radiation chemistry solvation: Topics by WorldWideScience.org

Studies of technetium chemistry. Pt. 13: The relationship between solvation free energies and brain uptakes of "9"9Tc"m complexes

No abstract prepared

1998-01-01

2

Water Concentration Dependent Photochemistry of Ketoprofen in Neutral Aqueous Solutions

Based on the X-ray crystallographic data of Tc-complexes for brain imaging agents, geometry optimizations in vacuo of TcO-BAT, TcO-MAMA, TcO-L, L-ECD, TcN-BAT and TcN-L, L-ECD complexes are performed with Hartree-Fock method and LANL 2 DZ basis set of G98W program. Then solvation free energy for each Tc-complex mentioned above in water is calculated by polarizable continuum method (PCM) including models of CPCM and IEFPCM. The results show that solvation free energy of Tc-complex is not only an indicator of lipophilicity but also one of the important factors that influence the brain uptake

2002-02-01

3

... v. 1267(1) RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY AND NUCLEAR

2010-08-06

4

Photoselective Chemistry

The chemistry of UV and BE radiation curing

Photoselective Chemistry

2009-01-01

5

Radioanalytical chemistry. Vol. 2

The application of photopolymerisation (UV) and electron beams (EB) technologies in radiation rapid cure (PRC) processing is discussed. The chemistry associated with such reactions and the mechanisms of the processes are treated. The occurrence of concurrent grafting to substrate with radiation curing of films is shown to be an advantage in enhancing the properties of certain finished products. The parameters influencing the optimum grafting yield in such PRC processes are discussed. In many applications, the chemistry of such processes combined with the machine, specially for EB is shown. (author).

1987-09-19

6

NASA Technical Reports Server - Radionuclide X-ray fluorescence ...

This volume of the monograph covers the following topics: activation analysis, non-activation interaction analysis (elastic scattering of charged particles, absorption and backscattering of beta radiation and photons, radionuclide X-ray fluorescence analysis, thermalization, scattering and absorption of neutrons, use of ionization caused by nuclear radiation, use of ionization by alpha or beta radiation for the measurement of pressure, density and flow rate of gases), and automation in radioanalytical chemistry. (P.A.).

1989-01-01

7

Aerosol Education Page - NASA Applied Sciences

Aug 1, 1972 ... The principles of radionuclide excitation of X-ray fluorescence radiation and its application in analytic chemistry are discussed.

8

"2"1"1At-Rh (16-S4-diol) - initial complex of radiopharmaceuticals labelled with astatine

The NASA Langley Distributed Active Archive Center archives and distributes data relating to Radiation Budget, Clouds, Aerosols, and Troposheric Chemistry.

9

... 07-9 354 p. RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY AND NUCLEAR

10

Radiobiology

Chemistry of the solar system

This text-book (electronic book - multi-media CD-ROM) constitutes a course-book - author's collection of lectures. It consists of 13 lectures in which the reader acquaints with the basis of radiobiology: Introduction to radiobiology; Physical fundamentals of radiobiology; Radiation of cells; Modification of radiation damage of cells; Reparation of radiation damage of cells; Radiation syndromes and their modification; Radiation injury; Radiation damage of tissues; Effect of radiation on embryo and fetus; Biological effects of incorporated radionuclides; Therapy of acute irradiation sickness; Delayed consequences of irradiation; Radiation oncology and radiotherapy. This course-book may be interesting for students, post-graduate students of chemistry, biology, physics, medicine as well as for teachers, ...

11

Not Available

2011-09-01

12

BIOINORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Laboratory studies of the sensitivity of tropospheric ozone to the chemistry of sea salt aerosol. Final report, September 15, 1993--September 14, 1994

No abstract prepared.

2002-01-01

13

Standard radiation monitoring at Sendai nuclear power station

Ozone plays a critical role in both the chemistry and radiation balance of the troposphere. Understanding the factors controlling tropospheric ozone levels is critical to our understanding of a variety of issues in global chemistry and climate change. Chlorine atoms have the potential to contribute significantly to the ozone balance in the free troposphere. They can react directly with ozone or alternately, with organics and may actually lead to the formation of ozone in the presence of sufficient NO. Reactions of alkali halides in sea salt particles are a potential source of atomic chlorine, hence reactions of these alkali halides, especially those producing precursors to atomic chlorine, are of great interest. Finally, the mechanisms, intermediates and products of the Cl-biogenic reactions are unknown; these could serve as unique markers of chlorine atom chemistry in the troposphere, and hence are ...

1994-11-15

14

Improved primary water chemistry control of PWR plant in Japan

Standard radiation monitoring has been conducted at Sendai nuclear power station for the purpose of estimation of 'source activity' during refueling outage and evaluation of countermeasures to reduce dose rate. Selected objects of the monitoring are radiation dose rate at maintenance area, radiation field at each equipment and piping, coolant chemistry and plant operation condition. Monitored data indicates that 'source activity' variation can be estimated to some extent using influential factors, and that evaluation of change of loose crud activity, which is presumed to be represented by the dose rate at letdown heat exchanger, is necessary to further explain change in radiation field at main work area. (author).

15

Theoretical studies of metal-phosphate interactions: interaction of Li+, Na+, K+, Be++, Mg++, and Ca++ with H2PO4- and (CH3O)2PO2-: implications for nucleic acid solvation.

Elevated pH operation to the pH value of 7.3 at 285degC is known to be effective for the reduction of radiation source in the primary water system of PWRs. A research project was started in 1989 and concluded in 1996 to study and verify the optimum pH and/or Li concentration from the viewpoint of radiation source reduction and materials integrity under improved water chemistry. This research project is sponsored by the Ministry of International Trade and Industries (MITI) in Japan and has two programs; high pH and high Li. The high Li program was conducted to establish the optimum Li concentration for the high boron concentration region (1100 - 1800 ppm) of the high burn up operation. In this paper, we shall discuss radiation source behavior under high pH conditions and PWSCC (Primary Water Stress Corrosion Cracking) susceptibility of materials with change of primary water chemistry ...

1998-04-01

16

CSIR Research Space (South Africa)

Model phosphate-metal solvation complexes have been studied by ab-initio self-consistent-field techniques. The complexes studied include (RO)2PO2-(R = H or CH3) with Li+, Na+, K+, Be++, Mg++, Ca++,...Full Text Available

1975-10-01

17

Discovery chemistry

Full Text Available

18

Ionizing Radiation and Life

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Abstract Ionizing radiation is a ubiquitous feature of the Cosmos, from exogenous cosmic rays (CR) to the intrinsic mineral radioactivity of a habitable world, and its influences on the emergence and persistence of life are wide-ranging and profound. Much attention has already been focused on the deleterious effects of ionizing radiation on organisms and the complex molecules of life, but ionizing radiation also performs many crucial functions in the generation of habitable planetary environments and the origins of life. This review surveys the role of CR and mineral radioactivity in star formation, generation of biogenic elements, and the synthesis of organic molecules and driving of prebiotic chemistry. Another major theme is the multiple layers of shielding of planetary surfaces from th...

2011-01-01

19

Chemistry and technology of radiation processed composite materials

Chemistry and technology of radiation processed composite materials

Composite materials of synthetics (based on monomers, oligomers and thermoplastics) and of natural polymers (wood and other fibrous cellulosics) prepared by radiation processing, offer valuable structural materials with enhanced coupling forces between the components. The applied polymer chemistry of such composites shows several common features with that of radiation grafting. E.g. the polymerization rate of oligomer-monomer mixtures in wood remains in most cases proportional to the square-root of the initiating dose-rate, just as in the simultaneous grafting, demonstrating that the chain termination kinetics remain regularly bimolecular in the corresponding dose-rate ranges. In the processing experiences of such composites, low dose requirement, easy process-control, and good technical feasibility have been found for composites of wood with oligomer-monomer mixtures, for coconut fibres with unsaturated polyesters and for ...

1984-10-01

20

Radiation processing in Hungary

Composite materials of synthetics (based on monomers, oligomers and thermoplastics) and of natural polymers (wood and other fibrous cellulosics) prepared by radiation processing, offer valuable structural materials with enhanced coupling forces between the components. The applied polymer chemistry of such composites shows several common features with that of radiation grafting, e.g. the polymerization rate of oligomer-monomer mixtures in wood remains in most cases proportional to the square-root of the initiating dose-rate, just as in the simultaneous grafting, demonstrating that the chain termination kinetics remain regularly bimolecular in the corresponding dose-rate ranges. In the processing experiences of such composites, low dose requirement, easy process-control, and good technical feasibility have been found for composites of wood with oligomer-monomer mixtures, for coconut fibres with unsaturated polyesters and for ...

1984-10-01

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

21

Reports of the second All-Union conference on the chemistry of transplutonium elements (Dmitrovgrad, June 21-23, 1963)

Hungary has 10.7 million population in 100,000 km/sup 2/ territory. The gross national product is about $3,000 per capita per year. Hungary is a country with highly developed agriculture and medium degree developed industries. The Hungarian economy is an open economy because more than 40% of the national income is earned by export. The research and development works on various radiation processing have been performed for 25 years. In the Central Research Institute for Physics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, a laboratory was organized for the basic research of radiation chemistry and the moderator materials for nuclear reactors. Also the activities in the Central Research Institute for Chemistry, the Institute of Isotopes, the Research Institute for Plastics Industry, and the Central Research Institute for Food Industry are briefly reported. The largest radiation processing ...

1982-01-01

22

Fundamental R and D program on water chemistry of supercritical pressure water under radiation field

The nine papers presented at this conference cover the following topics: the systematization, condensed description, and prediction of sets of anion exchange extraction constants on the basis of their statistical computer treatment; characteristics and uses of solid extractants containing D2EHPA and TBP for separating the transplutonium elements; enrichment of americium 242m and americium 242 by the Szilard-Chalmers method; an x-ray diffraction pattern analysis for transplutonium compounds; the radiation chemistry of americium; and the effects of alpha irradiation on the behavior of americium in perchlorate solutions.

1987-05-01

23

Electron binding to isolated polar molecules and molecular dipole assemblies

In a supercritical water-cooled reactor, property of water changes significantly around the critical point. It is expected that irradiation and change of water property will affect the chemistry and material corrosion. Deep understanding of interactions between supercritical water and materials under irradiation is important. However, comprehensive data on radiolysis, kinetics, corrosion and thermodynamics have not been obtained due to the severe experimental condition. To get such data by experiments and computer simulations, a national program funded by Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) has been started since December 2002. (author)

2003-09-15

24

Time-dependent radiolytic yields at room temperature and temperature-dependent absorption spectra of the solvated electrons in polyols

In a sufficiently large cluster of several polar molecules, collective interactions lead to localization or 'solvation' of electrons. The existence of the solvated electron is known since 1863 in liquid ammonia and since 1962 for liquid water. In 1984, electron localization in clusters was experimentally demonstrated in (H_2O)_N_#>=#_1_1 and (NH_3)_N_#>=#_3_4 clusters. In cooperation with K. Bowen, we recently initiated a test of the theory of electron binding by a dipole and a new ground state dipole bound dimer anion, (H_2O..NH_3), was predicted and observed. We here describe results of a search for new dipole-bound and solvated electron systems. (author).

1994-03-20

25

Molecular dynamics simulations of aqueous ionic clusters using polarizable water

The molar extinction coefficients at the absorption maximum of the solvated electron spectrum have been evaluated to be 900, 970, and 1000 mol-1?m2 for 1,2-ethanediol (12ED), 1,2-propanediol (12PD), and 1,3-propanediol (13PD), respectively. These values are two-third or three-fourth of the value usually reported in the published report. Picosecond pulse radiolysis studies have aided in depicting the radiolytic yield of the solvated electron in these solvents as a function of time from picosecond to microsecond. The radiolytic yield in these viscous solvents is found to be strongly different from that of the water solution. The temperature dependent absorption spectra of the solvated electron in 12ED, 12PD, and 13PD have been also investigated. In all the three solvents, the optical spectra shift to the red with increasing temperature. While the shape of the spectra does not change in 13PD, a widening on the blue side of the ...

2007-02-01

26

Fractals in Chemistry (Rothschild, Walter G.)

The solvation properties of a chlorine ion in small water clusters are investigated using state-of-the-art statistical mechanics. The simulations employ the polarizable water model developed recently by Dang [J. Chem. Phys. [bold 97], 2659 (1992)]. The ion--water interaction potentials are defined such that the successive binding energies for the ionic clusters, and the solvation enthalpy, bulk vertical binding energy, and structural properties of the aqueous solution agree with the best available results obtained from experiments. Simulated vertical electron binding energies of the ionic clusters Cl[sup [minus

1993-11-01

27

Progress at LAMPF. Progress report, January-December 1985

Not Available

2000-03-01

28

Study of radiation chemistry in solids using solid hydrogen

Research performed at LAMPF during 1985 is reported in the areas of: nuclear and particle physics; atomic and molecular physics; materials science; radiation-effects studies; biomedical research and instrumentation; nuclear chemistry; radioisotope production; and physics theory. Also reported are the status of LAMPF-II, facility development work, and accelerator operations. (LEW)

1986-05-01

29

Immobilization of bacteria in microgel grafted onto macroporous polyethylene

Having simple and highly symmetric structure, solid hydrogen is a useful matrix on the study of radiation-chemical processes in solid phase which have been less understood in previous studies. We have found three outstanding findings: resonance effects on the tunneling reaction H+H{sub 2} {yields} H{sub 2} + H, effects of pressure on the dissociation and recombination of H{sub 2} molecules in solid hydrogen, and high-resolution ESR spectroscopy using a solid parahydrogen matrix. (author)

2002-03-01

30

Atmospheric chemistry on Venus, Earth, and Mars: Main features and comparison

The development of 'Green Chemistry' requires new materials to replace the conventional organic chemistry by biological catalysts, to produce fine chemicals in an environmentally friendly manner. Microbial whole cells can be directly used as biocatalysts, providing a simple and cheap methodology since enzyme isolation and purification are avoided. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is a very stable polymer though it can be activated by gamma radiation to induce grafting. Glycidyl methacrylate was grafted onto macroporous HDPE and PP in the range of 1-6%, proportional to the initial monomer concentration. Grafted polymers were further chemically modified with ethylenediamine to generate a cationic hydrogel of micron-size thickness onto the internal polymer surfaces. Modified polymers were able to immobilize Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria that can catalyze a chemical reaction as efficient as free ...

2010-03-15

31

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

This paper deals with two common problems and then considers major aspects of chemistry in the atmospheres of Mars and Venus. (1) The atmospheres of the terrestrial planets have similar origins but different evolutionary pathways because of the different masses and distances to the Sun. Venus lost its water by hydrodynamic escape, Earth lost CO"2 that formed carbonates and is strongly affected by life, Mars lost water in the reaction with iron and then most of the atmosphere by the intense meteorite impacts. (2) In spite of the higher solar radiation on Venus, its thermospheric temperatures are similar to those on Mars because of the greater gravity acceleration and the higher production of O by photolysis of CO"2. O stimulates cooling by the emission at 15@mm in the collisions with CO"2. ...

2011-01-01

32

Density functional calculations of 15N chemical shifts in solvated dipeptides

A Radiation Laboratory Curriculum Development at Western Kentucky University

We performed density functional calculations to examine the effects of solvation, hydrogen bonding, backbone conformation, and the side chain on 15N chemical shielding in proteins. We used N-methylacetamide (NMA) and N-formyl-alanyl-X (with X being one of the 19 naturally occurring amino acids excluding proline) as model systems. In addition, calculations were performed for selected fragments from protein GB3. The conducting polarizable continuum model was employed to include the effect of solvent in the density functional calculations. Our calculations for NMA show that the augmentation of the polarizable continuum model with the explicit water molecules in the first solvation shell has a significant influence on isotropic 15N chemical shift but not as much on the chemical shift anisotropy. The difference in the isotropic chemical shift between the standard ?-sheet and ?-helical conformations ranges from 0.8 to 6.2 ppm depending on the residue ...

2008-06-01

33

The pharmacological activity of medical herbs after microbiological decontamination by irradiation

We present the latest developments for the radiation laboratory curriculum at the Department of Physics and Astronomy of Western Kentucky University. During the last decade, the Applied Physics Institute (API) at WKU accumulated various equipment for radiation experimentation. This includes various neutron sources (computer controlled d-t and d-d neutron generators, and isotopic 252 Cf and PuBe sources), the set of gamma sources with various intensities, gamma detectors with various energy resolutions (NaI, BGO, GSO, LaBr and HPGe) and the 2.5-MeV Van de Graaff particle accelerator. XRF and XRD apparatuses are also available for students and members at the API. This equipment is currently used in numerous scientific and teaching activities. Members of the API also developed a set of laboratory activities for undergraduate students taking classes from the physics curriculum (Nuclear Physics, Atomic Physics, and Radiation ...

2009-03-10

34

Proceedings of national conference on operating experience of nuclear reactors and power plants: book of preprints

In the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology research on microbiological decontamination of medicinal herbs by irradiation has been carried out since 1996. It was shown that using ionizing radiation (a dose of 10 kGy) can obtain satisfactory results of microbiological decontamination of these products. The content of essential biologically active substances such as essential oils, flavonoids, glycosides, anthocyans, antra-compounds, poliphenoloacids, triterpene saponins, oleanosides and plants mucus did not change significantly after irradiation. Pharmacological activity of medicinal herbs has been found satisfactory after microbiological decontamination by irradiation.

2000-03-01

35

Laboratory robotics systems at the Savannah River Laboratory

The symposium covers papers under different sections namely, (i) Core physics and Fuel management, (ii) Commissioning of facilities and systems, (iii) Operational experience and Human resource development, (iv) Fuel handling, Maintenance management and Surveillance, (v) Instrumentation and Control and Power supply systems, (vi) Analysis, modifications and developments for enhancing operational safety, (vii) Chemistry control and Effluent management, (viii) Radiation and industrial safety and (ix) Steam generators, Turbo-generators and other auxiliaries. Papers relevant to INIS are indexed separately. (author)

2006-11-13

36

INEEL Advanced Radiotherapy Research Program Annual Report 2001

Many analytical chemistry methods normally used at the Savannah River site require repetitive procedures and handling of radioactive and other hazardous solutions. Robotics is being investigated as a method of reducing personnel fatigue and radiation exposure and also increasing product quality. Several applications of various commercially available robot systems are discussed involving cold (nonradioactive) and hot (radioactive) sample preparations and glovebox waste removal. Problems encountered in robot programming, parts fixturing, design of special robot hands and other support equipment, glovebox operation, and operator-system interaction are discussed. A typical robot system cost analysis for one application is given.

1983-11-16

37

INEEL Advanced Radiotherapy Research Program Annual Report 2001

This report summarizes the major activities and accomplishments of the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) Advanced Radiotherapy Research Program for calendar year 2001. Applications of supportive research and development, as well as technology deployment in the fields of chemistry, radiation physics and dosimetry, and neutron source design and demonstration are described. Contributions in the fields of physics and biophysics include development of advanced patient treatment planning software, feasibility studies of accelerator neutron source technology for Neutron Capture Therapy (NCT), and completion of major modifications to the research reactor at Washington State University to produce an epithermal-neutron beam for NCT research applications.

2002-04-01

38

Department of Nuclear Safety Research and Nuclear Facilities annual report 1995

This report summarizes the major activities and accomplishments of the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) Advanced Radiotherapy Research Program for calendar year 2001. Applications of supportive research and development, as well as technology deployment in the fields of chemistry, radiation physics and dosimetry, and neutron source design and demonstration are described. Contributions in the fields of physics and biophysics include development of advanced patient treatment planning software, feasibility studies of accelerator neutron source technology for Neutron Capture Therapy (NCT), and completion of major modifications to the research reactor at Washington State University to produce an epithermal-neutron beam for NCT research applications.

2002-04-30

39

Thermal- and radiation-induced interactions of water on U02 surfaces.

The report presents a summary of the work of the Department of Nuclear Safety Research and Nuclear Facilities in 1995. The department`s research and development activities are organized in three research programmes: Radiation Protection, Reactor Safety, and Radioanalytical Chemistry. The nuclear facilities operated by the department include the Research Reactor DR3, the Isotope Laboratory, the Waste Treatment Plant, and the Educational Reactor DR1. Lists of staff and publications are included together with a summary of the staff`s participation in national and international committees. (au) 5 tabs., 21 ills.

1996-03-01

40

Chemistry of dense clumps near moving Herbig-Haro objects

Most plans for the disposition of surplus nuclear materials involve storage in sealed containers where the evolution of gases from reactions of adsorbed water could present both pressure and flammability hazards[l] . Despite efforts such as calcining the material to minimize the water content prior to packaging, both residual moisture and readsorbed water may be present in the final containers . Given the anticipated temperature excursions during transportation and storage, this water may thermally desorb, increasing the pressure, and/or thermally dissociate to produce H2 gas, increasing flammability hazards . In addition, the radiation from the nuclear material may induce radiolysis of the water with the likely products being water vapor, H2, 02 and H2O2. In order to better understand the relative importance of the thermal- and radiationinduced chemistry, we have studied the interactions of water on single crystals of uranium dioxide .

2003-01-01

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

41

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Abstract Localized regions of enhanced emission from HCO+, NH3 and other species near Herbig-Haro objects (HHOs) have been interpreted as arising in a photochemistry stimulated by the HHO radiation on high-density quiescent clumps in molecular clouds. Static models of this process have been successful in accounting for the variety of molecular species arising ahead of the jet; however, recent observations show that the enhanced molecular emission is widespread along the jet as well as ahead. Hence, a realistic model must take into account the movement of the radiation field past the clump. It was previously unclear as to whether the short interaction time between the clump and the HHO in a moving source model would allow molecules such as HCO+ to reach high enough levels, and to survive fo...

2011-01-01

42

Solvent effects on the solvation shell exchange kinetics

NMR study of aluminium chloride and lithium tetrachloroaluminate solutions in a mixed solvent of thionylchloride-methylacetate

Classical molecular dynamics simulations are carried out to investigate the salvation shell exchange kinetics of potassium ion in bulk water, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride. The reactive flux method is used to compute the dissociation rates. The influence of the solvent on the reaction rates and kinetic properties of this exchange process will be discussed. Comparison will be also be made to the prediction of the Grote-Hynes theory.

1997-12-31

43

Solid-state NMR Techniques for Chemistry Research

Lithium tetrachloroaluminate solutions in thionylchloride, methylacetate and their mixtures are studied by "7Li and "2"7Al NMR. It is found that introduction of methylacetate in the LiAlCl_4-SOCl_2 system results in a change of lithium tetrachloroaluminate formation constant. In the ternary system, Li"+ is solvated by methyl-acetate after complete destruction of tetrachloroaluminate anion. Refs. 9, figs. 2.

44

Investigating and theorizing discourse during analogy writing in chemistry

No abstract prepared.

2000-09-01

45

Chemistry Resolved Kinetic Flow Modeling of TATB Based Explosives

Not Available

2011-09-01

46

Spectroscopy, colorimetry, and biological chemistry in the nineteenth century.

Abstract not provided

2011-07-21

47

Nano-chemistry is the new course in the system of chemistry sciences

The development of colorimetry and spectroscopy in the nineteenth century is described. An account is given of the application of their techniques to biological chemistry during that period.

1981-03-01

48

Radiation 2006. In association with the Polymer Division, Royal Australian Chemical Institute. Incorporating the 21st AINSE Radiation Chemistry Conference and the 18th Radiation Biology Conference, conference handbook

... 30-31 Oct 2009 Tajik National University(Tajikistan) 146 p. INORGANIC,

2009-10-01

49

Understanding and predicting soot generation in turbulent non-premixed jet flames.

Full text: The general population is daily exposed to chronic, low doses of ionizing radiation (IR) from both natural and artificial sources. The biological consequences of acute, high dose IR exposure can be readily determined; however, the nature and significance of low dose, low dose-rate IR effects are still the subject of debate. Confounding the issue, are the phenomena collectively referred to as the Radiation-induced Bystander Effect (RIBE). The RIBE describes a collection of in vitro observations that suggest the presence of a soluble, transmissible factor(s) released from irradiated cells that can induce a biological response in un-irradiated cells. The induction, nature and magnitude of the RIBE varies between cell culture systems, radiation sources and end-points measured. Efforts to confirm the presence of the RIBE in vivo have been confined to in vivo-like culture systems and limited work with tumour and ...

2006-01-01

50

Modeling of a self-excited pulse combustor and stability analysis

This report documents the results of a project funded by DoD's Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) on the science behind development of predictive models for soot emission from gas turbine engines. Measurements of soot formation were performed in laminar flat premixed flames and turbulent non-premixed jet flames at 1 atm pressure and in turbulent liquid spray flames under representative conditions for takeoff in a gas turbine engine. The laminar flames and open jet flames used both ethylene and a prevaporized JP-8 surrogate fuel composed of n-dodecane and m-xylene. The pressurized turbulent jet flame measurements used the JP-8 surrogate fuel and compared its combustion and sooting characteristics to a world-average JP-8 fuel sample. The pressurized jet flame measurements demonstrated that the surrogate was representative of JP-8, with a somewhat higher tendency to soot formation. The premixed flame measurements revealed that flame temperature has a ...

2010-10-01

51

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The major bottleneck for popularization and utilization of the conventional mechanical valve pulse combustors is the self-priming mode of gas supply. An aerodynamic valve (as against mechanical valve) self-excited pulse combustor of the Helmholtz-type with continuous supply of gas and air was designed and a mathematical model was established in this paper. The theoretical model employed well-stirred reactor model and a single step Arrhenius chemistry, and took those factors which might affect the combustion stability into account. The factors include the variation of the mass rate of the reactants affected by the pressure in the combustion chamber, the convective and radiation heat loss in the combustion chamber, and the heat transfer and wall friction in the tailpipe. The effect of wall t...

2011-01-01

52

Photodegradation and photostabilization of weathered wood flour filled polyethylene composites

Electron spin resonance probe for the solvation of ionomer membranes and other microscopically heterogeneous systems. Cu[sup 2+] in nafion, sephadex and silica gel

Wood plastic composites (WPCs) have gained popularity as building materials because of their usefulness in replacing solid wood in a variety of applications. These composites are promoted as being low-maintenance, high-durability products. However, it has been shown that WPCs exposed to weathering may experience a color change and/or loss in mechanical properties. An important requirement for building materials used in outdoor applications is the retention of their aesthetic qualities and mechanical properties during service life. Therefore, it is critical to understand the photodegradation mechanisms of WPCs exposed to UV radiation and to develop approaches to stabilize these composites against ultraviolet light. In this dissertation, the surface chemistries of weathered composites (both unstabilized and stabilized) as well as the effect of weathering on the color fade and the retention of mechanical properties were characterized. Since ...

2003-01-01

53

Spectral studies of intermediate species formed in one-electron reactions of bovine liver catalase at room and low temperatures. A comparison with peroxidase reactions

Cu[sup 2+] is a sensitive electron spin resonance (ESR) probe for the penetration of various polar solvents in membranes made of Nafion and as an indicator for the replacement of one solvent by another. The ESR parameters (g and [sup 63]Cu hyperfine tensors) can be translated into a structure of the solvent around the cation. The replacement of a solvent in the membrane by another depends on the polarity of the two solvents. The solvent with the largest dielectric constant, N-methylformamide (NMF), can be replaced by water but not by methanol or acetonitrile (dielectric constants 182, 78.5, 32.7, and 37.5, respectively). Preferential solvation of the cation by water in three water/acetonitrile mixtures (9:1, 1:1, and 1:9 by volume) in contact with silica gel, Sephadex, and Nafion has been observed in various degrees. Nafion is most selective, followed by Sephadex and by silica gel. The selectivity appears to be related to electrostatic interactions which are ...

1992-01-01

54

Solubility and rate of dissolution for Miscanthus in hydrophilic ionic liquids

The reactions of native bovine catalase with superoxide and solvated electrons have been investigated using three different methods for generating these reducing substrates: [gamma]-radiolysis of oxygenated or deaerated buffer solutions in the presence of an OH radical scavenger; either xanthine or acetaldehyde with xanthine oxidase; and low-temperature (77 K) [gamma]-radiolysis of buffered ethylene glycol/water solutions with subsequent annealing of samples at 183 K. (Author).

1992-11-01

55

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Miscanthus is a potential feedstock for the production of biofuels. Lignocellulosic biomass is not soluble in conventional solvents, but Miscanthus and other lignocellulosic biomass have reasonable solubilities in some ionic liquids. The solubility of Miscanthus in a variety of hydrophilic ionic liquids was measured as a function of particle size, temperature and time for dissolution. In addition to temperature and time, the ionic liquid anion has a significant effect on solubility and rate of dissolution. The moisture content of Miscanthus lowers its solubility in certain ionic liquids. Chloride, acetate, and phosphate-based ionic liquids favor solubility. A tentative correlation for the solubility of Miscanthus is proposed in terms of Abraham solvation parameters obtained from quantum-ch...

2011-01-01

56

Effect of Cl substituent in the aromatic tetracycline ring on its reactivity with solvated electrons

Radiation 2006. In association with the Polymer Division, Royal Australian Chemical Institute. Incorporating the 21st AINSE Radiation Chemistry Conference and the 18th Radiation Biology Conference, conference handbook

Decomposition yields of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC.HCl) and chlorotetracycline hydrochloride (ClTC.HCl) in methanol solution saturated with Ar or N/sub 2/O were determined. Rate constants of the reaction esub(s)/sup -/ with some antibiotics were obtained. It was demonstrated by /sup 1/H NMR that the radical formed by degradation of 7-C-Cl group is recombined with the H atoms leading to ClTC.HCl being converted into tetracycline hydrochloride (TC.HCl).

1984-09-18

57

Radiation Chemistry of Aqueous Solutions Related to Nuclear Reactor Systems and Spent Fuel Management

Full text: An adaptive response is a decreased biological effect induced by a priming radiation dose given prior to a challenge dose. Adaptive responses contradict the linear-nothreshold model of risk estimation. The pKZ1 mouse chromosomal inversion assay is an extremely sensitive assay for studying the mutagenic effect of low dose radiation. A non-linear dose response for chromosomal inversion has been observed in pKZ1 spleen and prostate after a single whole body irradiation with doses between 1?Gy and 10mGy. Doses between 5-10?Gy resulted in an induction in inversions and doses between 1-10mGy resulted in a reduction below endogenous inversion frequency. These results suggest that doses in the 1-10 mGy range cause host responses which overcompensate by not only preventing inversions that would normally occur as a result of the low doses of radiation but also by preventing some of the endogenous inversions that would have ...

2006-04-01

58

Production of radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography via laboratory robotics

In this thesis the rate constants for a number of radical reactions in aqueous solution have been studied in a wide temperature range. The reactions of H with H_2O_2, OH and HO_2 and the reactions of HO_2 with OH, Fe"2"+ and Cu"2"+ have been studied. For each reaction rate constants have been determined as a function of temperature using the technique of high temperature, high pressure (HTP) pulse radiolysis. The rate constants were obtained by fitting a kinetic computer model to the experimental data. From an Arrhenius plot the activation energy of each reaction was determined. The data determined in this way are important for modeling of radiolysis in nuclear light water reactors. A previously developed model for calculation of the effect of water radiolysis products on oxidation and dissolution of spent nuclear fuel has been improved. In the new model, called TraRaMo, simultaneous transport by diffusion and chemical reactions induced by radiolysis can be modeled. The model is a ...

2003-01-01

59

Proceedings of the workshop on radioactivity associated with coal use

The production of radiopharmaceuticals used in positron emission tomography (PET) can require large amounts of activity at the start of synthesis in order to yield sufficient labeled material for clinical studies. Several investigators have developed remote and automated systems for the routine production of PET radiopharmaceuticals in order to reduce radiation exposure to personnel. Such devices, however, suffer from limited flexibility and can be relatively complicated in design. These systems are also limited to the production of a single or a few closely related compounds. Furthermore, changes in chemistry would require considerable modifications in hardware and/or software in order to bring the device back into operation. To circumvent the above limitations associated with the remote production of PET radiopharmaceuticals, the authors have investigated the use of laboratory robotics as a flexible alternative to the synthesis of several ...

1987-11-15

60

Advances in beam physics and technology: Colliders of the future

A workshop on radioactivity in coal use was held on September 15 through 17, 1981, under the auspices of the US Department of Energy, Office of Environmental Programs, and the Los Alamos National Laboratory. The purpose of the workshop was to identify research issues associated with radioactivity resulting from the use of coal for electric power generation. The concensus of the 10 scientists participating in the workshop was that a moderate to strong need exists for research in solubility of fly ash in different fluids and for determination of radioactivity in construction materials. Several additional research issues were identified but were given a lower priority. Summaries of each presentation are included. Titles are: some effects of coal combustion on the radiation environment; radionuclides in western coal at Mound; low-level radiation in coals utilized and ashes produced at New York State electric utilities; radioactivity from coal use - ...

1981-12-01

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

61

Photocatalytic oxidation and reduction chemistry and a new process for treatment of pink water and related contaminated water

Beams may be viewed as directed and focussed flow of energy and information, carried by particles and electromagnetic radiation fields (ie, photons). Often, they interact with each other (eg, in high energy colliders) or with other forms of matter (eg, in fixed targets, sychrotron radiation, neutron scattering, laser chemistry/physics, medical therapy, etc.). The whole art and science of beams revolve around the fundamental quest for, and ultimate implementation of, mechanisms of production, storage, control and observation of beams -- always directed towards studies of the basic structures and processes of the natural world and various practical applications. Tremendous progress has been made in all aspects of beam physics and technology in the last decades -- nonlinear dynamics, superconducting magnets and rf cavities, beam instrumentation and control, novel concepts and collider praradigms, to name a few. We illustrate ...

1994-11-14

62

NSF-NIST Interaction in Chemistry, Materials Research, Molecular Biosciences, Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering

The objective of this project was to develop new photocatalytic or other innovative process chemistry for the treatment of pink water and related contaminated water.

1996-10-01

63

Major roles of water chemistry for safe and reliable nuclear power plant operation. Research committee on water chemistry standard

NSF-NIST Interaction in Chemistry, Materials Research, Molecular Biosciences, Bioengineering, and ... Laboratory (CSTL). Materials research is centralized in the Materials Science and Engineering ...

64

Water-Soluble Prodrug of Anti-Microtubule Agent Plinabulin: Effective Strategy with Click Chemistry.

The research committee of the Atomic Energy Society of Japan on water chemistry standard aims at establishing the private standard of water chemistry of nuclear power plants. The committee gathers up 'BWR water chemistry management manual', 'PWR primary system water chemistry management manual' and 'PWR water chemical analysis standard method', and furthermore aims at the standardization of those in future. Looking back on the committee's activities for the past four years, latest results of research of water chemistry mainly contributing to safe and reliable nuclear power plants were described with the future perspective of water chemistry and a demanded break-through. (T.T.)

2007-05-01

65

The coordination chemistry of technetium and rhenium and applications to nuclear medicine. Final report

PMID:21956869

2011-09-29

66

Item Analysis of Japanese NCTUA for the Quality Improvement of Chemistry Items of CSAT

No abstract prepared.

1996-12-31

67

Lupus

Medline Plus

... diagnosed. A complete blood count (CBC), urinalysis, blood chemistries, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) tests can provide ...

68

Inorganic chemistry of astatine

Full Text Available

2010-12-01

69

Formation and role of the community for water chemistry engineering in Japan

On the basis of experimental and extrapolated values the physico-chemical properties of astatine are reviewed considering all oxidation states.

70

Discovery and investigation of properties of new inorganic and organic compounds of astatine

... 1343-3563 v. 57(1) SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED

2011-01-01

71

Coal liquefaction research

Short review of works on astatine chemistry carried out by authors for the last thirty years are done. Discovery of single-charged cation stable in aqueous solutions is predominant attainment of authors in the branch of inorganic chemistry. The first successful synthesis of heptavalent astatine compounds is a new and significant result of the last years. New direction in the chemistry of the fifth halogen is organic chemistry of astatine

72

Coal liquefaction and desulfurization

EPRI research related to coal liquefaction has concentrated on the chemistry of the processes. Recent work is reviewed.

1984-01-01

73

Chemistry of the first class of brain imaging agents containing the Tc triple bond N multiple bond

A discussion is presented of the chemistry and technology of coal liquefaction and the physics and technology of coal desulfurization. 31 refs.

1981-01-01

74

Chemistry of the first class of brain imaging agents containing the Tc triple bond N multiple bond

Short communication.

1994-04-01

75

AN AES/XPS STUDY OF THE CHEMISTRY OF PALLADIUM ...

Short communication.

76

Brain Basics

Medline Plus

... related to changes in the anatomy, physiology, and chemistry of the nervous system. When the brain cannot ...

77

Joint Thesaurus. Part I (A-L) + Part II (M-Z)

... AT THE INTERFACE, A THIN OXIDE LAYER IS OBSERVED ALONG WITH POSSIBLE PALLADIUM SILICIDES. PALLADIUM ...

1981-02-01

78

A model of chemistry and thermal hydraulics in PWR fuel crud deposits

This is the 1st revision of the INIS/ETDE Joint Thesaurus. It contains 20 953 valid descriptors and 8 600 forbidden terms. It was last updated in December 2003. The Joint Thesaurus contains the controlled terminology for indexing all information within the subject scope of both INIS (International Nuclear Information System) and ETDE (Energy Technology Data Exchange) information systems. The terminology is intended for use in subject description for input or retrieval of information in those systems. The thesaurus is a terminological control device used in translating from the natural language of documents, indexers or users into a more constrained system language It is also a controlled and dynamic vocabulary of semantically and generically related terms which covers a specific domain of knowledge. The domain of knowledge covered by this Thesaurus includes physics (in particular, plasma physics, atomic and molecular physics, and especially nuclear and high-energy physics), ...

1998-05-01

79

Luminous HC3N line emission in NGC4418 - buried AGN or nascent starburst?

A model is described for simulating thermal hydraulic and chemical conditions within fuel crud deposits. Heat transfer takes place by wick boiling in which water flows through the porous deposit and evaporates into steam at the surface of chimneys. The transport and chemistry of dissolved species within the deposit is also modelled. This chemistry includes the equilibrium chemistry of Li/boric acid species, the equilibrium chemistry of Fe/Ni species and the radiolysis chemistry of water. The unique feature of this model is that the chemistry is coupled to the thermal hydraulics via the increase in the saturation temperature with the concentration of dissolved species. This has a profound effect on evaporative heat transfer within thick deposits, leading to conditions that explain the precipitation of LiBO{sub 2} and the possible formation of bonaccordite. The ...

2006-07-01

80

Spectrophotometric study of lanthanoid complexes with antipyrine and salicylic acid

IRAM 30m observations reveal that the deeply obscured IR-luminous galaxy NGC4418 has a rich molecular chemistry - including unusually luminous HC3N line emission. We furthermore detect: ortho-H2CO 2-1, 3-2; CN 1-0, 2-1; HCO+, 1-0. 3-2, HCN 3-2, HNC 1-0, 3-2 (and tentatively OCS 12-11). The HCN, HCO+, H2CO and CN line emission can be fitted to densities of n=5 x 10E4 - 10E5 cm-3 and gas temperatures Tk=80-150 K. Both HNC and HC3N are, however, significantly more excited than the other species which requires higher gas densities - or radiative excitation through e.g. mid-IR pumping. The HCN line intensity is fainter than that of HCO+ and HNC for the 3-2 transition, in contrast to previous findings for the 1-0 lines where the HCN emission is the most luminous. We tentatively suggest that the observed molecular line emission is consistent with a young starburst, where the emission can be understood as emerging from dense, warm gas with an ...

2007-01-01

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

81

Solvent effects on biocatalysis in organic systems: equilibrium position and rates of lipase catalyzed esterification.

The extraction-spectrophotometric method has been used to study lanthanoid ion complexing (Pr, Nd, Ho and Er) with antipyrine (Ant) and salicylic acid (Sal). The component relationship in different-ligand compounds Ln:Aut:Sal=2:3:6 and solvate number equal to 5 are determined; molar extinction coefficients of binary and different-ligand compounds are calculated. Oscillator strengths of absorption bands corresponding to supersensitive transitions of neodymium, holmium, erbium and some most intensive praseodymium bands are calculated. The study of IR spectra of investigated compounds allows to conclude on formation of coordination bonds of the central atom with the antipyrine molecule through the oxygen of the carbonyl group as well as on carboxyl group hydrogen substitution for metal and formation of coordination bond with OH group in salicylic acid molecules.

1981-01-01

82

Polyether matrices for lithium generators; Matrices polyethers pour generateurs au lithium

Porcine pancreatic lipase immobilized on celite particles has been employed as a catalyst for the esterification of dodecanol and decanoic acid in a predominantly organic system. Solvent influence on the equilibrium position and on the catalyst activity has been studied using 20 solvents, including aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, ethers, ketones, nitro- and halogenated hydrocarbons, and esters. The equilibrium constant for esterification correlates well with the solubility of water in the organic solvent, which in turn shows a good relationship with a function of Guttman's donor number and the electron pair acceptance index number of the solvent. This may be rationalized in terms of the requirements for solvation of water and of the reactants. The catalyst activity, measured as the initial rate of the esterification reaction, is best correlated as a function of both n-octanol-water partition coefficient (log P) and either the electron pair acceptance index or ...

1991-12-01

83

Extraction of hafnium by 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoyl-5-pyralozone from aqueous-alcoholic solutions

The use of solvating polymers of polyether type is an interesting solution for the manufacturing of high capacity lithium batteries with lithium metal anodes and which can operate at T > 50 deg. C. These operating conditions are perfectly compatible with electric-powered vehicle and stationary battery applications. In order to improve the ionic conductivity of polymer electrolytes, new aprotic and amorphous polyether lattices have been synthesized having a good conductivity but also good thermal, mechanical and electrochemical stabilities. Two type of 3-D polyether lattices obtained by reticulation of linear pre-polymers have been selected as host polymers: unsaturated poly-condensate and unsaturated co-polyethers. (J.S.) 18 refs.

1996-12-31

84

Excess Gibbs free energies and excess volumes of mixtures containing normal alkanes or cyclohexane + thiaalkanes or dithiaalkanes

Extraction of hafnium by 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoyl-5-pyrazolone (HL) in benzene, toluene, chloroform and tetrachloromethane from aqueous-alcoholic solutions of the formal acidity of 2M-HClO_4 was studied. Methyl, ethyl, n- and isopropyl, tert-butyl and allyl alcohol as well as ethylene glycol monomethyl ether and propylene glycol were used as organic components of the mixed aqueous-organic phase. Their presence in some cases resulted in a synergic increase in the distribution ratio of hafnium. The increase is interpreted using the results of a slope analysis and measurements of the alcohol distribution and the relative permittivity of the organic phase. It is suggested that HfL_4 molecules were solvated by alcohol molecules in the organic phase. At high alcohol concentration synergism changed into antagonism. This was caused by changes in the distribution of HL and its interaction with the alcohol in the organic phase. (author).

85

Asymmetric Hydrogenation with Highly Active IndolPhos-Rh Catalysts: Kinetics and Reaction Mechanism

Vapor-liquid equilibria, by head-space gas-chromatographic analysis of the equilibrated vapor phase directly withdrawn from the equilibration apparatus, and molar excess volumes, V[sup E], by means of a vibrating-tube densimeter, of binary mixtures containing thiaalkanes or dithiaalkanes with n-alkanes or cyclohexane, were determined at 298.15 K. The excess molar Gibbs free energies, GE, of the examined mixtures were obtained by a least-squares treatment of the equilibrium data. The GE and V[sup E] values indicate that the steric effect exerted by the alkyl groups adjacent to the S group causes a regular decrease of the G[sup E] (or V[sup E]) with increasing the number of alkyl groups in the thiaalkane. A tentative approach, based on an additivity scheme of surface interactions combined with the scaled particle theory, is presented to estimate the energies of solvation in terms of group contributions.

1993-10-01

86

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The mechanism of the IndolPhos-Rh-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of prochiral olefins has been investigated by means of X-ray crystal structure determination, kinetic measurements, high-pressure NMR spectroscopy, and DFT calculations. The mechanistic study indicates that the reaction follows an unsaturate/dihydride mechanism according to Michaelis-Menten kinetics. A large value of KM (KM=5.01+-0.16 M) is obtained, which indicates that the Rh-solvate complex is the catalyst resting state, which has been observed by high-pressure NMR spectroscopy. DFT calculations on the substrate-catalyst complexes, which are undetectable by experimental means, suggest that the major substrate-catalyst complex leads to the product. Such a mechanism is in accordance with previous studies on the mechanism...

2010-01-01

87

The reduction of feedwater iron by using absorption characteristics of cation exchange resins for BWR condensate demineralizers

Physics through the 1990s: scientific interfaces and technological applications

Iron concentration control in feedwater is one of the most important subjects in water chemistry. Especially for the BWR plants without 100% flow volume of hollow fiber filter (HFF), rather high iron concentration in feedwater is one of the big issues as this causes relatively high radiation dose rate in drywell area. Cation exchange resins especially used in the plants with partial flow rate of HFF are expected to have the important role of capturing iron in feedwater. For this purpose, we have investigated the effective method for using iron absorption characteristics of cation exchange resin. The Cation-Over Layer method (COL) in condensate demineralizers (CD) effectively utilizes these characteristics. In order to demonstrate a performance of the cation overlay method, we had applied this method for three CD vessels at Fukushima Daiichi NPP Unit 3 for testing purpose. The result of this actual plant test indicated that the iron ...

2009-10-01

88

The main activities and scientific collaboration possibilities at Ankara Nuclear research and training center

The volume examines the scientific interfaces and technological applications of physics. Twelve areas are dealt with: biological physics--biophysics, the brain, and theoretical biology; the physics-chemistry interface--instrumentation, surfaces, neutron and synchrotron radiation, polymers, organic electronic materials; materials science; geophysics--tectonics, the atmosphere and oceans, planets, drilling and seismic exploration, and remote sensing; computational physics--complex systems and applications in basic research; mathematics--field theory and chaos; microelectronics--integrated circuits, miniaturization, future trends; optical information technologies--fiber optics and photonics; instrumentation; physics applications to energy needs and the environment; national security--devices, weapons, and arms control; medical physics--radiology, ultrasonics, NMR, and photonics. An executive summary and many chapters contain recommendations ...

1986-01-01

89

Crack growth rates and fracture toughness of irradiated austenitic stainless steels in BWR environments.

Full text: Founded in 1964, Ankara Nuclear Research and Training Center (ANRTC) conducts and facilitates the scientific activities including training (summer practice, MSc and Ph D studies in physics and chemistry, IAEA fellowship programs etc.), research and other studies in nuclear and related fields. As it's a part of main duties, ANRTC has analysis on the variety of samples, and radiation protection services commercially, for radiation workers in state, public and private sectors. Research, development and application projects implemented in this Center have mostly been supported by State Planning Organization (SPO) and Turkish Atomic Energy Authority (TAEA). In addition to the projects there are on going collaborative studies with some national Universities and International Atomic Energy Agency. The main activities carried out in ANRTC can be summarized as: studies on experimental nuclear physics, application of ...

2004-10-01

90

Core Synthesis Facility: Bridging the Gap between Chemistry and Biology

In light water reactors, austenitic stainless steels (SSs) are used extensively as structural alloys in reactor core internal components because of their high strength, ductility, and fracture toughness. However, exposure to high levels of neutron irradiation for extended periods degrades the fracture properties of these steels by changing the material microstructure (e.g., radiation hardening) and microchemistry (e.g., radiation-induced segregation). Experimental data are presented on the fracture toughness and crack growth rates (CGRs) of wrought and cast austenitic SSs, including weld heat-affected-zone materials, that were irradiated to fluence levels as high as {approx} 2x 10{sup 21} n/cm{sup 2} (E > 1 MeV) ({approx} 3 dpa) in a light water reactor at 288-300 C. The results are compared with the data available in the literature. The effects of material composition, irradiation dose, and water chemistry on CGRs ...

2008-01-21

91

Coordination chemistry and biological activity of 5'-OH modified quinoline-B12 derivatives.

CF-23“The biggest stumbling block for biological sciences turned out to be synthetic organic chemistry” – Elias A. Zerhouni, Former NIH Director in Chemical...Full Text Available

2010-09-01

92

Water chemistry for mitigation of the corrosion damage of reactor structural materials

The consequences of structural modifications at the 5'-OH ribofuranotide moiety of quinoline modified B12 derivatives are discussed in regard of the coordination chemistry, the electrochemical properties and the biological behaviour of the compound. PMID:21850334

2011-08-18

93

The impact of core flow rate on the water chemistry and corrosion in boiling water reactors

... 1343-3563 v. 57(1) SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED

2011-01-01

94

List of Unclassified Documents, Lectures, Etc. By the Staff of Chemistry Division, Aere, Harwell, 1973.

... Development Center, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, TW (China)

2008-05-01

95

For abstract, see NSA 31 02, number 02743.

1974-01-01

96

Interstellar chemistry

Evaluation of the total oil and oleic acid contents in peanut seeds by low field NMR

The discovery of nearly sixty molecules, often unstable or complexes, in the interstellar space has been one of the greatest surprises of contemporary astronomy. We may, indeed, be surprised that molecules having up to 13 atoms might be synthetized in an extremely diluted space and at a very low temperature. That these molecules are, most of all, organic molecules is another astonishing subject, at least for the non-specialist. The interstellar molecule formation is indeed well understood nowadays, at least for the simplest ones. This article takes stock of interstellar chemistry which is essentially an ionic chemistry very different from laboratory chemistry.

1985-03-01

97

A Case Study of Chemistry Major Pre-service Teacher's Understanding about the Properties of Dilute Solutions and Perception on Teacher Education Curriculum

... PHYSICAL AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY calibration standards diagrams

2010-08-04

98

Joint thesaurus Part I (A-L) + II (M-Z)

Full Text Available

2010-12-01

99

The chemistry of the p-block elements with thioether, selenoether and telluroether ligands.

This is the second revision of the ETDE/INIS Joint Thesaurus, including all updates up to September 2006. It contains 21 147 valid descriptors and 9 114 forbidden terms. The Joint Thesaurus contains the controlled terminology for indexing all information within the subject scopes of the International Nuclear Information System (INIS) and the Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDE). The terminology is intended for use in subject descriptions for input or retrieval of information in these systems. The thesaurus is a terminological control device used in translating from the natural language of documents, indexers or users into a more constrained system language It is also a controlled and dynamic vocabulary of semantically and generically related terms which covers a specific domain of knowledge. The basic terminology in this thesaurus goes back to the 1969 edition of the EURATOM Thesaurus. The structure subsequently given to that terminology was the result of a systematic study performed ...

2005-09-01

100

Report from the third workshop on future directions of solid-state chemistry: The status of solid-state chemistry and its impact in the physical sciences

The synthesis and structures of acyclic and macrocyclic thio-, seleno- and telluro-ether complexes of the metallic and metalloid elements of Groups 13-16 reported since 2000 are described. The diverse structures range from discrete monomers through to infinite 1-, 2- or 3-D polymers. The coordination chemistry in this area is quite different to familiar d-block chemistry and the underlying factors are explored. PMID:21706103

2011-06-27

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

101

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Executive summaryForewordPublic awareness of solid-state chemistry, or more broadly solid-state science and technology rapidly grew along with the transistor revolution and the development of the integrated circuit. We are now at the half-way point in the solid state century [Scientific American The Solid-State Century 1997;8(1) [special issue

2008-01-01

102

Some comments on BEIR III

Radiation technology of wood-plastic composite materials

... organizations irradiation radiation doses radiation effects RADIATIONS.

1982-01-01

103

Radiation chloration sulfochloration and sulfooxidation of organic compounds

... radiation effects RADIATIONS. WOOD-PLASTIC COMPOSITES.

1981-10-02

104

Proton-loaded zeolites. 2. Dehydrohalogenation versus decationization kinetics: Cation and acidity effects

... halogenation ionizing radiations kinetics radiations reaction kinetics

105

FT-IR spectroscopic studies of hydrocarbon trapping in Ag{sup +}-ZSM-5 for gasoline engines under cold-start conditions

The work presented in part 1 of this study established that the sorption of anhydrous HX into dehydrated Na{sub 56}Y progresses through a sequence of steps involving HX ionization and charge separation, oxygen framework protonation, formation of {alpha}-cage confined cation-anion contact ion pairs, and proton solvation by HX. A logical extension, which is the subjected of this study, concerns the effect of extraframework alkali metal cation type (M = Li{sup +}, Na{sup +}, K{sup +}, Rb{sup +}, Cs{sup +}) on the sorption process. The question of the acidity of proton-loaded zeolites compared to Broensted acid zeolites is addressed by using probe reactions with weak bases like ethane and cyclopropane. Additional insight into these systems is also obtained from a quantitative comparison of the kinetic and thermodynamic activation parameters for the dehydrohalogenation of proton-loaded zeolites exemplified by (HX){sub 8}Na{sub 56}Y relative to the decationization ...

1990-10-18

106

The chemical link Brazil/Portugal. Abstracts of the 23. annual meeting of the Brazilian Chemical Society. v. 2; A ligacao quimica Brasil/Portugal. Resumos da 23. reuniao anual da Sociedade Brasileira de Quimica. v. 2

A detailed study of adsorption of automobile exhaust hydrocarbons in Ag{sup +}-exchanged zeolites under cold-start conditions (room temperature and in the presence of water) was carried out with FT-IR spectroscopy, using toluene and propylene as probes. The results show that exchanged Ag{sup +} in zeolites is unique for trapping olefin and aromatic hydrocarbons due to its resistance to water adsorption. In contrast, exchanged Cu{sup 2+} in zeolites, which has good hydrocarbon trapping properties under dry conditions, does not trap hydrocarbons under wet conditions. Here, solvation of Cu{sup 2+} screens the interactions of the cation with adsorbed hydrocarbons. The results also show that, in addition to the nature of the cation, the structure of the zeolite also plays a role in hydrocarbon trapping. Aging at high temperatures, with water vapor (=10%) and SO{sub 2} (=15ppm), leads to a decrease of the trapping centers in the zeolites due to framework dealumination.

2001-12-28

107

Computational Chemistry Study of Solvents for Carbon Dioxide Absorption

Several works about annual meeting of the Brazilian Chemical Society are present.The search for medicinal chemistry, natural products, biological chemistry, and organic chemistry are shown. Conventional methods and some techniques are discussed and developments of new methods of determining are studied. The use of new chemical compounds, materials, structures and chemical analysis are shown.

2000-07-01

108

Combustion chemistry and formation of pollutants; Chimie de la combustion et formation des polluants

Absorption with aqueous amine solvents is at present the most viable technology for CO{sub 2} capture. While this is a proven technology, efforts are ongoing to improve it in order to make it a more attractive technology for large scale use to reduce CO{sub 2} emissions. Finding solvents with better properties is one approach to improving the technology. In this thesis methods in computational chemistry are used to improve the understanding of the chemistry of CO{sub 2} absorption in amine-water systems. The work is also intended to provide models that can be used to predict the performance of new solvents. Such predictive models are intended to facilitate the screening for new solvents

2005-08-15

109

The role of information technologies in development of new conceptions of crystal chemistry

This book of proceedings reports on 7 papers on combustion chemistry and formation of pollutants presented during the workshop organized by the `Combustion and Flames` section of the French society of thermal engineers. The chemistry of combustion is analyzed in various situations such as: turbojet engines, spark ignition engines, industrial burners, gas turbines etc... Numerical simulation is used to understand the physico-chemical processes involved in combustion, to describe the kinetics of oxidation, combustion and flame propagation, and to predict the formation of pollutants. (J.S.)

1996-12-31

110

The effect of aqueous composition on diffusion coefficient in bentonite

Russian Oct 2009 p. 130-131 Tajikistan Safiev, KI Saidov, P.Kh. Bozorov,

2009-10-01

111

The Shifty Nature of Grains

The diffusion coefficients (De) in bentonite were measured to understand and quantify the influence of groundwater chemistry such as ionic strength and to quantify the alteration of smectite mineralogical transformations. (author)

2009-12-01

112

The Effect of Morpholine/Boric Acid/Hydrazine Chemistry on ...

... Astronomy & Space Biology Chemistry & Materials Computing Earth & Environment Education ... Materials Research Center at the University of Chicago, one of nearly 30 NSF-supported Materials ...

113

Statement of work for analytical services provided by PNNL`sanalytical chemistry laboratory

... the effect of MBH on steam generator crevice corrosion; model boiler test results show that MBH is effective against denting corrosion and Alloy 600 ...

114

Road maps on research and development plans for water chemistry of nuclear power systems

The purpose of this statement of work (SOW) is to establish laboratory analytical criteria and requirements for radioactive airborne emissions measurement sample and/or analysis activities.

1997-06-30

115

PWR horizontal steam generator in USSR

Water chemistry of nuclear power plants has played an important role in reduction of personnel doses, structural materials and fuel integrity assurance, and reduction of radioactive wastes production. Further contributions are requested for advanced utilization of the LWR, advanced fuels and aging management of plants. Since water chemistry has an effect on all structure and materials immersed and at the same time affected by them, the optimum control not sticking to specific issues and covering the whole plant is required for these requests. Taking account of roles and activities of the industry, governmental institutes and academia, road maps on research and development plans for water chemistry were compiled into identified eleven items with targets and counter measures taken, such as common basic technologies, dose reduction, SCC mitigation, fuel cans corrosion/hydrogen absorption mitigation, condition based maintenance ...

2008-05-01

116

Liver Carcinogenesis Unit

This paper describes the construction of PWR horizontal steam generator in Soviet Union, the water chemistry treatment for secondary side, the design of steam separator, the test of heat transfer characteristics and operation. (author).

1985-01-01

117

Health and environmental chemistry: Analytical techniques, data management, and quality assurance. Volume 1, Manual

The Liver Carcinogenesis Section uses the modern technologies of molecular biology, cell biology, protein chemistry and genetics to investigate the biochemical and genetic pathways involved in human liver cancer.

118

Fundamental research on explosives

Analytical procedures are described for the determination of organic compounds, metals and radioisotopes in environmental materials, human tissues, urine, feces, and waste water.

1993-11-01

119

Crystal Chemistry of Ceramic/Mineral Systems

The nitric oxide molecule is being studied in order to understand the energetics and chemistry of initiation and detonation in liquid NO at the molecular level. An overview is presented of the work being done. (DLC)

1983-01-01

120

Atmospheric chemistry in volcanic plumes

... 1. Reeber, RR, Kusy, RP, Yu, N. and Chu, WK " Formation of a Solid Lubricant in Boron Carbide by Nitrogen Ion Implantation and Laser Annealing ...

1992-12-08

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

121

An introduction to boron: history, sources, uses, and chemistry.

Recent field observations have shown that the atmospheric plumes of quiescently degassing volcanoes are chemically very active, pointing to the role of chemical cycles involving halogen species and...Full Text Available

2010-04-13

122

Advances in Parotidectomy and Minimally Invasive Thyroidectomy Procedures

Following a brief overview of the terrestrial distribution of boron in rocks, soil, and water, the history of the discovery, early utilization, and geologic origin of borate minerals is summarized....Full Text Available

1994-11-01

123

Medline Plus

... D., F.A.C.S.: Yeah, we frequently use chemistry as well as cytology when we're doing ...

124

120-MM Gun Tube Erosion Including Surface Chemistry ...

Study of the mass of the electron neutrino in Japan

... with dynamic gridding capability to account for material ablation, as well as the addition of energy sources and heat transfer augmentation due to ...

1997-10-01

125

Fluxes of methane and nitrogen oxides in various boreal mire ecosystems. Effects of land-use activities and environmental changes

This report describes a study of the mass of the electron neutrino using electron capture in {sup 163}Ho in Japan for the period from 1981 to 1994. This monograph has two purposes, one is to supplement the papers on the mass of the electron neutrino already published by us and another is to make a record on some details of our experiments for future. Electron capture in a nucleus takes place in a rather small space inside an atom, where atomic physics, nuclear physics and particle physics work closely together. Therefore, this study needed an intimate collaboration of atomic physicists, nuclear physicists and particle physicists. In addition, it was necessary for this study to use various fine techniques, including metallurgy, production of {sup 163}Ho activity, micro-analysis by wet chemistry, isotope-dilution mass spectrometry, undulator radiation source technology, the soft X-ray monochromator technology, a counting technique for very ...

1996-02-01

126

Facile synthesis and the sensitized luminescence of europium ions-doped titanate nanowires

Atmospheric impact of peatlands is a sum of their gas fluxes. In contrast to carbon dioxide, peatlands are net sources for methane (CH{sub 4}). Methane is an end product in the anaerobic decomposition processes and it has greater capacity to absorb infrared radiation than carbon dioxide. Most of the data on the CH{sub 4} release from northern peatlands is from North America. The total amount of methane released from wetlands is calculated to be 110 Tg yr{sup -1} of which 34 percent (38 Tg yr{sup -1}) is estimated to be emitted from the northern peatlands. Peat with high content of nitrogen is a potential source for gaseous nitrogen oxides, i.e. nitrous oxide (N{sub 2}O) and nitric oxide (NO). However, the importance of peatlands in producing these trace gases is poorly known. Nitrous oxide and nitric oxide are important components in the atmospheric chemistry and N{sub 2}O also is an effective greenhouse gas. Land-use activities and ...

1996-12-31

127

Experimental and theoretical studies of solar steam reforming assisted by molten salts

Europium (Eu) ions-doped titanate nanowires were synthesized via a sol-gel-hydrothermal chemistry and they were found to be roll multilayered trititanate-type nanowires intercalated with Eu3+ and alkali ions. The average diameter was about 20 nm for nanowires synthesized in NaOH solution and about 10 nm for nanowires synthesized in KOH solution. Under ultraviolet excitation the nanowires showed bright red emission corresponding to 5D0-7Fj of Eu3+ ions at room temperature, which was attributed to the non-radiative energy transfer from the surrounding Ti-O octahedral nanosheets to the central Eu3+ ions in interlayer. The luminescent properties of nanowires were influenced by the type of co-intercalated alkali ions, doping degree, hydrothermal and annealing temperatures. The intensity ratio of 5D0-7F2 to 5D0-7F1 of titanate nanowires intercalated with Eu3+ and Na+ ions was higher than that of titanate nanowires intercalated with Eu3+ and K+ ions. ...

2009-04-15

128

The Use of Medical Images in Planning and Delivery of Radiation Therapy

The pathway to hydrogen generation entirely from renewable energy and material sources probably goes by a transitional period with the utilization of hybrid fossil/renewable integrated systems. Solar steam reforming of methane is set in this context, specifically suited for a country like Italy whose actual energy policy is mainly based on the imported NG, but also characterized by convenient solar radiation levels in the Southern Regions. A new solar SMR process is being developed by ENEA, using molten nitrates as solar heat carriers and storage medium at about 550 C. The potential of this process have been proved theoretically by process simulation studies. Engineering and experimental activities aimed to the development of a prototype apparatus are now in progress in ENEA's laboratories. It is remarkable that the developed technology (MS powered SMR) can find interesting impact in the in industrial chemistry wherever it is ...

2010-07-01

129

Radiation Safety and Nutrition

Abstract The authors provide a survey of how images are used in radiation therapy to improve the precision of radiation therapy plans, and delivery of radiation treatment. In contrast...Full Text Available

1997-09-01

130

Environmental Research Database

No further description is available

131

Animal Models for Radiation Injury, Protection and Therapy

Wood and polymer chemistry. Khimiya drevesiny i polimerov

... radiation during clinical therapy and exposures due to radiation accidents or attacks, in which the doses are uncontrolled ... only be used off-label in victims of radiation accidents or attacks. The idea...

132

Use of the 2-Pyridinealdoxime/N,N?-Donor Ligand Combination in Cobalt(III) Chemistry: Synthesis and Characterization of Two Cationic Mononuclear Cobalt(III) Complexes

Information is given on the theoretical principles underlying the technology of producing fibrous plastics and wood slabs. An examination is made of the most important characteristics of the physics and chemistry of polymers, and the properties of synthetic polymers used in the wood processing industry. A description is given of the chemical composition and properties of wood and its components as well as of synthetic polymers made of cellulose. The book is designed for students of technical schools of the wood and pulp processing industry. 7 references, 14 figures, 1 table.

1980-01-01

133

Structural Chemistry of Human SET Domain Protein Methyltransferases

The use of 2-pyridinealdoxime (paoH)/N,N′-donor ligand (L-L) “blend” in cobalt chemistry has afforded two cationic mononuclear cobalt(III) complexes of the general type [Co(pao)₂(L-L)]⁺,...Full Text Available

2010-01-01

134

There are about fifty SET domain protein methyltransferases (PMTs) in the human genome, that transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to substrate lysines on histone tails or other peptides. A number of structures in complex with cofactor, substrate, or inhibitors revealed the mechanisms of substrate recognition, methylation state specificity, and chemical inhibition. Based on these structures, we review the structural chemistry of SET domain PMTs, and propose general concepts towards the development of selective inhibitors.

2011-08-22

135

Research - Keyword Index

Recycling of Advanced Batteries for Electric Vehicles

...The number of documents that contain the keyword absolute zero is: 2 EU Descartes Prizes for excellence in research and science communication EU Descartes Prizes ...for excellence in research and science communication -Chemistry Close to Absolute Zero - Descartes Prize 2000 - Winner- Ian Smith EU Descartes Prizes for excellence ...in research and science communication EU Descartes Prizes for excellence in research and science communication -Chemistry Close to Absolute Zero - Descartes Prize 2000 ...

136

Improved understanding of atmospheric organic aerosols via innovations in soft ionization aerosol mass spectrometry.

The pace of development and fielding of electric vehicles is briefly described and the principal advanced battery chemistries expected to be used in the EV application are identified as Ni/MH in the near term and Li-ion/Li-polymer in the intermediate to long term. The status of recycling process development is reviewed for each of the two chemistries and future research needs are discussed.

1999-10-06

137

IJMS | Section: Physical Chemistry, Theoretical and Computational Chemistry | Special Issue: Recent Advances in Molecular Electronics

Organic molecules are a significant and highly varied component of atmospheric aerosols. Measurement of aerosol composition and improvements in our understanding of the complex chemistry involved in their formation and aging are being aided by innovations in soft ionization aerosol MS. (To listen to a podcast about this feature, please go to the Analytical Chemistry multimedia page at pubs.acs.org/page/ancham/audio/index.html.). PMID:21275431

2011-01-24

138

EFFECT OF DISSOLVED SOLIDS ON LIMESTONE FGD (FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION) SCRUBBING CHEMISTRY

...Correction Discussion Editorial Letter Opinion Review Short Note Technical Note Special Issue all A Systematic Development Method for Rational Drug Design Advances in Molecular Electronic Structure Calculations Algorithms and Molecular Sciences Antimicrobial Agents Application of Density Functional Theory Applications of Density Functional Theory Applications of Molecular Dynamics Atoms in Molecules ...

139

Behavior and impact assessment of heavy metals in estuarine and coastal zones

The paper gives results of experiments in a 0.1 MW pilot plant to determine the effects of high concentrations of chloride ions and dissolved salts on flue gas desulfurization (FGD) scrubbing chemistry, both in the natural and forced oxidation modes of operation. (Note: The tight...

140

Amazon.com: Chemistry History Books

Contents include: introduction; river systems; physical processes; chemical processes; estuaries and coastal zone; introduction; physical processes; chemical processes; the role of sediments; introduction; the anoxic layer; major-element chemistry; minor-element chemistry; the oxic-anoxic interface; assessment; introduction; analysis of sediments; modelling.

1987-01-01

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

141

Achieving more reliable operation of turbine generators at nuclear power plants by improving the water chemistry of the generator stator cooling system

... The chemistry of paints and painting by A H. 1834-1915 Church (Paperback - Aug. 24, 2010) Buy new: $35.75 $27.17 17 Used & new from $20.42 Get it by Thursday, Sept. 8 if you order in the next 16 hours and choose one-day shipping. Eligible for FREE Super Saver Shipping. Only 1 ...

142

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Ways of improving the water chemistry used in the turbine generator stator?s cooling systems at Russian nuclear power plants are considered. Data obtained from operational chemical monitoring of indicators characterizing the quality of cooling water in the turbine generator stator cooling systems of operating power units at nuclear power plants are presented.

2011-01-01

143

A review of mesospheric dynamics and chemistry

Statistical cut-off criterion

Advances made in understanding the chemistry and dynamics of the atmosphere in the approximate altitude range of 50 to 90 km are addressed. Attention is given to mesospheric structure and seasonal variations, gravity waves and gravity wave saturation, the effects of gravity waves on thermal, momentum and constituent fluxes, and the effect of gravity waves on airglow emissions. A review of research on tides and planetary waves and their effects on the mesosphere are presented as well as discussions on ozone hydroxyl, water vapor, and noctilucent cloud research. 217 refs.

1991-01-01

144

Radiation protection and the management of radioactive waste in the oil and gas industry

... radiation effects human populations low dose irradiation neoplasms radiation

1980-01-01

145

Influence of germanium and oxygen impurities on the radiation hardening of monocrystalline silicon

Radiation protection and the management of radioactive waste in the oil and gas industry

2003-01-01

146

Higher harmonics of spontaneous radiation of ultrarelativistic channeled particles

... defects doped materials germanium infrared radiation monocrystals neutron

147

Genetically and somatically significant radiation doses in the radiotherapy of inflammatory and degenerative diseases

The case of spontaneous radiation of channeled ultrarelativistic particles is considered when the dipolarity condition is not satisfied. The change of the particle longitudinal velocity affecting the maximum radiation frequency is included. The angular and frequency characteristics of the radiation for superhigh energies are studied for the first time. It is shown that there is an optimum energy at which the radiation density is maximum. The influence of the angle at which electrons enter a crystal and of the beam divergence on the radiation is investigated. The problem of quasichanneled particle radiation and also the radiation in axis-plane transitions are considered. (author).

1980-06-01

148

Contribution to the radiation preparation of wood-plastic materials. Pt. 7

... pathological changes patients radiation protection radiotherapy diseases

1982-10-25

149

Contribution to the radiation preparation of wood-plastic materials. Pt. 6

... odd nuclei organic compounds radiation effects radioisotopes synthesis

1974-01-01

150

Contribution to the radiation preparation of wood-plastic materials Pt. 3

... compounds polymers polyolefins polyvinyls radiation effects SYNTHESIS.

1974-01-01

151

Compact Proton and Carbon Ion Synchrotrons for Radiation Therapy

... compounds plants radiation effects radioisotopes reaction kinetics trees

1974-01-01

152

Compact Proton and Carbon Ion Synchrotrons for Radiation Therapy

2002-01-01

153

? j -

The application of high pH operation to the secondary water chemistry at Genkai Nuclear Power Station

duced and spontaneous radiation. The amount of polarization is ... of the induced and spontaneous radiation patterns. Therefore ...

154

Nuclear power plant support activities in reactors chemistry at CNEA

PWR plants have made efforts to maintain the long-term integrity of the steam generators (SG) by reducing the amount of corrosion products entering the secondary side of the SG. Iron entered the SG can cause several problems: degraded heat conductivity of the SG tubes in locations where iron is deposited, water level oscillations in the SG due to tube support plate hole blockage, and initiation and propagation of inter-granular attacks (IGA) and stress corrosion cracking (SCC). One of the most effective measures, high all-volatile treatment (AVT) chemistry has been applied to actual plants to reduce the flow-accelerated corrosion (FAC) coming from the carbon steel piping. The secondary water chemistry at Genkai NPS 1 and 2 changed, from the Low AVT chemistry to the High AVT chemistry, in November 2006. In this paper, we will describe the results of experiments in applying the use of High pH water in the ...

2009-02-01

155

Experimental Evaluation of Tude Support Plate Crevice Chemistry

Argentina has two operating PHWR nuclear power plants. Atucha I NPP is a pressure vessel type heavy water reactor of 360 MW e with 25 years of operation and Embalse NPP is a pressure tube type CANDU-600 reactor of 640 MW e. Atucha II, a third plant of 600 MW e of the pressure vessel type similar to Atucha I, is being constructed. NASA (Nucleoelectrica Argentina S.A.) currently operates both nuclear power plants. The National Atomic Energy Commission (Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica - CNEA) provides operational support to the plants, including research and development assistance, and actual technical services and maintenance work in different areas. The Chemistry Department, formerly the Reactor Chemistry Department has carried out project and support activities to the plants during the past 20 years. The aim of this work is to describe the present organization and the activities in reactor chemistry of the ...

1999-10-15

156

Comparison of plasma chemistries for inductively coupled plasma etching of InGaAlP alloys

A test methodology for measuring temperature, impedance, pH, and electrochemical potential distributions within a sludge-packed tube support plate crevice in a laboratory test is described. The method successfully showed that there were large concentration gradients between the tube and tube support plate sides of the crevice. The testing also showed that strong bases concentrated more effectively than strong acids, and that the crevice pH, when exposed to seawater-based solutions, increased with increasing superheat and decreasing bulk concentration. The large variations in the crevice chemistry observed under heat transfer were eliminated upon shutdown. These new test data suggest that it might be beneficial to evaluate the variation in the extent of stress corrosion cracking with tube support plate elevation found in some steam generators in light of local chemistry changes, as well as the variation in tubing temperature. Because of the ...

2001-05-08

157

Systematics of average radiative width of heavy nuclides

Two plasma chemistries, i.e., CH_4/H_2/Ar and Cl_2/Ar, were compared for the etching of InGaP, AlInP, and AlGaP under inductively coupled plasma (ICP) conditions. While the etching with CH_4/H_2/Ar discharges appears to be ion driven, Cl_2/Ar discharges showed an additional strong chemical enhancement. The highest etch rate (#approx#1 #mu#m/min) for InGaP was achieved at high ICP source power (#>=#750 W) with the Cl_2/Ar chemistry. Cl_2/Ar discharges provided very smooth surfaces in all three materials with root-mean-square roughness measured by atomic force microscopy around 2 nm. This result may be due to the efficient ion-assisted product desorption in this chemistry. The etched near-surface region of InGaP (#approx#100 Angstrom) with Cl_2/Ar maintained almost the same stoichiometry as that of the unetched control. By contrast, the CH_4/H_2/Ar plasma chemistry produced somewhat rougher surfaces ...

1998-05-01

158

Development of internal dose estimation software on radiation protection

Systematics of neutron capture radiative width were studied in the target element range from Th to Cm. Reduced radiative widths were analyzed with a simple radiative width formula based on E1 transition. Average radiative width is presented with the standard deviation of 15%. (author)

1999-03-01

159

The use of domestic microwave oven in experimental classes of organic chemistry: salicylaldehyde nitration; O uso de aparelhos de micro-ondas domesticos em aulas experimentais de quimica organica: nitracao de salicilaldeido

Objective: To develop a computerized method of internal dose estimation on radiation protection. Methods: Based on MIRD mathematic model of the organs and by means of the programming language of MS Visual Basic 6.0, a computer program of dose estimation in internal radiation was developed for radiation protection. Results: The computerized method of dose estimation for internal radiation was completed. Conclusions: This computerized method is very convenient for internal radiation dose estimation of several aspects. It can also be used in radiation accident. (authors)

2008-10-01

160

The surface chemistry of iron Fischer-Tropsch catalysts

The use of microwave in chemistry has known benefits over conventional heating methods, e.g. reduced reaction times, chemical yield improvement and the possibility if reducing or eliminating the use of organic solvents. We describe herein a procedure for the nitration of salicylaldehyde in water using a domestic microwave oven, which can be used as an experiment in the undergraduate chemistry laboratory. The experiment involves safe and rapid preparation and identification of the position isomers by thin layer chromatography and {sup 1}H NMR, or by their melting points. (author)

2010-07-01

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

161

Significance of chemical return in nuclear steam generators

The indirect conversion of coal to liquid hydrocarbons via steam gasification followed by synthesis gas (CO/H/sub 2/) chemistry has been the subject of intensive study for a number of decades. A key technological challenge facing researchers in this area is control over the product distribution during the hydrocarbon synthesis step. In the case of iron Fischer-Tropsch catalysts, it has been known that the addition of alkali to the metal catalyst has a significant impact on the product distribution. Iron catalysts treated with alkali produce less methane more alkenes and higher molecular weight products. In spite of numerous investigations, the details of this promotional effect are not understood on a molecular level. To explore the role of alkali in the surface chemistry of iron catalysts, the authors have carried out a combined surface science and catalytic kinetic study of a model iron catalyst with and without surface alkali.

1986-04-01

162

Shutdown Chemistry Process Development for PWR Primary System

A reasonable understanding of PWR steam generator corrosion mechanisms such as denting and wastage has been developed, and adequate chemistry control programs defined to obviate the magnitude and effects of these modes of attack. However, relatively unique corrosion attack modes have been encountered at several plants notwithstanding the presence of a reasonable to very good chemistry control program when considered in light of the Steam Generator Owners Group chemistry guidelines. The uniqueness of attack also suggests that parameters not routinely measured or monitored may be playing a significant role. In the authors opinions, the only reasonable method of routinely identifying corrosion accelerating species present in crevices, sludge piles, and deposits in PWR steam generators is by performing detailed chemical return studies during power transients, shutdowns, and long term layups. Although it would be preferable to ...

1985-03-01

163

Genetic Variation of Lodgepole Pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia, Chemical and Physical Defenses that Affect Mountain Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae, Attack and Tree Mortality

This study report presents the shutdown chemistry of PWR primary system to reduce and remove the radioactive corrosion products which were deposited on the nuclear fuel rods surface and the outside of core like steam generator channel head, RCS pipings etc. The major research results are the follows ; the deposition radioactive mechanism of corrosion products, the radiochemical composition, the condition of coolant chemistry to promote the dissolution of radioactive cobalt and nickel ferrite, the control method of dissolved hydrogen concentration in the coolant by the mechanical and chemical methods. The another part of study is to investigate the removal characteristics of corrosion product ions and particles by the demineralization system to suggest the method which the system could be operate effectively in shut-down purification period. (author). 19 refs., 25 figs., 48 tabs.

1997-12-31

164

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Plant secondary chemistry is determined by both genetic and environmental factors, and while large intraspecific variation in secondary chemistry has been reported frequently, the levels of genetic variation of many secondary metabolites in forest trees in the context of potential resistance against pests have been rarely investigated. We examined the effect of tree genotype and environment/site on the variation in defensive secondary chemistry of lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia, against the fungus, Grosmannia clavigera (formerly known as Ophiostoma clavigerum), associated with the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae. Terpenoids were analyzed in phloem samples from 887, 20-yr-old trees originating from 45 half-sibling families planted at two sites. Samples were coll...

2011-01-01

165

CERL code capabilities for modeling AVT chemistry

Assessment of effects of Fort St. Vrain HTGR primary coolant on Alloy 800. Final report

The CERL Code was developed to describe the solution chemistry of the water on the steam generating side of PWR reactors. It is designed to calculate the equilibrium species distribution resulting from the interaction of impurities, corrosion products, and additives in the aqueous solution. It calculates the extent of ion-ion interactions, the precipitation of insoluble species and the amount of solute that partitions into the vapor phase when some of the water evaporates. This knowledge of the bulk phase equilibrium distribution of species, especially the pH should be useful in describing the corrosion processes at the solid liquid boundary. The code does not calculate any changes in oxidation states or any rates of reaction. Therefore, it is incapable of calculating the actual corrosion rates. It is anticipated that it will be used as a subprogram of a larger program that will include the redox reactions and the rates of the reactions. The purpose of the code at ...

1985-03-01

166

Assessment of effects of Fort St. Vrain HTGR primary coolant on Alloy 800. Final report

A comprehensive review was conducted of primary helium coolant chemistry data, based on current and past operating histories of helium-cooled, high-temperature reactors (HTGRs), including the Fort St. Vrain (FSV) HTGR. A reference observed FSV reactor coolant environment was identified. Further, a slightly drier expected FSV coolant chemistry was predicted for reactor operation at 100% of full power. The expected environment was compared with helium test environments used in the US, United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Japan. Based on a comprehensive review and analysis of mechanical property data reported for Alloy 800 tested in controlled-impurity helium environments (and in air when appropriate for comparison), an assessment was made of the effect of FSV expected helium chemistry on material properties of alloy 800, with emphasis on design properties of the Alloy 800 material utilized in the FSV steam generators.

1982-08-01

167

The evaluation of risks from radiation

A comprehensive review was conducted of primary helium coolant chemistry data, based on current and past operating histories of helium-cooled, high-temperature reactors (HTGRs), including the Fort St. Vrain (FSV) HTGR. A reference observed FSV reactor coolant environment was identified. Further, a slightly drier expected FSV coolant chemistry was predicted for reactor operation at 100% of full power. The expected environment was compared with helium test environments used in the US, United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Japan. Based on a comprehensive review and analysis of mechanical property data reported for Alloy 800 tested in controlled-impurity helium environments (and in air when appropriate for comparison), an assessment was made of the effect of FSV expected helium chemistry on material properties of alloy 800, with emphasis on design properties of the Alloy 800 material utilized in the FSV steam generators.

168

Study of Maytenus aquifolium martius chemical compounds stability face to ionizing radiations (x radiation and gamma radiation)

German translation of the publication 'The evaluation of risks from radiation' published in 1965 by the International Commission on Radiological Protection. In a survey, genetic and somatic risks from radiation are presented and explained. (HP).

1977-01-01

169

Role of Mast Cells in Early and Delayed Radiation Injury in Rat Intestine

Portuguese Sep-Oct 1996 p. 571 Brazil Campos, Patricia Sao Paulo

170

Radionuclide X-ray fluorescence analysis. 1: Excitation of X-ray fluorescense radiation by nuclear radiation

... mast cell staining; ref. 16). The severity of structural radiation injury was assessed using a histopathological radiation injury score ... ...

171

Radionuclide X-ray fluorescence analysis. 2: Detection of the X-ray fluorescence radiation excited by radionuclide radiation

The principles of radionuclide excitation of X-ray fluorescence radiation and its application in

1972-01-01

172

Radiation protection - an overview of the concept for radiation protection at work and the concept for environmental radiation protection

This investigation describes the technique for the detection of the X-ray fluorescent radiation

1972-01-01

173

Efficacy and toxicity of replication-competent adenovirus-mediated double suicide gene therapy in combination with radiation therapy in an orthotopic mouse prostate cancer model

This book gives an overview of the entire field of radiation protection with the subject areas radioactivity, X-rays, UV radiation, laser beams and high-frequency electromagnetic fields. It deals graphically with the most important physical notions, the incidence, origin, properties and biological effects of types of radiation, administrative and practical protection measures and the code of rules governing them. Apart from fundamentals of radiation protection the emphasis on the following: natural radiation exposure, radiation exposure to radon, disaster relief plans in the environment of nuclear plant, the precautionary radiation protection system evolved after Chernobyl, radiation exposure through UV radiation devices, radio, RF communication, radar, microwave ovens and high-voltage transmission ...

1993-01-01

174

Biogenic emissions of isoprenoids and NO in China and comparison to anthropogenic emissions

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of replication-competent adenovirus-mediated double suicide gene therapy in an adjuvant setting with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) in an experimental prostate cancer model in preparation for a Phase I clinical study in humans. Methods: For efficacy studies, i.m. DU145 and intraprostatic LNCaP C4-2 tumors were established in immune-deficient mice. Tumors were injected with the lytic, replication-competent Ad5-CD/TKrep adenovirus containing a cytosine deaminase (CD)/herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-1 TK) fusion gene. Two days later, mice were administered 1 week of 5-fluorocytosine + ganciclovir (GCV) prodrug therapy and fractionated doses of EBRT (trimodal therapy). Tumor control rate of trimodal therapy was compared to that of EBRT alone. For toxicology studies, immune-competent male mice received a single intraprostatic injection (10"1"0 vp) of the replication-competent ...

2002-11-01

175

Photophysical properties of new psoralen derivatives: psoralens linked to adenine through polymethylene chains

In this study, a regional dynamical model (WRF) is used to drive biogenic emission models to calculate high resolution (10 x 10 km) biogenic emissions of isoprene (C_5H_8), monoterpenes (C_1H_1_6), and nitric oxide (NO) in China. This high resolution biogenic inventory will be available for the community to study the effect of biogenic emissions on photochemical oxidants in China. The biogenic emissions are compared to anthropogenic emissions to gain insight on the potential impact of the biogenic emissions on tropospheric chemistry, especially ozone production in this region. The results show that the biogenic emissions in China exhibit strongly diurnal, seasonal, and spatial variations. The isoprenoid (including both isoprene and monoterpenes) emissions are closely correlated to tree density and strongly vary with season and local time. During winter (January), the biogenic isoprenoid emissions are the lowest, resulting from lower temperature and solar ...

2006-12-01

176

Electrochemical reduction of graphited materials in LiClO{sub 4}-EC and LiClO{sub 4}-PC media: characterization of interface products by transmission electron microscopy; Reduction electrochimique de materiaux graphites en milieux LiCIO{sub 4}-EC et LiCIO{sub 4}-PC: caracterisation des produits d`interface par microscopie electronique a transmission

The model compounds, 8-methoxypsoralen-CH_2O(CH_2)_n-adenine (MOPCH_2OC_nAd, n=2,3,5,6,8, and 10) in which 5 position of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) is linked by various lengths of polymethylene bridge to N"9 of adenine. UV absorption spectra are identical with the sum of MOPCH_2OC3 and adenine absorption spectra. Solvent effect on the UV absorption and fluorescence emission spectra indicate that the lowest excited singlet state is the (#pi##->##pi#"*) state. The spectral characteristics of the fluorescence of MOPCH_2OC_nAd are strongly dependent upon the nature of the solvents. The fluorescence emission spectra in aprotic solvents are broad and structrueless due to the excimer formation through the folded conformation accelerated by hydrophobic #pi#-#pi# stacking interaction. Increasing polarity of the protic solvents leads to higher population of unfolded conformation stabilized through favorable solvation and H-bonding, and consequently to an increase in the ...

2002-10-01

177

The chemistry of mineral-like uranium compounds A(BUO{sub 6}){sub 2}.nH{sub 2}O (A - Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg; B - P, As)

The electrochemical intercalation of non-solvated lithium in different graphited materials has been performed in LiClO{sub 4}-ethylene carbonate (EC) medium. The irreversible capacity observed during the first output is mainly due to the formation of a passivation layer made of electrolyte reduction products. These products have been characterized for different electrode reduction potentials using transmission electron microscopy (image, diffraction) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). EC reduction on the electrode surface in presence of LiClO{sub 4} leads to the formation of Li{sub 2}CO{sub 3} for potentials close to 0.8 V vs Li{sup +}/Li. For lower potentials, the electrolyte reduction reaction goes on with the formation of different lithium alkyl-carbonates. In LiClO{sub 4}-propylene carbonate (PC) medium, the interface phenomena are different. The reduction of a graphite electrode is characterized by the exfoliation phenomenon which hinders lithium ...

1996-12-31

178

The Chemical Reactions of Sulfur in the Citrate Process for Flue Gas Desulfurization.

Short communication

1997-05-01

179

Solid state chemistry in catalysis

The Bureau of Mines performed chemical research to elaborate details of sulfur chemistry pertaining to the citrate flue gas desulfurization process in which sulfur dioxide (SO2), absorbed (as bisulfite ion) in a buffered sodium citrate solution, is reduce...

1981-01-01

180

Polyketide synthase chemistry does not direct biosynthetic divergence between 9- and 10-membered enediynes

Correlations between structural aspects of solid materials and their behavior as catalysts are relatively recent. This 20-chapter book focuses on understanding of solid-state mechanisms in heterogeneous catalysis and relationship between catalytic behavior and solid state structure, emphasizing catalysis with oxides, sulfides, and zeolites.

1985-01-01

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

181

Photochemistry and charge transfer chemistry of the platinum group elements

Enediynes are potent antitumor antibiotics that are classified as 9- or 10-membered according to the size of the enediyne core structure. However, almost nothing is known about enediyne core biosynthesis,...Full Text Available

2010-06-22

182

Nanocrystal conversion chemistry: A unified and materials-general strategy for the template-based synthesis of nanocrystalline solids

During the past 3 years, progress was made in elucidating the excited state structures of Pt(diimine)(dithiolate) complexes, while more recent efforts focused on the photochemistry of these complexes and electronic structure of other dithiolate systems. A carbonyl-Ir-maleonitrile dithiolate complex is also studied.

1992-12-01

183

Human milk as a bioindicator for body burden of PCDDs, PCDFs, organochlorine pesticides, and PCBs.

The concept of nanocrystal conversion chemistry, which involves the use of pre-formed nanoparticles as templates for chemical transformation into derivative solids, has emerged as a powerful approach for designing the synthesis of complex nanocrystalline solids. The general strategy exploits established synthetic capabilities in simple nanocrystal systems and uses these nanocrystals as templates that help to define the composition, crystal structure, and morphology of product nanocrystals. This article highlights key examples of 'conversion chemistry' approaches to the synthesis of nanocrystalline solids using a variety of techniques, including galvanic replacement, diffusion, oxidation, and ion exchange. The discussion is organized according to classes of solids, highlighting the diverse target systems that are accessible using similar chemical concepts: metals, oxides, chalcogenides, phosphides, alloys, intermetallic compounds, sulfides, and ...

2008-07-01

184

Gene-enzyme telationships in somatic cells and their organismal derivatives in higher plants. Progress report

In the State Laboratory of North Rhine-Westphalia for Food, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Chemistry (Chemisches Landesuntersuchungsamt), more than 600 individual human milk samples have been analyzed...Full Text Available

1994-01-01

185

Electrochemical Processes : Lecture Notes for a course in Applied Inorganic Chemistry

Progress is reported in the following subject areas: (1) chemistry of the arogenate molecule; (2) plant enzymology at the organismal level; (3) isolation of regulatory mutants in tobacco; and (4) stability of the haploid state in Nicotiana sylvestris.

1980-04-21

186

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

The notes describe in detail primary and secondary galvanic cells, fuel cells, electrochemical synthesis and electroplating processes, corrosion: measurments, inhibitors, cathodic and anodic protection, details of metal dissolution reactions, Pourbaix diagrams and purification of waste water from galvanic industries.

1997-01-01

187

Effects of Land Cover Change on Regional Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate in China. Interim Report

Direct liquefaction contractors' review meeting: Proceedings

The terrestrial biosphere can significantly affect the exchange of water and energy at the biosphere-atmosphere interface. Additionally, the land cover type can affect regional atmospheric chemistry and climate via biogenic volatile organic carbon (VOC) emissions and their formation of secondary organic aerosols. The broad goal of this study is to investigate the impact of land cover and vegetation changes on these specific chemistry and climate effects. The Common Land Model (CLM) is used to parameterize the biosphere-atmosphere interface over the Shanghai region in China. Phase 1 of this study, described in this report, generates input parameters for this model based on a time series of actual and derived parameters. Atmospheric forcing data are generated on an hourly temporal resolution based on a 20-year series of monthly and daily averages. Surface data, including land cover/land use and soil information, are generated for two scenarios: ...

2001-03-01

188

The superconducting critical temperature of radiation damaged A-15 compounds

Research programs on coal liquefaction are presented. Major topics include: coprocessing, two-stage liquefaction, low severity liquefaction, coal/catalyst and liquefaction chemistry. Individual projects are processed separately for the data bases. (CBS)

1988-01-01

189

The European XFEL Free Electron Laser at DESY

Not Available

1978-05-01

190

ScienceCinema

...spontaneous radiation ...

191

THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND CO-ORDINATION ACT, 1999

Radiation processing technology for cosmetics: a report on a canadian study

Subject to the provisions of the Radiation Protection Act, the Authority, on the advice of ...(f) in collaboration with the Radiation Protection Board, conduct an ionising radiation monitoring programme and ...or document kept under the control of the Radiation Protection Board.

192

Radiation cryochemistry of cubic ice; Kriochemia radiacyjna lodu kubicznego

Short communications only.

1992-09-13

193

Monitoring station for medical effects of exposure during radiation accidents

No abstract prepared

1998-12-31

194

Measurement of UV radiation of LED lighting

Short communication.

1995-04-06

195

Ignition of a solid fuel by thermal radiation

Full Text Available

2011-03-01

196

Estimation of the radiation damages of the Uppsala spectator detector

Full Text Available

1998-03-01

197

Comparative characteristics of radiation accidents affecting population

No abstract prepared.

2002-03-01

198

Application of gamma radiation

Short communication.

1994-10-25

199

A Feasibility Study of Smoking Cessation Program in Radiation Oncology

Described and discussed in this paper are radiation processes and their advantages over the conventional techniques. Radiation sterilization of medical products, food irradiation, wood plastic composites, and radiation treatment of sewage and waste waters are presented. The Philippine experience in using these technologies, its problems and barriers are also given. (ELC).

1985-12-10

200

???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ( Ignition of a Solid Fuel by Thermal Radiation )

Cancer and Tobacco Abuse

2007-10-29

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201

Studies on the CRUD Deposition on Fuel Cladding Surface Using AOA Water Chemistry Loop

Full Text Available

1998-03-01

202

Simulation of flame-vortex interaction using detailed and reduced

Axial offset anomaly (AOA) is caused by the deposition of crud on the fuel cladding of a PWR. When significant levels of crud build up on the cladding, boron can accumulate in the pores of the crud as a concentrated solution or solid phase, and cause the flux depression. Numerous studies have been conducted on the primary water chemistry to reduce the amount of crud in the primary circuit to avoid radioactivity buildup and unexpected power transition in the plant. However, experiments on the crud are restricted in the laboratory because the crud is a highly radioactive material. The objective of this study is to develop a test method for simulating the deposition of crud in a nuclear power plant

2010-10-01

203

Inorganic chemistry of univalent astatine

The interaction between a pair of counter-rotating vortices and a lean premixed CH{sub 4}/O{sub 2}/N{sub 2} flame ({Phi} = + 0.55) has been studied by direct numerical simulations using detailed and reduced chemical reaction schemes. Results from the complex chemistry simulation are discussed with respect to earlier experiments and differences in the simulations using detailed and reduces chemistry are investigated. Transient evolutions of the flame surface and the total heat release rate are compared and modifications in the evolution of the local flame structure are displayed. (authors) 22 refs.

1996-12-31

204

Infrared spectroscopy analysis of MgO-doped silicon nitride

A review is given of the state of knowledge of the chemistry of astatine with the oxidation number +1. According to the position in the periodic system, astatine has metalloidal properties. The existence of a singly-charged cation in acid solution and the complex formation reactions with halide ions (Cl"-, Br"-, and I"-), with pseudohalide ions (SCN"-, CN"-, C(CN)_3"-, and N_3"-), and with thioureas and their derivatives underline the metalloidal character of At(I). Optimal preparation conditions, chemical composition of astatine compounds, existence and stability regions of At(I) complexes, and stability constants have been investigated by means of electromigration in free electrolyte solutions.

205

Crystal chemistry of hydroxyl and water in silicate minerals. Final technical report

Silicon nitride hybrid ball bearings used in high temperature applications undergo mechanical and environmental degradation. To study the surface chemistry of silicon nitride, a CAChe{trademark} Worksystem* has been used to generate the clusters and corresponding transmission vibrational spectra of silicon nitride. In the present study, the effect of surface conditions on the surface chemistry and wear degradation of silicon nitride was evaluated. Infrared reflection spectroscopy (IRRS) used to determine molecular orientations shows a difference in reflectance spectra for fractured and as-received.

1997-12-31

206

Chemical aspects of light and heavy water nuclear power reactors : fission product release and fuel performance

This was a project to investigate the crystal chemistry of OH and H{sub 2}O substitution in silicate minerals by use of X-ray and neutron diffraction methods combined with IR spectroscopy and to interpret and generalize the results using an electrostatic model for these mineral structures. Using these data together with published H position data electrostatic parameters for H sites were calculated from a simple electrostatic model. The data were then used to refine the model for incorporation of H into the wadsleyite structure. This has led to recent work on the synthesis and characterization of hydrous wadsleyites.

1998-06-01

207

Causes of denting. Volume 5. Contaminant threshold tests. Final report

Problem areas in BWRs, PWRs and PHWRs, from the viewpoint of chemistry, and the problem of fission product release in nuclear reactors are discussed. These problem areas are : fuel performance, off-normal water chemistry due to condenser leaks, the transport and deposition of the activated corrosion and fission products, denting in steam generators (in the case of PWRs), ingress of air in the cover gas helium and consequent radiolysis of D_2O in the moderator circuit (in the case of PHWRs). (M.G.B.).

1981-05-01

208

Studies on lipids in fractions of spherosomes and mitochondria of #gamma#-irradiated seeds of peanuts and walnuts

Steam generators in PWR plants have been subject to denting corrosion as a result of nonprotective magnetite forming on the carbon steel support plate causing the voluminous corrosion product that eventually crimps (dents) the heat transfer tube at the support plate interface. This project was designed to determine the causes of denting and the usefulness of water chemistry changes meant to arrest denting. This volume of the final report describes laboratory research on the correlation of water chemistry, superheat, and oxygen ingress with denting in steam generators.

1983-12-01

209

Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Prostate Cancer

... chemical radiation effects decomposition extraction columns gamma radiation

1972-01-01

210

Radiation Therapy and Cisplatin With or Without Amifostine in Treating Patients With Stage IIIB or Stage IVA Cancer of the Cervix

Prostate Cancer; Psychosocial Effects of Cancer and Its Treatment; Radiation Toxicity; Sexual Dysfunction and Infertility

2011-09-13

211

Cervical Cancer; Radiation Toxicity

2011-09-09

212

NAME=\\

Measurement of fast fluctuations of radiation intensity in pulsed charged particle accelerators

... Radiation Protection Products and Equipment Find and compare a variety of radiation protection products and equipment on the world's largest environmental industry portal. View product ...

213

Contributions of pesticide residue chemistry to improving food and environmental safety: past and present accomplishments and future challenges.

... beam monitoring betatrons delay circuits errors fluctuations gamma radiation

214

Standards and guidances for limiting ionizing radiation exposure

The principles of modern pesticide residue chemistry were articulated in the 1950s. Early authors pointed out the advantages of systematizing and standardizing analytical methods for pesticides so that they could be widely practiced and the results could be reproduced from one laboratory to the next. The availability of improved methods has led to a much more complete understanding of pesticide behavior and fate in foods and the environment. Using methods based largely upon gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled increasingly with mass spectrometry (MS) and MS(n) as the detection tool, residues can be measured at parts per billion levels and below in a variety of food and environmental matrices. Development of efficient extraction and cleanup methods, techniques such as ELISA, efficient sample preparation techniques such as QuEChERS, and automated laboratory and field instrumentation has also contributed to the tools ...

2011-04-07

215

Radiation protection in the operating room

This chapter is concerned with standards and guidances for limiting radiation exposures. It is divided into three sections, each of which has several parts. Section 1: Ionizing Radiation -- Standards and Guidances Applicable to the Public: Part A, Radiation Protection Standards; Part B, Environmental Radiation Standards; Part C, Exempt Levels of Radioactivity; Part D, Protective Action Guides for Accidents. Section 2: Ionizing Radiation -- Standards Applicable to the Workplace. Section 3: Medical and Other Standards.

1992-12-31

216

Survey of Radiation Protection Education and Training in Finland in 2003

On the basis of legally provided area dose measurements and time records of fluoroscopic examinations during the operation, radiation doses to medical personnel and patients are evaluated. Adequate radiation protection measures and a careful behaviour in the operating room keep the radiation exposure to the personnel below the maximum permissible exposure. Taking into account the continuous personnel radiation monitoring and medical supervision, radiation hazards in the operating room can be considered low.

217

The benefits of low level radiation

The current state and need for radiation protection training in Finland have been surveyed by the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority STUK. The survey sought to determine whether the current requirements for radiation protection training had been met, and to promote radiation protection training. Details of the scope and quality of present radiation protection training were requested from all educational institutes and organizations providing radiation protection training. The survey covered both basic and further training, special training of radiation safety officers, and supplementary training. The questionnaire was sent to 77 educational organization units, 66 per cent of which responded. Radiation workers and radiation safety officers were asked about radiation protection ...

2004-07-01

218

Stimulated radiation of high - current relativistic electron beams

The assumed linear relationship between exposure to radiation and cancer incidence is questioned in this article. The current research data on radiation effects at the cellular level is reviewed, as are epidemiological studies of background radiation effects and health effects of populations exposed to low levels of radiation exposure via employment or medical treatments. Statistics reveal that threshold levels currently in force need to be reviewed. Some evidence of beneficial effects of low level radiation exposure effects of low level radiation exposure is also presented, and so regulations should be reviewed at an international level. (UK).

1997-06-01

219

On the Role of Convection and Turbulence for Tropospheric Ozone and its Precursors

The most propagated mechanisms of stimulated radiation of electron beam such as Cherenkov one-particle and collective effects, ondulator and magnetic bremsshrahlung radiations, Doppler anomalous effect, Thompson and Raman scattering and radiation are discussed. Relation of spontaneous radiation mechanisms of individual electron and stimulated radiation effects in electron beams has been elucidated, grounds of linear electrodynamics of radiative beam instabilities are stated, and main mechanisms of their nonlinear stabilization are elucidated as well. Various simulated processes in electron beams are considered from the unique point of view using a simple mathematical apparatus and such physical laws as conservation and Newton laws.

1987-01-01

220

Radiation protection. A guide for scientists and physicians

The aim of the work in this thesis is to investigate the convective and diffusive transport in the TM chemistry transport model, and to investigate some aspects of the consequences for NOx. The large inaccuracy and uncertainty in the description of processes like convection and turbulent diffusion, the strong dependence of the radiative forcing of ozone on its vertical distribution, and the strong dependence of the ozone production on the distribution of NOx, are the main motivation. The availability of the ERA-40 data, where convective data and vertical diffusion coefficients are archived, allows a study of the effect of different convective mass flux sets, and different vertical diffusion coefficients on the model-simulated distribution of tracers. In this thesis the following questions are addressed : (1) How large is the sensitivity of the (model simulated) distribution of ozone and nitrogen oxides on (the) convection (parameterisation)?; ...

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

221

Combining satellite data and models to estimate cloud radiative effect at the surface and in the atmosphere

This manual was written for individuals who wish to become qualified in radiation protection as an adjunct to working with sources of ionizing radiation or using radionuclides in the field of medicine. It provides the radiation user with information needed to protect himself and others and to understand and comply with governmental and institutional regulations regarding the use of radionuclides and radiation machines. It is designed for a wide spectrum of users, including physicians, research scientists, engineers, and technicians. It should be useful also to radiation safety officers, members of radiation safety committees, and others who are responsible for the proper use of radiation sources, although they may not be working with the sources directly. The presentation in this manual is designed to obviate the need for reviews of atomic ...

222

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Abstract Satellite measurements and numerical forecast model reanalysis data are used to compute an updated estimate of the cloud radiative effect on the global multi-annual mean radiative energy budget of the atmosphere and surface. The cloud radiative cooling effect through reflection of short wave radiation dominates over the long wave heating effect, resulting in a net cooling of the climate system of - 21 Wm-2. The short wave radiative effect of cloud is primarily manifest as a reduction in the solar radiation absorbed at the surface of - 53 Wm-2. Clouds impact long wave radiation by heating the moist tropical atmosphere (up to around 40 Wm-2 for global annual means) while enhancing the radiative cooling of the atmosphere over other regions, in particular higher latitudes and sub-trop...

2011-01-01

223

Biological effects of electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range

Instrumentation for monitoring and control of cycle chemistry for the steam-water circuits of fossil-fired and combined-cycle power plants

The book examines current experimental and clinical knowledge concerning the biological and biophysical effects of electromagnetic radiation, particularly that in the microwave range. The biophysical bases of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter are reviewed with emphasis on biological systems, and the effects of radiation on critical biological systems, including the nervous, reproductive, visual and blood-forming systems are compared. Data concerning the lethal effects of nonionizing radiation is presented and characteristics of the effects of electromagnetic radiation on the whole mammalian organisms are examined. Various reactions of the neuroendocrine system to electromagnetic radiation are described, with particular attention given to the adrenal system, and the combined effects of ionizing and microwave radiation ...

1980-01-01

224

Hitch code capabilities for modeling AVT chemistry

A guidance document on the instrumentation for monitoring and control of cycle chemistry for the steam-water circuits of fossil-fired and combined-cycle power plants was developed within the IAPWS Power Cycle Chemistry Working Group. This technical guidance document has been authorized by the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS) at its meeting in Doorwerth, The Netherlands, 6-11 September, 2009, for issue by its Secretariat. The members of the IAPWS are: Britain and Ireland, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Japan, Russia, and the United States of America, and the associate members Argentina and Brazil, Italy, and Switzerland. In order to achieve suitable chemical conditions in steam-water circuits it is essential to establish reliable monitoring of key parameters on every plant. This enables the demonstration of operation within cycle chemistry targets, and ...

2009-10-15

225

Comparison of plasma chemistries for inductively coupled plasma etching of InGaAlP alloys

Several types of corrosion have damaged alloy 600 tubing in the secondary side of steam generators. The types of corrosion include wastage, denting, intergranular attack, stress corrosion, erosion-corrosion, etc. The environments which cause attack may originate from leaks of cooling water into the condensate, etc. When the contaminated feedwater is pumped into the generator, the impurities may concentrate first 200 to 400 fold in the bulk water, depending on the blowdown, and then further to saturation and dryness in heated tube support plate crevices. Characterization of local solution chemistries is the first step to predict and correct the type of corrosion that can occur. The pH is of particular importance because it is a major factor governing the rate of corrosion reactions. The pH of a solution at high temperature is not the same as the ambient temperature, since ionic dissociation constants, solubility and solubility products, activity coefficients, etc., ...

1985-03-01

226

[The indicators of biological age and accelerated aging in liquidators of the consequences of radiation emergency].

Two plasma chemistries, i.e., CH{sub 4}/H{sub 2}/Ar and Cl{sub 2}/Ar, were compared for the etching of InGaP, AlInP, and AlGaP under inductively coupled plasma (ICP) conditions. While the etching with CH{sub 4}/H{sub 2}/Ar discharges appears to be ion driven, Cl{sub 2}/Ar discharges showed an additional strong chemical enhancement. The highest etch rate ({approximately}1 {mu}m/min) for InGaP was achieved at high ICP source power ({ge}750 W) with the Cl{sub 2}/Ar chemistry. Cl{sub 2}/Ar discharges provided very smooth surfaces in all three materials with root-mean-square roughness measured by atomic force microscopy around 2 nm. This result may be due to the efficient ion-assisted product desorption in this chemistry. The etched near-surface region of InGaP ({approximately}100 {Angstrom}) with Cl{sub 2}/Ar maintained almost the same stoichiometry as that of the unetched control. By contrast, the CH{sub 4}/H{sub 2}/Ar plasma ...

1998-05-01

227

The THz Radiation from Undulator

The biological age (BA) of the majority of the liquidators of the consequences of the radiation accidents in the Navy and of the liquidators of the Chernobyl' APS accident exceeds the medium standard and the DBA (due BA). The index of the BA can be a characteristic of the influence of the social-hygienic factors on the health condition of the Special Risk Subunit--the liquidators of the consequences of the radiation accidents. It was established, that the radiation influence concerns to the factors dramatically increasing the BA and the rate of senescence of the liquidators of the consequences of the radiation accidents. PMID:21809627

2011-01-01

228

Study of emission of Cerenkov radiation by tachyons

The experimental device for generation of undulator radiation in terahertz wavelength region by use of undulator with ferromagnets is created. The device is based on a beam of a microtron with the energy 7.5 MeV. The radiation wavelength is 200 mu. Registered spontaneous radiation has a power 10{sup -6} W at a current of a beam 2 mA in a pulse. With the optical resonator, in a mode, the amplification of 6% is received, that in sometimes is more than the expected value. This effect is explained as a result of partial coherence of radiation.

2010-02-03

229

Radiation facility with electron accelerator of the Institute for Nuclear Research of Ukraine, Kiev

The emission of Cerenkov radiation by tachyons has been examined by using the reduced expansions of superluminal electromagnetic fields in terms of standard helicity representation of Poincare group. It has been shown that the tachyons emit Cerenkov radiation through their coupling only with subluminal electromagnetic fields and that a charged tachyon can emit Cerenkov radiation only in the media in which it travels with a velocity lower than that of light while in the usual medium in which its velocity is more than that of light, it will never emit Cerenkov radiation.

1983-01-01

230

Radiation exposure of the population of the GDR by X-ray diagnostics

Characteristics of the Ukrainian NSA NRI radiation facility for scientific researches and developments of industrial radiation technology are performed. Parts of the facility, design peculiarities of technical tools are described. Biological protection of the facility and radiation protection system, transport line, systems of technical provision and radiation measurements are discussed

2003-02-01

231

Potential Hazards from Neutrino Radiation at Muon Colliders

The radiation burden of the people of the GDR in relation to biomedical radiography altogether as well as organ doses, gonad doses and genetically significant doses in detail are outlined. The concepts of radiation protection and standards of radiographic examination are demonstrated. Possibilities of influencing radiation exposure by scientifically based indication of X-ray examination, application of new and improvement of usual examination techniques are discussed with regard to quality assurance and control. Proposals concerning the reduction of radiation exposure of the GDR population are presented.

1986-01-01

232

Model of quantum noise of shadow radiation images

High energy muon colliders, such as the TeV-scale conceptual designs now being considered, are found to produce enough high energy neutrinos to constitute a potentially serious off-site radiation hazard in the neighbourhood of the accelerator site. A general characterization of this radiation hazard is given, followed by an order-of-magnitude calculation for the off-site annual radiation dose and a discussion of accelerator design and site selection strategies to minimize the radiation hazard.

1999-01-01

233

Coherent oscillator radiation

Correlation characteristics of quantum noise on the shadow radiation image (RI) of the object under nondestructive testing are studied. Mathematical model of RI occasional distortions is derived. The model takes into account the parameters of object under testing and of radiation beam by radiation quanta flux density. The results obtained can be used as a component in the process of investigation of various radiation testing systems

234

Salinity and hydrodynamics of the Holocene and upper Pleistocene beneath the Louisiana wetlands from electrical measurements

Coherent oscillator radiation is considered. A comparison is made with classical particle radiation with gauss distribution. Decay probability for coherent state in spontaneous radiation is estimated. The method suggested for describing harmonic oscillator allows to separate the effect of classical field radiation from quantum description of particle state within the framework of a self-consistent quantum mechanical problem.

1982-04-01

235

Quarterly progress report for the Chemical and Energy Research Section of the Chemical Technology Division: January--March 1997

A conceptual hydrodynamic model in the Holocene and upper Pleistocene beneath the Louisiana wetlands is described in terms of safety distributions. Porewater safety is calculated from electrical measurements, including resistivity soundings, electric logs, and electromagnetic profiling. Electrical measurements support the primary, basin-wide groundwater flow model; however, the data also indicate secondary contributions from expulsion of fluids under geopressure along active growth faults and from original waters of deposition. Expulsion of water from growth faults has been described previously for deeper sections of the Pleistocene, but has not been reported for the Holocene or upper Pleistocene beneath the Louisiana wetlands. Porewater chemistry variations beneath the coastal wetlands are a consequence of the following (in order of importance): (1) environment of deposition; (2) a basin-wide, regional flow system; (3) expulsion from deep-seated growth faults; and ...

1995-06-01

236

Numerical analysis of reaction-diffusion effects on species mixing rates in turbulent premixed methane-air combustion

This report summarizes the major activities conducted in the Chemical and Energy Research Section of the Chemical Technology Division (CTD) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) during the period January--March 1997. Created in March 1997 when the CTD Chemical Development and Energy Research sections were combined, the Chemical and Energy Research Section conducts basic and applied research and development in chemical engineering, applied chemistry, and bioprocessing, with an emphasis on energy-driven technologies and advanced chemical separations for nuclear and waste applications. The report describes the various tasks performed within seven major areas of research: Hot Cell Operations, Process Chemistry and Thermodynamics, Molten Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE) Remediation Studies, Chemistry Research, Separations and Materials Synthesis, Solution Thermodynamics, and Biotechnology Research. The name of a technical ...

1998-01-01

237

New plasma chemistries for dry etching of InGaAlP alloys: BI{sub 3} and BBr{sub 3}

The scalar mixing time scale, a key quantity in many turbulent combustion models, is investigated for reactive scalars in premixed combustion. Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of three-dimensional, turbulent Bunsen flames with reduced methane-air chemistry have been analyzed in the thin reaction zones regime. Previous conclusions from single step chemistry DNS studies are confirmed regarding the role of dilatation and turbulence-chemistry interactions on the progress variable dissipation rate. Compared to the progress variable, the mixing rates of intermediate species is found to be several times greater. The variation of species mixing rates are explained with reference to the structure of one-dimensional premixed laminar flames. According to this analysis, mixing rates are governed by the strong gradients which are imposed by flamelet structures at high Damkoehler numbers. This suggests a modeling approach to estimate ...

2010-03-15

238

New plasma chemistries for dry etching of InGaAlP alloys: BI_3 and BBr_3

Inductively coupled plasma etching of InGaP, AlInP and AlGaP in BI{sub 3} or BBr{sub 3} discharges was investigated as a function of source power, dc chuck bias and plasma composition. InGaP etches at the fastest rates ({gt}6000thinsp{Angstrom}thinspmin{sup {minus}1}) in both chemistries, followed by AlGaP. It is found that AlInP provides an excellent etch stop for the other two materials in both mixtures. The InGaP surface morphology improves with increasing BI{sub 3} or BBr{sub 3} content, and with increasing dc chuck bias. The etched features for this material are highly anisotropic. Etch selectivities for InGaP over SiO{sub 2} and SiN{sub x} of {ge}8 are obtained in both plasma chemistries, and there is no etch incubation time with either mixture, indicating that both can scavenge the native oxide on InGaP, AlGaP and AlInP. {copyright} {ital 1998 American Vacuum Society.}

1998-09-01

239

Formation of methyl formate and other organic species in the warm-up phase of hot molecular cores

Inductively coupled plasma etching of InGaP, AlInP and AlGaP in BI_3 or BBr_3 discharges was investigated as a function of source power, dc chuck bias and plasma composition. InGaP etches at the fastest rates (>6000 Angstrom min"-"1) in both chemistries, followed by AlGaP. It is found that AlInP provides an excellent etch stop for the other two materials in both mixtures. The InGaP surface morphology improves with increasing BI_3 or BBr_3 content, and with increasing dc chuck bias. The etched features for this material are highly anisotropic. Etch selectivities for InGaP over SiO_2 and SiN_x of #>=#8 are obtained in both plasma chemistries, and there is no etch incubation time with either mixture, indicating that both can scavenge the native oxide on InGaP, AlGaP and AlInP. copyright 1998 American Vacuum Society.

1998-09-01

240

Degree of Mathematics Fluency and Success in Second-Semester Introductory Chemistry

Aims: The production of saturated organic molecules in hot cores and corinos is not well understood. The standard approach is to assume that, as temperatures heat up during star formation, methanol and other species evaporate from grain surfaces and undergo a warm gas-phase chemistry at 100 K or greater to produce species such as methyl formate, dimethyl ether, and others. But a series of laboratory results shows that protonated ions, typical precursors to final products in ion-molecule schemes, tend to fragment upon dissociative recombination with electrons rather than just ejecting a hydrogen atom. Moreover, the specific proposed reaction to produce protonated methyl formate is now known not to occur at all. Methods: We utilize a gas-grain chemical network to probe the chemistry of the relatively ignored stage of hot core evolution during which the protostar switches on and the temperature of the surrounding gas and dust rises from 10 K to ...

2006-01-01

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241

Courses in Ceramic Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

We report on the contents and results for 360 students of a mathematics assessment administered at the start of the second-semester introductory chemistry course required for science and engineering majors at the University of Minnesota. This calculator-free, 20-question, 30-minute, multiple-choice, diagnostic quiz includes questions selected specifically for their relevance to this course, concerning logarithms, scientific notation, graphs, and algebra. For the 325 students in degree-granting programs, significant correlations are reported between their mathematics assessment scores and success in this course, as measured by performance on exams (for which scientific calculators were permitted) and course grades. These observations suggest that responses to the simple questions on this unannounced quiz have some predictive utility as signatures of underlying thinking and learning patterns that are associated with success in this course. In addition, we argue that ...

2008-05-01

242

Chromium stabilization chemistry of paint removal wastes in Portland cement and blast furnace slag

Courses in Ceramic Engineering from the Course Catalog at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. List includes: CER E 299. Senior Thesis CER E 320. Ceramic Materials and Properties CER E 321. Ceramic Processing and Microstructure Development CER E 322. Process Design CER E 323. Ceramic Engineering Processing Laboratory CER E 324. Refractory Technology CER E 326. Chemistry and Technology of Glass CER E 327. Ceramic Microscopy CER E 328. Electrical Ceramics CER E 330. Chemically Bonded Ceramics CER E 390. Special Topics in Ceramics CER E 420. Ceramic Chemistry CER E 422. Dielectric Properties of Ceramic Materials CER E 425. Physical Chemistry of Clays and Soils CER E 426. Mineralogy of Clays CER E 427. Petrology of Clay Minerals CER E 429. Seminar in Ceramics CER E 497. Research Seminars CER E 499. Thesis Research.

2007-01-01

243

Can the chemistry save the crisis of the mankind in the twenty-first century? To the gentle chemistry in environment from the ozone layer depletion; Kagaku wa 21 seiki no jinrui no kiki wo sukueruka? Ozonso kahai kara kankyo ni yasashii kagaku e

The use of cement based systems for solidification and stabilization of hazardous wastes has been proposed. The stabilization of Cr contaminated paint removal wastes in ordinary Portland cement and in a Portland cement and blast furnace slag matrix was investigated. A loading by volume of 75% waste and 25% cement (or cement + slag) was used. The expression of pore solution was utilized to determine the chemical environment encountered by the waste species in the cement matrix. The highly alkaline conditions of ordinary Portland cement determined the stability of the metal species, with Cr being highly soluble. The replacement of 25% of the Portland cement by blast furnace slag was found to decrease the [OH-] of the pore solution resulting in a decrease of the Cr concentration. For cement wastes forms hydrated for 28 days, the Cr concentration decreased in the expressed pore solution. During the TCLP tests the cement waste form and extraction solution were found to react, changing the ...

1995-12-31

244

A marvel of colors and ingredients. The story of urine test strip.

The representative result as the global environmental problems caused by chemical substance is the ozone layer depletion of the stratosphere by chlorofluorocarbon (CFC). The regulation of the CFC began in 1989 based on 'Vienna Convention for the Ozone layer protection' (1985) and 'Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer' (1987). Production and consumption of CFC, tetrachloromethane, methylchloroform and halon have already been aborted, and the regulation of HCFC and bromomethane were also began to turn to the abolition. The increase of atmosphere average concentration such as CFC and methylchloroform has already blunted in such the international regulation. The chloride concentration of stratosphere from substance of the ozone layer depletion would reach a peak soon, and was prospected to be reduced after then. It is expected to drop to previous level before the South Pole ozone hole appeared after the middle in the twenty-first ...

2000-01-01

245

Study of particles trapped by a magnetic field

The history of the urinary test papers does not being in the post-war period. As early as the 1880's some practitioners and pharmacists tried to replace the complicated wet-chemical procedures and apparatus by "dry chemistry." The first popular test paper for sugar and albumin originated in England in 1883. Dry reagents for proving hematuria have been available since the beginning of this century. Until the 1930s a wide palette of commercial urine tests with "modern" brand names was established. A methodological breakthrough was created by the spot test chemistry inaugurated by the Austrian, Fritz Feigl, about 1920. Using the capillary properties of filter paper in enhancing color reactions he founded a new area of analytical chemistry. Many of the pioneers were recruited from Jewish scientists. In this lecture is proposed that their emigration and banishment as well as the Second World War have stopped the development of ...

1994-11-01

246

Study of Maytenus aquifolium martius chemical compounds stability face to ionizing radiations (x radiation and gamma radiation); Estudo da estabilidade dos compostos quimicos de Maytenus aquifolium martius frente a radiacao ionizante (X e Y)

A new type of radiation which occurs when particles are accelerated in the field of a longitudinal wave and in a transverse magnetic field is studied. The characteristics of such spontaneous radiation are obtained, and the influence of collective effects on the radiation is analyzed. The application of the findings to the theory of free electron lasers is discussed. 8 references.

1986-01-01

247

Risk of cancer after low doses of ionising radiation: retrospective cohort study in 15 countries

No abstract prepared

1996-09-01

248

Radiation therapy alone versus radiation therapy and chemotherapy in the management of Hodgkin's disease.

Objectives To provide direct estimates of risk of cancer after protracted low doses of ionising radiation and to strengthen the scientific basis of radiation protection standards for environmental,...Full Text Available

2005-07-09

249

Radiation exposure due to X-rays of the hip joint in babies

Forty-four patients with histologically proven Hodgkin's disease underwent initial treatment with extended-field radiation therapy. Nineteen of these patients also received combination chemotherapy....Full Text Available

1990-02-01

250

Multiscale registration of planning CT and daily cone beam CT images for adaptive radiation therapy

Exact anatomic knowledge about the location of the gonads and the application of corresponding measures of radiation protection are the preconditions for an efficient reduction of the danger of a possible genetic damage as a result of radiation exposition during X-ray examination of the hip joint of newborns. (VJ).

251

Lagranzheva dinamika kollektivnykh vzaimodejstvij v potokakh diskretnykh izluchatelej. (Lagrange dynamics of collective interactions in flows of discrete radiators).

Adaptive radiation therapy (ART) is the incorporation of daily images in the radiotherapy treatment process so that the treatment plan can be evaluated and modified to maximize the amount of radiation...Full Text Available

2009-01-01

252

Granite Countertops and Radiation | Radiation Protection | US EPA

Analytical method of theoretical simulation of collective hydrodynamic instabilities of intensive flows of discrete radiators, interacting with each other only through the coherent fields of their spontaneous radiation in corresponding media was suggested...

1989-01-01

253

Are natural radioactive materials dangerous

... Top of page Testing Radiation coming from granite countertops results from natural radioactive material in the granite. Identifying the presence and concentration of radioactive elements in granite requires expensive and sophisticated portable instruments or laboratory equipment. These instruments and equipment require proper calibration, and interpretation of ...

254

A radiator of electromagnetic waves with a combined shape of generatrices

The different radiation loads caused by natural and artificial radionuclides are compared in this paper. This examples will serve to illustrate that the problem of population exposure to radiation can only be solved in consideration of all components and to show which effects of the radiation from natural sources are of special importance in this connexion. (orig./AK).

1974-09-23

255

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The problem of optimizing a horn radiator of electromagnetic waves for the reflection coefficient and the coefficient of transformation of the fundamental mode into higher order modes is solved. Optimization is performed by means of selecting a combined shape of the radiator generatrices.

2008-01-01

256

Using ICCD as a fast optical switch to measure harmonic super-radiation from an optical klystron in a storage ring

The medical exposures to ionizing radiations, it is a world priority in radiation protection

An optical klystron is built in the 800 MeV electron storage ring at University of Science and Technology of China for harmonic super-radiation generation. In single bunch operation mode the repetition rate of the spontaneous radiation pulses is about 4.533 MHz, and the repetition rate of the seed laser pulses is about 3 Hz, while the radiation pulse duration is 300 ps. For measuring harmonic radiation a high on/off ratio ICCD is used as an optical switch to reject spontaneous radiation pulses of high repetition rate

2001-07-01

257

Wiley::The Wiley Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology, 3rd Edition

The document published under A/63:46 and titled report of the scientific committee of United Nations for the study of ionizing radiations effects, gives the situation of the fifty sixth session of the committee that stood at Vienna from the 10. to 18. july 2008. In the chapter 3 of this report the writers summarize the strategic planning and the working program of the scientific committee for the period 2009-2013. They note that the committee worry about the inadequate means, particularly in personnel. The priorities for the given period will be the medical exposure of patients, the radiation levels and the effects of energy production, the exposure to natural radiation sources and the improvement of the understanding of the effects of the low doses radiation exposure. (N.C.)

258

Understanding the mismatch between the demands of risk assessment and practice of scientists ? The case of Deca-BDE

...The+Wiley+Encyclopedia+of+Packaging+Technology%2C+3rd+Edition FO21+Food+Packaging Wiley::The Wiley Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology, 3rd Edition WILEY ...US | HELP Home / Chemistry / Food Science & Technology / Food Processing, Production & Manufacture / Food Packaging / The Wiley Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology, 3rd Edition ...Manufacture Sensory Science Food Biotechnology Food Chemistry Food Engineering Related Titles Food Packaging Brewing Yeast and Fermentation by Chris Boulton, David Quain Food ...Editor) Journal of Food Process Engineering Journal of Food Processing and Preservation Packaging Research in Food Product Design and Development by Howard R. ...

259

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

This review describes how a mismatch between the knowledge produced by scientists and the evidence demanded by regulators has emerged, and how society has struggled to find definitive answers to questions of safety, for an important flame retardant chemical in current use ? Deca-BDE. This has involved two key disciplines: analytical chemistry and toxicology. Within the chemistry, a lack of standardized methodologies among scientists has resulted in a persistent yet largely undeclared failure to replicate results within the discipline. Within the toxicology, the quest for innovative, curiosity-driven research by university scientists in preference to using validated standard protocols, designed to promote consistency within the risk assessment process, has prompted questions about the credi...

2011-01-01

260

Stress corrosion cracking: 1965-1990

Recycling and ?re-hydration? of degassed magma inducing transient dissolution/crystallization events at Stromboli (Italy)

Advances in the theory and practice of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) are reviewed for the period 1965-1990. The proceedings of two landmark conferences are used as a basis for discussion: Ohio State University (1967) and Kohler, WI (1988). The discussion is developed around the following topics: metal-environment combinations, testing, fractography, metallurgical aspects, electrochemical aspects and crack chemistry, mechanisms, and prediction and mitigation. It is concluded that the main developments since 1967 are the recognition of the lack of specificity of SCC environments, the use of slow strain rate and fracture mechanics testing, quantitative SEM fractography, studies of grain boundary structure and compositions, transient electrochemistry of bare metal surfaces, measurement and modelling of crack chemistry, elaboration of several SCC models, including slip-dissolution and film induced cleavage, and mitigation by alloy development or ...

1990-01-01

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261

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Intrusive degassing and recycling of degassed and dense magma at depth have been proposed for a long time at Stromboli. The brief explosive event that occurred at the summit craters on 9 January 2005 threw out bombs and lapilli that could be good candidates to illustrate recycling of shallow degassed magma at depth. We present an extensive data set on both the textures and the mineral, bulk rock and glassy matrix chemistry of the ?9 Jan? products. The latter have the common shoshonitic?basaltic bulk composition of lavas and scoriae issued from typical strombolian activity. In contrast they differ by the heterogeneous chemistry of their matrix glasses and their crystal textures that testify to crystal dissolution event(s) just prior magma crystallization upon ascent and eruption. Comparison...

2008-01-01

262

Quantitation of infectious myonecrosis virus in different tissues of naturally infected Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, using real-time PCR with SYBR Green chemistry

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, is the most important shrimp species in volume in world aquaculture. However, in recent decades, outbreaks of diseases, especially viral diseases, have led to significant economic losses, threatening the sustainability of shrimp farming worldwide. In 2004, Brazilian shrimp farming was seriously affected by a new disease caused by the Infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV). Thus, disease control based on rapid and sensitive pathogen detection methods has become a priority. In this study, a specific quantitation method for IMNV was developed using real-time PCR with SYBR Green chemistry and viral load of the principal target tissues of chronically infected animals was quantified. The quantitative analysis revealed that mean viral load ranged from ...

2011-01-01

263

Progress and problems in the chemistry of technetium-99m tracers

Nuclear forensics and nuclear analytical chemistry - iridium determination in a referred forensic sample

The recent acceleration of effort to elucidate and explore the coordination chemistry of technetium has been prompted mainly by the need for a new generation of radiotracers in nuclear medicine, preferentially for tomograhic studies. Current approaches and their limitations in designing "9"9"mTc complexes capable of penetrating cell membranes of the target organs, and remaining there sufficiently long, are reviewed. With the predominance of Tc(V) oxo compounds, especially for brain imaging agents, new N4 and N2S2 coordinate complexes have been developed by shifting from bidentate to tetradentate ligands with a variable side chain or other adjustable reactivity. The search for myocardial imaging agents has focused on a variety of mixed ligand complexes of Tc(III) and most promising [Tc(CNR)_6]"+ complexes of Tc(I). 64 refs. (author).

264

New Ideas in the Theory of Extrasolar Giant Planets and Brown Dwarfs

Nuclear approaches for compositional characterization has bright application prospect in forensic perspective towards assessment of nature and origin of seized material. The macro and micro physical properties of nuclear materials can be specifically associated with a process or type of nuclear activity. Under the jurisdiction of nuclear analytical chemistry as well as nuclear forensics, thrust areas of scientific endeavor like determination of radioisotopes, isotopic and mass ratios, analysis for impurity contents, arriving at chemical forms/species and physical parameters play supporting evidence in forensic investigations. The analytical methods developed for this purposes can be used in international safeguards as well for nuclear forensics. Nuclear material seized in nuclear trafficking can be identified and a profile of the nuclear material can be created

2010-11-15

265

Influence of feed water distribution pipe replacement on the water chemistry in the steam generator at Loviisa NPP

We summarize and extend recent work on the theory of extrasolar giant planets (EGPs) and brown dwarfs, paying particular attention to Gliese 229 B, the albedos of EGPs, the compositions of substellar atmospheres, the connections with the giant planets in the solar system, cloud physics, and non-gray spectral synthesis. The role of condensates in altering the optical spectrum of Gliese 229 B is explored, as are the systematics of the reflection spectra from extrasolar giant planets near their primaries. In addition, we discuss the role of convection and disequilibrium chemistry in explaining the anomalous detection of CO in Gliese 229 B. Throughout, we highlight the distinctive chemistry that defines this new class of objects and set goals for future study.

1998-01-01

266

Fifth international scientific conference ?Sviridov?s Readings-2010? (Minsk, Republic of Belarus, April 6?9, 2010)

Imatran Voima Oy , (IVO) operates two Russian designed nuclear power plants of type VVER440/213. Unit 1 has been operating since 1977 and unit 2 since 1981. First damage of feed water distribution (FWD) pipes was observed in 1989. In closer examinations FWD-pipe T-connection and distribution nozzles suffered from severe erosion corrosion damage. Similar damages have been found also in other VVER-440 type NPPs. In 1994 the first FWD-pipe was replaced by a new design mounted over the tube bundle instead of the old FWD-pipe, which was located inside the tube bundle. The purpose of this paper is to describe the new FWD-pipe and discuss its effects on the steam generator chemistry. (author)

1998-06-01

267

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The author analyzes conference materials, emphasizing the studies and latest developments useful for industrial heterogeneous catalysis in view of the requirements of green chemistry. Industrial catalysts is developing along a nanometer scale, so especial attention is devoted to analyzing the reports in the Nanochemistry section on the creation of nanocatalysts, the production of active phase nanoparticles, and the formation of new synthesized material properties. The catalysts developed earlier by Russian research in cooperation with Belarusian scientists are considered, and it is shown that not only are expensive nanocontacts extremely promising for industry, but the efficient and economic low-percentage new generation of nanocatalysts synthesized by wet chemistry and containing nanopart...

2010-01-01

268

Effects of coolant chemistry on corrosion of 3003 aluminum alloy in automotive cooling system

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

In this work, effects of coolant chemistry, including concentrations of chloride ions and ethylene glycol and addition of various ions, on corrosion of 3003 Al alloy were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements and scanning electron microscopy characterization. In chloride-free, ethylene glycol-water solution, a layer of Al-alcohol film is proposed to form on the electrode surface. With the increase of ethylene glycol concentration, more Al-alcohol film is formed, resulting in the increase in film resistance and charge-transfer resistance. In the presence of Cl- ions, they would be involved in the film formation, decreasing the stability of the film. In 50% ethylene glycol-water solution, the threshold value of Cl- concentration for pitting initiation is within ...

2010-01-01

269

Coordination polymers assembled through pi-pi interactions

Chemistry of polynuclear transition-metal complexes in ionic liquids.

Chapter one is a review of the relevant literature. In chapter two the coordination chemistry of biphenyl-tailed terpyridines with octahedral metal dications is investigated. The effect of different metal ions on their aggregation modes in the solid state is also investigated. In chapter three the coordination chemistry of polyaryl-tailed terpyridines with octahedral metal dications is investigated. The effect of different aryl tails on their aggregation modes in the solid state is investigated. In chapter four the pi-pi aggregation of molecular boxes through biphenyl tails is studied. In chapter five the immobilisation of aryl tailed complexes into polyelectrolyte films has been investigated, and the arrangement of these complexes in the films has been compared with same complexes in the crystal, thus moving from three dimensional aggregation to two dimensions.

2001-01-01

270

x - NASA Technical Reports Server

Transition-metal chemistry in ionic liquids (IL) has achieved intrinsic fascination in the last few years. The use of an IL as environmental friendly solvent, offers many advantages over traditional materials synthesis methods. The change from molecular to ionic reaction media leads to new types of materials being accessible. Room-temperature IL have been found to be excellent media for stabilising transition-metal clusters in solution and to crystallise homo- and heteronuclear transition-metal complexes and clusters. Furthermore, the use of IL as solvent provides the option to replace high-temperature routes, such as crystallisation from the melt or gas-phase deposition, by convenient room- or low-temperature syntheses. Inorganic IL composed of alkali metal cations and polynuclear transition-metal cluster anions are also known. Each of these areas will be discussed briefly in this contribution. PMID:21743925

2011-07-11

271

VOLUME I11 IMISSION SYSTEM PERFORMANCE - NASA Technical Report ...

Mar 1, 2011 ... Radionuclide X-ray fluorescence analysis. 2: Detection of the X-ray fluorescence radiation excited by radionuclide radiation ...

272

Treatment of persons exposed in radiation accidents or nuclear explosions. Omhaendertagande av skadade vid radiakolyckor och kaernvapenexplosioner

Nov 8, 2010 ... Ihring Mission 11, the radiation dosimetry measurement system functioned normally and provided data on the Earth's trapped radiation belts ...

273

The importance of radiation quality for optimisation in radiology

The report gives general principles of treatment and care of casualties caused by radiation accidents or nuclear explosions.

1991-01-01

274

The biological aspects and behaviour of Heliothis virescens Fabricius adults from irradiated diapausal pupae

Selection of the appropriate radiation quality is an important aspect of optimisation for every clinical imaging task in radiology, since it affects both image quality and patient dose. Spreadsheet...Full Text Available

275

Tachyon Cerenkov radiation

... bollworm fertility gamma radiation genetic radiation effects life span mating

1974-07-22

276

Solar Cell Radiation Response near the Interface of Different ...

By proposing the four-dimensional, reciprocity transformations the appropriate condition for superluminal electromagnetic Cerenkov radiation is obtained by introducing the hypothesis that tachyons possess vector energy and scalar momentum.

1985-09-01

277

Relationship of Optical Coating on Thermal Radiation ...

... Solar Cell Radiation Respinnse Near the Interface o~f fliffprerv- ... 5 4. CALCUTl-ATED SOLAR CELL RLSPONSE FOR VARIOUS BASE MATERIALS ...

1971-11-01

278

References | Radiation Protection | US EPA

drical Enclosures Using a Numerical Ray Tracing Technique. NASA. TM-I02527, 1990 . Buckley, H.: Radiation from the Interior of a Reflecting Cylinder. Philos. ...

279

Radiation-response study of new radiation-hardened low-power TTL series

...References | Radiation Protection | US EPA This page provides links to the reference material on EPA's Radiation Protection Web site. U.S. EPA/...OAR/ORIA/Radiation Protection Division Jump to main content. Radiation Protection Contact Us Search: All EPA This Area You are here: EPA Home ... Radiation Protection References PageName Technical Users General Public Reporters Librarians Students/Teachers PROGRAMS TOPICS REFERENCES References The Reference Section provides general material that support the ...other sections of EPA's Radiation Protection Web site. You will find links within the information to related pages throughout the Radiation Protection , EPA ...

280

Radiation deamination of tetracycline. [Gamma radiation

(Dec 1971). United States Olson, RJ Alexander, DR Antinone, RJ Durham,

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

281

Radiation Damage Calculations for the FUBR and BEATRIX Irradiations of Lithium Compounds in EBR-II and FFTF

The fundamental product of tetracycline hydrochlorine gamma radiolysis was separated in its solid state. From the results of spectroscopic studies it has been established that it is des-N,N-dimethylaminotetracycline.

1980-01-01

282

Onclas U9800 - NASA Technical Report Server (NTRS)

Radiation Damage Calculations for the FUBR and BEATRIX Irradiations of Lithium Compunds in EBR-II and FFTF

1999-05-01

283

Numerical analysis of methane-air combustion considering radiation effect

the probability of its spontaneous radiation de-excitation increases. ... consider spontaneous radiation transitions. We will examine the ...

284

Numerical analysis of methane-air combustion considering radiation effect

Turbulent premixed methane-air combustion in a cylindrical chamber is numerically simulated considering radiation effect. Reaction rates are considered as minimum rates between Arrhenius rates and eddy break up rates. A five step reduced mechanism is used. Turbulent modeling is done via standard k-{epsilon} model imposed by empirical inlet boundary conditions. Source terms of energy equation consist of reaction rates and radiation effects. The discrete ordinate method (DOM) is employed to solve the radiative transfer equation (RTE) and the weighted sum of gray gas model (WSGGM) is imposed to consider radiation effect of non-gray gases. The results indicate that in the case of turbulent combusting flows, the effect of radiation of gases can affect the temperature and species concentrations. The numerical results obtained considering radiation effect are closer to ...

2008-12-15

285

Multifunctional, Boron-Foam Based Radiation Shielding

Turbulent premixed methane-air combustion in a cylindrical chamber is numerically simulated considering radiation effect. Reaction rates are considered as minimum rates between Arrhenius rates and eddy break up rates. A five step reduced mechanism is used. Turbulent modeling is done via standard k-? model imposed by empirical inlet boundary conditions. Source terms of energy equation consist of reaction rates and radiation effects. The discrete ordinate method (DOM) is employed to solve the radiative transfer equation (RTE) and the weighted sum of gray gas model (WSGGM) is imposed to consider radiation effect of non-gray gases. The results indicate that in the case of turbulent combusting flows, the effect of radiation of gases can affect the temperature and species concentrations. The numerical results obtained considering radiation effect are closer to the ...

2008-12-01

286

Mathematical Analysis of Three Free-Electron-Laser Issues

PROPOSAL NUMBER: 04 B3.09-7744. SUBTOPIC TITLE: Radiation Shielding to Protect Humans. PROPOSAL TITLE: Multifunctional, Boron-Foam Based ...

287

Equipment hardening and hardness assurance

... iFfficiency-en- enhanced spontaneous radiation at the free-electron- ... as enhanced spontaneous radiation at the free-electron-laser wavelength. ...

1990-09-30

288

Enhanced coherent undulator radiation from bunched electron beams

The introduction of tolerance to radiation (''radiation-hardness'') into large electronic systems is one of the major tasks to which this Handbook will be put. The practices recommended here for inculcating radiation-tolerance in equipment require advanced physical modeling techniques, precise engineering procedures, and firm assurance procedures. The degree to which these procedures should be used in an equipment project can be measured by the severity of the raw radiation environment, the desired reliability of the system, and the requirement of that project for radiation-sensitive technologies. The balance of device/circuit design versus shielding will depend on whether the radiation is highly penetrating -- as in isotope handling or military environments -- or readily attenuated, as in space. In this chapter the authors have attempted to summarize the ...

289

Effect of gamma radiation and bag packaging materials on the development of Dermestes maculatus De Geer (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) in sword fish

When energetic bunches of electrons traverse an undulator field, they can spontaneously emit radiation both coherently and incoherently. Although it has generally been assumed that undulator radiation is incoherent at wavelengths short compared to the longitudinal size of the electron bunch, several recent observations have proved this assumption false. Furthermore, the appearance of coherent radiation is often accompanied by a significant increase in radiated power. Here we report observations of strongly enhanced coherent spontaneous radiation together with direct measurements, using transition radiation techniques, of the electron distributions responsible for the coherent emission. We also report demonstrated enhancements in the predicted spontaneous radiated power by as much as 6x10"4 using electron bunch compression. copyright 1996 ...

1995-09-28

290

ESR study in radiation damage in pyrimidines. 3-year comprehensive progress report

... EFFECT OF GAMMA RADIATION AND BAG PACKAGING MATERIALS ON

1998-06-01

291

Differences in synchrotron radiation induced gas desorption from stainless steel and aluminium alloy

General mechanisms of radiation damage to biomolecules was studied by using substituted pyrimidines, particularly barbituric acid derivatives.

292

Combined Radiation and Thermal Injury after Nuclear Attack

Differences in synchrotron radiation induced gas desorption from stainless steel and aluminium alloy

1990-01-01

293

Chinese Journal of Lasers (Selected Articles)

... Except for isolated radiation accidents over the ensuing years, little practical experience has been gained in the treatment of thermal injuries ...

2011-05-13

294

An evaluation of planning techniques for stereotactic body radiation therapy in lung tumors

... spontaneous radiation of amplifiers within a relatively w~de range of ... pulse widths are 20-30ns, while amplified spontaneous radiation pulse ...

1991-12-10

295

Water chemistry and corrosion in water-steam circuits of nuclear power plants

PurposeTo evaluate four planning techniques for stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in lung tumors.Methods...Full Text Available

2008-04-01

296

Water chemistry and corrosion in water-steam circuits of nuclear power plants

The water and steam circuits of steam generators in pressurized-water nuclear power plants are described together with the mechanism of denting, and the corrosion of spacer plates that leads to cracks in tubes by constriction. The different chemical specifications applicable to the water of the secondary circuit of the generators in normal operation and on first commissioning are listed. The results obtained and the measurements of chemical values taken in operation on the water in the secondary circuits of steam generators at Fessenheim and Bugey are presented.

1981-05-01

297

The ageing of CANDU steam generator due to localized corrosion

The water and steam circuits of steam generators in pressurized-water nuclear power plants are described together with the mechanism of denting, and the corrosion of spacer plates that leads to cracks in tubes by constriction. The different chemical specifications applicable to the water of the secondary circuit of the generators in normal operation and on first commissioning are listed. The results obtained and the measurements of chemical values taken in operation on the water in the secondary circuits of steam generators at Fessenheim and Bugey are presented.

298

Sustainable pest control - comparing tritrophic interactions in organic and conventional production systems

The principal types of corrosion are presented which can occur in CANDU steam generator. There are also presented the operation conditions, the specifications referring to the water chemistry and the construction materials of Steam Generator, the factors that have a great influence on the corrosion behaviour during the whole exploitation period of this equipment. The most important elements of CANDU Steam Generator ageing management program are also discussed. (R. P.)

2001-09-17

299

Environmental Research Database

DescriptionThis cross-disciplinary project will combine chemical, ecological and modelling techniques to determine whether cabbages grown under an organic regime differ in terms of pest dynamics and plant chemistry. There is increasing pressure to de-intensify agricultural practice and organic approaches are becoming more popular and widely adopted. However, there are very few, if any, detailed scientific investigations into the claims made about improved pest control, reduced environmental impact and be [continued...

2009-01-31

300

Steam generator tube failures: experience with water-cooled nuclear power reactors during 1976

Secondary system chemistry control and sludge management

A survey was conducted of experience with steam generator tubes at nuclear power stations during 1976. Failures were reported at 25 out of 68 water-cooled reactors. The causes of these failures and the repair and inspection procedures designed to cope with them are summarized. Examination of the data indicates that corrosion was the major cause of steam generator tube failures. Improvements are needed in steam generator design, condenser integrity and secondary water chemistry control. (author).

1994-10-18

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301

Since 1975 All Volatile Treatment (AVT) has been the preferred method for controlling the secondary system operating environment in Westinghouse PWR plants. However, since AVT provides no buffering action against corrodent species present in the water as trace contaminants, utilities have initiated programs which combine control of contaminant ingress with total steam generator sludge management. The earliest applications of boric acid, to control denting type corrosion, began in 1978 and have continued up to the present time. Boric Acid has also been added as an inhibitor for SCC/IGA type corrosion since 1985. There are now approximately 30 plants operating with boric acid or boric acid/morpholine chemistry in the secondary system, and a growing number of plants where morpholine is being used as an additive to maintain pH and reduce iron transport attributable to erosion/corrosion. The impact of these modifications in the operating chemistry ...

302

Sasol

Reductive dechlorination of chlorinated solvents by zero-valent iron, iron oxide and iron sulfide minerals

This extended article describes Sasol, the synthetic fuel producing plant in South Africa. It produces other fuels in addition to synfuel, from local coal. A very thorough review covering all aspects of the plant is given. These include: economic; chemical and environmental. The chemistry of the processes involved, the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and the Lurgi process are described in some detail. Consideration is also given to the establishment of new plants, research and development projects, marketing and available coal resources.

1985-06-14

303

Radioactive and stable isotope geology

The degradation of chlorinated solvents by reduction at the surface of zero-valent metals and bimetallic systems has emerged as an important approach to the in-situ remediation of ground water. Reduction by iron metal was studied in batch and column systems to develop a mechanistic understanding of the reaction chemistry and to determine the factors that affect dechlorination rate and long term performance in field applications.

1996-10-01

304

Principles of the coprecipitation of thorium and yttrium with organicinorganic salts of molybdenum polyacids

Aimed at post-graduate and post-doctoral researchers in geochemistry, this book reflects the rapid changes in the applications of radioactive and stable isotope analysis to a range of geological and geochemical problems. Isotropic chemistry and methods used in mass spectroscopy are discussed initially. The second section deals with radiometric dating methods. The role of isotopes in climate and environmental research is also explored. The book closes with a section on extra-terrestrial matter, geothermometry and the isotopic geochemistry of the Earth`s lithosphere. (UK).

1997-10-01

305

Piperazine sulfonamide BACE1 inhibitors: Design, synthesis, and in vivo characterization

This paper advances hypotheses on the chemistry of the interaction of thorium and yttrium with organic-inorganic salts of molybdenum polyacids. On the basis of an analysis of the data of an adsorption experiment and the quantitative relationships that follow from the law of mass action, it is shown that thorium is absorbed by the solid phase by coprecipitation with the participation of complex formation, while the coprecipitation of yttrium with salts of polyacids is due to a reaction of ion exchange chemisorption.

1986-03-01

306

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

With collaboration between chemistry, X-ray crystallography, and molecular modeling, we designed and synthesized a series of novel piperazine sulfonamide BACE1 inhibitors. Iterative exploration of the non-prime side and S2prime sub-pocket of the enzyme culminated in identification of an analog that potently lowers peripheral Ab40 in transgenic mice with a single subcutaneous dose.

2010-01-01

307

Photochemistry and charge transfer chemistry of the platinum group elements. Summary progress report, May 1, 1990--April 30, 1993

Needs and opportunities for monitoring corrosion

During the past 3 years, progress was made in elucidating the excited state structures of Pt(diimine)(dithiolate) complexes, while more recent efforts focused on the photochemistry of these complexes and electronic structure of other dithiolate systems. A carbonyl-Ir-maleonitrile dithiolate complex is also studied.

1992-12-01

308

National Renewable Energy Laboratory 2005 Research Review

Various electrochemical techniques are available to continuously monitor corrosion in conditions simulating those on the secondary side of PWR steam generators. This paper reviews those electrochemical techniques which are potentially useful to measure denting in tube-support crevices in situ. Attention is also given to corollary needs for monitoring the water chemistry which leads to corrosive attack. Finally some suggestions are offered for corrosion monitoring in autoclaves, model boilers and operating steam generators.

1985-03-01

309

Nanoparticle-assisted chemiluminescence and its applications in analytical chemistry

Science and technology are at the heart of everything we do at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, as we pursue innovative, robust, and sustainable ways to produce energy--and as we seek to understand and illuminate the physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering behind alternative energy technologies. This year's Research Review highlights the Lab's work in the areas of alternatives fuels and vehicles, high-performing commercial buildings, and high-efficiency inverted, semi-mismatched solar cells.

2006-06-01

310

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

This comprehensive, critical review summarizes the use of nanoparticles in enhanced and amplified chemiluminescence detection, illustrated by different reaction strategies, electrogenerated chemiluminescence sensors, immunoassay or hybridization labels and electrogenerated chemiluminescence immunoassay or hybridization sensors. We discuss the analytical applications on the basis of validity, range and sensitivity, and draw some useful conclusions about the most sensitive approach in each type of application.

2010-01-01

311

Microwaves action applied to chemical reactions and processes; L`azione delle microonde nelle reazioni e nei processi chimici

Micromachining using focused ion beams

Microwaves improve the rate of many chemical reactions either interacting with the solvent, when the reaction is carried out in solution, or with the surface of a solid substrate where a suitable reagent is dispersed (dry chemistry). A few examples of chemical reactions positively affected by microwaves are described: particularly interesting are those concerning polymers and radio-pharmaceuticals.

1997-03-01

312

Instrumentation for monitoring and control of water chemistry for light-water-cooled nuclear power plants

Focused ion beam (FIB) systems prove to be useful precision micromachining tools for a wide variety of applications. This micromachining technique includes scanning ion microscopy (SIM), micromachining by physical sputtering, and the ion-beam induced surface chemistry for etching and deposition. This technique is applied to image and modify IC's, to micromechanical applications, to modify the tip shape of tungsten emitters, and to prepare cross sections of selected regions for inspection in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). (orig.)

1994-11-16

313

INEEL Advanced Radiotherapy Research Program Annual Report for 2002

Based on the IAPWS technical guidance on ''Instrumentation for Monitoring and Control of Cycle Chemistry for Steam-Water Circuits of Fossil-Fired and Combined Cycle Power Plants,'' the latest situation regarding instrumentation for nuclear power plants is discussed. As a result of the discussion, it is concluded that: (1) Reliable and safe operation of plants is established by the application of suitable chemical conditions in plant cooling systems, which should be supported by the selection of suitable control targets for monitoring and by the application of reliable instruments. (2) The minimum level of key instrumentation consists of on-line as well as off-line instruments for monitoring the key parameters: - on-line: pH, conductivity, cation conductivity, O{sub 2} and H{sub 2} concentrations, electrochemical corrosion potential; - off-line: radioactive nuclides ({sup 60}Co, {sup 58}Co, {sup 131}I, etc.), and the ...

2010-05-15

314

INEEL Advanced Radiotherapy Research Program Annual Report 2002

This report summarizes the activities and major accomplishments for the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) Advanced Radiotherapy Research Program for calendar year 2002. Topics covered include computational dosimetry and treatment planning software development, medical neutron source development and characterization, and boron analytical chemistry.

2003-05-01

315

Feasibility Study of Hydrogen Production from Existing Nuclear Power Plants Using Alkaline Electrolysis

This report summarizes the activities and major accomplishments for the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) Advanced Radiotherapy Research Program for calendar year 2002. Topics covered include computational dosimetry and treatment planning software development, medical neutron source development and characterization, and boron analytical chemistry.

2003-05-23

316

Faculties :: University of Southampton

The mid-range industrial market currently consumes 4.2 million metric tons of hydrogen per year and has an annual growth rate of 15% industries in this range require between 100 and 1000 kilograms of hydrogen per day and comprise a wide range of operations such as food hydrogenation, electronic chip fabrication, metals processing and nuclear reactor chemistry modulation.

2008-12-31

317

FGD performance hinges on mist-eliminator design

...Modern Languages Music Philosophy Faculty of Medicine Faculty of Medicine page Academic unit: Medicine Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences page Academic units: Biological Sciences Chemistry National Oceanography Centre, Southampton Ocean and Earth Science Faculty of Physical and Applied Sciences Faculty of Physical and Applied Sciences page Academic units: Electronics and Computer Science Optoelectronics Research Centre Physics and Astronomy Faculty of Social and Human Sciences ...

318

Efficient synthesis of unsymmetric diarylalkynes from decarboxylative coupling in a continuous flow reaction system

This article examines the impact of mist-eliminator (ME) design and reliability on the performance of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) processes. ME failures are the second most common cause of FGD system outages. ME design also affects the chemistry of the FGD processes. The author considers the ME the linchpin of the whole FGD process system.

1994-07-01

319

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Unsymmetric diaryl alkynes were synthesized from the palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative coupling of aryl halides and propiolic acid using a continuous flow reaction system. This flow chemistry system continuously gave the desired products in moderate to good yields, and produced less byproduct than was formed in the batch reaction.

2011-01-01

320

Effect of lead and silicon on localized corrosion of Alloy 800 in steam generator crevice environments

Drilling fluid/formation interaction at simulated in situ geothermal conditions. Final report

The Alloy 800 tubes used in CANDU 6 steam generators have not experienced significant corrosion damage to date, which may be attributed to successful water chemistry control strategies. However, it is known that Alloy 800, like other steam generator (SG) tubing materials, is not immune to corrosion, especially pitting, under some plausible but off-specification operating scenarios. Electrochemical measurements provide information on corrosion susceptibility and rate, which are known to be a function of water chemistry. Using laboratory data in combination with chemistry monitoring and diagnostic software it is possible to assess the impact of plant operating conditions on SG tube corrosion for plant life management (PLIM). In this context, this paper discusses the results of electrochemical measurements made to elucidate the corrosion behaviour of Alloy 800 SG tubes under conditions simulating those plausible in SG ...

2001-09-01

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

321

Coal liquefaction process streams characterization and evaluation

Interaction of drilling fluids with a geothermal reservoir formation can result in significant permeability impairment and therefore reduced well productivity. This interaction is studied under simulated in situ geothermal conditions of overburden stress, pore fluid pressure, temperature, and pore fluid chemistry. Permeability impairment of an East Mesa KGRA reservoir material is evaluated as a function of stagnation time, drilling fluid, and temperature. Results indicate that all of these parameters contribute significantly to the magnitude and the reversibility of the impairment.

1980-07-01

322

Coal liquefaction process streams characterization and evaluation

Consol R D is conducting a three-year program to characterize process and product streams from direct coal liquefaction process development projects. The program objectives are two-fold: (1) to obtain and provide appropriate samples of coal liquids for the evaluation of analytical methodology, and (2) to support ongoing DOE-sponsored coal liquefaction process development efforts. The two broad objectives have considerable overlap and together serve to provide a bridge between process development and analytical chemistry.

1991-11-01

323

Consol R D is conducting a three-year program to characterize process and product streams from direct coal liquefaction process development projects. The program objectives are two-field: (1) to obtain and provide appropriate samples of coal liquids for the evaluation of analytical methodology, and (2) to support ongoing DOE-sponsored coal liquefaction process development efforts. The two broad objectives have considerable overlap and together serve to provide a bridge between process development and analytical chemistry.

1991-11-01

324

Catalytic chemistry

Atmospheric environmental implications of propulsion systems

Most chemical reactions in industry and biology are catalytic and play a role at some stage of the processing of about 80% of the goods manufactured in the U.S., yet catalysis is a neglected subject in chemical education. This book integrates the fragmentary treatment accorded the topic until now. It covers, in a unified way, catalysis in solutions, by enzymes, in synthetic polymers within the molecular scale cages of zeolites and other molecular sieves, and on surfaces of inorganic solids. The central ideas are chemical; and principles are illustrated by emphasizing industrial reactions and catalysts.

1991-01-01

325

Three independent studies have been conducted for assessing the impact of rocket launches on the earth`s environment. These studies have addressed issues of acid rain in the troposphere, ozone depletion in the stratosphere, toxicity of chemical rocket exhaust products, and the potential impact on global warming from carbon dioxide emissions from rocket launches. Local, regional, and global impact assessments were examined and compared with both natural sources and anthropogenic sources of known atmospheric pollutants with the following conclusions: (1) Neither solid nor liquid rocket launches have a significant impact on the earth`s global environment, and there is no real significant difference between the two. (2) Regional and local atmospheric impacts are more significant than global impacts, but quickly return to normal background conditions within a few hours after launch. And (3) vastly increased space launch activities equivalent to 50 U.S. Space Shuttles or 50 Russian Energia ...

1995-03-01

326

Archaeological chemistry

Airborne hyperspectral data for the assessment of open cast lignite mining impacts in central Germany

The object of this paper is to show how the profile of metal concentration in the soil near bone from archaeological sites can be used, along with the appropriate mathematical model, to extract transport parameters. These parameters can then be used to predict long-term migration rates of chemical species associated with the burial of hazardous wastes in similar environmental settings.

1988-05-01

327

Activity report 2001; Rapport annuel d'activite 2001

The application of airborne sensors for providing environmental assessment and monitoring of a test site in an open cast mining area that is part of a lignite deposit in central Germany is described. Hyperspectral remote sensing data from three different sensors were tested. The hyperspectral scanner data was suitable for classification of different sediments and vegetation types and the water chemistry of residual mining lakes. Summary form only. 1 tab.

1999-07-01

328

Actinide chemistry: From test tube to billion dollar plant-A BNFL perspective

The DED, Department of the Wastes Studies, part of the Direction of the Nuclear Energy of the CEA, regroups knowledge in the domain of the chemistry, the biochemistry, the process measures and simulation engineering applied to the radioactive wastes management. This annual report presents for the year 2001 the missions, the organization, the scientific collaborations, the research programs and the publications of the Department. (A.L.B.)

2001-07-01

329

(Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center): Quarterly technical progress report for the period ending September 30, 1987. [coal research

British Nuclear Fuels (BNFL) is currently operating its third generation of nuclear plant for the management of irradiated nuclear fuel. Development for the fourth generation plant must meet requirements for processing higher burn-up fuel with lower unit costs, lower environmental impact, better process control, and more flexible control of actinides. .

2000-07-01

330

uv photobiology: postreplication repair. [Escherichia coli, synchrotron radiation

Programs in coal research by the Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center are discussed. Topics include: Coal Science and Chemistry, Coal Liquefaction, Alternative Fuels, Coal Preparation, Combustion, MHD Program, Flue Gas Cleanup, Environmental Coordination, and Technology Transfer. (CBS)

1988-04-01

331

Use of cozilat preparation as enteral nutrition for patients with late radiation injuries of colon

The following topics are discussed: insertion of incorrect bases in DNA; ability of DNA polymerase to copy uv-irradiated DNA; role of enzymes in repair of DNA; effects of uv radiation on molecular weight of DNA; photoreactivation; repair of DNA in Escherichia coli and xp cells following uv radiation; and synchrotron radiation studies on DNA repair. (HLW)

1978-01-01

332

Tumorigenic and tumoricidal actions of ionizing radiations

Short note.

1988-06-28

333

The influence of stray radiation on image quality

The book is divided into two approximately equal parts. The first four chapters are relatively lengthy and cover the basic principles of radiation biology, carcinogenesis and therapy, along with a brief introduction to radiological physics to orient the reader without background in this specialized related discipline. The remainder consists of twenty-four relatively brief chapters, each covering the radiation biology of a specific organ, tissue, or systems tissues, with emphasis on the tumorigenic and tumoricidal action of ionizing radiations.

1983-01-01

334

The influence of copper(II) on radiation-induced damages to DNA

The present state of knowledge on the influence of stray radiation on image quality and its physical description and quantification is summarized. Experimental results on the influence of physical parameters on the fraction of scattered radiation and the effect of scatter reduction by air gap technique and secondary radiation grids are committed. Open theoretical and practical problems and the limitations of common methods of scatter reduction are pointed out. (author).

335

The Effect of Radiated Electromagnetic Wave by Digital Modulation Signals on the Electronic Devices

Short communication. 5 refs., 2 figs.

1996-12-31

336

Surprising collectivity in neutron-rich iron isotopes

Full Text Available

2011-02-01

337

Surface radiation effects on natural convection cooling of discrete heat source in an open-top cavity

... VDPEAZ (Bonn 2010 issue) NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS

2010-03-15

338

Sur face Modification of Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Films by UV/ozone Ir radiation

Short communication.

1995-08-14

339

Successful treatment of stereotactic body radiation therapy combined with transarterial chemolipiodolization for hepatocellular carcinoma with biliary obstruction.

Full Text Available

2011-06-01

340

Study of Heat Transfer Augmentation in a High-Temperature Field by a Radiation Promoter Generating a Secondary Flow

Full Text Available

2011-03-01

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

341

Space Radiation Detector with Spherical Geometry

Not Available

1999-01-01

342

Some methodological aspects of investigations into radiation hardening of WWER-type reactor vessels

A particle detector is provided, the particle detector including a spherical Cherenkov detector, and

2011-01-01

343

Solar Radiation Pressure Binning for the Geosynchronous Orbit

Short communication.

1992-10-27

344

Self-filling and self-purging apparatus for detecting spontaneous radiation from substances in fluids

Orbital maintenance parameters for individual satellites or groups of satellites have traditionally

2011-01-01

345

Role of hormone and nutrition in radiation-induced rat mammary carcinogenesis

Disclosed herein is a radiation detector providing for the in situ automatic sampling of fluids containing substances emitting radiation, especially Cerenkov radiation. The detector permits sampling within well casings and is self-purging such that no additional provisions must be established for the storage and disposal of contaminated fluids.

1993-01-01

346

Radiological equipment for emergencies

Published in summary form only.

347

Radiative processes as a condensation phenomenon and the physical meaning of deformed canonical structures

A brief guide to training and equipment needed to effectively manage victims of radiation accidents. (DT)

1985-01-01

348

Radiative Heat Transfer Augmentation in Gas-Fired Radiant Tube Burners by Porous Inserts: Effect of Insert Geometry

No abstract prepared.

2008-07-01

349

Radiation-induced OH radical generation and its use for groundwater remediation

Not Available

1993-07-01

350

Radiation-annealing hardening of vanadium

Short communications only.

1992-09-13

351

Radiation processing used in forestry in Thailand

A study is made of the mechanical properties of vanadium irradiated with fast neutrons up to dose 8.6.10"-"4 dpa, as a function of the temperature of post-radiation annealing. The radiation-annealing hardening (RAH) effect is observed at 300"oC, in agreement with previous studies. It is established for the first time that RAH is accompanied by fall in ductility. A phenomenological model is described which explains the dependence of RAH on radiation dose and temperature, as well as on the content of chemically active alloying impurities. (author).

352

Radiation effects on the shoot tip culture of chrysanthemum

A summary is presented of research being carried out in Thailand on the preparation of irradiation-impregnated wood.

1981-01-01

353

Radiation cryochemistry of glass water; Kriochemia radiacyjna zeszklonej wody

Japanese (Mar 1974). Japan Mabuchi, Toshio Kuwada, Hikaru . Kagawa Univ.,

354

Radiation assessment of contaminated sites of peat mining and peat bricks used as fuel by the population of Zhitomir area of the Ukraine

Short communication. 4 refs.

1996-12-31

355

Radiation and fetal brain development

Short communication.

356

Radiation Protection of the Organism (Selected Chapters)

(4 Sep 1986). United Kingdom Zamenhof, Stephen . California Univ., Los

357

Quantum theory of spontaneous radiation by relativistic channeled particles

... biologically important compounds is sharply lowered with passage of the solutions to the cell an organ, where their sensitivity ...

1970-12-11

358

Quality Assurance of Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy: Site-Specific Results of Eulji University Hospital

1977. USSR Beloshitsky, VV Kumakhov, MA Wedell, R. Moskovskij

1977-09-23

359

Possibility of production of new superheavy nuclei in complete fusion reactions

Full Text Available

2011-06-01

360

Nuclear physics with a free electron laser

... of Sciences (Poland) [5.48 Megabytes] NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION

2008-09-01

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

361

N=2 supersymmetric radiation damping in an external electromagnetic field, noncommutativity and duality

... radiation parity photonuclear reactions polarized beams resonance

362

Multi-spectral schottky barrier infrared radiation detection array

No abstract prepared.

2008-07-01

363

Multi-spectral schottky barrier infrared radiation detection array

A multi-spectral Schottky barrier infrared detector array in which individual pixels of radiation from a remote radiating object are detected by two or more Schottky barrier infrared radiation detectors each having a different spectral response so as to provide a ''color'' discrimination for the array.

1983-12-27

364

Linearization of nondestructive radiation testing instruments using television technique

A multi-spectral Schottky barrier infrared detector array in which individual pixels of radiation from a remote radiating object are detected by two or more Schottky barrier infrared radiation detectors each having a different spectral response so as to provide a ''color'' discrimination for the array.

365

Kinetics of low-temperature radiation hardening of metallic materials under irradiation

(1985). USSR Nedavnij, OI Tomskij Politekhnicheskij Inst. (USSR).

366

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

A formula is obtained which describes the kinetics of low-temperature radiation hardening caused by creation of dislocation loops of interstitial type during irradiation. The radiation hardening of aluminum and vanadium is estimated using this formula and results of experiments on studying processes of nucleation and growth of interstitial dislocation loops in these materials by transparent electron microscopy. It is shown that the proposed formula is valid for description of the kinetics of low-temperature radiation hardening.

2011-01-01

367

Investigations and development of gaseous radiation detectors; Badania i rozwoj konstrukcji gazowych detektorow promieniowania

Infrared processes in the auroral zone

No abstract prepared

1998-12-31

368

Influence of production technology and irradiation conditions on radiation hardening of reactor vessel steels

... aurorae carbon dioxide emission spectra infrared radiation nitrogen nitrogen

8432-01-01

369

Induced radiation during scattering of channeled electrons and positrons by point defects

Short communication.

1992-10-27

370

Individually adapted examination protocols for reduction of radiation exposure in chest CT

In scattering of channeled particles by point defects and in emission of gamma rays in the spontaneous-radiation spectral region conditions are attained where the momentum transferred to the defect is taken up by the crystal as a whole. This leads to coherent and interference effects in the radiation from the crystal defects. When the longitudinal momentum transferred is zero, an induced radiation effect appears in the transitions between the states of transverse motion.

1984-12-01

371

Improvement of the Radiation Efficiency for a CPW(Co-Planar Waveguide)-Fed ZOR(Zeroth-Order Resonant) Antenna

No abstract prepared.

2002-02-01

372

Ignition and Flame Propagation of Solid Fuel with Radiation Effect in a Cylindrical Combustor

Full Text Available

2011-01-01

373

Full Text Available

2001-02-01

374

ISR site

Free radicals in lysozyme reacted with peroxidizing methyl linoleate

A last look at the green field, in the triangular wedge of land stray radiation near the CERN accelerators.

1965-01-01

375

Four cases of bowel perforation following radiation therapy for cervical cancer

... electron spin resonance gamma radiation lipids lyophilization lysozyme radicals

376

Experts' discussion on the possibility of quantification of the radiation hazard

External radiation dose exceeded 5,000 rad in three cases, and intravaginal radiation dose was 5,000 rad in one case. Radiation damage including perforation was seen in the end of ileus in one case, in the sigmoid and rectum in two cases, and in the end of ileus, sigmoid and rectum in the last case. Satisfactory results were obtained by the removal of the ileocecum in the case of the damage in the end of the ileus. However, only colostomy was performed for the damage in the sigmoid and rectum.

1984-10-01

377

Establishment of Short-Term Teratogenicity Study for Detecting Developmental Toxicity Induced by Gamma Radiation

Due to the intensity and vast number of subjects, this Bremen experts' discussion, too, could discuss only part of the problem of the possibilitiy to quantify the radiation hazard. One preliminary result is that there is no scientific proof of the harmlessness of radiation exposure during normal operation of a nuclear power plant, either within the plant or in its vicinity. Other results are that some important questions can not be answered yet, and that there are important hints on the dangers even of low radiation doses. (GL).

1978-01-01

378

Enteral nutrition with cosilate and full parenteral nutrition in multimodality treatment of late radiation injuries of large intestine

Full Text Available

2004-06-01

379

Effective dose equivalent in nuclear medicine investigations

Short note.

1989-06-01

380

Differentiation between brain tumor recurrence and radiation injury using perfusion, diffusion-weighted imaging and MR spectroscopy.

... radiation hazards hazards health hazards MEDICINE. SOMATICALLY

1984-05-07

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

381

Differentiation between brain tumor recurrence and radiation injury using MR spectroscopy.

PMID:20602289

2010-01-01

382

Development of a real-time, neutron and gamma dosimeter

PMID:16304000

2005-12-01

383

Development of a real-time, neutron and gamma dosimeter

In 1998, research began at Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory to investigate the application of {sup 6}Li and {sup 7}Li isotopes to the measurement of neutron and gamma radiation. Various size pairs of {sup 6}Li and {sup 7}Li based detectors were exposed to mixed neutron and gamma radiation. Experiments demonstrated that these detectors could be used to measure low level neutron radiation in the presence of high level gamma radiation. (author)

2001-07-01

384

Cooperative spontaneous emission from two different atoms

In 1998, research began at Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory to investigate the application of "6Li and "7Li isotopes to the measurement of neutron and gamma radiation. Various size pairs of "6Li and "7Li based detectors were exposed to mixed neutron and gamma radiation. Experiments demonstrated that these detectors could be used to measure low level neutron radiation in the presence of high level gamma radiation. (author)

2001-06-10

385

Comparison between DNA damage investigated by the ''Comet'' assay and chromosomal damage induced in human lymphocytes by radiation and chemicals

The total radiation rate, angular distribution of the emitted energy and photon correlations of the cooperative spontaneous radiation from two atoms with different resonance frequencies and spontaneous decay rates are calculated. Contrary to the case of two identical atoms oscillations appear in the total radiation rate and the spatial distribution of the total number of emitted photons differs from the single-atom radiation pattern. The effect of the dipole-dipole near-field interaction on the time evolution of the atomic system is discussed. (author).

1986-01-01

386

Comparing two strategies of dynamic intensity modulated radiation therapy (dIMRT) with 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT) in the hypofractionated treatment of high-risk prostate cancer

Short communication.

1995-08-20

387

Cluster-loop structure influence on molybdenum radiation hardening

BackgroundTo compare two strategies of dynamic intensity modulated radiation therapy (dIMRT) with 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT) in the setting of hypofractionated...Full Text Available

388

Characteristics of Radiated Electromagnetic Wave and Partial Discharge in Power XLPE Cable

Results on defect structure study and degree of molybdenum radiation hardening irradiated by fission neutrons and medium energy alpha-particles are presented. It is shown that molybdenum irradiation by alpha-particles and neutrons leads to different degree of material hardening for the same damage level. It is established that molybdenum radiation hardening is mainly defined by radiation defect clusters visible in electron microscope whose coefficient of rigidity depends on their size. 5 refs.; 6 figs.; 2 tabs. (author).

1990-05-22

389

Bulgarian population exposure resulting from diagnostic nuclear-medicine applications

Full Text Available

2004-09-01

390

Behavior study of polyphenols from Maytenus aquifolium due to X and gamma radiations

... populations radiation doses RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS. SOMATICALLY

1980-10-26

391

An Analysis of Vibration and Sound Radiation of Sandwich Panels Using the Rayleigh-Ritz Method

Short communication.

1995-09-03

392

Action of the venom of Apis mellifera and gamma radiation on mammalian cells

Full Text Available

2011-05-01

393

Published in summary form only.

1988-07-01

394

About tachyons

... Part A: The electromagnetic radiation of a charged tachyon. Part B: Some

395

ASE FILE

A Numerical Model of an Edge-clamped Rectangular Plate Based on a Mode Method to Predict Acoustic Radiation Characteristics

radionuclide X-ray fluorescence analysis: the resolving power of the ... The radiation detectors used in radionuclide X-ray fluorescence ...

396

Full Text Available

2011-04-01

397

Theory of edge radiation

Radiative corrections to the atomic levels in a periodic electromagnetic field

We formulate a complete theory of Edge Radiation based on a novel method relying on Fourier Optics techniques. Similar types of radiation like Transition Undulator Radiation are addressed in the framework of the same formalism. Special attention is payed in discussing the validity of approximations upon which the theory is built. Our study makes consistent use of both similarity techniques and comparisons with numerical results from simulation. We discuss both near and far zone. Physical understanding of many asymptotes is discussed. Based on the solution of the field equation with a tensor Green's function technique, we also discuss an analytical model to describe the presence of a vacuum chamber. In particular, explicit calculations for a circular vacuum chamber are reported. Finally, we consider the use of Edge Radiation as a tool for electron beam diagnostics. We discuss Coherent Edge ...

2008-01-01

398

Biological radiation effects

The influence of a periodic electromagnetic field on the radiative corrections to the atomic energy levels is studied for the case of ''strong fields'' for which the interaction between the atom and field is of the order or greater than the radiative effects. The analysis is carried out on the basis of the Schwinger-Dirac equation for the propagation function of a bound electron in the field and on the basis of the density matrix in the Furry representation. It is shown that in the strong field approximation the radiative shifts and widths are manifest as radiative corrections to the quasi-energies. In super-high resolution experiments intensity effects in the radiative corrections to the atomic levels are obtained in the case of single-photon resonance. Some multiphoton processes are condidered by taking into account the effect of the field on ...

1982-12-01

399

A study on the real-time radiation dosimetry measurement system based on optically stimulated luminescence

The stages of processes leading to radiation damage are studied, as well as, the direct and indirect mechanics of its production. The radiation effects on nucleic acid and protein macro moleculas are treated. The physical and chemical factors that modify radiosensibility are analysed, in particular the oxygen effects, the sensibilization by analogues of nitrogen bases, post-effects, chemical protection and inherent cell factors. Consideration is given to restoration processes by excision of injured fragments, the bloching of the excision restoration processes, the restoration of lesions caused by ionizing radiations and to the restoration by genetic recombination. Referring to somatic effects of radiation, the early ones and the acute syndrome of radiation are discussed. The difference of radiosensibility observed in mammalian cells and main observable alterations in tissues and ...

1976-01-01

400

Radiological concepts in radiotherapy

The optically stimulated luminescent (OSL) radiation dosimeter technically surveys a wide dynamic measurement range and a high sensitivity. Optical fiber dosimeters provide capability for remote monitoring of the radiation in the locations which are difficult-to-access and hazardous. In addition, optical fiber dosimeters are immune to electrical and radio-frequency interference. In this paper, a novel remote optical fiber radiation dosimeter is described. The optical fiber dosimeter takes advantage of the charge trapping materials CaS:Ce, Sm that exhibit OSL. The measuring range of the dosimeter is from 0.1 to 100 Gy. The equipment is relatively simple and small in size, and has low power consumption. This device is suitable for measuring the space radiation dose and also can be used in high radiation dose condition and other dangerous radiation occasions. ...

2008-05-01

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

401

Effect of water chemistry improvement on flow accelerated corrosion in light-water nuclear reactor

The atomic explosions in Hiroshima and Nagasaki made the name radiation itself become a nightmare. Notwithstanding this, radiation continued to serve the mankind specially in diagnosis of several human diseases and in the treatment of intractable malignancies. With their latest research tools biologists have now shown a significant shift in the earlier paradigm; even the concept that radiation initiates cancer appears to be no longer tenable. On the contrary, selective radiation doses inhibit growth of cancer cells and radiation in combination with many chemotherapeutic drugs, radiosensitizing chemicals and/or hyperthermia, is emerging as a new modality for cancer treatment which offers high therapeutic advantages. In addition, the deleterious effects of radiation can now be strategically counter poised by the use of many drugs and chemicals. This has been ...

402

The influence of scattered radiation on recording systems and quality-assurance test parameters

Flow Accelerated Corrosion (FAC) of Carbon Steel (CS) piping has been one of main issues in Light-Water Nuclear Reactor (LWRs). Wall thinning of CS piping due to FAC increases potential risk of pipe rupture and cost for inspection and replacement of damaged pipes. In particular, corrosion products generated by FAC of CS piping brought steam generator (SG) tube corrosion and degradation of thermal performance, when it intruded and accumulated in secondary side of PWR. To preserve SG integrity by suppressing the corrosion of CS, High-AVT chemistry (Feedwater pH9.8#+-#0.2) has been adopted to Tsuruga-2 (1160 MWe PWR, commercial operation in 1987) in July 2005 instead of conventional Low-AVT chemistry (Feedwater pH 9.3). By the High-AVT adoption, the accumulation rate of iron in SG was reduced to one-quarter of that under conventional Low-AVT. As a result, a tendency to degradation of the SG thermal efficiency was improved. On the other hand, it ...

2009-10-01

403

The influence of scattered radiation on recording systems and quality-assurance test parameters

Scattered radiation generated in patient and imaging system has to be considered when quality-assurance tests involve dose detection or image-quality estimations. Measurement of automatic-exposure control dose can be altered by backscattering from intensifying screens of more than 10% and the equipment transmission factor can be overestimated up to a factor of 10 when only primary radiation is used. The sensitivity of intensifying screens depends on the angle of incidence of the radiation and so primary and scattered radiation are detected differently. The quality-control aspects of anti-scatter grids are discussed. (author).

1988-02-23

404

Study of emission of Cerenkov radiation by tachyons

Scattered radiation generated in patient and imaging system has to be considered when quality-assurance tests involve dose detection or image-quality estimations. Measurement of automatic-exposure control dose can be altered by backscattering from intensifying screens of more than 10% and the equipment transmission factor can be overestimated up to a factor of 10 when only primary radiation is used. The sensitivity of intensifying screens depends on the angle of incidence of the radiation and so primary and scattered radiation are detected differently. The quality-control aspects of anti-scatter grids are discussed. (author).

405

Somatic radiation risk in X-ray diagnostics

The emission of Cerenkov radiation by tachyons has been examined by using the reduced expansions of superluminal electromagnetic fields in terms of standard helicity representation of Poincare group. It has been shown that the tachyons emit Cerenkov radiation through their coupling only with subluminal electromagnetic fields and that a charged tachyon can emit Cerenkov radiation only in the media in which it travels with a velocity lower than that of light while in the usual medium in which its velocity is more than that of light, it will never emit Cerenkov radiation. (author).

406

Somatic radiation risk in X-ray diagnostics

The authors give a survey of the somatic radiation risk in X-ray diagnostics. A somatic dose index is calculated for different examination methods containing the organ doses to the red bone marrow, the lung, the female breast, and the thyroid gland and evaluating their somatic significance. If this somatic dose index by which the individual radiation risk is described, is multiplied by the examination frequencies per year in the German Federal Republic, one gets the somatically significant dose index, which is a measure of the collective somatic radiation risk. In this sense, mammography has the highest, and dental radiography the lowest collective radiation risk.

1983-12-01

407

Radiation-stimulated diffusion of aerosols

The authors give a survey of the somatic radiation ris in X-ray diagnostics. A somatic dose index is calculated for different examination methods containing the organ doses to the red bone marrow, the lung, the female breast, and the thyroid gland and evaluating their somatic significance. If this somatic dose index by which the individual radiation risk is described, is multiplied by the examination frequencies per year in the German Federal Republic, one gets the somatically significant dose index, which is a measure of the collective somatic radiation risk. In this sense, mammography has the highest, and dental radiography the lowest collective radiation risk. (orig.).

1983-01-01

408

Radiation-induced chemical modification of wood

The diffusion coefficient of particles in radioactive gases has been calculated with account of random wandering of aerosols (occurrence of local fields affecting the particles; recoils accompanying radiation emitted by particles, etc.). To determine the diffusion coefficient, the method of Fokker-Planck equation derivation was used. A formula is presented for calculating the radiation-stimulated diffusion coefficient. A linear growth of the diffusion coefficient with radioactivity is noted according to the formula, the diffusion coefficient is mainly determined by the field in the radiation damage region. The aerosol radioactivity may result in a more rapid deposition of aerosols in the pipelines and aerosol purification systems. The diffusion rate grows not only in the presence of intrinsic radioactivity but in case of external radiation exposure as well.

1984-04-01

409

RADSOLVER: a computer program for calculating spectrally-dependent radiative heat transfer in solar cavity receivers

The results of theoretical and experimental investigations, describing the effect of ionizing radiation on wood and its main components and methods for production of wood-plastic composites by means of radiation-induced chemical modification are generalized. Domestic and foreign experience in their production is systematized; physico-mechanical characteristics of new material, simulation and calculation of irradiating devices, as well as calculation and experimental study of #gamma#-radiation attenuation both by wood material and by wood of different species are given. Gamma sources ("6"0Co isotope, a hot loop of a nuclear reactor) as well as electron accelerators are considered as ionizing radiation sources.

1985-01-01

410

Practice and experience of occupational exposure control in the outages of Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant

RADSOLVER is a computer program which calculates the radiation energy transport in cavity type receivers having an arbitrary number of apertures through which collimated beams of solar radiation enter. In contrast to the common assumption of gray (or semi-gray) surfaces used in the modeling of radiation transport, RADSOLVER accounts for the wavelength-dependence of emission, absorption and reflection with a band model of the radiative properties. It is intended that this report serve both as an instruction manual for the use of the RADSOLVER code and a vehicle for presenting the underlying theory. Illustrative examples along with input and output are presented.

1981-09-01

411

New concepts in risk assessment for patients with radiological treatment

Outage is a specific period of time for radiation protection in a nuclear power plant, in which the radiation risk and collective dose are both at the highest level. In this article, the practice and experience of occupational exposure control in the outages of Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant are introduced through following aspects: early involvement in outage preparation by radiation protection service, control of source term, radiation protection and safety management in the outage implementation processes, the effectiveness of the plant's safety management network and overall involvement of all staffs of the plant, experience feedback and continuous improvement in radiation protection management, etc

2004-05-01

412

Evaluation of the residual radiation field in the proton accelerator facility of the Proton Engineering Frontier Project (PEFP) in Korea

In radiation risk assessment it must be differentiated between somatic and genetic effect on the one hand as well as between stochastic and non-stochastic effect on the other. According to definitions of the ICRP report 26 the limit for the dose equivalent of all tissues prevents non-stochastic radiation effects. With stochastic radiation effects probably exist no threshold doses; therefore the ALARA principle must be applied concerning radiation protection. The individual risk by stochastic radiation effects in its linear, linear-quadratic and quadratic extrapolations, respectively, is discussed in detail. The effective stochastic dose equivalent (H/sub eff/) as well as collective dose and collective damage are outlined.

1986-01-01

413

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

In Korea, the Proton Engineering Frontier Project (PEFP) is building a proton linear accelerator facility with energy up to 100MeV and a beam current of 20mA. In this study, a radiation field after shutdown in the accelerator facility of the PEFP was evaluated for the purpose of the radiation shielding by using MCNPX code. A facility modeling was performed for the accelerator tunnel building, accelerator chain, target rooms and beam experiment hall. And radiation source terms were evaluated in the facility. With this facility, model and radiation source terms, the concentration of 41Ar was evaluated and the cooling time satisfying regulation in Korea was calculated.

2007-01-01

414

Difference between delayed radiation-necroses of the cerebral hemispheres and midline: its bearing in radiation therapy

Decommissioning and dismantling. Examination of the radiation hardening of electronic components. Final report

Delayed cerebral necroses after irradiation are to be divided into hemispheric and midline lesions, as they differ from each other in several aspects. Apart from the symptoms, they are differing in the duration of latency, in the course and prognosis, and also with regard to morphology. Though there is no doubt that radiation tolerance of cerebral midline structures is relatively limited, on biological grounds, evidence of a difference between the tolerated doses could not be given from the existent inhomogeneous radiation data, with the help of the NSD-concept. Radiation planning for the region of the head, nevertheless, carefully should avoid in every case to involve the structures of the cerebral midline.

1980-08-01

415

Comparison and analysis of results of ? radiation level investigation around Daya Bay

Remote-controlled handling systems are required for work to be done in the decommissioning and dismantling of nuclear facilities. These systems are equipped with electronic devices suitable for use in working environments affected by ionizing radiation. The publication explains the step-wise progress achieved for improving the radiation resistance of electronic devices with the example of a four-quadrant controlling device for the motors of a manipulator. The radiation resistance of the device could be enhanced to radiation energies of 5.500 Gy. This means that a manipulator vehicle equipped with this controlling device can take up to approx. 15 kGy all in all, taking into account its own shielding properties. (DG).

416

Biological Research for Radiation Protection

Investigations were carried out of radiation level around Daya Bay for three times since the construction and operation Daya bay Nuclear Power Station and Lingao Nuclear Power Station in Guangdong province in the period of 1988 to 2000. As shown by the investigation, the radiation levels both in the field and indoors remains unchanged by and large but slightly higher than before on the roads. Also this paper gives the analysis of variations in radiation levels form site to site and from time to time. It was shown that, for environmental ? radiation levels measurements, typical measuring sites have significant impact on the meaning results. (authors)

2003-08-01

417

Synchrotron radiation from electron beams in plasma-focusing channels.

The work scope of 'Biological Research for the Radiation Protection' had contained the research about ornithine decarboxylase and its controlling proteins, thioredoxin, peroxiredoxin, S-adenosymethionine decarboxylase, and glutamate decarboxylase 67KD effect on the cell death triggered ionizing radiation and H_2O_2(toxic agents). In this study, to elucidate the role of these proteins in the ionizing radiation (or H_2O_2)-induced apoptotic cell death, we utilized sensesed (or antisensed) cells, which overexpress (or down-regulate) RNAs associated with these proteins biosynthesis, and investigated the effects of these genes on the cytotoxicity caused by ionizing radiation and H_2O_2(or paraquat). We also investigated whether genisteine(or thiamine) may enhance the cytotoxic efficacy of tumor cells caused by ionizing radiation (may enhance the preventing effect ...

418

Somatic and genetic radiation exposure of the patient in digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

Spontaneous radiation emitted from relativistic electrons undergoing betatron motion in a plasma-focusing channel is analyzed, and applications to plasma wake-field accelerator experiments and to the ion-channel laser (ICL) are discussed. Important similarities and differences between a free electron laser (FEL) and an ICL are delineated. It is shown that the frequency of spontaneous radiation is a strong function of the betatron strength parameter a(beta), which plays a role similar to that of the wiggler strength parameter in a conventional FEL. For a(beta) > or approximately 1, radiation is emitted in numerous harmonics. Furthermore, a(beta) is proportional to the amplitude of the betatron orbit, which varies for every electron in the beam. The radiation spectrum emitted from an electron beam is calculated by averaging the single-electron spectrum over the electron distribution. This leads to a ...

2002-05-20

419

Radiation therapy in the treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma

The somatic and genetic radiation exposure of patients undergoing Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) and traditional Film Arteriography (FA) of cranial, cervical, thoracic and abdominal vascular territories are compared. The radiation doses absorbed within the critical organs - red bone marrow, lung, thyroid gland and female breast - and in the gonads were measured using an anthropomorphic Alderson phantom. A Somatic Dose Index was calculated in order to estimate the somatic radiation risk. The somatic radiation exposure depends upon the location of the critical organs with respect to the entrance site of the x-ray beam, and can be reduced by an appropriate choice of the angiographic projection. Under this condition, the radiation exposure of the patient during DSA can be lower than during FA. For renal DSA an a.p. projection, the use of an abdominal compression device and ...

1986-01-01

420

Radiation receiver. Strahlungsempfaenger

The incidence of hilar cholangiocarcinoma is very rare worldwide. Radical resection is the only prognostic factor for long survival in patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Postoperative radiation therapy can improve local control and survival rates for patients with palliative resection, but it remains controversial in patients with radical resection. Biliary drainage can effectively release bile duct obstruction for the majority of patients with locally advanced disease, and may even prolong survival when combined with radiation therapy. Radiation therapy includes extrernal beam therapy alone, external beam therapy with intraluminal brachytheapy and new radiation technique, such as three dimentional conformal therapy and intensity modulated radiation therapy. The propective randomized clinical study is needed for further investigation in the role of combined modality therapy ...

2007-10-01

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

421

Radiation hardening of smart electronics

The purpose of the invention is to improve a radiation receiver, consisting of a hollow body with an opening for the entry of radiation and a ceramic absorber situated in the hollow body, which absorbs the radiation energy entering through the opening, and emits it as thermal radiation to a heat medium, so that a higher efficiency can be achieved. According to the invention, the problem is solved by the fact that the absorber consists of ceramic material on the side towards the solar radiation, which has a low emission value and a high absorption value, and that the side of the absorber towards the heat medium has ceramic material of high emission value and low absorption value. This ensures that reradiation is prevented near the opening of the hollow body, and that the solar energy entering is largely absorbed in the hollow body.

1981-10-01

422

Procedure for radiation dose control in irradiated tissues during electron-beam therapy

Microprocessor based ''smart'' pressure, level, and flow transmitters were tested to determine the radiation hardness of this class of electronic instrumentation for use in reactor building applications. Commercial grade Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuits used in these transmitters were found to fail at total gamma dose levels between 2500 and 10,000 rad. This results in an unacceptably short lifetime in many reactor building radiation environments. Radiation hardened integrated circuits can, in general, provide satisfactory service life for normal reactor operations when not restricted to the extremely low power budget imposed by standard 4--20 mA two-wire instrument loops. The design of these circuits will require attention to vendor radiation hardness specifications, dose rates, process control with respect to radiation hardness factors, and ...

423

Ionizing radiation effect on sealant properties

The invention refers a procedure of radiation dose control in irradiated tissues during electron-beam therapy. It aims at meeting the planned radiation dose for diseased tissues and taking care of the healthy ones. Therefore, the dose distribution required is determined before irradiation in consideration of such factors as energy-dependence of detector sensitivity, self-absorption within the tissue, and relative biological effectiveness. Furthermore, the expected intensity distribution of secondary quantum radiation excited in the irradiated tissue is calculated. A radiation detector for local resolution is used for registration. During irradiation the calculated intensity distribution is compared with the measured one. The invention is applicable in radiation therapy with monoenergetic electron beams.

1984-11-08

424

Compare analysis of efficiency of using of digital and analog regimes of registration of radiation in radiometric systems of radiation thickness measuring

Presented are the investigation results of electrophysical and physico-mechanical properties of KLF-20, Viksint U-4-21, Viksint KT-73, UF-7-21, KG-184, KL-4, KL-16SE-305, VIAT-1 and PPK-21 sealants, irradiated with sources of continuous and pulse #gamma#-radiation, as well as pulse #gamma#-neutron radiation. It is shown that electrophysical and physico-mechanical properties of sealants after irradiation by continuous #gamma#-radiation up to 10"6 doses and pulse gamma-neutron radiation with neutron fluence of 10"1"3 neutron/cm"2 and #gamma#-radiation dose of 10"4R do not practically change. Electric conductivity and tangent of the angle of dielectric losses increase in the process of irradiation. Electric conductivity depends on irradiation type, is proportional to dose rate and does not depend on temperature and pulse duration.

425

Basic mechanisms of radiation effects in the natural space radiation environment

A consideration is given to the problem of selecting optimized methods of radionuclide radiation registration during the control of the objects with essential changes in thickness. Adequate model of information signal formation is developed and analyzed for the case of the existence of an inertial link of the system with the dead time of a noncontinued type. The boundary values of radiation thickness and radiation flux intensity that divide the priority of using either digital or analog registration modes are revealed. The method is found for the full correction of a systematic error of flux intensity measurement because of the dead time of the apparatus. To control the objects with essential variation of thickness the method of selective measurement of radiation intensity is proposed

426

The effects of cosmic radiation on implantable medical devices

Four general topics are covered in respect to the natural space radiation environment: (1) particles trapped by the earth`s magnetic field, (2) cosmic rays, (3) radiation environment inside a spacecraft, (4) laboratory radiation sources. The interaction of radiation with materials is described by ionization effects and displacement effects. Total-dose effects on MOS devices is discussed with respect to: measurement techniques, electron-hole yield, hole transport, oxide traps, interface traps, border traps, device properties, case studies and special concerns for commercial devices. Other device types considered for total-dose effects are SOI devices and nitrided oxide devices. Lastly, single event phenomena are discussed with respect to charge collection mechanisms and hard errors. (GHH)

1994-06-01

427

Packaging materials for use in radiation processing of foods

Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuits, with the benefits of low power consumption, represent the state of the art technology for implantable medical devices. Three significant sources of radiation are classified as having the ability to damage or alter the behavior of implantable electronics; Secondary neutron cosmic radiation, alpha particle radiation from the device packaging and therapeutic doses(up to 70 G{gamma}) of high energy radiation used in radiation oncology. The effects of alpha particle radiation from the packaging may be eliminated by the use of polyimide or silicone rubber die coatings. The relatively low incidence of therapeutic radiation incident on an implantable device and the use of die coating leaves cosmic radiation induced secondary neutron single event upset (SEU) as the main ...

1996-12-31

428

Method and system for determining depth distribution of radiation-emitting material located in a source medium and radiation detector system for use therein

In radiation processing of food, the product often has to be prepackaged to prevent microbial recontamination during and after irradiation. The packaging material is exposed to radiation during radiation processing and radiation stability is a key consideration in the selection of packaging materials. The effects of ionizing radiation on many food packaging materials at the dose levels recommended for food precessing can be minimized by selecting appropriate radiation resistant materials. It is important to select materials in which chemicals formed as a result of the radiation treatment do not migrate and interact with the food, affecting its organoleptic and toxicological aspects. It is also important to select materials in which the physical properties are not altered to the extent they cannot resist damage during commercial production, ...

429

Winter study of power plant effects

A method, system and a radiation detector system for use therein are provided for determining the depth distribution of radiation-emitting material distributed in a source medium, such as a contaminated field, without the need to take samples, such as extensive soil samples, to determine the depth distribution. The system includes a portable detector assembly with an x-ray or gamma-ray detector having a detector axis for detecting the emitted radiation. The radiation may be naturally-emitted by the material, such as gamma-ray-emitting radionuclides, or emitted when the material is struck by other radiation. The assembly also includes a hollow collimator in which the detector is positioned. The collimator causes the emitted radiation to bend toward the detector as rays parallel to the detector axis of the detector. The collimator may be a hollow cylinder ...

2003-03-04

430

Uncertainty estimation and global forecasting with a chemistry-transport model - application to the numerical simulation of air quality; Estimation de l'incertitude et prevision d'ensemble avec un modele de chimie transport - Application a la simulation numerique de la qualite de l'air

As a part of DOE's Meteorological Effects of Thermal Energy Releases (METER) program a field study was undertaken at the Bowen Electric Generating Plant (Plant Bowen) in December 1979. The study was a joint endeavor of Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories (PNL), Pennsylvania State University (PSU), and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) with the main objective of determining the effects of the plant's smokestack effluents on aerosol characteristics and precipitation chemistry. Other objectives included studies of cooling tower temperature and humidity (T/h) plumes and drift drop concentrations. Conducted over a period of three weeks, the study involved an instrumented aircraft, pilot balloons, a tethered balloon system, a dense network of wetfall chemistry collectors and numerous ground- and tower-based meteorological instruments. Rainfall samples collected during the precipitation event of December 13, 1979, revealed ...

1980-10-01

431

The effect of flow-hole structure and water chemistry on scale adhesion at the leading edge of a flow hole in a heat exchanger

The aim of this work is the evaluation of the quality of a chemistry-transport model, not by a classical comparison with observations, but by the estimation of its uncertainties due to the input data, to the model formulation and to the numerical approximations. The study of these 3 sources of uncertainty is carried out with Monte Carlo simulations, with multi-model simulations and with comparisons between numerical schemes, respectively. A high uncertainty is shown for ozone concentrations. To overcome the uncertainty-related limitations, a strategy consists in using the overall forecasting. By combining several models (up to 48) on the basis of past observations, forecasts can be significantly improved. This work has been also the occasion of developing an innovative modeling system, named Polyphemus. (J.S.)

2005-12-15

432

The chemistry of technetium(V) complexes containing tetradentate amine oxime ligands

In the heat exchangers of power plants, scale deposition may occur, especially at the leading edge of contraction. The growth of scale can lead to an increase in pressure and cause oscillation of the water level. In our previous study, the dependence of flow on contraction geometry was analyzed numerically and empirically. It was shown that the contraction ratio of hydraulic diameter of the flow path contributed greatly to the difference in pressure drop and turbulent kinetic energy at the leading edge of the flow path. In this study, the effect of contraction geometry and flow rate on scale adhesion was studied in AVT chemistry at 270degC using a high-velocity scale-adhesion test loop. The differential pressure and the amount of scale deposited due to scale adhesion at the leading edge of the flow path increased more in a quatrefoil-type flow path than in drill-type flow path. The differential pressure and the amount of scale deposited also increased with ...

1999-05-01

433

The chemistry of hydrothermal mounds near the Galapagos Rift

Technetium-99m was previously shown to form a stable, neutral and lipopholic complex with propylene amine oxime, PnAO. This Tc-99m-PnAO complex was shown to efficiently extracted by normal brain. However, it is not sufficiently retained in the brain to image its cerebral distribution using convertional SPECT (single-photon emission computerized tomography) instrumentation. A number of derivatives of PnAO have been synthesized and their technetium-99m complexes have been biologically evaluated. A number of these have been shown to have high brain uptake without exhibiting the rapid cerebral clearance that was observed with Tc-99m-PnAO. To better understand the chemistry of these potential brain imaging agents, a number of technetium-99 complexes of derivatives of PnAO have been synthesized and characterized. Substituents on the tetradentate amine oxime backbone were varied to probe the effect(s) of these structural changes on the properties of the resultant Tc(V) ...

434

Structural transition metal chemistry

Samples dredged from the sediment mounds have a unique chemistry and mineralogy which reveals details of the hydrothermal processes that produce these deposits. The mounds form primarily by deposition of Fe, Mn and Si from hydrothermal fluids which circulate through the basalt crust and the overlying sediments. The Mn, Fe and Si are strongly fractionated in the process; the Fe and Si precipitate within the mounds under slightly reducing conditions as nontronite, while the Mn is deposited as Mn oxyhydroxides at the seawater-sediment interface. The nontronite is exceptionally well crystallized, and contains less than 200 ppm Al. The Mn minerals, todorokite and birnessite, also have exceptional crystallinity and the distribution of trace elements Cu, Ni, Zn, Co, Ca and Ba in these phases agrees with predictions made on the basis of models of their crystal structure. The environment of deposition which produces this suite of minerals - slow percolation of hydrothermal ...

1978-06-01

435

Spattering and Crackle of Hot Cooking Oil with Water: A Classroom Demonstration and Discussion

This thesis is divided up into five chapters as outlined below. Chapter 1 gives the background to the techniques used in this thesis including X-ray structure determination and ab initio methods. An overview of some recent studies using ab initio methods to study transition metal complexes is also given. Chapter 2 investigates structural trans influence in a number of transition metal and p-block complexes. The database and ab initio studies showed that the classical trans influence model based on Pt(II) chemistry does not always hold. For some systems (eg. d sup 1 sup 0 s sup 0 for Sb sup V and Sn sup I sup V) the cis influence is of similar magnitude to the trans influence. For other systems (d sup 0), the trans influence is not as powerful as usually assumed. Chapter 3 is an investigation into the bridging chloride unit. A database study was performed on three systems (M-CI-M', M-CI...H and M-CI...Li/Na/K). Reaction pathway analysis was carried out for the ...

2002-01-01

436

Soil Redox Chemistry Limitation of Selenium Concentration in Carex Species Sedges

Any student that has spent time in the kitchen knows that hot vegetable oil will pop and spatter violently after coming into contact with water such as that on the surface of foods (meat, fish, potatoes, etc.). This well-known effect can be used as an instructional resource to promote cooperative, active, and inquiry-based learning about central concepts of chemistry including boiling point, miscibility, and density of liquids. The starting point of the learning activity is a demonstration of (i) the effect of adding a drop of water to hot (as for cooking) vegetable oil and (ii) the effect of adding a drop of vegetable oil to hot water (near its boiling point). Intermolecular interactions, properties of vegetable oils, and a variety of other topics, such as the importance of other heat points (smoke, flash, and fire) for oils, the fundamental of the crackle test for checking the presence of water in oil, and why an oil fire (for example in a kitchen) never should ...

2009-11-01

437

Radionuclide adsorption characteristics around coastal water

The trace element selenium (Se) is required in the production of enzymes that protect mammalian cells from oxidative damage due to the byproducts of aerobic respiration. Its deficiency in livestock results in the nutritional muscular dystrophy called white muscle disease. This especially affects juveniles in the preweaning period. Symptoms have also been reported in wild herbivores on low-Se forage, and their appearance may be episodic, suggesting temporal variations in Se uptake by plants. Here, we report variations in selenium concentrations in Carex spp. sedges used as forage by bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) on summer range in the Wyoming, Wind River Mountains, and correlate those variations with soil conditions that affect the bioavailability of selenium. Variations in available Se are explained based upon the known oxidation/reduction chemistry of the element. It is concluded that water-saturated, alpine soils provide conditions suitable for the reduction of ...

2007-09-01

438

Radionuclide adsorption characteristics around coastal water

The adsorption capacity of radionuclides onto suspended sediment was experimented on each of the coastal seawater sampled around the Kori and the Wolsung nuclear power plant. During the experiment the quantity and size fraction of suspended sediment were adjusted and the seawater and sediment chemistry is approximated to the expected field condition. Because the sorption capacity depends on the specific minerals, ocean chemistry and radionuclide involved, it is necessary to analyze sediment mineralogy. Clay mineral is dominant in seabed mineral and suspended sediment as the result of x-ray diffraction. Radionuclide sorbed to silty-clay mineral can be rather transported to ocean than scavenged to seabed because of low quantity and fine grained suspended sediment in the coast around the Kori and the Wolsung. The result of adsorption examinations shows that {sup 139}Ce and {sup 51}Cr and {sup 110m}Ag are strongly sorbed to suspended particle, ...

1999-07-01

439

Plasma chemistry in wire chambers

The adsorption capacity of radionuclides onto suspended sediment was experimented on each of the coastal seawater sampled around the Kori and the Wolsung nuclear power plant. During the experiment the quantity and size fraction of suspended sediment were adjusted and the seawater and sediment chemistry is approximated to the expected field condition. Because the sorption capacity depends on the specific minerals, ocean chemistry and radionuclide involved, it is necessary to analyze sediment mineralogy. Clay mineral is dominant in seabed mineral and suspended sediment as the result of x-ray diffraction. Radionuclide sorbed to silty-clay mineral can be rather transported to ocean than scavenged to seabed because of low quantity and fine grained suspended sediment in the coast around the Kori and the Wolsung. The result of adsorption examinations shows that "1"3"9Ce and "5"1Cr and "1"1"0"mAg are strongly sorbed to suspended particle, while ...

1999-11-04

440

Modeling grain size during hot deformation of IN 718

The phenomenology of wire chamber aging is discussed and fundamentals of proportional counters are presented. Free-radical polymerization and plasma polymerization are discussed. The chemistry of wire aging is reviewed. Similarities between wire chamber plasma (>1 atm dc-discharge) and low-pressure rf-discharge plasmas, which have been more widely studied, are suggested. Construction and use of a system to allow study of the plasma reactions occurring in wire chambers is reported. A proportional tube irradiated by an {sup 55}Fe source is used as a model wire chamber. Condensable species in the proportional tube effluent are concentrated in a cryotrap and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Several different wire chamber gases (methane, argon/methane, ethane, argon/ethane, propane, argon/isobutane) are tested and their reaction products qualitatively identified. For all gases tested except those containing methane, use of hygroscopic filters to ...

1990-05-01

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

441

Local and regional ozone production: Chemistry and transport

Aerospace gas turbine disks operate in an environment of relatively high stresses caused by centrifugal forces and elevated temperatures. These severe conditions necessitate the need for materials with high temperature strength and good low cycle fatigue resistance. One class of alloys used for this task is the nickel base superalloys, out of which, IN 718 is the most widely used in the aerospace industry. The properties of IN 718 are attributed to the combined effects of the chemistry, heat treatment, and microstructure. The chemistry is tailored not only for solid solution strengthening but also for precipitation hardening developed during heat treatment, which combined with a fine grained microstructure lead to excellent mechanical properties such as low cycle fatigue resistance and elevated temperature strength. The properties of a gas turbine disk are sensitive to the microstructure, in particular the grain size, which is dependent on the ...

1999-12-17

442

Integration of advanced nuclear materials separation processes

The EUROTRAC sub-project ''Tropospheric Ozone Research'' (TOR) follows a dual strategy: - Observation of the chemical processes contributing to the oxygen balance directly in the atmosphere; - Establishment of a validated data base for model calculations. Both tasks require simultaneous measurements of a wide range of chemical and meteorological components. In the case of the investigation of the chemical processes, it is also desirable to measure the free radicals directly involved in ozone production. In the project described, a measuring station was set up. For a period of two years and a half, continuous measurements were made of ozone and its chemical precursors (NO, NO_2, NO_y, VOC, CO), as well as other photooxidants (H_2O_2 and organic hydroperoxides, organic nitrates), the photolysis frequency of NO_2, and meteorological parameters (wind, temperature, moisture, aerosols). The station was located on the Schauinsland mountain in the southern Black Forest, at the edge of the ...

443

Efforts intensify to convert methane to fuels directly

This is the final report of a two-year, Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) project at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). This project has examined the fundamental chemistry of plutonium that affects the integration of hydrothermal technology into nuclear materials processing operations. Chemical reactions in high temperature water allow new avenues for waste treatment and radionuclide separation.Successful implementation of hydrothermal technology offers the potential to effective treat many types of radioactive waste, reduce the storage hazards and disposal costs, and minimize the generation of secondary waste streams. The focus has been on the chemistry of plutonium(VI) in solution with carbonate since these are expected to be important species in the effluent from hydrothermal oxidation of Pu-containing organic wastes. The authors investigated the structure, solubility, and stability of the key plutonium complexes. ...

1998-12-31

444

Effects of extreme pressure additive chemistry on rolling element bearing surface durability

Until now the assumption has been that synthesis gas - mixtures of carbon monoxide and hydrogen - would be the principal source for many of the chemicals and fuels to be made via C/sub 1/ chemistry. Efforts to make cheap synthesis gas continue. But the pressure to circumvent the stranglehold that OPEC has on petroleum has caused other avenues to be explored. The current oversupply of natural gas offers an interim solution to the problem of nonpetroleum alternate source materials for C/sub 1/ chemicals production. The paper discusses the constraints and advantages of four processes: conventional steam reforming, steam reforming with oxygen secondary, partial oxidation, and catalytic partial oxidation. The end product in all cases is methanol. Direct use of methanol as a fuel has encountered numerous difficulties. conversion of methanol is, thus, of more immediate interest in C/sub 1/ chemistry. The Mobil MTG process and its second-generation ...

1987-06-01

445

Development of gamma-emitting, receptor binding radiotracers for imaging the brain and pancreas

Lubricant additives have been known to affect rolling element bearing surface durability for many years. Tapered roller bearings were used in fatigue testing of lubricants formulated with gear oil type additive systems. These systems have sulfur- and phosphoruscontaining compounds used for gear protection as well as bearing lubrication. Several variations of a commercially available base additive formulation were tested having modified sulfur components. The variations represent a range of ''active'' extreme pressure (EP) chemistries. The bearing fatigue test results were compared with respect to EP formulation and test conditions. Inner ring near-surface material in selected test bearings was evaluated on two scales: the micrometer scale using optical metallography and the nanometer scale using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Focused-ion beam (FIB) techniques were used for TEM specimen preparation. Imaging and chemical ...

2007-08-01

446

This progress report covers period from Nov. 1, 1989 to Aug. 31, 1990. The long term objective was to develop receptor-binding radiotracers for SPECT or PET imaging of CNS or peripheral nervous system. The specific chemistry aims, as understood on the basis of past findings, were: to synthesize and develop a more polar analogs of 4IQNB, possessing similar binding characteristics but eliminated more rapidly from the surrounding tissues and the target organ, to design a method of introducing a technetium chelating group onto a molecule or cholinergic agent without drastic lowering of its apparent affinity, to synthesize and develop radiotracers based on m-AChR antagonists selective for one of the subtypes of the receptor. The chemistry service aims were to prepare and characterize (R,R)- and (R,S)-4IQNB and derivatives, to provide the triazene intermediate to other investigators, and to provide ({sup 123}I)4IQNB for in vivo imaging. The ...

1990-01-01

447

Chemistry of flames

Cell behaviour on chemically microstructured surfaces

Combustion scientists are primarily concerned with the fuels most often burned as energy sources (coal, petroleum products, and natural gas), with the goal of learning to burn them as efficiently, intensely, and cleanly as possible. Discovering those slight rearrangements of chemical bonds that together account for the net chemical transformation is the key to understanding how combustion proceeds. Once these reactions have been defined, the chemist can determine the rate coefficient of each reaction as a function of temperature and assemble the information into flame models. The computer programs that use these models to predict experimental results combine two sets of equations describing (1) the diffusive and reactive rates of change in concentration of all the molecules in the flame and (2) the flow of the reacting gases. Although the details of hydrocarbon-flame models are still disputed, many of their general features are clear and the basic reactions well-known; computer models ...

1982-02-01

448

Brine chemistry and control of adverse chemical reactions with natural gas production. Annual report, January-December 1986

Micropatterned surfaces with different chemical topographies were synthesised in order to investigate the influence of surface chemistry and topography on cell behaviour. The microstructured materials were synthesised by photoimmobilising natural Hyaluronan (Hyal) and its sulphated derivative (HyalS), both adequately functionalised with a photorective moiety, on glass substrates. Four different grating patterns (10, 25, 50 and 100 {mu}m) were used to pattern the hyaluronan. The micropatterned samples were analysed by Secondary Ions Mass Spectrometry, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy to investigate the chemistry and the topography of the surfaces. The spectroscopic and microscopic analysis of the microstructured surfaces revealed that the photoimmobilisation process was successful, demonstrating that the photomask patterns were well reproduced on the sample surface. The influence of chemical topographies on the cell ...

2003-03-03

449

Brine chemistry and control of adverse chemical reactions with natural gas production. Annual report, January-December 1984

Monitoring brine chemistry to determine the extent of potential adverse reactions has been simplified by the development of a field-brine test kit and a series of nomographs. Results of the kit analyses serve as input to the nomographs, which provide a graphic means of determining the scaling tendency (Saturation Index value) of a brine. Brines that do not tend to form scale may be corrosive. Saturation Index values were correlated with various processes using data from geopressured wells in the Gulf Coast area. Control of scale in surface equipment with chemical inhibitors has been successful. Numerous laboratory simulations of inhibitor squeeze operations were completed using core material with calcite present and absent. The corresponding wells were squeezed with phosphorous-containing inhibitors, and the flowback of brine was monitored for phosphorous concentrations vs time. A new procedure to measure the concentration of phosphorous-containing inhibitors down ...

1987-01-01

450

Boiler and HRSG tube failures. Lesson 2. Corrosion fatigue

Monitoring brine chemistry to determine the extent of potential adverse reactions was simplified by the development of a field brine test kit and a series of nomographs. Results of the kit analyses serve as input to the nomographs, which provide a graphic means of determining the scaling tendency (Saturation Index value) of a brine. Brines that do not tend to form scale may be corrosive. Saturation Index values have been correlated with various processes using data from geopressured wells in the Gulf Coast area. Control of scale in surface equipment of geopressured wells by chemical inhibitors has been successful. Downhole treatment with inhibitors to prevent scale formation in the production tubing is being investigated. Laboratory simulations indicate that an inhibitor squeeze treatment may be successful at the Gladys McCall No. 1 well. Inhibitor mixtures exhibit additive behavior at minimum concentration levels; however, behavior at maximum concentration may ...

1985-01-01

451

Biological responses to the chemical recovery of acidified fresh waters in the UK

Fatigue damage occurs in general when a boiler tube is subject to repeat cyclic or fluctuating loading although the stress produced is below the material yield strength. The types of fatigue damage include, e.g., corrosion, thermal, mechanical, vibration, and creep fatigue. It is important to determine which form of fatigue is active, because measures to avoid repeat failures differ as the case arises. In this lesson, the focus is exclusively on corrosion fatigue. Corrosion fatigue occurs by the combined synergistic actions of cyclic loading and a corrosive environment. It is a discontinuous process with crack initiation and growth during transient periods. The excessive stresses may be caused during boiler operation by the restraint at tube attachments and by load changes (in particular during cold starts or forced cools) or during shutdown or restart of circulation boilers by thermal stratification of water along the tube length. Poor water chemistry and its ...

2009-10-15

452

Assembly of Linear Nano-Chains from Iron Oxide Nanospheres with Asymmetric Surface Chemistry

We report biological changes at several UK Acid Waters Monitoring Network lakes and streams that are spatially consistent with the recovery of water chemistry induced by reductions in acid deposition. These include trends toward more acid-sensitive epilithic diatom and macroinvertebrate assemblages, an increasing proportional abundance of macroinvertebrate predators, an increasing occurrence of acid-sensitive aquatic macrophyte species, and the recent appearance of juvenile (<1 year old) brown trout in some of the more acidic flowing waters. Changes are often shown to be directly linked to annual variations in acidity. Although indicative of biological improvement in response to improving water chemistry, 'recovery' in most cases is modest and very gradual. While specific ecological recovery endpoints are uncertain, it is likely that physical and biotic interactions are influencing the rate of recovery of certain groups of organisms at ...

2005-09-01

453

Application of neutron diffraction in chemistry. Pt. 2

Besides the multifunctionality, another equally important aspect of nanoparticles is their engineerability to control the geometrical and chemical properties during fabrication. In this work, we exploited this aspect to define asymmetric surface chemistry of an iron oxide nanosphere by controlling the topology of ligand expression on its surface resulting in a particle with two faces, one displaying only amines and the other only thiols. Specifically, amine-functionalized iron oxide nanospheres were attached on a solid support via a crosslinker containing a disulfide bridge. Liberation of the nanosphere using thiolytic cleavage created thiols on the portion of the particle's surface that interacted with the solid support. Employing a solid-phase strategy and a step-by-step addition of particles, the two unique faces on the same nanosphere served as fittings to assemble them into linear nano-chains. Assembly of chains with various lengths and aspect ratios was ...

2011-01-06

454

[Somatic radiation risk in conventional tomography of the skull and thorax].

This article provides a survey of neutron scattering experiments in condensed matter research, which are of interest to chemistry. The theoretical background has been treated in a previous issue. The present article consists of two parts. The first part exhibits the range of experimental possibilities by means of a few selected examples. The starting point is classical neutron diffraction by which the position of atomic nuclei may be determined. Additional information on the spatial distribution in the outer electron shells may be obtained via combined X-ray/neutron-diffraction experiments or via the diffraction of polarized neutrons. Progress in instrumentation, due to the development of more intense sources, has influenced especially the fields of small angle scattering and spectroscopy. The second part features domains of research of current interest, where a combination of several neutron scattering techniques may prove to be necessary. Thus, the kinetics of ...

1982-01-01

455

[Malignant transformation of human fibroblasts by neutrons and by gamma radiation: Relationship to mutations induced

The somatically significant dose index can be considered as a measure for the somatic radiation risk to which the population is exposed. Figures are stated for conventional tomography of the skull and thorax. These are compared with the corresponding data for other x-ray examinations, especially computerised tomography. PMID:7134769

1982-10-01

456

X-ray dose enhancement effects

A brief overview if provided of selected reports presented at the International Symposium on Molecular Mechanisms of Radiation- and Chemical Carcinogen-Induced Cell Transformation held at Mackinac Island, Michigan on September 19-23, 1993.

1993-12-31

457

What Parents Should Know about Medical Radiation Safety in Interventional Radiology

A brief description of the physical process of dose enhancement effects produced by X-ray radiation on materials is given, with emphasis on the influence on electronic devices. The damages caused by X-ray radiation dose enhancement is more serious than that of #gamma#-ray with higher energy.

458

Variation in the Definition of Clinical Target Volumes for Pelvic Nodal Conformal Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer

... Amount Background Radiation Blood vessel central line, PICC (peripherally inserted central catheter) or port placement, simple 0.4 mSv ...

459

The use of EPID-measured leaf sequence files for IMRT dose reconstruction in adaptive radiation therapy

PurposeWe conducted a comparative study of Clinical Target Volume (CTV) definition of pelvic lymph nodes by multiple GU radiation oncologists looking at the levels...Full Text Available

2009-06-01

460

The relationship of time and space

For intensity modulated radiation treatment (IMRT) dose reconstruction, multileaf collimator (MLC) log files have been shown applicable for deriving delivered fluence maps. However, MLC log files are...Full Text Available

2008-11-01

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

461

Terminal-differential algorithm for identification of local non homogeneity in article

We show that, in addition to radiation travelling at the speed of light, QED theory predicts a second type of radiation with an infinite velocity. We also show that charge, as it appears in the Dirac equation, may have a triune nature.

2004-01-01

462

Targeted nanoparticles that deliver a sustained, specific release of paclitaxel to irradiated tumors

Terminal-differential algorithm for identification of local nonhomogeneities in items under control is developed on the basis of measurements of X-ray or gamma-radiation weakening. The algorithm may be applied by developing radiation schemes of nondestructive control, identifying inadmissible inclusions in the object under study

463

Somatic radiation risk in conventional tomography of the skull and thorax

To capitalize on the response of tumor cells to ionizing radiation, we developed a controlled-release nanoparticle drug delivery system using a targeting peptide that recognizes a radiation-induced...Full Text Available

2010-06-01

464

Somatic radiation risk in conventional tomography of the skull and thorax

The somatically significant dose index can be considered as a measure for the somatic radiation risk to which the population is exposed. Figures are stated for conventional tomography of the skull and thorax. These are compared with the corresponding data for other X-ray examinations, especially computerised tomography.

1982-10-01

465

Simvastatin ameliorates radiation enteropathy development after localized, fractionated irradiation by a protein C-independent mechanism

The somatically significant dose index can be considered as a measure for the somatic radiation risk to which the population is exposed. Figures are stated for conventional tomography of the skull and thorax. These are compared with the corresponding data for other X-ray examinations, especially computerised tomography. (orig.).

1982-01-01

466

Shield-verification survey of a large hot cell at the FFTF

BackgroundMicrovascular injury plays a key role in normal tissue radiation responses. Statins, in addition to their lipid-lowering effects, have vasculoprotective...Full Text Available

2007-08-01

467

Radiative transfer in a solar absorbing particle laden flow

This paper describes a radiation shield verification survey of a large hot cell at the Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF). The following aspects of the shield test are discussed: description of the FFTF; description of the hot cell; the test procedures; radiation protection, and the test results.

1980-01-01

468

Radiation, adriamycin, and skin reactions: effects of radiation and drug fractionation, hyperthermia, and tetracycline. [X rays

A possible receiver configuration is a cavity in which a falling sheet of solid particles is directly irradiated by the concentrated solar flux passing through the aperture. Regardless of the particular geometry, the radiative transfer within the falling particle curtain must be studied in order to determine the net radiative heating rate for the particles. A discrete ordinate radiative transfer model has been developed to predict the radiative coupling within the falling particle curtain. The model determines how much energy is absorbed by the particles, how much is transmitted to the rear wall of the receiver, and determines the effects of particle scattering and thermal emission on the net radiation absorbed by the particles. The model accounts for the directional nature of the radiation field, particle scattering, and the wavelength dependence of the optical ...

1985-11-01

469

Radiation risks for medical applications

The effect of adriamycin in combination with radiation on the skin reactions of mouse feet has been examined under a variety of experimental conditions including: (a) hyperthermic treatment of the foot immediately following adriamycin administration, with the former given either just before or just after x irradiation, and (b) fractionated treatments of drug and radiation in a variety of sequences over an 18-day period. In the case of the most severe hyperthermic treatment, no increased radiation reactions were observed in the presence of adriamycin. However, in the case of the less severe hyperthermic treatment a small but significant increase in skin reactions was observed. In the study of fractionated drug and radiation treatments, an enhancement of reaction in those animals receiving combined modality treatment over those receiving radiation alone was seen in those groups where ...

1981-06-01

470

Radiation inactivation target size of rat adipocyte glucose transporters in the plasma membrane and intracellular pools

The achievements made in the field of radiation protection over the past 20 years are outlined. Risk analysis as applied to medicine is considered and genetic significant doses, genetic risks, somatic effective doses and somatic risks are discussed. (C.F.).

1980-05-31

471

Radiation decontamination of dry food ingredients and processing aids

The in situ assembly states of the glucose transport carrier protein in the plasma membrane and in the intracellular (microsomal) storage pool of rat adipocytes were assessed by studying radiation-induced inactivation of the D-glucose-sensitive cytochalasin B binding activities. High energy radiation inactivated the glucose-sensitive cytochalasin B binding of each of these membrane preparations by reducing the total number of the binding sites without affecting the dissociation constant. The reduction in total number of binding sites was analyzed as a function of radiation dose based on target theory, from which a radiation-sensitive mass (target size) was calculated. When the plasma membranes of insulin-treated adipocytes were used, a target size of approximately 58,000 daltons was obtained. For adipocyte microsomal membranes, we obtained target sizes of approximately 112,000 and 109,000 daltons prior ...

1987-06-15

472

Prevention and treatment of functional and structural radiation injury in the rat heart by pentoxifylline and alpha-tocopherol

Radiation decontamination of dry ingredients, herbs and enzyme preparations is a technically feasible, economically viable and safe physical process. The procedure is direct, simple, requires no additives and is highly efficient. Its dose requirement is moderate. Radiation doses of 3-10 kGy (0.3-1 mrad) have proved sufficient to reduce the viable counts to a satisfactory level. Ionising radiations do not cause any significant rise in temperature. The flavour, texture or other important technological or sensory properties of most ingredients are not influenced at radiation doses necessary for satisfactory decontamination, and radiation obviates the chemical residue problem. The microflora surviving radiation decontamination of dry ingredients are more susceptible to subsequent antimicrobial treatments. Recontamination can be prevented as the product can be ...

473

Photosynthetic Response of Seagrasses to Ultraviolet-A Radiation and the Influence of Visible Light Intensity ¹

PurposeRadiation-induced heart disease (RIHD) is a severe side effect of thoracic radiotherapy. This study examined the effects of PTX and α-tocopherol on...Full Text Available

2008-09-01

474

Parallel Evolution of a Type IV Secretion System in Radiating Lineages of the Host-Restricted Bacterial Pathogen Bartonella

Inhibition of photosynthesis by ultraviolet-A radiation (UV-A, 315-380 nanometers) was examined in three marine angiosperms: Halophila engelmannii Aschers, Halodule wrightii...Full Text Available

1982-02-01

475

Investigation of the radiological safety concerns and medical history of the late Joseph T. Harding, former employee of the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant

Adaptive radiation is the rapid origination of multiple species from a single ancestor as the result of concurrent adaptation to disparate environments. This fundamental evolutionary process is considered...Full Text Available

2011-02-01

476

Inhibited spontaneous emission by a Rydberg atom

An ex-employee's claims that inadequate enforcement of radiation safety regulations allowed excess radiation exposure thereby causing his deteriorating health was not substantiated by a thorough investigation.

1981-03-01

477

Induction of tumors by screening mammography

Spontaneous radiation by an atom in a Rydberg state is inhibited by use of parallel conducting planes to eliminate the vacuum modes at the transition frequency. Spontaneous radiation emission is observed to turn off abruptly at the cutoff frequency of the waveguidelike structure, and the natural lifetime is measured to increase by a factor of at least 20.

1985-11-11

478

Image-based modeling of tumor shrinkage in head and neck radiation therapy1

Somatic radiation doses are recognized to be possible factors of carcinogenesis. In correctly performed mammography, however, even as screening test, the radiation dose does not reach such an order of magnitude that the benefit of the procedure as to prevention of breast cancer is called into question.

1983-01-01

479

Further assessment of the effects of occupational radiation exposure in the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority mortality study.

Purpose: Understanding the kinetics of tumor growth∕shrinkage represents a critical step in quantitative assessment of therapeutics and realization of adaptive radiation therapy....Full Text Available

2010-05-01

480

Fragment condensation of peptides on teflon with radiationally grafted polystyrene

The United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority mortality study was designed to investigate the relation between exposure to ionising radiation and mortality among the authority's employees. The present...Full Text Available

1987-03-01

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481

Fragment condensation of peptides on teflon with radiationally grafted polystyrene

In the synthesis of the peptidyl-polymer corresponding to the sequence (57-100) of the ..beta.. chain of human hemoglobin on Teflon with radiationally grafted polystyrene a comparative study was made of different methods of fragment condensation. It was shown that the most effective methods are azide condensation and condensation with the use of complex F.

1986-12-10

482

Flashlamp radiation recycling for enhanced pumping efficiency and reduced thermal load

In the synthesis of the peptidyl-polymer corresponding to the sequence (57-100) of the #beta# chain of human hemoglobin on Teflon with radiationally grafted polystyrene a comparative study was made of different methods of fragment condensation. It was shown that the most effective methods are azide condensation and condensation with the use of complex F.

483

Epidemiological survey of the effects of low level radiation dose: a comparative assessment

A method for recycling laser flashlamp radiation in selected wavelength ranges to decrease thermal loading of the solid state laser matrix while substantially maintaining the pumping efficiency of the flashlamp.

1989-01-01

484

Electron spin resonance studies of radiation effects in biological materials. An assessment of current and future research

This volume presents the collations tables of a six volume comparative epidemiological survey of the effects of low level radiation dose. Data are collated for the effects observed in the following irradiated groups:- Preconception irradiation, intra-uterine irradiation, childhood irradiation, adult irradiation. (UK).

1993-10-01

485

Effects of small doses of ionizing radiation on human health

Electron spin resonance spectroscopy can provide a powerful approach to the study of radiation effects in biological materials. This memorandum gives an overview of current and future research. (author).

1987-06-01

486

Effects of small doses of ionizing radiation on human health

The risks to human health from small doses of ionizing radiation raise questions which remain largely unanswered. This paper begins by explaining the historical background to this subject; it goes on to discuss recent developments and concludes with a personal view of the dose-reponse relationship. (author).

1997-12-01

487

EPR dosimetry in chemically treated fingernails

The risks to human health from small doses of ionizing radiation raise questions which remain largely unanswered. This paper begins by explaining the historical background to this subject; it goes on to discuss recent developments and concludes with a personal view of the dose-reponse relationship. (author).

1997-01-01

488

Differential Gene Expression in Primary Human Skin Keratinocytes and Fibroblasts in Response to Ionizing Radiation

By using EPR measurements of radiation-induced radicals it is possible to utilize human fingernails to estimate radiation dose after-the-fact. One of the potentially limiting factors in this...Full Text Available

2007-08-01

489

Current Role and Future Perspectives of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Radiation Oncology for Prostate Cancer

Although skin is usually exposed during human exposures to ionizing radiation, there have been no thorough examinations of the transcriptional response of skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes...Full Text Available

2009-07-01

490

Cellular Senescence, Radiation Damage to Mitochondria, and the Compensatory Response in Ripening Pear Fruits ¹

Prostatic neoplasms are not uniformly distributed within the prostate volume. With recent developments in three-dimensional intensity-modulated and imageguided radiation therapy, it is possible to treat...Full Text Available

2007-06-01

491

CRC handbook of management of radiation protection programs

A compensatory response, viz. in vivo recovery from radiation damage to mitochondria, occurs in preclimacteric pear fruits (Pyrus communis L.) treated with ionizing...Full Text Available

1968-07-01

492

Annealing behavior of radiation damages in metal-silicides

This guidebook organizes the profusion of rules and regulations surrounding radiation protection into a single-volume reference. Employee and public protection, accident prevention, and emergency preparedness are included in this comprehensive coverage. Whenever possible, information is presented in convenient checklists, tables, or outlines that enable you to locate information quickly.

1986-01-01

493

A study of the effects of scattered radiation on radiographic quality and methods of elimination of such radiation

The annealing behavior of the radiation damage in epitaxial Pd_2Si and NiSi_2 films on Si, due to the implantation of 100 keV Ar ions, is investigated by using the channeling technique with "4He ions. (U.K.).

494

A frequency-based approach to locate common structure for 2D-3D intensity-based registration of setup images in prostate radiotherapy

Many mechanical parts are subjected to stresses and strains that may eventually lead to their failure. In order to prevent the costly delays associated with equipment down-time, many parts have to be tested for weaknesses and defects when machinery is constructed or dismantled for maintenance. These procedures are known as Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) methods. Five types of non-destructive testing methods routinely used are radiographic testing, ultrasonic testing, magnetic particle inspection, liquid penetrant testing and eddy current testing. Out of these five techniques industrial radiography plays an important role in non-destructive testing to reveal interior defects in materials. In radiography almost two-thirds of the radiation reaching the film is scattered radiation which does not form the image of defects. Scattered radiation generated inside and outside a material has a very large effect on sensitivity of flaw ...

1998-02-01

495

5 - NASA Technical Reports Server

In many radiotherapy clinics, geometric uncertainties in the delivery of 3D conformal radiation therapy and intensity modulated radiation therapy of the prostate are reduced by aligning the...Full Text Available

2007-07-01

496

20th century and radiation accidents; O seculo XX e os acidentes nucleares

The mission includes a reflected solar instrument retrieving at-sensor .... incoming solar radiation. This direct aerosol radiative forcing (DARF) ... examining the behavior of geosynchronous rocket bodies and non-stabilized payloads as ...

497