CERN Document Server

We propose a mechanism to explain what occurs when a mixture of grains of different sizes and different shapes (i.e. different repose angles) is poured into a quasi-two-dimensional cell. Specifically, we develop a model that displays spontaneous stratification of the large and small grains in alternating layers. We find that the key requirement for stratification is a difference in the repose angles of the two pure species, a prediction confirmed by experimental findings. We also identify a kink mechanism that appears to describe essential aspects of the dynamics of stratification.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The advent of carbon nanotubes, which are graphite layers convoluted in cylinders several nanometers in diameter and several micrometers in length, as well as the experiments on implanting metal atoms in such tubes open the way to producing nanoconductors and other materials with unique properties. For theorists, the basic challenge is interpreting and predicting the structure and properties of these systems. The linearized augmented-plane-wave method (LAPW) is one of the most accurate methods in the theory of the electronic structure of solids. A generalization of this method for quasi-two-dimensional systems, surface electronic states, and layered crystals is known. The LAPW theory for quasi-unidimensional systems, which exhibit translational symmetry in one direction, has been absent thus far. In this paper, the authors suggest a version of such a theory and use this method to calculate the electronic structure of carbyne (a linear chain of carbon atoms) and ...

CERN Document Server

We review the interplay of frustration and strong electronic correlations in quasi-two-dimensional organic charge transfer salts, such as k-(BEDT-TTF)_2X and Et_nMe_{4-n}Pn[Pd(dmit)2]2. These two forces drive a range of exotic phases including spin liquids, valence bond crystals, pseudogapped metals, and unconventional superconductivity. Of particular interest is that in several materials there is a direct transition as a function of pressure from a spin liquid Mott insulating state to a superconducting state. Experiments on these materials raise a number of profound questions about the quantum behaviour of frustrated systems, particularly the intimate connection between spin liquids and superconductivity. Insights into these questions have come from a wide range of theoretical techniques including first principles electronic structure, quantum many-body theory and quantum field theory. In this review we introduce the basic ideas of the field by discussing a simple ...

KoreaScience (Korea)

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CERN Document Server

Thermal and Electromigration-Induced Strains in Polycrystalline Films and Conductor Lines

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The electrogeometric model cannot consider the influence of some parameters on the screening of the wire conductor of the H.V. lines. For analysing the influence of these parameters (the conductor potential, the influence of the distance from phase conductor to earth wire, the influence of the reducing factor of the striking earth distance, the earth slope, etc.), the Monte Carlo method is preferable. The influence of the earth slope on the screening effect of the wire conductor for different conditions is presented in this paper. (author)

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The electric explosion of a conductor being part of an electric cable is studied. It is ascertained that the electric properties of a polymeric dielectric depend nonlinearly on the maintenance of the ultradisperse metal filler. In the course of the numerous heating-cooling processes of an insulator, a streamlining of the structure of a polymeric composite occurs.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The flow of current inside a conductor leads to its overheating. This conductor is also submitted to other climatic phenomena, such as wind, sun light and ambient temperature. The knowledge of this overheating is important to ensure a functioning temperature compatible with the materials used for the conductor manufacturing and with the dip of overhead power lines above the ground and buildings. On the other hand, according to the Laplace works, the flow of current inside parallel conductors induces electromagnetic forces inside them, proportional to the product of currents in both conductors. In the case of short-circuit between aerial power lines or between flexible cables, electrodynamical stresses (traction and flexion) are applied to insulators and holders and important swinging of the lines can be observed. These stresses can be extremely important and must be considered in ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The magnitude of electric and magnetic fields around a high voltage three-phase transmission line was studied. A three-phase transmission circuit with parallel conductors produces rotating elliptic electric and magnetic fields. This study investigated the optimum arrangement of the phase conductors to minimize the maximum value of the magnetic flux density and to minimize the intensity of the resultant electric field. Two different types of high voltage double circuit transmission lines of 400 kV were considered. The optimum arrangement of the phase conductors was determined. It was concluded that the optimum arrangement can be easily applied to already constructed high voltage transmission lines by properly interchanging the phase conductors at the substations. 10 refs., 1 tab., 4 figs.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The results of finite element calculations detailing the interactions of eddy currents with fine collinear slots in nonferromagnetic and ferromagnetic conductors are presented. These are applicable to both remote field eddy current inspection tools and conventional reflected impedance eddy current probes. The calculations show that, while fine slots have little interaction with collinear induced currents in nonferromagnetic conductors, there are much larger effects in ferromagnetic conductors. This is due to magnetic field interactions. The term eddy current inspection' is therefore somewhat restrictive and the much broader term electromagnetic inspection' is proposed.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The proposed Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) in the US and plans for a Large Hadron Collider LHC at CERN are likely to require micron size filaments to reduce micron size filaments to reduce magnetization effects at the low injection fields envisioned. Superconductors of NbTi, designed to meet these requirements, are described. These conductors contain from 6000 to 36,613 filaments. Results are presented on NbTi conductors made by multiple extrusion techniques. Filament sizes of between 2.2 and 17 micron have been obtained. Current densities of between 2400 A/mm"2 and nearly 3400 A/mm"2 at 5 Tesla have been achieved. Metallurgical aspects of these conductors are presented using both optical and SEM views of conductor cross section and filament surface.

Science.gov (United States)

ing materials were ASARCO, 59 purity, copper, silver and gold, while the silicon was Dow-Corning semi- conductor grade (69 purity). ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The separator can be used for electrical separation of the drilling string used as the channel of communication with transmission of face information. It contains upper and lower metal conductors electrically insulated from each other by an insulator made of layered polymer composite material. In order to improve reliability of the connection of the conductors to the insulator and reduce the metal consumption on the ends of the conductors that come into contact with the insulator there are graduated niches with radial projections. The latter form jointly with the layers of the insulator a crown-radial-multiple stage undetachable connection. The niches decreases from the outer diameter of the conductors to the inner. The insulator has additional layers made of high-module fibers of carbon or boron which cover the radial projections in stages.

Science.gov (United States)

magnet research at several national laboratories through its Advanced Accelerator Technology Program. The HEP Conductor Development Program, a collaboration among national...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract prepared.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A length of metal sheathed metal oxide cable is perforated to permit liquid access to the insulation about a pair of conductors spaced close to one another. Changes in resistance across the conductors will be a function of liquid level, since the wetted insulation will have greater electrical conductivity than that of the dry insulation above the liquid elevation.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Using electromatic field theory, a new method is developed for calculating alternating current in power cables installed in pipes of carbon steel (magnetic pipes). The technique for evaluating these losses is based on the method of images which replaces complicated distribution of currents in the system with a sequence of thin conductors. The method not only gives a mathematical framework for the solution of alternating current losses, but it also gives the underlying physical picture of effects contributing to these losses. Skin effect, proximity effect and losses due to the pipe are calculated separately. For the first time, the increase of losses in the conductors, when the cables are placed in a magetic pipe, are analyzed mathematically. Good agreement is obtained between the result of calculations and the experimentally determined ac-dc resistance ratios for pipe-type cables with concentric stranded copper conductors ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A thermal model is formulated for the determination of the emergency transient ampacities of a three phase, horizontally spaced underground cable system. The model is based on a finite difference heat transfer analysis and the principle of superposition which permits the summation of the temperature rise of individual heat sources to eventually provide for the temperature rise of a multiple cable system. The thermal model is transformed into a complex computer program that is capable of calculating the real time cable temperature for any change in conductor current. The program is used to calculate the response of conductor temperatures caused by both ramp and step changes in currents for four conductor sizes between 4/0 and 1500 kcmil. The amount of time to reach conductor temperatures of 100/sup 0/C and 120/sup 0/C from a steady conductor temperature of 75/sup 0/C is calculated ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Increase in power utility loads in industrialized countries, as well as developing countries, demands a higher level of transmission line voltage. Radio interference (RI) problems have been determined to be a limiting factor in selecting the size of transmission line conductors. Transmission line noise is primarily caused by corona discharges in the immediate vicinity of the conductor. It has been observed that discharges occur during both half-cycles of the applied voltage, but positive corona is usually predominant at AM radio frequencies range with practical high-voltage and extra high-voltage transmission lines. The corona radio noise effect is highly dependent upon the presence of particles on the surface of the conductor and the increase of the electrical gradient beyond the breakdown value of the air. Therefore, corona radio noise varies significantly with the weather and atmospheric conditions and generally ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Increase in power utility loads in industrialized countries, as well as developing countries, demands a higher level of transmission line voltage. Radio interference (RI) problems have been determined to be a limiting factor in selecting the size of transmission line conductors. Transmission line noise is primarily caused by corona discharges in the immediate vicinity of the conductor. It has been observed that discharges occur during both half-cycles of the applied voltage, but positive corona is usually predominant at AM radio frequencies range with practical high-voltage and extra high-voltage transmission lines. The corona radio noise effect is highly dependent upon the presence of particles on the surface of the conductor and the increase of the electrical gradient beyond the breakdown value of the air. Therefore, corona radio noise varies significantly with the weather and atmospheric conditions and generally ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A dielectric-wall linear accelerator is improved by a high-voltage, fast rise-time switch that includes a pair of electrodes between which are laminated alternating layers of isolated conductors and insulators. A high voltage is placed between the electrodes sufficient to stress the voltage breakdown of the insulator on command. A light trigger, such as a laser, is focused along at least one line along the edge surface of the laminated alternating layers of isolated conductors and insulators extending between the electrodes. The laser is energized to initiate a surface breakdown by a fluence of photons, thus causing the electrical switch to close very promptly. Such insulators and lasers are incorporated in a dielectric wall linear accelerator with Blumlein modules, and phasing is controlled by adjusting the length of fiber optic cables that carry the laser light to the insulator surface. 12 figs.

Science.gov (United States)

... CONDUCTOR 11,5-209 CAPACITORS II,A-2, 11,5-144 ALTITUDE EFFECTS 11,5-160 ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS 11,5-145 ...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Earlier studies of white London busmen revealed that the ischaemic heart disease experience of conductors is better than that of drivers. Various factors which might be related to this difference have...Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A system and method for installing a fluid flow controller and telescoping spools beneath an offshore bottom supported drilling rig rotary table is disclosed. Upper and lower telescoping spools are provided for initially connecting a Diverter/BOP convertible fluid flow controller between structural casing in the well and a permanent housing beneath the drilling rig rotary table. Clamp means are provided for clamping the rig vent line to an opening in the housing wall of the fluid flow controller during drilling of the borehole through the structural casing in preparation for setting and cementing the conductor casing. In that mode, the system is adapted as a diverter system. After the well is drilled for the conductor casing and the conductor casing is cemented and cut off at its top, a mandrel is fitted at the top of the conductor casing to which the lower end of the lower spool may be connected. The ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Since several years, several manufacturers of circuit breakers from various countries (South Africa, UK, The Netherlands, USA..) try to impose in accommodations a highly sensitive electronic-type of differential circuit-breaker initially devoted to industrial installations where qualified and experienced professionals are present. This technical paper presents first the principles of the classical electromechanical circuit breakers and of the electronic circuit breaker, and then compares their relative efficiency and level of safety in residential use conditions (grounding schemes, voltage drops, rupture of the neutral conductor, rupture of the phase conductor, overvoltages). (J.S.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

An oil-immersion electrically insulated cable of high performance is constructed by wrapping a conductor with an insulating layer formed by winding on the conductor polypropylene film, and impregnating the insulating layer with an insulating oil preferably dodecyl benzene. The polypropylene film has a density in the range of 0.905 to 0.915 g/cm/sup 3/, birefringence in the range of 0.020 to 0.035, ratio of strengths in two axial directions (tensile strength in the longitudinal direction/tensile strength in the lateral direction) in the range of 5 to 15, and thickness in the range of 70 to 300 microns.

KoreaScience (Korea)

Full Text Available

Science.gov (United States)

... Symonds, G. J. Wilson, and H. Zhu. 1997. Seismic stratigraphy and structural history of the Reinga Basin and ... ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Future insertion quadrupoles with large apertures and high gradients will be required for the Phase II luminosity upgrade (10{sup 35} cm{sup -2}s{sup -1}) of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Although improved designs, based on NbTi, are being considered as an intermediate step for the Phase I upgrade, the Nb{sub 3}Sn conductor is presently the best option that meets the ultimate performance goals for both operating field and temperature margin. As part of the development of Nb{sub 3}Sn magnet technology, the LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP) developed and tested several 1-meter long, 90-mm aperture Nb{sub 3}Sn quadrupoles. The first two series of magnet used OST MJR 54/61 (TQ01 series) and OST RRP 54/61 (TQ02 series) strands. The third series (TQ03) used OST RRP 108/127 conductor. The larger number of sub-elements and the consequent reduction of the effective filament size, together with an increased fraction of copper and a lower Jc were ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

An internal-tin-process Nb{sub 3}Sn conductor, which is a prototype for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), was tested. The axial strain measurements were made over a range of magnetic fields from 15 to 25 T. The conductor specifications are given in Table 5, and the measured data are presented in Table 6 and Figs. 8 through 10. The I{sub c} and J{sub c} values are based on an electric field criterion (E{sub c}) of 2 {mu}V/cm. The results show a zero-strain 15 T value of J{sub c} (referred to the noncopper area) which was 0.50 GA/m{sup 2} and a peak (strain-free) J{sub c} value of 0.55 GA/m{sup 2}. The irreversible strain limit was reasonably high, 0.92%, and the compressive prestrain was 0.28%. The sample did not fracture until 1.09% strain.

Science.gov (United States)

The progress of laboratory studies on the removal of NO/sub x/ and SO/sub 2/ with zeolite molecular sieves is reported. The trademark of these zeolite molecular sieves is Zeolon. (LK)

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Functionalizing of single molecules on surfaces has manifested great potential for bottom-up construction of complex devices on a molecular scale. We discuss the growth mechanism for the initial layers...Full Text Available

CERN Document Server

In this paper we develop an analytical framework for the study of electrochemical impedance of mixed ionic and electronic conductors (MIEC). The framework is based on first-principles and it features the coupling of electrochemical reactions, surface transport and bulk transport processes. We utilize this work to analyze two dimensional systems relevant for fuel cell science via finite element method (FEM). Alternate current Impedance Spectroscopy (IS) of a ceria symmetric cell is simulated near equilibrium condition (zero bias) for a wide array of working conditions including variations of temperature and $H_2$ partial pressure on a two dimensional fuel cell sample with patterned metal electrodes. The model shows agreement of IS curves with the experimental literature with the relative error on the impedance being consistently below 2%. Important two-dimensional effects such the effects of thickness decrease and the influence of variable electronic and ionic ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A non-contact method, using magnetic drag force principle, was proposed to design the braking systems to improve the shortcomings of the conventional braking systems. The extensive literature detailing all aspects of the magnetic braking is briefly reviewed, however little of this refers specifically to upright magnetic braking system, which is useful for industries. One of the major issues to design upright magnetic system is to find out the magnetic flux. The changing magnetic flux induces eddy currents in the conductor. These currents dissipate energy in the conductor and generate drag force to slow down the motion. Therefore, a finite element model is developed to analyze the phenomena of magnetic flux density when air gap and materials of track are varied. The verification shows the predicted magnetic flux is within acceptable range with the measured value. The results will facilitate the design of magnetic braking systems.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

We discuss the current state of the art in the IGC Internal Tin Nb_3Sn process which routinely is delivering current densities greater than 1 x 10"3 A/mm"2 at 10 Tesla. We focus especially on the conductors suitability for high current density applications such as High Energy Physics and small magnets. Projections are also made as to its suitability for high field applications such as in Fusion. A discussion of the manufacturing process is given with comparisons made to other accepted Nb_3Sn processes and NbTi. Superconductor characteristics such as filament quality and Nb_3Sn phase uniformity are compared to those obtained in conventional bronze process.

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Woolfolk, C. A. (University of Washington, Seattle). Reduction of inorganic compounds with molecular hydrogen by Micrococcus lactilyticus. II. Stoichiometry with inorganic...Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

With the improvements accomplished during the past 15 years in detection techniques and instrumentation and with the opening of space exploration, molecular spectroscopy has become a very efficient way to probe planetary atmospheres.

Science.gov (United States)

... 041889 Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Three Novel Lysozyme-Like Genes, Predominantly Expressed in the Male Reproducti...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

BackgroundMany molecules of interest are flexible and undergo significant shape deformation as part of their function, but most existing methods of molecular shape comparison (MSC)...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Materials with high electrical conductivity and optical transparency are needed for future flat panel display, solar energy, and other opto-electronic technologies. In_xCd_1-xO...Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A proposed project by which the island of Jersy could buy electric power from France is discussed. The interconnector will be capable of transmitting up to 50MW. Included in the project will be 27 km of submarine cable and 23 km of underground cable. An oil-filled cable containing 120 mm diameter copper conductors and weighing 47 kg/m is used. Details of the installation and oil system are given.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Corona from bare conductors of electrical overhead power lines is studied in this article. Its origin, as well as, its bad influences over communication systems are both studied, yet. Line`s models are defined, in order to be able the examination of Corona on line`s cables. Formulas for the surface electrical gradient calculations are shown. (author) 2 refs.

Science.gov (United States)

Not Available

Science.gov (United States)

Not Available

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

[image omitted

Wastenet

...Correction Discussion Editorial Letter Opinion Review Short Note Technical Note Special Issue all A Systematic Development Method for Rational Drug Design Advances in Molecular Electronic Structure Calculations Algorithms and Molecular Sciences Antimicrobial Agents Application of Density Functional Theory Applications of Density Functional Theory Applications of Molecular Dynamics Atoms in Molecules ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract prepared

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract prepared.

Science.gov (United States)

... PHYSICS ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS AND SPECTROSCOPY NUCLEAR PHYSICS & ELEMENTARY PARTICLE PHYSICS. ...

CERN Document Server

All MBI bending magnets in each of the two LHC injection transfer lines will be powered in series. The limited output voltage of existing power converters lead to an unusual coil design avoiding external return bus-bars by combining two overlapping half-coils, electrically separated, with 3 1/2 turns each in a monolithic structure. The voltage between turns in one coil can reach up-to 3.6 kV. The coil has been designed with particular care for obtaining high interturn and ground insulation. Flux-free soldering of connections with plug-in cone sleeves is applied, allowing to execute water cooled current connections as prolongation of the coil conductor. Epoxy compound polymerization in the impregnation mould is obtained by passing overheated water in regulated cycles through the water circuit of the coil conductor. We describe the design basics as well as various test results of pre-series and series produced coils. (4 refs).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The AP-0 Target Hall Collection Lens is a pulsed device which focuses anti-protons just downstream of the Target. Since the angles at which the anti-protons depart the Target can be quite large, a very high focusing strength is required to maximize anti-proton capture into the downstream Debuncher Ring. The current design of the Collection Lens was designed to operate with a focusing gradient of 1,000 T/m. However, multiple failures of early devices resulted in lowering the normal operating gradient to about 750 T/m. At this gradient, the Lens design fares much better, lasting several million pulses, but ultimately still fails. A Finite Element Analysis (FEA) has been performed on this Collection Lens design to help determine the cause and/or nature of the failures. The Collection Lens magnetic field is created by passing high current through a central conductor cylinder. A uniform current distribution through the cylinder will create a tangential or azimuthal ...

Science.gov (United States)

A comparative study on the critical current performance of Bi-2223/Ag and YBCO coated conductor wires in low magnetic fields at liquid nitrogen temperature was carried out in this work. Five commercial high temperature superconductor wires from different manufacturers were collected. Their critical currents were measured in magnetic fields, ranging from 0 to 0.4 T. On contrary to the common conception, the Bi-2223/Ag samples had better performance than YBCO coated conductor samples in the magnetic fields parallel to the wide surface of superconducting wires within the experimental scope. We also found similar results by collecting the concerned datum from the published literatures to confirm our measurement results. At the present stage, this fact made that the Bi-2223/Ag wires might be the preferred choice for the applications with mainly low parallel fields involved, unless other considerations were prioritized.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The aim was to gain experience on how to produce Alkali Metal Thermo-Electric-Converter (AMTEC) cells, for the demonstration of their principles and potentials, as a basis for future commercialization. These cells should be able to present an efficient and direct conversion of thermal energy to electric energy. The system is based on an electro-chemical concentration cell built around a {beta}`` aluminium oxide membrane that separates the two chambers. This material is a good conductor of sodium and a bad conductor of electrons, and it is this property which is taken advantage of. In the two chambers of the cell is found saturated sodium vapour at two temperatures. The motive power is the expansion over the membrane where the sodium ions are transported through it whilst the electrons are forced through the outer cycle. This concept is described in detail in addition to the choice of materials, performance testing and results. It was found ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Superconducting magnetic and inertial energy pulsed power systems are being developed for future theta-pinch, Tokamak, and laser fusion applications. The short term requirements for these applications are discussed along with present day accomplishments. Areas requiring a research and development effort are examined in detail. Subjects discussed include stresses, energy loss factors, conductor metallurgy, cryogenic requirements, and electrical limitations of superconducting magnetic storage systems; costs, applications, and present technology of homopolar systems; and switching problems associated with both systems.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Conduction properties of Rb"+ ion in Rb-Al-priderite and K"+ ion and Rb"+ ion in (K,Rb)-Al-priderite, were investigated by NMR using "2"7Al in the framework as a probe. Size effect was observed remarkably in the activation energies. Frequency dependence of T_1 in Rb-Al-priderite at a low temperature indicates that the relaxation behavior of "2"7Al in Rb-Al-priderite can be described by the continuum model. Barrier height distributions and 'attempt frequencies' in both samples obtained by a curve-fitting method are discussed in comparison with those of K-Al-priderite. (orig.).

CERN Document Server

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) is one of the experiments which are being designed in the framework of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) project at CERN. The design field of the CMS magnet is 4 T, the magnetic length is 12.38 m and the aperture is 6.36 m. This is achieved with a 4 layer-5 module superconducting Al-stabilized coil energised at a nominal current of 20 kA. The finite element analysis (FEA) carried out is axisymmetric elasto-plastic. FEA has also been carried out on the suspension system and on the conductor. (8 refs).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Alpha particle confinement is necessary for ignition of a D-T tokamak fusion plasma and for first wall protection. Due to high radiation backgrounds and temperatures, scintillators and semiconductor detectors may not be used to study alpha particles which are lost to the first wall during the D-T programs on JET and ITER. An alternative method of charged particle spectrometry capable of operation in these harsh environments, is proposed: it consists of thin foils of electrically isolated conductors with the flux of alpha particles determined by the positive current flowing from the foils. 2 refs., 3 figs.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The authors have performed a preliminary design for a persistent GHz NMR magnet at 23.5 T and 1.8 K operating conditions. In this paper the authors shall address the issues of realistic conductor selection, the coil design, the magnetic and mechanical analysis of the coil, and the required field uniformity. In addition, they shall describe the GHz magnet cryostat with a practical 1.8 K J-T refrigerator system. Finally vibration isolation system and field shield design and its associated field harmonics will be analyzed.

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Earlier we have shown that exogenous expression of HIPPI, a molecular partner of Huntingtin interacting protein HIP-1, induces apoptosis and increases expression of caspases-1, -8 and -10 in HeLa and...Full Text Available

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Solid molecular orthohydrogen exhibits orientational order at low temperatures. The orthohydrogen molecules, which are quadrupoles, order in the Pa3 structure. We have simulated this ordering, and explored the behaviour under dilution by spherical parahydrogen molecules.

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

In this study we compared the molecular signalling elicited by rexinoids, selective retinoid X receptor (RXR)-activators, in several organs (i.e. liver, kidney,...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

A new gadolinium chelating NIR fluorescent molecular probe increases T₁ relaxivity of water protons, facilitating combined optical and magnetic resonance imaging.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The overall objective of this project was to use molecular genetics to develop strains of bacteria with enhanced ability to remove sulfur from coal, and to obtain data that will allow the performance and economics of a coal biodesulfurization process to be predicted. (VC)

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

A detailed molecular characterization of nuclear mRNA export will require an in vitro system, allowing a biochemical reconstitution of transport. To this end, an mRNA export assay has...Full Text Available

Science.gov (United States)

MWo = average molecular weight of fuel est. 105 g/mole for gasoline est. 165 g/mole for Jet fuel est. 230 g/mole for diesel fuel MWX = molecular weight of selected chemical...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

The molecular diversity of the gene encoding the outer membrane protein A (OmpA) of Haemophilus parasuis has been unclear. In this study, the structural characteristics, sequence types,...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Alpha-hemoglobin-stabilizing protein (AHSP) is an erythroid-specific protein that acts as a molecular chaperone for the free α chains of hemoglobin. Evidence strongly suggests...Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The batchwise preparation of molecular sieves for methanol conversion shows some inconsistency in catalytic stability. This is a result mainly of the change of SiO/SUB/2/Al/SUB/2O/SUB/3 in ion exchange to an H-type sieve. The dealumination during ion exchange depends upon crystal size and structural factors, which can be characterised by the cyclohexane adsorption of the raw molecular sieve. A high SiO/SUB/2/Al/SUB/2O/SUB/3 H-molecular sieve can be prepared from a molecular sieve of high adsorption capacity, this leading to a catalyst of higher stability. (4 refs.)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

... energy spectra inelastic scattering ion-molecule collisions mass spectrometers

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Most of the investigations have a theoretical sustenance based on molecular simulation. The area of application of molecular simulation is very wide, in the Materials Technology Department assigned to the Applied Sciences Management have been treated problems about metallic nano structures, glasses, interfaces, and molecules, to sustain and to explain some of the experimental results. Energy calculations are carried out to determine minimum energy structures, for later on to carry out calculations of some of their properties; as well as the images simulation of Electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. (Author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The present invention relates generally to an apparatus and method for separating high molecular weight molecules from low molecular weight molecules. More specifically, the invention relates to the use of microdialysis for removal of the salt (low molecular weight molecules) from a nucleotide sample (high molecular weight molecules) for ESI-MS analysis. The dialysis or separation performance of the present invention is improved by (1) increasing dialysis temperature thereby increasing desalting efficiency and improving spectrum quality; (2) adding piperidine and imidazole to the dialysis buffer solution and reducing charge states and further increasing detection sensitivity for DNA; (3) using low concentrations of dialysis buffer and shifting the DNA negative ions to higher charge states, producing a nearly 10-fold increase in detection sensitivity and a slightly decreased desalting efficiency, or (4) ...

CERN Document Server

We report the arcsecond resolution SMA observations of the $^{12}$CO (2-1) transition in the massive cluster forming region G10.6-0.4. In these observations, the high velocity $^{12}$CO emission is resolved into individual outflow systems, which have a typical size scale of a few arcseconds. These molecular outflows are energetic, and are interacting with the ambient molecular gas. By inspecting the shock signatures traced by CH$_{3}$OH, SiO, and HCN emissions, we suggest that abundant star formation activities are distributed over the entire 0.5 pc scale dense molecular envelope. The star formation efficiency over one global free-fall timescale (of the 0.5 pc molecular envelope, $\\sim$10$^{5}$ years) is about a few percent. The total energy feedback of these high velocity outflows is higher than 10$^{47}$ erg, which is comparable to the total kinetic energy in the rotational motion of the dense ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The preparation, crystal structure, and the electrical properties of the compound (ET)/sub 3/Ag/sub x/I/sub 8/ where x = approx. 6.4 and ET is bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene, C/sub 10/S/sub 8/H/sub 8/, are described. The compound possesses a truly two-dimensional polymeric anion, one which combines the structural features of both an organic electronic conductor and an inorganic solid electrolyte. The crystal structure consists of alternating anion and cation donor layers. The compound exhibits high electronic conductivity dominated by the electronic contribution, at least near room temperature.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The results on 5 K irradiation available so far may be summarized as follows. (1) Increases of j/sub c/ following neutron irradiation occur only in conductors which are far from the optimal metallurgical treatments. (2) The changes of j/sub c/ following neutron irradiation and a thermal cycle to room temperature are small and in most cases comparable to the results obtained after 77 K irradiation. (3) The data available so far indicate that the degradation of j/sub c/ at 8 T is larger by about 5 to 10% than the corresponding changes at 5 T at a neutron fluence of 1.3 x 10/sup 22/ m/sup -2/ (E > 0.1 MeV). (4) The increase of Cu-resistivity is significant even after a thermal cycle to room temperature and requires design changes for a stable magnet operation.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The dielectric wall accelerator (DWA) system being developed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) uses fast switched high voltage transmission lines to generate pulsed electric fields on the inside of a high gradient insulating (HGI) acceleration tube. High electric field gradients are achieved by the use of alternating insulators and conductors and short pulse times. The system is capable of accelerating any charge to mass ratio particle. Applications of high gradient proton and electron versions of this accelerator will be discussed. The status of the developmental new technologies that make the compact system possible will be reviewed. These include, high gradient vacuum insulators, solid dielectric materials, photoconductive switches and compact proton sources.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Tata Electric Companies (TEC) are engaged in the generation of hydro and thermal energy. TEC, to minimise backing down of its thermal units in off peak hours and also to at least partially meet the growing deficit in the supply during peak hours is moving to install pumped storage plants (PSPs) utilising off-peak surplus energy for pumping the water from lower pond to the upper pond for subsequent utilisation for power generation during peak hours. In view of some of the infra structural facilities such as storage ponds, water conductor system, transmission lines, etc. being already available, at the existing hydro power stations owned by TEC, the pumped storage units are being proposed within the environs of existing hydro stations, i.e. a 150 MW pumped storage unit at Bhira and a 90 MW pumped storage unit at Bhivpuri. The projects are described and cost estimates is given. (author). 2 figs.

Science.gov (United States)

(TSM-TTP)(I3)5/3 is a 1/6 -filled one-dimensional system composed of an extended donor molecule which has two tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) units in a molecule, where TSM-TTP is 2,5-bis[4,5-bis(methylseleno)-1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene]-1,3,4,6-tetrathiapentalene. Nonlinear conductivity is observed in the insulating state below 20K , and the metallic state is restored above a very small threshold electric field of 0.3V/cm at 4.2K . The extremely sensitive nonlinearity is ascribed to the inhomogeneous insulating state generated by the weak and disordered anion potentials on the otherwise highly conducting intramolecular charge order state in the double-TTF molecule.

Science.gov (United States)

FIRESET is a PC-based computer code which calculates current as a function of time for an RLC circuit containing up to fifteen series conductors which undergo rapid heating and subsequent explosion as a consequence of an electric current which passes through them. In its original form, the code was developed to model electrical waveforms measured when a large, typically 25.4 x 25.4 x 0.051-mm, aluminum foil was exploded using a capacitor bank with tens of kilojoules of stored energy. The code proved to be useful for this purpose, and it was recognized that it could also be used for modeling the electrical response of detonator bridgewires. In view of the increasing use of slapper detonators for DOD applications, we wish to make the latest version of the code, available to DOD laboratories and contractors for use in designing firing systems which employ slapper or exploding bridgewire detonators. This document provides instructions for the code.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Superconducting Super Collider uses approx. =9600 dipole magnets. The magnets have been carefully designed to exhibit minimal magnetic field harmonics. However, because of superconductor magnetization effects, iron saturation and conductor/coil positioning errors, certain harmonic errors are possible and must be corrected by use of multipole correctors called trim coils. For the most efficient use of axial space in the magnet, and lowest possible current, a distributed internal correction coil design is planned. The trim coil assembly is secured to the beam tube, a uhv tube with special strength, size, conductivity and vacuum. The report details the SSC trim coil/beam tube assembly specifications, history, and ongoing development.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Manitoba Hydro's Ice Storm Management Program to reduce ice damage to overhead power lines in the voltage range of 8 kV to 115 kV is described. Overhead power lines are de-iced either by AC ice melting, which involves placing a three-phase short at a calculated point, or ice rolling, which is a process of mechanically stripping ice from conductors. Direct current heating and underground distribution systems are also accepted prevention measures. Advantages and disadvantages of each of these methods of de-icing are reviewed. Material for this paper has been extracted from a workshop manual prepared for the 1993 and 1998 Ice Storm Management workshops organized by Manitoba Hydro through the Canadian Electrical Association. 1 ref.

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According to the development of power electronic element (GTO, IGBT) nd material for electrical machines (permanent magnet, super conductor), the technology for electrical machines is now a day rapidly developing. here with, a novel electrical machine, based on the new conception of transverse flux configuration leads to a considerable increase in power density and enables simultaneously high efficiency.The transverse flux machine with PM excitation will be applied to gearless direct drives for railway traction system. The designed and measured performance of transverse machine for railway traction system revealed a great potential of system improvements to reduce linear motor mass. (author). 10 refs., 14 figs., 3 tabs.

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We investigate the radiative decays of the {phi}-meson to the scalar mesons a{sub 0}(980) and f{sub 0}(980). We demonstrate that, contrary to earlier claims, these decays should be of the same order of magnitude for a molecular state and for a compact state and, therefore, the available experimental information is consistent with both a molecular as well as a compact structure of the scalars. Thus, the radiative decays of the {phi}-meson into scalars establish a sizable K anti K component of the scalar mesons, but do not allow to discriminate between molecules and compact states. (orig.)

Science.gov (United States)

The first candidate rotavirus vaccine was a live attenuated oral vaccine made by the classical empirical method of serial passage of virus in tissue culture cells. Current tetravalent vaccine candidates that are in the final stages of efficacy testing in the United States were made by genetic reassortment. This article briefly highlights how advances in the basic understanding of the molecular biology of rotaviruses have facilitated vaccine development. New approaches for second-generation vaccines and improvements in vaccine efficacy based on further exploitation of the tools and knowledge of rotavirus molecular biology and pathogenesis are discussed. PMID:8752289

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Advances in molecular technologies challenge the different concepts of causality in biology, epidemiology and multistage mathematical models. The lack of integration of the different aspects of causality...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

The receptor-associated protein (RAP) is a molecular chaperone that binds tightly to certain newly synthesized LDL receptor family members in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and facilitates their delivery...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

The molecular structure, chemical properties, and biological function of the xyloglucan polysaccharide isolated from cell walls of suspension-cultured sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus)...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

ConspectusSelf-assembly allows for the preparation of highly complex molecular and supramolecular systems from relatively simple starting materials. Typically, self-assembled...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

BackgroundOrthology analysis is an important part of data analysis in many areas of bioinformatics such as comparative genomics and molecular phylogenetics. The ever-increasing flood...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are receptors lacking endogenous ligands. Found by molecular biological analyses, they became the roots of reverse pharmacology, in which receptors are attempted...Full Text Available

International Science & Technology Center (ISTC)

Comparative Molecular Genetic Monitoring of Myxoviruses Circulating in Populations of Seals Phoca Caspia and Phoca Sibirica in Northern Caspian Region and Lake Baikal

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These proceedings collect papers on the subject of lymphokines. Topics include: DNA-cloning of mouse and human lymphokine genes, inteferons, interleukins, gene expression, tumor necrosis factors, and recombinant DNA.

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Cellular actions of thyroid hormone may be initiated within the cell nucleus, at the plasma membrane, in cytoplasm, and at the mitochondrion. Thyroid hormone nuclear receptors (TRs) mediate the biological...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

BackgroundMolecular genetic studies of Bombyx mori have led to profound advances in our understanding of the regulation of development. Bombyx mori brain,...Full Text Available

Science.gov (United States)

The Liver Carcinogenesis Section uses the modern technologies of molecular biology, cell biology, protein chemistry and genetics to investigate the biochemical and genetic pathways involved in human liver cancer.

KoreaScience (Korea)

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Science.gov (United States)

... commercial material manufactured utilizing chlorinated hydrocarbons for the sulfonation of a long chain polystyrene to produce high ... ...

CERN Document Server

We investigate the chemical and observational implications of repetitive transient dense core formation in molecular clouds. We allow a transient density fluctuation to form and disperse over a period of 1 Myr, tracing its chemical evolution. We then allow the same gas immediately to undergo further such formation and dispersion cycles. The chemistry of the dense gas in subsequent cycles is similar to that of the first, and a limit cycle is reached quickly (2 - 3 cycles). Enhancement of hydrocarbon abundances during a specific period of evolution is the strongest indicator of previous dynamical history. The molecular content of the diffuse background gas in the molecular cloud is expected to be strongly enhanced by the core formation and dispersion process. Such enhancement may remain for as long as 0.5 Myr. The frequency of repetitive core formation should strongly determine the level of background ...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Mutations in the Drosophila gene drop-dead (drd) result in early adult lethality and neurodegeneration, but the molecular identity of the drd...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Physiological bone remodeling is a highly coordinated process responsible for bone resorption and formation and is necessary to repair damaged bone and to maintain mineral homeostasis. In addition to...Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

As low temperature cryocoolers become more frequently used to cool superconducting magnets, it becomes increasingly apparent that the connection between the cooler and the magnet has an effect on the design and performance of the magnet. In general, the use of small coolers can be considered in two different temperature ranges; (1) from 3.8 to 4.8 K for magnet fabricated with LTS conductor and (2) from 18 to 35 K for magnets fabricated using HTS conductor. In general, both temperature ranges call for the use of a two-stage cooler. The best method for connecting a cooler to the magnet depends on a number of factors. The factors include: (1) whether the cooler must be used to cool down the magnet from room temperature, (2) whether the magnet must have one or more reservoirs of liquid cryogen to keep the magnet cold during a loss of cooling, and (3) constraints on the distance from the cooler cold heads and the magnet and its shield. Two methods ...

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This report presents information obtained during five different studies of field effects from high voltage transmission lines performed at EPRI's High Voltage Transmission Research Center. The first study is the development of a methodology for the evaluation of the expected frequency of occurrence of specific short-term effects of spark discharges and induced currents caused by overhead high voltage transmission lines. The methodology is divided into the analysis of the expected frequency of occurrence of situations in which induction effects may occur, and the analysis of the expected severity of the effect. The second study is of the electric field in the surface and on the immediate proximity of the strands of stranded conductors used for overhead high voltage lines. In particular, the cases of deformations of stranded conductors, caused by air expansion or by popped out strands, are analyzed for the purpose of determining the ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The inhibitor action of unbranched polyamines on corrosion of low-carbon steel in 0.5 M sulfuric acid is studied through potentiostatic polarization curves. It is shown that the inhibitor efficiency I depends on the polyamine concentration and molecular structure. The quantum-mechanical calculations of molecular properties are accomplished through the MNDO method. Correlation between the measured I and physicochemical properties of the polyamine inhibitors in protonized and nonprotonized form is found with application of the general perturbation theory

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Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-{gamma} (PPAR{gamma}) regulates metabolic homeostasis and adipocyte differentiation, and it is activated by oxidized and nitrated fatty acids. Here we report the crystal structure of the PPAR{gamma} ligand binding domain bound to nitrated linoleic acid, a potent endogenous ligand of PPAR{gamma}. Structural and functional studies of receptor-ligand interactions reveal the molecular basis of PPAR{gamma} discrimination of various naturally occurring fatty acid derivatives.

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Chapter 5, describes some of the most important molecular methods used in the study of chromosome structure and function. The methods discussed include fragmentation of DNA, cloning, flow cytometry and chromosome sorting, is situ hybridization, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs). 18 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.

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The objective of this project is the development of a new class of metalloporphyrin materials used as catalsyts for use in fuel cell applications. The metalloporphyrins are excellent candidates for use as catalysts at both the anode and cathode. The catalysts reduce oxygen in 1 M potassium hydroxide, as well as in 2 M sulfuric acid. Covalent attachment to carbon supports is being investigated. The computer-aided molecular design is an iterative process, in which experimental results feed back into the design of future catalysts.

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Most chemical reactions in industry and biology are catalytic and play a role at some stage of the processing of about 80% of the goods manufactured in the U.S., yet catalysis is a neglected subject in chemical education. This book integrates the fragmentary treatment accorded the topic until now. It covers, in a unified way, catalysis in solutions, by enzymes, in synthetic polymers within the molecular scale cages of zeolites and other molecular sieves, and on surfaces of inorganic solids. The central ideas are chemical; and principles are illustrated by emphasizing industrial reactions and catalysts.

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The Gordon Research Conference (GRC) on 2004 Gordon Research Conference on Reversible Associations in Structure & Molecular Biology was held at Four Points Sheraton, CA, 1/25-30/2004. The Conference was well attended with 82 participants (attendees list attached). The attendees represented the spectrum of endeavor in this field coming from academia, industry, and government laboratories, both U.S. and foreign scientists, senior researchers, young investigators, and students.

Science.gov (United States)

In mammals and insects, paracellular blood barriers isolate the nervous system from the rest of the animal. Glia and accessory cells of the nervous system use pumps, channels, cotransporters, and exchangers collectively to maintain the extracellular ion environment and osmotic balance in the nervous system. At present, the molecular mechanisms that regulate this process remain unclear. In humans, loss of extracellular ion and volume regulation in the nervous system poses serious health threats. Drosophila is a model genetic organism with a proven track record for uncovering molecular mechanisms relevant to human health and disease. Here, we review what is known about extracellular ion and volume regulation in larval abdominal nerves, present some new data about the impact of neural activity on the extracellular environment, and relate the findings to mammalian systems. Homologies have been found at the level of morphology, physiology, ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

A series of novel triazolinones were synthesized and their structures were characterized by 1H NMR, elemental analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The herbicidal activities were evaluated against Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv., Digitaria adscendens, Brassica napus and Amaranthus retroflexus. The herbicidal activity data indicated that the title compounds had higher activities with substituted benzyl group moieties than with other groups such as sulfonyl, alkyl, etc. To further investigate the structure-activity relationship, comparative molecular field analysis was performed on the basis of herbicidal activity data. Both the steric and electronic field distributions of comparative molecular field analysis are in good agreement in this work. The results showed that a b...

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The first year of this effort was focussed on the following broad objectives: (1) Analyze the molecular types present in shale oil (as a function of molecular weight distribution); (2) Determine the behavior of these molecular types in liquid-liquid extraction; (3) Develop the analytical tools needed to systematize the process development; (4) Survey the markets to assure that these have high value uses for the types found in shale oil; (5) Explore selective process means for extracting/converting shale oil components into concentrates of potentially marketable components; (6) Compile overview of the venture development strategy and begin implementation of that strategy. Each of these tasks has been completed in sufficient detail that we can now focus on filling in the knowledge gaps evident from the overview.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Abstract The electrochemical properties of a perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membrane are estimated using a combination of molecular dynamics simulation and statistical thermodynamic model. We obtain all parameters in an ionic conductivity model from an atomistic simulation and remove all adjusted model parameters. From a microscopic point of view, the hydrated PFSA membrane shows micro-phase segregation which separated into hydrophilic and hydrophobic phases. Our present work originates with this phenomenon and we treat this phase segregation as if it is a continuous phase for each of which the proton (H+) is transported inside the PFSA membrane/solvent (water and alcohols) mixture. The chemical potential for a given system is estimated using a molecular simulation technique to predict the ...

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This paper reviews the molecular biology of the renin-angiotensin system. The renin gene structure is analyzed in detail, including an examination of the putative regulatory regions. The combined action of these regulatory sequences would result in the complex, tissue-specific expression and regulation observed in vivo. The expression of the tissue renin-angiotensin systems, which may have important physiological functions, is also described. In addition, the pathway of renin biosynthesis and secretion is reviewed. This includes speculation on the fate of circulating prorenin and the physiological role of multiple renin forms and secretory pathways. The molecular approaches described in this paper have greatly advanced our knowledge of the biology of the renin-angiotensin system. Future studies using these and other approaches should provide further insight into this complex system.

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The interfaces between metal electrodes and electroactive organic materials are important for the performance of organic electronic devices. One way of optimizing the anode/organic interface is the insertion of a (sub-)monolayer of molecular acceptors. Here we present an UPS study of new electron acceptor molecules deposited on Au(111), Cu(111) and Ag(111). This study intends to improve the understanding of how the interactions of specific electron withdrawing groups with metal surfaces are correlated with observed modifications of interfacial electron density distribution, work function change ({delta}{phi}), and the energy level alignment. We find that {delta}{phi}, which is the difference between the work function ({phi}) of the clean metal surface and {phi} after formation of a molecular monolayer, is a monotonic function of initial {phi} of the metal. Two different slopes were observed for acceptors with cyano and those with keto or nitro ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The antisymmetric many-body trial state which describes a system of interacting fermions is parametrized in terms of localized wave packets. The equations of motion are derived from the time-dependent quantum variational principle. The resulting fermionic molecular dynamics (FMD) equations include a wide range of semi-quantal to classical physics extending from deformed Hartree-Fock theory to newtonian molecular dynamics. Conservation laws are discussed in connection with the choice of the trial state. The model is applied to heavy-ion collisions with which its basic features are illustrated. The results show a great variety of phenomena including deeply inelastic collisions, fusion, incomplete fusion, fragmentation, neck emission, promptly emitted nucleons and evaporation. ((orig.)).

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Abstract Localized regions of enhanced emission from HCO+, NH3 and other species near Herbig-Haro objects (HHOs) have been interpreted as arising in a photochemistry stimulated by the HHO radiation on high-density quiescent clumps in molecular clouds. Static models of this process have been successful in accounting for the variety of molecular species arising ahead of the jet; however, recent observations show that the enhanced molecular emission is widespread along the jet as well as ahead. Hence, a realistic model must take into account the movement of the radiation field past the clump. It was previously unclear as to whether the short interaction time between the clump and the HHO in a moving source model would allow molecules such as HCO+ to reach high enough levels, and to survive fo...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Orientational constraints obtained from solid state NMR experiments on anisotropic samples are used here in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for determining the structure and dynamics of several different membrane-bound molecules. The new MD technique is based on the inclusion of orientation dependent pseudo-forces in the COSMOS-NMR force field. These forces drive molecular rotations and re-orientations in the simulation, such that the motional time-averages of the tensorial NMR properties approach the experimentally measured parameters. The orientational-constraint-driven MD simulations are universally applicable to all NMR interaction tensors, such as chemical shifts, dipolar couplings and quadrupolar interactions. The strategy does not depend on the initial choice of coordinates, and...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This paper shows how molecular theory paves the way for accelerated aging tests of safety-related equipment in nuclear power plants, as required by NRC qualification programs. Arrhenius' model, based on an equation, provides useful information regarding the extent of molecular change as a function of time and temperature. Critical to determining the aging characteristics and qualified life of organic materials is the activation energy concept, which is derived from information gathered when the molecular reaction of the material is documented over the entire life cycle. In accelerated-aging applications, the importance of the model lies in characterizing the chemical related reactions of materials. The problem with the Arrhenius approach is that, in generating a testing period of reasonable duration, a rather high test temperature must be selected which may lead to an added and unrelated environmental effect.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Geometry optimizations of the quinoline-based platinum (II) complexes (1-R, 2-R) and their related calculations on excited state energies, electronic absorption spectra and orbital populations have been carried out by the hybrid density functional theory (DFT) and its time-dependent approach (TD-DFT). The solvent effects on excitation energies are taken into account using the conductor-like polarizable continuum model (C-PCM). The red-shifted level of absorption bands, energy gaps between the singlet ground state (S1) and the first triplet excited state (T1) for each examined complex have been elaborated thoroughly as well. We find that the quinoline-8-thoil (ligand 2) induces much more significant red-shifted level than 8-hydroxyquinoline (ligand 1), and singlet-triplet splitting energy g...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A splice assembly tool for assembling component parts of an electrical conductor while producing a splice connection between electrical cables therewith, comprises a first structural member adaptable for supporting force applying means thereon, said force applying means enabling a rotary force applied manually thereto to be converted to a longitudinal force for subsequent application against a first component part of said electrical connection, a second structural member adaptable for engaging a second component part in a manner to assist said first structural member in assembling the component parts relative to one another and transmission means for conveying said longitudinal force between said first and said second structural members, said first and said second structural members being coupled to one another by said transmission means, wherein at least one of said component parts comprises a tubular elastomeric sleeve and said force applying means provides a ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

On February 9, 1995 ComEd experienced a pipe type cable failure on 138kV line 13717. Line 1737 is a bulk power transmission cable circuit connecting The Fisk and Crawford generating stations located within city limits. The line is approximately 4.5 miles long and was originally installed in 1975. This line is forced cooled, has 2,500 KCMIL copper conductors with 505 mils of paper insulation in an 8 inch pritec coated steel pipe. The splices are constructed with Voltalit castings. The failure occurred approximately 3,500 feet from Crawford Station. It was easy to locate the failure since the cable joint casing was breached resulting in the loss of approximately 2,600--2,700 gallons of dielectric fluid. Upon field examination B Phase was determined to have failed. The failure occurred 12 inches inside the casing in an area where it was impossible to install a long connector or add an additional short length of cable to create a piece out. The cause of the failure is ...

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Magnetic fields can be compensated by opposing fields. This principle can be applied for reducing the magnetic fields emanating from high-voltage transmission lines or found in residential or commercial buildings. The article shows a number of concrete options for reducing magnetic fields in the vicinity of high-voltage lines through appropriate conductor configuration on the one hand, and a novel method using Helmholtz coils for compensating those fields in buildings. (orig.) [Deutsch] Magnetische Felder koennen durch Gegenfelder kompensiert werden. Dieses Prinzip laesst sich sowohl auf Hochspannungsleitungen als auch auf Wohn- und Arbeitsraeume uebertragen. Der Artikel zeigt konkrete Moeglichkeiten, wie einerseits Magnetfelder von Hochspannungsleitungen durch eine geeignete Konfiguration der Leiter reduziert werden koennen, und beschreibt andererseits eine neue Methode zur Reduktion solcher Felder in Wohn- und Arbeitsraeumen mittels Helmholtz-Spulen. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A study was carried out to identify optimal laminate/oil combinations for low pressure oil filled and high pressure pipe-type cables, and to establish taping criteria under factory conditions. Laminates from two sources were evaluated in conjunction with Sun XX high viscosity mineral oil and Cosden 015SH polybutene oil for high pressure type cables, and Dussek TC-2288N mineral oil, Shell P2 dedecylbenzene and Chevron DF-100 alkylbenzene for low pressure oil-filled cables. Swelling tests, infrared analysis, dissipation and dielectric measurements, impulse tests and a taping trial were performed. It was found that there is no appreciable difference in performance of both laminates when tested on model cables in a variety of oils. Both types exhibited superior aging characteristics vis-a-vis cellulose paper when tested with a variety of oils and at temperatures up to 105{degree}C. For pipe type cable, high viscosity polybutene is the most suitable impregnant. Both laminates can be applied ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ionic motion of a divalent cation, Ba"2"+, in a single crystal of Ba-Al-priderite was studied using "2"7Al as an NMR probe. Several pairs of satellite peaks due to electric quadrupole interaction were observed superposed on broad satellite tails on both sides of the main peak of "2"7Al. These peak pairs indicate the existence of some stable three-dimensional configurations of Ba"2"+ ions in the structure, and the broad shoulders show a random substitution of Al"3"+ for Ti"4"+ sites. The temperature dependence of the spin-lattice relaxation time T"*_l measured in the temperature range from 161 to 1176 K was analyzed by a curve fitting method on the assumption that there are two types of Ba"2"+ ions. An activation energy of 0.47 eV was obtained for the motion of Ba"2"+ ions which are easy to move, and a broad distribution of activation energies spread over a range from 0.95 to 2.45 eV was obtained for the motion of Ba"2"+ ions which form a three-dimensional honeycomb framework and are ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This report summarizes the results of an experimental program which developed a needed reliable data base on modern pipe-type cable construction from which designers can knowledgeably consider maximizing cable pulling lengths with resulting cost savings. The program comprised evaluations of available commercial constructions over the range of conductor sizes (both copper and aluminum) and insulation thicknesses in general utilization. The work focussed on determining the cable's performance under the three mechanical stress modes to which the cable is subjected during installation; (a) tension and elongation, (b) torsion and (c) sidewall (bearing) pressure in bends. Additionally, the program included experimentation to determine the effective coefficient of friction of the various combinations of modern skid wire materials and pipe filling oils used as lubricants with the cable in both triangular and cradled configuration. The cables tested were equipped ...

Science.gov (United States)

The relationship between processing, microstructure, and properties was studied for A-15 compounds in multifilamentary composites produced by solid-state diffusion and in thin-film samples produced by vapor deposition. Grain sizes of A-15 superconducting compounds were measured by transmission electron microscopy of multifilamentary composites reacted at various temperatures. Critical current densities at 4.2 K and fields up to 6 T were found to be similar for niobium-tin, vanadium-gallium, and vanadium-silicon of the same grain size. Study of the Cu-V-Si phase diagram led to the production of improved multifilamentary vanadium-silicon conductors. The effects of various alloying elements on A-15 layers produced by solid-state diffusion were studied. The most promising new observation was that tantalum can be incorporated into niobium-tin reaction layers, leading to an enhancement of critical currents at high fields. The critical temperature of vapor-deposited, ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

At room pressure and temperature the system EuOsub(1-x)Nsub(x) has two solid-solubility ranges, each with the NaCl structure: for 0 =< x =< 0.30 the system is ferromagnetic and semiconducting above the Curie temperature; for 0.92 =< x <1 it is metallic. Conductivity and Seebeck voltages indicate intrinsic behaviour above 310 K with an energy gap that decreases with increasing x for 0 =< x =< 0.30. Magnetic susceptibilities are consistent with 4f"6 configurations at x europium ions per molecule and a ferromagnetic Curie temperature Tsub(C) that increases with x. Low-temperature transport measurements were made only for 0.20 =< x =< 0.30: a minimum in the electrical conductivity, approximately 30 K above Tsub(C) correlates well with the onset of an anomalous low-temperature crystal contraction and with deviations from a Curie-Weiss law typical of short-range magnetic order. Below Tsub(C) there is a metal-to-semiconductor transition similar to that found in ...

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Experimental and theoretical research has been conducted jointly at the Livermore and Los Alamos National laboratories on dc electromagnetic railgun Lorentz accelerators. Pellets weighing a few grams to tens of grams have been launched at velocities up to better than 11 km/s. The research is addressed to attaining repeated launches of samples at hypervelocity in target impact experiments. In these experiments, shock-induced pressures in the tens of megabars range are obtained for high pressure equation-of-state research. Primary energy sources of the order of several hundred kJ to a MJ and induction currents of the order of 1 or more MA are necessary for these launches. Erosion and deformation of the conductor rails and the accelerated sample material are continuing problems. The heating, stress, and erosion resulting from simultaneous imposition of rail induction current, dense plasma (armature) interaction, current distribution, magnetic field stresses and ...

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Compact dielectric wall (DWA) accelerator technology is being developed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The DWA accelerator uses fast switched high voltage transmission lines to generate pulsed electric fields on the inside of a high gradient insulating (HGI) acceleration tube. Its high electric field gradients are achieved by the use of alternating insulators and conductors and short pulse times. The DWA concept can be applied to accelerate charge particle beams with any charge to mass ratio and energy. Based on the DWA system, a novel compact proton therapy accelerator is being developed. This proton therapy system will produce individual pulses that can be varied in intensity, energy and spot width. The system will be capable of being sited in a conventional linac vault and provide intensity modulated rotational therapy. The status of the developmental new technologies that make the compact system possible will be reviewed. These include, high ...

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A novel compact CT-guided intensity modulated proton radiotherapy (IMPT) system is described. The system is being designed to deliver fast IMPT so that larger target volumes and motion management can be accomplished. The system will be ideal for large and complex target volumes in young patients. The basis of the design is the dielectric wall accelerator (DWA) system being developed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). The DWA uses fast switched high voltage transmission lines to generate pulsed electric fields on the inside of a high gradient insulating (HGI) acceleration tube. High electric field gradients are achieved by the use of alternating insulators and conductors and short pulse times. The system will produce individual pulses that can be varied in intensity, energy and spot width. The IMPT planning system will optimize delivery characteristics. The system will be capable of being sited in a conventional linac vault and provide intensity ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

An atom-by-atom understanding of life processes is emerging from a flurry of experiments fueled by synchrotron sources and DNA technology. {copyright} 1995 {ital American} {ital Institute} {ital of} {ital Physics}.

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This patent describes a process for the conversion of low molecular weight alkanes to higher molecular weight hydrocarbons. It comprises: contacting the low molecular weight alkanes, at an elevated temperature, with oxygen and a catalyst of the formula Zn{sub a}A{sub b}M{sub c}M'{sub d}O{sub x} wherein A is Li, Na, K, or mixtures thereof; M is Al, Ga, Cr, La, Y, Sc, V, Nb, Ta, Cu or mixtures thereof; M' is Cs, Rb, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Sm, Pb, Mn, Sb, P, Sn, Bi, Ti, Zr, Hf, or mixtures thereof; a if from about 1 to about 20; b is from about 0.1 to about 20; c is from about 0 to about 5 d is from about 0 to about 20, and x is a number needed to fulfill the valence requirements of the other elements; provided that at least one c and d is a t least 0.1; and when M' is Sn, c must be at least 0.1.

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

The ability to enter a hypometabolic state upon restriction of caloric intake is pivotal for animal survival: balancing the energy budget in endotherms can be a real struggle when food is not...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

PurposeTo date there remains no effective therapy for metastatic melanoma and at the molecular level disease progression remains poorly understood. Recent work by...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

BackgroundDuring the last ten years, major advances have been made in characterizing and understanding the evolution of mitochondrial DNA, the most popular marker of molecular biodiversity....Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Surface glandular trichomes distributed throughout the aerial parts of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) produce and store monoterpene, sesquiterpene, and phenylpropene volatiles. Three...Full Text Available

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Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various metal, semiconductor or insulator substrates can be easily modified with specific functional groups of interest and have promising applications in surface wetting (hydrophobic/hydrophilic modification), tribology, corrosion protection, sensor electrodes modification, molecular and biomolecular recognition, protein adsorption, cell adhesion, and molecular- or organic-electronic device fabrications. In this paper, we highlight recent progress in the development of SAMs on solid substrates as well as their practical applications, with particular emphasis on the characterization of self-assembled aromatic thiol monolayers with different functional groups on Au(1 1 1) using synchrotron-based photoemission spectroscopy and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure measurements. The SAM-related molecular orientation, electronic structures, and chemical bonding are presented. Using ...

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Disorders of mitochondrial fat metabolism lead to sudden death in infants and children. Although survival is possible, the underlying molecular mechanisms which enable this outcome have not yet been...Full Text Available

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A statistical treatment has been applied to interpret the experimental data on the Xe M-shell vacancy production in slow 1.05 MeV Xe-Xe collisions and is shown to give better agreement with experiment than that of the molecular-orbital models.

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Purified beta-toxin from Clostridium perfringens type C was found to be a single polypeptide chain protein with a molecular weight of approximately 30,000. The toxin was heat labile, with 75% of its...Full Text Available

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Exposure of albumin to Cu(II) (10-100 microM) and ascorbate (0.1-2 mM) results in extensive molecular modifications, indicated by decreased fluorescence and chain breaks. The rate of utilization of...Full Text Available

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PurposeA prolonged seizure, status epileptics (SE), is a potent stimulus for increased neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Molecular mechanisms...Full Text Available

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Schindler disease is a recently recognized infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy resulting from the deficient activity of the lysosomal hydrolase, alpha-N-acetylgalctosaminidase (alpha-GalNAc). The recent...Full Text Available

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The increasing demand for molecular diagnostics in clinical microbiology laboratories necessitates automated sample processing. In the present study, we evaluated the performance of the MagNA Pure LC...Full Text Available

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The fauna of ancient lakes frequently contains taxa with highly derived morphologies that resulted from in situ radiation of lacustrine lineages with high antiquity. We employed a molecular...Full Text Available

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In a process for separating insoluble red mud from Bayer process streams the improvement is described which comprises contacting and mixing a Bayer process stream with a tertiary polyamine having a molecular weight of at least about 10,000 in an amount effective to reduce the iron content thereof.

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Protein modifications such as phosphorylation are often studied by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis since the perturbation in the protein’s pI value is readily detected by this method....Full Text Available

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Ion-channels can be activated (gated) by a variety of stimuli including chemicals, voltage, mechanical force or temperature. Whereas molecular mechanisms of ion-channel gating by chemicals and...Full Text Available

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Toxicogenomics provides the ability to examine in greater detail the underlying molecular events that precede and accompany toxicity, thus allowing prediction of adverse events at much earlier...Full Text Available

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To delineate the mechanisms of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) pathogenesis, four full-length BLV clones, 1, 8, 9, and 13, derived from the transformed cell line FLK-BLV and a clone construct, pBLV913,...Full Text Available

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Aminopeptidase II, one of the two major aminopeptidases in the giant alga Chara australis, was partially purified. Its molecular weight was estimated to be about 80,000 by gel permeation...Full Text Available

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BackgroundThe objective of this study was to gain insight into the molecular mechanism of induced cell death (apoptosis) by PYRROLO [1,2-b][1,2,5]BENZOTHIADIAZEPINES...Full Text Available

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Ever since the pre-molecular era, the birth of new genes with novel functions has been considered to be a major contributor to adaptive evolutionary innovation. Here, I review the origin and evolution...Full Text Available

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Voxel-based prescriptions of deliberately non-uniform dose distributions based on molecular imaging, so-called dose painting or theragnostic radiation therapy, require specification of a transformation...Full Text Available

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Electrophoretic analysis of protein variation at the coagulation F13B locus has previously revealed three alleles, with alleles 1, 2, and 3 each being at high frequency in European,...Full Text Available

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In our quest for novel genes required for the development of the embryonic peripheral nervous system (PNS), we have performed three genetic screens using MAb 22C10 as a marker of terminally differentiated...Full Text Available

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Microorganisms in the environment can often adapt to use xenobiotic chemicals as novel growth and energy substrates. Specialized enzyme systems and metabolic pathways for the degradation of man-made...Full Text Available

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Seventy-nine Mycobacterium bovis isolates recovered from Mexican and Texas cattle were categorized into 16 and 25 distinct types on the basis of IS6110 and direct-repeat fingerprint patterns, respectively....Full Text Available

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BackgroundNematoda diverged from other animals between 600–1,200 million years ago and has become one of the most diverse animal phyla on earth. Most nematodes are free-living...Full Text Available

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The X-ray crystallographic structural determinations of synthetic estrogens and antiestrogens provide reliable information on the global minimum energy conformation of these molecules or a local minimum...Full Text Available

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BackgroundIsopentenyl diphosphate (IPP), a common biosynthetic precursor to the labdane diterpene forskolin, has been biosynthesised via a non-mevalonate pathway. Geranylgeranyl...Full Text Available

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The walleye dermal sarcoma is a mesenchymal tumor which seasonally affects up to 27% of adult walleye fish (Stizostedion vitreum). It arises multicentrically in the dermis, in which its development...Full Text Available

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The entire genome of rabies virus vaccine strain Flury-LEP-C, a Chinese variant of the rabies virus vaccine strain Flury-LEP, was sequenced. The overall length of the genome of Flury-LEP-C strain was...Full Text Available

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Flavone and isoflavone phytoestrogens are plant chemicals and are known to be competitive inhibitors of cytochrome P450 aromatase with respect to the androgen substrate. Aromatase is the enzyme that...Full Text Available

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An antiserum was raised in a rabbit against highly purified human liver dihydropteridine reductase (EC 1.6.99.7). Dihydropteridine reductase from human liver, in human cultured fibroblasts and in continuous...Full Text Available

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AimsThe aims of the study were to study the effect of pre-operative treatment on the expression of tumour-related proteins and to correlate the expression of these...Full Text Available

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The sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) domain data obtained by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis with 18S rDNA and fingerprinting (M13) for clinical...Full Text Available

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Vocal learning is a critical behavioral substrate for spoken human language. It is a rare trait found in three distantly related groups of birds-songbirds, hummingbirds, and parrots. These avian groups...Full Text Available

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Bartonella species are being recognized as important bacterial human and canine pathogens, and are associated with multiple arthropod vectors. Bartonella DNA extracted...Full Text Available

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Escherichia coli strains producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) are a major problem in many different hospitals worldwide, causing outbreaks as well as sporadic infections....Full Text Available

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Aluminium (Al) toxicity, affecting around half of the world¿s arable land, severely hinders the ability of crop plants to utilize moisture and nutrients by restricting root growth and function. Among the cultivated cereals, rye is the most Al-tolerant and represents an important potential source of ...

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Methylosulfonomonas methylovora M2 is an unusual gram-negative methylotrophic bacterium that can grow on methanesulfonic acid (MSA) as the sole source of carbon and energy. Oxidation...Full Text Available

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A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedure suitable for the simultaneous determination of the molecular size and concentration of macromolecular hyaluronate and proteoglycans in synovial...Full Text Available

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The exposure of cells to several metal ions stabilizes HIF-1α protein. However, the molecular mechanisms are not completely understood. They may involve inhibition of hydroxylation by either...Full Text Available

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The identification of predictive biomarkers is at the core of modern toxicology. So far, a number of approaches have been proposed. These rely on statistical inference of toxicity response from either...Full Text Available

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Antibodies of the IgM type present in rabbit anti-epiglycanin antiserum were purified by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation and by ion-exchange, affinity and gel-filtration chromatography. After papain treatment...Full Text Available

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The soluble subcellular fraction of a chlB mutant contains an inactive precursor form of the molybdoenzyme nitrate reductase, which can be activated by the addition to the soluble fraction of protein...Full Text Available

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BackgroundThe Gene Ontology (GO) is a well known controlled vocabulary describing the biological process, molecular function and cellular...Full Text Available

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Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle is a key phenotype associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) for which the molecular mediators remain unclear. We therefore conducted an expression analysis of human...Full Text Available

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Calorie restriction (CR) induces a metabolic shift towards mitochondrial respiration; however, molecular mechanisms underlying CR remain unclear. Recent studies suggest that CR-induced mitochondrial...Full Text Available

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BACKGROUND: Mitochondrial changes have been described in muscle tissue in acquired hypothyroidism. Among the molecular mechanisms by which thyroid hormones regulate expression of nuclear genes encoding...Full Text Available

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High-resolution near-infrared and far-infrared observations are presented of the southeastern molecular cloud fragment in the IC 5146 dark cloud. These observations rule out earlier suggestions for the formation of massive stars in this fragment.

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BackgroundCucumber, Cucumis sativus L. is an important vegetable crop worldwide. Until very recently, cucumber genetic and genomic resources, especially molecular...Full Text Available

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Exteriorized phosphatidylserine (PS) residues in apoptotic cells trigger rapid phagocytosis by macrophage scavenger receptor pathways. Mimicking apoptosis with liposomes containing PS may represent...Full Text Available

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BackgroundCichlid fishes in Lake Tanganyika exhibit remarkable diversity in their feeding habits. Among them, seven species in the genus Perissodus are known for...Full Text Available

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The programming of cellular networks to achieve new biological functions depends on the development of genetic tools that link the presence of a molecular signal to gene-regulatory activity. Recently,...Full Text Available

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A two-channel optical system has been developed to provide spatially resolved simultaneous imaging of singlet molecular oxygen (¹O₂) phosphorescence and photosensitizer (PS) fluorescence...Full Text Available

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While pleiotropic adaptive mutations are thought to be central for evolution, little is known on the downstream molecular effects allowing adaptation to complex ecologically relevant environments. Here...Full Text Available

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Molecular genetic analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi, the cause of Lyme disease, has been hampered by the absence of any means of efficient generation, identification, and complementation...Full Text Available

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Many epidemiological evidences have proven the association between smoking and periodontal disease. The causality can be further established by linking findings of traditional epidemiological studies...Full Text Available

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Self-renewal of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) is the foundation for maintenance of spermatogenesis throughout life in males and for continuation of a species. The molecular mechanism underlying stem...Full Text Available

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Cyteogenetic maps of sorghum chromosomes 3-7, 9, and 10 were constructed on the basis of the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of ~ ... regions of heterchromatin were delimited for all 10 sorghum chrom...

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BackgroundOncidium spp. produce commercially important orchid cut flowers. However, they are amenable to intergeneric and inter-specific crossing making phylogenetic...Full Text Available

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BackgroundPrimary hepatocytes are the best resource for in vitro studies directed at understanding hepatic processes at the cellular and molecular levels, necessary...Full Text Available

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Endometrial carcinoma is the most commonly diagnosed gynaecological cancer in developed countries. Although the molecular genetics of this disease has been in the focus of many research laboratories...Full Text Available

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Different tombusviruses were able to support the replication of either homologous or heterologous defective interfering (DI) RNAs, and those infected plants usually developed typical attenuated symptoms....Full Text Available

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Tail plates obtained from T4D amber mutants were examined with respect to sedimentation behavior, subunit molecular weights, amino acid composition, isoelectric points, and morphology. Intact plates...Full Text Available

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Cd36 is a small-molecular-weight integral membrane protein expressed in a diverse, but select, range of cell types. It has an equally diverse range of ligands and physiological functions, which has...Full Text Available