Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Purpose: To prevent evaporization stills against corrosion due to radioactive liquid wastes. Constitution: Microwaves are supplied from a microwave generator by way of a wave guide tube and through a microwave permeation window to the inside of an evaporatization still. A matching device is attached to the wave guide tube for transmitting the microwaves in order to match the impedance. When the microwaves are supplied to the inside of the evaporization still, radioactive liquid wastes supplied from a liquid feed port by way of a spray tower to the inside of the evaporization still is heated and evaporated by the induction heating of the microwaves. (Seki, T.).

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Drying fine coal by microwaves is now being considered as a viable option by some coal producers. The interest in microwaves is due to problems encountered with current thermal or hot-air drying methods. The technical feasibility of drying minus 5mm coal fines by microwaves was demonstrated using pilot-scale continuous processing system. Results showed that water absorbs microwave energy significantly; but coal does not. Secondly, microwave energy heats only the water, unlike existing drying methods, which heat both water and coal. Finally, the method was found to be energy efficient and minimised the generation of dust.

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Microwave-hydrothermal processing was compared with conventional hydrothermal processing in the crystallization of hematite from 1M ferric nitrate and hydroxyapatite from calcium oxide and phosphoric acid. Microwave-hydrothermal processing led to the crystallization of hematite while convention-hydrothermal process led to the crystallization of a mixture of goethite and hematite under the same temperature conditions. Thus the crystallization of hematite which is the stable iron oxide phase at high temperatures has been catalyzed by microwaves. Microwave-hydrothermal processing also led to highly crystalline hydroxyapatite powders compared to the conventional hydrothermal processing which also points to the catalytic role of microwaves. The microwave induced effects may be attributed to the generation of localized high temperatures at the ...

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Introduced herein is microwave irradiation for the adsorption and desorption of environmental pollutants. Microwaves may be used in two ways, other than through elevation of temperature of a system as a whole with the adsorbent such as activated carbon serving as the heating medium. The first is the application by which desorption is caused to take place of specified molecules. For example, zeolite that has adsorbed water is regenerated when it is irradiated with microwaves in a stream of cooling gas. This is because only the moisture is heated since zeolite is a non-carbon adsorbent that absorbs microwaves but a little. Another case is reported in which microwaves are utilized to desorb H2S, H2O, CO, etc., from molecular sieves. In the second application, coexisting materials different in absorptivity are exposed to irradiation. The adsorption of ...

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High interelectrode voltage peaks have been observed simultaneously with the emission of hard X-ray bursts from a flash X-ray tube. The magnitude of the voltage peaks may exceed twice the initial charging voltage. It has also been observed that the discharge emits bursts of X-and P-band microwaves radiation which are coincident with the emission of the hard X-ray bursts. The results indicate that the microwaves and X-rays have a common origin in discharge plasma movements and an acceleration model for electrons in the plasma is presented as one possible explanation of the observed phenomena.

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Relativistic electron beams are used for generating high power microwaves. These microwave sources require electron beam generators spanning significant ranges in voltage and impedance. The pulsed power technology used to generate these electron beams is presented. Electron beam generators that produce beams with pulse durations in the 10-ns to 100-ns regime consist of an energy-storage section, pulse-shaping section, and an electron beam diode. The energy-storage section is either a Marx generator or capacitor bank-pulsed transformer. The pulse shaping is done with high-voltage transmission lines. The electron beam diode is usually a cold-cathode, space-charge-limited flow device. For longer pulses (/approximately/1 ..mu..s) the energy storage and pulse chaping can be combined. Lumped-element pulse-forming networks (PFN) can be designed to ...

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A major obstacle prohibiting the use of microwaves for soil disinfection and disinfestation is the large amount of energy required to obtain sufficient results. The present work presents an experimental study of the effect of initial soil temperature and soil moisture on energy consumption by application of microwaves for soil disinfection. All experiments were carried out by using a microwave generator of a nominal power output of 900 W. The ultra-high-frequency field (2450{+-}2 MHZ) was produced by a magnetron tube and channelled through a metal waveguide. The output opening of the waveguide was placed directly on the soil surface. It was found that a soil with 15% moisture content (w.b.) and an initial temperature of 20degC requires energy to be heated at a depth of 10 cm up to 61degC which is 3.2 times more than the energy required to heat the soil up to 5 cm depth at the same initial temperature. ...

CERN Document Server

PLZT Ceramics Prepared from Conventional and Microwave Hydrothermal Powders

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Full text: Dissolution test (DT) is one of the important specifications of PFBR MOX fuel. It is a macro homogeneity test used to ascertain that the dissolution of spent fuel will be easier during reprocessing. The DT specification limit for PFBR MOX fuel is ? 1.0 wt.% residue of the whole pellet when it is dissolved in HNO3 under reflux conditions. For this test, sintered MOX pellet is dissolved in reflux condition in 60 ml of 12M HNO3 for 10 hours. This test is carried out for each batch and during complete MOX campaign a lot of MOX waste in liquid form is being generated. This liquid waste is in clean form and U and Pu is required to be recovered from the clean waste. Different methods like direct denitration, precipitation and solvent extraction are available but either the product is not of good quality for pelletization or secondary liquid wastes are generated. Microwave denitration is a faster and cleaner method which ...

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This Report includes copies of transparencies and notes from the presentations made at the Center for Accelerator Physics at Brookhaven National Laboratory Editing and changes to the authors` contributions in this Report were made only to fulfill the publication requirements. This volume includes notes and transparencies on nine presentations: ``The Energy Exchange and Efficiency Consideration in Klystrons``, ``Some Properties of Microwave RF Sources for Future Colliders + Overview of Microwave Generation Activity at the University of Maryland``, ``Field Quality Improvements in Superconducting Magnets for RHIC``, ``Hadronic B-Physics``, ``Spiking Pulses from Free Electron Lasers: Observations and Computational Models``, ``Crystalline Beams in Circular Accelerators``, ``Accumulator Ring for AGS & Recent AGS Performance``, ``RHIC Project Machine Status``, and ``Gamma-Gamma Colliders.``

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The physical principals of the interaction between microwaves and matter are considered along with the physical-chemical mechanisms for the absorption of microwave energy by biological tissue. Consideration is given to results of studies of the effects of microwaves on cells, subcellular structures, and membranes. Medical applications of microwaves are discussed along with the development of health standards for the use of microwaves. 122 references.

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The microbial safety of foods cooked in microwave ovens was investigated. The mechanisms of microwave destruction of microorganisms were examined. Effects of time and temperature on microorganisms in different food systems were described. Studies showed that: microwave heating of food is more ''''food dependent'' than conventional heating; recommended microwave treatment time for some foods may not destroy high levels of bacteria; use of microwaves in combination with conventional heating methods results in more uniform heating of foods and destruction of bacteria; and microwaves exert different killing effects on individual bacterial species. (78 references, 2 tables)

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A flowing carbon dioxide laser was operated at low pressures up to 4 torr. Excitation of the laser was provided using various combinations of direct current (DC), pulsed microwave, and continuous wave (CW) microwave excitation. The microwaves were in the 2.45 GHz band and were coupled into the gas using a slow-wave interdigital transmission line. Laser output of 25 milliwatts (mw) was achieved using a DC discharge only. A combination of a DC discharge and pulsed microwaves doubled the output and resulted in some modulation. Changing the laser gas mixture and pulsed microwave field characteristics allowed some flexibility in the modulation. Lasing was not achieved with excitation from the CW microwaves alone due to the formation of localized discharges. Using pulsed microwaves to sustain the discharge and CW microwaves to ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) of coals was considered by using iodine doping technique. Sub-bituminous coal (WA) and bituminous coal (UF) were used to observe EPR spectra using microwaves. With the UF coal, strength of the narrow component of the spectra was found constant regardless of amount of the doped iodine, wherein radicals without interaction with iodine were detected. Strength of the broad component increased with the iodine doping amount, where in deviation of {pi} electrons was detected, which have been generated as a result of interaction between aromatic rings and iodine in the coals. Spin concentration of the WA coal with low coalification degree is constant regardless of the iodine doping amount, and the interaction of the iodine with the aromatic rings was found small. The higher the coalification degree, the more the aromatic ring structure grows, and electron donor capability for the iodine increases. In a system with ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The study examines advances in Chinese High Power Microwaves (HPM) research and its associated technologies: pulsed power, high-power microwave sources, and high-power microwave components. It draws from open literature published in Chinese and English, communication with US scholars who have visited China recently, and communication with Chinese researchers in the United States. The study is limited to frequencies ranging from 1 GHz to 300 GHz. It includes both high peak power microwaves and high average power microwaves. The technical review section of this study is ordered in technological sequence, starting with the pulsed-power systems required to form the intense relativistic electron beams, then assessing microwave source research and development, and finally discussing high-power microwave components.

KoreaScience (Korea)

Full Text Available

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A comparison of nucleation and crystallization of Li{sub 2}O{sm_bullet}2SiO{sub 2} between microwave and conventional heating was investigated. Standard stereological techniques were used to evaluate the results. Nucleation and crystallization behaviors during microwave heating appeared different from conventional heating. Work is in progress to better understand the effects of microwaves on nucleation and crystallization in glass.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Today, highly frequent radio waves are regarded as undangerous to man. Diseases seen at radar-technicians during the 2nd World War, however, indicated that microwaves applied in radar systems were hazardous to health. The Russian work medicine has been knowing microwave-caused hazards in industry since the beginning of the thirties. Therefore in some East-European countries there are terms of protection and severe norms of safety for the staying of persons in the radiation sphere of microwaves.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This investigation involves a study of the influence of key processing parameters on the heating of materials using microwave energy. Selective and localized heating characteristics of microwaves will be utilized in the sintering of ceramics without hydrostatic pressure. In addition, combustion synthesis will be studied for the production of powders, carbides, and nitrides by combining two or more solids or a solid and a gas to form new materials. The insight gained from the interaction of microwaves with various materials will be utilized in the mobilization and subsequent redeposition of uranium.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Experimentally it is found that at constant temperature the order-parameter relaxation time, tausub(..delta..), decreases with increasing power of the microwaves, coupled into a superconducting strip. If the same increase in critical current, that corresponds with a given power of the microwaves, is obtained by lowering the temperature, the decrease in tausub(..delta..) is smaller. This reflects the fact that quasiparticles are removed more efficiently from the gap edge by microwaves than by lowering the temperature in equilibrium. A modified time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equation is shown to describe these results adequately.

CERN Document Server

The generation and control of quantum states of light constitute fundamental tasks in cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED). The superconducting realization of cavity QED, circuit QED, enables on-chip microwave photonics, where superconducting qubits control and measure individual photon states. A long-standing issue in cavity QED is the coherent transfer of photons between two or more resonators. Here, we use circuit QED to implement a three-resonator architecture on a single chip, where the resonators are interconnected by two superconducting phase qubits. We use this circuit to shuffle one- and two-photon Fock states between the three resonators, and demonstrate qubit-mediated vacuum Rabi swaps between two resonators. This illustrates the potential for using multi-resonator circuits as photon quantum registries and for creating multipartite entanglement between delocalized bosonic modes.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

This study highlights a methodology to detect the transplanting operation of wetland rice at a regional scale using SSM/I brightness temperature in frequencies like 19, 37 and 85 GHz with vertical polarization. A cloud removal algorithm was used to make weekly composites of the brightness temperature, which were used to estimate the soil wetness index (SWI). Flooding of rice fields with water for transplanting induces very high change in SWI due to contrasting dielectric constant of water (80) and soil (4). Different weather conditions and fractional wet area under the footprint of sensor affect SWI, hence absolute value of SWI was not adequate. Therefore, multi-year SWI anomaly was used to generate a threshold value of SWI change to detect when SWI change between two consecutive weeks was...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Effects of 2450-MHz circularly polarized microwave irradiation on central nervous system functions were studied. Pulsed (microsecond, 500 pps) microwaves decreased high-affinity sodium-dependent choline uptake in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of the rat. The effect on hippocampal choline uptake was blocked by pretreatment with narcotic antagonists. Continuous-wave microwaves of the same power density decreased choline uptake in the frontal cortex only. Furthermore, it was found that the effects of pulsed microwaves on central cholinergic activity are classically conditionable to cues in the exposure environment. The hypothesis that some of the neurological effects of pulsed microwave irradiation are caused by its effect on the auditory system was investigated. Effects of pink noise and pulsed microwaves were compared.

Science.gov (United States)

We investigate the features of the spontaneous emission spectra in a coherently driven cold five-level atomic system by means of a radio frequency (rf) or microwave field driving a hyperfine transition within the ground state. It is shown that a few interesting phenomena such as spectral-line narrowing, spectral-line enhancement, spectral-line suppression, and spontaneous emission quenching can be realized by modulating the frequency and intensity of the rf-driving field in our system. In the dressed-state picture of the coupling and rf-driving fields, we find that this coherently driven atomic system has three close-lying levels so that multiple spontaneously generated coherence (SGC) arises. Our considered atomic model can be found in real atoms, such as rubidium or sodium, so a corresponding experiment can be done to observe the expected phenomena related to SGC reported by Fountoulakis et al. [Phys. Rev. A 73, 033811 (2006)], since no ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The effects of exposure to sublethal levels of microwaves were studied. Young albino rats of both sexes were exposed for 60 days to 7.5-GHz microwaves (1.0-KHz square wave modulation, average power 0.6 mW/cm2) for 3 h daily. During and after microwave exposure several physiological parameters were measured in both control and exposed animals. It was found that the animals exposed to microwaves tended to eat and drink less and thus showed a smaller gain in body weight. Some of the hematological parameters and organ weights were also significantly different. It is proposed that a nonspecific stress response due to microwave exposure and mediated through the central nervous system is responsible for the observed physiological changes.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A large variety of microwave producing devices are used in contemporary naval communications and weapons systems. Public and scientific concern about potential biological effects of microwave irradiation such as produced by these various devices requires documentations of such effects. Currently, the only well documented direct effect of microwaves is heating of the exposed organism. The present report is of a series of studies whose aim was to explore several microwave frequencies and their effect on performance and simultaneously to investigate the relationship to core heating in the exposed animals. Three difficult sized species of animals were used so that generalization to larger animals could be made. Rats, squirrel monkeys, and rhesus monkeys showed consistent effects of 60-minute exposures to microwaves when their body temperatures were increased at least 1 C above baseline ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Since microwaves are used in human cancer therapy, information on specific biological effects of microwaves at elevated temperatures is important. To help supply this information, we exposed mammalian cells (CHO) and bacteria (Serratia marcescens) to hyperthermal temperatures (43, 44, and 45/sup o/C for CHO and 48, 49, and 50/sup o/C for the bacteria) with and without microwave irradiation. Temperature control was maintained by a refrigeration-reheat system and high-velocity water recirculation. The 2450-MHz microwave source was operated in a pulsed mode with power density up to 500 mW/cm/sup 2/. As expected, the survival curve slopes for both cell types increased rapidly with temperature, doubling for each degree Celsius. Microwave irradiation produced no significant change in extrapolation number for either cell type. However, survival curves of CHO cells which received ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

We present a study of the interaction between Josephson junctions in circular superconducting rings and non-classical microwaves, treating both quantum mechanically. A Hamiltonian that describes both inductive and capacitive coupling between the two systems is derived within the external field approximation. Other Hamiltonians which go beyond the external field approximation, and describe explicitly the interaction of the quantum circuit that produces the non-classical microwaves with the Josephson junction circuit, are also presented. A comparison between current experiments which use classical electromagnetic fields and the proposed experiments that use non-classical microwaves, is made. (orig.) With 6 figs., 32 refs.

Science.gov (United States)

... are old enough, teach them to use the cooktop, oven, microwave, and toaster safely. Show teens how ...

KoreaScience (Korea)

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Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Commission of the European Communities has submitted a directive for the protection against microwaves. According to this directive, exposures above the upper limit established for the protection of individuals and the general population are permissible only if the respective individuals are required to submit to occupational medical control. An introductory overview is presented giving information on microwaves, applied techniques and available protective means.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Utilization of microwaves for heating purposes began in the 1940`s. This new form of energy transfer offers many distinct advantages over conventional heating, such as volumetric, fast, direct, selective, instantaneous, and controllable heating. Studies of microwave processing of polymeric materials in the early 1960`s led to a successful industrial application in the rubber industry. Since the mid-1980`s, there has been a great deal of interest in microwave processing of polymeric materials. Technical issues, such as temperature uniformity and control of thermal runaway during processing, were investigated and many successful laboratory scale results were obtained from both fundamental and processing studies. This paper presents a historical perspective of microwave heating in the processing of polymer composites and discusses possible future directions for technology commercialization.

Science.gov (United States)

The millimeter microwave source of gyrotron-traveling-wave amplifier (gyro-TWT) is capable of generating high power coherent radiation in a broad bandwidth, while its performance is severely deteriorated by the stability problems. This paper focuses on modeling and the stability analysis of the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) Ka-band TE{sub 01} mode gyro-TWT based on an interaction circuit alternately loaded with lossy ceramic shells and metal rings. The propagation characteristics of the interaction circuit is analyzed first, based on which the boundary impedance method is employed to build an equivalent uniform lossy circuit. Then the stability of the interaction system is studied using linear and nonlinear theories. The analysis reveals that, due to the special waveguide structure and the dielectric loss, the propagation characteristics of the complex waveguide are similar to that of a uniform lossy circuit. The analysis of the absolute ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is developing a treatment process for remote-handled (RH) liquid transuranic mixed waste governed by the concept of minimizing the volume of waste requiring disposal. This task is to be accomplished by decontaminating the bulk components so the process effluent can be disposed with less risk and expense. Practical processes have been demonstrated on the laboratory scale for removing cesium 137 and strontium 90 isotopes from the waste, generating a concentrated waste volume, and rendering the bulk of the waste nearly radiation free for downstream processing. The process is projected to give decontamination factors of 10{sup 4} for cesium and 10{sup 3} for strontium. Because of the extent of decontamination, downstream processing will be contact handled. The transuranic, radioactive fraction of the mixed waste stream will be solidified using a thin-film evaporator and/or microwave solidification system. ...

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Previous research has shown that SAR hotspots are induced within the laboratory rat and that the resulting thermal hotspots are not entirely dissipated by bloodflow. Two experiments were conducted to determine if hotspot formation in the body and tail of the rat, which is radiation frequency specific, would have behavioral consequences. In the first experiment rats were placed in a plexiglas cage one side of which, when occupied by the rat, commenced microwave radiation exposure; occupancy of the other side terminated exposure. Groups of rats were tested during a baseline period to determine the naturally preferred side of the cage. Subsequent exposure to 360-MHz, 700-MHz or 2450-MHz microwave radiation was made contingent on preferred-side occupancy. A significant reduction in occupancy of the preferred side of the cage, and hence, microwaves subsequently occurred. Reduced exposure to 360-MHz and 2450-MHz ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Microwaves can produce sensations of warmth and sound in humans. In other species, they also can serve as cues, they may be avoided, and they can disrupt ongoing behavior. These actions appear to be due to heat produced by energy absorption. The rate of absorption depends on the microwave parameters and the electrical and geometric properties of the subject. We therefore, cannot predict the human response to microwaves based on data from other animals without appropriate scaling considerations. At low levels of exposure, microwaves can produce changes in behavior without large, or even measureable, changes in body temperature. Thermoregulatory behavior may respond to those low levels of heat, and thereby affect other behavior occurring concurrently. There are no data that demonstrate that behavioral effects of microwaves depend on any mechanism other than reactions to heat. Our ...

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Three test instruments are being evaluated to determine the feasibility of using photoacoustic technology for measuring unburned carbon in fly ash. The first test instrument is a single microwave frequency system previously constructed to measure photoacoustic signals in an off-line configuration. A second off-line instrument was constructed based in part on lessons learned with the first instrument, but which also expands the capabilities of the first instrument. Improvements include a control loop to allow more constant microwave power output and an ability to operate over a range of microwave frequencies. The third instrument, the on-line version of the fly ash monitor, has been designed, constructed, and initial efficiency tests have been conducted on the monitor's electrical components. This quarter focused on improving the signal strength of the accelerometer by increasing the power level of the ...

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The peak flux relationship between hard X-rays and microwaves from solar flares is studied using about 400 events simultaneously recorded with the hard X-ray burst spectrometer on the SMM satellite and the Nobeyama 17 GHz radiometer. The data indicate that the hard X-ray and microwave peak fluxes correlate best for X-ray energies of less than about 80 keV for impulsive flares and greater than about 360 keV for extended flares. By postulating that electrons responsible for microwave emission at 17 GHz are those emitting hard X-rays at these photon energies, it is concluded that: (1) in impulsive flares, microwaves at about 20 GHz are emitted mainly by electrons of less than about 200 keV from a layer through which the electrons stream down into the thick-target hard X-ray source; and (2) in extended flares, microwaves are emitted mainly by MeV electrons trapped in a coronal loop or ...

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The influence of low-level microwaves (2.45 GHz, CW, 2 and 5 mW.cm/sup -2/) was studied on various models of previsional animal psychopharmacology involving tests of motor activity, stereotypy, convulsions and hypothermia after a standard 30 min irradiation. The results obtained on 933 rodents allow to conclude that: (1) there is no interaction between microwaves and the studied convulsants and stimulants; (2) there is a possibility of potentialization of the behavioral effects of a tranquilizer; (3) there is a thermogenic effect of microwaves; (4) there is no change of the blood-brain barrier permeability. The demonstration of a thermal effect of microwaves during radiations lower than 10 mW.cm/sup -2/ the safety threshold admitted presently (a value below which the exposure duration comes under regulation) could explain the energetic nature of certain effects of microwaves ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A microwave-assisted carbothermal reduction and nitridation (CTR/N) method has been used for successful preparation of monophasic #beta#'-SiAlON starting from kaolinite and carbon black. Phase pure #beta#'-SiAlON has been obtained in under 60 min in microwave field. The z value of microwave prepared #beta#'-SiAlON is found to be 2.95, which is very close to the expected value from kaolinite composition. Formation of #beta#'-SiAlON has been monitored with XRD and MASNMR of "2"9Si and "2"7Al; the possible reaction mechanism has been discussed. Kaolinite to #beta#'-SiAlON conversion appears to be a very rapid single-step reaction under microwave irradiation. #beta#'-SiAlON powders have been microwave sintered to 98.7% of theoretical density in 30 min.

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The biomedical and ecological interest for the microwave impact on the Earth biosphere is continuously increased since the industrial, military and communication activities strongly contribute to the electromagnetic stress of living bodies. In the next the authors present some of the main results obtained regarding the microwave exposure of various types of biological material: bacteria, fungi, young plant seedlings, dry seeds, animal tissues. The electromagnetic exposure was carried out in open space in well controlled environmental conditions by using 10.75 GHz/1 m W cm{sup -2} microwaves. Biochemical assays and cytogenetic tests have been carried out to reveal the changes induced post irradiation. The response of some pathogen bacteria, have been emphasized by means of turbidimetric measurements - the stimulatory effect being noticed at the level of the microbial population density (the stimulation of the human body ...

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Here we report detailed dielectric studies carried out on a Barium strontium titanate (BST) (95:5) composition. The material was synthesized by conventional ceramic method and microwave processing, and the later technique resulted in material with high density, improved microstructure and dielectric properties. The dielectric properties were studied as a function of frequency and temperature and well-defined ferroelectric behavior of first order transition was observed. It follows Curie-Weiss law above transition temperature (paraelectric region). Curie temperature is slightly higher for microwave sintered (MS) material.

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A process has been developed that exploits the characteristics of microwave heating for the vitrification of high-level radioactive liquid waste. This process, microwave vitrification, has been successfully operated at pilot plant scale in an active cell using simulated liquid waste containing several curies of radioactivity. Excellent decontamination factors have been achieved for both volatiles and nonvolatiles with an average ruthenium decontamination factor of 490 and a gross alpha emitter decontamination factor of 100,000. Almost all the radioactivity is incorporated in a glass block.

Wastenet

... Microwaves, radio waves, and low-frequency electromagnetic fields from high-voltage transmission lines . Non-Methane Hydrocarbon (NMHC): The sum of all hydrocarbon air ...

Science.gov (United States)

of the determinant of the parameter covariance matrix for each ... parameter covariance matrix, as obtained from the Markov chains. The basic set ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ray tracing Monte Carlo calculations have been carried out using an existing Monte Carlo radiation transport code to obtain estimates of the microsave power exiting the torus coupling links in EPT microwave manifolds. The microwave power loss and polarization at surface reflections were accounted for by treating the microwaves as plane waves reflecting off plane surfaces. Agreement on the order of 10% was obtained between the measured and calculated output power distribution for an existing EBT-S toroidal manifold. A cost effective iterative procedure utilizing the Monte Carlo history data was implemented to predict design changes which could produce increased manifold efficiency and improved output power uniformity.

Science.gov (United States)

... Guangzhou, China Guangzhou Otis Elevator Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China Heinz-UFE Ltd., Guangzhou, China Shunde Whirlpool SMC Microwave ...

Science.gov (United States)

... Using a weighted linear regression on randomly selected coincident SSM/I-buoy pairs from each of the climate m codes, it was possible to produce ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The heating of water layer using microwave oven with a rectangular waveguide has been studied both numerically and experimentally. The mathematical model is validated with the experimental data. The transient Maxwell's equations are solved by using the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method to describe the electromagnetic field inside the waveguide and sample. The temperature profile and velocity field within sample are determined by the solutions of the momentum, energy and Maxwell's equations. In this study, the effects of physical parameters, e.g. microwave power level, placement of sample inside the waveguide, volume of sample, are studied. The distribution of electric field, temperature profile and velocity field are presented in details. The results show good agreement between s...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

In this study, a novel graphene nanosheets (GNSs) coated solid phase microextraction (SPME) fiber was prepared by immobilizing microwave synthesized GNSs on a stainless steel wire. Microwave synthesized GNSs were verified by X-ray diffraction, field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). GNS-SPME fiber was characterized using FE-SEM and the results showed the GNS coating was homogeneous, porous, and highly adherent to the surface of the stainless steel fiber. The performance and feasibility of the GNS-SPME fiber was evaluated under one-step microwave assisted (MA) headspace (HS) SPME followed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection for five organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in aqueous samples. Parameters influencing the extra...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The MTX explored the plasma heating effects of 140 GHz microwaves from both Gyrotrons and from the IMP FEL wiggler. The Gyrotron was long pulse length (0.5 seconds maximum) and the FEL produced short-pulse length, high-peak power, single and burst modes of 140 GHZ microwaves. Full-power operations of the IMP FEL wiggler were commenced in April of 1992 and continued into October of 1992. The Experimental Test Accelerator H (ETA-II) provided a 50-nanosecond, 6-MeV, 2--3 kAmp electron beam that was introduced co-linear into the IMP FEL with a 140 GHz Gyrotron master oscillator (MO). The FEL was able to amplify the MO signal from approximately 7 kW to peaks consistently in the range of 1--2 GW. This microwave pulse was transmitted into the MTX and allowed the exploration of the linear and non-linear effects of short pulse, intense power in the MTX plasma. Single pulses were used to explore and gain operating experience in the ...

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A near-field microscope which operates in the rf/microwave frequency range is described. In this microscope, a scanning tunneling microscope (STM)-like tip rather than an aperture is used as a point-like evanescent field emitter. A spatial resolution of {approximately}5 {mu}m ({approximately}{lambda}/100000) is achieved in the current version. The design of the microscope as well as the principal factors which affect its performance are discussed. {copyright} {ital 1996 American Institute of Physics.}

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The bibliography contains citations concerning industrial uses and design of microwave heating equipment. Included are heating and drying of paper, industrial process heat, vulcanization, textile processing, metallurgical heat for sintering and ceramic manufacturing, food processing, and curing of polymers.(Contains 50-250 citations and includes a subject term index and title list.) (Copyright NERAC, Inc. 1995)

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The cooperative project was a joint development program between Ceradyne and Oak Ridge National Laboratory through Lockheed Martin Energy Research (LMER). Cooperative work was of benefit to both parties. ORNL was able to assess the effect of the microwave nitridation process coupled with gas-pressure sintering for fabrication of parts for advanced diesel engines. Ceradyne gained access to gelcasting expertise and microwave facilities and experience for the nitridation of SRBSN materials. The broad objective of the CRADA between Ceradyne and OIWL was to (1) examine the applicability of the gelcasting technology to fabricate parts from SRBSN, and (2) to assess the effect of the microwave nitridation of silicon process coupled with gas-pressure sintering for fabrication of parts for advanced diesel engines. The following conclusions can be made from the work performed under the CRADA: (1) Gelcasting is a viable method to ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Microwaves were used to induce self-propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS) in the reaction 3TiO{sub 2}+3C+(4+x)Al {yields} 3TiC+2Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}+xAl. The SHS process was studied for x = 0 and 4, using slow and fast heating rates and with and without the application of uniaxial pressure. Less than 50 watts was required to internally ignite the samples using a TE{sub 102} microwave cavity mode. Uniaxial stresses in the range of 200-1400 psi were continuously applied along the vertical axis of some of the processed samples as the SHS reactions were initiated. SEM photomicrographs clearly indicate differences in the formation of whiskers and other microstructural features in the products obtained from microwave and conventional hot wire techniques. The x = 0 samples processed with fast and slow microwave heating rates reached higher densities than the conventionally processed samples.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Electron interference in the presence of nonclassical microwaves with frequency {omega}{sub 1} and classical RF radiation with frequency {omega}{sub 2}, is studied. The relative phase factor between the two electron beams is a quantum-mechanical operator, whose expectation value with regard to the density matrix describing the nonclassical microwaves, determines the interference. It is shown that the visibility of the time-averaged intensity is a constant for all irrational values of {omega}{sub 1}/{omega}{sub 2}, and shows peaks (fractional Shapiro steps) at all rational values. These peaks can provide direct experimental evidence of the highly nonlinear processes of frequency conversion from {ital N} photons with frequency {omega}{sub 1}, to {ital M} photons with frequency {omega}{sub 2}. Results for various types of nonclassical microwaves (e.g., coherent states, squeezed states, number eigenstates, etc.) are derived and ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Heat production in biological materials due to absorption of radiowaves and microwaves can be used in applications as diverse as cancer treatment and cooking. However, the hazards of overexposure range from hyperthermia to cataracts and internal burns. To maximize the clinical benefits and minimize potential hazards, the biological effects of radiowaves and microwaves must be understood. Dielectric measurements can be used to determine the extent of such effects in various applications and at various levels of exposure. The values of maximum permissible exposure levels that are likely to be recommended aeat production in biological materials due to absorption of radiowaves and microwaves can be used in applications as diverse as cancer treatment and cooking. However, the hazards of overexposure range from hyperthermia to cataracts and internal burns. To maximize the clinical benefits and minimize potential hazards, the ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Coherent Smith-Purcell radiation, emitted from short-bunched electrons passing by a lamellar-type grating of aluminum, has been observed in the millimeter wave region. The energy of the electrons is either 42 MeV when they are accelerated by an L-band linear accelerator or 150 MeV accelerated by an S-band one. The intensity of the radiation is proportional to the square of the beam current. The radiation is linearly polarized, and the electric vector of the radiation is in the plane defined by the observing point and the beam trajectory. The intensity decreases with the beam height, i.e. the distance of the beam from the surface of the grating, in accordance with the modified Bessel function of zeroth order. copyright 1996 American Institute of Physics.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The use of microwave in chemistry has known benefits over conventional heating methods, e.g. reduced reaction times, chemical yield improvement and the possibility if reducing or eliminating the use of organic solvents. We describe herein a procedure for the nitration of salicylaldehyde in water using a domestic microwave oven, which can be used as an experiment in the undergraduate chemistry laboratory. The experiment involves safe and rapid preparation and identification of the position isomers by thin layer chromatography and {sup 1}H NMR, or by their melting points. (author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This process for the preparation of nonaqueous dispersions of water-soluble polymerisates concerns compounds obtained by polymerization of water-soluble unsaturated ethylenic monomers in an emulsion of water in oil. The product is then dewatered to a maximum residual water content of 5% by means of microwaves. The process is azeotropic. The polymer has a molecular weight between 100,000 and 50,000,000, preferably between one and 10 million. Before treating with microwaves, the mixture is concentrated by conventional means until it has a polymer concentration between 20 and 65%, preferably between 40 and 60%. The microwaves have a wavelength between 0.1 and 30 cm. These polymer dispersions can be used in drilling fluids and as additives in tertiary oil recovery. 4 claims.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The standing-wave free-electron laser (FEL) differs from a conventional linear-wiggler microwave FEL in using irises along the wiggler to form a series of standing-wave cavities and in reaccelerating the beam between cavities to maintain the average energy. The device has been proposed for use in a two-beam accelerator (TBA) because microwave power can be extracted more effectively than from a traveling-wave FEL. The standing-wave FEL is modeled in the continuum limit by a set of equations describing the coupling of a one-dimensional beam to a TE{sub 01} rectangular-waveguide mode. Analytic calculations and numerical simulations are used to determine the time variation of the reacceleration field and the prebunching required so that the final microwave energy is the same in all cavities. The microwave energy and phase are found to be insensitive to modest spreads in the beam energy and phase and to ...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

The relative sensitivities of different protocols for detecting cytomegalovirus nucleic acid sequences in histological specimens, using a biotinylated cDNA probe, were assessed. Several commonly used...Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In principle four different methods (ultrasound, microwaves, {gamma}-radiation and x-rays) are available for the non-destructive testing of refractories. Three of these methods, i.e. ultrasound, microwaves and {gamma}-radiation, are in use by different producers of AZS materials to carry out the quality control of their products. This paper will compare the three methods on the basis of the physical properties, present the existing devices, and show the advantages as well as the limits of the different methods. {gamma}-radiography, the oldest method in use, has one main disadvantage, which is the requirement of protection against radioactive radiation. Furthermore, while cracks and cavities can be detected with this method, structural changes can not be monitored. Therefore, the ultrasonic method was developed that allows to detect variations of porosity and grain size as well as cracks and voids when the ultrasonic parameters are tuned as well ...

Science.gov (United States)

If we decompose C1 using SVD the parameter covariance matrix can be inverted to ... However, we can analyze the parameter covariance matrix directly by ...

Science.gov (United States)

Feb 15, 2008 ... hydrological properties (e.g., hydrometeor budgets, cloud ice/water, transports ... cloud fraction, mass and particle size. In combination, these .... anomaly in the LS is not simply due isentropic movement of water vapor relative ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A billet of low-density carbon-bonded carbon fiber (CBCF) composite is machined into a desired attenuator or load element shape (usually tapering). The CBCF composite is used as a free-standing load element or, preferably, brazed to the copper, brass or aluminum components of coaxial transmission lines or microwave waveguides. A novel braze method was developed for the brazing step. The resulting attenuator and/or load devices are robust, relatively inexpensive, more easily fabricated, and have improved performance over conventional graded-coating loads.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The details of pulsating stochastic flows accompanying the interaction of a microwave filament (regarded as a heated rarefied channel) and an aerodynamic body in supersonic flow are examined numerically using the Euler equations. Symmetrical and asymmetrical filament locations relative to the aerodynamic body are considered. The flowfields are characterized by large scale pulsations and small scale stochastic fluctuations. The mechanisms of the formation of these flow structures are discussed. Two qualitatively different kinds of flowfields are observed depending on the magnitude of the filament radius, with domination of the pulsations of flow parameters or stochastic phenomena. Flow instabilities inherent to the problems under interest are described. The problems are considered in both p...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Conduction-band electrons, formed by pulse radiolysis of Degussa P25 TiO_2 particles, have been monitored by time-resolved microwave conductivity and found to undergo equilibrium localization and eventual recombination at the particle surface. In the presence of isopropyl alcohol recombination is retarded due to surface hole scavenging. The particle bulk can then be pumped with mobile electrons, which survive for seconds.

CERN Document Server

We report on the design, fabrication and testing of two superconducting passive microwave components, a quadrature hybrid and a 20 dB directional coupler. These components are designed to be integrated with superconducting qubits or Josephson parametric amplifiers and used in quantum information processing applications. For the coupler, we measure return loss and isolation > 20 dB, and insertion loss 20 dB and insertion loss < 0.3 dB in a 10% band around 6.5 GHz. These values are within the design specifications of our application; however, we find a 7% difference between the designed and measured center frequency for the hybrid.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

We develop a new cavity with a mode similar to TE13 to produce microwave plasma, named APMPS II, which is able to produce a mass of air plasma with diameter of around 6 cm, equipped with about 3 kW input power under one atmosphere. The plasma seems to be homogeneous without significant filamentous discharge as observed by common camera device. We present the theory of this cavity, show the distribution of electric field of several planes inside the cavity and give some experimental results. (authors)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Thermoplastic polymer materials and the compounds made with them are being used more frequently for industrial components and for general use. However, the application of these materials for the production of complex shaped or relatively large pieces is limited, because of the difficulty and cost of making the necessary tool kit for the job. One solution is the use of the welding process. But the safe and reliable union of different thermoplastic material parts is not a simple process, even less so in the case of unions of large components. Welding by microwaves using polymer conductors can help, since the large scale equipment is available, and methods for continuous processes by microwave have been developed, that can be used to weld large and small components. Many thermoplastics (ex. polyethylene) do not absorb, or absorb very little, energy from microwaves. Polymer conductors, however, heavily absorb from ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Short communication.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This progress report consists of an article, the abstract of which follows, and apparently the references and vita from a proposal. A review of perturbation diagnostics applied to microwave resonant cavity discharges is presented. The classical microwave perturbation technique examines the shift in the resonant frequency and cavity quality factor of the resonant cavity caused by low electron density discharges. However, modifications presented here allow the analysis to be applied to discharges with electron densities beyond the limit predicted by perturbation theory. An {open_quote}exact{close_quote} perturbation analysis is presented which models the discharge as a separate dielectric, thereby removing the restrictions on electron density imposed by the classical technique. The {open_quote}exact{close_quote} method also uses measurements of the shifts in the resonant conditions of the cavity. Thirdly, an electromagnetic analysis is presented ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Versatile Toroidal Facility (VTF) is a large laboratory plasma machine of 1 meter major radius used to carry out investigations of ionospheric plasma turbulence. Spectral analysis has been performed on plasmas produced by the electron emitters. Interest has focused on the low frequencies below the lower hybrid resonance where ion acoustic and current-convective modes have been observed. Microwaves injected from a 3,000 watt magnetron produce dramatic changes to the low frequency spectrum. First, the parametric decay instability intensifies the ion acoustic modes in the region of plasma heated by the microwaves. Second, the normally dominant current-convective modes are greatly suppressed in the heated region due to the oscillating electric field of the pump wave. When the authors probe beyond the heated region, these two pump wave effects are no longer observed, presumably because the microwaves are denied access to ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Recently there has been much concern with the ability of plants to uptake heavy metals from their surroundings. With the development of instrumental techniques with low detection limits such as inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), attention is shifting toward achieving faster and more elegant ways of oxidizing the organic material inherent in environmental samples. Closed-vessel microwave dissolution was compared with conventional methods for the determination of concentrations of cerium, samarium, europium, terbium, uranium and thorium in a series of samples from the National Institute of Standards and Technology and from fields in Idaho. The ICP-MS technique exhibited detection limits in parts-per-trillion and linear calibration plots over three orders of magnitude for the elements under study. The results obtained by using nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide in a microwave digestion system for the analysis of reference ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

With conventional heating process, ultraviolet (UV) illumination, and microwave irradiation, we have successfully synthesized UV curable encapsulating adhesives with excellent gas barrier capabilities, good adhesive strength, moderate hardness, and high refractive indices. The experimental results manifest that the physical properties of lab-made encapsulating adhesives are highly dependent on their chemical structures and synthetic procedure. We also discover that the encapsulating adhesive prepared by microwave irradiation (i.e. encapsulating adhesive VI-MW) exhibits better adhesive strength and higher gas resistance than those prepared by conventional heating process and UV illumination. Furthermore, encapsulating adhesive VI-MW has also been applied for the package of organic light emi...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The existence of a cosmic neutrino background - the analogue of the cosmic microwave background - is a fundamental prediction of standard big bang cosmology. Up to now, the observational evidence for its existence is rather indirect and rests entirely on cosmological observations of, e.g., the light elemental abundances, the anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background, and the large scale distribution of matter. Here, we review more direct, weak interaction based detection techniques for the cosmic neutrino background in the present epoch and in our local neighbourhood. We show that, with current technology, all proposals are still off by some orders of magnitude in sensitivity to lead to a guaranteed detection of the relic neutrinos. The most promising laboratory search, based on neutrino capture on beta decaying nuclei, may be done in future experiments designed to measure the neutrino mass through decay kinematics. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This paper reported on a study in which rapeseeds were separated into high quality seed for food oil and low quality seed for biofuels. A laboratory-scale oilseed screw press was then used to examine the effects of choke opening and seed preheating on the rapeseed pressing performance and the quality of food oil and biofuels oil. Oil recovery and chlorophyll content was found to increase as maximum pressure increased. In terms of pressing performance, the rapeseed heated by microwaves yielded more oil and chlorophyll than without heating. The NEB ratio of microwave heating press with an 8.0 mm choke opening was advantageous. Rapeseed oil extracted from low quality seeds was found to have a high acid value. The quality of oil extracted by oilseed screw press was found to be good and met the requirements of the Codex Alimentarius for edible oils.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ultra-short-pulse reflectometry is studied by means of the numerical integration of a one-dimensional full-wave equation for ordinary modes propagating in a plasma. The numerical calculations illustrate the potential of using the reflection of ultra-short-pulse, microwaves as an effective probe of the density profile even in the presence of significant density fluctuations. The difference in time delays of differing frequency components of the microwaves can be used to deduce the density profile. The modification of the reflected pulses in the presence of density fluctuations is examined and can be understood based on considerations of Bragg resonance. A simple and effective profile-reconstruction algorithm using the zero-crossings of the reflected pulse and subsequent Abel inversion is demonstrated. The robustness of the profile reconstruction algorithm in the presence of a sufficiently small amplitude density perturbation is assessed.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The proposed aim of the work is to verify the effects produced on different kinds of environmental pollutants after exposure to a low frequency radiation such as microwaves. They have proved capable of producing minimum heating of the matrix as well as modifications in the structure of the molecules at the level of simple bonds. Steps were also taken ti check whether the degradation action of the microwaves could be boosted by sunlight. For this reason tests were run also on samples irradiated using microwaves and a lamp capable of simulating the sun's spectrum, as well as in the presence of a single lamp. [Italian] Lo scopo di questa ricerca e' di verificare gli effetti prodotti su inquinanti ambientali, di diversa natura, a seguito di un'esposizione ad una radiazione a bassa frequenza come le microonde. Le microonde possono produrre minimi riscladamenti della matrice e modificazioni della ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This issue of the newsletter on Engineering Design Activities (EDA) for the ITER Tokamak project contains a report on Second International Industries' Liaison meeting which was held in Tokyo on 2-4 April 1997 (by Y. Kaneki, JAIF, Japan); an overview report on the Blanket project (by A. Cardella, I.Ioki (ITER Central Team), W. Daenner (EU Home Team)); and a progress report on microwave reflectometry (by J. Sanchez, Madrid, Spain).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This case study illustrates how an existing building can be transformed into a sustainable, green facility through teamwork. This multi-purpose building comprises office space, combustion testing facilities, and microwave communications center. The paper discusses internal systems design, indoor air quality, commissioning, economics, operations and maintenance, and monitoring.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A low voltage FEL operating at 130 kV which can be run cw with a continuous electron beam current level up to 12 mA has been constructed for the X-Band microwave range (8-12 GHz). In this poster, we will report on the dependence on time, after the electron beam is switched on, of the growth and competition of those longitudinal modes in the cavity having nett gain.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lysozyme, ethylenediaminetetracetic acid, chlorine, x-irradiation and microwaves were used in experimental attempts to eliminate Salmonella senftenberg 775W or Salmonella typhimurium from turkey drumsticks and whole carcasses. Turkey drumsticks or whole carcasses were artificially contaminated with S. senfenberg 775W or S. typhimurium in concentrations ranging between 5 x 10"5 to 8 x 10"5 viable cells per ml. of contaminating fluid. After each treatment, samples were cultured, plated, and tested according to standard methods to determine the susceptibility of Salmonella organisms to the particular treatment. A 0.1 percent solution of lysozyme eliminated the S. senftenberg 775W at 22"0C within three hours. A 0.5 percent solution of ethylenediaminetetracetic acid failed to destroy the test organism under the same conditions. Eighty thousand rads of X-ray eliminated the test organism on turkey drumsticks but failed to remove it from whole turkey carcasses. ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This book presents the current knowledge about the effects of electromagnetic fields on living matter. The three-part format covers dielectric permittivity and electrical conductivity of biological materials; effects of direct current and low frequency fields; and effects of radio frequency (including microwave) fields. The parts are designed to be consulted independently or in sequence, depending upon the needs of the reader. Useful appendixes on measurement units and safety standards are also included.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

We propose a novel scheme for scalable solid state quantum computing, where superconducting microwave transmission line resonators (cavities) are arranged in a two-dimensional grid on the surface of a chip, coupling to superconducting qubits (charge or flux) at the intersections. We analyze how tasks of quantum information processing can be implemented in such a topology, including efficient two-qubit gates between any two qubits on the grid and elements of fault-tolerant computation.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

We create realistic, full-sky, half-arcminute resolution simulations of the microwave sky matched to the most recent astrophysical observations. The primary purpose of these simulations is to test the data reduction pipeline for the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) experiment; however, we have widened the frequency coverage beyond the ACT bands and utilized the easily accessible HEALPix map format to make these simulations applicable to other current and near future microwave background experiments. Some of the novel features of these simulations are that the radio and infrared galaxy populations are correlated with the galaxy cluster and group populations, the primordial microwave background is lensed by the dark matter structure in the simulation via a ray-tracing code, the contribution to the thermal and kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) signals from galaxy clusters, groups, and the intergalactic medium has been ...

CERN Document Server

Next Generation SSH2 Implementation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Numerical simulations show that box-shaped bulges of edge-on galaxies are not bulges: they are bars seen side-on. Therefore, the two components that are seen in edge-on Sb galaxies such as NGC 4565 are a disk and a bar. But face-on SBb galaxies always show a disk, a bar, and a (pseudo)bulge. Where is the (pseudo)bulge in NGC 4565? We use archival Hubble Space Telescope H-band images and Spitzer Space Telescope 3.6 #mu#m wavelength images, both calibrated to Two Micron All Sky Survey K_s band, to penetrate the prominent dust lane in NGC 4565. We find a high surface brightness, central stellar component that is clearly distinct from the boxy bar and from the disk. Its brightness profile is a Sersic function with index n = 1.55 #+-# 0.07 along the major axis and 1.33 #+-# 0.12 along the minor axis. Therefore, it is a pseudobulge. It is much less luminous than the boxy bar, so the true pseudobulge-to-total luminosity ratio of the galaxy is PB/T = ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Two-Beam Accelerator (TBA) consists of a long high-gradient accelerator structure (HGS) adjacent to an equal-length Free Electron Laser (FEL). In the FEL, a beam propagates through a long series of undulators. At regular intervals, waveguides couple microwave power out of the FEL into the HGS. To replenish energy given up by the FEL beam to the microwave field induction accelerator units are placed periodically along the length or the FEL. In this manner it is expected to achieve gradients of more than 250 MV/m and thus have serious option for a 1 TeV /times/ 1 TeV linear collider. The state of present theoretical understanding of the TBA is presented with particular emphasis upon operation of the ''steady-state'' FEL, phase and amplitude control of the rf wave, and suppression of sideband instabilities. Experimental work has focused upon the development of a suitable HGS and the testing of this structure ...

CERN Document Server

Constraints on the original Cardassian model and the modified polytropic Cardassian model are examined from the latest derived 397 Type Ia supernova (SNe Ia) data, the size of baryonic acoustic oscillation peak from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), the position of first acoustic peak of the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation (CMB) from the five years Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), the x-ray gas mass fractions in clusters of galaxies, and the observational H(z) data. In the original Cardassian model with these combined data set, we find $\\Omega_{m0}=0.271^{+0.014}_{-0.014}, n=0.035^{+0.049}_{-0.049}$ at $1 \\sigma$ confidence level. And in the modified polytropic Cardassian model, we find that $\\Omega_{m0}=0.271^{+0.014}_{-0.015}$, $n=-0.091^{+0.331}_{-1.908}$ and $\\beta=0.824^{+0.750}_{-0.622}$ within $1\\sigma$ confidence level. According to these observations, the acceleration of the universe begins at ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This article describes the nature of the electromagnetic waves, what they are and how do they affect us. Current concern is focused on exposure to low level power-frequency magnetic fields like microwave radiation from mobile phones and leaking microwave ovens; high power radiation from defence and airport radars; fields close to high voltage transmission lines; radio frequency fields from industrial welders and heaters and DC magnetic fields in aluminium smelters. These fields with frequency less than 300 GHz do not carry sufficient energy to break chemical bonds and it is assumed that they cannot damage cell DNA. The amount of radiation absorbed by a human exposed to far field electromagnetic radiation (EMR) depends on the orientation and size of the person. In the 30-300 MHz range it is possible to excite resonance in the whole or partial body such as the head. It is emphasised that since there are some evidence that electromagnetic fields ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This study develops a framework for analysis and assessment of the cost of ownership and use of major cooking appliances. This involved an assessment of the monetary cost as well as the cost of human resources required to maintain and operate cooking systems. The goal was to provide information useful in making purchase decisions within a framework that can be used to organize information about cost beyond the initial purchase price. Five cooktops - conventional electric oil, induction, solid element with thermostatic control, solid element with thermal limiter, and gas - and a microwave oven were used to develop a decision-making matrix. Results were used to assign weights in the matrix used to develop a 10-point scale that represented the total cost of owning and using a cooking system in food preparation. Based on the matrix, the microwave oven received the highest score followed by gas, conventional electric coil, solid element with ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Microwave Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) Plasma assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) technology has been used to prepare Si_3N_4 films, which were analyzed by using infrared (IR) transmission spectroscopy and XPS. The analysis results show that with the increase of the deposition temperature, the H content decrease, and the densification of the film increases. When the temperature is up to 360 degree C, the stoichiometrical rate of Si:N is close to 0.75. The protective property of Si_3N_4 films is also examined

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A low power polychromatic beam of microwaves is used to diagnose the behavior of turbulent fluctuations in the core of the JT-60U tokamak during the evolution of the internal transport barrier. A continuous reduction in the size of turbulent structures is observed concomitant with the reduction of the density scale length during the evolution of the internal transport barrier. The density correlation length decreases to the order of the ion gyroradius, in contrast to the much longer scale lengths observed earlier in the discharge, while the density fluctuation level remain similar to the level before transport barrier formation.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The electromagnetic properties of a prototype gravitational wave detector, based on two coupled superconducting microwave cavities, were tested. The radio-frequency (rf) detection system was carefully analysed. With the use of piezoelectric crystals small harmonic displacements of the cavity walls were induced and the parametric conversion of the electromagnetic field inside the cavities explored. Experimental results of bandwidth and sensitivity of the parametric converter versus stored energy and voltage applied to the piezoelectric crystal are reported. A rf control loop, developed to stabilize phase changes on signal paths, gave a 125 dBc rejection of the drive mode on a time scale of 1 h.

CERN Document Server

If quantum fields exist in extra compact dimensions, they will give rise to a quantum vacuum or Casimir energy. That vacuum energy will manifest itself as a cosmological constant. The fact that supernova and cosmic microwave background data indicate that the cosmological constant is of the same order as the critical mass density to close the universe supplies a lower bound on the size of the extra dimensions. Recent laboratory constraints on deviations from Newton's law place an upper limit. The allowed region is so small as to suggest that either extra compact dimensions do not exist, or their properties are about to be tightly constrained by experimental data.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A high-power microwave Free Electron Laser (FEL) experiment has been performed to study the inherent electron beam bunching that occurs in the FEL interaction. An induction linac delivered a 1 kA, 2.2 MeV electron beam to a FEL amplifier. In the process of amplifying the input signal of frequency 35 GHz to power levels of the order of 10 MW, the electron beam was bunched by the ponderomotive force. In this paper we describe the FEL experiment and the optical technique that was used to observe the bunches. Their properties as functions of the basic FEL parameters are discussed. copyright 1996 American Institute of Physics.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Microwave assisted extraction (MAE) is a combination of a microwave technique and conventional solvent extraction used in the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine. The effective component of medicinal herbs is mostly cellular material which can be released via solvent extraction. The material is diffused to solvents via the porous membrane wall. The structure of herb morphology and characteristics of the solute's molecular weight play an important role in the extraction process of target compounds. Astragalus pieces were chosen for this study in which an ultra-filtration membrane method was used to determine the molecular weight distribution characteristics of Astragalus water extraction liquid in the process of MAE. The fine structure of matrix materials was also characterized by scanning election microscopy (SEM). The phenomenon of mass flow and mass transfer in the plant porous media was discussed along with the enhancement ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Two new cyclopentadienyl piperidine derivatives, namely ferrocene carboxylic acid 1-ethyl-3-hydroxypiperidinyl ester and ferrocene carboxylic acid 4-hydroxypiperidinyl ester, were synthesized. The ligands were then radiolabelled with "9"9"mTc using two different approaches. The first method consisted of reacting the ligand precursor with Mn(CO)_5Br in pertechnetate "9"9"mTcO_4 - in normal saline and dimethyl formamide (DMF) at 150 "oC for 1 h. The yields were 70% and 90%, respectively. For the second method, the reactions mixtures were placed in a microwave oven for 2 min at 650 watt. The yields were higher than 90% for both "9"9"mTc complexes. Biodistribution studies showed that tricarbonyl[#eta#"5-[carboxy-3-hydroxy(N-ethyl)piperidine]cyclopentadienyl] technetium(I) had the highest brain uptake. The regional distribution in the brain also demonstrated relatively higher uptake of tricarbonyl [#eta#"5-[carboxy-3-hydroxy(N-ethyl) piperidine]cyclopentadienyl] ...

KoreaScience (Korea)

Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This patent describes an ignition system of an internal combustion engine which consists of: a permanent magnet supported by a rotary member of the engine adapted to rotate in synchronism with a rotary shaft of the engine; a generating coil for generating an electromotive force to produce an electric current as the permanent magnet acts on the generating coil during the rotation of the rotary member; an ignition capacitor charged by the electric current generated by the generating coil; a thyristor caused to turn on by a counter electromotive force generated by the generating coil to thereby cause the ignition capacitor to begin to discharge; and an ignition coil generating a high voltage as the ignition capacitor begins to discharge, to cause a spark discharge to take place in an ignition plug of the internal combustion ...

Science.gov (United States)

ABS>A horizontal steam generator design for the SM-2 was lysis to determine the per formance of such a steam generator under steady state operating conditions and during load transients, The configuration for this design is a two- drum unit consisting of a heat exchanger unit and separator drum interconnected by integral riser and downcomer. An analog computer was used to analyze the steam generator behavior Wring load transients. The effect of various design changes on the response of the steam generator to step chages in load was determined. The horizontal steam generator design was compared to the existing vertical steam generator design for weight, size, price, and performance. (auth)

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The TiO2 hollow microspheres were prepared by microwave-assisted solvothermal treatment without template. The morphology and the phase of TiO2 hollow microspheres were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and BET surface areas. The results show that the particles have hollow structures and the shell was covered by nanocrystals and have higher specific surface area. The possible formation mechanism of hollow TiO2 spherical structures has simply been proposed. The activity was evaluated by the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO). The results show that the particles having specific surface area show higher photocatalytic activity. It can be attribute to the doped ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

A novel method of simultaneous realization of optical carrier-suppression and single-sideband modulation using fiber Fabry-Perot tunable filter is presented. In order to enhance transmission performance of radio over fiber links, we use a fiber Fabry-Perot tunable filter to filter out one sideband as well as suppress the optical carrier power. The results demonstrate 20.5dB and 14.2dB improvement in the signal noise ratios when 18GHz and 10GHz microwave signals carrying 5Mbit/s quadrature-phase-shift-keyed (QPSK) format data is transmitted over 35 km single mode fiber, respectively.

CERN Document Server

In a first paper (Forni & Aghanim 1999), we developed several statistical discriminators to test the non-gaussian nature of a signal. These tests are based on the study of the coefficients in a wavelet decomposition basis. In this paper, we apply them in a cosmological context, to the study of the nature of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropies. The latter represent the superposition of primary anisotropy imprints of the initial density perturbations and secondary ones due to photon interactions after recombination. In an inflationary scenario (standard Cold Dark Matter) with gaussian distributed fluctuations, we study the statistical signature of the secondary effects. More specifically, we investigate the dominant effects arising from the Compton scattering of CMB photons in ionised regions of the Universe: the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect of galaxy clusters and the effects of a spatially inhomogeneous re-ionisation of the Universe. Our study ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This book gives an overview of the entire field of radiation protection with the subject areas radioactivity, X-rays, UV radiation, laser beams and high-frequency electromagnetic fields. It deals graphically with the most important physical notions, the incidence, origin, properties and biological effects of types of radiation, administrative and practical protection measures and the code of rules governing them. Apart from fundamentals of radiation protection the emphasis on the following: natural radiation exposure, radiation exposure to radon, disaster relief plans in the environment of nuclear plant, the precautionary radiation protection system evolved after Chernobyl, radiation exposure through UV radiation devices, radio, RF communication, radar, microwave ovens and high-voltage transmission lines as well as computer work-places. (orig.).

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

ABSTRACT New observations from the Hubble Ultra Deep Field suggest that the star formation rate at Formula Not Shown drops off faster than previously thought. Using a newly determined star formation rate for the normal mode of Population II/I (PopII/I) stars, including this new constraint, we compute the Thomson scattering optical depth and find a result that is marginally consistent with Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe 5 results. We also reconsider the role of Population III (PopIII) stars in light of cosmological and stellar evolution constraints. While this input may be needed for reionization, we show that it is essential in order to account for cosmic chemical evolution in the early universe. We investigate the consequences of PopIII stars on the local metallicity distribution fu...

CERN Document Server

Particle accelerators are constructed and operated for a wide variety of applications. In particle physics - the branch of physics that studies the elementary constituents of matter and forces between them - high energy accelerators are used to look deep into the structure of matter. Medical particle accelerators are used for example in medicine to treat tumours [31], in imaging techniques such as Positron Emission Tomography (PET) [24], or for the radio-isotopes production. They also serve in many other industrial branches, e.g. geology, radiocarbon dating [39], molecular complex spectroscopy, lithography, food preservation etc. The eld of accelerator technology draws knowledge and expertise from a wide range of scientic disciplines and uses the latest technical knowledge. The incomplete list of covered disciplines includes mathematics, physics, electronics, computing, electromagnetic eld technology, microwave technology, cryogenics, vacuum technology, special ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined in birch leaves (Folium Betulae), dandelion roots (Radix Taraxacae), hawthorn blossom (Inflorescentia Crataegi) and their infusions by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) after microwave digestion of plant samples. Infusions were made from herbs according to prescription for patients, provided by the producer of medicine on the package. The results obtained were compared with daily requirements for each element. Results show high content of cadmium in the medicinal plants analyzed. The highest level in infusions was observed for Ni and Zn (over 90% of the total element concentration for Ni and in most cases over 50% for Zn), and the lowest for Cd and Pb. The calculated daily intake of majority of the analyzed elements was very low (under 1% of daily requirements)

CERN Document Server

Gravitational lensing distorts the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature and polarization fields and encodes valuable information on distances and growth rates at intermediate redshifts into the lensed power spectra. The non-Gaussian bandpower covariance induced by the lenses is negligible to l=2000 for all but the B polarization field where it increases the net variance by up to a factor of 10 and favors an observing strategy with 3 times more area than if it were Gaussian. To quantify the cosmological information, we introduce two lensing observables, characterizing nearly all of the information, which simplify the study of non-Gaussian impact, parameter degeneracies, dark energy models, and complementarity with other cosmological probes. Information on the intermediate redshift parameters rapidly becomes limited by constraints on the cold dark matter density and initial amplitude of fluctuations as observations improve. Extraction of this information ...

CERN Document Server

This work presents accurate ab initio determination of the hyperfine splitting for the ground state and few low-lying excited states of 113Cd+; important candidates for the frequency standard in the microwave region, using coupled-cluster theory (CC) in the relativistic framework. The calculated hyperfine splitting are well in agreement with recent experimental results. We have also carried out the lifetimes of the 5p2P1=2 and 5p2P3=2 states, which are in well agreement with recent experimental result (Moehring et al., PRA 73 023413, 2006). The roles of different electron correlation effects in the determination of these quantities are discussed and their contributions are presented in the CC terms.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Theoretical and experimental data which have defined and/or extended the effectiveness of remote sensing operations are explored, with consideration given to both scientific and commercial activities. The remote sensing of soil moisture, the sea surface, and oil slicks is discussed, as are programs using satellites for studying geodynamics and geodesy, currents and waves, and coastal zones. NASA, Canadian, and Japanese radar and microwave passive and active systems are described, together with algorithms and techniques for image processing and classification. The SAR-580 project is outlined, and attention is devoted to satellite applications in investigations of the structure of the atmosphere, agriculture and land use, and geology. Design and performance features of various optical scanner, radar, and multispectral data processing systems and procedures are detailed.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Analytical relations are obtained for estimating how the distributions of temperature and heat flux vary along a steam-generating tube and how the steam-generator power output reduces due to formation and accumulation of deposits.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The effect of the water-chemical regime (WCR) on damage sustained by heating surfaces of steam generators at NPP is analyzed. It is indicated that phosphate treatment with minimal excesses of phosphates in the steamgenerator water is the most optimal method of managing the WCR regime of horizontal steam generators.

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

IntroductionThe aim of the study was to assess and classify incidents of electromagnetic interference (EMI) by second-generation and third-generation mobile phones on critical care...Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Results are described of a study and of the characteristics of sources of a non-equilibrium gas-discharge plasma. The plasma generators considered include glow, high frequency, and arc discharge generators. Thermodynamic, ionic, and electronic processes occurring in the plasmas are evaluated.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The main problems encountered during the operation of horizontal steam generators are considered. Design features of the new PGV-1000MK and PGV-1500 steam generators are analyzed.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The thermal-hydraulic tests for a horizontal steam generator of a next-generation PWR (New PWR-21) were performed. The purpose of these tests is to understand the thermal-hydraulic behavior in the secondary side of horizontal steam generator during the plant normal operation. A test was carried out with cross section slice model simulated the straight tube region. In this paper, the results of the test is reported, and the effect of the horizontal steam generator internals on the thermal-hydraulic behavior of the secondary side and the circulation characteristics of the secondary side are discussed. (author).

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fe-doped MnO2 with a hollow sea urchin-like ball chain shape was first synthesized under a high magnetic field of 10 T. The formation mechanism was investigated and discussed in detail. The synthesized samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, EMPA, and vector network analysis. By doping MnO2 with Fe, the relative complex permittivity of MnO2 and its corresponding loss tangent clearly decreases, but its relative complex permeability and its corresponding loss tangent markedly increases. Moreover, the theoretically calculated values of reflection loss show that with increasing the Fe content, the as-prepared Fe-doped MnO2 exhibits good microwave absorption capability. -- Graphical Abstract: Fe-doped MnO2 with a hollow sea urchin-like ball chain shape was first synthesized in a high magnetic field of 10 T via a simple chemical process. Display Omitted Highlights: ? Fe-doped MnO2 with a hollow sea urchin-like ball chain shape was first synthesized. ? We ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Investigated here were the effects of microwave (MW) radiation (2450-MHz, continuous-wave, mean specific absorption rate of 103.5 + or - 4.2 W/kg) and convention heating on the nonphosphorylating oxidative metabolism of human peripheral mononuclear leukocytes (96% lymphocytes, 4% monocytes) at 37 C. Metabolic activity, determined by chemiluminescence (CL) of cells challenged with luminol (5-aminO-2, 3-dihydro-1, 4-phthalazinedione) linked to bovine serum albumin, was detected with a brightness photomer. A significant stimulation after after MW exposure (p < 0.005) over total CL of matched 37 C-incubator controls was observed. A similar degree of stimulation, compared to incubator controls, was also detected after sham treatment. No significant difference existed between changes in total CL or stimulation indices of the MW and sham-exposed groups. Exposure to MW radiation, under normothermic (37 + or - 0.03 C) conditions, appears to have no effect on the ...

Science.gov (United States)

... of waste food generated at McMurdo Station. Some of the difficulties of disposing of waste food ... change waste generation or management at the site? Yes. This will be a temporary waste management ...

Science.gov (United States)

This perspective view of Venus, generated by computer from NASA's Magellan data and color-coded with emissivity, shows part of the lowlands to the north of ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This dissertation is devoted to the study of the phenomenological consequences of the three-generation heterotic string models based on the Calabi-Yau compactifications and the N = 2 superconformal constructions.

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Network generators that capture the Internet's large-scale topology are crucial for the development of efficient routing protocols and modeling Internet traffic. Our ability to design realistic generators...Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Short communication

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This paper presents a new method and newly developed stabilizing equipment to prevent the loss of synchronism of generators in pumped-storage plants from spreading. The proposed method includes functions to estimate the swing of each generator by using on-line generator output sampled at a rate of 600 times per second after an occurrence of disturbance such as fault, faulty equipment and so on, to predict generator swing 200-300 milliseconds ahead and loss of synchronism between generators in pumped-storage plants and those in thermal and nuclear plants, and to decide the number of generators that must be shed to maintain stability. Tokyo Electric Power Co. (TEPCO) installed the newly developed stabilizing equipment based on this method in the power system in June, 1986.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Several proposals have been made on the method of calculating generation of formaldehyde released from plywood. In calculating generation per hour of a volatile organic compound of adhesives or coatings using a chamber method, such models are frequently used that the generation is largest when the specimen is exposed in the chamber and that the generation attenuates with lapse of time. In the meantime, a number of studies for calculating formaldehyde generation from construction materials are often those determining a specific quantity of generation in a stationary state, while few studies are the observation of time series variation from immediately after the exposure into the chamber. Accordingly, the subject studies used lauan plywood as the samples and examined the method of calculating the change with lapse of time of the formaldehyde ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Horizontal steam generators are typical parts of nuclear power plants with pressure water reactor type VVER. By means of this computer program, a detailed thermal-hydraulic study of the horizontal steam generator PGV-1000 has been carried out and a special attention has been paid to the thermal-hydraulics of the secondary side. A set of important steam generator characteristics has been obtained and analyzed. Some of the interesting results of the analysis are presented in the paper. (author)

Science.gov (United States)

Not Available

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A survey was conducted of experience with steam generator tubes at nuclear power stations during 1976. Failures were reported at 25 out of 68 water-cooled reactors. The causes of these failures and the repair and inspection procedures designed to cope with them are summarized. Examination of the data indicates that corrosion was the major cause of steam generator tube failures. Improvements are needed in steam generator design, condenser integrity and secondary water chemistry control. (author).

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Short communication.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The presentation deals with the flows on the primary side of a horizontal steam generator under conditions typical to natural circulation cooling of the reactor. The main goal is to analyse the effect of primary flow patterns on the heat transfer capability of the steam generator. Conclusions pertinent to steam generator modelling with system codes are also drawn. (10 refs., 9 figs., 4 tabs.).

International Science & Technology Center (ISTC)

Photochromes for New Generation of Highly Efficient Computers with Three Dimensional (3D) Optical Memory

KoreaScience (Korea)

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Science.gov (United States)

Results are given of numerical simulation of three-dimensional pattern of flow of a two-phase steam-water mixture in the house of a PGV-1000 horizontal steam generator obtained using the BAGIRA best-estimate thermohydrodynamic computer codes. The space distributions of velocities and local void fractions in the steam generator housing for different modes of operation of power-generating unit are calculated and compared with available experimental data.

KoreaScience (Korea)

Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Abstract Not Provided

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Superconducting generators for high power applications have been of interest for a number of years. Superconducting generators using low temperature superconductors (LTS) have been manufactured to produce up to 20 MW of electrical power and have been configured in either synchronous alternators which have an AC output that may be subsequently rectified to produce DC and homopolar generators which produce low voltage DC. Typically these generators require scrupulous attention to vacuum integrity for cryogenic insulation at 4.2K and tend to be somewhat fragile because of extensive thermal and magnetic shields that are not required in conventional power generators. Recently, high purity aluminum composites have been developed for a high power AC generator that is cooled by cryogenic hydrogen at 21K. This aluminum generator is very compact and ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

... electric utilities electrochemistry energy storage fuel cells organizational models

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This paper deals with dynamic study of co-generator system with derived dynamic models of generator, excitation system, and turbine/governor from field tests. Mainly this study concentrates on frequency control by under-frequency relay. We simulates dynamic study of co-generator system using EMTDC. (author). 4 refs., 13 figs., 4 tabs.

KoreaScience (Korea)

Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Implementation of a plan to charge waste management costs to the facility that generates such waste requires a long-term commitment and consistent administration. The benefit is that generators are provided the incentive to optimize waste management practices if the charges are appropriately applied. This paper summarizes (1) a plan to charge waste generators, (2) the administrative structure of the plan, (3) a comparison between the rate structure and changes in waste disposal operations, and (4) issues that have surfaced as the plan is implemented. 2 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Ways of improving the water chemistry used in the turbine generator stator?s cooling systems at Russian nuclear power plants are considered. Data obtained from operational chemical monitoring of indicators characterizing the quality of cooling water in the turbine generator stator cooling systems of operating power units at nuclear power plants are presented.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The Steam Generator (SG) tubing degradation caused by corrosion and other age-related mechanisms continues to be a significant safety and cost concern for many Nuclear Power Plants (NPP). The understanding of the steam generator ageing mechanisms is the key to effective management of steam generator ageing and consists of the knowledge of steam generator materials and these one properties, stressors and operating conditions, like degradation sites and wear mechanisms. The principal types of corrosion are presented which can occur in CANDU steam generator. There are also presented the operation conditions, the specifications referring to the water chemistry and the construction materials of Steam Generator, the factors that have a great influence on the corrosion behaviour during the whole exploitation period of this equipment. (R.P.)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This article describes the project for the installation of an additional emergency diesel generator in both Asco and Vandellos NPPs. The basic objectives of this project are to improve the availability of the emergency generation system, in order to provide greater ability to address potential contingencies, and also to increase the flexibility of the preventive periodic maintenance of the emergency diesel generators. This maintenance, that is currently a milestone of the critical path of the refueling outage, will be performed on-line. The new diesel generator will be sized to support all the loads considered in the safety case and also the consumption of its own auxiliary systems, and will be tested for operability assessment on the same periodical basis than the existing ones. The solution adopted will also permit that the N diesel generator may be connected to any bus bar class ...

Science.gov (United States)

The Stefan problem involving a source term is considered in this technical note. As an example, planar solidification with time-dependent heat generation in a semi-infinite plane is solved by use of a perturbation technique. The perturbation solution is validated by reducing the problem to the case without heat generation whose exact solution is available. An application to the case with constant heat generation is presented, for which a closed-form solution is obtained. The effects of heat generation and Stefan number on the evolution of solidification are examined using the perturbation solution.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Purpose: In a case of automatically controlling the water level at the time of generating a lower power, to impact the followability of the control necessary for the power variation of the steam generator thereby to obtain good controllability. Constitution: A signal of deviation of water level of a steam generator and its set value and a signal of a difference between the temperature of the primary coolant in the high temperature side pipeline and that of the primary coolant in the low temperature side pipeline are used to automatically or manually control the flow quantity of water fed to the steam generator. (Yoshihara, H.).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This paper extends the analytical procedure described in another paper in these proceedings to analyze a variety of compact and light-weight OSC-designed radioisotope-heated generators. Those generators employed General Purpose Heat Source (GPHS) modules and a converter containing sixteen AMTEC cells of OSC`s revised five-tube design with enhanced cell wall reflectivity described in a companion paper in these proceedings. OSC found that the performance of the generator is primarily a function of the thermal insulation between the outside of the generator`s 16 cells and the inside of its wall. After examining a variety of insulation options, it was found that the generator`s performance is optimized by employing a hybrid insulation system, in which the space between the cells is filled with fibrous Min-K insulation, and the generator walls are lined with tapered ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Full text. Here we present a status report of the Schenberg antenna, which started commissioning runs in September 2006 under the full support of FAPESP. In its first commissioning runs we tested three preliminary parametric transducer systems, which did not achieve a high enough performance for placing the antenna sensitivity in the range of the calibrator capacitor. Instead of improving the calibrator, making it capable of introducing a larger input force, we decided to go to a radical upgrading operation: replacing the three transducers for a complete set of six transducers, with better sensitivity and arranged according to the truncated icosahedron configuration, plus two extra ones; starting to install the dilution refrigerator; installing wires, cables, and amplifiers for the complete set of transducer circuits; and a new suspension and vibration isolation system for the cabling and microstrip antennas. We also have been developing a new set of transducers, ...

CERN Document Server

The measurement of the brightness temperature fluctuations of neutral hydrogen 21 cm lines from the Epoch of Reionisation (EoR) is expected to be a powerful tool for revealing the reionisation process. We study the 21 cm cross-correlation with Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) temperature anisotropies, focusing on the effect of the patchy reionisation. We calculate, up to second order, the angular power spectrum of the cross-correlation between 21 cm fluctuations and the CMB kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect (kSZ) from the EoR, using an analytical reionisation model. We show that the kSZ and the 21 cm fluctuations are anti-correlated on the scale corresponding to the typical size of an ionised bubble at the observed redshift of the 21 cm fluctuations. The amplitude of the angular power spectrum of the cross-correlation depends on the fluctuations of the ionised fraction. Especially, in a highly inhomogeneous reionisation model, the amplitude reaches the order of ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

GaN and Al{sub 1{minus}x}Ga{sub x}N films were grown by the method of ECR-MBE. Absorption constants as a function of wavelength were determined from transmission measurements. Photoconducting detectors were fabricated from these films and characterized in terms of their spectral response and photoconductive gain. Mobility-lifetime products were determined from the measurement of photoconductive gain. The resistivity and mobility-lifetime products of the films were varied from 10--10{sup 9} ohm-cm and 10{sup {minus}3}--10{sup {minus}8} cm{sup 2}/V respectively by changing the microwave power in the ECR discharge from 20--60 watts. The change in the mobility-lifetime product is attributed to change in the lifetimes of the photogenerated carriers. This assumption is supported by direct measurement of detector response times. Finally, the authors report for the first time, the detection of alpha particles using GaN detectors.

Science.gov (United States)

The PLANCK SURVEYOR is a European Space Agency satellite mission to image the very faint anisotropies in the temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation. Maynooth is actively participating in an international collaboration of scientists involved with the optical design of the High Frequency Instrument (HFI). This paper outlines research which has been undertaken in Maynooth concerned with numerical modelling of the optical characteristics of the multi-frequency array of detectors making up the HFI instrument. In the study the commercial software package ZEMAX was used to model the coupling of the focal plane HFI detectors to the PLANCK telescope. This package is particularly useful in the optical design of PLANCK because of the powerful optimisation features of the software. It is thus possible to readily determine the optimum positioning of the detectors in the focal plane of the telescope. Although the package is based on a numerical ray ...

CERN Document Server

Hot gas trapped in a dark matter halo will produce a decrement in the surface brightness of the microwave background, the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect. While massive clusters produce the strongest central SZ decrements, we point out that a local galaxy halo, specifically the halo of M31, may be one of the brightest integrated SZ sources in the sky. For various realistic gas distributions consistent with current X-ray limits, we show that the integrated SZ decrement from M31 will be comparable to decrements already detected in more distant sources, provided its halo contains an appreciable quantity of hot gas. A measurement of this decrement would provide direct information on the mass, spatial distribution and thermodynamic state of hot gas in a low-mass halo, and could place important constraints on current models of galaxy formation. Detecting such an extended (~ 10 degree), low-amplitude signal will be challenging, but should be possible with all-sky SZ maps ...

CERN Document Server

We present measurements of the transmission of radio/microwave pulses through salt in the Cote Blanche salt mine operated by the North American Salt Company in St. Mary Parish, Louisiana. These results are from data taken in the southwestern region of the 1500 ft. (457 m) deep level of the mine on our third and most recent visit to the mine. We transmitted and received a fast, high-power, broadband pulse from within three vertical boreholes that were drilled to depths of 100 ft. (30 m) and 200 ft. below the 1500 ft. level using three different pairs of dipole antennas whose bandwidths span 125 to 900 MHz. By measuring the relative strength of the received pulses between boreholes with separations of 50 m and 169 m, we deduce the attenuation of the signal attributed to the salt medium. We fit the frequency dependence of the attenuation to a power law and find the best fit field attenuation lengths to be 93 \\pm 7 m at 150 MHz, 63 \\pm 3 m at 300 MHz, and 36 \\pm 2 m ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Single crystal tungsten oxide (WO3) nanoparticles were prepared via a microwave-assisted method. Electrochemical activity for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on WO3 supported on carbon black (WO3/C) electrocatalyst was first studied in acid solution (0.5 M H2SO4) and alkaline solution (1.0 M KOH) at room temperature. The overall experimental results revealed that the electrocatalytic activity for HER on WO3/C is one order magnitude higher than those obtained with carbon black in 0.5 M H2SO4 and is six times than in the case of carbon black in 1.0 M KOH. These results demonstrated that WO3 could enhance the electrocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution reaction in acid solution (0.5 M H2SO4) and alkaline solution (1.0 M KOH). On the other hand, the kinetic reaction mechanisms were disc...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A newly constructed Fourier transform microwave spectrometer has been used to record the pure rotational spectra of four isotopomers of SrS ({sup 88}Sr{sup 32}S, {sup 87}Sr{sup 32}S, {sup 86}Sr{sup 32}S, and {sup 88}Sr{sup 34}S) between 6 and 26 GHz. The molecules were produced by reacting laser ablated strontium with carbonyl sulfide (0.1% in argon). Pure rotational transitions in the ground, first and second vibrational states have been observed. The data set has enabled a multi-isotopomer fit. Born-Oppenheimer breakdown terms for both atoms have been determined. The {sup 87}Sr nuclear quadrupole coupling constant in {sup 87}Sr{sup 32}S has been determined for the first time.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Current light water reactor (LWR) steam generators have been affected by a variety of corrosion and mechanical damage degradation mechanisms. Included are wear caused by tube vibration, intergranular corrosion, pitting, and thinning or wastage of the steam generator tubing and accelerated corrosion of carbon steel supports (denting). The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and the Steam Generator Owners Groups (I, II) have sponsored laboratory and field studies to provide ameliorative actions for the majority of the damage forms experienced to date. Some of the current corrosion mechanisms are aggravated or caused by unique materials choices or materials interactions. New materials have been proposed and at least partially qualified for use in replacement model steam generators, including an advanced LWR design. In so far as possible, the materials choices for the advanced LWR steam ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A method and system for enhancing the transient stability of an intertied three-phase electric power generating system. A set of power exporting generators (10) is connected to a set of power importing generators (20). When a transient cannot be controlled by conventional stability controls, and imminent loss of synchronism is detected (such as when the equivalent rotor angle difference between the two generator sets exceeds a predetermined value, such as 150 degrees), the intertie is disconnected by circuit breakers. Then a switch (30) having a 120-degree phase rotation, or a circuit breaker having a 120-degree phase rotation is placed in the intertie. The intertie is then reconnected. This results in a 120-degree reduction in the equivalent rotor angle difference between the two generator sets, making the system more stable and allowing more time for the conventional controls to ...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

We report a whole-genome shotgun assembly (called WGSA) of the human genome generated at Celera in 2001. The Celera-generated shotgun data set consisted of 27 million sequencing reads organized in pairs...Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A novel soft commutated direct current (DC) motor is introduced. The current of the commutated coil is intentionally drained before the brush disconnects the coil. This prevents the spark generation that normally occurs in conventional DC motors. A similar principle can be applied for DC generators.

Science.gov (United States)

The Second International Seminar on Horizontal Steam Generator Modelling was arranged to continue the international cooperation that was started during the first seminar in March 1991. The main topics of the seminar were: (1) further experimental results ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Processes and apparatus are disclosed for generation of radioisotope contaminant fission fragment free ozone from oxygen containing streams by chemonuclear irradiation accomplished by passing the stream past high energy radiation sources placed in sealed chambers.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A model was developed to compute concentration of impurities in the WWER 440 steam generator (SG) secondary water along the tube bundle. Calculated values were verified by concentration values obtained from secondary water sample chemical analysis. (orig.). 2 refs.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A submerged nuclear power station has been proposed as an alternative power station with a relatively low environmental impact for use by both industrialized and developing countries. The station would be placed 10 m above the seabed at a depth of 30--100 m and a distance of 10--30 km from shore. The submerged nuclear power station would be manufactured and refueled in a central facility, thus gaining the economies of factoryfabrication and the flexibility of short-lead-time deployment. To minimize the size of the submerged hull, horizontal steam generators are proposed for the primary-to-secondary heat transfer, instead of the more traditional vertical steam generators. The horizontal steam generators for SNPS would be similar in design to the horizontal steam generators used in the N-Reactors except the tube orientation is horizontal (the tube`s inlet and outlet connection points on the tubesheet are ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

In this paper the authors show the means putting in place for examination of steam generators tubes. These means (eddy current probes, ultrasonic testing) associated with a knowledge on degradation phenomena allow mapping controlled tubes and limiting undesirable obturations.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Main results of the 40-year experience gained from operation of horizontal steam generators in VVER-type reactor installations used in Russia and many foreign countries are described. Existing unresolved problems are pointed out.

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

PsychoPy is a software library written in Python, using OpenGL to generate very precise visual stimuli on standard personal computers. It is designed to allow the construction of as wide a variety of...Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Electrical power is generated by steam turbines (steam being produced by coal, oil, gas or nuclear reactors), hydro units, gas turbines, internal combustion engines, jet engines, and pumped storage plants. Nuclear Power Plants generate only 15% of the total electrical power in the US. Nuclear Power Plants being cheaper to run are generally base loaded. The pumped-storage and gas turbine plants have ideal characteristics for peaking duty. In the pumping mode, pumped storage plants are used to provide additional system load and in the generating mode, they supply reactive power during peak load demands. Gas turbine plants have higher running costs, but are used as peaking units with a fast start capability. Fossil power plants need a minimum of 1 hour to stabilize expansion in the boiler and turbine generator. Due to a more competitive power supply market due to deregulation, most of the utilizes plan ...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Generation of replicative defective viruses is frequently observed during viral infections. We now report that encapsidation and reverse transcription of spliced viral RNA is an additional mechanism...Full Text Available

Science.gov (United States)

This report discusses the work done on EPRI program S149-1. In this program the feasibility of cleaning steam generators off line with organic chelants as a means of arresting denting corrosion was investigated. The rationale behind this program is to mak...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Steam generator tube plugging rates have increased markedly at Bruce since the end of the 1980s. A new programme of refurbishment aims to keep the steam generators operating successfully until around 2015. (Author).

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

In this paper, we report on the analysis of reverse flow in inverted U-tubes of a steam generator under natural circulation condition. The mechanism of reverse flow in inverted U-tubes of the steam generator with natural circulation is graphically analyzed by using the full-range characteristic curve of parallel U-tubes. The mathematical model and numerical calculation method for analyzing the reverse flow in inverted U-tubes of the steam generator with natural circulation have been developed. The reverse flow in an inverted U-tube steam generator of a simulated pressurized water reactor with natural circulation in analyzed. Through the calculation, the mass flow rates of normal and reverse flows in individual U-tubes are obtained. The predicted sharp drop of the fluid temperature in the inlet plenum of the steam generator due to reverse flow agrees very well with the experimental ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The lateral bearing device is made of 7 lateral supports, each positioned to allow the displacement of the steam generator due to thermal or seismic effects. Each support includes a buffer plate that can be positioned on the steam generator using a position control assembly. This control assembly consists of a screw jack arrangement where the nut is fastened via an energy absorbing layer to a footplate that is fixed to the concrete wall of the steam generator enclosure. 4 figs.

CERN Document Server

We consider the impact of a 4th generation on Higgs to $\\gamma\\gamma$ and $WW,ZZ$ signals and demonstrate that the Tevatron and LHC have essentially eliminated the possibility of a 4th generation if the Higgs is SM-like and has mass below 200 GeV. We also show that the absence of enhanced Higgs signals in current data sets in the $\\gamma\\gamma$ and $WW,ZZ$ final states can strongly constrain (almost eliminate) the possibility of a 4th generation in two-Higgs-doublet models of type II (in the MSSM).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A method for cleaning timing optimization in a parallel steam generator system is described. The method is based on the minimization of a suitable objective function, and takes into account the load allocation on steam generators. In order to establish appropriate fouling growth models the mechanism of the particle deposition and removal on heat transfer surfaces is analyzed. The objective function is related to the short time management costs which are based on depreciation of steam generators, fuel costs and the costs of cleaning interventions. The optimization problem is described; a direct one level method is compared with a two level method. Some applications and their results are reported and discussed. (author)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Adjusting generation to demand (load following) is compared with practical experience. The importance of pumped storage plants is emphasized.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

... Union (INTAS), Brussels (Belgium) Science and Technology Center in Unkraine,

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Low cycle fatigue (LCF) of a fourth-generation single-crystal (SC) Ni-base superalloy TMS-138 was studied by comparison with a typical third-generation (TMS-75) and a second-generation (CMSX-4) Ni-base SC superalloys. TMS-138 exhibits improved LCF behaviour under a condition of the R ratio of 0 at temperatures of 1073 K and 1173 K. The addition of refractory elements resulted in a remarkable improvement of the LCF properties compared to those of the reference superalloys due to the different microstructure developed in TMS-138. (orig.)

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No abstract prepared.