robotics spraying. Benefits include increased application rates with tighter control over coating finish, quality, and costs. The use of robotics can reduce human exposure to hazardous materials and dangerous spray environments. Successful deployment of a robotics system requires process feedback, automated task and path planning, and teleoperation. This paper describes a measurement system consisting of an inspection sensor and automated path planner for automated robot inspection of painted surfaces. The inspection sensor includes ultrasonic and eddy current components configured in a mechanism providing both compliant force and compliant motion.
A study was carried out to investigate the performance of anti-corrosion coatings obtained from alkyd paints containing polyaniline and polyaniline derivatives applied on carbon steel. The polyaniline, the polyaniline derivates and the paints were characterized through FTIR and Raman spectroscopies and thermogravimetric analysis. Cyclic voltammetry studies showed that polyaniline and its derivates gave electroactive properties to the paints. Accelerated corrosion experiments (salt spray and humidity chamber) revealed a significant improvement in the performance of the coatings which contained the electroactive polymer compared to conventional coatings. These results were verified by evaluation of the electrical resistance and capacitance measurements of the films using electrochemical impe...
In this study, to evaluate ignition hazards in a paint process, electrostatic sparks in the sprayed area and the amount of charge while spraying were observed. With the objective of preventing accidents involving fires and/or explosions, we deal also with the ignitability due to an electrostatic spark of a sprayed liquid relative to the percentage of nitrogen (N2), including compression in an air cylinder. For this study, an air-spray-type handheld gun with a 1-mm-internal-diameter orifice and a supply of air pressure in the range of 0.1 to 1 MPa were used. With regard to the materials, water, including some sodium chloride, was used to investigate the charge amount of the sprayed liquid, and kerosene was selected for ignition tests while spraying. Several electrostatic sparks in the sprayed region were observed while spraying. Some values of the electrostatic charge observed in the course of this study would be unsafe in the painting industry. Thus, if any of the conductive parts of the equipment are not grounded, incendiary electrostatic sparks can result. The ignitability of sprayed liquid was markedly reduced; the percentage of N2 in the air was substituted for pressurized pure air, and its efficiency increased with air pressure.
In this study, to evaluate ignition hazards in a paint process, electrostatic sparks in the sprayed area and the amount of charge while spraying were observed. With the objective of preventing accidents involving fires and/or explosions, we deal also with the ignitability due to an electrostatic spark of a sprayed liquid relative to the percentage of nitrogen (N2), including compression in an air cylinder. For this study, an air-spray-type handheld gun with a 1-mm-internal-diameter orifice and a supply of air pressure in the range of 0.1 to 1 MPa were used. With regard to the materials, water, including some sodium chloride, was used to investigate the charge amount of the sprayed liquid, and kerosene was selected for ignition tests while spraying. Several electrostatic sparks in the sprayed region were observed while spraying. Some values of the electrostatic charge observed in the course of this study would be unsafe in the painting industry. Thus, if any of the conductive parts of the equipment are not grounded, incendiary electrostatic sparks can result. The ignitability of sprayed liquid was markedly reduced; the percentage of N2 in the air was substituted for pressurized pure air, and its efficiency increased with air pressure.
This concept endeavors to reduce the volume of air (to be treated) from spraypaint booths, thereby increasing efficiency and improving air pollution abatement (VOC emissions especially). Most of the ventilation air is recycled through the booth to maintain laminar flow; the machinery is located on the supply side of the booth rather than on the exhaust side. 60 to 95% reduction in spray booth exhaust rate should result. Although engineering and production prototypes have been made, demand is low.
Center that will utilize solar energy for heating and cooling. The project is a joint ... cooling (ref. 2). A conventional hot water space heating system and an .... paint, Nextel Velvet Coating (3M Company) was sprayed on the absorbing side of the ...
The commonly used term for solvent abuse, glue sniffing, generally encompasses a variety of substances, including spraypaint, thinners, nail varnish remover, gasoline, marking pens, and lighter fluids. Inhaled vapours eventually reach the lipids in the nervous system, where they can be stored for l...
This Yellowstone National Park web site is dedicated to Lower Geyser Basin. It includes images and descriptions of Queen's Laundry and Sentinel Meadows, Sentinel Cone, Ojo Caliente, Pocket Basin Mud Pots, Imperial Geyser, Spray Geyser, Octopus Spring, Great Fountain Geyser, White Dome Geyser, Pink Cone Geyser, Bead Geyser, Narcissus Geyser, Steady Geyser, Silex Spring, Fountain Paint Pot, Fountain Geyser, Clepsydra Geyser, and Jelly Geyser.
surface damage of ZnO pxgment based thermal control paints is a prune examp . The OPM ...... (sizes 1pan to 401xm) on the surface that may have been dried spray. ... P-doped. CVD diamond on silicon,. NAWC: The 532 nm scatter remained ...
Dec 31, 1999 ... surface damage of ZnO pigment based thermal control paints is a prime ...... features (sizes 1_tm to 40_tm) on the surface that may have been dried spray. ... P-doped. CVD diamond on silicon, NAWC: The 532 nm scatter ...
A design of an injection molding machine for the fabrication of complex-shaped parts from mixtures of thermoplastics and micro- and nanosized powders is presented. This machine provides uniform temperature distribution in the barrel and formation of parts with required qualitative characteristics. The machine was used to produce a pilot batch of paintspray nozzles from micro-and nanosized powders.
An oxidation catalyst system is formed by particles of an oxidation catalyst dispersed in a porous sol-gel binder. The oxidation catalyst system can be applied by brush or spraypainting while the sol-gel binder is in its sol state.
This article takes a look at the decentralised, natural gas and heating-oil fired heating system employed in the facilities of the Stadler Rail company in Bussnang, Switzerland. This successful company produces railcars, multi-element suburban trains, narrow-gauge trains for regional carriers, cog-railway vehicles and trams. The heating of the production facilities and spray-painting cabins is described. The energy for the heating units is basically provided using natural gas. The gas is supplied at a reduced price on an interruptible basis: Heating-oil fired systems provide a back-up when the gas supply is interrupted. Space heating in the construction halls and the heating of the company's offices are described. Also, the installations necessary for the reduction of paint-drying time in the spray-painting cabins are described.
If the components of a battery, including electrodes, separator, electrolyte and the current collectors can be designed as paints and applied sequentially to build a complete battery, on any arbitrary surface, it would have significant impact on the design, implementation and integration of energy storage devices. Here, we establish a paradigm change in battery assembly by fabricating rechargeable Li-ion batteries solely by multi-step spraypainting of its components on a variety of materials such as metals, glass, glazed ceramics and flexible polymer substrates. We also demonstrate the possibility of interconnected modular spraypainted battery units to be coupled to energy conversion devices such as solar cells, with possibilities of building standalone energy capture-storage hybrid devices in different configurations. PMID:15499015
An apparatus for condensing steam emissions from industrial process sites such as pretreatment plants for painting of car bodies. This includes the formation of water spray curtains extending across the entrance and exit sections of a pretreatment plant to absorb and condense the steam emissions. The collected spray water is circulated through a heat recovery system such that the heat energy of the absorbed steam is transferred out of the water and into heat utilizing processes such as in the heating of the solutions utilized in the spray treatment plant itself.
Electrostatically charged sprays are used in a wide range of applications. They include the coating of surfaces as with paintspraying, the production of fine powders, and the control of pollutants. The phenomenon of electrostatic spraying has been much researched particularly for the cases of dielectric fluids in paintspraying and conductive fluids in fine metallic powder production. Although the literature on electrostatic spraying is voluminous, the parametric dependence of the size distribution of the spray under various conditions still lacks precise definition. The focus of this study is the generation of charged water droplets for the production of ions and radicals in flue gases by pulsed corona discharges to control SO2 and NOx. As a first step in evaluating charged sprays for such use, a laboratory-scale injection system was evaluated by measuring atomization performance of needle injectors over a wide range of parameters. Sauter mean diameter (SMD) determined with a phase/Doppler particle analyzer (PDPA) was used as the measure of atomization performance. The independent parameters investigated include applied voltage, needle size, flow rate, and NaNO3 concentration (used to vary the solution conductivity). Because the spray was only about 2 mm wide at the sampling point, SMD measured at a single location was taken to be representative of the spray. This assumption was tested by taking radial traverses through the spray. Current flow from the needle to a collector plate 6 cm below was measured with and without solution flow to quantify the relative current-carrying capacities of the spray and the surrounding air.
The performance and feasibility of a biotrickling filter (BTF) pilot unit for the treatment of exhaust gases from two robotic spraypaint booths at a plastic coating facility were investigated. The volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations in the emissions of the exhaust gases from the paint booths were relatively stable, although the VOC composition depended on the applied solvent-paint formulation in the booths. The pilot plant was operated for one year at empty bed residence times (EBRTs) ranging from 30 to 93s. The performance of the system was affected by the solvent-paint formulations. An EBRT between 30 and 40s was enough to meet legal requirements for products containing more than 60% biodegradable compounds, whereas a minimum EBRT of 80s was required for emissions mainly comp...
Protective paints based on chlorinated rubber (CR) offer good resistance to salt-laden atmospheres and extreme climatic conditions, possess low moisture and oxygen permeability, and are resistant to a variety of chemicals, which allows them to counter the acidic and alkaline conditions tha arise from the corrosion of steel in salt water and from cathodic protection. Airless spray techniques allow CR paints to be applied much faster in thick coatings to large surface areas. CR paints can be formulated to produce a dry film thickness of 80-100 jm in one application. One study concluded that the extra expense for good surface preparation and high-performance paint can be regained in 2-4 yr as a result of lower maintenance costs. CR paints can be used successfully with cathodic protection; however, their tolerance to overprotection is less than that of some alternative systems; CR paints are considered to be suitable for use up to a maximum of -0.95 v. The numerous applications of CR paint include large crude carriers, offshore oil structures, oil terminals (e.g., the Flotta terminal in the Orkneys), and storage tanks.
Droplet impact has been studied for over a hundred years dating back to the pioneering work of Worthington [1]. In fact, much of his ingenuity contributed to modern day high speed photography. Over the past 40years significant contributions in theoretical, numerical, and experimental work have been made. Droplet impact is a problem of fundamental importance due to the wealth of applications involved, namely, spray coating, spraypainting, delivery of agricultural chemicals, spray cooling, inkjet printing, soil erosion due to rain drop impact, and turbine wear. Here we highlight one specific application, spray coating. Although most studies have focused their efforts on low viscosity Newtonian fluids, many industrial applications such as spray coating utilize more viscous and complex rheolo...
A cross-sectional study was conducted in 25 spray painters and 35 control subjects to evaluate neurobehavioral function, and thyroid and reproductive hormones profile. This study indicated higher prevalence of psychological and neurological symptoms, and clinical findings among spray painters when compared with controls. Levels of TSH were significantly (p<0.01) elevated in spray painters over the control group (3.04 ± 1.53 vs 1.88 ± 1.07 ?IU/ml, mean ± SD), respectively. Two of the 25 spray painters acquired sub-clinical hypothyroidism, and one subject was detected with overt hypothyroidism. T4 levels were significantly (p<0.05) suppressed in spray painters while T3 was not changed significantly in both the groups. Reproductive hormones (LH, FSH, and testosterone) showed no significant changes in control and spray-painting group. However, two spray painters had abnormally high level of LH (26.43 and 12.22 IU/l; normal range 0.5-10 IU/l). These subjects were also found to have abnormally higher level of FSH (38.63 and 14.11 IU/l; normal range 1.3-11.5 IU/l). An isolated higher level of FSH (39.94 IU/l) was also observed in one spray painter. No abnormality in the level of LH was observed in control group while 3 subjects from this group had abnormally high level of FSH. Testosterone levels were under the normal range (3-12 ng/ml) in both the groups. This study might suggest that spray painters are at risk of developing neurobehavioral, thyroid and reproductive problems.
A method and apparatus are described to recover thermal energy from the exhaust air from a paintspray booth for painting of automobile chasses. Heat heat from the relatively warm exhaust air is transferred to the relatively cold supply air to the booth. The outgoing air is mixed with water or other heat-exchange liquid, and the liquid is then separated in a separation-chamber adjacent the ventilation outlet of the booth, and is circulated between the chamber and a heat exchanger, through which the supply air flows.
SummaryWe describe a 50-year-old man diagnosed with chronic exogenous lipoid pneumonia due to inhalation of paintspray. CT scan revealed multiple pulmonary nodules in both lungs. Resected specimens showed clusters of foamy macrophages in alveolar spaces, suggesting lipoid pneumonia. Long time inhalation of a small amount of paint oil may lead to lipoid pneumonia showing rare patterns such as multiple pulmonary nodules without surrounding parenchymal abnormal shadows. Five months later, some nodules increased still more in size, and some revealed reversed halo sign on CT. This case also suggests that reversed halo sign can be shown in lipoid pneumonia.
We have developed a method for generating chromate-free corrosion resistant coatings on aluminum alloys using a process procedurally similar to standard chromate conversion. These coatings provide good corrosion resistance on 6061-T6 and 1100 A1 under salt spray testing conditions. The resistance of the new coating is comparable to that of chromate conversion coatings in four point probe tests, but higher when a mercury probe technique is used. Initial tests of paint adhesion, and under paint corrosion resistance are promising. Primary advantage of this new process is that no hazardous chemicals are used or produced during the coating operation.
We have developed a method for generating chromate-free corrosion resistant coatings on aluminum alloys using a process procedurally similar to standard chromate conversion. These coatings provide good corrosion resistance on 6061-T6 and 1100 A1 under salt spray testing conditions. The resistance of the new coating is comparable to that of chromate conversion coatings in four point probe tests, but higher when a mercury probe technique is used. Initial tests of paint adhesion, and under paint corrosion resistance are promising. Primary advantage of this new process is that no hazardous chemicals are used or produced during the coating operation.
Background Triatoma infestans is the main vector of Chagas disease in the Gran Chaco region of South America. The traditional spraying technique used for the application of pyrethroid insecticides has shown low efficiency in the elimination of the vector species populations occupying peridomestic structures of rural houses in the endemic area of Argentina. As part of studies looking for better alternatives, we evaluated the residual effect of insecticidal paints on the mortality of fourth instar nymphs of T. infestans. Results The study was based on an experimental design that included two groups treated with an organophosphate (Inesfly 5A IGR™) and a pyrethroid (Inesfly 5A IGR NG™) formulations of the paint, that were applied on wood, cement blocks and adobe bricks under natural climatic conditions. A third group was an untreated control. Both paint formulations showed very long residual activity, producing mortality of 84% and 98% (pyrethroid and organophosphate formulations, respectively) after 12 months of the paint application. After eight months, nymphs exposed during 6 hours to the painted surfaces with the pyrethroid and organophosphate formulations showed 81.33% and 100% mortality, respectively. Conclusion The organophosphate- and pyrethroid-based insecticidal paints showed a very long residual activity on the mortality of fourth instar nymphs of T infestans, compared with the traditional spraying technique used for the application of pyrethroid insecticides in peridomestic structures of rural houses in the endemic region for Chagas disease in the Gran Chaco of Argentina. The application of the paints by trained personnel of the vector control programmes could be considered as an alternative control tool in areas where the traditional methods have failed or showed low efficacy. PMID:11425185
Described herein are pretreatment for painting hot-dip galvanized steel sheets, compositions of the pre-treatment and the mechanisms involved in adherence of a chromate film. The film prepared by the pre-treatment keeps the paint film (of organic or inorganic material) adherent to the base material (of metal), and the base metal resistant to corrosion. Shot blasting is adopted for post-coating, where a shaped steel plate is coated. In pre-coating, a paint is sprayed over steel sheets and baked at a speed of at least 10tons/h in a continuous painting line. A representative pre-coating line has 3 treatment sections of degreasing, surface conditioning and chromate treatment, each of the first two being followed by water-washing and the last one by drying. In the reactive chromate treatment, Zn is dissolved in chromic acid to form trivalent hydrated chromium oxide which is considered to improve adherence of the chromate film to the paint film through the hydrogen bonding with the paint. 19 refs., 12 figs., 2 tabs.
A study was made of possible hazardous working conditions at Riley Brothers, Inc., Burlington, Iowa. Concern centered around the possibility that certain production workers were exposed to various solvents and that the solvent levels measured in their blood tests were quite varied in nature. The company manufactured paint for different uses according to customer specifications. Major products included formulations of solvent-based paints, and spraypainting or dip painting of metal parts. Waterproofing material composed of coal-tar pitch was also made here for use by roofers. One paint formulator had a combined exposure to naphtha and xylene that was 1.7 times the recommended exposure limit. Short term exposures to xylene for two paint strippers were 157 and 173 parts per million (ppm) which exceeded the 150 ppm recommended level. Urinary methyl-hippuric-acid concentrations before and after work shifts indicated a cross shift change greater than 1500 milligrams/gram creatinine which corresponded to an air level of xylene exceeding 100 ppm. Some workers are at risk of developing adverse health effects. Improvements in the ventilation system, use of organic vapor respirators, and use of proper respiratory protection during specified projects are recommended.
This work was done to document the waste minimization incorporated in a new autobody repair facility in Hermantown, Minnesota. Humes Collision Center incorporated new waste reduction techniques when it expanded its old facilities in 1992 and it was able to achieve the benefits of cost reduction and waste reduction. Humes Collision Center repairs an average of 500 cars annually and is a very small quantity generator (VSQG) of hazardous waste, as defined by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA). The hazardous waste consists of antifreeze, batteries, paint sludge, refrigerants, and used oil, while the nonhazardous waste consists of cardboard, glass, paint filters, plastic, sanding dust, scrap metal, and wastewater. The hazardous and nonhazardous waste output were decreased by 72%. In addition, there was a 63% reduction in the operating costs. The waste minimization includes antifreeze recovery and recycling, reduction in unused waste paint, reduction, recovery and recycle of waste lacquer thinner for cleaning spray guns and paint cups, elimination of used plastic car bags, recovery and recycle of refrigerant, reduction in waste sandpaper and elimination of sanding dust, and elimination of waste paint filters. The rate of return on the investment in waste minimization equipment is estimated from 37% per year for the distillation unit, 80% for vacuum sanding, 146% for computerized paint mixing, 211% for the refrigerant recycler, to 588% per year for the gun washer. The corresponding payback time varies from 3 years to 2 months.
A numerical investigation of heat transfer dynamics between gas and solid surfaces during droplet spray impingement is presented. Aim of the work is to derive knowledge for control of spray deposition processes like spraypainting or spray forming, analysing how the heat exchanged from the surface to the flowing gas is affected by the presence of impinging droplets. The investigation is carried on a macro- and a micro-scale, analysing velocity and temperature profiles close to a surface cooled by a spray on a scale of the whole spray and on a scale comparable to the droplet diameter, respectively. In the former case an Euler-Lagrange approach is used to reproduce the multiphase jet/spray for different nozzle geometries, gas conditions and droplets properties, as drop diameter and concentration. In the latter case, the gas flow close to the surface is studied during the collision of single and multiple droplets for different impact velocities superposed by different perpendicular gas boundary layer configurations. The 'volume of fluid' (VOF) technique is utilized for the determination of the transient shape of the gas-liquid interface during droplet impact. From the data of the numerical case studies, a quantitative consideration about the global increase of surface/gas heat transfer in impinging dilute sprays as a function of the number flux of particles approaching the wall is derived.
This paper reports on the applications of robotics at Allied-Signal Aerospace Company. This paper describes applications in rivet shaving and insert installation, solenoid torque and hi-pot testing, diode pull testing, solid film lubricant burnishing, plastic preform fabrication, paintspraying, deburring, polyimide spray coating, dual inline package (DIP) handling, DIP lead wrapping, electrical component tinning, part handling in cable marking, PWB component insertion, heating and die forming, titration, and axial lead tinning and forming; systems under development include surface mount transistor trimming and tinning, diode pull testing, part handling within a matching cell, automated welding, and desiccant molding.
The objective of this research was to study the efficiency of calcium aluminium phosphosilicate hydrate (PSh), as anticorrosive pigment for paints in simulated aggressive environments. This compound is zinc-free and the phosphate content is less than 30% by weight. Alkyd and epoxy paints, of the solvent-borne type, containing 30% by volume (v/v) of the pigment, were formulated. The pigment volume concentration was fixed at 42.3%. Standardised accelerated salt spray exposure and electrochemical tests were used to assess the protective performance of the coatings. Analysis and interpretation of the experimental data showed that PSh inhibits corrosion of painted steel panels exposed to aggressive environments. Zinc phosphate (ZP), a traditional anticorrosive pigment, was used as reference in ...
In product finishing lines, ultraviolet radiation curing of paints on prefabricated structures could be more energy efficient than curing by natural gas fired ovens, and could eliminate solvent emission. Diffuse ultraviolet light can cure paints on three dimensional metal parts. In the uv curing process, the spectral output of radiation sources must complement the absorption spectra of pigments and photoactive agents. Photosensitive compounds, such as thioxanthones, can photoinitiate unsaturated resins, such as acrylated polyurethanes, by a free radical mechanism. Newly developed cationic photoinitiators, such as sulfonium or iodonium salts (the so-called onium salts) of complex metal halide anions, can be used in polymerization of epoxy paints by ultraviolet light radiation. One-coat enamels, topcoats, and primers have been developed which can be photoinitiated to produce hard, adherent films. This process has been tested in a laboratory scale unit by spray coating these materials on three-dimensional objects and passing them through a tunnel containing uv lamps.
In product finishing lines, ultraviolet radiation curing of paints on prefabricated structures is more energy efficient than curing by natural gas fired ovens, and could eliminate solvent emission. The replacement of a conventional natural gas fired oven by an ultraviolet radiation curing line for paint curing could save quadrillions of joules per year for each finishing line. In this program sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Industrial Programs, two photoinduced polymerizations, via free radical or cationic mechanisms, were considered in the formulation of UV curable paints. The spectral output of radiation sources was chosen so as to complement the absorption spectra of pigments and photoactive agents; thus highly pigmented thick films could be cured fully by UV radiation. One coat enamels, topcoats, and primers have been developed which can be applied on three dimensional objects by spraying and can be cured by passing through a tunnel containing UV lamps.
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is used to derive an expression for predicting the service life of organic coating in a C4-type environment (industrial and costal areas with moderate salinity) as defined in ISO 12944 standard for paints and varnishes?corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems. Three coating systems with a record of 2, 5, and 10?years of durability were selected for the study. The selection was also based on proven composition and dry film thickness (DFT) of the coatings as per ISO 12944. Electrochemical impedance measurements of the paint-coated panels were carried out by exposing the coated mild steel panels without scribe in different corrosive environments such as immersion in NaCl solution, neutral salt spray, etc. Neutral salt sp...
Experimental data are reported on thickness dependence of the solar absorptivity (..cap alpha..) and infrared emissivity (epsilon) of coatings of a selective black paint. The paint consists of a pigment F6331 (Mangenese Ferrite Black Spinel from Ferro Corp.) dispersed in Silicone binder. The coatings were either dip coated or sprayed on aluminum thin foils. Both ..cap alpha.. and epsilon increase with increasing thickness but ..cap alpha.. increases more rapidly thus making these coatings spectrally selective. The optimal thickness of the coating is then calculated by maximizing the efficiency of a flat plate collector coated with the above selective paint for three different clear days of the year. A thickness of 2 ..mu..m was found to be optimal for all three days. A simple theoretical absorption model is proposed to interpret the experimental data.
The application of solvent-based paints by spraying in paint booths is extensively used in a wide range of industrial activities for the surface treatment of a vast array of products. The wastes generated as overspray represent an important environmental and managerial problem mainly due to the hazardous characteristics of the organic solvent, rendering it necessary to appropriately manage this waste. In this paper a solidification/stabilization (S/S) process based on accelerated carbonation was investigated as an immobilization pre-treatment prior to the disposal, via landfill, of an alkyd solvent-based paint waste coming from the automotive industry; the purpose of this S/S process was to immobilize the contaminants and reduce their release into the environment. Different formulations of...
This paper reports on an investigation into the optical and physical properties of PbS coatings prepared by spray pyrolysis onto chemically brightened aluminum substrates. The advantages are low cost, reasonably good selectivity and the coatings' ability to be scaled onto collectors of any desired size. The coatings exhibit a high absorptivity in the solar range and a low emissivity in the thermal range. Finally, the photothermal conversion efficiencies of black paint-coated and PbS-coated solar collectors are compared.
Polyurethane foam provides effective mask in electroplating of copper or nickel. Thin layer of Turco maskant painted on area to be masked: Layer ensures polyurethane foam removed easily after served its purpose. Component A, isocyanate, and component B, polyol, mixed together and brushed or sprayed on mask area. Mixture reacts, yielding polyurethane foam. Foam prevents deposition of nickel or copper on covered area. New method saves time, increases productivity and uses less material than older procedures.
A deep understanding of the behaviour of sprays is of great importance in several fields, both industrial (combustion, heat transfer, spray deposition and painting, etc.), agricultural and medical, and the study of the behaviour of single drops is a fundamental step towards the comprehension of the whole phenomenon. Focusing the attention on spray/surface heat transfer problems, the most interesting aspect is the interaction of sessile and impinging drops on solid surfaces. The description or the prediction of the drop shape parameters (height, contact angle and contact area) is a necessary pre-requisite for the thermal analysis, especially when pure evaporation is involved. This paper describes an experimental analysis on the shape and behaviour of sessile and impinging water drops on smo...
Industrial robots are widely used in various processes of surface manufacturing, such as spraypainting, spray forming, rapid tooling, spray coating, and polishing. Robot programming for these applications is still time consuming and costly. Typical teaching methods are not cost effective and efficient. There are many off-line programming methods developed to reduce the robot programming effort. However, these methods suffer many practical issues, such as cable/hose tangling, robot configuration, collision, and reachability. To solve these problems, this paper discusses a new method to generate robot programs. Since industrial robots have been used in production for decades, there are many robot programs for different parts generated by the robot programmers. These robot programs, which co...
Since its invention by M. U. Schoop in the beginning of the 20th century, thermal spray has been used for corrosion protection applications in naval, on-shore, submerged and atmospheric environments. Thermally sprayed coatings of zinc, zinc alloys, aluminum and aluminum alloys are currently the most popular materials used for active corrosion protection of steel and concrete, which can be applied using either of the widely known thermal spray processes of combustion wire or electric arc wire. In the oil and gas exploration and production industry, corrosion protection applications using these technologies have evolved since the early sixties. Thermal spray technology has successfully been used to protect steel-based materials from corrosion in many different fields of application like platforms and pipelines. The most used material in the oil and gas industry is TSA (Thermally Sprayed Aluminum) coating. TSA coatings, with a lifetime of 25 to 30 years, require no maintenance except for cosmetic reasons when painted. The surface temperature of a TSA can go as high as 480 deg C. Although TS (Thermal Spray) is an older process, the number of applications and the number of m{sup 2} it is applied to is still increasing resulting from its maintenance-free and reliable active corrosion-protection features. (author)
Frequency-analyzed laser-light scattering (FALLS) is a relatively simple technique that can be used to measure principal characteristics of a sheet of sprayed liquid as it breaks up into ligaments and then the ligaments break up into droplets. In particular, through frequency analysis of laser light scattered from a spray, it is possible to determine whether the laser-illuminated portion of the spray is in the intact-sheet region, the ligament region, or the droplet region. By logical extension, it is possible to determine the intact length from the location of the laser beam at the transition between the intact-sheet and ligament regions and to determine a breakup frequency from the results of the frequency analysis. Hence, FALLS could likely be useful both as a means of performing research on sprays in general and as a means of diagnostic sensing in diverse applications in which liquid fuels are sprayed. Sprays are also used for drying and to deposit paints and other coating materials.
A multidisciplinary cross-sectional study was carried out in 105 spray painters with long-term solvent exposure (10-44 years) and in 58 control subjects not exposed to solvents. By means of air monitoring the solvent concentrations in the ambient air during spraypainting were determined using charcoal and silicagel tubes with pumps and passive samplers. In general, the air concentrations of the individual compounds did not exceed the current limit values (MAK values). Aromatic hydrocarbons like toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, trimethylbenzene, aliphatic hydrocarbons (e.g., heptane) and acetates (ethylacetate, butylacetate) were determined to be important components of paint solvents. However, in unfavorable work conditions the "exposure index" could exceed the permissible limits two or three times. To assess the body solvent load at the time of examination, biological monitoring (BM) was performed. The main finding was that there was no evidence of neurotoxicologically relevant solvent exposure. Only in the case of methyl hippuric acid in urine spot samples did the spray painters show a higher mean value (80 mg/l) than control subjects (below 20 mg/l), indicating recent xylene exposure. Elevated urinary chromium concentrations (maximum value 29 micrograms/l) were found in 28 spray painters as a result of using zinc chromate-containing wash primers without taking protective measures. To assess the degree of past solvent exposure a special questionnaire was used. This included variables like duration and amount of solvent exposure, the presence of a technical ventilation system, health complaints during painting, etc. Additionally, three "solvent exposure indices'' (SEI) were calculated and used for evaluation of "dose-effect relationships.''(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID:1487333
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has funded a pilot project to assist small and medium-size manufacturers who want to minimize their generation of waste but who lack the expertise to do so. Waste Minimization Assessment Centers (WMACs) were established at selected universities and procedures were adapted from the EPA Waste Minimization Opportunity Assessment Manual. That document has been superseded by the Facility Pollution Prevention Guide. The WMAC team at the University of Louisville performed an assessment at a plant that manufactures iron castings and fabricated sheet metal parts. Foundry operations include mixing and mold formation, core making, metal pouring, shakeout, finishing, and painting. Cutting, shaping, and welding are the principal metal fabrication operations. The team`s report, detailing findings and recommendations indicated that paint-related wastes are generated in large quantities, and that significant waste reduction and cost savings could be realized by installing a dry powder coating system or by replacing conventional air spraypaint guns with high-volume low-pressure spray guns. This research brief was developed by the principal investigators and EPA`s National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, to announce key findings of an ongoing research project that is fully documented in a separate report of the same title available from University City Science Center.
Aims:The purpose of this work was to assess the changes in control of exposure to hexamethylene diisocyanate based paints used in vehicle spraying after a Health & Safety Executive (HSE) national project. METHODS: Paint sprayers and managers from motor vehicle repair (MVR) bodyshops across the UK, were invited to one of 32 Safety and Health Awareness Days (SHADs) to increase their understanding of the hazards, and practical ways of controlling of exposure to isocyanate based paints. Exposure measurement based on biological monitoring was offered, free of charge, to each of the roughly 4000 participants and used to assess the effectiveness of controls and methods of working. Results are compared with pre and post SHAD measurements. RESULTS: Urine samples were received from 995 paint sprayers. Hexamethylene diamine (HDA) levels in urine, indicative of exposure to hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), were significantly lower (Mann-Whitney, pHSE inspections and routine sampling. Where a sprayer's urinary HDA was above the quantification limit they were asked to send another sample after reviewing and improving exposure control measures. The results from these repeat samples were significantly lower than the original results. There was no difference in the exposures of sprayers using air-fed half-mask face-pieces compared with visor type air-fed breathing apparatus, or between spray booths and rooms. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of HDA in urine is a useful technique for assessing exposure to isocyanates in paint sprayers. The simplicity of this approach has allowed wide-scale use of biological monitoring in an industry dominated by small and micro businesses. Biological monitoring of exposure has enabled individual companies, and sprayers, to check that their control measures are working.This study showed overall lower levels of HDA in paint sprayers following SHADs. These lower levels have been maintained across a wider population of UK paint sprayers over the succeeding years. Whilst there may be many reasons for the reduction in exposure, the weight of evidence suggests that the key messages about exposure control measures, delivered through the SHADs and other means, were influential. PMID:22986425
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has funded a pilot project to assist small and medium-size manufacturers who want to minimize their generation of waste but who lack the expertise to do so. In an effort to assist these manufacturers Waste Minimization Assessment Centers (WMACs) were established at selected universities and procedures were adapted from the EPA Waste Minimization Opportunity Assessment Manual. The WMAC team at Colorado State University performed an assessment at a plant that manufacturers commercial food service equipment. Raw materials used by the plant include stainless steel, mild steel, aluminum, and copper and brass. Operations performing in the plant include cutting, forming, bending, welding, polishing, painting, and assembly The team`s report, detailing findings and recommendations, indicated that paint-related wastes (organic solvents) are generated in large quantities and that significant cost savings could be achieved by retrofitting the water curtain paintspray booth to operate as a dry filter paint booth. Toluene could be replaced by a less toxic solvent. This Research Brief was developed by the principal investigators and EPA`s National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, to announce key findings of an ongoing research project that is fully documented in a separate report of the same title available from University City Science Center.
As for Kusunoki chemistry and the Kumekawa industry, joint development did paints close adhesion improvement medicine for the zinc plating. A strong toxic chromium compound isn't contained; spray can be applied by the normal temperature dryness type, too, characteristics. Effect is bigger if the oil and the white rust develop medicine for the management before surface washing, too, and it is used with the new paints close adhesion improvement medicine together. It is economical for liquid, and developed paints close adhesion improvement medicine can be applied with the brush and the roller, too. Specific gravity 0.95 (15 degree C) and a flash point are 25.5 degrees C. Though the close adhesion with the paints of the zinc plating steel material was improper and it went, the size of the management thing and a form were limited to it, and there was a problem on the environment side for the ground work processing phosphoric acid salt management. It thinks that effect could be proved by the coating industry for building and the test execution such as a lighting pole with Kumekawa industry. (translated by NEDO)
Personal and area air samples were analyzed for total dust, organic solvent vapors, and metals during spray, brush, and roller painting and paint removal operations at Millstone Nuclear Power Station Number 3 construction site, Waterford, Connecticut, March 1981. Solvent exposures were generally well below their relevant standards. Total dust exposures during paint removal ranged up to 1,000 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3) in the containment building. The OSHA standard for total dust is 15mg/m3. Exposures to lead dusts exceeded the OSHA standard of 0.05mg/m3 in the turbine, auxiliary, and containment buildings. Chromium exposures were generally below the OSHA standard of 1mg/m3, except for 2.4mg/m3 in a personal sample taken during paint removal in the containment building. Very few engineering controls other than 3M single use respirators were observed. The authors note that the chromium exposure data is difficult to interpret as the form of the chromium is not known. If the chromium existed as hexavalent chromium exposure was excessive. The authors conclude that in view of the measured exposures to total dust, lead, and chromium, engineering controls and respiratory protection are inadequate. Recommendations include implementing better controls and respiratory protection.
A visit was made to the technical operations center of Delta Air Lines, Atlanta, Georgia to evaluate worker exposure, personal protective equipment and engineering controls in work areas where ethylene glycol ethers were used. At this facility the potential for inhalation and dermal exposure to the ethers exists primarily in the hangers during spray coating of the aircraft, small parts and ground support equipment. Approximately 20 male workers were potentially exposed directly during painting operations; approximately 50 to 60 workers working in adjacent areas may have been indirectly exposed. Concentrations of 2-ethoxyethyl-acetate (2-EEA) ranged from 0.29 to 2.77 parts per million (ppm); the OSHA permissible exposure limit was 100 ppm, and the NIOSH recommended exposure limit was the lowest feasible level. The actual inhaled dose would be much lower as a result of the use of personal protective equipment during painting operations. A potential for exposure to 2-EEA was also noted during the mixing of the paints and after the painting was completed. Protective equipment was not normally used at these times. The authors recommend specific efforts to minimize exposures.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has funded a pilot project to assist small- and medium-size manufacturers who want to minimize their generation of hazardous waste but who lack the expertise to do so. Waste Minimization Assessment Centers (WMACs) were established at selected universities and procedures were adapted from the EPA Waste Minimization Opportunity Assessment Manual (EPA/625/7-88/003, July 1988). The WMAC team at the University of Tennessee inspected a plant that rebuilds approximately 2,000 railway cars (open, flat, and freight) each year and that refurbishes wheel assemblies and air brake systems. The team's report, detailing their findings and recommendations, indicated that the greatest opportunities to minimize waste came from the railcar painting operation where paint and primer solids and sludge are generated. The team recommended installing an electrostatic spraypaint system for priming and painting to reduce the overspray losses. The Research Brief was developed by the principal investigators and EPA's Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, to announce key findings of an ongoing research project that is fully documented in a separate report of the same title available from the authors.
Buildings being shifting to the time of maintenance, renewal markets such as repainting are expanding. Besides, recently harmony between construction and surrounding scene has come to important. Some robots for outer walls have been developed already, but at present function of plural coloring is not yet available and such insufficiency is obliged to be supplied by hand operation. A robot which was developed by the authors has five nozzles for color paints and almost can get out of dirty operation owing to utilization of software of a personal computer. A base frame of this robot is 2.5m in length and is assumed X-axis. On a Y-axis which can slide on a X-axis, an attachment having five nozzles can slide up and down in the range of 0.65m. Fixation to the face of wall is performed by sticking by two vacuum pads. An original picture being scanned by dots through a computer, a circular dot (5-10cm in dia.) is also dotted on the wall by a painting gun. Sprayedpaint is transported to the face of wall by warm breeze. A controller, paint pumps and so on are set up on the ground. 14 refs., 21 figs., 2 tabs.
The state of Oregon is graced with a rugged and beautiful coastline with a zone extending several miles inland that can be highly corrosive. Microclimates, which strongly affect the performance of steel, are created in this zone by precipitation, salt spray, fog, airborne salts, high winds, and solar radiation. Atmospheric corrosion measurements were conducted on one-sided panels to examine the effects of sheltering, orientation, and distance from the ocean on seven bridges, in eight coastal communities, and three inland locations. The test materials included mild steel, thermal-sprayed aluminum on mild steel sealed with moisture-cured urethane, and a three-coat bridge maintenance paint system on mild steel. The surface of the coated steels was scribed from corner to corner in an X-pattern to create a damaged area that exposed the mild steel. Results indicated a wide difference in performance of the steels as a function of the coastal environment. Corrosion led to the formation of insoluble corrosion product and runoff contributed negligibly to total mass loss. Mass loss increased with decreasing distance to the ocean, increasing ''wetness'' of the location, and decreasing inclination of the surface in bold exposures. Mass loss in shelter and partially sheltered exposures were high, as much as an order of magnitude higher than bold exposures. Mild steel protected by a sealed thermal-sprayed aluminum coating exhibited no undercutting or corrosion damage. Mild steel protected by a three-coat bridge maintenance paint system exhibited increasing undercutting and damage with decreasing distance to the ocean.
A high pressure water blast with rotating spray bar treatment for removing paint and rubber deposits from airport runways is studied. The results of the evaluation suggest that the treatment is very effective in removing above surface paint and rubber deposits to the point that pavement skid resistance is restored to trafficked but uncontaminated runway surface skid resistance levels. Aircraft operating problems created by runway slipperiness are reviewed along with an assessment of the contributions that pavement surface treatments, surface weathering, traffic polishing, and rubber deposits make in creating or alleviating runway slipperiness. The results suggest that conventional surface treatments for both portland cement and asphaltic concrete runways are extremely vulnerable to rubber deposit accretions which can produce runway slipperiness conditions for aircraft operations as or more slippery than many snow and ice-covered runway conditions. Pavement grooving surface treatments are shown to be the least vulnerable to rubber deposits accretion and traffic polishing of the surface treatments examined.
The electrical properties of a number of filled and coated plastics were examined after subjecting the materials to rigorous thermal cycling between -20 and 80 C. Filled compounds that obtained their conductivity through the addition of carbon based conductive fillers maintained their conductivity throughout the thermal cycling. Compositions which contained metal fillers were able to maintain their conductivity only when a high temperature thermally stable polymer was used as the polymer matrix. Plaques coated by a zinc arc spray or with acrylic paints containing graphite, silver, and nickel particles were unaffected by thermal cycling. Plaques coated with an acrylic paint containing copper particles lost most of their conductivity during the changes in sample temperature. 10 references.
A conversion coating method has been developed based on precipitation of Li{sub 2}[Al{sub 2}(OH){sub 6}]{sub 2}{center_dot}CO{sub 3}{center_dot}3H{sub 2}O from alkaline lithium salt solutions. The process is procedurally similar to chromate conversion coating but does not use or produce hazardous chemicals. The coating that forms is polycrystalline, continuous and conformal. The coating meets the MIL-C-5541E corrosion resistance, electrical contact resistance and paint adhesion requirements for certain aluminum alloys, but does not match the levels of performance exhibited by chromate conversion coatings. In this paper, methods for producing the coating are described. Corrosion resistance has been characterized using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and salt spray exposure. The structural, compositional and property changes attending post-coating thermal exposure are discussed. Performance in standardized corrosion, electrical and paint adhesion tests is also presented.
The flame sprayed resin coatings have been mainly applied for corrosion resistance to replace the conventional heavy paint coatings with few applications of wear resistance. The powders blended acrylic resin with alumina(A1{sub 2}O3) particles were made to improve the wear resistance of resin and the hybrid coatings were produced with the blended powder by flame spray. Then, durability of these coatings was examined using various methods of the salt spray test, the accelerated weather test, the thermal shock test, the particle erosion test, the slurry wear test and the abrasion test. The results of particle erosion test of the hybrid coatings that contained 40-50wt%A1{sub 2}O{sub 3} particles showed no difference in adhesion strength and 2 times increase of wear resistance, compared to the physical properties of the sprayed acrylic resin coatings. And, in the slurry test, the sprayed resin40wt%Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} hybrid coatings showed volume loss reduced 50% of that of SUS304 substrate. The results of actual test in the river were observed no peelings of hybrid coatings for a year, too. It is a great possibility to apply for the applications of wear resistance. (author)
The application of solvent-based paints by spraying in paint booths is extensively used in a wide range of industrial activities for the surface treatment of a vast array of products. The wastes generated as overspray represent an important environmental and managerial problem mainly due to the hazardous characteristics of the organic solvent, rendering it necessary to appropriately manage this waste. In this paper a solidification/stabilization (S/S) process based on accelerated carbonation was investigated as an immobilization pre-treatment prior to the disposal, via landfill, of an alkyd solvent-based paint waste coming from the automotive industry; the purpose of this S/S process was to immobilize the contaminants and reduce their release into the environment. Different formulations of paint waste with lime, lime-coal fly-ash and lime-Portland cement were carbonated to study the effect of the water/solid ratio and carbonation time on the characteristics of the final product. To assess the efficiency of the studied S/S process, metals, anions and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were analyzed in the leachates obtained from a battery of compliance and characterization leaching tests. Regarding the carbonation of paint waste-lime formulations, a mathematical expression has been proposed to predict the results of the leachability of DOC from carbonated mixtures working at water/solid ratios from 0.2 to 0.6. However, lower DOC concentrations in leachates (400mg/kg DOC in L/S=10 batch leaching test) were obtained when carbonation of paint waste-lime-fly-ash mixtures was used at 10h carbonation and water to solid ratio of 0.2. The flammability characteristics, the total contents of contaminants and the contaminant release rate in compliance leaching tests provide evidence for a final product suitable for deposition in non-hazardous landfills. The characterization of this carbonated sample using a dynamic column leaching test shows a high stabilization of metals, partial immobilization of Cl(-), SO(4)(2-), F(-) and limited retention of DOC. However, the obtained results improve the previous findings obtained after the paint waste S/S using uncarbonated formulations and would be a useful pre-treatment technique of the alkyd paint waste prior to its disposal in a landfill. PMID:20060213
The hydrotalcite structure is an ionic lamellar solid with positively charged layers incorporating two kinds of metallic cations and hydrated gallery anions. The ability of these compounds to retain aggressive ions and simultaneously release a corrosion inhibitor is the main reason for the development of hydrotalcite compounds to replace hexavalent chromium compounds (chromates) as inhibitive pigments. In this study, alkyd coatings formulated with Al-Zn-vanadate hydrotalcite, at different pigment concentrations were applied on aluminum specimens. The painted panels were subjected to different accelerated tests (condensing humidity, salt spray and Kesternich) and atmospheric exposure in atmospheres of different aggressiveness. Corrosion performance was evaluated by electrochemical impedance...
Porous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes were used as support material for sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (SPPESK)/zirconium sulfophenyl phosphate (ZrSPP)/PTFE composite membranes. The membranes were prepared via a spraypainting method. Membranes were characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The composite membranes exhibited good thermal stabilities. SEM micrographs confirmed that the pores of the PTFE were filled entirely with SPPESK and ZrSPP. The resulting composite membranes were mechanically durable, dimensionally stable in alternating wet/dry environments, and had lower methanol permeabilities compared with the unsupported SPPESK/ZrSPP composite membranes reported in our previous work. The water uptake of...
Drop impact, spreading, fingering, and snap-off are important inmany engineering applications such as spray drying, industrial painting, environmentally friendly combustion, inkjet printing, materials processing, fire suppression, and pharmaceutical coating. Controlling drop-impact instability is crucial to designing optimized systems for the aforementioned applications. Classical Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) theory has been widely used to analyze fingering where instabilities at the leading edge of the toroidal ring form fingers that may ultimately snap off to form small droplets. In this study, we demonstrate the inapplicability of RT theory, in particular because it fails to explain the stable regimes observed under conditions of low air density and the instabilities observed when a drop impact...
This study analyzes the relationship between internal and external factors that influence environmental behaviour in traditional service micro-enterprises, focusing on Chicago motor vehicle repair (MVR) firms five years after the Clean Break amnesty program and subsequent inspections of MVR firms. The survey explored the influence of firm and manager characteristics, government intervention, and market and social pressures and opportunities on environmental awareness and action. Environmental action was significantly higher in older firms (more experienced owners) and in auto-refinishing firms practicing spraypainting. While awareness levels were mixed for dealerships and franchises (contracted to larger organizations), environmental action was good for six out of the seven firms, which m...
One of the primary obstacles to the widespread use of the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) is the high cost of the catalyst. Therefore, reducing the catalyst loading well below the current level of 8-12 mg/cm 2 would be important to commercialization. The current methods for preparation of catalyst layers consisting of catalyst, ionomer and sometimes a hydrophobic additive are applied by either painting, spraying, decal transfer or screen printing processes. Sputter deposition is a coating technique widely used in manufacturing and therefore particularly attractive. In this study we have begun to explore sputtering as a method for catalyst deposition. Present experiments focus on Pt-Ru catalyst layers for the anode.
A polyaniline-TiO2 composite (PTC) was prepared by oxidative polymerization of aniline in phosphoric acid with ammonium persulphate, in the presence of TiO2. The composite was characterized by spectroscopic methods. An acrylic paint containing the PTC was prepared and the coating formed on magnesium alloy was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy after exposure to salt spray test for a period of 250h. The coating containing the PTC was found to protect the magnesium alloy more efficiently than the coating containing polyaniline.
The Albany Research Center is conducting atmospheric corrosion research in coastal environments to improve the performance of materials in the Nation`s infrastructure. The corrosion of bare metals, and of painted, thermal-sprayed, and galvanized steels are presented for one-year exposures at sites located on bridges and utility poles along the Oregon coast. The effects of microclimates (for example distance from the ocean, high wind zones, and salt-fog prone regions) are examined in conjunction with sample orientation and sheltered/unsheltered comparisons. An atmospheric corrosion model examines the growth and dissolution of corrosion product layers to arrive at a steady-state thickness and corrosion rate.
Nano reference values (NRVs) for occupational use of nanomaterials were tested as provisional substitute for Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs). NRVs can be used as provisional limit values until Health-Based OELs or derived no-effect levels (DNEL) become available. NRVs were defined for 8?h periods (time weighted average) and for short-term exposure periods (15?min-time weighted average). To assess the usefulness of these NRVs, airborne number concentrations of nanoparticles (NPs) in the workplace environment were measured during paint manufacturing, electroplating, light equipment manufacturing, non-reflective glass production, production of pigment concentrates and car refinishing. Activities monitored were handling of solid engineered NPs (ENP), abrasion, spraying and heating during o...
It was found that magnesium and its alloys have high potentialities for the application in automobiles, computer equipment, portable tools and so on. The main problem in the usage of magnesium and its alloys had been their corrosive characteristics, but owing to the recent progress in manufacturing impurity-free technology, the corrosion damage is being drastically reduced. This paper reports the results of salt spray tests and exposure tests on AZ91D magnesium and ADC12 aluminum alloys die cast panels with paint finishing. (orig.)
During the fourth quarter of Phase 2, work continued on evaluating treatment of the seventh residue of Phase 1, conducting scholarly work, preparing for field work, preparing and delivering presentations, and making additional outside contacts. The work consisted of further testing of the solidification of the seventh hazardous waste--the sandblast residue from paint removal in a building--and examining the microstructure of the products of solidification. There were two treated waste mixtures which demonstrated immediate stabilization, the sandblast residue w/30% spray drier residue (CONSOL) and the sandblast residue w/50% PFBC residue (Tidd).
In this work is investigated the failure of paint protection system of a bus body made in aluminum panels, which served Italian urban area since 1999. Considering the service failures found on the panels of several busses it is possible to observe that the delamination damages on the painting are localized in correspondence of joints of aluminum sheet: presence of blisters and delaminated organic layer are observed. Therefore the joints are the critical point which favors the start of degradation mechanism. Probably the not sufficient performances of organic coatings allow to increase the degradation phenomenon in time with formation of blisters and detachment of paints parts. Considering these data the idea to improve the performance of organic layer is devised in two ways. First it is necessary to obtain a paint with good performances. The deposition of primers through cataphoresis could be a solution of this aspect. Second probably with an optimized design it is possible to reduce the presence of critical zone. The cataphoretic primer, used instead of sprayed primer, highlights superior corrosion protection properties respect to the standard layer and improves the adhesion properties and delamination resistance of the organic coatings system. When the coating is damaged the higher adhesion of the cataphoretic primer significantly slows down corrosion propagation demonstrated that the presence of the inter-spaces between the panel assembly clearly promotes corrosion, while the different sealing setups do not have a noticeable influence on it. However an improve of protection performance in correspondence of joint results necessary to assure good protection performance of paint system. To look for improve these performance in correspondence of joint modifications of design are proposed. In fact the presence of the inter-space is believed to be a major cause of corrosion, because of the risk of water penetration and dew formation. The new join geometry, which eliminates the presence of inter-spaces between the panels and following possible infiltration of aggressive solution, could improve the blistering and delamination resistance of the protection system. (authors)
This study was designed to determine how easily methamphetamine can be removed from clothing and building materials, utilizing different cleaning materials and methods. The study also addressed the penetration of methamphetamine into drywall and the ability of paints to encapsulate the methamphetamine on drywall. Clothing and building materials were contaminated in a stainless steel chamber by aerosolizing methamphetamine in a beaker heater. The amount of methamphetamine surface contamination was determined by sampling a grid pattern on the material prior to attempting to clean the materials. After cleaning, the materials were again sampled, and the degree of decontamination noted. We found that household clothing and response gear worn by first responders was easily decontaminated using a household detergent in a household washing machine. A single wash removed over 95% of the methamphetamine from these materials. The study also indicated that methamphetamine-contaminated, smooth non-porous surfaces can be easily cleaned to below detectable levels using only mild cleaners. More porous surfaces such as plywood and drywall were unlikely to be decontaminated to below regulatory levels even with three washes using a mild cleaner. This may be due to methamphetamine penetration into the paint on these surfaces. Evaluation of methamphetamine contamination on drywall indicated that approximately 40% of the methamphetamine was removed using a wipe, while another 60% remained in the paint layer. Stronger cleaners such as those with active ingredients including sodium hypochlorite or quaternary ammonia and commercial decontamination agents were more effective than mild detergent-based cleaners and may reduce methamphetamine contamination to below regulatory levels. Results from the encapsulation studies indicate that sprayed on oil-based paint will encapsulate methamphetamine on drywall and plywood surfaces up to 4.5 months, while latex paints were less effective. PMID:22409444
Atmospheric exposure tests including two experimental stages of high temperature-spraying water cycle and heating-refrigeration cycle were carried out on three currently used ETIS of expanded polystyrene (EPS) board, polystyrene granule mortar and polyurethane foam in order to study the weatherablility of external thermal insulation system (ETIS). The change rules of adhesive strength were hereby studied at different time period of atmospheric exposure tests. The experimental results show that the adhesive strength of three kinds of ETIS changes a little during high temperature-spraying water cycle, but the adhesive strength of ETIS with EPS board decreases significantly after heating-refrigeration cycle. The lowering rate of adhesive strength with painting finishes is obviously faster tha...
The paper gives the status of a 5-year EPA research program on spray-painting transfer efficiency. The objective of the program has been to develop a laboratory transfer-efficiency measurement method, with the ultimate goal of a production-line-standardized transfer efficiency method. The EPA program was designed and initiated to develop the necessary background and research data to permit development of a standardized transfer-efficiency test method. To ensure as broad participation in the program as possible, numerous sources in the industry were contacted and their assistance solicited where possible. In numerous instances equipment, personnel, and facilities were donated to support the program. Three systems are discussed: air-atomized conventional, air-atomized electrostatic, and airless spray.
A plasma coating system has been developed for induction melting zirconium at 1900 C using a graphite crucible. This laminated coating system consists of plasma spraying the following materials onto the graphite: (1) molybdenum or tungsten, (2) a 50% blend by weight of the metal powder and calcia-stabilized zirconium oxide, and (3) calcia-stabilized zirconia followed by painting a final coating of nonstabilized zirconia on top of the plasma-sprayed coating system. Zirconium was melted in argon using both laminating systems without any degradation of the graphite crucible and with only a minimal amount of carbon absorption. This novel approach that is being proposed as an alternative method of melting zirconium alloys offers substantial cost savings over the standard practice of electric arc melting using a consumable electrode.
Elimination of Asiatic shrub honeysuckles (Lonicera spp.) from preserves and conservation areas in eastern North America is difficult because bird dispersal reintroduces seeds from shrubs in the neighborhood. To reduce this problem, honeysuckle control must be instituted on a broad scale and involve public participation. Many techniques for honeysuckle control are beyond the capabilities and inclinations of volunteers and local landowners. In a replicated study, we evaluated two suitable techniques and applied them in spring, early summer, late summer, fall, and winter 2009. These were stem cutting followed by painting with 18% glyphosate, and stem cutting followed by spraying of regrown shoots with 1% glyphosate about 40 days later. We regarded the spraying of regrown shoots as more pract...
This work presents the corrosion protection behaviour of mild steel in neutral saline conditions (salt spray/immersion) by using coatings based on chlorinated rubber and benzene-sulfonate (BS) or lignosulfonate (LS)-doped polyaniline (PANI). Standardized accelerated (salt spray) and immersion tests were performed to assess the protective performance of the coatings. Analysis and interpretation of the experimental data (i.e., EIS, potentiodynamic data and visual observations) showed that both PANI-BS and PANI-LS inhibit corrosion of painted steel exposed to a 3.5% NaCl solution. Among the tested concentrations (0.5, 1.5 and 3wt.%), the greatest inhibition was observed at low concentration of PANI-BS (0.5%). Samples with higher PANI-BS loadings (1.5 and 3%) appear severely corroded after 560...
Numerous industrial applications require to solve droplets or solid particles trajectories and their effects on the flow. (fuel injection in combustion engine, agricultural spraying, spray drying, spray cooling, spraypainting, particles separator, dispersion of pollutant, etc). SYRLIC is being developed to handle the dispersed phase while the continuous phase is tackled by classical Eulerian codes like N3S-EF, N3S-NATUR, ESTET. The trajectory of each droplet is calculated on unstructured grids or structured grids according the Eulerian code with SYRLIC is coupled. The forces applied to each particle are recalculated along each path. The Lagrangian approach treats the convection and the source terms exactly. It is particularly adapted to problems involving a wide range of particles characteristics (diameter, mass, etc). In the near future, wall interaction, heat transfer, evaporation more complex physics, etc, will be included. Turbulent effects will be accounted for by a Langevin equation. The illustration shows the trajectories followed by water droplets (diameter from 1 mm to 4 mm) in a cooling tower. the droplets are falling down due to gravity but are deflected towards the center of the tower because of a lateral wind. It is clear that particles are affected differently according their diameter. The Eulerian flow field used to compute the forces has been generated by N3S-AERO, on an unstructured mesh.
This paper describes workplace dermal exposure measurements that were carried out by the Health and Safety Laboratory as part of the EU RISKOFDERM project to measure dust contamination. Exposure to dry powder spraypaints was measured at five sites on 12 subjects. Twenty-two samples were obtained, of which eight contained triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC) and 14 did not. All subjects wore Tyvek whole body oversuits and some wore sampling gloves. These were either analysed in their entirety to extract the TGIC or surface scanned over representative areas using a portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (PXRF) to detect barium or titanium in the fillers of the paints. The method of Dirichlet tessellation was used to map the scans and the technique was developed further for these studies to extend measurements to gloves and to take limits of detection into consideration. The PXRF allowed dusts to be measured in situ that would otherwise be difficult to extract from the material and analyse by other means. The geometric mean surface loading rate of the 22 oversuits was 43 micro g/cm/(2)/h (GSD = 6.0) and of the 23 pairs of sampling gloves was 970 micro g/cm(2)/h (GSD = 8.6). Exposure patterns could be attributed to the arrangements of the subjects, spray booths and the workpieces. Similar exposures were found for TGIC and titanium fillers in factories with similar methods of ventilation. PMID:15059802
We have investigated the photovoltaic conversion of spraypainted titanium dioxide coatings sensitized with chemically deposited cadmium selenide thin films. The optical and photoelectrochemical characterization of the composite films indicate the importance of thermal treatments in improving the annealed cadmium selenide films, the sensitized films based on spray-painted TiO{sub 2} show stronger photocurrents and have a red shifted spectral response. This behavior, along with is good photostability, might broaden the field of applications of the sensitized films, which can be used the trigger water oxidation and reduction reactions in photocatalytic waste treatment. [Spanish] Hemos investigado la conversion fotovoltaica de recubrimientos aplicados por dispersion de dioxido de titanio sensibilizado con peliculas delgadas de selenurio de cadmio depositado quimicamente. La caracterizacion optica y fotoquimica de las peliculas compuestas indican la importancia de tratamientos termicos para mejorar las peliculas de seleniuro de calcio destemplado, las peliculas sensibilizadas basadas en la pintura aplicada con dispersores de TiO{sub 2} muestran fotocorrientes mas elevadas y tienen una respuesta espectral desplazada hacia el rojo. Este comportamiento, juntamente con una buena fotoestabilidad puede ampliar el campo de aplicaciones de peliculas sensibilizadas que pueden usarse para disparar las reacciones de oxidacion y reduccion en el tratamiento del tratamiento fotocatalitico de desperdicio.
One of the major areas in organic coatings for corrosion protection of automobile parts is the surface treatment of polyolefin (Polypropylene (RX-2000)) bumper substrates. In order to develop the painting technology, in this work, we directly tried to paint on the plastic bumper substrates without both wet washing process with VOC solvents and phosphate primer spray process. Microwave (MW) plasma treatment represents an efficient, clean and economic alternative to activate polymeric surfaces. O{sub 2} plasma treatment at room temperature within 300 s in the power range of 300-1000 W were used to elevate hydrophilic property of the polyolefin surfaces, resulting in distinctive change of wettability and adhesion between painting layer and polymeric bumper substrates. The treated surfaces have been analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Wettability and adhesion properties were elevated by the measurement of the contact angle, adhesion test, impact test, cold resistant impact test and water resistant impact test. We confirmed that the O{sub 2} plasma treatment was a very reliable method for the synthesis of polyolefin substrates with high wettability and adhesion performance.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has funded a pilot project to assist small- and medium-size manufacturers who want to minimize their generation of hazardous waste but who lack the expertise to do so. Waste Minimization Assessment Centers (WMACs) were established at selected universities and procedures were adapted from the EPA Waste Minimization Opportunity Assessment Manual (EPA/625/7-88/003, July 1988). The WMAC team at the University of Tennessee inspected a plant making large and small outdoor signs with the use of steel channels and sheeting, plastic sheeting, paint, adhesives, electrical wiring, and hardware. The team's report, detailing their findings and recommendations, identified the greatest opportunities to minimize waste in the painting, cleaning, and letter gluing operations. The greatest savings would result from the reactivation of an unused electrostatic paintspray system. The Research Brief was developed by the principal investigators and EPA's Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, to announce key findings of an ongoing research project that is fully documented in a separate report of the same title available from the authors.
A 0.75-m3 pilot-scale biotrickling filter was run for over 1 yr in a Spanish furniture company to evaluate its performance in the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contained in the emission of two different paintspray booths. The first one was an open front booth used to manually paint furniture, and the second focus was an automatically operated closed booth operated to paint pieces of furniture. In both cases, the VOC emissions were very irregular, with rapid and extreme fluctuations. The pilot plant was operated at an empty bed residence time (EBRT) ranging from 10 to 40 sec, and good removal efficiencies of VOCs were usually obtained. When a buffering activated carbon prefilter was installed, the system performance was improved considerably, so a much better compliance with legal constraints was reached. After different shutdowns in the factory, the period to recover the previous performance of the biotrickling reactor was minimal. A weekend dehydration strategy was developed and implemented to control the pressure drop associated with excessive biomass accumulation. PMID:19728494
Research highlights: {yields} Chromates can be replaced successfully by aluminium phosphosilicate in paint systems. {yields} The solvents of the primer are eco-friendly ones. {yields} The primer adheres on galvanized steel and allows top-coating. {yields} The binder of the primer is compatible with other binders for top-coating. - Abstract: The object of this paper was to formulate a two-pack wash primer employing aluminium phosphosilicate as active anticorrosive pigment instead of basic zinc chromate. The anticorrosive action of the primer was evaluated by the polarization technique and the scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET). The exposed surface was then examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the surface composition determined by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The primer was finally integrated in a complete paint scheme whose anticorrosive performance was evaluated by the salt spray chamber and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The adhesion of the primer plus a painting system was also evaluated by standard ASTM D 3359-90 test method. The wash primer pigmented with zinc chromate was used as reference. Results indicated that basic zinc chromate could be replaced by the more eco-friendly wash-primer containing aluminium phosphosilicate.
Investigation and demonstration are explained of high corrosion-resistant surface treatment (with paint) of steel materials, and galvanization of steel plates, which will be applied to the electric power distribution materials. For the high corrosion-resistant surface treatment, two liquid types of polyurethane were used in lieu of the conventional tarepoxy and polyethylene. As they are high in viscosity, spraying was made with a high pressure pump and airless gun. Finishing was confirmed through a study of various conditions to prevent the pinhole generation. Upon actually constructing pillars, it was also confirmed that they did not peel out. As compared with the conventional paints, they excel totally in adhesive property, climatic resistivity, applicability and other evaluation. In the study of galvanization, a test-fabricated light weight arm swelled up because of defective paint adhesion. A steel tube pillar was also fabricated from galvanized steel plates. On its joint face of weld, the galvanized layer was repaired by zinc flame coating. The weld beam was sectionally observed and confirmed in a good repaired condition. A small diameter steel tube pillar and flexible steel tube were successfully test-fabricated from galvanized steel plates. 8 figs., 6 tabs.
Paint inspections were performed on 19 steel bridges. Those structures employed various high-performance sacrificial and barrier paints. Those paints were used singly and in combination. The surface preparation varied for some of those paint systems. The ...
A novel electrocatalyst painting technique for realizing an extremely high yield of deposition in a limited surface area of a polymer electrolyte membrane has been developed by electrostatic spray deposition (ESD). First, a dispersion containing Pt/C powder and Nafion solution was sprayed by ESD. As a result, the dispersion was deposited on the entire surface area of a Nafion membrane placed on an Au counterelectrode, but not on the insulating poly(ethylene terephthalete) membrane. Second, for the highest-quality Pt/C catalyst layer, the solid content of the dispersion and the ejection rate were set to 3–4 wt % and 10–20 mm3·min?1, respectively. The catalyst layer thus prepared demonstrated a fine, smooth structure. Third, in the case in which the sizes of the Nafion membrane and Au electrode were the same, the deposition occurred only on the Nafion/Au layered structure. This enabled an extremely high yield of deposition. The ESD of the Pt/C dispersion was conducted on a dry Nafion membrane with a water droplet on the surface. Consequently, an electrocatalyst layer was successfully formed only at the wetted point of the Nafion membrane. This technique enables the painting of the electrocatalyst layer over a limited area without the use of any surface masks. Finally, the membrane electrode assembly prepared by ESD was installed in a fuel cell and demonstrated as high a performance as that prepared by air-spraying. The cross-sectional morphology of the catalyst layer explained the coupling strength in the peel-off test well, as well as the dependence of current–voltage characteristics on catalyst layer thickness.
An electrocatalyst painting technique for use in a limited surface area of a polymer electrolyte membrane has been developed by employing electrostatic spray deposition (ESD). ESD is a process in which an aerosol of a solution is ejected from a metal syringe nozzle with a high applied voltage under atmosphere to obtain a thin film on the counter electrode. First, a dispersion containing Pt-loading carbon (Pt/C) powder and Nafion solution was sprayed by using the ESD technique. As a result, the dispersion was deposited over the entire surface area of a polymer electrolyte membrane of Nafion that was placed on the counter Au electrode, whereas, the dispersion was neither deposited on an electric-insulating poly(ethylene telephthalete) (PET) nor on the Nafion membrane on the PET. For the experiment, the Nafion membrane was pretreated to give it ionic conductivity. Next, a dye solution containing Rhodamine B was sprayed in the same manner, with the same result. In the case where the sizes of Nafion membrane and Au electrode were the same, the deposition only occurred on the Nafion/Au layered structure. According to these results, the aerosol generated at the syringe nozzle is introduced to the conductive area and kept away from the insulating area. Finally, for the untreated Nafion membrane on which a water droplet was placed, ESD of the Pt/C dispersion was conducted. Consequently, an electrocatalyst layer was successfully formed only at the wetted point of the Nafion membrane. This technique enables the painting of an electrocatalyst layer over a limited area without the use of any surface mask.
A novel electrocatalyst painting technique for realizing an extremely high yield of deposition in a limited surface area of a polymer electrolyte membrane has been developed by electrostatic spray deposition (ESD). First, a dispersion containing Pt/C powder and Nafion solution was sprayed by ESD. As a result, the dispersion was deposited on the entire surface area of a Nafion membrane placed on an Au counterelectrode, but not on the insulating poly(ethylene terephthalete) membrane. Second, for the highest-quality Pt/C catalyst layer, the solid content of the dispersion and the ejection rate were set to 3-4 wt % and 10-20 mm3\\cdotmin-1, respectively. The catalyst layer thus prepared demonstrated a fine, smooth structure. Third, in the case in which the sizes of the Nafion membrane and Au electrode were the same, the deposition occurred only on the Nafion/Au layered structure. This enabled an extremely high yield of deposition. The ESD of the Pt/C dispersion was conducted on a dry Nafion membrane with a water droplet on the surface. Consequently, an electrocatalyst layer was successfully formed only at the wetted point of the Nafion membrane. This technique enables the painting of the electrocatalyst layer over a limited area without the use of any surface masks. Finally, the membrane electrode assembly prepared by ESD was installed in a fuel cell and demonstrated as high a performance as that prepared by air-spraying. The cross-sectional morphology of the catalyst layer explained the coupling strength in the peel-off test well, as well as the dependence of current-voltage characteristics on catalyst layer thickness.
An electrocatalyst painting technique for use in a limited surface area of a polymer electrolyte membrane has been developed by employing electrostatic spray deposition (ESD). ESD is a process in which an aerosol of a solution is ejected from a metal syringe nozzle with a high applied voltage under atmosphere to obtain a thin film on the counter electrode. First, a dispersion containing Pt-loading carbon (Pt/C) powder and Nafion solution was sprayed by using the ESD technique. As a result, the dispersion was deposited over the entire surface area of a polymer electrolyte membrane of Nafion that was placed on the counter Au electrode, whereas, the dispersion was neither deposited on an electric-insulating poly(ethylene telephthalete) (PET) nor on the Nafion membrane on the PET. For the experiment, the Nafion membrane was pretreated to give it ionic conductivity. Next, a dye solution containing Rhodamine B was sprayed in the same manner, with the same result. In the case where the sizes of Nafion membrane and Au electrode were the same, the deposition only occurred on the Nafion/Au layered structure. According to these results, the aerosol generated at the syringe nozzle is introduced to the conductive area and kept away from the insulating area. Finally, for the untreated Nafion membrane on which a water droplet was placed, ESD of the Pt/C dispersion was conducted. Consequently, an electrocatalyst layer was successfully formed only at the wetted point of the Nafion membrane. This technique enables the painting of an electrocatalyst layer over a limited area without the use of any surface mask.
A series of tests was initiated to evaluate tin as a filler material in inorganic coatings to be used on magnesium alloys. Coatings were made based on tin powder incorporated in alkali silicate, quaternary ammonium silicate and chromate/phosphate binders. Tests were run evaluating zinc immersion, stannate, pyrophosphate, and galvanic anodize pretreatments. Salt spray testing indicated alkali silicate coatings with galvanic anodize pretreatment showed improved results. Tin-cadmium and tin-zinc alloys were tested in place of tin powder. Tests were run on ethyl silicate based coatings. Modification of alkali silicate/tin coatings were made with soluble salts to cause controlled leaching; these salts included amine salts, permanganates, and tin compounds. Strontium chromate and EDTA salts were used in primer coatings; these coatings showed some improvement in salt spray resistance. Additions of alkaline leaching materials were made consisting of magnesium oxide and aluminum hydroxide in the alkali silicate/tin coatings. When tested as primer coating with paint systems failure resulted during heat cycle/salt spray testing.
Tin compound additions to polyvinyl butyral type clear primers provided very effective corrosion inhibition when applied to magnesium-steel galvanic couples. A combination of tributyltin oxide and finely divided metallic tin dust added to the clear primer offered the best protection by increasing the corrosion resistance 90% over non-inhibited primers. A major program evaluating the most promising finishing systems developed during this and previous contracts was initiated and involved 20% salt spray, rural and marine exterior exposures. Salt spray tests again showed the advantages of tin electroplated fasteners over cadmium plate when used in conjunction with Dow No. l7 Anodizing and various paint systems. The stannate coating gave results superior to Dow No. 17 and cadmium or phosphate coated steel fastener systems. After prolonged periods of exposure at minus 40 deg , electroplated tin on steel showed a slight transformation from Beta, white tin, to Alpha, gray tin, however, salt spray tests indicated no detrimental effects in corrosion resistance. Known methods of eliminating this phenomenon include additions of impurities such as 0.1% bismuth to the metal. Weatherometer tests of LA124 alloy magnesium panels that were part of the finishing studies for the M113 hull were completed. After 650 hours exposure, the corrosion characteristics of painted and unpainted panels, with and without steel fasteners comparing Dow No. 17 anodizing and the stannate coating were very encouraging. Similar panels exposed to rural exterior atmospheres for 15 months showed the same good results with very little or no galvanic corrosion. Good paint adhesion characteristics of the stannate coating were also shown. Electrical resistivity measurements to determine the conductivity of the stannate coating showed only 8.0 microhms per square inch as compared to 7.0 microhms for bare magnesium and a high of 74,000 microhms for Dow No. 17 thin anodize. The development, improvement, and finalization of the stannate process involved considerable effort during this contract period. Several factors relating to known or expected problems such as chromate poisoning of the bath, powdery coatings, failure of steel components to coat, and pretreatment methods were explored. Steady improvements of the stannate application process were achieved and tentative processing bulletins were revised to include the new developments as they were proven. The most recent bulletin includes the best known procedures for applying the stannate coating. The operational limits of the bath, methods of analysis, a few operational difficulties that may arise, and sources of supply of chemicals are discussed. (auth)
A carrier for conveying components of a fuel cell to be sintered through a sintering furnace. The carrier comprises a metal sheet coated with a carbon-based paint, the carbon-based paint comprising an organic binder. The carbon-based paint may be an alcohol or a solvent-based paint or a water-based paint.
Abstract in english We investigated the residual efficacy of four insecticide formulations used in Chagas disease vector control campaigns: cyfluthrin 12.5% suspension concentrace (SC), lambda-cyhalothrin 10% wettable powder (WP), deltamethrin 2.5% SC, and 2.5% WP on four types of circular blocks of wood, straw with mud, straw with mud painted with lime, and mud containing 5% of cement. Three concentrations of these insecticides were tested: the LC90 (previously determined on filter paper), (more) the double of the LC90, and the recommended operational dose. For each bioassay test, 15 third-stage nymphs of Triatoma infestans (Klug) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) were exposed for 120 h to each treatment at 24 h, 30, 60, 90, and 180 days post-spraying. Mortality rates, moulting history and behaviour were recorded at 24, 48, 72, and 120 h of exposure. Mortality rates were highest during the first 30 days post-spraying. Highest mortality rates (above 50%) were observed for deltamethrin 2.5% SC and lambda-cyhalothrin 10% WP on wood blocks up to three months post-spraying. Mud was the substrate on which treatments showed lowest persistence, with the other two substrates showing intermediate residual efficacy of all treatments. During the first 30 days WP formulations were not as effective as SC flowable formulations but, overall in the longer term, WP gave grater mortality rates of T. infestans nymphs exposed at up to six months post-spraying. Porous surfaces, especially mud, showed most variability presumably due to absorption of the insecticide. In contrast the less porous surfaces (i.e. wood and lime-coated mud) kept mortality rates high for longer post-treatment, irrespective of the insecticide concentration used.
This paper reviews recent advances in enhancing boiling heat transfer from electronic components immersed in dielectric liquids by use of surface microstructures. The microstructures developed include rough surfaces produced by sanding, vapor blasting hard particles, sputtering of SiO2 followed by wet etching of the surface, chemical vapor deposition of SiO2 film etc., laser-drilled cavities, a brush-like structure (dendritic structure), reentrant and micro-reentrant cavities, microfins, and porous structures fabricated by alumina particle spraying and painting of silver flakes, diamond particles, aluminum particles and copper particles. Heat sink studs with drilled holes, microfins, multi-layered micro-channels and pores, and pin fins with and without microporous coating have also been developed. The height of microstructure ranges from 0 to 12mm. The primary issues discussed are the mitigation of temperature overshoot at boiling incipience, enhancement of nucleate boiling heat transfer and increasing the critical heat flux.
Aluminum surfaces were treated with the plasma of a dielectric barrier discharge under atmospheric pressure in air and in nitrogen. Tetraethoxysilan (TEOS) was used as the precursor for the deposition of a thin SiOx polymer film with an anticorrosive and an adhesive characteristics. The substrate temperature was varied from 25 C to 50 C. The coated aluminum surface was provided with a painting of primer. The corrosion performance of the layers was evaluated by adhesion measurements, by salt spraying test and by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The corrosion resistance of the layers depends on the substrate temperature. The results of the impedance measurements show that a surface treatment with a substrate temperature of 50 C supplies the best corrosion protection. The same results were found by using the salt spaying test.
Cellulose derivatives containing associating hydrophobic groups along their hydrophilic polysaccharide backbone are used extensively in the formulations for inks, water-borne paints, food, nasal sprays, cosmetics, insecticides, fertilizers and bio-assays to control the rheology and processing behavior of multi-component dispersions. These complex dispersions are processed and used over a broad range of shear and extensional rates. The presence of hydrophobic stickers influences the linear and nonlinear rheology of cellulose ether solutions. In this talk, we systematically contrast the difference in the shear and extensional rheology of a cellulose ether: ethy-hydroxyethyl-cellulose (EHEC) and its hydrophobically-modified analog (HMEHEC) using microfluidic shear rheometry at deformation rates up to 10^6 inverse seconds, cross-slot flow extensional rheometry and capillary break-up during jetting as a rheometric technique. Additionally, we provide a constitutive model based on fractional calculus to describe the physical gelation in HMEHEC solutions.
We present a method of using inkjet printing (IJP) to deposit catalyst materials onto gas diffusion layers (GDLs) that are made into membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) for polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEMFC). Existing ink deposition methods such as spraypainting or screen printing are not well suited for ultra low (-2) loadings. The IJP method can be used to deposit smaller volumes of water based catalyst ink solutions with picoliter precision provided the solution properties are compatible with the cartridge design. By optimizing the dispersion of the ink solution we have shown that this technique can be successfully used with catalysts supported on different carbon black (i.e. XC-72R, Monarch 700, Black Pearls 2000, etc.). Our ink jet printed MEAs with catalyst loadings of 0.020mgPt...
For preparation of steel surfaces before applying an organic coating, waterjetting is a modern, effective and environmentally friendly method. However there is a lack of data on its performance in terms of the subsequent protection afforded by the paint compared with more conventional methods. Hence previously exposed steel panels had their surfaces prepared in a variety of ways (abrasion, blasting with garnet entrained in water (10Kpsi) and waterjetting without garnet at two velocities (20Kpsi and 40Kpsi)) prior to coating with two typical maintenance coatings. These were then exposed under immersion condition in the laboratory and monitored using the DC resistance method. Another set of samples were exposed in a salt spray test in accordance with ASTM B 117 for 500h. At the end of both t...
Abstract A facile technique is demonstrated for the fabrication of super water repellent co-polymer blend-silver composite films from fatty acid surface functionalized fine silver flakes. Initially, high concentrations of surface functionalized silver flakes were dispersed in poly(vinyl chloride-co-vinyl acetate-co-vinyl alcohol) copolymer in solution to form electrically conducting adhesives/paints (ECAs) with a bulk resistivity of -3 10-5 cm. The solvent-borne ECAs were then blended with a water-dispersed perfluoromethacrylate copolymer (Zonyl 8740) using a simple solvent-inversion process to obtain super water-repellent colloidal copolymer blend-silver emulsions. The colloidal emulsions could be spray-deposited on a number of fibrous substrates including fabrics and paper. A particular ...
This research investigated the effects of basecoat (BC) bell application parameters on the appearance of automotive vehicles. A full factorial two-level DOE matrix was created to test the impact of four BC bell zone variables on appearance: flow rate, shaping air, voltage, and bell speed. Paint age was a covariate in the analysis. Panels were sprayed with waterborne BC followed by solventborne clearcoat and cured vertically at 144°C. The appearance was characterized by measuring the DOI, surface waviness, and multiangle color. Flow rate, bell speed, and shaping air were found to have the most impact on surface waviness. In addition, four interactive effects were also found to be significant. Three of these interactive effects included flow rate in combination with the other parameters. The...
This research investigated the effects of basecoat (BC) bell application parameters on the appearance of automotive vehicles. A full factorial two-level DOE matrix was created to test the impact of four BC bell zone variables on appearance: flow rate, shaping air, voltage, and bell speed. Paint age was a covariate in the analysis. Panels were sprayed with waterborne BC followed by solventborne clearcoat and cured vertically at 144?C. The appearance was characterized by measuring the DOI, surface waviness, and multiangle color. Flow rate, bell speed, and shaping air were found to have the most impact on surface waviness. In addition, four interactive effects were also found to be significant. Three of these interactive effects included flow rate in combination with the other parameters. The...
The sculptures of Canadian artist Brian Jungen are a great inspiration for a lesson on creating new forms. Jungen transforms found objects into unique creations without fully concealing their original form or purpose. Frank Stella's sculpture series, including "K.132,2007" made of stainless steel and spraypaint, is another great example of interjoined abstracted forms. This article presents a classroom activity that involves creating a still life consisting of common household objects, preferably metallic items. Teachers can invite their students to contribute to the still life with found objects that may have been recycled, broken, or discarded. Teachers will have to ask their students to visualize these objects fused together, metamorphosing into a new form. (Contains 3 online resources.)
Abstract: Chemical reactions between latent fingerprints and a variety of metal surfaces are investigated by heating the metal up to temperatures of 600degreeC after deposition of the fingerprint. Ionic salts present in the fingerprint residue corrode the metal surface to produce an image of the fingerprint that is both durable and resistant to cleaning of the metal. The degree of fingerprint enhancement appears independent of the elapsed time between deposition and heating but is very dependent on both the composition of the metal and the level of salt secretion by the fingerprint donor. Results are presented that show practical applications for the enhancement to fingerprints deposited in arson crime scenes, contaminated by spraypainting, or deposited on brass cartridge cases prior to d...
The scratch performance of powder-coated substrates depends on many factors, including the coating material and thickness, the deposition techniques, and the characteristics of the baking processes. In the present investigation, two thermoplastic (PPA571, an alloy of acid-modified polyolefins) and thermoset (TGIC-free, transparent, bronze-pigmented polyester) organic powders were deposited onto flat aluminium substrates by the 'hot dipping' fluidised bed and electrostatic spray coating technologies. In the former technology, the metal substrates were pre-heated to 300^oC before being dipped in the fluidised bed and powder coated. In the latter technology, after electrostatic painting, the coated substrates were submitted to a curing process for 20min at 170^oC to allow the formation of con...
The present contribution summarizes investigations aiming to completely model the electrostatically supported spraypainting process with high-speed rotary bells by means of CFD. In this part II, so-called external charging atomizers, where high voltage is applied to emitting electrode needles, are considered. Here, charging of the droplets takes place due to free ions produced from corona discharge at the electrodes. Part I [1] dealt with direct charging atomizers, where potential is applied directly to the rotating bell.The commercial CFD-code Fluent has been extended to account for the electrostatic field and the space charge effect due to the ions. Here, a model for the time-dependent and inhomogeneous field charging of the droplets was applied. Furthermore, the direct interaction betw...
Factors to cause accidents were investigated through a systematic analysis of leakage accidents in welded LP-gas cylinder between 1995 and 1999. As a result, It was showed that most of leakage accident occurred at the pin-hole due to the localized corrosion on welded zone in cylinder. Accordingly, in this paper, we suggested that the problems of heat treatment condition in two-piece welded cylinder and substitute proposal for preventing the tearing of T zone in three-piece welded cylinder. Furthermore, corrosion rate on the weldment and base metal of welded LP-gas cylinder was evaluated using the electrochemical tests in acid rain and 3.5%NaCl solution. Also, the poor adhesion and defects of film which was produced by electrostatic powder spraypainting, while the LP-gas cylinder was manufactured, were analyzed using SEM(Scanning Electron Microscopy). And we proposed a optimum coating thickness of the cylinder. 7 refs., 13 figs., 2 tabs.
An optical oxygen sensor was developed as a pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) to measure time-varying surface pressure in aerodynamic testing. A silica nanoparticle dispersion (slurry) was used as the binder for the sensor, with a pressure-sensitive dye dissolved in the slurry. The dye slurry was deposited onto arbitrary surfaces via spray coating. Thin porous silica films were successfully formed without any organic additives. The pressure and temperature sensitivity of common pressure-sensitive dyes platinum tetra(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin (PtTFPP)and tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II)dichloride ([Ru(dpp)3]Cl2) with a silica/toluene slurry were tested, in addition to the temporal response. The pressure sensitivity was -0.94%/kPa for PtTFPP and -0.64%/kPa for [Ru(dpp)3]^2^...
Based on interfacial convection in the presence of solvent evaporation, a novel method for the fabrication of a micro-structured surface is proposed to facilitate drag reduction. A mixture was coated on a substrate through a specially developed spray-painting system. Micron scale pits formed spontaneously in the coated surface because of interfacial convection and deformation driven by the gradient of the interfacial tension. Experimental results indicated that particles in the mixture played a crucial role in pit formation, and with a suitable selection of particle size and dosage, the characteristic parameters of the pitting could be controlled. The drag reduction experiments were first performed in a water tunnel, and the results showed that the micro-structured surface had a remarkable...
Abstract BACKGROUND: Biotrickling filtration could be considered as a suitable and viable technology for controlling the industrial emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in waste gases. In this study, the performance of a full-scale biotrickling system, including a passively activated carbon-smoothing prefilter was investigated for the treatment of exhaust gases from two different paintspray sources at a furniture facility. RESULTS: The VOC profiles were uneven for both sources, but the second source was more irregular, with highly variable VOC loads. The plant was operated at empty bed residence times (EBRTs) between 20 and 100 s. The system was able to control the VOC emissions, so air treated could comply with local legal emission limits under suitable operating conditions (EB...
The absorption of gas pollutants including CO{sub 2}, CO, NO, NO{sub 2}, SO{sub 2}, and H{sub 2}S from the exhaust of a paint recuperative oxidizer into NaOH solution has been studied using an industrial scale dynamic scrubber. Experimental results show the influence of the absorbent concentration on the pollutant removal efficiency. The best removal efficiencies of CO{sub 2}, CO, NO, NO{sub 2}, SO{sub 2}, and H{sub 2}S were 79, 80, 80, 100, 75 and 88 %, respectively, with 2 % NaOH as the absorbent. A comparison of these results with previous studies shows that the liquid-to-gas flow rate ratio (F{sub L}/F{sub G}) in this dynamic scrubber is much smaller than for traditional NaOH scrubbers and spray dryers. (Abstract Copyright [2007], Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)
As an alternative process to phosphate and chromate conversion coatings, silane pretreatment was used to improve the performance of cathodic electrophoretic coating (E-coat) on AZ31 Mg alloy in this study. The galvanic corrosion behavior of AZ31 Mg alloy with E-coat coupled with Q235 steel was investigated. Compared to bare Mg alloy and Mg alloy with conventional painting, the corrosion properties of the AZ31 Mg alloy pretreated with silane and subsequently E-coated were studied during salt solution immersion and salt spray testing. The surface morphologies of the Mg alloy were examined in detail after immersion in NaCl solution for different times using digital photography and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The corrosion current density of the specimens was characterized by DC polari...
An economic process for manufacturing of molten carbonate fuel cells was developed. This process consisted of fabricating the matrix by simply cutting it from a highly porous part with the geometry like an insulator brick, brush painting of the cathode layer followed by sintering and deposition of anode layer through thermal spray process. In order to manage the electrolyte content in the matrix and electrodes, coating of outer surfaces of the produced matrix with alumina slurry provided the required pores with small size at the interfaces with the electrodes. The polarization curves of the cells with alumina slurry coating and without it were not significantly different. The produced layer with small pores at the matrix outer surfaces caused the vaporization of the molten carbonate salt e...
Rooted in graffiti culture and its attitude toward the world, street art is regarded as a postgraffiti movement. Street art encompasses a wide array of media and techniques, such as traditional spray-painted tags, stickers, stencils, posters, photocopies, murals, paper cutouts, mosaics, street installations, performances, and video projections displayed in urban streets. It represents the desire of humans to leave traces of their existence in the public sphere. As a vernacular art form, street art, such as the work of British artist Banksy, deals with activism, reclamation, and subversion and allows artists a platform to reach a broader audience than traditional art forms. Street art can serve to engage students in critical dialogue about art and visual culture while they collectively explore the issues it raises. This Instructional Resource describes a learning unit for high school students where they can address social and political issues by studying street art, specifically the work of Banksy. (Contains 5 figures, 3 online resources and 4 endnotes.)
An improved scrubbing device suitable for use in modular paintspray booths for extracting particulate matter entrained in a gas stream. The device includes an angularly inclined flood sheet adapted to be flooded with a continuous sheet of liquid and formed with a trough having a plurality of removable venturis disposed in spaced relationship through which the gas stream passes in a manner to effect atomization of the liquid flowing therethrough for scrubbing and extracting the particulate matter in the gas stream. Each venturi can be readily removed for periodic cleaning and service as well as replacement by alternative venturi configurations to modify the scrubbing characteristics thereof consistent with changes in the type and loading of particulate matter in the gas stream thereby achieving continuous optimum operating efficiency.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) funded a project with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy (NJDEPE) to assist in conducting waste minimization assessments at 30 small- to medium-sized businesses in New Jersey. One of the sites selected was a State Department of Transportation (DOT) maintenance facility. A site visit was made in 1990 during which several opportunities for waste minimization were identified. These opportunities include antifreeze reconditioning and reuse, capture and reuse of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's) from vehicle air conditioning systems, and modified spray-painting techniques. Implementation of the identified waste minimization opportunities was not part of the program. Percent waste reduction, net annual savings, implementation costs, and payback periods were estimated.
The widespread use of solar-reflective roofing materials can save energy, mitigate urban heat islands and slow global warming by cooling the roughly 20% of the urban surface that is roofed. In this study we created prototype solar-reflective nonwhite concrete tile and asphalt shingle roofing materials using a two-layer spray coating process intended to maximize both solar reflectance and factory-line throughput. Each layer is a thin, quick-drying, pigmented latex paint based on either acrylic or a poly(vinylidene fluoride)/acrylic blend. The first layer is a titanium dioxide rutile white basecoat that increases the solar reflectance of a gray-cement concrete tile from 0.18 to 0.79, and that of a shingle surfaced with bare granules from 0.06 to 0.62. The second layer is a “cool...
A method of imparting relatively hard protective outer skins to aerogel monoliths has been developed. Even more than aerogel beads, aerogel monoliths are attractive as thermal-insulation materials, but the commercial utilization of aerogel monoliths in thermal-insulation panels has been inhibited by their fragility and the consequent difficulty of handling them. Therefore, there is a need to afford sufficient protection to aerogel monoliths to facilitate handling, without compromising the attractive bulk properties (low density, high porosity, low thermal conductivity, high surface area, and low permittivity) of aerogel materials. The present method was devised to satisfy this need. The essence of the present method is to coat an aerogel monolith with an outer polymeric skin, by painting or spraying. Apparently, the reason spraying and painting were not attempted until now is that it is well known in the aerogel industry that aerogels collapse in contact with liquids. In the present method, one prevents such collapse through the proper choice of coating liquid and process conditions: In particular, one uses a viscous polymer precursor liquid and (a) carefully controls the amount of liquid applied and/or (b) causes the liquid to become cured to the desired hard polymeric layer rapidly enough that there is not sufficient time for the liquid to percolate into the aerogel bulk. The method has been demonstrated by use of isocyanates, which, upon exposure to atmospheric moisture, become cured to polyurethane/polyurea-type coats. The method has also been demonstrated by use of commercial epoxy resins. The method could also be implemented by use of a variety of other resins, including polyimide precursors (for forming high-temperature-resistant protective skins) or perfluorinated monomers (for forming coats that impart hydrophobicity and some increase in strength).
Fluorine-based surface lubricants have become more used as die releasing agents for plastic dies recently because of the de-fleonizing trend. Surface preparation using die release painting is also being discussed. This paper describes the current statues and the trends in these agents and techniques. Die releasing agents are classified into internal surface lubricants added with resins, and external lubricants of spray type. Die releasing mechanism uses silicon and wax systems for inter-layer releasing, and fluorine based system for layer interface plus inter-layer releasing. The fluorine-based agents are more often used for use with other than addition type releasing agents. There are four types in the agents, i.e., solvent, water soluble, aerosol, and heat hardening agents. The heat hardening agent has its coating film in a net structure offering superior die releasing performance such as for easy secondary processing, reduced die contamination, high dimensional accuracy, and strong die protecting force. Processes painting die releasing agents being discussed include baking heat hardening fluorine-based agents and forming the agents in chrome plating. A large number of advantages possessed by the agents promises wide applications in the near future. 4 figs., 1 tab.
The Oregon Department of Transportation (Oregon DOT) maintains more than 120 coastal bridges; many are reinforced concrete structures over 15 m (50 ft) in length. Twelve of these bridges are historic structures. Oregon DOT is concerned about the ongoing deterioration of these bridges, rising maintenance and repair costs, and the need to protect Oregon’s large investment in coastal bridges. Over 80,000 m2 (850,000 ft2) of coastal bridge surface have been repaired and protected from further chloride-induced corrosion damage by using conductive coating anodes. Most of the anode area is thermal-sprayed (TS) Zn. Other anode materials include TS Ti, Zn-hydrogel, and conductive carbon paint. TS Zn anodes are estimated to have a service life exceeding 25 years but exhibit increasing anode polarization with age. Catalyzed TS Ti anodes develop no significant anode polarization and have exhibited stable long-term performance over 8 years of service. Galvanic Zn-hydrogel anodes produce a stable protection current with no evidence of aging effects over 6 years of service. The conductive carbon paint anode operates at a low anode current density and consumption rate with a low rate of acidification at the anode-concrete interface, which has contributed to a stable protection current over 17 years of service.
Spray-pyrolysed selective cobalt-oxide (CoO{sub x}) coatings were prepared on the surface of a bright nickel-plated copper tubular absorber for operation in conjunction with a prototype linear Fresnel reflector solar concentrator (LFRSC). Some preliminary tests were conducted to study the optical and thermal performance characteristics of the selective cobalt-oxide coated absorber in the concentrated solar flux. The tests conducted included determination of the overall heat loss coefficient U{sub L} of the absorber at temperatures from 50 to {approx} 120{sup o}C, and the optical efficiency {eta}{sub o} of the concentrator-absorber system, and measurement of the stagnation temperature of the absorber with the prototype solar concentrator. Based on the results of U{sub L} and {eta}{sub o} measurements, the thermal efficiency {eta} of the concentrator-absorber system at a working temperature of 115{sup o}C has been determined for a typical beam radiation I{sub b} of 600 W/m{sup 2}. Further, comparison of the results of this study with those obtained using a dimensionally identical black-painted absorber indicates that the performance of the selective cobalt-oxide coated absorber is considerably superior to that of an ordinary black-painted absorber. (author).
...C. to 324 A.D. 2. Tomb Paintings--Paintings on plaster or stone, sometimes...C. to 500 A.D. 3. Panel Paintings on wood depicting gods, goddesses...Vessels - Containers for holy water. 4. Reliefs--Carved as...
...Renovation, Repair and Painting Activities in Target...renovation, repair and painting program in accordance...and Pesticides Branch, Water, Wetlands, and Pesticides...and Pesticides Branch, Water, Wetlands, and Pesticides...renovation, repair and painting program in...
...Repair, 2070-AJ56 and Painting Program for Public and...Renovation, Repair, and Painting Program...Clean Water Act--Proposed Rule...Renovation, Repair, and Painting Program (RRP) rule...AGENCY (EPA) Clean Water Act Proposed Rule...
...refrigerator), shades and screens, water heaters, heating equipment...also includes all interior painting and maintenance of the grounds...replacement of roof, exterior painting, major repairs to heating...tile flooring, exterior painting, etc.), (2)...
...necessary to facilitate bridge painting operations at the bridge...They are also available for inspection or copying at the Docket Management...deviation to facilitate bridge painting operations. On January 27...duration to facilitate bridge painting. As a result of severe...
...Renovation, Repair and Painting Rule Program can be...renovation, repair and painting (RRP) requirements...testing; clearance, inspection, hazard screen, risk...waste. Final visual inspection and post renovation...renovation, repair and painting program, and/or...
...is necessary to facilitate painting operations at the bridge...They are also available for inspection or copying at the Docket Management...closed position to facilitate painting operations at the bridge...April 15, 2011, for bridge painting. Vessels that can pass...
...deviation is necessary for bridge painting. This deviation allows the...They are also available for inspection or copying at the Docket Management...deviation to facilitate bridge painting operations. A two-hour...openings. In addition, the painting operation work will...
...to facilitate cleaning and painting operations of the double-leaf...They are also available for inspection or copying at the Docket Management...to facilitate cleaning and painting of the lift spans. Under...vessels. The cleaning and painting require immobilizing...
...Renovation, Repair and Painting Rule becomes effective...renovation, repair and painting (RRP) requirements...testing; clearance, inspection, hazard screen, risk...waste. Final visual inspection and post renovation...renovation, repair and painting program, and/or...
...23 Specifications for painting and lighting antenna structures...must conform to the FAA's painting and lighting recommendations...contain FAA recommendations for painting and lighting structures...Circulars listed are available for inspection at the Commission...
...paint which means the use of Halloysite Microtubules for the elution of any and all substances in paints, sealers, fillers, varnishes, shellac, polyurethane coatings, and any and all ``paint-like'' coatings applied in liquid form to any and all...
Waterborne paints are used to paint pavement markings (edgelines and centerlines) to provide guidance for motorists. The painted markings need to be repainted periodically as their retro-reflectivity deteriorates. The Indiana Department of Transportation ...
Paints contain pigments, pulverulent materials, binders, volatile constituents and additives. Paints wastes come from production, application and regeneration of dirty solvents. In 1992 and 1993 regulations on painting sludges and on volatile organic compounds fix pollutants maximum threshold in paint wastes storage. In 1986 one agreement decreases the average content of solvents in paints. Most important part of these wastes are incinerated, some paints sludges are treated for recycling or energy recovery in cement industry. 9 refs., 3 tabs.
This report assesses the impact of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S. C. 7401 et seq.; P.L. 95-95), and of Army regulations on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in particular, on Corps of Engineers painting specification. The researchers reviewed the paints specified in CEGS-09900, General Painting, CW-09940, Painting: Hydraulic Structures and Appurtenant Works, and CE-R-09.2, Painting, and found that many paints did not comply with restrictive regulations on VOC content. For each of these paints, the VOC content is given, and is given, and alternate, compliant paints are suggested.
Of the estimated 60,000 tonnes of household hazardous wastes (HHW) generated each year in Canada, ca 70% consist of surface coatings. Alkyd and latex waste paints represent 80% of the surface coating waste. To explore the potential of recycling waste paints, Laidlaw Environmental Services initiated a waste paint recycling program in 1989. Results indicated that ca 80% of alkyd and latex waste paints can be recovered and converted to recycled paint products. Over 200,000 liters of waste paint were processed and evaluated, and the quality of the recycled and blended paints was compared against high- and low-quality standard commercial paints. Field application trials were also performed on various substrates. No significant performance differences were observed between recycled paints and virgin commercial paints. The production trials were then expanded into a large-volume commercial operation, with commissioning completed in fall 1992. In this facility, paint containers are unpacked and sorted, and then fed into one of five paint processors. The steel from the paint containers is compressed and formed into dense billets. The facility is designed to produce 1.5 million l/y of base paint stock, or 4% of the annual volume of paint sold in Ontario. The stock is sold to a paint manufacturer for transformation into a number of paint products that can be priced competitively with regular paints. Latex products are now being offered, and alkyd products are expected to be available soon. 1 fig., 2 tabs.
Aerosols generated by epoxy spraypainting consist of droplets containing partially-cured mixtures of epoxy resins and curing agents, as well as pigments, solvents and diluents. A sampling and analytical method has been developed to measure the epoxy content of these aerosols. The method collects the aerosol in a midget impinger containing dimethyl formamide, which inhibits the curing reaction between the epoxy and curing agent, preserving the unreacted epoxy functional groups present in the aerosol. The impinger contents are analyzed by reacting the epoxy with an excess of bromide generated in situ from tetraethylammonium bromide, and measuring the unreacted bromide in the reaction mixture by normal pulse polarography. The precision and accuracy of the method have been evaluated using a pure epoxy resin as a model compound. The method was applied to aerosols containing mixtures of epoxy resin and amine curing agents in various degrees of cure, to aerosols containing large quantities of nonepoxy compounds, and to aerosols of epoxy surface coatings. The method is capable of precise and accurate measurement of epoxide functionality, and it applicable to the measurement of epoxy-containing aerosols in spray finishing operations.
An investigation was made of health problems at the MonArk Boat Company, Monticello, Arkansas. MonArk manufactured aluminum and fiberglass boats. About 200 hourly production workers were employed at the site. Fiberglass-reinforced plastic-resin hulls were sprayed with a gel coat consisting of vinyl ester or polyester resins containing free styrene monomer and methyl ethyl ketone peroxide catalyst. Average exposures during the work shift to styrene vapor did not exceed recommended limits, but there were short-term exposures of 114 to 250 parts per million (ppm). Exposures to 13 micrograms/cubic meter (microg/mT) of chromates and 160 ppm of toluene exceeded recommended limits in the spraypainting area of the aluminum fishing boat facility. Exposures to methylene bisphenyl isocyanate(MBI) at 0.21 to 0.57mg/mT exceeded the OSHA limit of 0.2mg/mT. Methylene-bis(4-cyclohexylisocyanate) was found at 0.7 to 3.1mg/mT. An organotin concentration of 0.38mg/m3 was found during a 49-minute period. The author concludes that health hazards exist from exposures to styrene, chromates, toluene, isocyanates, and possibly organotin. The author recommends that efforts be made to improve use of personal protective equipment, educate the employees to the dangers, improve ventilation practices, and institute a medical surveillance program.
A study was made about the resistance to mold of the water soluble fluororesin for the purpose of applying it to building work. Specimens were built by applying a water soluble fluororesin, and various other resins for comparison, to asbestos slates. Methods used for testing were the method of spraying spore suspension to the specimen on an agar (JIS method), of burying a specimen in an agar and applying the spore suspension only to the agar (modified JIS method), of spraying the spore suspension and inorganic salt nourishment to a specimen placed in a petri dish (JSTM method), and of applying the spore suspension and inorganic salt nourishment to a specimen placed in a petri dish (modified JSTM method). It was found that much mold grows on a paint composed of phthalic resin and synthesized resin. A little mold grows on solvent soluble acryl resin or solvent soluble fluororesin. No mold grows on a water soluble fluororesin or an acryl emulsion (with anti-mold agent added thereto). The modified JIS method is an appropriate evaluating method. The modified JSTM method is also an appropriate evaluating method because it suppresses repellency of water from the specimen surface. 15 figs., 3 tabs.
Electrostatic atomization has been utilized in applications such as electrostatic printing, paintspraying, thin-film coating, production of ultrafine powders, and control of fuel spraying. Electrostatic emulsification of insulating and/or viscous liquids which have been impossible to disperse by ordinary methods was studied using a liquid/distilled-water system. A dc potential was applied to a capillary nozzle to produce droplets. The size of the droplets decreased with increasing potential. The mean droplet diameter (corresponding to the applied potential) could be varied over a wide range (from several mm to [mu]m). A very fine cloudy emulsion (mean diameter of c.a. 5 [mu]m) having a narrow size distribution was obtained by applying approximately -3500 V to the nozzle. In the case of liquids with low viscosity, i.e., kerosene and carbon tetrachloride, droplets were produced regularly from the cusp of the meniscus formed at the nozzle tip. On the other hand, for castor oil, a highly viscous liquid, a liquid thread was drawn out from the meniscus and then disintegrated into small droplets. The mean diameter of the caster oil droplets was larger (one order of magnitude) than that of the low viscosity kerosene at the same applied potential.
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has funded a pilot project to assist small and medium-size manufacturers who want to minimize their generation of waste but who lack the expertise to do so. In an effort to assist these manufacturers Waste Minimization Assessment Centers (WMACs) were established at selected universities and procedures were adapted from the EPA Waste Minimization Opportunity Assessment Manual (EPA/625/7-88/003, July 1988). That document has been superseded by the Facility Pollution Prevention Guide (EPA/600/R-92/088, May 1992). The WMAC team at Colorado state University performed an assessment at a plant that manufacturers wooden kitchen and bathroom cabinets. Components purchased from vendors are prepared for production through cutting, sanding, and routing operations. Stain, sealer, and top-coat are applied in separate spray booths. After the final coating, the components are dried and assembled. The assessment team`s report, detailing findings and recommendations, indicated that paint sludge from the spray booth water curtains is generated in a large amount and that significant cost savings could be achieved by dewatering the sludge before it is shipped offsite for disposal and reusing the water. This Research Brief was developed by the principal investigators and EPA`s National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, to announce key findings of an ongoing research project that is fully documented in a separate report of the same title available from University City Science Center.
In the construction of Shinjuku Center Building(53 storied above ground and coated over 47700m[sup 2]) completed in the end of 1988, a robot for coating the exterior wall of skyscraper accomplished as a result of research and development continued since 1984 was used. The present report outlines the progress ranging from the design of this machine to its construction results. The total system of the machine consists of a robot section running spray guns for coating, a roof car section suspending and moving the robot section up and down and a paint supply section. The robot section has eight spray guns and is put in a hood for preventing mist scatter. The guns can swivel and coat the same area from different angles so as to coat the wall surface of cracked stone pattern with complex unevenness without any uncoated area. The hood is in close contact with the wall surface through a teflon pad to completely prevent the scatter of drops onto window glass or other circumferential sections. The design perfectly considers safety mechanism and achieved drastic reduction of construction term and labor-saving. 4 refs., 6 figs., 2 tabs.
Each of the three 16 kton ICAL detector modules at the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) will use RPCs as the active element, sandwiched between 6 cm thick soft iron plates, for measurements on atmospheric neutrinos. The electrodes of the RPC are float glass sheets having a volume resistivity of about 10{sup 12}-10{sup 13} {omega} cm (at room temperature) covered with carbon/graphite or a conductive paint with a surface resistivity of {approx}800 k{omega}/square to 1 M{omega}/square to apply high voltage on the glass surface, so that this surface does not shield the discharge signal from the external pickup plates and is small compared to the resistivity of the glass to provide a uniform potential across the entire surface. We initially coated the surface with locally available graphite powder, mixed with lacquer and thinner, and were able to get a few hundred k{omega}/square resistivity. However, we observed a drastic reduction in surface resistivity with time and it came unstuck from the glass. Subsequently a conductive paint developed by Kansai-Nerolac was used. This paint uses modified acrylic resin as binder, conductive black pigment and solvents, which include aromatic hydrocarbons and alcohols. At room temperature, the surface dries in 10 minutes, while complete drying takes {approx}18 hours. The spraying is done at a pressure of 4 kg/cm{sup 2} with the glass plate kept at a distance of 8-10 in. Using this paint, we are able to achieve the required resistance of {approx} few hundred k{omega}/square. We still need to study the long term stability and best curing method. We need to automate the procedure to get a uniform coat and to coat a large number of glasses for the final detector. While robotic systems are available abroad costing about 5 000 000 rupees, we are exploring other alternatives. In particular, we are in the process of developing a polyester film, with a conductive coating on one side, which can be glued on to the glass. The coating was done using on a local commercial screen printing machine (Grafica Flextronica, Vasai, India) using the screen printing ink viz. CARBO PASTE DC-1000M and DC-20 (Dozen Tech, Korea). A surface resistivity of a few hundred k{omega}/square was obtained on a 100 mm thick polyester sheet of dimension 0.7 Mx1.2 M. Curing was done for {approx}30 minutes at 150 deg. C. We are planning to test this film on a glass RPC very soon.
Each of the three 16 kton ICAL detector modules at the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) will use RPCs as the active element, sandwiched between 6 cm thick soft iron plates, for measurements on atmospheric neutrinos. The electrodes of the RPC are float glass sheets having a volume resistivity of about 1012-1013 ? cm (at room temperature) covered with carbon/graphite or a conductive paint with a surface resistivity of ˜800 k?/square to 1 M?/square to apply high voltage on the glass surface, so that this surface does not shield the discharge signal from the external pickup plates and is small compared to the resistivity of the glass to provide a uniform potential across the entire surface. We initially coated the surface with locally available graphite powder, mixed with lacquer and thinner, and were able to get a few hundred k?/square resistivity. However, we observed a drastic reduction in surface resistivity with time and it came unstuck from the glass. Subsequently a conductive paint developed by Kansai-Nerolac was used. This paint uses modified acrylic resin as binder, conductive black pigment and solvents, which include aromatic hydrocarbons and alcohols. At room temperature, the surface dries in 10 minutes, while complete drying takes ˜18 hours. The spraying is done at a pressure of 4 kg/cm2 with the glass plate kept at a distance of 8-10 in. Using this paint, we are able to achieve the required resistance of ˜ few hundred k?/square. We still need to study the long term stability and best curing method. We need to automate the procedure to get a uniform coat and to coat a large number of glasses for the final detector. While robotic systems are available abroad costing about 5 000 000 rupees, we are exploring other alternatives. In particular, we are in the process of developing a polyester film, with a conductive coating on one side, which can be glued on to the glass. The coating was done using on a local commercial screen printing machine (Grafica Flextronica, Vasai, India) using the screen printing ink viz. CARBO PASTE DC-1000M and DC-20 (Dozen Tech, Korea). A surface resistivity of a few hundred k?/square was obtained on a 100 mm thick polyester sheet of dimension 0.7 M×1.2 M. Curing was done for ˜30 minutes at 150 °C. We are planning to test this film on a glass RPC very soon.
Over the last decades the notion of what painting is has been considerably widened due to intermediality, i.e. crossovers between artistic media such as painting and sculpture, painting and photography, painting and installation, painting and performance etc. This paper suggests that the transformation of the discipline of painting into an expanded field has not only liberated painting from its ties to its traditional repertoire of materials and modes of representation. It has also released a tremendous potential for image making that takes painting as a point of departure but moves beyond the limitations of dialogic intermedia into the field of transdisciplinary aesthetics. In support of my argument, I turn to the concept of remediation as it was first applied in new media theory by Jay David Bolter and Richard Grusin. The ambition is to develop an apprehension of painting not as an artistic artifact or 'medium-specific' practice, but as a critical remediating process - painting as remediated painting. establishes its own separate space of cultural meaning. Secondly, it defines painting as active, performative and migrant. It suggests that today painting is active as a cultural force, not just as fine art. In order to substantiate these claims, the paper analyses works by some contemporary Northern European artists. What could be gained from this reconceptualisation of the expanded field of painting? Firstly, it introduces an apprehension of painting that starts from the transdisciplinary potential of painting instead of its historical disciplinarity and the attendant assumption that, as a discipline, painting functions independently and
The widespread use of solar-reflective roofing materials can save energy, mitigate urban heat islands and slow global warming by cooling the roughly 20% of the urban surface that is roofed. In this study we created prototype solar-reflective nonwhite concrete tile and asphalt shingle roofing materials using a two-layer spray coating process intended to maximize both solar reflectance and factory-line throughput. Each layer is a thin, quick-drying, pigmented latex paint based on either acrylic or a poly(vinylidene fluoride)/acrylic blend. The first layer is a titanium dioxide rutile white basecoat that increases the solar reflectance of a gray-cement concrete tile from 0.18 to 0.79, and that of a shingle surfaced with bare granules from 0.06 to 0.62. The second layer is a 'cool' color topcoat with weak near-infrared (NIR) absorption and/or strong NIR backscattering. Each layer dries within seconds, potentially allowing a factory line to pass first under the white spray, then under the color spray. We combined a white basecoat with monocolor topcoats in various shades of red, brown, green and blue to prepare 24 cool color prototype tiles and 24 cool color prototypes shingles. The solar reflectances of the tiles ranged from 0.26 (dark brown; CIELAB lightness value L* = 29) to 0.57 (light green; L* = 76); those of the shingles ranged from 0.18 (dark brown; L* = 26) to 0.34 (light green; L* = 68). Over half of the tiles had a solar reflectance of at least 0.40, and over half of the shingles had a solar reflectance of at least 0.25.
The widespread use of solar-reflective roofing materials can save energy, mitigate urban heat islands and slow global warming by cooling the roughly 20% of the urban surface that is roofed. In this study we created prototype solar-reflective nonwhite concrete tile and asphalt shingle roofing materials using a two-layer spray coating process intended to maximize both solar reflectance and factory-line throughput. Each layer is a thin, quick-drying, pigmented latex paint based on either acrylic or a poly(vinylidene fluoride)/acrylic blend. The first layer is a titanium dioxide rutile white basecoat that increases the solar reflectance of a gray-cement concrete tile from 0.18 to 0.79, and that of a shingle surfaced with bare granules from 0.06 to 0.62. The second layer is a ''cool'' color topcoat with weak near-infrared (NIR) absorption and/or strong NIR backscattering. Each layer dries within seconds, potentially allowing a factory line to pass first under the white spray, then under the color spray. We combined a white basecoat with monocolor topcoats in various shades of red, brown, green and blue to prepare 24 cool colored prototype tiles and 24 cool colored prototypes shingles. The solar reflectances of the tiles ranged from 0.26 (dark brown; CIELAB lightness value L{sup *}=29) to 0.57 (light green; L{sup *}=76); those of the shingles ranged from 0.18 (dark brown; L{sup *}=26) to 0.34 (light green; L{sup *}=68). Over half of the tiles had a solar reflectance of at least 0.40, and over half of the shingles had a solar reflectance of at least 0.25. (author)
High strength aluminum alloys are used in aerospace industry and are normally coated to prevent corrosion. The corrosion protection of the coatings is mainly provided by pigmented-primer layer. Strontium chromate pigments are widely used, but they are toxic and carcinogenic. The objective of the current study is to develop and characterize the ion exchange compounds bentonite and hydrotalcite as corrosion inhibiting pigments. These compounds were synthesized with different cations and anions, and were used either alone or in mixtures as particulate additive in organic coatings. In coating applications as well as bulk solution, the inhibitor release mechanism is based on ion exchange. To evaluate corrosion inhibition, pigments extract solutions were used in potentiodynamic polarization as well as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) experiments on bare aluminum alloy 2024-T3. Cathodic polarization showed that zinc- and cerium-containing filtrate solutions modestly inhibited cathodic current density. These solutions also decreased the extent of pitting damage formed on the surface, as compared to uninhibited 0.5 M NaCl solution. Pigments were also added as primer additives, and painted on AA2024-T3. The coated panels were then subjected to salt spray exposure testing. The possibility of sensing inhibitor exhaustion by means of X-ray diffraction interrogation of the pigment in a coating is demonstrated and discussed on cerium bentonite-pigmented coatings. Although cerium bentonite-pigmented coatings did not show behavior indicative of self-healing, the combination of bentonite and hydrotalcite that released Ce3+, Zn 2+, and PO43- showed potent scribe protection even after 3000 h exposure in salt spray. Promising self-healing was also demonstrated by pigments that consisted of decavanadate-hydrotalcite and zinc pyrovanadate, as indicated by a shiny scribed area after 1000h exposure in salt spray. When these pigments are used, blistering is minimized.
A paint that warns of radiological or chemical substances comprising a paint operatively connected to the surface, an indicator material carried by the paint that provides an indication of the radiological or chemical substances, and a thermo-activation material carried by the paint. In one embodiment, a method of warning of radiological or chemical substances comprising the steps of painting a surface with an indicator material, and monitoring the surface for indications of the radiological or chemical substances. In another embodiment, a paint is operatively connected to a vehicle and an indicator material is carried by the paint that provides an indication of the radiological or chemical substances.
A paint that warns of radiological or chemical substances comprising a paint operatively connected to the surface, an indicator material carried by the paint that provides an indication of the radiological or chemical substances, and a thermo-activation material carried by the paint. In one embodiment, a method of warning of radiological or chemical substances comprising the steps of painting a surface with an indicator material, and monitoring the surface for indications of the radiological or chemical substances. In another embodiment, a paint is operatively connected to a vehicle and an indicator material is carried by the paint that provides an indication of the radiological or chemical substances.
This research project was conducted at the National Nuclear Security Administration's Kansas City Plant, operated by Honeywell Federal Manufacturing and Technologies, in conjunction with the Safety Sciences Department of Central Missouri State University, to compare relative removal efficiencies of three wipe sampling techniques currently used at Department of Energy facilities. Efficiencies of removal of beryllium contamination from typical painted surfaces were tested by wipe sampling with dry Whatman 42 filter paper, with water-moistened (Ghost Wipe) materials, and by methanol-moistened wipes. Test plates were prepared using 100 mm X 15 mm Pyrex Petri dishes with interior surfaces spraypainted with a bond coat primer. To achieve uniform deposition over the test plate surface, 10 ml aliquots of solution containing 1 beryllium and 0.1 ml of metal working fluid were transferred to the test plates and subsequently evaporated. Metal working fluid was added to simulate the slight oiliness common on surfaces in metal working shops where fugitive oil mist accumulates over time. Sixteen test plates for each wipe method (dry, water, and methanol) were processed and sampled using a modification of wiping patterns recommended by OSHA Method 125G. Laboratory and statistical analysis showed that methanol-moistened wipe sampling removed significantly more (about twice as much) beryllium/oil-film surface contamination as water-moistened wipes (p< 0.001), which removed significantly more (about twice as much) residue as dry wipes (p <0.001). Evidence for beryllium sensitization via skin exposure argues in favor of wipe sampling with wetting agents that provide enhanced residue removal efficiency.
This research project was conducted at the National Nuclear Security Administration's Kansas City Plant, operated by Honeywell Federal Manufacturing and Technologies, in conjunction with the Safety Sciences Department of Central Missouri State University, to compare relative removal efficiencies of three wipe sampling techniques currently used at Department of Energy facilities. Efficiencies of removal of beryllium contamination from typical painted surfaces were tested by wipe sampling with dry Whatman 42 filter paper, with water-moistened (Ghost Wipe) materials, and by methanol-moistened wipes. Test plates were prepared using 100 mm X 15 mm Pyrex Petri dishes with interior surfaces spraypainted with a bond coat primer. To achieve uniform deposition over the test plate surface, 10 ml aliquots of solution containing 1 beryllium and 0.1 ml of metal working fluid were transferred to the test plates and subsequently evaporated. Metal working fluid was added to simulate the slight oiliness common on surfaces in metal working shops where fugitive oil mist accumulates over time. Sixteen test plates for each wipe method (dry, water, and methanol) were processed and sampled using a modification of wiping patterns recommended by OSHA Method 125G. Laboratory and statistical analysis showed that methanol-moistened wipe sampling removed significantly more (about twice as much) beryllium/oil-film surface contamination as water-moistened wipes (p< 0.001), which removed significantly more (about twice as much) residue as dry wipes (p <0.001). Evidence for beryllium sensitization via skin exposure argues in favor of wipe sampling with wetting agents that provide enhanced residue removal efficiency.
Abstract in spanish Este estudio analizó la aceptación por la comunidad de dos nuevas técnicas de control de los vectores de la enfermedad de Chagas: la pintura insecticida y los botes de fumigación. Ambas fueron comparadas con la tradicional pulverización con fenitrotión. Entre agosto y noviembre de 1992, un año después de la aplicación inicial de los tratamientos, se realizó en una zona endémica del centro de Honduras un estudio experimental de campo para determinar la aceptaci? (more) ?n de las nuevas técnicas por parte de la población cuyas casas fueron tratadas y por parte del personal que aplicó los tratamientos. El tamaño de la muestra se calculó de acuerdo con un protocolo uniforme aplicado en seis países de América Latina. Se encuestaron 651 cabezas de familia de 15 comunidades rurales y se utilizaron grupos de enfoque para obtener información sobre los motivos que llevaron a los participantes a aceptar o rechazar los tratamientos utilizados; en estos grupos, además de los cabezas de familia, también participaron los trabajadores de campo que aplicaron los tratamientos. Los resultados obtenidos revelaron que la pintura insecticida tenía un bajo nivel de aceptación por la comunidad (28,2%); a los trabajadores les gustaba muy poco por los problemas relacionados con su transporte, aplicación, olor desagradable y muy baja efectividad frente a los triatominos y otros insectos. El insecticida tradicional fue más aceptable tanto para la comunidad (93,9%) como para los trabajadores, sobre todo por su potente efecto frente a los triatominos y otros insectos. Para incrementar la aceptación de la pintura insecticida sería necesario hacer más fácil su transporte y aplicación e incrementar su efectividad. Debido a su muy baja efectividad, los botes de fumigación no representaron una alternativa aceptable para el control de los triatominos. Una iniciativa de educación pública debería ser un componente de cualquier nuevo método de control que se desarrolle. Abstract in english This study assessed public acceptance for two new vectorial control techniques for Chagas' disease: insecticidal paint and fumigant canisters. The study compared the two with traditional fenitrothion insecticide spraying. An experimental field study was performed in an endemic area of central Honduras from August to November 1992, a year after the initial application of the treatments. The objectives of the study were to determine the acceptability of the tools on the par (more) t of the population whose homes were treated, and on the part of the personnel applying the treatments. The sample size was drawn up according to a uniform protocol applied in six Latin American countries. For this study a total of 651 persons were surveyed in 15 rural communities. Along with the surveys, focus groups were used to collect information to learn the reasons for accepting or rejecting particular treatments. The survey was done with heads of households. Focus groups were done with heads of households and also with the field operators who applied the treatments. The research showed that insecticidal paint had a low level of community acceptance (28.8%). Field operators strongly disliked the paint because of problems with its transport, application, unpleasant smell, and very low effectiveness against triatomines and pest insects. The traditional insecticide was more acceptable to the community (93.9%) and to the field operators, especially for its strong effect against the triatomines and pest insects. The results showed that in order to increase the public acceptance for insecticidal paint, it would be necessary to make the paint easier to transport and apply and to increase its effectiveness. Because of their very low effectiveness, fumigant canisters did not represent an acceptable alternative for triatomine vector control. A public educational effort should be a component of any new control method developed.
It is already known that polyaniline (an electroactive polymer) functions as a corrosion inhibitor for steel and in view of the fact that it is known to perform in the presence of hydrochloric acid, it has been considered likely that it may be useful to NASA for protecting launch structures at KSC which are exposed to not only continual ocean-side salt spray but also to hydrochloric acid at the times that solid-fuel boosters are fired. The currently used zinc-rich silicate-bonded coating is not wholly protective against the hydrochloric acid. Water pollution from zinc salts is another concern. Other earlier and concurrent NASA sponsored projects have been focussed on polyaniline specifically. Our project, administered for NASA by Dr. K. Thompson of KSC and these more-specifically polyaniline-related projects are included in a CRADA coordinated by Dr. F. Via of Akzo Nobel. A parallel project at Polytechnic under Prof K. Levon concentrated more specifically on polyaniline with various dopants. Our exploratory project reported herein was aimed at broadening the range of such corrosion inhibitors, to give protective paint compounders a wider latitude for adding corrosion inhibitors having polyaniline-like performance, and thus we diverged in several probing directions from polyaniline. Our working hypothesis was that physical variants of polyaniline, such as supported formulations on pigments or carriers, and chemical variants of polyaniline, including those having no electroconductive character, may have enhanced anticorrosion activity. We also hypothesized that small (non-polymeric) molecules having structures related to those occurring in polyaniline, may be active as corrosion inhibitors. We did preliminary testing, using an ASTM salt spray method at a nearby commercial paint testing laboratory. Our most interesting findings were that a non-electroconductive meta-isomer of polyaniline showed some corrosion activity, suggesting that the features of the polyaniline molecule associated with conductivity are not necessary for the anticorrosion action. Also, signtficantly, small molecular weight aromatic diamines and diimines resembling the reduced and the oxidized repeating unit in polyaniline showed an interesting degree of anticorrosive activity, suggesting that the polymeric feature of polyaniline is not necessary for anticorrosion action.
Abstract in portuguese A indústria automóvel está cada vez mais exigente, sendo portanto fundamental aprofundar e melhorar os seus processos de pintura. Com vista a garantir um melhor desempenho na protecção anticorrosiva, neste trabalho procurou utilizar-se alternativas aos substratos vulgarmente usados na pintura a pó (aço, alumínio e aço galvanizado), como é o caso do aço inoxidável. Sabendo à partida que a vulgar fosfatação utilizada no pré-tratamento químico dos substratos (more) de ferro, não é adequada para o aço inoxidável, uma vez que não permite obter um revestimento com boa aderência e boa protecção anticorrosiva a longo prazo, recorreu-se a um recente tipo de pré-tratamento químico na área da pintura automóvel à base de silanos. Este trabalho teve como objectivo final a obtenção de um bom revestimento para peças de aço inoxidável, tanto em termos de aderência como em termos de uma boa protecção anticorrosiva. Para a avaliação do comportamento anticorrosivo, foram utilizados ensaios de envelhecimento artificial acelerado, como é o caso de exposição em câmara de nevoeiro salino e em câmara de humidade. A caracterização física do revestimento foi realizada avaliando a sua aderência ao substrato pelo método da quadrícula e a sua dureza pela resistência ao risco. Complementarmente, foram realizados outros ensaios, nomeadamente a resistência ao ensaio fervente, observação visual e microscópica. Abstract in english Automotive industry is nowadays more and more demanding, basically involving the deepening and technological of its painting processes. So that, to a better performance in the anticorrosive protection is achieved, in this work are considered alternatives to the substrates commonly used in the powder painting (steel, aluminium and galvanized steel), such as the case of stainless steel. As common fosfatation process used in the chemical pre-treatment of iron substrates, is (more) well known to be unsuitable for stainless steel because it does not lead to a coating with good adhesion and good anticorrosive protection properties, a recent chemical pre-treatment silane based, used in automotive painting, was applied. Getting a good coating of stainless steel parts, is the aim of this work, ensuring a good adhesion a anticorrosive protection of the coating to the substrate. Accelerated weathering, like salt spray and high humidity tests, were used to evaluate the anticorrosive behaviour. Physical characterization of the coating was performed through the evaluation of both, its adhesion to the substrate by cross cut test method and its hardness by scratch resistance test. Other complementary tests were also used, such as the resistance to boiling water, together with visual and microscopic inspections.
This article discusses methods for corrosion protection of mine shaft construction elements used in the Voroshilovgradugol' coal mines. Chemical properties of mine water in the Voroshilovgradugol' mines are investigated: pH level ranges from 6.8 to 8.6, the mineral content in water ranges from 1500 to 2400 mg/dm/SUP/3. The mean corrosion rate of steel elements in mine shafts ranges from 0.2 to 0.3 mm/years. Methods of corrosion protection by paints are evaluated. The following paints are described: the EhF-094 ground paint, and the KhS-759, KhV.774 and EhF-1219 paints. The following aspects are discussed: painting, drying, number of paint layers, methods for testing paint protection quality, layer thickness, paint composition, types of hardeners. Protective influence of paints is evaluated.
This paper has the purpose to inspect differences regarding impression evaluation and eye movement by comparing characteristic expression as elements in abstract paintings. Malewitsch's paintings which emphasize oblique lines and inclined rectangles elicited impression evaluations such as “hard”, “irritable”, “dynamic” and “exciting”. Mondrian's paintings which emphasize vertical and horizontal line elicited impression evaluations such as “cheerful” and “light”. Rothko's paintings which are obscure outlines elicited impression evaluations such as “mild”, “comfortable”, “relaxing”, “static” and “tedious”. Paintings that have clear vertical and horizontal lines elicit a trend toward higher mean line-of-sight velocity. Paintings that have many distinctive expression elements elicit large frequency of long gaze point. This study indicates that vertical lines, horizontal lines, oblique lines, obscure outlines, and other expression elements in abstract paintings are influencing factors for impression evaluation and eye movement. This suggests that mutual interactions of components that constitute paintings cannot be disregarded. This study is inspection of common impression and perception caused by appreciation of paintings.
Weatherig resistance was evaluated through accelerated weathering tests by a Sunshine Weather Meter for the outer coating use ordinary temperature drying type high weathering resistance paint. The gloss retention is the most suitably applied index to evaluate the weathering resistance. The best weathering resistance paint was two kinds of fluoric resin paint which was based on fluoroethylene/vinylether copolymer, and NAD of that copolymer and acryl. The best weathering resistance silicic paint was acrylsilic resin paint. As for the high weathering resistance paint, it was confirmed that the acrylsilic resin paint was three times as high in gloss retention as the urethane resin paint for the outer coating use generalized purpose. It was also done that the fluoric resin paint was further higher in it even than the acrylsilic resin paint. As for all the kinds of resin paint, it was confirmed that the hard type paint excelled the soft type paint in weathering resistance. Moreover on specimens coated with the same type of resin paint, acceleration properties were compared by using the four other different accelerated weathering testers than the above Meter. 6 refs., 30 figs., 3 tabs.
There are several methods to produce solar absorbers, and one cheap alternative is painted absorbers, preferably painted with a spectrally selective paint. The optical properties of Thickness Sensitive Spectrally Selective (TSSS) paints are, however, limited by the thickness of the paint layer. In this study it is shown that the solar absorptance of two commercial TSSS paints can be increased between 0.01 and 0.02 units with an antireflection treatment using a silicon dioxide layer deposited from silica-gel. It was found that the thermal emittance (100 C) did not change significantly after the treatment. (author)
This book covers the coating field from the latest industry developments to current energy and pollution regulations. It explains the composition of coatings, how they are prepared and applied and the factors that control their ultimate performance. The author discusses the synthesis of polymeric binders, industrial resins, pigments, paints and paint properties, types of coatings, and new technologies. CONTENTS: Binders: Synthesis of Polymeric Binders; Industrial Resins; Pigments; Paints and Paint Properties: Pigment Dispersion; Surface Preparation and Paint Application; Paint Properties and Their Evaluation; Types of Coatings; New Technolgies.
Over the years as building and equipment surfaces became contaminated with low levels of uranium or plutonium dust, coats of paint were applied to stabilize the contaminants in place. Most of the earlier paint used was lead-based paint. More recently, various non-lead-based paints, such as two-part epoxy, are used. For D&D (decontamination and decommissioning), it is desirable to remove the paints or other coatings rather than having to tear down and dispose of the entire building. This report describes the use of pulse-repetetion laser systems for the removal of paints and coatings.
At present German policy envisages interim storage of all radioactive waste (for approximately 30 years) until a final repository is available. This therefore leads to higher standards for storage containers. Silicone elastomers (polysiloxanes), materials on the basis of silicon and oxygen with organic substituents, have various physical and chemical properties and seem to be suitable for the long-term storage of low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste. The aim of the present work is the qualification of a new coating material for storage containers. The use of polysiloxanes in other applications was also investigated. An important criterion for the coating is the simplicity of its application. Moreover, it should also have a high adhesion on steel as well as providing protection against corrosion. These properties were investigated for different polysiloxanes. The spraying tests showed that polysiloxane material with a viscosity of up to 45 000 mPas could be applied by the airless spraying method. An elastic coating was produced which could ensure protection against mechanical impacts. In the framework of water vapour experiments, a very high diffusion constant was determined. The corrosion test confirmed that the polysiloxane coating provided only insufficient corrosion protection if the sample was in contact with water and water vapour at the same time. This problem was solved by using an additional priming coat of 60 {mu}m zinc paint. The adhesion test showed that polysiloxanes have different levels of adhesion. The best adhesion was determined for condensation-cured silicones. The addition-cured materials had a lower adhesion, which was improved by the application of a priming coat. The outcome of these investigations is a wide spectrum of applications for polysiloxanes which can be used as firmly adhering coatings or removable decontamination layers. (orig.)
Effervescent atomization is a method of twin-fluid atomization that involves bubbling a small amount of gas into the liquid before it is ejected from the atomizer. The technique of bubbling gas directly into the liquid stream inside the atomizer body is essentially different from other methods of twin-fluid atomization (either internal or external mixing) and leads to significant improvements in performance in terms of smaller drop sizes and/or lower injection pressures. Furthermore, the amount of atomizing gas required is considerably less than what is employed in all other twin-fluid atomization techniques. Effervescent atomization has been used successfully in a number of applications since its inception over ten years ago. It has been well studied during this period, and the published literature includes experimental and analytical investigations of both atomizer performance and the fundamental mechanisms involved in the atomization process. The literature also includes application-oriented studies that report the development of effervescent atomizers for gas turbine combustors, consumer products, furnaces and boilers, internal combustion (IC) engines, and incinerators. Through these studies a fair appreciation of the capabilities of the technique has been achieved. Continuing work is aimed at exploring the use of effervescent atomization in new areas, as well as acquiring a better understanding of current applications. More in-depth studies are also in progress on the various basic mechanisms that contribute to the overall atomization process. The purpose of this article is threefold. First, to summarize the results obtained from investigations of effervescent atomizer performance embracing wide variations in atomizer design, liquid properties, and operating conditions. Second, to review current theories on the basic mechanisms involved in the atomization process and to discuss the scope for future research. Third, to provide an overview of current applications and to suggest possible areas for future practical applications, including fire suppression, paintsprays, agricultural sprays, and fuel injection for liquid-rockets and spark-ignition IC engines. (author)
Abstract in portuguese Desenvolveu-se uma metodologia de controle de Musca domestica (L.) em áreas de disposição de resíduos sólidos. Dois mosquicidas à base de azametifós foram aplicados em diferentes superfícies: nas verticais, a formulação pó molhável foi aplicada com rolos de pintura e, através de pulverização, na superfície de leiras; nas horizontais, foi empregado o mosquicida na formulação granulada. O nível de infestação de moscas foi avaliado por meio do monitorame (more) nto em placas (Scudder Fly Grill). Nas áreas das leiras, reduções de 98,5% e 100% foram atingidas em 18 e 30 dias, respectivamente, após a aplicação do produto. Na estação de transferência do lixo, observaram-se reduções de 85,6% e 98,7% no mesmo período de tempo. A aplicação de azametifós em diferentes formulações mostrou ser eficiente no controle da Musca domestica por um período de 30 dias. Abstract in english A Musca domestica (L.) control method in solid waste disposal areas was developed. Two fly control products based on azamethiphos were applied to different surfaces: on vertical surfaces, the wettable powder was used as spray or paint-on and on windrows, as spray; on horizontal surfaces granular bait was used. Fly infestation was evaluated by Scudder Fly Grills. In the windrows areas, reductions of 98,5% and 100 % were achieved 18 and 30 days respectively after applicatio (more) n. In the waste transfer station 85,6% and 98,7 % reductions were achieved over the same period of time. Application of azamethiphos in different formulations was effective against M. domestica for 30 days.
The authors have developed a wall painting robot capable of safety and efficiently carrying out a series of operations such as cleaning, painting and drawing on behalf of man without using scaffolds. This paper gives an outline of this wall painting robot. The developed wall painting robot comprises an X-axis constituting a basic axis, a Y-axis sliding on the X-axis, an attachment holder sliding on the Y-axis and having painting guns fixed thereto, two suction pads adapted to position the X- and Y-axes as a whole stably on the wall surface, and a blower for discharging the air in the suction pads to the outside. A super-low pressure hot air painting machine is used for drawing, and an airless painting machine for a single-color painting. Five painting guns can be fixed to the attachment holder at most. Since the wall painting robot is of a type in which one color of paint is supplied to one painting gun, painting of up to five colors at once can be done. 8 figs., 1 tab.
Deals with the following topics in 11 chapters; spray combustion as a source of energy; the properties of sprays; the atomisation of liquid fuels; the combustion of droplets of liquid fuels; spray combustion; the nature and control of pollutants from spray combustion; the combustion of two-phase fuels (including coal-water slurries and coal-oil mixtures); deposits from oil fired systems; theoretical modelling of spray combustion; combustion of sprays in furnaces; combustion of sprays in engines.
This investigation was undertaken to understand the temporal trend, the spatial distribution and the residue level of dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethanes (DDTs) and hexachlorobenzenes(HCHs) in bivalves from the coast of the South China in recent years. Jinjiang oysters (Crassostrea rivularis) were sampled from 15 bays along the coast of Guangdong province, China between 2003 and 2007. Gas chromatography with electron capture detector was used to quantify the contents of HCH isomers (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-HCH), DDT isomers (p,p'-, o,p'-DDT), p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDE in the oyster tissues. The results demonstrate that annual level of DDTs in the tissue increase throughout the study, particularly between 2004 and 2006. The DDTs content in the tissue varied significantly among sampling regions and some sampling sites (p tissue (p 0.10). Predominance of isomer form of DDTs and higher ratio of gamma-HCH/HCHs at some sites indicated that recent input of DDT and lindane in the coastal waters of Guangdong, which might be caused by dicofol spraying in crop planting and lacquer painting on fisher boat. In the soft tissues of the oysters, the highest content of HCHs was 1.21 ng/g (wet weight), and DDTs levels ranged from 0.11 ng/g to 76.3 ng/g (wet weight), far below the Maximum Residual Limits in China and many developed nations. PMID:20183095
Because of health and environmental concerns, many regulations have been passed in recent years regarding the use of chlorinated solvents. The Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant has had an active program to find alternatives for these solvents used in cleaning applications for the past 7 years. During this time frame, the quantity of solvents purchased has been reduced by 92%. The program has been a twofold effort. Vapor degreasers used in batch cleaning-operations have been replaced by ultrasonic cleaning with aqueous detergent, and other organic solvents have been identified for use in hand-wiping or specialty operations. In order to qualify these alternatives for use, experimentation was conducted on cleaning ability as well as effects on subsequent operations such as welding, painting and bonding. Cleaning ability was determined using techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) which are capable of examining monolayer levels of contamination on a surface. Solvents have been identified for removal of rust preventative oils, lapping oils, machining coolants, lubricants, greases, and mold releases. Solvents have also been evaluated for cleaning urethane foam spray guns, swelling of urethanes and swelling of epoxies.
Development has been made on a board type roof material mounted with high-voltage amorphous silicon solar cells. Steel plates (0.5 mm) were processed into a shallow box shape, and used as the rear metal plate. The solar cells were affixed by adhesive painted in a ring form on this plate, and the clearance between the cells and the plate was sealed with silicone. The modules were bonded horizontally by fixing them on the beam by using nails and screws on the upper edge, with the module edges overlapped. In the vertical direction, such a structure was adopted that trough can be made when edges of the rear metal plate are butted. Two systems were developed; one in which the clearance in the butted members is sealed, and another in which the rear metal plate edges are bonded by a joint plate, which is covered by a cover plate. Butyl rubber and acrylic resin were used as the adhesive. The module has a size of 950 times 650 mm, and the maximum output voltage of 200V. This panel has passed such an environmental as test of salt water spraying as the roof material or the photovoltaic system, a strength of twisting test, and an electric reliability test such as insulation performance. (NEDO)
A walk-through survey was made of the Martin Marietta Missile and Electronics Group, Orlando, Florida to evaluate worker exposure, protective equipment, and engineering controls used to reduce employee exposures to 2-methoxyethanol (2-ME), 2-methoxyethyl acetate (2-MEA), 2-ethoxyethanol (2-EE), and 2-ethoxyethyl-acetate (2-EEA). The facility was involved in the design, development, and production of missile and electro-optical systems used for aircraft and naval combat weapons programs. Of 38 field samples collected for each of the four target ethylene glycol ethers, only nine samples indicated the presence of any of the compounds and one sample indicated more than one to be present. Some skin protection was afforded by gloves, but the workers wore only ordinary street clothes and no respirators. Peak exposures to 2-EEA in the Hellfire area occurred during the spraypainting of missiles. The authors recommend that local exhaust ventilation be installed at work stations in the Patriot area and that impermeable coveralls be given to workers in the Hellfire and Patriot areas.
Several AlMgSi-alloys were subjected to the following corrosion tests: salt spray test (SS DIN 50021) for 6 months; intermittent immersion test (DIN 50905) in 3% sodium chloride solution for 6 months (5 min immersion, 25 min drying); intermittent immersion in a solution conforming to ESS DIN 50021 for 4 months; continuous immersion test in water with 200 mg chloride, 150 mg sulphate and 1 mg copper per litre, for 6 months; free weathering (VDA 621-414) with and without covering, for 6 months; test for susceptibility to intercrystalline corrosion (DIN EN 2716) (6 h in 57 g NaCl and 10 ml H[sub 2]O[sub 2] per litre); test for sensitivity to intercrystalline corrosion (BGB 132, autoclave method, annex 5, part 3; solution B, 30 g/l NaCl and 5 g/l HCl). For comparison, the corrosion behaviour of AlMg3 was investigated in parallel. This alloy is known to have good corrosion resistance, and is also used for auto bodies. All the tests showed that the corrosion behaviour of AlMgSi auto body sheet becomes worse as copper content increases, though not very much so. Though auto body sheet is as a rule protected mainly by painting, on the basis of these tests is can also be recommended that the copper content should be kept low. (orig./MM)
We present a method of using inkjet printing (IJP) to deposit catalyst materials onto gas diffusion layers (GDLs) that are made into membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) for polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEMFC). Existing ink deposition methods such as spraypainting or screen printing are not well suited for ultra low (<0.5 mg Pt cm{sup -2}) loadings. The IJP method can be used to deposit smaller volumes of water based catalyst ink solutions with picoliter precision provided the solution properties are compatible with the cartridge design. By optimizing the dispersion of the ink solution we have shown that this technique can be successfully used with catalysts supported on different carbon black (i.e. XC-72R, Monarch 700, Black Pearls 2000, etc.). Our ink jet printed MEAs with catalyst loadings of 0.020 mg Pt cm{sup -2} have shown Pt utilizations in excess of 16,000 mW mg{sup -1} Pt which is higher than our traditional screen printed MEAs (800 mW mg{sup -1} Pt). As a further demonstration of IJP versatility, we present results of a graded distribution of Pt/C catalyst structure using standard Johnson Matthey (JM) catalyst. Compared to a continuous catalyst layer of JM Pt/C (20% Pt), the graded catalyst structure showed enhanced performance. (author)
In the application of optical pulsed infrared NDE, the visible light absorption and IR emissivity of the detected object must be considered. One of the simple methods is sprayingpaint on the highly reflective and low IR emissivity surface before testing. However, for some materials such as with pore space in the surface or easily to be corrupted have to be pretreated by other method and apparatus. Two kinds of apparatus for surface pretreating are designed according to the dimension of the detected object and the testing conditions. One apparatus is independent of the former detecting system, and the other is an improvement of the former system. The basic principle of the two apparatus is covering a flexible membrane of high light absorption and IR emissivity on the specimen surface by vacuum pumping. The paper also present the applications of the method, including the detection of the metal mesh material and the honeycomb structures with aluminum coating. The experimental results show that the technique of covering thin film by vacuum pump is effective for enhancing surface absorption and emissivity; moreover, it does not pollute or damage the sample. The application of the technique has practical significance, because it extends the scope of the application of the optical pulsed thermography nondestructive evaluation.
Chemical reactions between latent fingerprints and a variety of metal surfaces are investigated by heating the metal up to temperatures of approximately 600 degrees C after deposition of the fingerprint. Ionic salts present in the fingerprint residue corrode the metal surface to produce an image of the fingerprint that is both durable and resistant to cleaning of the metal. The degree of fingerprint enhancement appears independent of the elapsed time between deposition and heating but is very dependent on both the composition of the metal and the level of salt secretion by the fingerprint donor. Results are presented that show practical applications for the enhancement to fingerprints deposited in arson crime scenes, contaminated by spraypainting, or deposited on brass cartridge cases prior to discharge. The corrosion of the metal surface is further exploited by the demonstration of a novel technique for fingerprint enhancement based on the electrostatic charging of the metal and then the preferential adherence of a metallic powder to the corroded part of the metal surface. PMID:18482377
Butyl acrylate, styrene, N,N-dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate, and N-(n-butoxy-methyl) acrylamide were copolymerized to prepare a cationic acrylic copolymer (I) containing butoxymethylamide groups. This copolymer can be mixed with an epoxy-amine adduct (II), acetic acid, and deionized water to form a coemulsion containing two cationic resins. The electrophoretic codeposition of the coemulsion and physical and chemical properties of the deposited film were investigated. The resin composition of film deposited from coemulsion was determined by Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) quantitative analysis to study the coemulsion and electrophoretic codeposition behavior. The applicability of this two-component coemulsion in primer-surfacer (pricer) electrodeposition paint was also discussed. The results indicate that at any coemulsion resin composition the resin composition of electrodeposited film is almost equal to the coemulsion resin composition. The throwing power of emulsion increases with increasing applied voltage, as expected. However, the throwing power of coemulsion is almost equal to that of the II emulsion but greater than that of the I emulsion. Furthermore, all cured films derived from mixtures of I/II show excellent adhesive strength, good hardness, and high levels of salt spray resistance.
Abstract in spanish La acción inhibidora del benzoato de hierro en electrodos de acero SAE 1010 en contacto con una suspensión acuosa fue estudiada mediante ensayos electroquímicos. Paralelamente, la eficiencia anticorrosiva de este producto incorporado a cubiertas orgánicas base solvente fue evaluada mediante ensayos de envejecimiento acelerado (cámara de niebla salina y de humedad). La evolución del comportamiento protector de la cubierta aplicada sobre paneles de acero pintados e in (more) mersos en una solución 0.5M de NaClO4 fue periódicamente monitoreada por espectroscopía de impedancia electroquímica. Los resultados obtenidos indican que las pinturas formuladas con benzoato férrico presentan una capacidad anticorrosiva comparable a las formuladas con fosfato de cinc. Abstract in english This study investigated the inhibitory action of iron benzoate on SAE 1010 steel electrodes in aqueous suspensions using electrochemical assays. The anticorrosive efficiency of this product added to organic solvent-based coatings was also evaluated by means of accelerated weathering tests (salt spray cabinet and humidity chamber). The evolution of the protective behavior of the coating applied on steel panels and immersed in 0.5M NaClO4 solution was periodically checked b (more) y electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results obtained showed that paints formulated with ferric benzoate provide anticorrosive protection similar to those formulated with zinc phosphate.
Hazardous waste is everywhere. It comes from paints, motor oil, hair spray, household cleaners, automotive chemicals, and all kinds of toxic medical, industrial and military products. Most industrial processes - from which come cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, computers and garden pesticides - generate wastes that the EPA, acting under the Resource Conservation Recovery Act (RCRA), says can harm human health or the environment if not properly managed. As a waste-disposal technology, incineration has been around for about 500,000 years - an interesting spinoff of that timely Homo erectus discovery, fire. For millennia, incineration looked like a pretty good way to turn big piles of hazardous waste into air emissions, smaller piles of ash, and sometimes energy. And it's still a good idea. The EPA, for one, calls high-temperature incineration the best available technology for disposing of most hazardous waste. But incineration has drawbacks. When hazardous waste goes into an incinerator, it comes out as potentially harmful air emissions, although these emissions are strictly controlled, and ash ash that's treated to meet EPA standards and then disposed of in an authorized landfill. It doesn't just vanish into thin air.
Artificial vision is a powerful observation tool for research in the field of livestock production. So, based on the search and recognition of colour spots in images, a digital image processing system which permits the detection of the position of piglets in a farrowing pen, was developed. To this end, 24,000 images were captured over five takes (days), with a five-second interval between every other image. The nine piglets in a litter were marked on their backs and sides with different coloured spraypaints each one, placed at a considerable distance on the RGB space. The programme requires the user to introduce the colour patterns to be found, and the output is an ASCII file with the positions (column X, lineY) for each of these marks within the image analysed. This information may be extremely useful for further applications in the study of animal behaviour and welfare parameters (huddling, activity, suckling, etc.). The software programme initially segments the image in the RGB colour space to separate the colour marks from the rest of the image, and then recognises the colour patterns, using another colour space [B/(R+G+B), (G-R), (B-G)] more suitable for this purpose. This additional colour space was obtained testing different colour combinations derived from R, G and B. The statistical evaluation of the programmes performance revealed an overall 72.5% in piglet detection, 89.1% of this total being correctly detected. (Author) 33 refs.
Memorandum: A Story with Paintings (2006b) explores the complex relationship between memory and mimesis. Written in response to Adriaan van Zyl's photographic realism, Marlene van Niekerk's metafiction provokes thought about the affinities between writing and painting.
...Renovation, Repair and Painting Requirements Certified...system, high-pressure water blasting without HEPA-filtered exhaust control and a water collection system, using...renovation, repair and painting program, and/or a...
...activities (e.g., painting, plastering, welding...into the surrounding water or to cause a short-term...recognized within U.S. waters: An eastern U.S...usually range in coastal waters within two km of shore...activities (e.g., painting, plastering,...
...position of 20 feet at mean high water and 23 feet at mean low water. The existing drawbridge operation...facilitate installation and painting of bascule girders at the bridge...this girder installation and painting must be performed during...
...facilitate the structural repairs and painting of the bridge. DATES: This deviation...of 135 feet and 65 feet above mean high water, respectively. Under this temporary...facilitate the structural repairs and painting, the drawbridge will operate as...
...activities (e.g., painting, plastering, welding...flush into the surrounding water or to cause a short-term...activities (e.g., painting, plastering, welding...rock and move into the water upon the initial...
...methods for preparing 8.6 Water Absorption--Describes the...and reporting results. 8.6 Water Absorption Test--Describes...warnings on helmets, fitting, painting and cleaning shells, regarding...laces, cleaning cleaning, painting, and inspecting periodic...
...oil-production field located on water). Retaining the ``primarily...injury occurs over the navigable waters of the United States) where...maintenance such as cleaning, painting, trash removal, housekeeping...vessel including installations, painting and maintenance work....
...methods for preparing 8.6 Water Absorption--Describes the...and reporting results. 8.6 Water Absorption Test--Describes...warnings on helmets, fitting, painting and cleaning shells, regarding...laces, cleaning cleaning, painting, and inspecting periodic...
...facilitate the cleaning and painting of the structure. DATES...operating schedule to facilitate painting of the structure. Under the...and 65 feet above mean high water respectively. Under this temporary...and 61 feet above mean high water, respectively, to...
... use of wood-burning stoves and fireplaces. Fix water leaks promptly and eliminate mold, dust mites and cockroaches in your home. Use caution when working around the house: Improve ventilation when painting by scheduling indoor painting for times when windows ...
...facilitate the cleaning and painting of the bridge. DATES: This...to facilitate cleaning and painting the structure. Under the regular...of two feet above mean high water and five feet above mean low water. Under this temporary...
...closures to facilitate bridge painting operations. DATES: This deviation...position of 35 feet at mean high water and 40 feet at mean low water. The drawbridge operation regulations...facilitate scheduled bridge painting operations at the bridge....
...closures to facilitate bridge painting operations. Vessels that can...position of 35 feet at mean high water and 40 feet at mean low water. The bridge opens on signal...workers sufficient time to clear painting equipment from the lift...
This review article describes paints having corrosion protection ability for metal material surfaces. Vehicles and pigments for the corrosion protective paints are presented. For the vehicles, features are illustrated, as for drying oil, alkyd resin, polyurethane resin, vinyl resin, and rubber derivatives. On the other hand, for the corrosion protective pigments, corrosion protection properties are given, as for red lead, lead cyanamide, lead suboxide, basic lead chromate, basic lead sulfate, calcium plumbate, zinc chromate, zinc dust, aluminium flake powder, zinc flower, and red iron oxide. Are also described primers, pigment contained type corrosion protective paints, and synthetic resin type corrosion protective paints, which consist of vehicles and pigments. Furthermore, examples of general coating systems and heavy corrosion protective coating systems are introduced. Finally, an outline is provided on new materials for corrosion protective paints, such as glass flake contained paint, solventless type ultra thick film paints, fluorine contained resin paint, and silicone coating. 10 refs., 2 figs., 10 tabs.
Sectional Areas of Engine Mount Members ....................................... ...... of thermal coatings include white paint and mirror coating. Thermal insulation ...... and Firex. Additionally, paints and ceramic tiles were not chosen because they were not ...
...Determinations: ``The Sacred Made Real: Spanish Painting and Sculpture 1600-1700'' SUMMARY: Notice is hereby given of the following...exhibition ``The Sacred Made Real: Spanish Painting and Sculpture 1600-1700,'' imported from abroad for temporary...
...draw span to facilitate the cleaning and painting of the structure. DATES: This deviation...Search''. They are also available for inspection or copying at the Docket Management Facility...current operating schedule to facilitate painting of the structure. Under the...
...includes all interior painting and maintenance of...and property. d. Inspections. The Homebuyer...Homebuyer's EHPA. Inspections of the Home shall be...of roof, exterior painting, major repairs to...title insurance, and inspections, the fees...
...necessary to facilitate the cleaning and painting of the structure. This deviation allows...Search''. They are also available for inspection or copying at the Docket Management Facility...schedule to facilitate the cleaning and painting of the bridge structure. Under the...
...necessary to accommodate the cleaning and painting of the bridge. This deviation allows...Search''. They are also available for inspection or copying at the Docket Management Facility...requested deviation is to accommodate painting and cleaning of the bridge. The...
...during restoration activities (e.g., painting, plastering, welding, and glazing...during restoration activities (e.g., painting, plastering, welding, and glazing...NMFS or other marine mammal experts for inspection and further analysis. Reporting...
...accommodate the necessary bridge cleaning and painting of the bridge. DATES: This deviation...Search''. They are also available for inspection or copying at the Docket Management Facility...requested deviation is to accommodate painting and cleaning of the bridge. To...
...necessary to accommodate the cleaning and painting of the bridge. This deviation restricts...Search''. They are also available for inspection or copying at the Docket Management Facility...requested deviation is to accommodate painting and cleaning of the bridge. The...
...submittal are also available for public inspection during normal business hours, by appointment...operating permit covers the clapboard painting facility (previously owned by Prestained...operating permit covers the clapboard painting facility in East Arlington, VT....
...necessary to facilitate the cleaning and painting of the structure. This deviation allows...Search''. They are also available for inspection or copying at the Docket Management Facility...schedule to facilitate the cleaning and painting of the bridge structure. Under the...
A system for warning of corrosion, chemical, or radiological substances. The system comprises painting a surface with a paint or coating that includes an indicator material and monitoring the surface for indications of the corrosion, chemical, or radiological substances.
A system for warning of corrosion, chemical, or radiological substances. The system comprises painting a surface with a paint or coating that includes an indicator material and monitoring the surface for indications of the corrosion, chemical, or radiological substances.
This evaluation addressed product quality, waste reduction/pollution prevention and economics in replacing chemical solvent strippers with a bicarbonate of soda blasting technology for removal of paint from aircraft wheels. The evaluation was conducted in the Paint Stripping Sho...
This collection of about 150 paintings and calligraphy consists of, for the most part, new works painted since 1984. Together they demonstrate the range of Fang Zhaoling's creativity during this period
The effect of microbial films on the release rate and speciation of tributyltin toxin from an organotin paint was determined. Test panels were coated with organotin copolymer ablative antifouling paint. The release rates of the panels were measured before...
Results are presented from experiments to produce paint and varnish coatings. As the film-former, a synthetic resin is used which was attained by the radiation method. The obtained varnish, enamel and paint are recommended for protecting oil field equipment.
A reflective coating based on white paint, black paint and varnish has been evaluated to determine its reflective capabilities and its potential use in radioactivity detectors based on organic scintillators. Three different white paints, all of which were based on TiO2, were also tested to determine the one with the best performance and lowest radioactivity content. In a first experiment, we evaluated the capability of the reflective coating by measuring 90Sr/90Y with PSm in a polyethylene vial partially painted with EJ510 (Eljen Technology) reflective paint, black paint and varnish. In a second experiment, we compared the performance of the EJ510 to that of other white paints used for artistic purposes (Vallejo and Rembrandt). The results showed that, when a vial was only partially painte...
Paint markings on runways and taxiways are damaged from ultraviolet rays, stained by aircraft fuel, and discolored. Glass coatings, used as a sealant for the paint, have shown promise as a possible solution to these problems. The research effort described...
This report describes a waste minimization assessment of three operations at Scott AFB. ircuit board manufacturing, non-destructive wheel inspection, and paint shipping/painting/parts cleaning are the operations addressed in this assessment. he primary focus of the assessment was...
This report describes a waste minimization assessment of three operations at Scott AFB. ircuit board manufacturing, non-destructive wheel inspection, and paint shipping/painting/parts cleaning are the operations addressed in this assessment. he primary focus of the assessment was...
...negative impact on the flutter characteristics of the...paint thickness will affect the balance moment of...of the airplane due to flutter. Relevant Service Information...negative impact on the flutter characteristics of the...paint thickness will affect the balance moment...
... the U.S. still contain lead, besides paint and ceramics? Some products that still contain lead include car ... recycling Stained glass making Using lead glazes in ceramics Painting metal Auto repair work Electrician work Cable ...
Deliberate inhalation of metallic paint results in hemorrhagic alveolitis and the intra-alveolar and lymph node accumulation of particulate-laden macrophages. We present a case of a chronic paint sniffer that illustrates these respiratory tract findings. PMID:3788912
The refurbishment project, in which old, lead-based paint will be replaced with a ... Modifications since the MDD's completion in 1976 have cemented the device ... is shipped to Dryden for another portion of the paint removal process, the used ...
Electronic identification devices containing radio-frequency identification (RFID) circuits and antennas would be fabricated integrally with the objects to be identified, according to a proposal. That is to say, the objects to be identified would serve as substrates for the deposition and patterning of the materials of the devices used to identify them, and each identification device would be bonded to the identified object at the molecular level. Vacuum arc vapor deposition (VAVD) is the NASA derived process for depositing layers of material on the substrate. This proposal stands in contrast to the current practice of fabricating RFID and/or memory devices as wafer-based, self-contained integrated-circuit chips that are subsequently embedded in or attached to plastic cards to make smart account-information cards and identification badges. If one relies on such a chip to store data on the history of an object to be tracked and the chip falls off or out of the object, then one loses both the historical data and the means to track the object and verify its identity electronically. Also, in contrast is the manufacturing philosophy in use today to make many memory devices. Today s methods involve many subtractive processes such as etching. This proposal only uses additive methods, building RFID and memory devices from the substrate up in thin layers. VAVD is capable of spraying silicon, copper, and other materials commonly used in electronic devices. The VAVD process sprays most metals and some ceramics. The material being sprayed has a very strong bond with the substrate, whether that substrate is metal, ceramic, or even wood, rock, glass, PVC, or paper. An object to be tagged with an identification device according to the proposal must be compatible with a vacuum deposition process. Temperature is seldom an issue as the substrate rarely reaches 150 F (66 C) during the deposition process. A portion of the surface of the object would be designated as a substrate for the deposition of the device. By use of a vacuum arc vapor deposition apparatus, a thin electrically insulating film would first be deposited on the substrate. Subsequent layers of materials would then be deposited and patterned by use of known integrated-circuit fabrication techniques. The total thickness of the deposited layers could be much less than the 100- m thickness of the thinnest state-of-the-art self-contained microchips. Such a thin deposit could be readily concealed by simply painting over it. Both large vacuum chambers for production runs and portable hand-held devices for in situ applications are available.
With the results of field investigations and outdoor exposure experiments of painted specimens, time-lapse deterioration of paintings was statistically analyzed by using “Automatic Evaluation System for Paint Film Deterioration” in order to establish deterioration curves logically. Quadratic curves were found to be well fitted to the paint film deterioration within the practical period of 10 to 20 years. Estimation curves were established for three corrosive environments such as mild environment, seashore environment, and tropical environment (hot and highly humid).
The deterioration of the anticorona systems applied to the stator windings of high voltage motors and generators has been recognized as a problem for many years. The anticorona systems applied to high voltage coils consist of two paints with different resistance characteristics. The modes of failure of the paints are usually characterized by a breakdown of the junction between the slot (stator iron) paint and the grading paint and/or a deterioration of the slot paint on the slot portion of the coil. The breakdown of the slot paint can lead to severe electrical and mechanical erosion of the coil insulation which can lead to coil failure. The deterioration of either paint can produce large amounts of ozone inside a machine, which can rapidly deteriorate organic materials, oxidize many unprotected metal surfaces, and is a health hazard. Paint samples from various manufacturers were analyzed and subjected to several ageing tests. As a result, a test procedure useful to manufacturers and users was developed to assess the relative stability of paints. Tests demonstrated the ability of the paints to conduct high current densities, withstand temperatures above 100{degree}C and withstand high concentrations of ozone and ultraviolet radiation. Some paints are attacked by common cleaning solvents, mandating good housekeeping around machines that contain stator bars with certain semiconducting paints. It was found that paint deterioration in service is related to the surface condition of the coil paint prior to paint application, and the compatability of the paint with the substrate. The application technique is important to ensure uniform coverage. 22 refs., 15 figs., 18 tabs.
In the present paper the phenomena of thermal decomposition are studied for the main components of latex paints, both for single components and for paint formulations as a whole. The following materials are, in particular, considered: a widely used binder for the manufacture of standard latex paints (vinyl acetate/versatate copolymer), one of the most widely used thickeners (hydroxyethylcellulose) and a series of formulations representing typical latex paints with different binder content.
Corrosion under paint is not visible until it has caused paint to blister, crack, or chip. If corrosion is allowed to continue then structural problems may develop. Identifying corrosion before it becomes visible would minimize repairs and costs and potential structural problems. Terahertz NDE imaging under paint for corrosion is being examined as a method to inspect for corrosion by examining the terahertz response to paint thickness and to surface roughness.
We propose a generic pigment model suitable for digital painting in a wide range of genres including traditional Chinese painting and water-based painting. The model embodies a simulation of the pigment-water solution and its interaction with the brush and the paper at the level of pigment particles...
Water blasting is a paint removal technique that has been used for cleaning and paint removal for many years. The major disadvantages until recently were the slow rate of paint removal and the possibility of damage to the substrate from the high pressures...
The measurement of the thickness of paint coating on concrete by isotope method is discussed. The influence of pigment in paints and lacquers on the measurement results is considered. The review of pigments used in paints and lacquers is presented. Pigments atomic numbers are also given.
This report is an overview of the current state of temperature- and pressure-sensitive luminescent paint techniques. Topics include photophysical foundations, paint preparation and calibration, measurement systems, accuracy, and time response. Applications of the luminescent paint technique in aerodynamic testing are discussed and results of measurements of a transonic rotor are presented.
...facilitate the cleaning and painting of the bridge. DATES: This...They are also available for inspection or copying at the Docket Management...facilitate the cleaning and painting of the structure. Under the...required for sandblasting and painting of the bridge. Bridge...
...They are also available for inspection or copying at the Docket Management...contract provides for cleaning, painting, and steel repair to begin...the closed position during painting. The Coast Guard will temporarily...Alligator River during the painting of the swing when...
Differently from the on-land structure, the offshore structure is exposed to so severely corrosive environment that sufficiently anti-corrosive measures are necessary to maintain it in durability. Heavy duty anti-corrosive paint was introduced in present status and trend. As a present status of heavy duty anti-corrosive paint, it comprises zinc-rich paint, mixed with high concentration zinc powder, and synthetic resin paint, such as epoxy and urethane. The final coat paint, required to be weatherworthy, comprises fluororesin paint and acrylic silicon resin paint. The anti-corrosive technology adopts different anti-corrosive methods, specified in dependence upon corrosive environment and location of respective structure. The coating work attaches importance to an assured quality of proper surface preparation and maintenance of uniformly specified film thickness. In the recent technological trend, superthick film type paint, which is heavy duty anti-corrosive paint, able to be applied to a thickness of several millimeters per one coat, is used to aim at a long-term maintenance of anti-corrosiveness and durability. While the super-weatherworthy final coat paint comprises fluororesin paint and acrylic silicon resin paint. 3 refs., 2 figs., 4 tabs.
paints. Passively exposed samples are compared to actively heated samples and controlled .... nickel screens in place. .... and Kasil 2130, also a potassium silicate ... ChemglazeZ-306 is a black carbon and titanium dioxide paint with a polyurethane ... This paint varies from Z-93 in that the zinc oxide is of a finer particle ...
Stained glass occupies a conjunction between glass painting as art and windows as architectural components. Originating as a form of painting, it was an integrated element in the architectural design of gothic cathedrals. Paintings and windows diverged over centuries while stained glass largely beca...
We show terahertz reflection images of hidden paint layers in a painting on canvas and compare the results with X-ray Radiography and Infrared Reflectography. Our terahertz measurements show strong reflections from both the canvas/paint interface and from the raw umber/lead white interface, indicati...
Titanium dioxide is a predominant white pigment, which is used as a raw material of paint. Titanium dioxide pigments are produced with both sulphate and chloride processes. In paints, the main function of titanium dioxide is to contribute to the paint film properties, like opacity and whiteness. Bec...
Preliminary experiments have been carried out to characterize the potential deleterious effects of acidic deposition on three representative paints: an oil alkyd paint and two acrylic latex formulations. The base polymer latex common to both latex paints was also studied individu...
'It was probably at Etaples that Barry painted this painting, in 1887. The painting shows an elderly peasant woman in a woodland glade beside a river. The subject and the title of the picture suggest the theme of youth and age. The picture is similar to many plein air scenes of the period. But the g...
'Paint waste', a part of the 'household hazardous waste', amounting to approximately 5 tonnes was collected from recycling stations in two Danish cities. Sorting and analyses of the waste showed paint waste comprised approximately 65% of the mass, paint-like waste (cleaners, fillers, etc.) comprised 15-25% and foreign items comprised 10-20%. Water-based paint was the dominant part of the paint waste. The chemical composition of the paint waste and the paint-like waste was characterized by an analysis of 27 substances in seven waste fractions. The content of critical substances was tow and the paint waste was less contaminated with heavy metals than was the ordinary household waste. This may suggest that households no longer need to source-segregate their paint if the household waste is incinerated, since the presence of a small quantity of solvent-based paint will not be harmful when incinerated. Allowing household paint waste to be collected with ordinary household waste is expected to reduce the cost of handling household hazardous waste, since paint waste in Denmark comprises the major fraction of household hazardous waste.
Lead-based paints are commonly used for painting steel bridge structures. Soils in the immediate vicinity of older bridges have been contaminated with Pb as a result of normal weathering and peeling of the paint coupled with removal prior to repainting. T...
...requested, this meeting time and place will be...was the Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard...to certify that its lead-based paint activities...authorized until such time as EPA disapproves...program, at which time a notice will be issued...TSCA Section 402 Lead-Based Paint...
The stolen Scream painting of Edvard Munch was restored and in the restoration work of the damages on the painting, a glue of the materials which have to be somewhat identical to the glue that Munch used in the Scream painting was needed. A reference glue which was provided by the Munch museum and s...
Certain refractory ceramics (notably oxides) have desirable properties suitable for the construction of ceramic waste containers for long term use in nuclear waste disposal applications. In particular, they are far less prone to environmental corrosion than metals under realistic repository conditions. The aqueous corrosion rates of oxides such as magnesium aluminate spinel (MgAl{sub 2}0{sub 4}) and alumina (Al{sub 2}0{sub 4}) fall in the range of a few millimeters per million years. Oxide ceramics are also not likely to be subject to microbiologically influenced corrosion, which apparently can attack most, if not all, of the available engineering metals. Ceramics have a reputation for poor mechanical performance and large, impermeable objects are not easily fabricated by most current fabrication methods. As a result, the most promising approach for incorporating ceramics in large waste packages appears to be to apply a high density ceramic coating to a supporting metallic structure. Ceramic coatings 2048 applied by a thermal spray technique can be made effectively seamless and provide a method for final closure of the waste package while maintaining low average temperatures for the entire assembly. The corrosion resistance of the ceramic should prevent or delay water penetration to the underlying metal, which will in turn provide most of the mechanical strength and toughness required by the application. In this way, the major concerns regarding the ceramic coating become ensuring it is impervious to moisture, its adherence and its resistance to mechanical stresses during handling or resulting from rock fall in the repository. Without water, electrochemical corrosion and microbiologically influenced corrosion processes are considered impossible, so a complete coating should protect the metal vessels for far longer than the current design requirements. Even an imperfect coating should extend the life of the package, delaying the onset and reducing the severity of corrosion by limiting the transport of water and oxygen to the ceramic-metal interface. Thermal spray techniques for ceramic coating metallic structures are currently being explored. The mechanics of thermal spray resembles spraypainting in many respects, allowing large surfaces and contours to be covered smoothly. All of the relevant thermal spray processes use a high energy input to melt or partially melt a powdered oxide material, along with a high velocity gas to impinge the molten droplets onto a substrate where they conform, quench, solidify and adhere mechanically. The energy input can be an arc generated plasma, an oxy-fuel flame or an explosion. The appropriate feed material and the resulting coating morphologies vary with technique as well as with application parameters. To date on this project, several versions of arc plasma systems, a detonation coating system and two variations of high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) fired processes have been investigated, operating on several different ceramic materials.
The present invention relates to a method and spray boom for discriminating cereal crop (monocot) and weeds (dicots) and relates particularly, but not exclusively, to an agricultural spray boom that incorporates such an spray boom.
Thus, the fatigue and bond strengths have shown that tungsten carbide ... combination of a hard bearing balancing machine, a FARE thermal spray gun, ...... blasted immediately before spraying, to produce a clean, roughened surface for spray ...
;Contents: Converting units of measure; Scrubber operating periods; Properties of raw material; Database tables; Test results summary tables for the venturi/spray tower; Graphical operating data from the venturi/spray tower tests; Average liquor compositions for the venturi/spray...
Red, green and blue paints were prepared for use as thickness insensitive spectrally selective (TISS) paint coatings for solar facade absorbers. The paints were composed of a polyurethane resin binder in which various pigments were incorporated in such a way that they formed stable paint dispersions, satisfying stability criteria for facade coatings. A low emittance of the paints was achieved by using low-emittance aluminium flake pigments combined with iron oxide (red coloured paints). Black pigment was added to adjust solar absorptance. Blue and green paints were made by the addition of coloured aluminium flake pigment and the solar absorptance was also adjusted by the addition of black pigment. Efficiency for photo-thermal conversion of solar radiation was assessed by evaluation of the corresponding performance criteria, which enabled the selection of paints whose performance criteria values were higher than 0 (spectrally non-selective black coating). The results confirmed that blue and green paints and to minor extent red ones, combined selectivity with colour. The morphology of the paints was assessed, revealing that the colours originated from the deposition of finely dispersed colour and/or black pigment on the surface of the aluminium flakes during paint preparation. (author)
Biological anaerobic materials such as organic tin has been formerly used in antifouling paint for cooling water in thermal power plants, however, it is feared that this kind of paint affects the environment. An undersea immersion test was therefore carried out to select and develop a pollution-free paint with high safety and antifouling effect. The test panels used in this test were coated with three kinds of pollution-free antifouling paint, four kinds of conventional antifouling paint, three kinds of rustproofing paint. Four kinds of unpainted test panels of different materials were also used for comparison. After these test panels had been immersed at 1 meter below the sea level for two years, the volume of attached marine life were measured. As a result, attached marine life measured 46ml for the control panel and 1.7-4.2ml for the panel using the conventional paint. However results of 0.4ml, 0.3ml, and 11.5ml were obtained for three kinds of pollution-free paint, respectively. Furthermore, a contact angle between the surface of the paint film and the droplet was measured in the laboratory. In consequence, the pollution-free paint showed greater value than that of other samples, and it was proved that its antifouling effect is able to weaken the adhesive strength of organisms because of its high water repellency on the painted surface. 10 figs., 2 tabs.
High concentrations of copper and tributyltin, two biocides used in antifouling paints, are found in harbors. Efforts are necessary to reduce the adverse impact of biocides from antifouling paints, but little is known about the actual use of such material. I surveyed the operators of 435 boats berthed in San Diego Bay, to determine what paints and maintenance procedures were being used. More than 90% of the respondents used conventional leaching paints. These paints contain 40% to 65% copper compounds and 3% to 7% tributyltin compounds. Few respondents used copolymer paints. Those who did use copolymer paints seemed to repaint less frequently than those using conventional leaching paints. Professional maintenance companies do not initiate repainting as frequently as individuals doing their own maintenance. It appears that the input of antifouling biocides to harbor waters could be reduced by at least one-third simply by educating boat-owners about the chemical mechanisms involved in antifouling paints, by explaining the environmental and economic advantages of using slow-release paints, and by encouraging them not to repaint until their paint's useful life has expired.
This paper reports development of a functional paint having hydrogen gas detection ability that can identify speedily leaking locations of hydrogen gas for cooling interior of a thermal power generator. The paint reacts with hydrogen gas and indicates its presence by changing the color of paint film from light yellow to grey. The most suitable color former was hydrates of palladium oxide pyrolyzed of palladium chloride aqueous solution. Use of the color former in the paint was done by covering a body pigment (titanium oxide) with the color former, and mixing it into the paint resin with other mixtures, which was found effective in terms of coloring efficiency. The color former was capable of sufficiently coloring the paint with a mixing ratio into the resin paint at 28% which is less than for conventional products. As a result of practicability and physical property tests, the prototype paint had good paint film properties, by no means inferior to the conventional products. The hydrogen gas leakage detecting ability was capable of detecting as extremely small amount as 0.03 ml/sec of hydrogen gas leaking from pin holes. The paint durability was estimated to be about two years or longer both in the color developing ability and the paint film properties. 11 refs., 16 figs., 10 tabs.
The purpose of this work was to compare the protective capacity of several alkyd primers pigmented with 12.1 volume percent either of calcium phosphate or micronized zinc phosphate as anticorrosive pigments. A paint containing zinc chromate was used as reference. The performance of these paints on steel was assessed through Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) using a 3% NaCl solution. After 576 hr immersion, the paint with calcium phosphate and specially that with micronized zinc phosphate, showed a better behavior than paint with zinc chromate. Paint rating, using impedance parameters (ionic resistance and capacitance of the paint film, and breakpoint frequency), was in agreement with the visible paint deterioration and corrosion, In addition, there was a good correlation between these parameter and the open circuit corrosion potential of the metallic substrate.
The report gives results of laboratory tests to evaluate commercially available latex paints advertised as `low-odor,` `low-VOC (volatile organic compound),` or `no-VOC.` Measurements were performed to quantify the total content of VOCs in the paints and to identify the predominant VOCs and aldehydes in the emissions following application to test substrates. The performance of the paints was evaluated and compared to that of commonly used conventional latex paints by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard methods that measured parameters such as scrubbability, cleanability, and hiding power. The report describes the paints that were tested, the test methods, and the experimental data. Results are presented that can be used to evaluate the low-odor/low-VOC paints as alternatives to conventional latex wall paints that contain and emit higher concentrations of VOCs.
The internal contamination investigations covered 23 persons using radioluminescence paints containing tritium, assembling devices painted with those paints, and those having no contact with active paints but working next to the painting room. Determined were concentrations of tritium excreted with urine, air contamination at workplaces, contamination of workplace areas and hand skin. At the time covered by the investigations, the mean annual equivalent doses for those using tritium paints were reduced from 14-20 mSv to about 5 mSv. In those working next to the painting room they were reduced from 5.8-15 to 0.23 mSv. The exposure of those assembling the devices does not exceed 1 mSv. It was demonstrated that the main cause of the tritium exposure level was air contamination in working rooms.
Black paint was formulated from phenoxy resin and organic soot (5 ..mu..m) pigment (Degussa FW2). The paint is suitable for industrial application on chromated aluminium foil with thickness up to 0.5 ..mu..m (coil coating process). Thickness of a dry paint film is 4.5 ..mu..m and makes the paint/aluminium tandem spectrally selective with solar absorbance (asub(s)) = 0.92 and thermal emittance (esub(T)) 0.52. Dispersion properties of the paint were enhanced due to addition of aerosol particles (Degussa 380) into the paint. Excellent weather stability, chemical resistance and mechanical properties of the paint were achieved. Benefits of the technical process of application using coil coating technique is discussed.
Calcite is the most widely used mineral filler in paint formulations. It provides not only a decrease in the cost of paint but also modifies some physical paint properties. Although some properties of calcite such as particle size distribution and refractive index are not comparable in quality to TiO2, calcite can improve the distribution of TiO2 via its interaction with TiO2 particles. In this study, calcites of different size distributions are used as filler in the architectural waterborne, acrylic based paint recipes. The quality of paints was compared to properties based on both wet and dry paint such as viscosity, density, opacity, gloss, scrub resistance and Buchholz hardness. Examination of the results identified an optimum quantity and size distribution of calcite for the paint rec...
This study provides the first intensive investigation of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDT) distribution in typical paint factories and shipyards in China where DDT containing antifouling paint were mass produced and used respectively. DDTs were analyzed in soil, sludge and sediment samples collected from three major paint factories and two shipyards. The results showed that the total DDTs concentrations detected in paint factory and shipyard sites ranged from 0.06 to 8387.24 mg kg(-1). In comparison with paint factory sites, the shipyard sites were much more seriously contaminated. However, for both kinds of sites, the DDTs level was found to be largely affected by history and capacity of production and use of DDT containing antifouling paint. (DDE+DDD)/DDT ratios indicated that DDT containing antifouling paint could serve as important fresh input sources for DDTs. It can be seen that most samples in shipyards were in ranges where heavy contamination and potential ecological risk were identified. PMID:21550629
A Seattle, Washington project is described in which latex paint is recycled into a quality product called Community Pride. Unused paints (about equal solvent-base and latex composition) were found to be the largest single component of hazardous household waste. While solvent-based paints must be considered hazardous, tests showed that only a small fraction of latex paint was contaminated with heavy metals and could not be recycled. Recyclable latex is sorted and converted into a paint that consistently meets industry specifications. It was found during the pilot project that public agencies should be the initial market with later expansion to painting contractors and the general public after the paint recycling industry is established.
Between 1970 and 1973, 2,209 workers representing 30 different types of work were studied in Finland for lead exposure. The indicator of lead exposure was the blood lead concentrations (Pb-B) of the workers. The highest recommended value for Pb-B in Finland, 70 mug/100 ml of blood, was exceeded in the following types of work: PVC plastic manufacturing, storage tank manufacturing and repairing, machine shop work, treating metal surfaces, paint manufacturing, car radiator repairing, spraypainting, machine shop work (railway), and storage battery repair. The types of work with the highest average exposure were lead scrap smelting (Pb-B median 79 mug/100 ml, range 35--118), storage battery manufacturing (Pb-B median 66 mug/100 ml, range 19--101), metal founding, (Pb-B median 53 mug/100 ml, range 6--108) shipbreaking (Pb-B median 49 mug/100 ml, range 26--106) crystal glass manufacturing (Pb-B median 41 mug/100 ml, range 12--82), car radiator repairing (Pb-B median 38 mug/100 ml, range 17--83), and PVC plastic manufacturing (Pb-B median 37 mug/100 ml, range 10--126). During the past 5 years cases of clincial lead poisoning have occurred in all of these types of work, and the patients received workmen's compensation. The usefulness of the national poisoning register in predicting the relative hazard of lead exposure in the types of work studied was evaluated with the aid of rank order correlation statistics. The analysis showed that the poisoning register is a useful indicator of lead exposure in the most exposed types of work. However, the present survey also revealed work in which the hazard had escaped recognition in this country: metal founding, car repairing, and car radiator repairing, for example. Although it seems possible to predict the most heavily exposed work types from national poisoning registers only, the detection of workers with less severe manifestations of toxic effects, or somtimes even poisoning, in other types of work first requires a systematic survey of all types of work with possible lead exposure, and then regular monitoring of all exposed workers. PMID:959791
In this paper behaviors of diesel spray injected along a wall were experimentally investigated. In order to clarify the wall effect on spray structure the geometry of the wall and its relative position to the spray axis were varied. Structures of spray injected into a high-pressure atmosphere were recorded by high-speed photographs. Results shows that the asymmetrically large vortexes in the spray were induced by the wall effect, and the spray penetrating along the wall was deviated to the wall surface. This phenomenon is called the Coanda effect in the field of fluid dynamics. The growth orientation of spray was defined by image analysis. Maldistribution ratio of spray area was defined for the quantitative estimation of the spray deviation behavior. The spray deviating conditions such as the geometry of the wall and its relative position to the spray axis were fined. 11 refs., 14 figs., 1 tab.
This analysis provides a preliminary investigation into using Twin-Wire Arc Thermal Spray and Cold Spray as material deposition processes for LIGA applications. These spray material processes were studied to make an initial determination of their potential as alternatives to producing mechanical parts via the electroplating process. Three materials, UltraMachinable{reg_sign} Stainless Steel, BondArc{reg_sign}, and aluminum, were sprayed using Thermal Spray. Only aluminum was sprayed using the Cold Spray process. Following the spray procedure, the test specimens were released from a copper mold and then tested. Three tests, density, tensile strength, and porosity, were performed on the specimens to determine the spray effect on material properties. Twin-Wire Arc Thermal Spray did not demonstrate adequate deposition properties and does not appear to be a good process candidate for LIGA. However, Cold Spray yielded better density results and warrants further investigation to analyze the minimum feature size produced by the process.
This paper describes a combined LDA, PDA and imaging analysis of the pressure swirl spray in the near-nozzle region of a GDI injector. This innovative approach in the use of multiple, complementary diagnostics facilitates the interpretation of a complex spray flow field. The LDA and PDA data were ensemble-averaged into time bins to produce comprehensive time-history and spatial profiles of liquid velocity, droplet velocity and size and the sample number. They indicated times at which the spray exhibited seven different characteristics. These were identified as: (a) pre-swirl spray, (b) spray cone develops, (c) spray cone relaxes, (d) maximum velocity in spray cone, (e) fully developed steady state, (f) spray cone collapses and (g) the spray detaches from the nozzle. The most effective method to present the spatial and temporal development of the spray was to superimpose the velocity vector and drop size field plots onto the spray images. (orig.)
Long term observations were carried out on about 2000 painting test plates placed in three exposure areas with different corrosive environments. The outdoor exposure tests have been performed since 1988 in Tokyo (a temperate rural area), the Hokuriku region (a coastal and snowy area) and inland and coastal areas in Okinawa (a subtropical area and areas where sea salt particles come flying). The exposure test plates are the rolled steel plates for general construction use, which have been shot-blasted with surface roughness of about 60 {mu}m, and then painted. As a result of investigative discussions, the following results were obtained: phthalate-based paints are not suitable for areas with severe corrosive environments such as the Hokuriku region and the inland of Okinawa Island; a painting system suitable for bridges newly built under severe environments is a multiple anti-corrosive painting system in which an inorganic zinc-rich paint is used for priming, and a polyurethane resin paint or a fluorine contained resin paint is used for intermediate and finish coatings; and for repairing a paint system which uses a high-weatherability finishing paint, removal of salt deposits by water rinsing is important. 15 refs., 15 figs., 7 tabs.
Abstract in english A prototype of antifouling paints was prepared with a QS-Cu (I)-Fe (II) complex as a possible replacement for traditional antifouling paints, which contain a large concentration of copper, fnding them in an order of 10 - 30 % depending on the brand, and if it is water or solvent based. A Qs-Cu complex was prepared, with a solution at 3% with acetic acid, and then Fe2O3 was added to the solution. FT IR analysis was carried out, as well as analysis of the TGA at the Qs and (more) the complex with Qs-Cu, and with the solution, three different paints were prepared. Those that varied volumen of diethylene glycol added to them. The analysis of the paints was carried out, once the paint was pervaded in a network of polyamide, through SEM with EDX and TEM, which was purchased with the commercial paints, water based and solvent based. One of the objectives is to be able to compare the coverage of the network with the commercial paint, and that of the complex QS-Cu. The results showed that the best paint obtained was paint #2, found to be similar to that pervaded with water based paint.
Release of biocides associated with paint particles into marinas may increase their persistence in the environment. - Current regulatory risk assessment procedures only assess the impact of antifouling paint biocides that are released through leaching from a painted surface. Hull cleaning activities can lead to particles of antifouling paint containing biocides to enter the environment. Comparative pseudo-first order anaerobic degradation rate constants and half-lives were determined for a selection of common antifouling paint booster biocides, their degradation products, and associated with paint particles. Anaerobic half-lives of <0.5 days were calculated for chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid, and SeaNine 211, between 1 and 3 days for DCPMU and DCPU, between 14 and 35 days for diuron and CPDU, and over 226 days for GS26575 and Irgarol 1051. Increased persistence was observed when the compounds were introduced to sediments associated with antifouling paint particles. When present as antifouling paint particles, an increased half-life of 9.9 days for SeaNine 211 and 1.4 days was calculated for dichlofluanid, no significant degradation was observed for diuron. It is suspected that this is due to much of the biocide being initially bound within the matrix of the paint particle that is slowly released through dissolution processes into the sediment pore water prior to degradation. The release of booster biocides associated with paint particles into marinas has the potential to lead to their accumulation unless activities such as hull cleaning are strictly regulated.
The goal of this CRADA was to combine the powder coating material and application techniques and laboratory testing capabilities of FM and T with the manufacturing, real-world testing, and practical knowledge available to BHI in a limited study to determine if coated stainless steel would provide the durability needed to justify additional work in this area. The coating materials chosen had to have low reflectivity and be easily sanitized, non-toxic, pleasant in appearance, and durable for the lifetime of the stainless steel product. The materials also had to be capable of withstanding the daily abuse of animal contact, impact with walls or other hard surfaces, and exposure to a variety of lighting and climatic conditions. FM and T and BHI worked together to investigate coating materials that under normal conditions would be exposed, at least weekly, to 180 F to 260 F washing and sanitization procedures that include strong detergents and phosphoric acid. After a proper cleaning method for the bare panels was established, six different powder coatings were selected and tested. The coatings were selected for their known resistance to harsh chemicals. Sample panels of each coating passed 1000 hours of continuous salt fog exposure and 24-hour constant submersion in heated disinfectant solutions. Actual cage panels were then coated and installed in a high-pressure spray washer at a medical research facility for accelerated real-world testing. In the high-pressure spray washer, the panels received the equivalent of one year's exposure to harsh chemicals in one week. In addition to the exposure to the harsh sanitizing chemicals, the test panels never had a chance to get completely dry. In actual use, the panels would have been cleaned once a week and would have been essentially dry the rest of the time. Constant soak in wet conditions is one of the most difficult tests of paint durability. The accelerated aging indicated that five of the six coatings tested are able to withstand the wear and tear of everyday use for extended periods of time, equivalent to 7-10 years.
The coatings used in nuclear power plants have an interest to make surfaces easily decontaminated and to protect carbon steel (liner and steelworks) from the corrosion. However, in the event of accidental conditions, in particular combining radiation and fast increase of temperature and pressure, these paintings must not constitute an uncontrolled source of debris which may block the safety related functions of core cooling. This experimental study reports the influence of thickness and colour of the withstanding of a steel coating during accidental conditions. The steel coating chosen has been qualified for the liner containment of EDF new generation nuclear power plants (EPR). According to its data sheet, it is composed of an anti-corrosion primer (45 {mu}m), of an intermediate coat (same nature than the primer, 45 {mu}m) and a top coat (50 {mu}m). The system, applied using an conventional spray, was studied by optical and electronic microscopy. After gun airless application and drying, steel samples underwent an irradiation test, a LOCA test followed by a post-accident (100 C an d 100% HR during 10 days). Microscopic analysis by SEM and optical microscopy were carried out in order to evaluate and compare degradations of samples. In conclusion, whatever the color chosen or the thickness obtained, the primers and second coat ('internal layer') do not undergo significant evolution during the test. The greatest part of degradations is inflicted on the top coat. These degradations take the form of vacuums of two types, micro-porosity (few microns diameter) and surface blisters connected with internal spherical vacuums of size ranging between 8 and 50 {mu}m
The substitution of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) for mineral oil diesel fuel is discussed and the results of field trials and laboratory tests on the effects of 100% Rapeseed oil Methyl Ester (RME) and RME blends in fuel injection systems are reported. RME, and potentially other FAMEs, have come very close to conventional diesel fuel in many important respects such as cetane number, calorific value and lubricity. Some problems which do not occur with mineral oil based fuels have been observed in the tests, however. These include: the blocking of fuel filters with gums from RME; blending of poor quality RME and conventional mineral based fuel in the ratio 35:65 led to the formation of gross deposits on nozzle tips adversely affecting the spray pattern and atomisation; oxidation products from RME stripped the passivation from fuel injection parts; a loss in calorific value with large proportions of RME in blends; softening of components in the low pressure system and removal of some paints due to RME spillages; pump maintenance requires extra care to avoid corrosion of internal components after running on RME blends. It is concluded that, with care, blends with less than 10% good quality RME can be operated in new rotary fuel injection pumps without noticeable deterioration in performance. If pure RME, or blends with 10% or more, are to be widely sold, however, specially adapted fuel injection equipment will be required and some universal means of identification for fuels at the point of sale will be necessary. [12 figures, 2 tables; 6 references] (UK)
The purpose of this task is to evaluate the effect of floor settlement on building structure, piping, and equipment foundations between column lines 1 and 2 and B and K of Bldg. K-311-1 (see Fig. A-1 in Appendix A) at East Tennessee Technology Park (ETTP), Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Revision 0 of this document covers the 2005 annual inspection. Revision 1 addresses the 2006 annual inspection, Revision 2 addresses the 2007 annual inspection, and Revision 3 covers the 2008 annual inspection, as indicated by the changed report title. A civil survey and visual inspection were performed. Only a representative number of points were measured during the 2008 survey. The exact location of a number of survey points in Table A-1 could not be accurately determined in the 2008 survey since these points had not been spraypainted since 2003. The points measured are deemed adequate to support the conclusions of this report. Based on the survey and observations, there has been no appreciable change in the condition of the unit since the 2007 inspection. The subsidence of the floor presents concerns to the building structure due to the possible indeterminate load on the pipe gallery framing. Prior to demolition activities that involve the piping or removal of the equipment, such as vent, purge and drain and foaming, engineering involvement in the planning is necessary. The piping connected to the equipment is under stress, and actions should be implemented to relieve this stress prior to disturbing any of the equipment or associated piping. In addition, the load on the pipe gallery framing needs to be relieved prior to any activities taking place in the pipe gallery. Access to this area and the pipe gallery is not allowed until the stress is released.
Chemicals are ubiquitous in the environment, and human exposure to them is inevitable. A benchmark investigation of industrial chemicals, pollutants, and pesticides in umbilical cord blood indicated that humans are born with an average of 200 pollutants already present in their bodies. The study found a total of 287 chemicals, of which, 180 are known human or animal carcinogens, 217 are neurotoxins, and 208 cause birth defects or abnormal development in animals. The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) of 1976 in the United States uses risk assessment models derived from average adult populations, thereby inadequately protecting the most vulnerable populations. Vulnerable populations include children, the elderly, those with health impairments, and persons with developmental disabilities. Americans, on average spend about 90% of their time indoors. This number is estimated to be even higher for people with disabilities. Indoor air is primarily influenced by behavioral practices and product use within the home or building. Main sources of exposure within the home include lead paint from older, deteriorating housing; contaminated drinking water; pesticide exposure from foods and home spraying; mercury exposure; and contaminated indoor air from environmental tobacco smoke, radon, carbon monoxide, and household cleaning and repair products. Basic steps should be taken to minimize risk in their homes or residential facilities, including the safe reduction or removal of lead, or securing lead-safe housing as residences, the reduction of environmental mercury and methyl mercury intake through diet, the installation of CO detectors and proper ventilation for combustion appliances, the adoption of integrated pest management practices, the implementation of green cleaning practices, and the use of safer household product alternatives.
An improved cathode structure on a membrane/electrode assembly has been developed for a direct methanol fuel cell, in a continuing effort to realize practical power systems containing such fuel cells. This cathode structure is intended particularly to afford better cell performance at a low airflow rate. A membrane/electrode assembly of the type for which the improved cathode structure was developed (see Figure 1) is fabricated in a process that includes brush painting and spray coating of catalyst layers onto a polymer-electrolyte membrane and onto gas-diffusion backings that also act as current collectors. The aforementioned layers are then dried and hot-pressed together. When completed, the membrane/electrode assembly contains (1) an anode containing a fine metal black of Pt/Ru alloy, (2) a membrane made of Nafion 117 or equivalent (a perfluorosulfonic acid-based hydrophilic, proton-conducting ion-exchange polymer), (3) a cathode structure (in the present case, the improved cathode structure described below), and (4) the electrically conductive gas-diffusion backing layers, which are made of Toray 060(TradeMark)(or equivalent) carbon paper containing between 5 and 6 weight percent of poly(tetrafluoroethylene). The need for an improved cathode structure arises for the following reasons: In the design and operation of a fuel-cell power system, the airflow rate is a critical parameter that determines the overall efficiency, cell voltage, and power density. It is desirable to operate at a low airflow rate in order to obtain thermal and water balance and to minimize the size and mass of the system. The performances of membrane/electrode assemblies of prior design are limited at low airflow rates. Methanol crossover increases the required airflow rate. Hence, one way to reduce the required airflow rate is to reduce the effect of methanol crossover. Improvement of the cathode structure - in particular, addition of hydrophobic particles to the cathode - has been demonstrated to mitigate the effects of crossover and decrease the airflow required.
More than 70 papers and poster sessions were presented under the following headings: atomizer design and performance; diesel and transient sprays; aerosols: medical and pressure pack; measurement and data analysis techniques; agricultural sprays; atomization of specialised fluids; spray structure; transfer processes and combustion; fundamentals of atomisation and drop dynamics; and monosize sprays. Three papers concerning coal-water mixtures have been abstracted separately.
Hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings were prepared by three thermal spraying methods: flame spraying, high velocity oxygen fuel spraying and plasma spraying. The HA was then examined by Rietveld analysis using the General Structure Analysis Software package (GSAS) and the results compared with those for the...
This paper introduces spraying quality assessment of a mist blower as a potential option to replace aerial spraying on banana crops. Depending on the crop protection formulation either water or mineral oil are planned to be used as spraying fluids. Spraying quality was first evaluated through drople...
One of the severe problems with spraying pesticides is the spray drift. Drift is a problem if chemicals are sprayed too close to residential areas, livestock facilities, bodies of water, or sensitive crops. Complaints regarding spray drift are routinely brought to state departments of agriculture,...
A brief review is given of the history of spray driers with reference to energy efficiency. This includes developments from single-stage drying to two-stage drying, integrated fluid bed spray dryers, the compact spray dryer and the fluidised spray dryer/multi-stage dryer.
Electric conductivity measurements of water dispersion paints were carried out in order to understand the mechanism of film formation and drying and the formation of painted surface reflection properties. The classical model of electric conductivity in viscous media based on a comparison of the Coulomb and Stokes formulas was used to determine the effective mechanism of the paint properties. This model was verified by measurements in the paint bulk. The classical concept of the electric conductivity of viscous liquids was found to be applicable to the conductivity analysis of the studied water dispersion paint specimens. The electric conductivity of the studied paints was found to be determined by the existing admixtures being soluble in water and/or dispersion organic particles. The formu...
Sorption and subsequent desorption of tritiated water vapor by painted coating with different chemical composition was experimented. Tested paints were epoxy, acryl, silicone and fluoline type. At first painted surface was contacted with tritiated water vapor. Then, it was desorbed by purging the N{sub 2} sweep gas at ambient temperature. Retained tritium not desorbed by sweep gas purging was released by heating up to 800 degC. Tritium activity at the effluent N{sub 2} gas was monitored continuously with an ionization chamber vibrating-read electrometer system. Sorption curves were analyzed to obtain sorption coefficient of tritiated water vapor on the surface of paints and sorption/desorption rate constant. Retained tritium were recovered by heating and tritium activity was measured by liquid-scintillation counter. Among paintings tested, much difference was observed for the amount of retained tritium not desorbed by gas purging. Thermogravimetry - Differential thermal analysis were conducted on the sheet of paints. (author).
A solar-selective paint provides a high absorption over the solar spectrum and reduction of thermal radiative heat losses to solar collector surfaces. As paints which are available for various present solar collectors, two types of solar-selective paints have been developed. One is applied to a metal surface having high infrared reflection, and the other is applied to a plastic surface having low infrared reflection. These paints can make use of ordinary painting methods and having low infrared reflection. By choosing the optimum paint type in accordance with the uses and the specifications of solar collectors, it has become possible to compose solar-heat systems with high cost-performance efficiency. 7 references, 10 figures, 8 tables.
Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb) and Mercury (Hg) have been shown to be toxic to human health as well as to the environment. Furthermore, children have been shown to be very susceptible to chronic Pb exposure during their development. Chronic toxicity to Pb, as a result of absorption of Pb through the skin, has also been demonstrated. Finger-paints are commonly used by picture painters as well as by children. Theater artists and children are also exposed to make-up paints. To protect above mentioned groups from toxic effects of metals, the contents of several metals in finger-paints as well as in make-up paints have been regulated by national and international authorities. Levels of Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb in finger-paints and make-up paints have been elucidated in the present study.
This article describes the banning of the use of mercury as a biocide in indoor paints. Mercury will be allowed in outdoor paints but products must be labelled that they contain the metal and must include a warning for outdoor use only. Because mercury can offgas into the environment for several months after a room is painted, exposed individuals may be at risk for kidney disease, neurological impairment, gastrointestinal problems and cardiovascular disorders. Some paint manufacturers feel that the EPA has overreacted to an isolated case in which mercury in paint was found to be responsible for the serious illness of a five-year-old boy. They say that the new mandate will cost the industry an estimated $50 million to mix up-to-code paints, print new labels and test other biocides for efficacy.
One hundred and thirty-three preclinical medical students participated in 24 focus groups over the period 2007-2009 at Durham University. Focus groups were conducted to ascertain whether or not medical students found body painting anatomical structures to be an educationally beneficial learning activity. Data were analyzed using a grounded theory approach. Five principal themes emerged: (1) body painting as a fun learning activity, (2) body painting promoting retention of knowledge, (3) factors contributing to the memorability of body painting, (4) removal from comfort zone, and (5) the impact of body painting on students future clinical practice. Students perceive body painting to be a fun learning activity, which aids their retention of the anatomical knowledge acquired during the sessio...
To navigate during their long-distance migration, monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) use a time-compensated sun compass. The sun compass timing elements reside in light-entrained circadian clocks in the antennae. Here we show that either antenna is sufficient for proper time compensation. However, migrants with either antenna painted black (to block light entrainment) and the other painted clear (to permit light entrainment) display disoriented group flight. Remarkably, when the black-painted antenna is removed, re-flown migrants with a single, clear-painted antenna exhibit proper orientation behaviour. Molecular correlates of clock function reveal that period and timeless expression is highly rhythmic in brains and clear-painted antennae, while rhythmic clock gene expression is disrupted in black-painted antennae. Our work shows that clock outputs from each antenna are processed and integrated together in the monarch time-compensated sun compass circuit. This dual timing system is a novel example of the regulation of a brain-driven behaviour by paired organs. PMID:22805565
The ability of a commercial photocatalytically active cement-based paint to improve the perceived air quality was evaluated. The paint was applied to pieces of gypsum board with a total surface area of 13 m2 (23% of the total wall surface). To initiate the photocatalytic activity, the paint was illuminated by bulbs emitting visible/UV light. A mixture of common indoor pollutants, including emissions from chipboard, linoleum and carpet, as well as human bioffluents and isopropanol, were used to test the efficacy of the paint. A sensory panel of 35 subjects assessed the air quality in the test-room once before and twice after a step-change in the room condition (i.e., either a change in the sensory pollution load or the illumination of the paint). Illumination of the paint in the room pollut...
The purpose of this study is to investigate the thermal performance of cool colored acrylic paints containing infrared reflective pigments in comparison to conventional colored acrylic paints of similar colors (white, brown and yellow) applied on sheets of corrugated fiber cement roofing. Evaluated properties are: color according to ASTM D 2244-89, the UV/VIS/NIR reflectance according to ASTM E 903-96, and thermal performance by exposure to infrared radiation emitted from a lamp with the measurement of surface temperatures of the specimens with thermocouples connected to a data logging system. Results demonstrated that the cool colored paint formulations produced significantly higher NIR reflectance than conventional paints of similar colors, and that the surface temperatures were more than 10 C lower than those of conventional paints when exposed to infrared radiation. The study shows that cool paints enhance thermal comfort inside buildings, which can reduce air conditioning costs. (author)
Preliminary experiments were carried out to characterize the potential deleterious effects of acidic deposition on three representative paints: an oil alkyd paint and two acrylic latex formulations. The base-polymer latex common to both latex paints was also studied individually. Free films of paint were exposed to relatively high levels of gaseous SO2 and ultraviolet light, and were immersed in aqueous SO2 at pH 2.0. Several analytical techniques were used to assess the resulting chemical and physical changes in the paint films, including sorption and diffusion measurements, attenuated total-reflectance infrared spectroscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis, sol-gel analysis, contact-angle measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, and electron spin resonance. All techniques show promise for characterizing the early stages of damage to paint films caused by acidic deposition. The major effects noted include leaching of acid-soluble extender components upon immersion in aqueous SO2, and enhanced degradation of the base polymer upon exposure to gaseous SO2, and ultraviolet light.
This study provides the first intensive investigation of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDT) distribution in typical paint factories and shipyards in China where DDT containing antifouling paint were mass produced and used respectively. DDTs were analyzed in soil, sludge and sediment samples collected from three major paint factories and two shipyards. The results showed that the total DDTs concentrations detected in paint factory and shipyard sites ranged from 0.06 to 8387.24mgkg-1. In comparison with paint factory sites, the shipyard sites were much more seriously contaminated. However, for both kinds of sites, the DDTs level was found to be largely affected by history and capacity of production and use of DDT containing antifouling paint. (DDE+DDD)/DDT ratios indicated that DDT conta...
This work proposes a multi-method approach that combines advanced microscopy (SEM/EDX, AFM) and spectroscopy (UV-vis and FTIR) techniques. This approach not only characterises the behaviour of the additives of two commercial poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) and acrylic emulsion paints but also simultaneously characterises the changes in chemical composition and morphology observed in the paint films as a result of ageing due to the paints being exposed to an intense source of simulated daylight. In parallel, a series of mechanical tests were performed that correlate the chemical changes in composition and the changes observed in the films' mechanical properties. This work was a comparative study between both types of acrylic and PVAc paints. The results obtained are of great interest for the modern paint conservation field as they provide valuable information on the mid- and long-term behaviours of these synthetic paints. PMID:20981537
Brushwork is the essential characteristic of Chinese painting. Ink and brushwork provide the foundation of Chinese pictures, even when color also is used. In the quality of the brushwork the artist captures the spirit resonance, the raison d'etre of a painting. In China, painting and writing developed hand in hand, sharing the same tools and techniques. This teacher's packet includes a brief history of the development of Chinese calligraphy, a discussion of the tools of writing and painting, and the development of Chinese painting since the Tang Dynasty. Charts and illustrations demonstrate: "Linear Techniques for Figure Painting"; "Basic Vocabulary of Strokes"; "Texture Strokes in Landscapes"; "A Vocabulary of Dots"; "Script Evolution in China"; and a timeline "Chronology of China." The packet also contains 20 slides, a "Slide List"; "Slide Descriptions"; and a "Brushstrokes Bibliography." (MM)
Spectroscopic and MS techniques were used to characterize the pigments and the composition of polar and nonpolar binders of a stray wall painting fragment from Liternum (Italy) archaeological excavation. X-ray fluorescence and diffraction analysis of the decorations indicated mainly the presence of calcite, quartz, hematite, cinnabar, and cuprorivaite. Infrared spectroscopy, GC coupled to flame-ionization detector, and MS analysis of the polar and nonpolar components extracted from paint layers from three different color regions revealed the presence of free amino acids, sugars, and fatty acids. Interestingly, LC-MS shotgun analysis of the red painting region showed the presence of ?S1-casein of buffalo origin. Compared to our previous results from Pompeii's wall paintings, even though the Liternum painting mixture contained also binders of animal origin, the data strongly suggest that in both cases a tempera painting technique was utilized. PMID:23002018
The structure and internal homogeneity of the fuel spray affects emissions in diesel engines. This paper discussed how droplet diameter may influence the spray shape and the internal spray structure. Understanding the connection between droplet size and mixing is necessary to properly predict the formation of unwanted emissions. In this paper, large-eddy simulation (LES) and Lagrangian particle tracking (LPT) methods were utilized to demonstrate how droplet size influenced spray shape and how realistic spray shapes could be produced with LES and LPT. Specifically, the paper discussed fuel spray measurements; problem description; and simulation results such as spray visualization algorithm and spray shapes. It was concluded that spray shape depends on droplet size and that the present simulation method produces spray shapes that are very similar to experiments. The shape was associated with mixing of the jet. refs., tabs., figs.
In this study, we investigate the spray behavior and atomization characteristics of refrigerant R22 injection in a high pressure chamber under various ambient pressures using a spray visualization system and image processing. In order to observe the spray behavior of R22, the spray images were analyzed in time series after the start of injection. From the spray images, spray characteristics such as the spray tip penetration, cone angle and spray area were investigated by using the contour map of the light intensity levels. The results showed that the ambient pressure significantly affected the spray characteristics of the refrigerant. The spray tip penetration velocity was the highest at the ambient pressure of 500kPa. When the ambient pressure was lower than 500kPa, the vaporization of th...
The Palaeolithic paintings of Baja California constitute an important contribution to the national, historic and cultural patrimony of Mexico. The aim of this investigation was to determine the physicochemical characteristics, the microstructure and texture of these polychrome paintings, painted on rocks encountered in the mountainous, desert/arid zones of Baja California and Baja California South. The first stage of this work was devoted to the examination and recording of the cave paintings of 'El Vallecito', a narrow fluvial valley displaying large granitic rocks emerging from the sandy soil. Tiny painting samples were collected and analyzed by SEM, EDS and FTIR techniques. The painters used four main colours: red, black, yellow and white. The paint raw materials are mineral pigments: white (kaolin, calcite, and gypsum), red (hematite), yellow (ochre, limonite), black (charcoal from burnt wood or calcined bones) and water as a diluent and/or a binder, all encountered in the painters habitat. The minerals were collected, ground and sometimes heated to change their tone. By mixing with water, a spreadable paste or a thick slurry was produced, which was applied with the fingers for lines or a piece of animal skin for figures, respectively. The 100% solids, dry paint converts into a dense, hard layer, incrusted into the grainy, rough, hollow granite rock surface. This paint might be called {sup s}tone on stone{sup ,} explaining its permanence for centuries enduring heat, wind and weather. A simulation of the painting technique was done at the Materials and Corrosion Laboratory, UABC by collecting mineral pigments, preparing the paint as a paste or slurry and applying it on a granitic rock. Knowing the paint composition, production and application techniques will be useful in e conservation and restoration of cave paintings and stone-built, ancient structures such as pyramids, cathedrals and monuments. (Author)
This research program was aimed at identifying field problems and needs with regard to gas distribution repair coatings and paints used in gas-distribution applications. Based on a literature review, user survey, and input provided by selected paint and coating manufacturers, field needs and problems in repair coatings and paints were identified, and user preference for materials, processes, cost, safety, and environmental impacts was analyzed. In addition, an examination of available coating materials, processes, and their effectiveness was completed.
Many paint companies have used phenylmercuric acetate as a preservative to prolong the shelf life of interior latex paint. In August 1989, acrodynia, a form of mercury poisoning, occurred in a child exposed to paint fumes in a home recently painted with a brand containing 4.7 mmol of mercury per liter (at that time the Environmental Protection Agency's recommended limit was 1.5 mmol or less per liter). To determine whether the recent use of that brand of paint containing phenylmercuric acetate was associated with elevated indoor-air and urinary mercury concentrations, we studied 74 exposed persons living in 19 homes recently painted with the brand and 28 unexposed persons living in 10 homes not recently painted with paint containing mercury. The paint samples from the homes of exposed persons contained a median of 3.8 mmol of mercury per liter, and air samples from the homes had a median mercury content of 10.0 nmol per cubic meter (range, less than 0.5 to 49.9). No mercury was detected in paint or air samples from the homes of unexposed persons. The median urinary mercury concentration was higher in the exposed persons (4.7 nmol of mercury per millimole of creatinine; range, 1.4 to 66.5) than in the unexposed persons (1.1 nmol per millimole; range, 0.02 to 3.9; P less than 0.001). Urinary mercury concentrations within the range that we found in exposed persons have been associated with symptomatic mercury poisoning. We found that potentially hazardous exposure to mercury had occurred among persons whose homes were painted with a brand of paint containing mercury at concentrations approximately 2 1/2 times the Environmental Protection Agency's recommended limit.
Every year, fourth graders at Sterling Morton Elementary School in Ohio present a talking art museum for the school and community. In this article, the author describes a lesson on art history which culminates in an activity showcasing all the students' finished paintings in gold frames. A student stands behind the painting and pokes his or her face through the hole. As the viewers walk by, the "painting" talks to them. (Contains 1 online resource.)
The Haboku Landscape of Sesshu Toyo is perhaps one of the finest examples of Japanese and Chinese monk landscapes in existence. We analyze the factors going into this painting from an artistic and aesthetic perspective, and we model the painting using MPEG-7 description. We examine the work done in rendering ink landscapes using computer-generated NPR. Finally we make some observations about measuring aesthetics in Chinese and Japanese ink painting.
Following the discovery of trace benzene in paint products, an assessment was needed to determine potential for benzene exposures to exceed the established ACGIH Threshold Limit Value (TLV) during painting operations. Sample data was collected by area industrial hygienists for benzene during routine maintenance and construction activities at Savannah River Site. A set of available data from the IH database, Sentry, was analyzed to provide guidance to the industrial hygiene staff and draw conclusions on the exposure potential during typical painting operations.
An agglomerated tungsten/copper composite powder was both cold sprayed and plasma sprayed onto a mild steel substrate for electronic package applications. Most pores resulting from the spraying were found in the vicinity of the tungsten-rich regions of the final product. The levels of porosity varied with the amount of tungsten present. No copper oxidation was found at the cold-sprayed deposit, but relatively high copper oxidation was observed at the plasma-sprayed deposit.
This paper presents a brief description of Emergency Core Cooling System designed by the IEA-R1m Reactor and the experimental results of flow distribution over the core. Several parameters were evaluated, such as: relative position of spray header to the reactor core; type and quantity of spray nozzles; spray nozzles position on spray header; and total spray flow. The main conclusions are presented. (author) 4 refs., 8 figs.; e-mail: wmtorres.net.ipen.br
In non-photorealistic rendering (NPR), the Chinese ink painting style rendering is a traditional NPR skill of China. In this paper, we propose a method for image-based and ink-diffusion-based Chinese ink painting NPR. Users without painting experience can also convert a normal image to a Chinese ink painting automatically. As we known, ink is an important pigment for Chinese ink painting and the various ink shade effects on the painting are produced by ink mixed with water. In addition, the ink diffusion along the boundaries is a very important aspect of Chinese ink painting. In order to realize the effects described above, we present a Chinese ink painting NPR method based on ink diffusion. We use Mean Shift based image segmentation algorithm to preprocess the input image to get regions with different tones. Then, we detect the segmentation regions' edges letting the edge points to be the start points for diffusion. We set each point an ink value which is corresponding to its gray value. At the same time, a new algorithm simulating ink diffusion is proposed to make the segmentation image look like a black-ink painting. Results in this paper demonstrate our method is promising.
We describe two cases of airborne contact allergy to plastic paint containing Kathon. Two women with known kathon allergy, aged 33 and 50 years, developed severe dermatitis and systemic reactions after painting their homes with water-based plastic paint with Kathon as preservative. Both required treatment with systemic steroids. On return to their homes, the symptoms immediately recurred, and they were forced to stay away for several weeks afterwards. Patients allergic to Kathon should be informed of the risk of airborne contact allergy when exposed to paints preserved with Kathon. PMID:12024848
Five identical test structures have been fabricated for studying passive techniques for better comfort conditioning in arid areas. As 50% of the heat load in the building is from the roof, therefore, it has been treated with different passive techniques, viz. painting of roof by white paint, thermal insulation underneath roof, shallow pond with moving insulation and soaked gunny bags with water. It has been found that the fall in roof and ambient temperatures inside the test structures were in increasing order for roofs treated with thermal insulation, painted with white paint, shallow pond with movable thermal insulation and evaporative cooling. (author)
...direct production: Abrasive Cleaning/Water Blasting, Tank Cleaning, Welding...Shipfitting, Lagging/ Insulating, Painting, Boilermaking, Pipe Fitting, Engineering...services may include the furnishing of water, electricity, telephone...
Paint solvents deposited on charcoal adsorbers used in the standby gas treatment (SBGT) system can reduce the methyl iodide removal efficiency of the adsorbers. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has imposed regulations in the form of technical specifications in order to mitigate the consequences of potential charcoal adsorber poisoning. Specifically, Monticello Nuclear Generating Plant's technical specifications require that the filters be tested following painting, fire or chemical release in any ventilation zone communicating with the system while the system is operating that could contaminate the HEPA filters or charcoal adsorbers. A method has been developed to determine the maximum allowable painting rate within secondary containment such that the quantity of organic solvents in the building at any time is always less than that which could potentially reduce the charcoal adsorber removal efficiency below the technical specification limit of 90%. This method allows many types of paints to be used within containment, although maximum allowable painting rates will decrease for paints with high quantities of hydrocarbon solvents or slow drying times. Controls in the form of a painting procedure have been put in place to ensure the analysis remains valid during all painting projects. Strict control over painting within secondary containment will ensure the integrity of the charcoal adsorbers and thus enhance the safe operation of the plant.
Discussions were given on quantitative identification of effect of concrete surface coatings on concrete structures for the prevention of salt attack, and a method to evaluate surface coating materials. A test was carried out with test specimens exposed to three corrosion promoting conditions: a marine environment, splashes in a simulation equipment, and repetition of drying and wetting. The painting system had generally good durability with partial exception. Some epoxy resin based painting system had the paint film surface turned from white to yellow. When widths of cracks in concrete are in a range of up to 0.2 mm, no cracks were discovered on paint films. Electrochemical measurements were found effective in discussing the condition of reinforced concrete and corrosion prevention performance of the paint films. Color measurement worked effectively in quantifying the color change on the paint films. A painting system must be evaluated on both durability and salt attack resistance. The longer the use period before paint has been applied, the painting effect decreased relatively making a precise evaluation difficult. 11 refs., 103 figs., 15 tabs.
Painting is the most expensive unit operation in automobile manufacturing and the source of over 90 percent of the air, water and solid waste emissions at the assembly plant. While innovative paint technologies such as waterborne or powder paints can potentially improve plant environmental performance, implementing these technologies often requires major capital investment. A process-based technical cost model was developed for examining the environmental and economic implications of automotive painting at the unit operation level. The tradeoffs between potential environmental benefits and their relative costs are evaluated for current and new technologies.
This report describes the repainting of a receiver panel at the 10 MWe Solar Thermal Central Receiver Pilot Plant located near Barstow, California. The plant, called Solar One, is a cooperative activity between the Department of Energy and the Associates: Southern California Edison, the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power and the California Energy Commission. This report describes the painting preparation, painting process, and evaluation conducted following the actual painting. The receiver panel was repainted to restore the absorptivity. The panel absorptivity increased from .875 to .96 following the painting.
Arvustus: Baigell, Renee. Baigell, Matthew. Peeling potatoes, painting pictures : women artists in post-Soviet Russia, Estonia, and Latvia : the first decade. New Brunswick : Rutgers University Press, 2001
In this work, various examples of the use of the stimulated infrared thermography to help restore mural paintings are presented. First, the principles of this technique are expounded. Then, examples of devices used for the study are described. Finally, we show the possibility of in situ detection of detachments in different mural paintings: ''Saint Christophe'' belonging to the ''Campana'' collection in the ''Louvre'', painted walls in the ''Saint Florentin'' church in ''Bonnet'', painted ceilings in the ''Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe'' abbey (classified in the UNESCO world heritage), and the ''Cocteau'' frescoes in the ''Saint Pierre'' vault in ''Villefranche-sur-Mer''.
The ban on harmful substances in antifouling paints requires the development of new antifouling strategies. Alternatives should be as effective as conventional paints but of lower toxicity. In the present study two commercially available, self-polishing antifouling paints were examined in order to get information on their antifouling properties and toxicological potential. Efficacy was shown in settlement assays with the marine barnacle species Balanus amphitrite, however, efficacy was related to toxic effects observed on target and non-target organisms. Toxicity of the paint extracts was concentration-dependent and differed according to the paint and the species investigated. Toxicity could at least partially be attributed to zinc leached from the paints. Effects of a water-soluble paint were more pronounced in larvae of B. amphitrite, Artemia salina and in the green algae Dunaliella tertiolecta. Embryos of the freshwater species Danio rerio and Vibrio fisheri were more affected by a paint based on organic solvents. - For alternative antifouling paints efficacy as well as adverse effects on non-target organisms and the aquatic environment should be carefully assessed.
This paper described the trend of rust preventive coating technique. The fluorocarbon resin is paid attention to as a super weatherproof paint and this system uses the combination of urethane rubber type, the epoxy rubber type and the elastic type fluorocarbon resin paint in many cases as the intermediate coat. This system has the superior weather resistance, durability, adhesion, salt isolation capability and permeability. New commercial products such as silicon-acrylate resin and epoxy resin paint for super-thick film are put into the market. For the rust preventive coat, the need for the beautiful dressing finishment is high, so that it is necessary to cope with this by including a color coordinator. Whereas, other problems may be the practical use of coating robot and the development of paint with low solvent or without solvent from the view point of safety. It is desirable to establish the paints without public nuissance and environmental pollution, permeating type and substrate lightening type paints, superthick film paints and curable type paints under water to respond to the needs along with the future expansion of marine field. It is required to develop highly functional paints conforming the future needs, responding to the market expansion and the change of the environment. 2 figs., 4 tabs.
The characteristics of thin films of color paints cured by electron beam radiation were examined for the purpose of appling electron beams to the color printing of can exteriors. The mixtures of various kinds of acrylic oligomers, monomers, and pigments were used as color paints. The color paints were coated on tin plate and the plates were irradiated in an atmosphere of nitrogen with low energy electron beams of 200 kV. The pencil hardness, adhesion, cracking, and hue of cured coating were measured. From the results of these tests, several color paints seem to be appropriate for the processing of can exterious. (author).
Shipboard and laboratory trials were conducted to determine airborne occupational exposure to isocyanates by brush/roller application of 2-pack polyurethane paints. Airborne concentrations in the breathing zones of the operators were found to be <0.1??g/m3 during the paint application to a vessel deck, in a tropical climate, in the open air. Similarly, brush/roller application of the paints in an enclosed space generated airborne isocyanate concentrations <3??g/m3. The dust generated during light sanding of the polyurethane paint, 24?h after curing, did not show detectable levels of isocyanates.
Latex paints contain several types of particles including polymer binder, primary pigment, extenders, and colorants. When the paints contain associative thickeners, control of particle dispersion can be very complicated due to the interaction of the particles with dispersants, surfactants, and the associative thickener itself. In particular, dispersion of the pigments can act independently of dispersion of the binder particles. The consequences of this situation are manifested in the physical properties of the paint and of the films it forms. This paper describes these interactions in terms of their colloid chemistry and shows the consequences of additive choices on the particle dispersion and also the optical properties of model paint films.
Näitusest "Maalimine keelatud/No painting" Tallinna Kunstihoones. Rahvusvahelisel näitusel esinevad kunstnikud Itaaliast, Lätist, Rootsist, Saksamaalt, Soomest, Suurbritanniast, Eestist. Kuraator Anders Härm
Londonis 1998. a. ilmunud inglise kunstikriitiku Matthew Cullerne Bowni monograafias "Socialist Realist Painting" on eesti kunstnikest Enn Põldroos, Nikolai Kormashov, Ando Keskküla, Kormashovi ja Keskküla maalide reproduktsioonid
Current regulatory risk assessment procedures only assess the impact of antifouling paint biocides that are released through leaching from a painted surface. Hull cleaning activities can lead to particles of antifouling paint containing biocides to enter the environment. Comparative pseudo-first order anaerobic degradation rate constants and half-lives were determined for a selection of common antifouling paint booster biocides, their degradation products, and associated with paint particles. Anaerobic half-lives of <0.5 days were calculated for chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid, and SeaNine 211, between 1 and 3 days for DCPMU and DCPU, between 14 and 35 days for diuron and CPDU, and over 226 days for GS26575 and Irgarol 1051. Increased persistence was observed when the compounds were introduced to sediments associated with antifouling paint particles. When present as antifouling paint particles, an increased half-life of 9.9 days for SeaNine 211 and 1.4 days was calculated for dichlofluanid, no significant degradation was observed for diuron. It is suspected that this is due to much of the biocide being initially bound within the matrix of the paint particle that is slowly released through dissolution processes into the sediment pore water prior to degradation. The release of booster biocides associated with paint particles into marinas has the potential to lead to their accumulation unless activities such as hull cleaning are strictly regulated. PMID:12663215
The authors present a general overview of marine paints, paying particular attention to the case of antifouling paints. After locating these paints in the anticorrosive protection systems used on the underwater parts of ships and/or other moving structures, a summary is made of the main types of antifouling products used through history up to the present time. This is complemented by a systematic assessment of the main types of living organisms that fix themselves to the underwater parts of ships. Consideration is also briefly made of the main basic mechanisms by which the different types of antifouling paints work. Finally a number of current research lines on antifouling technologies are mentioned.
A crack detection (CD) paint was applied to weld lines of a transverse rib welded joint specimen of a rolled steel for welded structures, and the effects of the paint on visual detection of fatigue cracks were evaluated by performing a fatigue test. Remarkable color development was observed in the CD paint when fatigue cracks propagated along the weld toe lines. At intervals in the fatigue test, surface SH (Secondary Horizontal) wave tests were also carried out in order to confirm the existence of fatigue cracks, and the test results were compared with the color development in the CD paint.
Issues encountered with dynamic mechanical analysis of artists? acrylic emulsion paint films are presented alongside modifications to improve controlled relative humidity (RH) experiments using isothermal and thermal scanning conditions. Free films of titanium white (PW6) artists? acrylic emulsion paints were cast as free films and their viscoelastic properties measured using the tensile mode of the dynamic mechanical analyser (DMA). Artists? acrylic emulsion paints are within their glass transition temperature region at room temperature and are highly responsive to changes in ambient temperature and relative humidity, hence controlling relative humidity during analysis is vital to the successful analysis of these paints.
... paints, pigments, and preservatives Products using chloride and formaldehyde ... Clapp JD, Kramer Bs. Cumulative incidence of false-positive test results in lung cancer screening: a randomized ...
Master what it takes to make your rotoscoping and digital painting blend seamlessly into each shot. Through illustrious four color presentation, the book features step-by-step instruction on the artistic techniques of rotoscoping and digital painting with lessons on: *Articulate mattes *Digital paint in moving footage *Motion tracking *Advanced rotoscoping and digital paint techniques, and much more It also features practical insight on the subject and industry, delving into: *The history and evolution of rotoscoping and the role of the rotoscoper *A typical day in the life of a rotoscoper *H
An exploratory laboratory investigation was made on protection against nuclear thermal radiation with thermoshielding and intumescent paints. Thermoshield ing paint, a new invention, protects by interposing a rapidly produced, self-generated smoke screen between substrate and radiation. Intumescent paint, commercially available, protects by expanding into a heat- insulating, sponge-like mat. Three experimental, prototype thermoshielding paints were invented, and one intumescent palnt, Albi-99, was selected for study. The former consisted of Nawy gray paint having tetracene (i.e., 1granyl-4- nitrosoaminoguanyltetrazene), nitrosoquanidine or sebacic acid as smoke- generating components. The paints were applied on thin, 3/4-in. diameter, primered copper discs. These were subjected to square-wave and simulated weapon pulse exposures with the Mitchell thermal radiation source, and curves of temperature rise versus time after incidence were determined. Degree of protection was evaluated relative to ordinary Navy gray paint, and was expressed numerically for any particular time after incidence as a percentage (A-B)/ (A) x 100, where A represents the temperature rise of the Navy gray paint disc, and B that of the test palnt disc. The degree of protection varied with paint and exposure characteristics. The thermoshielding sebacic acid paint protected appreciably (7 to 16%) throughout a range of simulated weapon exposures extending from one of high peak irradiance and moderate yield (22 cal/cm/sup 2/ sec and 0.2 Mt) to one of low peak irradiance and high yield (5 cal/cm/sup 2//sec and 10 Mt). The explosively decrepitating thermoshielding paints, tetracene and nitrosoguanidine, protected appreciably (13 to 19%) when the simulated weapon pulses delivered the majority of the radiation within a few seconds, but they failed to protect when the majority was delivered during a period of many seconds. Intumescent Albi-99 protected appreci-ably (7 to 23%) when temperature rises were great enough (about 225 to 250 deg C) for formation of its relatively slowly produced foam blanket, but it failed completely for large, vary rapid temperature rises since immediate decomposition then caused loss of the intumescent property. All paints showed appreciable, sustained protection at exposures corresponding to 22 cal/cm/sup 2//sec peak irradiance and 1-Mt yield: sebacic acid paint, 14%; tetracene and nitrosoguanidine paints, 19%; Albi-99 paint, 23%. (auth)
By following their wonderful ideas or critical exploration, three eighth graders learned how to do traditional Chinese painting, which is taught by copying old masters' work from the Ming Dynasty in the 17th century. The standard manual, which most learners have been using for these three hundred years, is the "Mustard Seed Garden Manual of Chinese Painting", published in 1679. However, according to my literature review, I found out that ancient masters before the Ming Dynasty talked about a self-directed method of painting manifested in six different ways: (1) production from observation and experience, (2) production from the heart-mind, (3) production from mental-vision, (4) production with authenticity, (5) production with spontaneity, and (6) production with a multidisciplinary approach. As a student of Eleanor Duckworth, I wondered what might happen if beginning students are able to learn this age-old tradition of Chinese painting by just following their wonderful ideas like pre-Ming artists. In the class session described in this article, students explored Chinese brush strokes to paint the Chrysanthemum Painting, one of the traditional "Four Gentlemen Paintings," after being introduced to water and ink in a previous session. They invented their original brush strokes and uncovered brush methods used by the eminent painter, Zhao Shaoang: strokes for the pollen grains, curls of flower petals, and leaves of the chrysanthemum. When they viewed a chrysanthemum model from the "Mustard Seed Garden of Chinese Painting" after the session, they thought that their paintings surpassed it. After looking at an ancient chrysanthemum painting on her own, a student commented, "The ancient master painted like me!" (Contains 7 figures and 5 footnotes.)
Sprinklers are widely used in fire suppression applications. The suppression performance of these sprays is determined by their ability to penetrate the fire to reach burning surfaces below, while dispersing water throughout the hot fire environment. Spray penetration and dispersion are governed by the initial drop size and velocity characteristics of the spray, which depend on the injection conditions and sprinkler configuration. In this study, the initial spray is fully characterized using a laser-based shadowgraphy and particle tracking velocimetry system producing nearly a million simultaneous drop size/velocity realizations for each sprinkler spray. Near-field spray characteristics are established from local measurements, which are mapped in a spherical coordinate system consistent wi...
Techniques for studying the events directly preceding combustion in the liquid fuel sprays are being used to provide information as a function of space and time on droplet size, shape, number density, position, angle of flight and velocity. Spray chambers were designed and constructed for: (1) air-assist liquid fuel research sprays (2) high pressure and temperature chamber for pulsed diesel fuel sprays and (3) coal-water slurry sprays. Recent results utilizing photography, cinematography, and calibration of the Malvern particle sizer are reported. Systems for simultaneous measurement of velocity and particle size distributions using laser Doppler anemometry interferometry and the application of holography in liquid fuel sprays are being calibrated.
Lead in paint continues to be a threat to children?s health in cities across the United States, which means there is an ongoing need for testing and analysis of paint. This ongoing analytical effort and especially development of new methods continue to drive the need for diagnost...
Kate Bright’s recent paintings depict the familiar elements of landscape imagery as reflected wildly off the rippling surfaces of nearby bodies of water. Painted in matte acrylic with unexpected touches of high-gloss clear resin, the resulting scenes confound the distinction between image and abstra...
A museum fire in 1958 severely damaged a Monet 'Water Lilies' (1916-1926) painting that was on display. The surface of the painting is very dark with areas of blistering and charring. Over the years, traditional techniques have been found to be ineffective at removal of the soot and char from the surface. The painting, which is now in the care of the New York University (NYU) Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, was the subject of a study to determine if atomic oxygen treatment could remove the soot and char without damaging the fragile painting underneath. For test purposes, a small chip of paint was removed from the edge of the painting by a conservator at NYU and supplied to NASA Glenn Research Center for atomic oxygen treatment and analysis. The diffuse spectral reflectance, at three locations on the paint chip, was monitored at intervals during the atomic oxygen treatment process. Photo documentation of the chip during treatment was also performed. The color contrast was calculated from the spectral reflectance data as a function of treatment duration. Results of the testing indicated that the contrast improved as a result of the treatment, and the differentiation of colors on the surface was significantly improved. Soot and char could be removed without visibly affecting the gross surface features such as impasto areas. These results indicate the feasibility for the treatment of the 'Water Lilies' painting.
The work described includes fabrication, furnishing, delivering, unloading, storing, protecting, transporting, erecting, and testing the field-erected storage tanks, which consist of one raw water storage tank and one demineralized water tank, each complete with accessories. Other work included is the repair and re-test of any defects, surface preparation, prime painting, touch-up painting and lining. (LEW)
Fisher was a painter and engraver in Ireland, working after the Dutch and Italian landscape painting tradition. He is best known by engravings after his designs, of which a large number were produced during his career.[notes from Irish Paintings in the ‘National Gallery of Ireland’, 2001]The present...
...The rule is necessary to ensure that the painting operation will not be disrupted by bridge...would need to be dismantled during the painting operation. This would also affect the...approximately 28 feet of clearance at high water and 35 feet at low. When open the...
Fisher was a painter and engraver in Ireland, working after the Dutch and Italian landscape painting tradition. He is best known by engravings after his designs, of which a large number were produced during his career. [notes from Irish Paintings in the ‘National Gallery of Ireland’, 2001]The presen...
Fisher was a painter and engraver in Ireland, working after the Dutch and Italian landscape painting tradition. He is best known by engravings after his designs, of which a large number were produced during his career.[notes from Irish Paintings in the ‘National Gallery of Ireland’, 2001] The presen...
Fisher was a painter and engraver in Ireland, working after the Dutch and Italian landscape painting tradition. He is best known by engravings after his designs, of which a large number were produced during his career. [notes from Irish Paintings in the ‘National Gallery of Ireland’, 2001
Analyzes John Trumbull's documentary painting, "The Declaration of Independence," for its didactic importance. The painting actually represents the moment in which the declaration is presented to the Second Continental Congress, rather than the signing of the document. The historic and visual importance of the work for educators is explored. (SLD)
Dynamic rheological measurements are used to probe the structure of model magnetic paints which contain ferro-magnetic particles of iron oxide or barium ferrite a wetting resin and a solvent. Along with industrially used organic solvent-based paints, water-borne systems are studied. Methods to characterize the dispersion quality of pigment particles through rheological measurements are outlined.
Renovation, remodeling, demolition, and surface preparation for painting, in addition to specified lead abatement, are all activities that have the potential to produce hazardous wastes if a property was painted with lead-based paint. Lead-based paint was used on residential structures until 1978, when most residential uses were banned by the Consumer Products Safety Council. Prior to the 1950s, paints for residential uses may have contained up to 50% lead by weight. Today, commercial and military paints may still contain lead and can be used on non-residential structures. The lead content of residential paints is limited to 0.06% lead (by weight) in the dried film. This paper provides an overview of some of the information needed to properly manage lead-based paint abatement wastes. The issues covered in this paper include waste classification, generator status, treatment, and land disposal restrictions. The author assumes that the reader is familiar with the provision of the Health and Safety Code and the California Code of Regulations that pertain to generation and management of hazardous wastes. Citations provided herein do not constitute an exhaustive list of all the regulations with which a generator of hazardous waste must comply.
Lead and its compounds are used in paints not only to impart colour but also to make it durable, corrosion resistant and to improve drying. Adverse health impacts of lead especially on children have led countries to restrict or ban its use in paints. While U.S. and other developed countries instituted measures to limit the use of lead in paints, some developing countries including India have failed to regulate their lead content. The present study was undertaken to determine the levels of lead in new latex (water-based) and enamel paints (oil-based) intended for residential use in India. A total of 69 paint samples (38 latex and 31 enamel samples) from six of the most popular brands were analysed for lead concentrations. While all latex paint samples contained low levels of lead, (i.e., well below 600 ppm as regulated by United States' Consumer Products Safety Commission) the enamel paint samples of all but one brand contained significant concentrations of lead, ranging up to 140,000 ppm. In fact 84% of the enamel paints tested exceeded 600 ppm whereas only 38 % of all samples (including latex and enamel types) exceeded this regulatory level.
The industrial paint is responsible of very strong VOC emissions. A law, against the VOC, will be enforce in january 2001. This incites the market of products more respectful of the environment and in particular those of industrial paints? (A.L.B.)
This paper describes the the CDTN, NUCLEN and Furnas Corrosion Program in marine ambient, realized from 1985 to 1993. The atmospheric and accelerated laboratory tests in over 8000 samples for various paints systems was confronted and the best results are published. We concluded that various paints systems tested, can be used in the Angra dos Reis Nuclear Power Plants. (author) 7 refs., 6 tabs.
...and mists of paints, lacquers, and enamels 50 70 20 1 Measured at end...specified in § 84.205. (c) Lacquer and enamel mist tests; general. (1) Three...against mists of paints, lacquers, and enamels shall be tested in accordance with...
Test after 4 de-paint cycles, not after each de-paint cycle. .... Fighting equipment. Weapon Systems. Air Force. Army. Navy. USMC. NASA ..... Any pitting or apparent abrasion of either surface .... be followed to prepare the specimen(s) for this assessment shall be done by mounting, polishing, ... Profilometry measurements ...
A full description of the painting can be found in a document titled 'The Great Room PaintingsThe Progress of Human Knowledge & Culture by James Barry' written in 1783 by Barry. An abridge version of this document can be found on www.rsa.org.uk
In his 1508/09 painting "The three philosophers", Giorgio di Castelfranco (alias Giorgione) portrayed next to others Aristarchus of Samos, a great astronomer of his time. Almost as an aside, Giorgione’s painting captured a revolutionary discovery, which is shown on the document Aristarchus holds in ...
Färggrossen is a warehousing company that was established in 1976. The company has over 400 customers ranging across mid and south Sweden; it stores 5,000 different types of products such as paints, wallpapers, chemicals and tools which are used for painting. Since its establishment, the company has...
The Tree Theme Method (TTM), based on occupational therapy, creative activities and life storytelling, implies that the client draws and paints trees representing certain periods in their life. The paintings are used as a starting point for the client to tell their life story with focus on ...
The dissertation is about decorative painting that was extensively used in Petra, which along with gilding must have provided a colourful impression of the city. Scientific analysis of over 160 paint and plaster samples has shown that pigments were mainly ones that were common at the time and descri...
This article deals with the requirements that should be posed on paint that is to be used in rehabilitation of old houses. Everything outdoor that is not wood or metal tend to be considered as wall, from concrete and plaster to natural stone, asbestos cement and reinforced polyester plates. It is thus important to know what is to be treated before a paint can be chosen. The main function of the paint is to impart an aesthetically pleasing character to the surface, not to protect it. Technically it should not be necessary to paint a plastered wall. Concrete, plaster and other materials with cement as the binder are normally alkaline and should be treated with products based on alkali resistant binders. Inorganic paints require a sucking mineral support to adhere as they cure by reacting with the inorganic support. There are four essential properties of an external wall paint: openness to diffusion, water absorption, adhesion and weather resistance. No single paint is likely to be the best with respect to all of these properties, and it is therefore necessary to compromise or to develop paints that are specialised for the surface under consideration.
...draw span to facilitate the cleaning and painting of the structure. DATES: This deviation...This material is also available for inspection or copying the Docket Management Facility...out in 33 CFR 117.823, to facilitate painting of the structure. The Cape Fear...
...Commission be withheld from public inspection under 47 CFR 0.459 of the...not be available for public inspection. The Commission has in place...Commission to require the painting and/or illumination of radio...permittees responsible for the painting and lighting of antenna...
In 1575 Pieter Aertsen (1508?-1575) painted the biblical story of the healing of a lame man at Bethesda (John 5:1-9). At closer inspection, the painting reveals that the invalid is suffering from foot drop as well. PMID:21083952
...performing a detailed visual inspection of the stripped areas...alodine coating, and painting the affected wing skin...2008-13-09 set the initial inspections for that task at 6...performing a detailed visual inspection of the stripped areas...alodine coating, and painting the affected wing...
...an [general visual] inspection of the main landing...EASA] AD also requires painting the affected pipes...incorrectly during the inspection required by paragraph...this AD requires the inspection to be performed by certificated...12, 2010, requires painting the pipes end of...
...Commission be withheld from public inspection under 47 CFR 0.459 of the...not be available for public inspection. The Commission has in place...Commission to require the painting and/or illumination of radio...permittees responsible for the painting and lighting of antenna...
The young boy depicted in this painting, Thomas, became the 7th Earl of Haddington. The young girl, Grizel, also depicted in this portrait, became the Countess of Stanhope in 1745 when she married Philip Stanhope, the 2nd Earl of Stanhope. This painting is a companion piece to another portrait by B...
Much thought and discussion has centered around the economics of paint application in industrial facilities. To understand and control painting costs, the engineering, purchasing, construction, and maintenance departments of a corporation must work as a team. The engineering group must develop accurate plant surveys, good specifications, seek out competent contractors, and provide technical expertise when determining how plant components are to be painted. The construction department must coordinate the material flow of construction components from the fabrication stage through installation and plant start-up. The maintenance department must work together with engineering to maintain the item's corrosion protection system. Activities include monitoring paint life, scheduling future painting, and coordinating maintenance painting work with minimal interference to plant operations. The purchasing department must be actively involved in the bidding, pre-job meetings, contract award, and management of the coating work. The focus of this article describes the concepts and methods employed in a planned approach to painting. This paper endeavors to discuss the practice of full system application in the paint shop and provide comparisons of the contracting options available to the owner: lump sum, time and material, unit price, and unit manhour.
Often mold contaminated building materials are not properly removed, some surface cleaning is performed and paint is applied in an attempt to alleviate the problem. The efficacy of antimicrobial paints to eliminate or control mold regrowth on surfaces can easily be tested on non-...
This research project was conducted in collaboration with the Iowa Department of Public Health to evaluate whether property owners who follow recommended procedures for lead-based paint removal/repair can do the work safely and effectively. This study included 29 homes where a lead-based paint hazard had been identified and lead-based paint was removed or repaired (hazard reduction). Exposure evaluation included pre-project surface dust wipe sampling, air monitoring during lead-based paint removal, post-project surface dust wipe sampling, and pre- and post-project blood samples from adult study participants. The comparison of surface dust wipe samples taken before and after lead paint hazard reduction was used to evaluate the effectiveness of lead paint hazard reduction. The lead loadings on window sill surfaces in the work area were significantly lower after completion of the project, and the lead-based paint removal did not contaminate the adjoining living area. The proportion of homes with surface dust lead loading exceeding Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) clearance standard was 73% pre-project and 38% post-project. Personal airborne exposures during lead removal activities reinforce the need to respiratory protection and good hygiene. There was no difference in adult pre-/post-blood levels, indicating that participants die remove lead in a safe manner with respect to their own exposures. The results indicate that hazard reduction can be done effectively when recommended procedures for the removal of lead-based paint are followed.
Article discusses fire-resistant water-based paints made by adding intumescing agents to fluorocarbon coatings. Since these paints are water-based, they do not pollute atmosphere as they dry and can be used in closed-loop air-recirculation system in spacecraft and submarines.
Thin organic coated steel sheets have been electropainted for home electrical appliances. Therefore, it is important to make clear the exact mechanism of electropainting on organic coating. In this study, the effect of resin coating on electropainting behaviour of thin organic coated steel sheets was investigated by using an acrylic cationic electropaint for one-coat finish. Measurement an initial current of electropainting, observation of uncured as-deposited paint film by video microscope system and counting of conductive points of organic coated steel sheets were conducted. When resin coating weight of organic coated steel sheets is large, bubbles are left in the paint film, the paint film thickness increase largely and surface of the paint film becomes rough. The reason is that microscopic conductive points of the organic coated steel sheets decrease and electrodeposited paint film becomes random in thickness at the initial stage of electropainting. So the electropainting current concentrates locally on the spots where the paint film is thin, then thick and porous paint film which contains bubbles is formed. It is clear that the electropaintability of organic coated steel sheets depends on the morphology of initially deposited paint film. Therefore, it is possible to improve electropaintability by controlling the microscopic conductive points of resin coating.(author)
Antifouling paints are used on a wide range of underwater structures in order to protect them from the development of fouling organisms. The leaching of the toxic substances from the matrix of the paint causes toxic effects not only to the fouling organisms but also on other "non-target" biota. The ...
The development of chemically active antifouling paints has traditionally been based on an empirical approach. Optimisation and evaluation of novel and existing products are frequently conducted by means of, for example, systematic paint rotary tests in the laboratory or at sea sites. In this review, the usefulness of combining rotary experiments with the development of detailed mathematical models of paint behaviour will be discussed with reference to the relevant literature. Mathematical models can generally be used in the design of suitable release systems for various active components such as proteins or biocides, as well as for the estimation of release rates from different compositions of paints under various seawater conditions. Insoluble matrix, soluble matrix and self-polishing paints will be considered. Simulations from recent publications that show the effects of dynamic changes in seawater on paint behaviour will be presented. Examples of potential uses of paint models for accelerated polishing and leaching tests and screening of novel paint components will also be, discussed. Directions of future modelling work are suggested.
11. 1967/35/24: Head Eland -- 12. 1967/35/26: Head Therianthrope -- 13. 1967/35/27: Person Body paint -- 14. 1967/35/29: Person Artefacts -- 15. 1967/35/30: Person Body paint -- 16. 1967/35/31: Person Artefacts Ostrich feather wards -- 17. 1967/35/32A: Seated Kaross Arrows Beads White fac...
31. 1967/36/20: Person Body paint -- 32. 1967/36/21: Hartebeest -- 33. 1967/36/22: Person Kaross Chamisso cap -- 34. 1967/36/24: Hartebeest People -- 35. 1967/36/25: Women Gathering Family life -- 36. 1967/36/26: Person -- 37. 1967/36/27: Person Body paint Rockface features -- 38. 1967/36/28:...
Several paints of two types were chosen to assess an air quality monitoring tool based on an electronic nose. We are trying to improve the discrimination capability of the system by means of pattern recognition techniques. The electronic nose we use is based on conducting polymer sensors. The paint ...
We report a de novo, apparently balanced (2;8)(q35;q21.2) translocation in a boy with developmental delay and autism. Cross species (colour) paint (Rx) and SKY FISH, forward and reverse chromosome painting, and FISH with subtelomeric probes were used to examine the patient's karyotype, but further...
Thursday, 25 November from 9am to 3pm Main Building 60, Ground floor All proceeds from the sale will be given to the charity Solidarité Femmes Numerous items for sale: Christmas wreaths, Cakes and Biscuits, Coffee, Preserves, Paintings, Books, Embroidery, Patchwork, Painting on porcelain... Tombola! Win a patchwork quilt, handmade by CWC members. All are welcome!
Oct 15, 2011... is the amount of hydrogen and oxygen inside the shuttle during launch. ... The PCB-laden paint on the Saturn 1B launch stand was flaking off into ... paint had to be fully stripped from the steel structure, a lengthy and costly ...
A quantitative field method was developed for the analysis of lead (Pb) in paint, bulk dust, and soil. 5% (v/v) HNO3 ultrasonic digestion was followed by colorimetric measurement of the digest using a commercially available water Pb test kit. or paints, the range of the method is...
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been investigated for the discrimination of automobile paint samples. Paint samples from automobiles of different makes, models, and years were collected and separated into sets based on the color, presence or absence of effect pigments and the number of paint layers. Twelve LIBS spectra were obtained for each paint sample, each an average of a five single shot 'drill down' spectra from consecutive laser ablations in the same spot on the sample. Analyses by a nonparametric permutation test and a parametric Wald test were performed to determine the extent of discrimination within each set of paint samples. The discrimination power and Type I error were assessed for each data analysis method. Conversion of the spectral intensity to a log-scale (base 10) resulted in a higher overall discrimination power while observing the same significance level. Working on the log-scale, the nonparametric permutation tests gave an overall 89.83% discrimination power with a size of Type I error being 4.44% at the nominal significance level of 5%. White paint samples, as a group, were the most difficult to differentiate with the power being only 86.56% followed by 95.83% for black paint samples. Parametric analysis of the data set produced lower discrimination (85.17%) with 3.33% Type I errors, which is not recommended for both theoretical and practical considerations. The nonparametric testing method is applicable across many analytical comparisons, with the specific application described here being the pairwise comparison of automotive paint samples.
The striking wall paintings uncovered in the excavations at Çatalhöyük have fascinated archaeologists and non-archaeologists alike, and many interpretations of their content and meaning have been proposed. This article re-evaluates the claim that one of these paintings is a map of the village, with...
The ban on the use of TBT-based antifouling paints for boats under 25 m in length has lead to a search for new non-toxic antifoulants. One of the most promising alternative technologies to heavy metal based antifouling paint is the development of antifouling coatings whose active ingredients are nat...
Increasing use of nanoparticles in different industrial applications has raised a new potential health risk to the workers as well as to the consumers. This study investigates the particle size distributions of sanding dust released from paints produced with and without engineered nanoparticles. Dust emissions from sanding painted plates were found to consist of five size modes; three modes under 1 mum and two modes around 1 and 2 mum. We observed that the sander was the only source of particles smaller than 50 nm and they dominated the number concentration spectra. Mass and surface area spectra were dominated by the 1 and 2 mum modes. Addition of nanoparticles caused only minor changes in the geometric mean diameters of the particle modes generated during sanding of two paints doped with 17 nm TiO2 and 95 nm Carbon Black nanoparticles as compared to the size modes generated during sanding a conventional reference paint. However, the number concentrations in the different size modes varied considerably in between the two NP-doped paints and the reference paint. Therefore, from a physical point of view, there may be a difference in the exposure risk during sanding surfaces covered with nanoparticle-based paints as compared to sanding conventional paints.
Analyzes free-speech challenge to school district's guidelines for acceptable expressions on ceramic tiles painted by Columbine High School students to express their feelings about the massacre. Tenth Circuit found that tile painting constituted school-sponsored speech and thus district had the constitutional authority under "Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier" to regulate the content of the titles. (PKP)
Oct 4, 2012 ... Failure to recognize the effects of weathering can lead to catastrophic ... The paint will show signs of cracking and peeling within a few years. ... surface, the wood grain pattern can easily be seen on the back side of the paint.
In order do decrease the penetrability of chloride ions in concrete the use of paintings based on polymers can be a good solution. The use of acrylic paintings is recommended because they have good resistance to ultraviolet radiation. It is important to quantify the decrease of chloride ions penetra...
This watercolor was signed and dated, 'J. Boyne 1809'. In the image the almanac on the wall is dated 1808 and the figure in the center of the painting, standing on a chair is reading 'The County Chronicle'. He points to its headline which reads 'Invasion'. This painting was exhibited at the Royal Ac...
A carrier for conveying components of a fuel cell to be sintered through a sintering furnace. The carrier comprises a metal sheet coated with a water-based carbon paint, the water-based carbon paint comprising water, powdered graphite, an organic binder, a wetting agent, a dispersing agent and a defoaming agent.
With the increase of painting works and the decrease of skilled workers, the demand for robot painting of the large-scale steel product is rapidly increasing. But there are many technical problems in the development of the painting robot for this use. The collision between a robot and a work-piece is one of the most important problems, because the robot operates in a small space of a work-piece. Above all, the collision of the painting material supply hose with painted film on a work-piece is very serious. To avoid the hose collision, we propose an in-line type of paint supply mechanism using swivel joints. The key point in this system is the sealing performance and its durability, and we propose the piping system with compliance to strengthen the sealing performance. In this paper, the design method of this system is discussed on the basis of the analysis of the fluctuatinal elastic deformation of a O-ring in the swivel joint. We produced a prototype of the painting robot with the in-line system designed by this method. Application of this robot to the painting of ship-hull block is also discussed. Results from this application show the effectiveness of the in-line system.
Power sanding exterior paint is a common practice during repainting of old houses in New Orleans, Louisiana, that triggers lead poisoning and releases more than Pb. In this study we quantified the Pb, zinc, cadmium, manganese, nickel, copper, cobalt, chromium, and vanadium in exterior paint samples ...
This painting 'forms a complete contrast with Barry's 'Temptation of Adam' (cgjc0762), exhibited four years earlier at the RA, in which the life-size figures dominate the landscape. In this later painting the smaller figures, shown in the middle foreground of a dark woodland scene, are completely in...
This canvas, painted for the Accademia Clementina in Bologna when Barry was made a member, is on the same ambitious scale he had chosen for 'The Temptation of Adam' (cgjc0762). Based on translations of two Greek texts, Glaucus' epigram on Parrhasius' lost picture and Sophocles' play, the painting de...
'Barry first mentioned this subject painting in a letter dated 23 May 1767 from Rome to Edmund Burke and made numerous other references to it throughout his stay in Italy. In writing that he wished to paint figures of 'absolute beauty', Barry clearly shows that Burke's treatise 'A Philosophical Enqu...
The rock paintings in cliff-foot caves of the Albarracin Cultural Park are known as some of the most important evidences of the Levantine prehistoric art of Spain (8000–3000 BP). The paintings are on sandstone (Buntsandstein facies) of Triasic age, which may develop intense weathering. The analysis ...
Usually to aline optics safely, low power laser which can safely operated without safety goggles is substituted for higher power laser during alinement procedure. Need for lower power substitute laser can be eliminated by painting target area with commercial paint which fluoresces strongly in red or yellow portion of spectrum when excited by argon laser beam.
This painting is very similar to the painting by Barret titled 'A view near Killarney', image cgjc0627. The 'drover and cattle' described in the title are very small details in the image, see the left-hand middle ground among the trees.
The artist lived in Italy with his sister Dorothy, c.1888-1891. His base was Florence, where he had an address at no.22 Via La Marmara, but he also made excursions to Venice, where he painted canal scenes, and to Perugia, where he painted a series of street and architectural subjects (see Mary Strat...
I used painted first-year collared lizard males in the field to test the hypothesis that conspicuous coloration imposes a growth cost, either because it makes lizards less cryptic to their prey or because conspicuous color attracts predators forcing increased refuging by lizards. To make males more conspicuous, I painted them green and yellow to match hues of older territorial males, made another group inconspicuous by painting males brown like females, and painted a control group with water. I then compared rates of travel, the frequency, and the percentage of strikes on prey that were successful. I recaptured males periodically to record cloacal and substrate temperatures, to measure growth rate, and to retouch paint. Time spent refuging, travel rate, and both cloacal and substrate tempe...
The use of Fourier transform infrared spectromicroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS) allowed us to characterize the composition of polar and non-polar binders present in sporadic wall paint fragments taken from Pompeii's archaeological excavation. The analyses of the polar and non-polar binder components extracted from paint powder layer showed the presence of amino acids, sugars, and fatty acids but the absence of proteinaceous material. These results are consistent with a water tempera painting mixture composed of pigments, flours, gums, and oils and are in agreement with those obtained from a simulated wall paint sample made for mimicking an ancient "a secco" technique. Notably, for the first time, we report the capability to discriminate by tandem MS the presence of free amino acids in the paint layer. PMID:22302170
Specimens of galvanised and painted steel sheets were analysed by means of confocal and scanning electron microscopy to determine the reasons for paint detachment from the surface during manufacturing operations of home and automotive appliances. It was found that samples showing paint adhesion failure presented a thicker galvanised layer, compared to painted samples without failure and galvanised only samples. In addition, enrichment of carbon and oxygen was localised at the top of the galvanised coating, which points to the formation of a layer made of oxides, hydroxides and carbonates of zinc at this location. The formation of this layer can be responsible for reducing the adhesive strength established between the galvanised coating and paint, therefore favouring its removal when subjec...
Paints and coatings are a popular mitigation measure for corrosion of various industrial components in service. Accurate early detection of decohesion of paints/coatings is invaluable for the proper maintenance of coated components. Recent advances in electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) provide the capability of sensitive and precise detection of out-of-plane displacements. This paper presents recent laboratory results investigating the application of ESPI as a non-contact and non-destructive technique for the detection of decohesion of artificially created thin films over a steel substrate. Based on the success of the ESPI in detecting the decohesion of artificial paints, the technique was successfully extended to typical paints and coatings used in naval applications. This paper also establishes the need to use an external excitation source of a specific frequency range for the characterisation of decohesion in a given paint-substrate system. (Author)
Irradiation resisting paints are applied to concrete surfaces after holes at the concrete surfaces have been plugged with epoxy resin putty, epoxy resin mortar, polymer cement mortar, cement mortar, etc. and smoothened with spatulas or trowels. Therefore, the effectivenesses of these paints are greatly influenced by the effects of these materials, for example, adhesion to concrete and layers of paints. Moreover, the effects of these materials differ with work execution conditions. Accordingly, experiments were conducted to clarify work execution conditions of these materials in order to increase adhesion to concrete and layers of paint after being exposed to high temperature and high humidity as well as normal temperature. The results showed that adhesion to concrete and layers of paint differed with kinds of patching materials and work execution conditions, and useful knowledge was obtained about these factors.
The inhibition of marine corrosion of steel by 6-amino-2-thiouracil (1) and its derivatives 6-benzylideneamino-2-thiouracil (2) and 6-p-chlorobenzylideneamino-2-thiouracil (3) has been tested on laboratory scale using electrochemical technique which was performed on mild steel in sea water medium and on field scale through the incorporation of the compounds individually in marine paints compositions. The paint containing the compounds were applied on unprimed steel and the coated panels were tested in Alexandria Eastern Harbour water (Egypt). The electrochemical measurements indicate that both compounds (1) & (3) act as cathodic-type inhibitors, but the data of compound (2) showed neither cathodic nor anodic inhibition. The paint composition based on the soluble resin material as a sole binder and containing compound (1) showed the best corrosion protection of its steel surface tell more than 2 months followed by the paint composition containing compound (3). On the other hand, oil is not recommended with paint composition containing these compounds.
A method was developed to improve contamination proofness, water proofness, close bondability and stretching performance of strippable paints coated to substrates liable to be contaminated with radioactive materials. Strippable paints are previously coated on substrates which may possibly be contaminated with radioactive materials. After the contamination, the coated membranes are stripped and removed. Alternatively, the strippable paints may be coated on the already contaminated substrates and, after drying, the paints are stripped and removed. The strippable paints used herein have a composition comprising a styrene-butadiene block copolymer containing from 60 to 80 wt% of styrene as a main ingredient and from 0.3 to 5 % by weight of a higher alkyl amine compound having 12 to 18 carbon atoms blended with the copolymer. (Ikeda, J.).
We demonstrate the applicability of a new PAINT method to speed up iterations of interactive methods in multiobjective optimization. As our test case, we solve a computationally expensive non-linear, five-objective problem of designing and operating a wastewater treatment plant. The PAINT method interpolates between a given set of Pareto optimal outcomes and constructs a computationally inexpensive mixed integer linear surrogate problem for the original problem. We develop an IND-NIMBUS(R) PAINT module to combine the interactive NIMBUS method and the PAINT method and to find a preferred solution to the original problem. With the PAINT method, the solution process with the NIMBUS method take a comparatively short time even though the original problem is computationally expensive.
The Food Sanitation Law of Japan provides that the amount of lead eluted from the paint film on baby toys must be less than 90 ?g/g. However, the amount of lead eluted from paint films on products to which the Food Sanitation Law is inapplicable is not controlled even if the product is used by babies. We therefore investigated the amount of lead eluted from the paint films on household products which babies may use with reference to the Food Sanitation Law. In addition, we confirmed the validity of capillary electrophoresis for measurement of the lead concentration of test solutions. Of 105 products (107 paint films) such as stationery and hairpins, only one hairpin had a paint film that eluted a small amount of lead. The hairpin package carried a warning of the lead content. Nevertheless, household product which babies may use should ideally not contain lead.
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The present research concerns the Roman wall paintings preserved at Insula del Centenario (IX, 8), the important Pompeian block situated in the Regio IX, along Via di Nola. RESULTS: The aims of this research are two: to verify the presence of lipidic and proteinaceous material to spread the pigments, and to identify organic matter in painting materials owing to previous restoration works. The samples collected from the wall paintings of different rooms have been investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). CONCLUSIONS: The analytical results show that these Roman wall paintings were realized without the use of lipidic and proteinaceous materials, supposedly in fresco technique. Moreover, it was detected that wax, egg, and animal glue were used in previous restoration works for protective purpose and to restore the wall paintings to their original brilliant colours. PMID:23006771
Non-destructive optical testing techniques are widely used in the field of painting diagnostics because of their effectiveness and safety. At present, many techniques for non-destructive investigations of paintings are available. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a non invasive technique allowing cross sectional imaging of partially transparent or scattering tissue which is now well-established for biomedical applications. Particularly, the OCT techniques allow evaluating multilayer tissues. Being applied to painting diagnostics, the OCT gives a possibility to measure the actual varnish thickness that is very important in painting restoration by the cleaning process. Because of complicated local structure of layers and light scattering, noise-immune signal processing methods should be used. In the paper, the Kalman filtering method involving random fringe model applied to the OCT signals is investigated and compared with conventional fringe amplitude demodulation method. Experimental results obtained when recovering OCT tomograms of paintings are presented and discussed.
An experimental study on tritium (T) transfer in porous concrete for the tertiary T safety containment is performed to investigate (i) how fast HTO penetrates through concrete walls, (ii) how well concrete walls contaminated with water-soluble T are decontaminated by a solution-in-water technique, and (iii) how well hydrophobic paint coating works as a protecting film against HTO migrating through concrete walls. The experiment is comparatively carried out using disks of cement paste which W(water)/C(cement) weight ratio is 0.6:1 with or without hydrophobic paints, and mortar disks which W/C/sand ratio is 0.6:1:2 with or without the paints. The hydrophobic paints tested in the present study are an epoxy polymer resin paint and an acrylic-silicon polymer resin one. After T exposure during s...
doi: 10.1111/j.1741-2358.2010.00473.x - Influence of artificial accelerated ageing on the colour stability of paints used for ocular prosthesis iris painting Objectives:- To evaluate the colour stability of paints used for ocular prosthesis iris painting submitted for accelerated artificial ageing (AAA). Materials and methods:- Forty specimens of acrylic resin for sclera (16--2-mm) were made and separated into eight groups (n-=-10) according to the type of paint (gouache, GP; oil, OP; acrylic AP; and composite resin for characterisation, CR) and the colours used (blue/brown). After drying (72-h), a new layer of colourless acrylic resin was applied and the initial colour readout was performed (Spectrophotometer PCB 6807). New colour readouts were performed after AAA, and E was calculated. R...
Double strands of polyaniline (PAn) and poly(o-anisidine) (POAn) with poly(acrylic acid-co-acryl amide) (PAA-co-AA) were successfully prepared on steel as undercoating, by immersion of the pretreated surfaces into a PAn: (PAA-co-AA) and POAn: (PAA-co-AA) saturated DMF solution separately. The undercoatings formed on the steel were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. A commercial paint (Nippon Paint, nonadded Chrome) was used as topcoating. Electrode/electroactive polymer/paint/electrolyte system was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The EIS studies show that during the first 18?days immersion time in 3.5% solution of NaCl, paint/PAn coating has better corrosion resistance than paint/POAn coating while in the final week of immer...
Alkyd resins have been introduced in the 1930s as binders for paints. Their compatibility with many polymers and the extremely wide formulating latitude made them suitable for the production of a very broad range of coating materials. This includes do-it-yourself paints and varnishes for wood and metal, road marking paints, anticorrosive paints, nitrocellulose lacquers, two-component isocyanate curing coatings, acid curing coatings, stoving enamels, etc. Except for phthalic anhydride, being of petrochemical origin, the other raw materials used in the synthesis of the alkyds are from biologically renewable sources. This, combined with their biological degradability, makes them very interesting binders from an ecological point of view. Solvents which are used to reduce and adjust the paint v...
The artificial iris is the structure responsible for the dissimulation and aesthetics of ocular prosthesis. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the color stability of artificial iris of microwaveable polymerized ocular prosthesis, as a function of paint type, drying method and accelerated aging. A total of 40 discs of microwaveable polymerized acrylic resin were fabricated, and divided according to the blue paint type (n = 5): hydrosoluble acrylic, nitrocellulose automotive, hydrosoluble gouache and oil paints. Paints where dried either at natural or at infrared light bulb method. Each specimen was constituted of one disc in colorless acrylic resin and another colored with a basic sclera pigment. Painting was performed in one surface of one of the discs. The specimens were s...
The environmental impact of two biocide-free antifouling paints, fluoropolymer and silicone types, painted on a test cylinder was assessed using a battery of ecotoxicity test and chemical analyses for organic micro-pollutants such as perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). A biocide paint containing zinc pyrithione (ZnPT2) and cuprous oxide was assessed as a positive control. A standardized laboratory rotating-cylinder method using each test cylinder with artificial seawater was performed for 45 days. After 1 h rotation, the leaked seawater was subjected for bioassay and chemical analyses twice weekly. The seawater extracts from the biocide paint showed adverse effects on bacteria, algae, and crustaceans, but those from the biocide-free paints did not. The leakage seawater from biocide-free pain...
Problems with tin and copper antifouling compounds have highlighted the need to develop new environmentally friendly antifouling coatings. Bacteria isolated from living surfaces in the marine environment are a promising source of natural antifouling compounds. Four isolates were used to produce extracts that were formulated into ten water-based paints. All but one of the paints showed activity against a test panel of fouling bacteria. Five of the paints were further tested for their ability to inhibit the settlement of barnacle larvae, Balanus amphitrite, and algal spores of Ulva lactuca, and for their ability to inhibit the growth of U. lactuca. Two paints caused a significant decrease in the number of settled barnacles. One paint containing extract of Pseudomonas sp. strain NUDMB50-11, showed excellent activity in all assays. The antifouling chemicals responsible for the activity of the extract were isolated, using bioassay guided fractionation, and their chemical structures determined. PMID:14618721
Abstract Nanoparticles in primary form and nanoproducts might elicit different toxicological responses. We compared paint-related nanoparticles with respect to effects on endothelial oxidative stress, cytotoxicity and cell adhesion molecule expression. Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells were exposed to primary nanoparticles (fine, photocatalytic or nanosized TiO(2), aluminium silicate, carbon black, nano-silicasol or axilate) and dust from sanding reference- or nanoparticle-containing paints. Most of the samples increased cell surface expressions of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), but paint sanding dust samples generally generated less response than primary particles of TiO(2) and carbon black. We found no relationship between the expression of adhesion molecules, cytotoxicity and production of reactive oxygen species. In conclusion, sanding dust from nanoparticle-containing paint did not generate more oxidative stress or expression of cell adhesion molecules than sanding dust from paint without nanoparticles, whereas the primary particles had the largest effect on mass basis.
This paper presents the cleaning efficiency results for four differently coloured graffiti paints applied to two types of granitic stone by Nd:YVO4 laser at 355nm. The paints were characterized in terms of mineralogy and chemistry using x-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM); paint absorbance in the ultraviolet-visible-infrared range (200-2000nm) was also assessed. The studied granites had different mineralogy, texture and porosity properties. Cleaning efficiency was evaluated by polarized microscopy, SEM, FTIR spectroscopy and spectrophotometer colour measurements. The results indicate differences in the effectiveness of surface cleaning for the blue, red and black paints as opposed to the silver paint, ...
Abstract In this paper we deal with paint-on-glass animation, which is a technique for making animated films by pushing slow-drying paints from frame to frame directly under the camera. As artwork is continuously destroyed upon creating new frames, the animator is not able to rehearse or refine the animation afterwards. Furthermore, due to impracticable issues like how to stack up layers containing wet paint or how to overlay masks on the wet medium, one has to take both creative as technical decisions for each shot. Our approach consists of an interactive paint setup that physically simulates paint media. Together with a set of digital tools the artist is relieved from the difficult task of sustaining a constant frame-to-frame coherence while animating and is given the possibility to modi...
A confocal X-ray fluorescence microscope was built at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS) to obtain compositional depth profiles of historic paintings. The microscope consists of a single-bounce, borosilicate monocapillary optic to focus the incident beam onto the painting and a commercial borosilicate polycapillary lens to collect the fluorescent X-rays. The resolution of the microscope was measured by scanning a variety of thin metal films through this confocal volume while monitoring the fluorescence signal. The capabilities of the technique were then probed using test paint microstructures with up to four distinct layers, each having a thickness in the range of 10-80 microns. Results from confocal XRF were compared with those from stand-alone XRF and visible light microscopy of the paint cross-sections. A large area, high-resolution scanner is currently being built to perform 3D scans on moderately sized paintings. (orig.)
Abstract Summary: The concern about the environmental impacts generated in the production of goods and services has increased last decades. The industry has used paints and varnishes in the manufacturing process have been pressed to improve air pollution prevention. Thus, the present work aims to identify the quantitative differences of VOC's and analyze the effect of VOC's in the burning rate, in a solvent and water-based paint, applied in the manufacture of automotive steering wheels. The results has showed that the solvent-based paint contains nine times more VOC's in your formulation in relation to water-based paint, when compared liquid and volatile organic compounds present in the solvent-based paint increase the speed of combustion of the polyurethanes samples. These data indicate t...
Available data from laboratory and field studies of damage to paints by erosion were analyzed to develop an atmospheric acid-deposition damage function for exterior house paints containing calcium carbonate or silicate extenders. Regression-analysis coefficients associated with sulfur dioxide levels are consistent with the reaction between the SO/sub 2/ and calcium carbonate to form soluble calcium sulfate. The effect of sulfuric acid in rain on paint is expected to behave similarly. Observed actual household painting frequencies prior to 1970 are consistent with the damage functions calculated from the experimental erosion data obtained in the 1950's, 1960's and early 1970's. Changes in both environmental conditions and types of paints marketed make it necessary to make assumptions when using the damage functions to estimate costs associated with repainting.
Abstract Nanoparticles are increasingly used in paints and lacquers. Little is known of the toxicity of nanoparticles incorporated in complex matrices and released during different phases of the life cycle. DNA damaging activity and inflammogenicity of sanding dust sampled during standardised sanding of boards painted with paints with and without nanoparticles were determined 24 h after intratracheal instillation of a single dose of 54 mg in mice. Dusts from nanoparticle-containing paints and lacquers did not generate pulmonary inflammation or oxidative stress. Sanding dust from both the nanoparticle-containing and the conventional lacquer and the outdoor acrylic-based reference paint increased the level of DNA strand breaks in bronchoalveolar fluid cells. In conclusion, addition of nanopa...
Raman microscopy allows a non-destructive characterisation of inorganic and organic painting materials such as pigments and organic dyestuffs. The objectives of this study are the more recent organic pigments typically present in paintings and other art works from the 20th century. More than 20 organic synthetic pigments from different chemical classes could be identified by Raman spectroscopy using different excitation wavelengths (457.9, 476.5, 487.9, 514.5, 632.8, and 1064 nm). To evaluate the performance for real paint samples, varying paint mixtures of the Hansa Yellow pigment PY 3 and the binding medium Mowilith, a polyvinyl acetate (PVAC) compound, were characterised; PY 3 was determined at a 1 wt% level in the binder. In addition, commercial tube paints containing the quinacridone ...
A significant volume of waste latex paint exists in New Zealand, with the rate of supply rapidly growing, prompting an investigation into the use of waste paint as a polymeric admixture in concrete due to similarities in chemical compositions of waste paint and polymeric admixtures. The objective of this study was to produce a blockfill mix capable of maintaining or improving the properties of the hardened material whilst increasing the efficiency of the construction process. The optimum dosage to achieve the required strength and workability was found to be approximately 12% replacement of mix water with waste paint, while the Modulus of Elasticity was found to be a function of compressive strength. Rheological testing indicated that regardless of paint concentration, the yield stress of ...
Thermal spray technology is quite convenient in that coating forming speed is higher than in other surface reformation methods, that equipment and systems can be applied to large objects on the site, that various kinds of materials may be sprayed with ease if spray powders or lines are available, and that the result of the spraying work is known immediately on the spot. Spraying methods may be categorized into plasma spraying, arc spraying, and gas flame spraying. As for spray materials, there are new spray materials containing resins to meet demands for surface reformation material replacement and composite materials customized to meet demands for composite functions. Porosity affects the properties of the coating material, which properties may be mechanical, thermal, electromagnetic, optical, structural, or chemical. Porosity controlling factors include grain temperature, grain velocity, powder feed rate, spray distance, and the pressure of the atmosphere in which spraying is carried out. Sprayed coatings are used for manufacturing catalysts and high-conductivity electrodes, antimicrobial or odor-resistant materials, hot plates for cooking, artificial bone, and turbine blades for aircraft. 11 refs., 8 figs., 2 tabs.
The title painting, in the Royal Picture Gallery Mauritshuis in The Hague, is remarkable in that every figure and every part of every building is clearly discernible in the minutest detail: decorations, weathercock, bells in the church tower, and so on. Thousands of individual bricks are visible in the buildings at the left and the question has been posed by art scholars as to whether these bricks were laboriously painted individually or instead more efficiently pressed to the painting by some form of template, for instance by pressing a wet print against the painting. Close inspection of the painting in raking light reveals that the mortar work is rendered in thick, protruding paint, but such visual analysis, while highly suggestive, does not prove van der Heyden employed counterproofing; as such evidence must be sought in order to corroborate this hypothesis. If some form of counterproofing was employed by the artist, there might be at least some repeated patterns of the bricks, as the master print master was shifted from place to place in the painting. Visual search for candidate repeated passages of bricks by art scholars has proven tedious and unreliable. For this reason, we instead used a method based on computer forensics for detecting nearly identical repeated patterns within an image: discrete crosscorrelation. Specifically, we preprocessed a high-resolution photograph of the painting and used thresholding and image processing to enhance the brickwork. Then we convolved small portions of this processed image of the brickwork with all areas of brickwork throughout the painting. Our results reveal only small regions of moderate cross-correlation. Most importantly, the limited spatial extent of matching regions shows that the peaks found are not significantly higher than would occur by chance in a hand-executed work or in one created using a single counterproof. To our knowledge, ours is the first use of cross-correlation to search for repeated patterns in a realist painting to answer a question in the history of art.
The use of toxic protein bait sprays to suppress melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), populations typically involves application to vegetation bordering agricultural host areas where the adults seek shelter (“roost”). Although bait spray applications for suppression of oriental fruit fly,...
The use of toxic protein bait sprays to suppress melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae), populations typically involves application to vegetation bordering agricultural host areas where the adults seek shelter (“roost”). Although bait spray applications for suppression ...
the influence of swirl on droplet life histories ... evaluate liquid fuel-spray combustion models for .... spray assumption the influence of droplets on ..... Price *. *For sale by the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
Ceramic coatings can exhibit greater erosion resistance than most metallic coatings. Such coatings are conveniently produced by thermal spraying. Unfortunately, thermally sprayed ceramic coatings often exhibit poor adhesion, partly as a consequence of the development of residual stresses during spra...
Serial imaging of spray propagation, soot blackbody radiation and flame chemiluminescence measurements were performed to characterize the propagation and combustion of Diesel fuel sprays in the PSI high temperature pressure vessel (HTDZ). (author)
The salt spray and outdoor results generally correlated well, except for the degree of attack,which ..... exposure and indoor heated salt spray (ASTM B-117) tests. are based on ..... with time, probably due to residual curing reactions. The earlier ...
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to report salt spray testing of epoxy-polyester top-coating applied on Zn-sprayed, Al-sprayed and 85Zn-15Al-sprayed steel samples. Design/methodology/approach - In these tests, steel substrates sprayed with Zn, Al and 85Zn-15Al coatings of different average thicknesses ranging from 120 to 210?m were top-coated with an epoxy-polyester sealing layer. The corrosion test was performed with salt solution for over 2,000-h. The degree of damage to the samples was evaluated quantitatively in terms of ratio of scribed to unscribed area of coating. Findings - It was evident that the corrosion resistance of Al-sprayed top-coated surfaces was better than coated Zn-spray or coated 85Zn-15Al-spray systems. As a result, when Al-coated surfaces were top-coated with p...
The proposed innovative method for spraying UV-curable powders answers a critical ... NASA UV-curable polyimide and various commercial UV-curable polymers. ... Independent evaluations of several coatings sprayed onto a broad range of ...
A novel spraying apparatus was developed to obtain reproducible free sprayed films. Aqueous solutions of PolyVinyl Alcohol PVA 4-98, HydroxyPropyl MethylCellulose HPMC 603 and HPMC 615 were used as reference coating materials. The apparatus is composed by a spraying system, a closed chamber containing a rotating Teflon cylinder, a pressured air supply system, a spray solution supply system, and a computerized control system. The spraying air pressure, the cylinder rotation speed, and the cylinder-spray nozzle distance were tailored in such a manner that the roughness of the obtained free films was similar to that from reference coated particles. Optimum spraying process conditions were found for all three coating materials using design of experiments. The morphology of the sprayed films ob...
Comprehensive evaluation of efficacy of an aerially-applied insecticide to include optimization of equipment and spray parameters is visualized to consist of three phases: (1) laboratory studies to determine inherent toxicity and appropriate mortality assessment procedures; (2) spray table evaluatio...
This paper investigates the effectiveness of a mobile agro-environmental Location Aware System (LAS) in ground spray applications against olive fruit fly, under real conditions. It aims to the specific needs of pest management control, by means of combining the olive fruit fly population dynamics, the meteorological conditions during the sprayings, the spatiotemporal characteristics of the spraying areas, as well as the environmental sensitive and inhabitant areas located near the spraying areas. From a moderate-scale field experiment conducted for evaluation purposes, the duration of sprays, the amount of spray solution applied and efficacy were stati
