Motor vehicle traffic is the main emission source of benzene. We undertook this study in order to compare benzene exposure and urinary levels of trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA) in taxi drivers and petrol station workers. Air benzene levels were analyzed with gas chromatography using a Flame Ionization Detector. t,t-MA was extracted from urine and analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography. Significant differences in levels of urinary t,t-MA were found in drivers and petrol station workers when compared to a control group (p<0.05). Correlation coefficients between benzene in air and t,t-MA for petrol station workers and drivers were 0.65 and 0.30, respectively. The concentration of benzene in the breathing zone of petrol station workers was 2-3 times higher than drivers, and also 3 times greater than a threshold level (0.5 ppm) recommended by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). The lowest benzene concentration at which urinary t,t-MA increased to a measurable level was approximately 0.17 ppm. In conclusion our results suggested that high benzene levels are emitted in petrol stations in west Iran. t,t-MA analysis was able to separate those exposed from the non-exposed benzene group when benzene in the breathing zone of subjects was greater than 0.17 ppm.   

The distribution of total petroleum hydrocarbon in topsoils from various parts of Ibadan city, Nigeria, was studied. Samples were selected from around the following zones: (a) railway tracks, (b) petrol stations, (c) refuse dumps, (d) residential areas, (e) high traffic density areas, (f) mechanical workshops, and (g) control zones. Contamination of the topsoil with hydrocarbons was significant only around petrol stations and mechanical workshops where the factors of accumulation were 10.1 and 4.72, respectively. The general trend in hydrocarbon levels was petrol station > mechanical workshop > refuse dumps > high traffic areas {ge} rail tracks > control residential areas. The results highlight the need to monitor urban environments that are remote from petroleum exploration activities for petroleum hydrocarbon contamination. 19 refs., 3 tabs.

The objective of this study is to assess the environmental effects of implementing petrol rationing and the issuance of fuel smartcards in central Tehran. The results and their application are significant from the perspective of preserving fuel sources and protecting the environment, both of which being among the goals of sustainable development. Through the analysis of soft data (owners of automobile and light pickup trucks attitude), 3 general hypotheses were assessed and the result was compared to hard data (the traffic situation information, petrol consumption and air pollution). The soft data was gathered using a comprehensive questionnaire which randomly distributed among 2000 automobile and pickup truck drivers in the central Tehran area who were at petrol stations to refuel their vehicles. The gathered data was then analyzed at two levels: descriptive and inferential. The results of this research reveal that according to the soft data, the smartcard project has resulted in a decline in traffic and petrol consumption and a rise in air pollution; furthermore, the positive cultural effects of this project have been comparatively prominent. The actual figures show that the project has led to lower traffic load and air pollution but petrol consumption remains the same as before. (author)

Occasional electrostatic ignitions have been associated with the use of buried, non-conductive (insulating), plastic fuel pipes at petrol stations. The incidents are rare and normally involve only minor flash fires but there is scope for escalation and it is prudent to prevent them. This paper analyses the electrostatic processes associated with the use of non-conductive plastic pipes at petrol stations to establish what ignition mechanisms are plausible. To do this it considers details of the reported incidents alongside the results of published voltage measurements, observations of the typical spread of streaming currents recorded in gasoline handling and theoretical estimates of the voltages on non-conductive pipes. The analysis suggests that the greatest risk is posed by incendive spar...

The increase in the number of vehicles on roads has resulted in a deterioration of environmental quality in urban areas in many developing countries. Concentrations of carbon monoxide and suspended particulate matter pose a significant public health hazard. This paper presents the results of a study on emissions in Chennai city from different vehicular modes in order to predict the concentration of carbon monoxide in the ambient atmosphere. Emission characteristics of different types of vehicles were collected from pollutant emission checking stations while exhaust emissions from the different types of vehicles were collected during idling conditions and were then analysed. Vehicles were categorized as: heavy duty vehicles, pre 1984 petrol cars, post 1984 petrol cars, four stroke two wheelers, two stroke two wheelers, auto-rickshaws, and diesel cars. The study results are useful to predict the level of carbon monoxide emissions from vehicular traffic on the urban roads of Chennai city. 3 figs., 3 tabs., 4 refs.

...and motor spirit mixture or Ethanol and petrol mixture with more than 10...and motor spirit mixture or Ethanol and petrol mixture, UN 3475, are more...and motor spirit mixture or Ethanol and petrol mixture with more than...

Petroleum fuels are generally non-polar. The presence of ethanol in the petrol–ethanol fuel blends increases the polarity of the fuel blend. It was observed that absorption spectral shift of the Reichardt's ET(30) dye is sensitive to the petrol–ethanol blend polarity. It was also found that ET(30) dye has a characteristic ?max of absorption in petrol–ethanol blends irrespective of the petrol batch with which blends were prepared. In the present work, a sensitive analytical method for the petrol batch independent quantification of ethanol content in petrol–ethanol blends has been developed.

Abstract In situ radio-frequency heating (ISRFH) was successfully applied during remediation of a former petrol station. Using a three-electrode array in combination with extraction wells for soil vapor extraction (SVE), pollution consisting mainly of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, and mineral oil hydrocarbons (in total about 1100-kg) was eliminated from a chalk soil in the unsaturated zone. Specially designed rod electrodes allowed selective heating of a volume of approximately 480-m3, at a defined depth, to a mean temperature of about 50-C. The heating drastically increased the extraction rates. After switching off ISRFH, SVE remained highly efficient for some weeks due to the heat-retaining properties of the soil. Comparison of an optimized regime of ISRFH/SVE with conventiona...

The determination of phenol and p-cresol in urine has been suggested as a suitable biomarker for the monitoring of benzene exposure of pump workers employed in petrol stations. A method for efficiently extracting a wide variety of drugs from urine for toxicological analysis by gas chromatography is presented. The sensitivity of the method is sufficient to monitor normal levels of phenol and p-cresol after exposure to benzene vapors. The detection limit of the method is low enough to measure urinary phenol and p-cresol at a concentration of 0.1 mg/l. The overall recoveries of urinary phenol and p-cresol relative to the internal standard, DPA, ranged between 95 and 96.5%. Our gas chromatographic method is a rapid, precise and economical one suitable to measure the metabolite benzene also in routine monitoring of phenol and p-cresol.   

Objective: Seat belt use plays an important role in traffic safety by reducing the severity of injuries and fatality rates during vehicle accidents. The aim of this study was to investigate predictors of self-reported seat belt use in a sample of automobile drivers in Bandar Abbas, Iran. The theory of planed behavior and the health belief model served as the conceptual framework for the study. Methods: The convenience sample consisted of 284 eligible automobile drivers who frequented 8 petrol stations in different geographical areas of the city. Of the drivers approached to participate in the study, 21 declined to take part in the study and 12 other questionnaires were incomplete. Thus, a total of 251 questionnaires were analyzed (response rate = 88.4%). A self-administered questionnaire i...

In Germany there are more than 145 natural gas refilling stations accessible to the general public, primarily in the conurbation areas. The procedural and safety technical requirements, as well as the installation conditions, are regulated by law. The mineral oil tax on natural gas as a fuel is fixed at the EU minimum tax rate until the year 2009. Natural gas is by far the most economical fuel. As this is not generally known, the demand for natural-gas vehicles is still low. If, as a result of rising demands, the automobile industry were to offer more economically produced and competitively priced natural-gas vehicles, and more natural gas refilling stations were to be built at a relatively low specific investment cost, then natural gas as a fuel will become an attractive proposition for petrol station operators and gas suppliers. (orig.) [German] In Deutschland gibt es, vorrangig in Ballungsgebieten, ueber 145 oeffentlich zugaengliche Erdgastankstellen. Die verfahrens- und sicherheitstechnischen Anforderungen sowie die Aufstellungsbedingungen sind geregelt. Bis zum Jahr 2009 ist die Mineraloelsteuer fuer Erdgas als Kraftstoff auf den EU-Mindeststeuersatz festgeschrieben. Erdgas ist mit Abstand der preisguenstigste Kraftstoff. Dies ist noch nicht hinreichend bekannt und somit die Nachfrage nach Erdgasfahrzeugen noch zu gering. Wird die Autoindustrie aufgrund steigender Nachfrage kuenftig mehr rationell gefertigte, preisguenstige Erdgasfahrzeuge anbieten und werden weiter Erdgastankstellen mit relativ niedrigen spezifischen Investitionen gebaut, so wird Erdgas als Kraftstoff mittelfristig auch fuer den Tankstellenbetreiber und fuer den Gasversorger attraktiv. (orig.)

The traveler attended the quarterly meeting of the National Board of Governors of The Nature Conservancy held in Costa Rica to highlight their international program in Central America. The traveler used this opportunity to visit the La Selva Biological Station of the Organization for Tropical Studies and to examine their ecosystem research project on wet lowland tropical forests. Discussions were held with the co-directors, faculty, students, and visiting scientists from the United States.

The last decades have witnessed a growing interest in electric vehicles (EV) as an integral part of the vision for sustainable regions. The main reasons include the acknowledgment of the necessity of auto-mobility, the technological advancements of electric vehicles, and the interest in petrol-free, low-emission vehicles due to the rising oil prices and global warming. Adequate on-road EV recharging infrastructure is essential in the transformation of EV into a practical transport option and the wide-scale market penetration of EV. Nevertheless, the efficient spatial distribution of EV recharging is rarely explored. current study focuses on assessing the demand driven need for on-road EV recharging stations, and finding their efficient spatial distribution, while accounting for economic, social, environmental and land-use considerations. The analysis, conducted for Demark, consists of four steps. Firstly, the demand for on-road recharging of EV’s based on the national travel demand patterns is evaluated, while considering the existence of a city-wide slow recharging network. Secondly, the Edison model for the optimal deployment of EV recharging stations is applied. The model evaluates the need for recharging at the vehicle level, and seeks the optimal deployment of recharging stations on the basis of the distribution of the potential recharging points and the inventory of candidate sites. Thirdly, the EV market share is evaluated as a function of the number of EV recharging stations by employing a discrete choice model, estimated on the basis of a stated preference survey. Last, the feasibility of the optimal EV spatial distribution of the EV charging stations is analyzed, based on the Danish official socio-economic framework (TERESA). Results show: (i) the number of required recharging stations for satisfying the travel demand, (ii) the optimal deployment of recharging stations, (iii) the change in travel patterns due to detours for EV recharging, (iv) the feasibility of the proposed infrastructure while considering economic costs and benefits for operators and users, impact on government budget as well as environmental externalities, namely pollutant emissions, carbon footprint, and noise exposure. The results demonstrate the applicability and feasibility of the proposed method for planning an EV recharging network in sustainable regions.

The use of automation systems will be approached as fundamental tool in the control of sales in the pumps as well electronic management of stock in the tanks on a consolidated and integrated way, offering reliability and total control in the administration of fuel resale, no matter if the user be a one station owner, a group of dozens stations, or oil companies in general. These systems allow the local control in the gas station as well remotely through internet access or other kind of communication interface which be Also available. We will give some examples, as the possibility of remote stock management through a communication link between the oil company and gas station, in order to setup in the system a minimum stock level in each tank, that when being reached sends an automatic alarm for the oil company and another alarm for the station operator, so that the replenishment is programmed immediately without the need of sending purchase order by fax, e mail or telephone. This process brings a huge reduction of costs in the delivery logistics as well in the operational costs, reverting directly on a growth of the gas station and dealer's profit. Through this control, is also possible the remote management of fuel leak alarms in attendance to CONAMA 273, making possible a shared control and offering higher safety for both parts involved, considering the concept of environmental co-responsibility between gas station and oil company (dealer). (author)

The concentration of nitrogen oxides in waste gas from combustion can be reduced, by supplying a combination of an ammonium compound and a phenol compound, a combination obtained from the ground water of FCC (catalytic fluid phase cracking) petrol tanks or water obtained by washing FCC petrol tanks and an ammonium compound or an FCC overhead condensate to the combustion system in a furnace.

Visits to the Fall Meeting Web site: 650,000 Total participants at the meeting: 20,890 Abstracts submitted to the meeting: 20,087 Donors who attended and took advantage of donor lounges: 1835 Total attendance at Simon Winchester's Presidential Forum Lecture: 1200 Total attendance at the Honors Banquet: 905 Books sold at the AGU Marketplace: 671 Individuals registered for the Fun Run: 487 Students who participated in the Student Breakfast: 450 Individuals who crossed the finish line at the Fun Run: 384 Total attendees at Exploration Station: 307 Total booths sold in the Exhibit Hall: 304 Press registered for the meeting: 288 Membership transactions completed for renewing and registering members at AGU Marketplace: 156 Meeting attendees who were past Congressional Visits Day participants: 82 Editors, associate editors, and their student guests who visited the Editors Resource Center: 63 Copies of Navigating Graduate School and Beyond: A Career Guide for Graduate Students and a Must Read for Every Advisor sold during and after the talk and book signing by author Sundar A. Christopher: 50 Kegs of beer consumed during the Ice Breaker on Sunday, 4 December: 48 Hours of video footage shot at the meeting by the AGU videographer: 40 Potential geopress authors and editors who attended the daily “Come Publish With geopress” sessions in the AGU Marketplace: 31 Press conferences held at the meeting: 25 Average age of minors attending Exploration Station: 8.7 Educational seminars sponsored by AGU Publications: 2 (one on how to write a good scientific paper and the other on the rewards of reviewing) Watching three preschoolers in space suits waiting to meet astronaut Andrew Feustel after the Public Lecture: Priceless (with apologies to Mastercard®)

Samples of tree bark, which accumulate airborne material, were collected from seven locations in the UK to provide an indication of the magnitude and source of lead pollution. Measurement of the Pb content and 206/207Pb stable isotope ratio by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry revealed significant differences between the sites. The concentration of Pb varied over almost four orders of magnitude from 7.2 to 9,600 micrograms g-1, the maximum values being found near a 'secondary' Pb smelter. The 206/207Pb isotope ratios varied from 1.108 +/- 0.002 to 1.169 +/- 0.001. The lowest Pb concentrations and highest isotope ratios were detected in bark samples from the Scilly Isles, reflecting the low-level of industry and road traffic. In contrast, samples obtained from a city centre (Sheffield) and near a motorway (M1) contained 25-46 micrograms g-1 Pb and recorded the lowest 206/207Pb ratios. Higher concentrations in the vicinity of a coal-fired power station recorded a 206/207Pb ratio of 1.14, suggesting a significant contribution from fly-ash. The relative contribution of lead from petrol (206/207Pb = 1.08) and other sources such as coal (206/207Pb = 1.18) were thus estimated using mass balance equations. Tree bark near the lead smelter recorded an intermediate 206/207Pb ratio of 1.13 reflecting the processing of material of mixed origin. PMID:11354727

The current status and future prospects of the UK market for solar photovoltaic (PV) electricity are briefly discussed. Through the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), the UK Government has supported research and development (R and D) into PV for a number of years. This programme has now been extended to demonstrating PV systems on houses. Phase 2 - the domestic field trial programme - aims to monitor the performance of individual systems and the impact on a cluster of systems on the electricity network. New funding had allowed a trebling of the size of this programme, which involves both private developers and housing associations. The DTI is also working to promote PV on commercial buildings, eg the installation of BP Solar PV systems at BP petrol stations. The PV industry in the UK is technically strong and is working to overcome the barriers in the UK to greater uptake of the technology (including cost, conservatism, legal requirements and metering practices). Improvements are expected in a number of recent initiatives in the electricity industry to boost PV use and the PV industry is lobbying for PV to be included in the Enhanced Capital Allowances (ECA) scheme.

This paper is a case study of the Union of Raba River Communities in Poland. The City of Cracow receives 60% of its water from the Dobczyce Reservoir, which is located in the Raba River Watershed. The water quality in this reservoir is threatened by pollution from non-point sources and untreated sewage. Because the reservoir and watershed are located outside of Cracow, protecting the water quality falls to communities that do not use the Reservoir. To meet this responsibility, communities in the watershed formed the Union of Raba River Communities (the Union). The Union hired a Cracow consulting firm to conduct a study of watershed management options, which was completed in January 1996. The Union is now evaluating the plan and looking for funding for implementation. The Union is also addressing specific problems in the watershed, including the siting of a much needed but unpopular landfill. There are numerous sources of pollution in the watershed including: sewage; runoff from urban areas, roads, agriculture, logged areas, landfills and dumps, fertilizer and pesticide storage areas, and petrol stations; and air pollution.

According to the 1999 Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) for the proposed Yucca Mountain repository site, members of the public along transportation routes by which spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and high-level radioactive waste (HLW) is shipped will receive annual radiation doses less than 100 mrem/yr, the international (ICRP) and national (Department of Energy, Nuclear Regulatory Commission) radiation limit for members of the public. For the ''Mostly Truck'' national transportation scenario, the DEIS specifically concludes that the maximally exposed member of the public, a service station attendant along the primary shipping route will receive no more than 100 mrem/yr, or 2.4 rem over 24 years. Based on the assumptions in the DEIS scenarios, however, it is highly likely that service station attendants along shipping routes will be called upon to fuel and service the rigs carrying SNF and HLW to Yucca Mountain. After reevaluating the DEIS, and making realistic alternative assumptions where necessary, the authors conclude that these attendants are likely to receive substantially more than 100 mrem/yr external dose, and perhaps several times that dose (up to 500 mrem/yr), unless mitigating measures are adopted. This is particularly true in Western states where refueling opportunities are limited, and the distances between fuel sources in rural areas may be up to 100 miles.

Methyl tertiary-Butyl Ether (MTBE) is being produced in the Netherlands since 1984 and since 1988 it is being added to petrol as a lead substitute for decreasing environmental pollution. The addition of MBTE to petrol in Europe is mainly done to keep the octane level at a sufficient level. MBTE was put on the political agenda in the Netherlands early 2001 as a result of reports from the US on possible consequences of this substance for drinking water and the assumed risks to public health. As a result of questions from the Dutch Lower House about this subject. The Dutch Ministry of Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment started a project with the aim of painting a realistic and representative picture of the number of filling stations in the Netherlands with MBTE in the ground water and the extent of the MBTE problem in the Netherlands, based on literature and field research. The study is conducted in three stages: (1) Dossier research; (2) Drafting and elaborating research strategy; and (3) field and laboratory study with interpretation and extrapolation of research data. [mk]. [Dutch] Methyl tertiair-Butyl Ether (MTBE) wordt sinds 1984 in Nederland geproduceerd en sinds 1988 op grote schaal toegevoegd aan benzine als loodvervanger om milieuvervuiling te verminderen. MTBE als toevoeging van benzine wordt in Europa vooral toegepast om het octaangetal op voldoende niveau te houden. MTBE is begin 2001 in Nederland op de politieke agenda gekomen als gevolg van berichten uit de VS over de mogelijke gevolgen van deze stof voor het drinkwater en de veronderstelde gevaren voor de volksgezondheid. Naar aanleiding van vragen in de Tweede Kamer over dit onderwerp is door het ministerie van VROM een project gestart met als doel om op basis van een literatuur- en veldonderzoek een zo realistisch mogelijk en representatief beeld te schetsen van het aantal tankstations in Nederland waar sprake zou kunnen zijn van MTBE in het grondwater en van de omvang van de MTBE-problematiek in Nederland. Het onderzoek is in drie fasen uitgevoerd: (1) Dossieronderzoek; (2) Opstellen en uitwerken onderzoeksstrategie; en (3) Veld- en laboratoriumonderzoek met interpretatie en extrapolatie onderzoeksgegevens.

Measurements have been made of the fuel consumption of a petrol and a diesel car when starting from cold. The cars were the 1.1 liter petrol VW Golf and the 1.5 liter diesel version, which have the same passenger accommodation and nearly identical road performance. It was found that the diesel car used less fuel in the warm-up period than the petrol, both when being driven at constant speed on a test track and with the engine idling and the car stationary. (Copyright (c) Crown Copyright 1980.)

The inherent features of laser-induced fusion, some laser-fusion reactor concepts, and attendant means of utilizing the thermonuclear energy for commercial electric power generation are discussed. Theoretical fusion-pellet microexplosion energy release characteristics are described and the effects of pellet design options on pellet-microexplosion characteristics are discussed. The results of analyses to assess the engineering feasibility of reactor cavities for which protection of cavity components is provided either by suitable ablative materials or by diversion of plasmas by magnetic fields are presented. Two conceptual laser-fusion electric generating stations, based on different laser-fusion reactor concepts, are described. Technology developments for ultimate commercial application are outlined.

The feasibility, including consideration of technical and economic aspects of producing fuel ethanol from sugar cane for blending with petrol, as investigated by a working party from CSR, Ltd., the NSW Sugar Milling Cooperative, Department of Agriculture,...

rocks within greenstone and greenstone-granite terrains, and are compositionally ... diorite and monzondte-quartz monzonite appear to dominate. (4). Plutons as evolved as ...... from the Oceanographer Fracture Zone. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol.

After a short explanation of the structure of the mineral oil market in the Federal Republic of Germany the development of the petrol prices and its factors of influence is examined. Furthermore, the economic and political framework conditions of the competition in the petrol markets are highlighted. The main part of the paper constitutes a presentation of the instruments and effects of the competition policy. Possibilities and limits of the competition policy are examined regarding the intensification of competition in the petrol market. A clear refusal is given to the alternative to the competition policy, i.e. to the governmental price regulation of the petrol market with maximum price regulations. The governmental competition policy is clearly asked to abstain from an active forming of the market conditions and only to draw up general, abstract, and negatively delimiting rules for the security of freedom, i.e. bans of the restrictions of the present and potential competition.

The technical and economic issues associated with the production of bio-ethanol as a road transport fuel (fuel ethanol) in the UK are assessed. This volume addresses the current situation (May 1987) and covers the production of bio-ethanol from available raw materials using technology that is well established on an industrial scale, as well as the use of ethanol-petrol blends in existing petrol engines.

This article describes a petrol (gasoline) engine development project to combine the duel technologies of an Otto cycle engine with a modified cooling system and a high-tech processor-controlled bottoming cycle to harness not only the waste heat from the exhaust gases but also a significant proportion of the heat lost by a conventional petrol engine to the water coolant, resulting in a very substantial increase in energy conversion efficiency.

In endurance events such as the Le Mans 24 hour race, a high-speed diesel race engine has definite competitive advantages over a petrol equivalent of similar power, in terms of both fuel economy and tractive effort. The adaptation of a petrol race engine structure, together with operation at high engine speeds, allows maximum cylinder pressure to be controlled, leading to a lightweight engine without the weight distribution problems of approaches based on the development of heavy passenger car engines. (orig.)

In this test were verify the possibility of the influence of windshield washer fluid containing ethanol on an alcohol breath test. The premise was that anti-freeze washer fluids used in automobiles contain ethanol, and that the use of such fluids results in ethanol vapour permeating the automobile's cabin. Tests were carried out on individuals seated on the front seats of an enclosed automobile cabin. Five different types of anti-freeze washer fluids suited for temperatures between -19 degrees C to -35 degrees C commonly available at a range of different petrol station chains throughout the Czech Republic were used. In total 34 measurements were taken. Not even in one instance could a measurement of zero be obtained within 60 seconds to 4 minutes of the use of ethanol-based washer fluid. The longest positive test lasted for 13 minutes. The highest measured value was 0.71% per hundred. Immediately after exiting the automobile and taking several breaths of fresh outside air tests were negative in all cases. All tests subjects described a clear odour of windscreen washer fluid in the cabin in all instances, which was evident even after breathalyzer tests showed zero values. It is hence verified that using ethanol-based windscreen washer fluid which is commonly accessible on our market to spray the windscreen can skew the results of breathalyzer tests in the sense of generating false positives. Due to the characteristic odour described, drivers should themselves be aware that any test undertaken could not be in his or her favour. To eliminate the apparent presence of alcohol, it is however enough to exit the cabin and to take several (2-3) breaths of fresh air to absolutely guarantee a fair test. A positive test at this stage points to a different underlying reason than ethanol-based windscreen washer fluid being used. PMID:21887896

The aim of the study is to analyse the possibilities and barriers of using electric vehicles (EVs) by comparing Danish and other countries' EV prices and their components and by analysing the price development of the charging stations. Trends of business models for EVs are analysed and their life-time cost is compared. The symbiosis between EVs, volatile wind power and smart grid and the impact on the energy system is investigated. This is done by analysing driving and charging data from the trial started by the Danish Energy Agency, in order to identify the users' charging pattern. The charging pattern is coupled to data from the electric power market and EV market data to identify the value of intelligent EV fleet control and the integration potential of EVs in relation to usage of surplus volatile wind power in 2020. The results of the analyses show that if the EVs are not charged in an intelligent way, there is a risk that they have a negative effect on the power distribution grid at the time of day where the electricity consumption is the highest. Unintelligent charging means that the EVs start charging immediately when connected to the charger. Intelligent charging means Smart Grid, where the vehicles are charged at times of the day when the power demand is low and when power is produced by e.g. wind power plants. The report also concludes that, although EVs are exempt from levies in Denmark, EVs are still expensive compared to petrol and diesel cars and EVs in other countries. This is a barrier against a market penetration in Denmark. (LN)

A test car fleet of about 500 passenger cars was operated on mixed fuel 5% ethanol, 95% two-star petrol for one year. The emission, engine performance and fuel consumption of a few selected cars and some cars which were running on ordinary petrol were measured, fuel tolerance and starting behaviour at low temperatures were judged. On average the HC- and NO{sub x} emissions of the vehicles running on mixed fuel were the same as those of the cars running on ordinary petrol whereas CO-emissions were 33% lower; engine performance was almost unchanged; fuel consumption was increased by the proportion of low-energy ethanol, cold-start behaviour did not deteriorate. No proof was found of any influence of mixed fuels on the ageing of components in the fuel supply systems. Mixed fuels are not expected to cause any operational disturbances. (HWJ).

The comment of Green et al. debates the interpretation of the temperature of the H2O-saturated peridotite solidus and presence of silicate melt in the experiments of Till et al. (Contrib Mineral Petrol 163:669?688, 2012) at <1,000??C. The criticisms presented in their comment do not invalidate any of the most compelling observations of Till et al. (Contrib Mineral Petrol 163:669?688, 2012) as discussed in the following response, including the changing minor element and Mg# composition of the solid phases with increasing temperature in our experiments with 14.5?wt% H2O at 3.2?GPa, as well as the results of our chlorite peridotite melting experiments with 0.7?wt% H2O. The point remains that Till et al. (Contrib Mineral Petrol 163:669?688, 2012) present data that call into question the H2O-sa...

On 16-09-91 an attack on an oil pipeline led to some 70 tons of petrol spilling out and catching fire. About 20 tons filtered down into the aquifer of the river Llobregat delta. On 08-12-91 the presence of petrol was detected in a well used for supplying water about 1 km downstream. A system was set up for monitoring and extracting the polluted ground water. The volume affected had now reached 3.5 hm''3. The decontamination costs came to 245 million pesetas in comparison to only 10 millions pesetas for the petrol spill. The cost of extracting the water was 70 pta/m''3. Finally the importance of regional planning and the need to prevent such accidents is pointed out. The means necessary to deal with them should be available. (Author)

Topics discussed in these papers presented at Autotech '93 include spark ignition engines, the transient performance of a petrol engine, knock characteristics of methanol/petrol blends, and enhanced combustion and reduced emissions. A controlled burn rate combustion system for 4 valve/cylinder engines, low emission vehicle technology, application of computational fluid dynamics to exhaust system design, and gasoline/30% ethanol fuel are examined. Diesel engines, an endoscopic video system for engine combustion observation, the effect of combined turbocharging and supercharging, and low emission natural gas engines for commercial vehicles are also addressed in this selection of papers. (UK)

The article considers foreseeable technological innovations in the field of engines, vehicle type and fuels which will bring about reduced fuel consumption, limit exhaust pollution and reduce automobile production costs. Developments are discussed in petrol and diesel engines, two stroke engines, post-processing of internal combustion engine exhaust gases and electric and hybrid vehicles. New fuels discussed include petrol with reduced sulphur and benzene desulphurised gas-oil, natural gas fuel, methanol, ethanol, vegetable oil fuels, hydrogen and synthesis fuels derived from coal and natural gas. Policy options aimed at favouring technology development and reducing pollution are discussed and recommendations made. 6 refs.

Almost 100% of the buses, lorries and cars used today worldwide are using diesel and petrol. Although we have seen the introduction of catalytic converters, unleaded petrol and environmentally classified diesel over the past few years, we are still relying heavily on these fossil fuels. Sweden is one of the few countries with an ambitious programme to find new bio-based fuels. This programme has demonstrated that ethanol and biogas are viable fuel options, although they cannot yet compete with fossil fuels in today`s market conditions. (author)

Lead (Pb) poisoning of cattle has been relatively common in Australia and sump oil has been identified as an important cause of Pb toxicity for cattle because they seem to have a tendency to drink it. Lead-free petrol has been available in Australia since 1975, so the aim of this study was to assess the current risk to cattle from drinking used automotive oils. Sump or gear box oil was collected from 56 vehicles being serviced. The low levels of Pb found suggest that the removal of leaded petrol from the Australian market as a public health measure has benefited cattle by eliminating the risk of acute poisoning from used engine oil.

This article offers a model for studying the dynamics of globalized popular musics, that fills methodological and theoretical lacunae in existing scholarly approaches. It deals with the emergence and circulation of a hybrid popular music called musica ayacuchana, which over the 1990s became an important site of identification for the emergent Andean migrant middle class of Lima, Peru. Describing the role of radio stations and, particularly, DJs' actions in this process, I suggest that attention to the working practices of mediators can reveal how popular music becomes attached to new identities, particularly in the context of broader social changes. Further, I use this example to show why scholarly accounts of globalization, which rarely attend to the everyday mechanics of mediation, must ...

In the framework of an EC research programme on the health risks of environmental chemicals, the Istituto Superiore di Sanita` co-ordinated, in 1993-1996, a project on the biological effects of benzene and petroleum fuels. Seven laboratories from six European countries collaborated in the biological monitoring of selected population with occupational exposure to petrochemicals. Several markers of early biological effect were applied together with environmental and personal exposure monitoring techniques. An epidemiological retrospective mortality study was also carried out on Italian filling station attendants. The results obtained highlighted an excess of genetic damage in some of the study populations, compared to matched unexposed controls. Even though these results do not allow a reliable risk estimation, the possible prognostic significance of cytogenetic damage for future cancer onset, together with some alerting findings from the mortality study, suggest that low dose exposures to benzene and petroleum fuels may retain some toxicological significance.

This study aimed to analyze the impact of winter weather conditions on young children?s behavior and affective states by examining a group of 61 children attending day-care centers in Florence (Italy). Participants were 33 males, 28 females and their 11 teachers. The mean age of the children at the beginning of the observation period was 24.1?months. The day-care teachers observed the children?s behavioral and emotional states during the morning before their sleeping time and filled in a questionnaire for each baby five times over a winter period of 3?weeks. Air temperature, relative humidity, air pressure and solar radiation data were collected every 15?min from a weather station located in the city center of Florence. At the same time, air temperature and relative humidity data were coll...

Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) synthesis was carried out in a gas-flowed slurry-phase reaction system over Mn- and Zr-modified Co/SiO{sub 2} catalysts. A 0.5 L stirred tank slurry reactor (STSR) was used for catalyst screening and a 12.5 L slurry bubble column reactor (SBCR) was used for trial pilot operation. While using the 0.5 L reactor for catalyst screening, Co supported on the SiO{sub 2} with an average pore size of 10 nm showed a high catalytic performance for the F-T synthesis due to the suitable Co particle size in the catalyst. Zr promoter improved the activity and Mn promoter improved the stability of Co/SiO{sub 2} catalyst for the F-T synthesis. H{sub 2}-TPR profiles indicated that Zr and Mn promoters improved the reduction degree of Co{sub 3}O{sub 4} particles (on SiO{sub 2} surface) to Co{sup 0} active species in H{sub 2} flow at low temperature. While using the 12.5 L reactor for trial pilot operation over Mn-Zr-Co/SiO{sub 2} catalyst, the space-time yield (STY) of C{sub 5+} hydrocarbons (liquid fuel) showed almost the same values when various solvents (n-C{sub 16}H{sub 34}, n-C{sub 14}H{sub 30}, diesel from petrol station, F-T crude oil) were used. Diesel and F-T crude oil are suitable for using in a large-scaled F-T synthesis plant owing to the low prices. Mn-Zr-Co/SiO{sub 2} catalyst achieved a STY of C{sub 5+} hydrocarbons larger than 1000 g-C{sub 5+} kg-cat{sup -} {sup 1} h{sup -} {sup 1} in the 12.5 L reactor. The production capacity of liquid fuel from the 12.5 L reactor reached to 15.6 L per day (assumed for 24 h continuous operation). The stirring was very important for the F-T synthesis both reaction in the 0.5 L reactor and reaction in the 12.5 L reactor. The shape of slurry reactor also influenced the CO conversion for the F-T synthesis: reaction in the 12.5 L SBCR gave a higher CO conversion than that of reaction in the 0.5 L STSR (at the same W/F value under the same stirring speed) because the slender column reactor (SBCR) extended the residue time of reaction gas in the slurry-phase containing catalyst. (author)

A protein, designated lipid binding protein (LBP), has been purified from the petrol extracts of wheat and oat endosperms by hydrochloric acid precipitation in a non-polar medium and preparative electrophoresis. The purified LBP appeared to be homogeneous both by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl su...

The vehicles exploitation is linked with emission of pollutants which can be limited by application of modern engines and proper fuel choice. The results of ethanol added unleaded petrol, rarely applied in this country up to now, are presented. (author). 5 figs.

Triggered by new developments in the composition of ethanol/petrol fuels (ethanol content >85 vol%) additional measurements of the maximum experimental safe gap (MESG) have been carried out. The aim of the work was to identify the ethanol concentration in the liquid mixture for which the MESG (determined at a vapour/gas mixture temperature of 50 C) becomes 0.9 mm and lower. The vapour phase composition used for these determinations was the equilibrium composition over the liquid fuel mixtures at 50 C. The liquid mixtures were prepared from respective amounts of volumes of petrol and ethanol (uncertainty of volume measurement 0.1 vol% absolute). The automotive petrol fuels used for this purpose were of unleaded petrol super grade summer quality (Eurosuper ROZ 95) which are commercially available and had a Reid vapour pressure between 580 mbar and 595 mbar (EN 228: climate zone A). For conservative conditions, summer quality was chosen because of its lower vapour pressure compared to winter quality. (orig.)

Polycrystalline magnesium ferrite (MgFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}) was prepared by the co-precipitation method. The synthesized compound was characterized for their phase and morphology by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Conductance responses of the (MgFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}) were measured towards gases like hydrogen sulfide (H{sub 2}S), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), ethanol vapors (C{sub 2}H{sub 5}OH), SO{sub x}, H{sub 2}, NO{sub x}, NH{sub 3,} methanol, acetone and petrol. The gas sensing characterstics were obtained by measuring the sensitivity as a function of various controlling factors like operating temperatures and concentrations of gases. It was found that the sensor exhibited various responses towards these gases at different operating temperatures. Furthermore; the MgFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} based sensor exhibited a fast response and a good recovery towards petrol at temperature 250 deg. C. The results of the response towards petrol reveal that (MgFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}) synthesized by a simple co-precipitation method, would be a suitable material for the fabrication of the petrol sensor.

Ethanol blended petrol and biodiesel blended diesel are being introduced in many countries to meet the increasing demand of hydrocarbon fuels. However, technological limitations of current vehicle engine do not allow ethanol and biodiesel percentages in the blended fuel to be increased beyond a certain level. As a result quantification of ethanol in blended petrol and biodiesel in blended diesel becomes an important issue. In this work, calibration models for the quantification of ethanol in the ethanol-petrol and biodiesel in the biodiesel-diesel blends of a particular batch were made using the combination of synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS) with principal component regression (PCR) and partial least square (PLS) and excitation emission matrix fluorescence (EEMF) with N-way Partial least square (N-PLS) and unfolded-PLS. The PCR, PLS, N-PLS and unfolded-PLS calibration models were evaluated through measures like root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV), root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) and square of the correlation coefficient (R(2)). The prediction abilities of the models were tested using a testing set of ethanol-petrol and biodiesel-diesel blends of known ethanol and biodiesel concentrations, error in the predictions made by the models were found to be less than 2%. The obtained calibration models are highly robust and capable of estimating low as well as high concentrations of ethanol and biodiesel. PMID:21909636

We have modelled the market for new cars in Ireland with the aim of quantifying the values placed on a range of observable car characteristics. Mid-sized petrol cars with a manual transmission sell best. Price and perhaps fuel cost are negatively associated with sales, and acceleration and perhaps r...

The in vitro antioxidant activity of stems of Opuntia vulgaris Mill had been investigated by estimating degree of non-enzymatic haemoglobin glycosylation measured colorimetrically at 520 urn. It was found that benzene and chloroform extract of O. vulgaris had better antioxidant activity than petrole...

Branched hydrocarbons are preferred to linear hydrocarbons as ingredients in petrol, as they enhance the fuel octane number. By catalytic isomerisation linear hydrocarbons are converted into branched hydrocarbons, then it becomes necessary to separate the mixture. A variety of zeolites may be used f...

The report summarizes the proceedings of an EPA/Institut Francais du Petrole (IFP) cosponsored workshop addressing direct nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from fossil fuel combustion. The third in a series, it was held at the IFP in Rueil-Malmaison, France, on June 1-2, 1988. Increas...

The new petrol engine with 1.4 litre displacement for the VW Golf has been developed from the 1.3 litre engine. The reasons for the increasement of displacement were to improve torque and power and to reduce fuel consumption and noise. The development highlights of the new engine are described. (orig.).

A comparison of synchronous fluorescence scan (SFS) spectra of petrol, diesel and their mixtures with kerosene in front surface, 45{sup o} and 90{sup o} angle sample geometry as obtainable from a commercial fluorimeter reveals that 90{sup o} angle geometry provides certain distinct characteristics to SFS spectra. The presence of extensive inner filter effects and resonance energy transfer in petroleum products are the major causes of the distinctive characteristics of these spectra. These characteristics enable the development of calibration plots for mixture samples (petrol-kerosene and diesel-kerosene) based on the shift in {gamma}{sub SFS{sup max}} and SFS intensity. This novel method shows promise in detecting and estimating the contamination of petrol and diesel by kerosene. Calibration graphs obtained from SFS intensity measurement are found to be efficacious in the whole range 0-90% v/v of kerosene, and give a good linearity in the adulteration range generally found in the field (0-50% v/v) for petrol and diesel. The method is simple, rapid and superior both in terms on sensitivity (0.1% v/v) and accuracy to other analytical methods used for petroleum product analysis. (Author)

The 'Pollut-Eval T' tool is the result of a collaboration between the Institut Francais du Petrole (IFP) and Vinci Technologies. It has been designed to improve the Rock-Eval technology and to enlarge its domain of application to the environmental control of polluted soils. It is a compact instrument capable of performing on-site or laboratory analyzes. Short paper. (J.S.)

Here is given a summary of the conference organized by the IFP (Institut francais du petrole) with the help of the economy and management section of the AFTP and of the French Council of the Energy the May 11, 2006 in Rueil Malmaison. (O.M.)

The computer systems used for nuclear power plants require high reliability and fast response for securing plant safety. Therefore, it is desirable to sufficiently scrutinize and investigate every work in advance by making total system if a computer system is to be introduced. In this paper, the on-line radiation management system, which is the main work of management computer system, is considered with a queuing simulation model, from the standpoint how the congestion at a TLD/ID station which manages the entering into and exiting from a controlled area is reduced. This is meaningful because it handles the major works of the system to be employed and predicts its performance considering the elements other than machine specifications, i.e., human behaviour. Seven conditions are assumed for the model in executing the simulation. The results are briefly as follows: (1) Queue at a TLD/ID station scarcely occurs in normal operation if 6 TLD devices are installed, but if any one device fails, waiting time increases twice or more. (2) Congestion may possibly be reduced without decreasing the whole efficiency if an appropriate management is done according to the degree of congestion. (3) If congestion is more serious, the increase of TLD devices may become necessary, but it is also important to execute the management such as reducing the attendant peak, for example, employing staggered office hours.

Management of ecosystems has advanced by an improvement in understanding not only of how ecosystems function, but of how people perceive their functioning and what they consider to be environmental problems within those systems. Central to such management is understanding how people view estuaries. In this article the author explores the perceptions and attitudes of people about coastal recreation, environmental problems, and future land use along the New Jersey shore (USA) by interviewing people who attended a duck decoy and craft show on Barnegat Bay. The people who were interviewed engaged in more days of fishing than any other recreational activity and engaged in camping the least. There were significant differences in recreational rates as a function of gender and location of residence, with men hunting and fishing more than women and photographing less than women. Jet skis were perceived as the most severe environmental problem, with chemical pollution, junk, oil runoff and overfishing as second level problems. Birds were perceived as not an environmental problem at all. Fishing, hiking, preservation, and camping ranked as the highest preferred future land uses for the two sites examined (Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station, Naval Weapons Station Earle). The preferred future land uses for these two sites, which are not under consideration for land-use changes, were very similar to those of people living near the Department of Energy`s Savannah River Site in South Carolina, despite the media attention and considerations of nuclear storage.

The Danish Air Quality Monitoring Programme (LMP) was started in 1982 as the first nation-wide urban air pollution monitoring programme in Denmark. The programme has been adjusted to the pollution pattern by two revisions. The present phase (LMP III) was started in 1992. From 2000 a new phase will be started including i.a. measurements of PM10 and Benzene at several locations. The present report describes the results from 1999 and updates the trends from the start of the programme in 1982. Measurements are performed at twin sites in the cities of Copenhagen, Odense and Aalborg. One of the sites is at kerb side at a street with heavy traffic and the other is on the roof of a building a couple of hundreds meters from the street site. Two rural sites, one outside Copenhagen and one at Keldsnor in the southern part of the country are also included. NO, NO2, SO2, total suspended particulate matter (TSP) and elements in the aerosols are measured at the street sites. O3 and the meteorological parameters, wind direction, wind speed, temperature, relative humidity and global radiation are measured at the roof sites. Additional measurements of CO at street and NO and NO2 at roof sites are now performed continuously in order to improve the knowledge about the NO, NO2 and O3 problem complex. At the rural site outside Copenhagen the same program is conducted as at the street stations with the inclusion of O3. Only NO, NO2 and O3 are reported from the other rural site. Air quality limit values have been implemented in Denmark for NO2, SO2, TSP in order to protect human health. All limit values are based on EU limit values, which also include a limit value for Pb. A set of threshold values for O3 came into force in March 1994. They were laid down with consideration of the protection of both human health and plants. The new EU Directives introduce revised standards for NO2, SO2, particles (PM10) and Pb. They are implemented through the first "daughter" Directive to the Air Quality Framework Directive. It was adopted by the EU council in April 1999. The new limit values shall be in force from January 2001 (18 month after the publication) and all member states must comply with the new limit values before 2005 or 2010 in accordance with the daughter directives. The new limit values were set to protect human health and ecosystems. They are based on the present knowledge about the toxicity of the species. Further EU standards are prepared for O3, Benzene and the heavy metals Ni, As and Cd. The measured NO2 concentrations were about a factor of two lower than the limit value, while they are close to the values in the new EU Directive. The trend for NO2 indicates the latest years a weak decrease. The introduction of three way catalytic converters (TWC) on all new petrol driven cars from October 1990 reduces mainly the NO emission. As a result of this the observed NO concentrations are significantly decreasing. O3 is at present a limiting factor for the formation of NO2 at street level and it remains to be seen to what extent the NO2 concentrations will be reduced at highly polluted locations as result of the TWC's. Some of the threshold values for O3 were frequently exceeded. The average O3 concentrations are almost the same at all sites. The average levels are, especially during the winter, lowest at winds from south-easterly directions. The highest peak concentrations were also observed at south-easterly winds. While O3 is the limiting factor for formation of NO2 at street level, NO is the limiting factor at roof level and in background areas. After some years with slightly decreasing O3 concentrations an increase was observed in 1999. This is probably mainly due to the meteorological conditions in 1999. The SO2 concentrations have been continuously decreasing since 1982. In 1999 they were only about 1/10 of the limit values. They are also far below the new values proposed by the EU commission. The amount of TSP shows a slightly decreasing trend. as a result of better combustion control. The concentrations of TSP were approximately 1/3 of the limit value. The measured values are not directly comparable with the limit values laid down in the new EU Directive. These are based on PM10. Measurements of PM10 at one traffic site show concentrations that exceed the proposed "short term" limit value. It is estimated that the PM10 concentrations are roughly 75% of the TSP. Focus has been on the potential health risk of ultra-fine particles i.e. particles with a diameter <0.1 µm. Measurements at three of the LMP stations shows that these particles constitute a minor part of the total PM10 mass, but that the number concentration peaks below 0.1 µm. The traffic is the main source for these particles in urban areas. Diesel driven cars have the highest emission; but the gasoline cars contribute with comparable amounts. The Pb pollution has been reduced with about a factor of 50 since 1982 as a result the removal of Pb from gasoline. The development has outdated the limit value, which is more than a factor of 100 higher than the measured concentrations. Also the proposed new limit value is far above the measured concentrations in Denmark. The measured concentrations for Ni, As and Cd are well below the expected new limit values. The traffic is no longer then main source for Pb, but other heavy metals as Cr and Cu, are mainly traffic related in urban areas. The main source is probably dust from brake pads. CO and benzene are mainly emitted from petrol driven cars. The concentrations are consequently highest close to the streets. The TWC remove the main part of both CO and benzene from the exhaust. The concentrations are at present steadily decreasing, due to the increasing fraction of cars with TWC's and reduction of the benzene content in petrol. A new EU Directive, which sets limit values for CO and benzene, is in preparation. The measured CO concentrations are well below the expected limit values, while the present benzene concentrations at some places exceed the expected limit value, which should be met before 2010.

OBJECTIVES: To describe (1) the characteristics of attenders to an urban accident and emergency (A&E) department over a one year period according to the frequency of their attendance and (2) the features of their attendances according to the frequency which the patient attended the department during...

...impacts of the Coldwater Compressor Station Project, involving...Scoping Meeting Coldwater Compressor Station Project...entitled ``An Interstate Natural Gas Facility On My Land...10,000-horsepower compressor station...

...combustion waste landfill, construction areas and station access roads...generating station and associated...Proposal Duke Power Company purchased...Generating Station, including...vehicle or construction equipment...placement, waste...

No energy technology is risk free when all aspects of its utilization are taken into account. Every energy technology has some attendant direct and indirect health and safety concerns. Solar technologies examined in this paper are wind, ocean thermal energy gradients, passive, photovoltaic, satellite power systems, low- and high-temperature collectors, and central power stations, as well as tidal power. For many of these technologies, insufficient historical data are available from which to assess the health risks and environmental impacts. However, their similarities to other projects make certain predictions possible. For example, anticipated problems in worker safety in constructing ocean thermal energy conversion systems will be similar to those associated with other large-scale construction projects, like deep-sea oil drilling platforms. Occupational hazards associated with photovoltaic plant operation would be those associated with normal electricity generation, although for workers involved in the actual production of photovoltaic materials, there is some concern for the toxic effects of the materials used, including silicon, cadmium, and gallium arsenide. Satellite power systems have several unique risks. These include the effects of long-term space travel for construction workers, effects on the ozone layer and the attendant risk of skin cancer in the general public, and the as-yet-undetermined effects of long-term, low-level microwave exposure. Hazards may arise from three sources in solar heating and cooling systems: water contamination from corrosion inhibitors, heat transfer fluids, and bactericides; collector over-heating, fires, and “out-gassing” and handling and disposal of system fluids and wastes. Similar concerns exist for solar thermal power systems. Even passive solar systems may increase indoor exposure levels to various air pollutants and toxic substances, eitherdirectly from the solar system itself or indirectly by trapping released pollutants from furnishings, building materials, and indoor combustion.

...2010-10-01 false Compressor stations: Emergency...TRANSPORTATION OF NATURAL AND OTHER GAS BY PIPELINE: MINIMUM... § 192.167 Compressor stations: Emergency...station. (b) If a compressor station supplies gas directly to a...

...conditions. (RR) Base Earth Station. An earth station in the fixed-satellite service...mobile-satellite service. (RR) Base Station. A land station in the land...average power supplied to the antenna transmission line by a...

... Control station. A fixed station, the transmissions of which...emissions or operations of a radio station, or a remote base station transmitter. Effective radiated...of the power supplied to the antenna multiplied by the gain of...

An economic assessment was conducted on five biomass-to-ethanol production pathways utilising the feedstock: wheat, triticale, sugarbeet, miscanthus and straw. The analysis includes the costs and margins for all the stakeholders along the economic chain. This analysis reveals that under current market situations in Ireland, the production of ethanol under the same tax regime as petrol makes it difficult to compete against that fuel, with tax breaks, however, it can compete against petrol. On the other hand, even under favourable tax breaks it will be difficult for indigenously produced ethanol to compete against cheaper sources of imported ethanol. Therefore, the current transport fuel market has no economic reason to consume indigenously produced ethanol made from the indigenously grown feedstock analysed at a price that reflects all the stakeholders' costs. To deliver a significant penetration of indigenous ethanol into the market would require some form of compulsory inclusion or else considerable financial supports to feedstock and ethanol producers. (author)

The production of ethanol as an alternative motor fuel is dealt with. Attention is paid to biological and biochemical aspects (yeasts, fermentation processes), raw materials (sugar cane, cassava, potatoes, cereals) and the processing (fermentation conditions, distillation). Ethanol can substitute petrol or diesel oil by mixing it with the original fuel or by using pure ethanol instead of petroleum products. In Brazil a national program is started to stimulate the construction of ethanol plants and the cultivation of sugar cane and cassava and thus gradually substitute petrol and diesel oil by ethanol. Energy balance for alcohol fuel is favourable when sugar cane or cassava is used as raw material. When cereals, potatoes or sugar beet is used, the energy balance is negative. Utilization of alcohol as motor fuel is especially fit for developing countries because of the relatively simplicity while large areas are available for the cultivation of sugar cane or cassava.

Four petrol engines as well as one diesel engine that comes with a diesel particulate filter as standard make up the engine range for the Eos. All of the gearboxes transfer the drive power to the front axle via six forwards gears. The Eos with the most powerful petrol engine comes with the automatic DSG direct shift gearbox as standard, which is available as an option for the 2.0 Turbo FSI and the 2.0 TDI. The chassis meets the top requirements in terms of driving dynamics and driving comfort. Innovative technical solutions have been further developed and configured for the cabriolet characteristics. The results is a high-level dynamic safety chassis. (orig.)

A petrol driven moped is converted to an electric one by replacing the petrol engine by a three phase 1.5 HR, AC squirrel cage induction motor drive system. The motor voltage rating selected is 200 V to keep the DC boost voltage level to a reasonable value.f the power source used is a high energy density, 24 V, 110 Ah, Ni-Zn battery. A modified indirect current controlled step-up chopper as well as a standard push-pull DC-DC boost converter is studied for the boost scheme. A simple three phase quasi-square wave inverter is designed along with suitable protection for driving the motor. Successful trial test of the system has been conducted at the laboratory.

Lead (Pb) poisoning of cattle has been relatively common in Australia and sump oil has been identified as an important cause of Pb toxicity for cattle because they seem to have a tendency to drink it. Lead-free petrol has been available in Australia since 1975, so the aim of this study was to assess the current risk to cattle from drinking used automotive oils. Sump or gear box oil was collected from 56 vehicles being serviced. The low levels of Pb found suggest that the removal of leaded petrol from the Australian market as a public health measure has benefited cattle by eliminating the risk of acute poisoning from used engine oil. PMID:20553575

An overview of the production of bioethanol from biomass is presented, and the future for bioethanol in the transport, cogeneration, domestic appliances, and chemicals markets are examined. Bioethanol economics are considered, and yields and estimated prices for bioethanol produced from different crops are tabulated. Specific uses of bioethanol in the different markets are highlighted including the blending of ethanol with petrol in the transport market, the use of bioethanol for cooking in the domestic market, and the production of chemicals from bioethanol.

An energy balance for the production of ethanol from biomass of technical utility on the one hand and from nutritive substances on the other hand is given. The required arable acreages which are recessary for running an ethanol automobile for one year are compared. The possibilities for using ethanol as liquid fuel are generally examined and the design of Otto engines for using petrol, methanol, fuel oil, ethanol or other mixtures, is discussed.

This paper tries to give a short insight about the production of biogas and ethanol and to describe the characteristics of this fuels. Due to the fact that petrol and diesel have different properties, changes in conventional engines are of necessity. Principally it is noticed that biogas and ethanol are appropriate for energy. Each chapter ends with emphasis on energy costs and factors which must be considered by use of biogas and ethanol.

A novel fermentation reactor design, based on the anaerobic baffle reactor, was tested using molasses as the feedstock and ordinary baker's yeast as the fermentating agent, operating on a semi-continuous basis. Ethanol yields of > 14% v/v were obtained, which was comparable to that obtained for a high ethanol yielding wine yeast. The reactor was run for one with only one inoculum of yeast. This represents a considerable saving in operating costs, including labour. The small still design produced by the Institute of Production Innovation, Tanzania, was modified to simplify the method of construction and reduce material costs. The still was found capable of delivering azeotropic ethanol at the rate of 1.25 L/hr. The performance of a commercially available, small stationary spark ignition engine was assessed running on ethanol (99.86% w/w) as the sole fuel and with a range of ethanol/water mixtures (97.5 to 80% ethanol w/w) and compared to the results obtained when running on petrol. The engine was found to operate satisfactorily across the range of mixtures, demonstrating that the performance is not restrained by fuel quality. There was a loss, compared to petrol, in maximum bp. The bsfc was considerably higher than for petrol, which would imply the need for larger fuel tanks which was not considered a disadvantage for stationary engines. Increasing the compression ratio from 5.5:1 to 8:1 brought no significant improvements in bte and bsfc. This modification could not be recommended, at least for this particular engine, especially since increasing the compression ratio can be detrimental for the engine lifetime. Retarding the spark timing relative to that for petrol brought improvements in bte and bsfc and should be undertaken where practically possible. (Author).

The crude methanolic extracts of the stem and root barks, stem and root heart-wood, leaves, fruits and seeds of Artocarpus heterophyllus and their subsequent partitioning with petrol, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and butanol gave fractions that exhibited a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. The butanol fractions of the root bark and fruits were found to be the most active. None of the fractions were active against the fungi tested. PMID:12837372

Institut Francais du Petrole (IFP) has developed a new process, Alphabutol, to dimerize selectively ethylene to butene-1. The Alphabutol process uses a homogeneous catalyst which means that reactants, products and catalyst are all soluble in the same liquid phase. The new catalytic system used in the Alphabutol process avoids isomerization of butene-1 to butene-2. Therefore, there is no need for product superfractionation.

Institut Francais du Petrole (IFP) has compiled statistical figures on offshore accidents for risk, safety, and reliability studies. IFP calls this data base Platform. It provides a body of essential data for accidents concerning both mobile and stationary offshore drilling rigs. Historical accident data bases are a basic implement for risk assessment of safety and reliability. IFP has built this data base with all available information from 950 actual listings.

With the Golf V, Volkswagen is continuing its innovative drive unit strategy. The highlights are the across-the-board deployment of FSI technology in the petrol engines. This achieves the typical Volkswagen synthesis of driving pleasure and economy all at once. (orig.) [German] Mit dem Golf V setzt Volkswagen seine innovative Motorenstrategie fort. Als Highlight ist der flaechendeckende Einsatz der FSI-Technik bei den Ottomotoren hervorzuheben. Damit werden in der fuer Volkswagen typischen Synthese Fahrspass und gleichzeitig Sparsamkeit realisiert. (orig.)

Petrol, heavy oil and other mineral oil products can produce contamination of water if stored or handled carelessly. The determination of traces of mineral oil in water is hence very important in practice. The processes for this determination are compared and critically evaluated. An improved infrared-spectroscopic process is described. The limits of error in determining traces of mineral oil of unknown origin and composition in water can be reduced to about plus or minus 10 percent.

One of the main problems for the installation of new natural gas stations has been the high investment for compressor acquisition. Out of 900 thousand Reais, which is an average value for the construction of a supplying structure, 600 thousand are destined for the acquisition of the compression system (average outflow of 800 Nm{sup 3}/hour at 20 deg C, 1 atm), approach commonly used in Brazil. To be economically feasible, it is necessary that the fueling station has a supplying volume of at least 600 vehicles/day. Niches of NGV market have been identified to new potentials, where the compressed gas demand is lower, therefore not justifying an investment in compression systems of high capacity. A solution for reduction of this investment would be the introduction in the Brazilian market of compression systems of medium and low outflow and with lower cost. In this context, CTGAS has a project into RedeGasEnergia in partnership with PETROBRAS, funded by FINEP/CTPETRO, to develop, to acquire, and to mount prototypes of compression systems of small and medium capacities. To attend the objectives of this project, a compressor was developed in a partnership with a national manufacturer, MOVITEC, and participation of CENPES, with an outflow of 200 Nm{sup 3}/hour (at 20 deg C 1 atm.), for a demand of up to 200 vehicles/day. Another alternative, for the case of small consumers with supplying demand of up to 15 vehicles/day is being made possible by the introduction in the Brazilian market of two compression systems of outflow with up to 13,0 Nm{sup 3}/h (at 20 deg C 1 atm). The installation of these systems will assist in the economical and technical feasibility studies. At this moment, there are some companies interested in knowing this new technology for using the compressor in their installations, thus demonstrating the success of this project, as well as the wakening of a new consuming market. (author)

As part of a project for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Sandia National Laboratories is developing and testing the feasibility of using of a cooperative team of robotic sentry vehicles to guard a perimeter and to perform surround and diversion tasks. This paper describes on-going activities in the development of these robotic sentry vehicles. To date, we have developed a robotic perimeter detection system which consists of eight ''Roving All Terrain Lunar Explorer Rover'' (RATLER{trademark}) vehicles, a laptop-based base-station, and several Miniature Intrusion Detection Sensors (MIDS). A radio frequency receiver on each of the RATLER vehicles alerts the sentry vehicles of alarms from the hidden MIDS. When an alarm is received, each vehicle decides whether it should investigate the alarm based on the proximity of itself and the other vehicles to the alarm. As one vehicle attends an alarm, the other vehicles adjust their position around the perimeter to better prepare for another alarm. We have also demonstrated the ability to drive multiple vehicles in formation via tele-operation or by waypoint GPS navigation. This is currently being extended to include mission planning capabilities. At the base-station, the operator can draw on an aerial map the goal regions to be surrounded and the repulsive regions to be avoided. A potential field path planner automatically generates a path from the vehicles' current position to the goal regions while avoiding the repulsive regions and the other vehicles. This path is previewed to the operator before the regions are downloaded to the vehicles. The same potential field path planner resides on the vehicle, except additional repulsive forces from on-board proximity sensors guide the vehicle away from unplanned obstacles.

With the depressed state of the sugar market and recent substantial increase (40% in January 1985) of liquid fuel prices in South Africa, the study is of a topical nature. Results show that the total ethanol cost (including opportunity cost) per liter in an industry producing one billion litres a year was over twice the refinery-gate or pre-tax petrol price around 1979/80 but similar to the pump price of petrol. More recently (1985) petrol prices have increased relative to ethanol costs due to the weakening of the rand against other major currencies. A strong positive correlation is evident between sugar-cane production and labor employment. With a subsidized billion-liter ethanol industry, labor employment is estimated to increase by 45,000 (34%) under a pool scheme and by 25,000 (19%) under a free edible sugar market compared with current employment. Development costs per worker are estimated to be about R30,000 compared with over one million rand per worker for a new SASOL plant. In a free market the area under sugarcane is estimated to decrease by about 50% and labor employment by 26%.

Contents: Appendix A -- Annotated bibliography; Appendix B -- State listings of applicable regulations and attendant costs as of July 1973; Appendix C -- Regulation variations between states and attendant costs as of 1 July 1973.

...Commission Notice of Commission Attendance at the Western Electricity Coordinating Council Board of Directors Meeting The Federal...Commission staff may attend the following meeting: Western Electricity Coordinating Council Board of Directors Strategic...

...SAC's response to the ANPRM was that the SAC believed it must have every resource...committees will be required to maintain records of meetings, including attendance...committee will be required to maintain records of meetings, including attendance,...

...Commission Notice of FERC Staff Attendance at the Southwest Power Pool ICT Stakeholder Policy Committee Meeting and the Entergy Regional...attendance is part of the Commission's ongoing outreach efforts. ICT Stakeholder Policy Committee Meeting October 20, 2010 (8...

...Regulatory Commission Notice of FERC Staff Attendance at the ICT Stakeholders Policy Committee and Entergy Regional State Committee...attendance is part of the Commission's ongoing outreach efforts. ICT Stakeholder Policy Committee Meeting March 16, 2011 (1...

...Regulatory Commission Notice of FERC Staff Attendance at the SPP-ITO Louisville Gas & Electric/Kentucky Utilities Stakeholder...attendance is part of the Commission's ongoing outreach efforts. SPP-ITO Louisville Gas & Electric/Kentucky Utilities...

In 2001 the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) in the Netherlands conducted a drinking water measurement programme in co-operation with the Netherlands Waterworks Association (VEWIN) for methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in drinking water and the corresponding sources. This study, consisting of two sampling periods, shows a generally low concentration of MTBE in drinking water at the selected drinking water plants. The selection of sampling locations was based on the vulnerability of the water catchment area. Measurements in the June/July period showed a concentration of <0.01 {mu}g/l in 22 samples of raw water; the average concentration was 0.07 {mu}g/l and the highest 0.42 {mu}g/l. The average concentration in drinking water in September/October was 0.09 {mu}g/l and the maximum 2.9 {mu}g/l. This maximum concentration was unusual, considering that the second highest value was 0.14 {mu}g/l MTBE. The raw water (both groundwater and surface water) samples registered a concentration of <0.5 {mu}g/l; the highest concentration in surface water was 3.2 {mu}g/l. However, at one location a relatively high concentration (11.9 {mu}g/l) was found in an individual groundwater well. This contamination could be attributed to a local source. The main conclusion here is that MTBE occurs in drinking water, although the concentrations are generally very low (<0.14 {mu}g/l), with a maximum value of 2.9 {mu}g/l. There are no effects on health expected. It is, however, recommended to screen for MTBE in groundwater at locations with a history of or experience with soil contamination. Taking precautions for future spills at petrol stations remains priority number one. [Dutch] Het RIVM heeft in samenwerking met VEWIN in 2001 een meetprogramma uitgevoerd voor de stof methyl tert-butylether (MTBE) in drinkwater en drinkwaterbronnen. In de periode juni/juli 2001 is een orieenterend meetprogramma uitgevoerd. De concentratie MTBE in ruwwater van 22 pompstations (in totaal werden 63 pompstations bemonsterd) was lager dan de rapportagegrens (0.01) {mu}g/l. De overige ruwwatermonsters hadden waarden tussen 0.01 {mu}g/l en 0.42 {mu}g/l. De gemiddelde concentratie was 0.07 {mu}g/l. Naar aanleiding van deze resultaten werden in de periode september/oktober de pompstations met een waarde boven de rapportagegrens bemonsterd. De concentratie MTBE in ruwwater was gemiddeld 0.13 {mu}g/l. In totaal werden 51 pompstations bemonsterd. De concentraties in de monsters oppervlaktewater waren relatief hoog, met als hoogste waarde 3.2 {mu}g/l (oppervlaktewatermonster uit het Lekkanaal bij Nieuwegein). De hoogste concentratie in de grondwatermonsters was 11.9 {mu}g/l in een individuele grondwaterput nabij een benzinestation in Zutphen. De overige ruwwatermonsters (zowel grondwater als oppervlaktewater) bevatten oncentraties MTBE lager dan 0.5 g/l. De gemiddelde concentratie MTBE in reinwater (drinkwater) was 0.09 {mu}g/l. De hoogste waarde was 2.9 {mu}g/l bij het pompstation in Zutphen. Hiervoor is een aanwijsbare oorzaak, namelijk een verontreiniging in het waterwingebied. De gevonden waarde is lager dan de uit de literatuur bekende geur- en smaakgrens (range: 5 - 40 {mu}g/l). De concentratie van 2.9 {mu}g/l wordt uit gezondheidsoogpunt als veilig beschouwd. In alle overige reinwatermonsters was de concentratie MTBE lager dan 0.2 {mu}g/l. Uit het onderzoek blijkt dat de concentratie MTBE in het Nederlandse drinkwater in het algemeen erg laag is. Voor de gevonden concentraties zijn, op basis van verschillende studies, geen gezondheidskundige effecten te verwachten.

Abstract in portuguese Este artigo discute a potencialidade do uso dos Sistemas de Informação em Saúde, em apoio ao processo de tomada de decisão, na gestão da política de recursos humanos para o SUS. Descreve-se a experiência da Estação Pernambucana da Rede de Observatórios de Recursos Humanos das Américas, da Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde (OPAS), sediada no Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, do Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, no desenvolvimento de metodologias para o ma (more) nejo dos sistemas informacionais, com o objetivo de identificar áreas críticas na oferta de serviços de saúde e, conseqüentemente, carências de profissionais médicos. A metodologia apresentada pode ser utilizada como um instrumento de gestão para melhorar a distribuição de profissionais, de forma a atender às necessidades de saúde da população. Abstract in english This article considers the potential of the Health Information System to aid decision making processes in Human Resource Management of the SUS [Brazilian Unified Health System]. The experience is described of the Pernambuco State Station, pertaining to the Human Resource Observatory Network of OPAS [Pan American Health Organization] with headquarters at the Collective Health Department of Aggeu Magalhães Research Center. The objective was to describe the development of n (more) ew methodologies using Health Information Systems that can be used to pinpoint deficiencies in health services, improve the distribution of health workers and consequently optimize medical attendance.

The CNGS team set up models to demonstrate the oscillation of neutrinos...... and brought prototypes and equipment to explain how to manufacture a beam of neutrinos and send it a distance of 730 km! (Above: A scientist explains the methods to observe the position of protons.) There was a record attendance at the last Discovery Monday! Neutrinos and the CNGS facility (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) attracted some 300 visitors to the Microcosm. The success was well deserved as the CNGS team, which is close to bringing the project into service at the end of May, put forth great effort and imagination to interest the general public. A dozen physicists and engineers were stationed at six stands with models and posters. The OPERA collaboration from the Gran Sasso National Laboratory took part in the event with a stand presenting the experiments that will try to collect the neutrinos in Italy. A big thank-you to the CNGS and OPERA teams for this success! Come to the next Discovery Monday on 8 Mayto discover how ...

This paper investigates the determinants of student attendance of economics classes. Course-specific and individual-specific factors are shown to have significant impacts on class attendance. It was found that female students and overseas students skip classes less often. Surprisingly, students involved in extra-curricular activities attend classes more often than students who are not involved in these activities. (Contains 4 tables.)

In the framework of ESA SMOS Mission, the Valencia Anchor Station (VAS) has been selected as a core validation site. Its reasonable homogeneous characteristics make it appropriate to undertake the validation of SMOS Level 2 land products before attempting other more complex areas. Close to SMOS launch (2nd Nov. 2009), ESA defined the SMOS Validation Rehearsal Campaign Plan with the aim of testing the readiness, ensemble coordination and speed of operations, to be able to avoid as far as possible any unexpected deficiencies of the plan and procedure during the real Commissioning Phase campaigns. For the rehearsal activity which successfully took place in April - May 2008, a control area of 10 × 10 km2 was chosen at the VAS study area where a network of ground soil moisture (SM) measuring stations is being set up based on an original definition of homogeneous physio-hydrological units attending to climatic, soil type, lithology, geology, elevation, slope and vegetation cover conditions. Complementary to the ground measurements, flight operations were performed over this control area using the Helsinki University of Technology TKK Short Skyvan research aircraft which contained onboard a payload constituted of the following instruments: (i) L-band EMIRAD radiometer (Technical University of Denmark, TUD), (ii) L-band HUT-2D imaging interferometric radiometer (TKK), (iii) PARIS GPS reflectrometry system (Institute for Space Studies of Catalonia, IEEC), (iv) IR sensor (Finnish Institute of Maritime Research, FIMR). Together with the ground SM measurements, other ground and meteorological measurements from the VAS area, kindly provided by other institutions, are currently been used to simulate passive microwave brightness temperature to obtain satellite "match ups" for validation purposes and to test the retrieval algorithms. The spatialization of the ground measurements up to a SMOS pixel is carried out by using the SURFace EXternalisee (SURFEX) model from Meteo France. Output data, particularly SM, are then used to simulate L-band surface emission through the use of the L-MEB (L-band Microwave Emission of the Biosphere) model. This paper presents an overview of the ESA SMOS Validation Rehearsal Campaign carried out at the Valencia Anchor Station area, making more emphasis on the development of the ground activities which are also significant in the framework of other instrument missions such as EPS/MetOp ASCAT.

On the premise that weather should have an effect on spectator attendance at sports events in outdoor settings (a topic which has received surprisingly little formalized study), the author examined the record of home attendances for three football teams in Scotland. In general, it was found that the greater the rainfall on the day of the match the lower the attendance. Dividing spectators into different groups, it was further found that an additional hour of sunshine was associated 162 more adults attending Aberdeen matches, while high temperatures appeared to increase juvenile attendance (by 57 for ever 1 deg. C. rise in temperature). Weather disruption of football games is attended by a number of costs, both direct and indirect. Quantifying the impact of weather can shed substantial light on the problem of scheduling for the season. For example, since certain periods are, on average, wetter than others, rescheduling to drier periods might encourage greater attendance.

INTRODUCTION: Emergency calls to ambulance services are frequent for older people who have fallen, but ambulance crews often leave patients at the scene without ongoing care. Evidence shows that when left at home with no further support older people often experience subsequent falls which result in injury and emergency-department attendances. SAFER 2 is an evaluation of a new clinical protocol which allows paramedics to assess and refer older people who have fallen, and do not need hospital care, to community-based falls services. In this protocol paper, we report methods and progress during trial implementation. SAFER 2 is recruiting patients through three ambulance services. A successful trial will provide robust evidence about the value of this new model of care, and enable ambulance services to use resources efficiently. DESIGN: Pragmatic cluster randomised trial. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We randomly allocated 25 participating ambulance stations (clusters) in three services to intervention or control group. Intervention paramedics received training and clinical protocols for assessing and referring older people who have fallen to community-based falls services when appropriate, while control paramedics deliver care as usual. Patients are eligible for the trial if they are aged 65 or over; resident in a participating falls service catchment area; and attended by a trial paramedic following an emergency call coded as a fall without priority symptoms. The principal outcome is the rate of further emergency contacts (or death), for any cause and for falls. Secondary outcomes include further falls, health-related quality of life, 'fear of falling', patient satisfaction reported by participants through postal questionnaires at 1 and 6 months, and quality and pathways of care at the index incident. We shall compare National Health Service (NHS) and patient/carer costs between intervention and control groups and estimate quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained from the intervention and thus incremental cost per QALY. We shall estimate wider system effects on key-performance indicators. We shall interview 60 intervention patients, and conduct focus groups with contributing NHS staff to explore their experiences of the assessment and referral service. We shall analyse quantitative trial data by 'treatment allocated'; and qualitative data using content analysis. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The Research Ethics Committee for Wales gave ethical approval and each participating centre gave NHS Research and Development approval. We shall disseminate study findings through peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations. Trial Registration: ISRCTN 60481756. PMID:23148348

...50-271, NRC-2011-0168] Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Station; Notice of Withdrawal...Commission) has granted the request of Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Station (the licensee...License No. DPR-28 for the Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Station, located in...

...2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Radio astronomy station notification. 2.107 Section...Radio Frequencies § 2.107 Radio astronomy station notification. (a) Pursuant...Geneva, 1982), operators of radio astronomy stations desiring international...

...2010-10-01 false Compressor stations: Ventilation. 192.173 Section 192.173 ...PIPELINE SAFETY TRANSPORTATION OF NATURAL AND OTHER GAS BY PIPELINE: MINIMUM... § 192.173 Compressor stations: Ventilation. Each compressor station...

...PPL Susquehanna, LLC.: Susquehanna Steam Electric Station, Units 1 and 2 Environmental...licensee), for operation of the Susquehanna Steam Electric Station (SSES), Units 1 and...Plants, Supplement 35 Regarding Susquehanna Steam Electric Station, Units 1 and 2...

2255 gravity stations on the Caliente 1 degree x 2 degree quadrangle, Nevada are documented by the principal facts contained in the tables of this report. 13 base station descriptions, location plots, and updated observed gravity base station values furth...

Montana, North Dakota, .and South Dakota in 1979. ..... County. State. Weather station. Station number. Station coordinates. Elevation, feet. N. W. 1380 ... Bottineau. NO. Mohall. 6025. 48° 48' 101° 31'. 1640. 1612. 48° 03' 100' 17'. McHenry ...

...SAFETY TRANSPORTATION OF NATURAL AND OTHER GAS BY PIPELINE: MINIMUM FEDERAL...alternative MAOP. (h) Compressor stations (1) A compressor station must be designed...long-term operations, the compressor station may be...

...7(c) of the Natural Gas Act (NGA) for...at the Fordtown Compressor Station; (iv...at the Bristol Compressor Station; and...and Glade Spring Compressor Stations (the...to a proposed natural gas-fired...

...2010-10-01 false Compressor stations: Ventilation...TRANSPORTATION OF NATURAL AND OTHER GAS BY PIPELINE: MINIMUM... § 192.173 Compressor stations: Ventilation. Each compressor station building...accumulation of gas in rooms,...

...stations and pending broadcast applications. Periodically the FCC...broadcast stations, pending applications for such stations...site at www.fcc.gov and ftp.fcc.gov under mass...research source to the Broadcast Application Processing System...

...Growth, and Stationing of Army Aviation Assets AGENCY: Department of the Army, DoD...Growth, and Stationing of Army Aviation Assets'' and has made the decision to proceed...Growth, and Stationing of Army Aviation Assets,'' including comments provided...

...adjacent spectrum block within 75 km of the base or fixed station. Notifications must provide the location and operating parameters of the base or fixed station, including the station's ERP, antenna coordinates, antenna height above...

...unlicensed device with an antenna height of less than...contour of adjacent channel stations, provided the power...709(a)(2). Antenna height of unlicensed...receive site and the TV station being received...respectively from a base station. (e)...

...employed by the control station is a maximum of 20 feet...structure (other than an antenna tower) to which it is...applicant for an itinerant station license, an applicant...or cooperative shared base station used as a mobile...

...power > 100 W ERP. Stations in the Maritime Services...part 80) Ship earth stations only. Private Land...Non-building-mounted antennas: height above ground...will apply to all PCS base and mobile stations, as...

Construction of the original South Pole Station began the following month and by ... Primary station power is provided by one of three 359 kW diesel generators. Waste heat is utilized for station heating via a glycol circulation system that ...

A data transmission system having a common request line and a special request line in addition to a transmission line. The special request line has priority over the common request line. A plurality of node stations are multi-drop connected to the transmission line. Among the node stations, a supervising station is connected to the special request line and takes precedence over other slave stations to become a master station. The master station collects data from the slave stations. The station connected to the common request line can assign a master control function to any station requesting to be assigned the master control function within a short period of time. Each station has an auto response control circuit. The master station automatically collects data by the auto response controlling circuit independently of the microprocessors of the slave stations.

Space Station Operations and Mission Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14. Build the Station ... Pre-/Post-Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 ... Once each team briefs the group about their section of the model during a ...

...Horizontal transmit antenna pattern (if the antenna is directional...Channel number. (vi) Station call sign. (2... (4) PLMRS/CMRS base station operations located...specified). (iv) Antenna height above...

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Four gas-oil hydrodesulfurization units will be built in France to meet new French standards for gas-oil sulfur content. Technip, which has received contracts for the units, will provide engineering for a 2200 ton/day unit for Mobil Oil Francaise S.A. at Notre-Dame de Gravenchon; and for a 2800 ton/day unit for Societe Francaise des Petroles BP at Lavera. Technip will design and build two 4400 ton/day units for Compagnie Francaise de Raffinage at Raffinerie de Normandie and at Raffinerie de Provence.

This article traces the history of Brazil's ethanol fuel programme from 1975 to the present, and considers Brazil's energy policy, and the implications of price liberalisation and privatisation aimed at reducing prices to control inflation. The achievements of ProAlcool which was established in 1975 with the aim of replacing petrol with ethanol, costs and investment in ProAlcool, environmental implications, and policy initiatives to boost ProAlcool are examined. Details of typical emissions from a 6-year old car in Brazil are tabulated illustrating the reduced emissions due to ethanol fuels.

The planned demonstration plant Biol Baselland shall show that ethanol can be economically procuced in a large plant with the Biol method. It is planned to use lignocellulose-containing biomass as raw material: waste paper, cardboard, waste wood and inedible renewable raw material such as e.g. China reed. Ethanol can be added to motor fuel which increases considerably the energy efficiency and replaces highly toxic antiknock compounds. By using 175.000 t waste paper annually about 1.5% of the at present in Switzerland consumed two-star and four-star petrol can be replaced. (BWI).

Possible alternative fuels such as ethanol and methanol can cause corrosion in mixture preparation systems, in contrast to the conventional petrol and diesel fuels. This phenomenon is due less to the pure alcohols than to the pollutions and additives. Electrochemical corrosion measurements were carried out on four selected steels, the influence of each constituent being investigated. The results of these measurements are given and it is shown that the corrosion problems can in most cases be controlled by means of the inhibitors morpholine, piperazine and hexamethylenediamine. (orig.).

This article takes a look at vehicles with electrical and hybrid drives that have recently been enjoying increased interest. The introduction of vehicles using lithium-ion batteries in Europe and Switzerland is commented on. Other alternatives to petrol and diesel such as hydrogen, biogas/natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and ethanol are discussed. Figures are quoted on the consumption of electrically driven vehicles and on power sources such as photovoltaics. Battery technology is quoted as being a crucial factor. Financial factors are also examined. Progress made in the area of conventional technology is also commented on. Fuel cell-driven vehicles are also examined.

This annual evaluation is a synthesis of works published in 2006. Comparisons are presented between the wind power performances and European Commission White Paper and Biomass action plan objectives. The continuing increase in the petrol price has favoured the rise in importance of green oil. The bio-diesel remained the leading biofuel in the European Union, in 2005, bio-ethanol being the second. Tax exemption policies have been set up, in particular in Germany, Spain, the United Kingdom, Italy and France. (A.L.B.)

The CO{sub 2} law stipulates quantitative targets for CO{sub 2} emissions (reductions of 10% by 2010 compared with 1990, 15% for heating fuels, 8% for motor fuels). For motor fuels, it is currently estimated that the target will be missed by about 15%, or 2 to 2.5 million tonnes of CO{sub 2}. In order to reach the targets, therefore, all measures that can be taken to reduce emissions are to be checked out and, where sensible and possible, implemented too. The subject of this study is the preferential treatment of diesel, natural gas, liquefied gas and bio-fuels as far as taxation is concerned, with compensation of tax losses on the petrol side. Also, the possibilities for promoting energy-efficient cars are looked at. The reduction of the price for diesel (at least 25 Swiss cents when compensated for via the petrol price) is considered to be unsuitable for reaching the targets because, in the final analysis, fuel sales - the determining factor for the CO{sub 2} emissions that are charged to Switzerland - will increase instead of decreasing. Also, reservations are expressed from the environmental point of view (increased NO{sub x} emissions and, in particular, emissions of particulate matter). The modified measure proposed (fixed difference between the prices for petrol and diesel of 25 Swiss cents, for example) is looked at less critically, because it does actually lead to a reduction of CO{sub 2}, even if only a modest one (approx. 10% of the gap to be bridged). On the environmental side, the same reservations apply. Bonus-malus systems, on the other hand, permit a selective choice of the objects of promotion (efficient and, possibly, low-emission vehicles), avoid the unjust preferential treatment of goods traffic and can be implemented without disturbing international price structures (fuel tourism). A bonus-malus system applied at purchase (e.g. different levels of car taxation) is considered to be more efficient than a differentiation in vehicle (road) tax. The promotion of gas is a viable option. If, however, the more sensible - as far as ecological issues and CO{sub 2} are concerned - use of biogas is not to be hindered, biogas' handicap must be taken into account when promotional measures are planned (e.g. graduated tax-exemption, delivery agreements). For bio-fuels, the addition of ethanol to petrol (E10: 10% added) seems to be a viable option with significant CO{sub 2} emission reduction potential at comparatively low costs, but not the addition of 85% (E85) because of vehicle modification costs and costs for the additional infrastructure, or the promotion of RME (Rapeseed-Methyl-Ester) because of very high CO{sub 2} emission avoidance costs and negative local environmental effects.

The paper discusses a novel approach to address the carbon challenge by making it personal. Just as commodities like food and petrol are rationed at times of scarcity, carbon, in principle, can also be rationed, say, on a per capita basis. This, of course, raises serious equity issues since presently consumers in different parts of the world have widely different carbon footprints. But the idea that consumers are ultimately responsible for an economy’s overall carbon emissions and must be empowered to ration their environmental impact is gaining support in some circles.

This comprehensive report deals with the technical and economic aspects of coal liquefaction. The technical aspects involve the principles of the process and deal with direct liquefaction by hydrogenation and indirect liquefaction by gasification. The economic aspects deal with the levels of energy and materials needed, the capital investment and the production costs. The report presents a comparison of the different end products (synthetic petrol and methanol). The future of coal-based synthetic fuels still appears uncertain, even in those countries well placed for their development (USA), due mainly to the level of investments required. (26 refs.) (In French)

Inorganic reinforcements are used in rubber, and in particular in tyre treads for light vehicles, in order to improve the compromise between three key features of tyres: road holding performance or road adherence, especially when the road is wet or snow-covered (road safety), roll resistance (petrol consumption), and resistance to wear (lifetime of the tyre). Over the last ten years, highly dispersible silicas (HDS) developed by Rhodia have been more and more widely used as a substitute for the traditionally used carbon black. The advantage with HDS materials is that they improve road holding and reduce roll resistance, while maintaining the same level of resistance to wear.

Karanja (Pongamia glabra) seeds were pyrolyzed in semi-batch mode at a temperature range of 450-550degreeC and at a heating rate of 20degreeC/min. FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) analysis of the liquid product indicates the presence of alkanes, alkenes, ketones, carboxylic acids and aromatics rings. GC-MS (Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry) demonstrated the presence of hydrocarbons with between 14 and 31 carbon atoms in a chain. The physical properties of the pyrolysis liquid were close to mixture of diesel and petrol.

This paper addresses the research question "Are more stringent exhaust emissions standards, as applied to light vehicle type approval, resulting in reduced vehicle pollution in an urban area?" The exhaust emissions of a sample of over fifty thousand road vehicles operating in London were measured using roadside remote sensing absorption spectroscopy techniques (infrared and ultraviolet), combined with Automatic Number Plate Recognition for vehicle identification. Levels of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitric oxide (NO), and smoke (particulate) exhaust emissions are reported by vehicle class, fuel type, and Euro emissions standard. Emissions from petrol cars of each pollutant were all observed to display a statistically significant reduction with the introduction of each success...

We describe some aspects of NMR in a porous medium that are of interest to both petro-physicists and log analysts, that is, measurements that are useful for characterizing porous structures and for determining the distribution of fluids in a porous volume. The principles for interpreting NMR saturation logs follow from these considerations. Our analysis is based essentially on a thorough study of the literature, with particular emphasis on petroleum, and on recent work carried out at the Institut francais du petrole. (author) 7 refs.

The Institut Francais du Petrole (IFP), the Lotus Cars (UK) and Opcon (Sweden) companies, the Politecnico di Milano university institute (Italy) and the Queens University of Belfast (UK) have created the Elevate consortium (European low emission V4 automotive two-stroke engine) in order to join their effort for the research work and industrial development of a compact and light two-stroke engine (2 liters, 120 kW) with a high efficiency for automotive applications. This engine will profit by the know-how and recent technological developments of each partner, and will be characterized by a low fuel consumption and low pollutant emissions. Short note. (J.S.)

The present invention relates to a fuel saving device adaptable to all types of carburetors, petrol engines and domestic or industrial burners, constituted by a solenoid generating a magnetic field which has an influence on the air-fuel mixture. Said solenoid has a red copper coil, has its axis oriented in parallel to the axis of the engine, and, periodically, in a first pre-determined direction, during the moon phase which goes from the full moon to the new moon, and in a second, opposite, direction, during the moon phase going from the new moon to the full moon. The invention finds an application in motor engine of low consumption.

A method for the determination of seven carbonyl compounds in air is presented. The procedure involve sampling of air by a Sep-Pak Cartridge impregnated with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. Elution was done with 3 mL of acetonitrile and the eluate was diluted to 5 mL. The analysis was done by HPLC with UV detection and external standard method quantification. It has been achieved relative standard deviations about 5% and detection limits of 80 ng/cartridge for formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetoacetonitrile. Three different types of samples (rural, urban, petrol emission) were successfully analyzed. (Author) 12 refs.

Inhalation of petrol (gasoline) fumes has been prevalent in some Australian Indigenous communities since World War II, and has led to a continuing quest for an effective method of preventing the practice either by modifying the substance or by substituting nonharmful alternatives. This article traces the results of this search, beginning with the addition of ethyl mercaptan, then describing the substitution of aviation fuel for conventional vehicle fuel, and concluding with the staged introduction of Opal-?a vehicle fuel containing low levels of aromatic hydrocarbons-?throughout many communities from 2005. The article assesses the benefits and limitations of supply reduction methods.

Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) are important environmental contaminants which are toxic to human and environmental receptors. Several analytical methods have been used to quantify TPH levels in contaminated soils, specifically through infrared spectrometry (IR) and gas chromatography (GC). Despite being two of the most used techniques, some issues remain that have been inadequately studied: a) applicability of both techniques to soils contaminated with two distinct types of fuel (petrol and diesel), b) influence of the soil natural organic matter content on the results achieved by various analytical methods, and c) evaluation of the performance of both techniques in analyses of soils with different levels of contamination (presumably non-contaminated and potentially contaminated). The ...

Using a unique database of end-user local energy data and the recently developed Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to cointegration, we estimate the long-run elasticities of the Namibian energy demand function at both aggregated level and by type of energy (electricity, petrol and diesel) for the period 1980-2002. Our main results show that energy consumption responds positively to changes in GDP and negatively to changes in energy price and air temperature. The differences in price elasticities across fuels uncovered by this study have significant implications for energy taxation by Namibian policy makers. We do not find any significant cross-price elasticities between different fuel types. (author)

Social phobics exhibit an attentional bias for threat in probe detection and probe discrimination paradigms. Attention training programs, in which probes always replace nonthreatening cues, reduce attentional bias for threat and self-reported social anxiety. However, researchers have seldom included behavioral measures of anxiety reduction, and have never taken physiological measures of anxiety reduction. In the present study, we trained individuals with generalized social phobia (n = 57) to attend to threat cues (attend to threat), to attend to positive cues (attend to positive), or to alternately attend to both (control condition). We assessed not only self-reported social anxiety, but also behavioral and physiological measures of social anxiety. Participants trained to attend to nonthre...

Retention of pregnant substance users in treatment is challenging. In a multisite clinical trial, 200 pregnant substance users entering outpatient treatment at one of four programs were randomized to either three individual sessions of Motivational Enhancement Therapy for Pregnant Substance users or three individual sessions normally provided. Retail scrip from $25 to $30 was provided for attendance of research visits but not treatment visits. A post hoc analysis of the non-methadone-maintained participants (n = 175) evaluated the hypotheses that monetary reinforcement for attendance would result in more consecutive, and overall, weeks of attendance of research versus nonincentivized treatment visits. Findings indicate participants were nearly three times as likely to attend 4 consecutive weeks of research visits versus treatment sessions. There was no effect for income while fewer dependents were associated with more consecutive weeks of attendance. Incentives in the $25-to-$30 range may serve to significantly increase attendance and retention. PMID:19577405

Examination of 700 northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus), 50 each February from 1971 through 1984, from Tall Timbers Research Station, Leon County, Florida, disclosed 15 species of helminth parasites. Nine species (Raillietina cesticillus, R. colinia, Aproctella stoddardi, Cheilospirura spinosa, Cyrnea colini, Dispharynx nasuta, Heterakis isolonche, Tetrameres pattersoni, and Trichostrongylus tenuis) generally were found on an annual basis and were considered characteristic components of the helminth fauna. Infrequently found species were Brachylecithum nanum, Rhabdometra odiosa, Capillaria sp., Gongylonema ingluvicola, H. gallinarum, and Oxyspirura matogrosensis. Intensities of C. colini and H. isolonche differed among host sex and age classes, and prevalences and/or intensities of A. stoddardi, C. spinosa, T. pattersoni, and T. tenuis differed between host age classes. Prevalences and/or abundances of seven species (R. cesticillus, R. colinia, C. spinosa, C. colini, H. isolonche, T. pattersoni, and T. tenuis) varied with bobwhite density, apparently because bobwhites were either the primary or only definitive host on the area. Two species (A. stoddardi and D. nasuta) did not vary with bobwhite density, apparently due to the buffering effect of a broad range of definitive hosts on the area. Prevalences and/or intensities of R. colinia, C. spinosa, and T. tenuis differed with agricultural fields status (cultivated versus fallow) suggesting that land use and its attendant habitat changes influenced transmission of these species. The occurrence of C. spinosa and T. pattersoni in individual bobwhites was not independent and was attributed to utilization of the same species of grasshoppers as intermediate hosts. Localized tissue damage and inflammation were associated with A. stoddardi, D. nasuta, C. spinosa, C. colini and T. pattersoni. Decreases in body weight in juvenile bobwhites were associated with increasing intensities of H. isolonche and T. tenuis. The observed relationships to bobwhite density and other variables are discussed with regard to known aspects of life histories of the nine most common species. PMID:2067041

Tests at 60{degrees}C and 16psia using ethylene, hydrogen and methyl alcohol {open_quote}fuel vapors{open_quotes} showed that if an atmospheric vent collection header contains 25 vol% of methane and the only source of oxygen is the air, no possible mixture of fuel vapor, nitrogen and residual oxygen is flammable. Addition of these fuel vapors to a header containing 25% by volume of methane in all cases increases the 3.8 vol% oxygen safety factor that exists with zero fuel vapor in the gas stream. It is irrelevant that the fuel vapor has an upper flammable limit (VFL) greater than the methane enrichment gas. The minimum oxygen concentration to sustain a flame (MOC) increases with increased methane:nitrogen ratio in the gas stream, so that the {open_quote}listed{close_quotes} MOC has no relevance under methane enriched conditions. These findings have important ramifications when applying Coast Guard Regulations in 33CFR.154 for Marine Vapor Control Systems, which implies the need to operate at 170% of the combined gas stream UFL and requires operation at less than the MOC ({le} 8% oxygen) when tanks have been partly inerted with nitrogen. Large reductions of enrichment gas usage with attendant environmental benefits are technically possible using flow control of methane rather than gas analysis down-stream of the enrichment station. Operation above the UFL rather than below the MOC can cut enrichment gas usage by 50% or more while actually increasing the assumed 2 vol% oxygen safety factor. A negative flow control error of 7 vol% methane ({minus} 280% of target) is required to achieve flammability under worst case assumptions. 18 refs., 11 figs., 3 tabs.

Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of a coping training program for the Chinese Special-Service Military Personnel (SSMP) as civil emergency responders. Methods: A parallel control trial was carried out in four special-service units (camps) stationed in Chongqing, China from Feb. 14th to May 30th, 2009. A total of 396 subjects were recruited and were randomly divided into an intervention group (n=201) and a control group (n=195) by clustering. Over the trial, participants in the intervention group received an additional coping-training program with 14 weekly two-hour sessions while the control group continued their normal work. Results: Of all 396 participants, 343 attended all the sessions and completed the given measures. In comparison to their own scores in coping strategies at pre-intervention, significant and positive changes were observed in the intervention group (n=176) at post-intervention. Except for the strategy of self-blaming, the coping strategies including problem-solving, help-seeking, avoidance, fantasy and rationalization were improved. The descending order of the absolute change values over the trial in 5 coping strategies was fantasy, help-seeking, avoidance, problem-solving and rationalization. In addition, most subscales of social support and self-consistency, as powerful predictors of coping strategies, changed significantly over the intervention, while these changes were not observed in the control group (n=167). Conclusions: With the combined use of modular contents and procedural methods, our intervention not only led to fewer choices of immature coping strategies like fantasy, escape and rationalization, but also raised the use of mature coping strategies such as problem-solving and help-seeking. Accordingly, the intervention will be very helpful for regular coping training of Special-Service Units, something which can be verified and generalized for the whole SSMP in a future study.   

This brochure edited by the electrical equipment service from the direction of studies and researches (DER) of Electricite de France (EdF) presents some of their remarkable realizations in the domain of energy, their expertise activity in attendance on electricity producers, forwarders and distributors, their expertise activity in attendance on industrialists, and the know-how of their testing laboratories in attendance on designers and operators. (J.S.)

Attendance of oceanographers at the spring meeting was noticeably down from previous years, with only about 75 papers presented in eight oral sessions. In part, the poor attendance is attributable to the biannual AGU-ASLO (American Society of Limnology and Oceanography) meeting, which was well attended in New Orleans, La., this January. In spite of the short time interval between the AGU-ASLO meeting and the popular AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif., many of our members evidently prefer the AGU-ASLO joint format to the larger, Union-scale format of the Spring Meeting. Alternate year dips in Ocean Section attendance at the Spring Meeting support this conjecture.

Outpatient non-attendance is a considerable source of inefficiency in the health service, wasting time, resources and potentially lengthening waiting lists, Given the current economic climate, methods need to be employed to reduce non-attendance. The aim was to analyse outpatient non-attendance and determine what factors influence attendance. A prospective audit over a two-month period to a tertiary-referral Urological service was performed to determine the clinical and demographic profile of non-attendees. Of 737 appointments, 148 (20%) patients did not attend (DNA). A benign urological condition was evident in 116 cases (78%). This group of patients also accounted for the majority of new patients not attending 40/47, returning patients not attending 101/148 and the majority of patients who missed multiple appointments 43/49. Patients with benign conditions make up the majority of clinic non-attendance. Consideration may be given to discharging such patients back to their general practitioner after one unexplained non-attendance until other alternatives of follow up are available. PMID:20666071

In this work we analyse the hourly geoelectrical time series recorded by means of three stations located in a seismically active area of Southern Apennine Chain (Italy): Tito station (January 1992 - December 1997), Tramutola station (January 1995 - December 1995) and Giuliano station (January 1996 -...

...connection to an antenna and the reception...Radio Service stations, as well as...transceivers, one a base station that...received by the base station and then placed...transmitted by the base station to the mobile...connection to an antenna and the...

A series of experiments have been conducted to study the flammability characteristics and determine the temperature range where E85 fuel vapours are flammable. E85 is the name given to a mixture of ethanol and petrol for use in E85 cars and the composition varies slightly depending on time of the year. In this experimental study, E85 of summer and winter qualities were conditioned in sealed vessels at various temperatures and the composition and concentration of the fuel vapours were determined. Fuel vapours from conditioned vessels were also used for ignition tests in an explosion chamber. The analysis shows that the fuel vapours mainly consisted of petrol fractions despite the high content of ethanol in the liquid phase. The ignition tests indicate a flammable range of the fuel vapours from about +2 deg C to +5 deg C down to about -18 deg C for E85 of summer quality. Further, the consequences of fuel vapour ignition inside a fuel tank were studied. Tests were also conducted where a spill fire below the tank was used as a possible ignition scenario. Finally, tests were performed to study the fuel vapour concentration and composition around the filling pipe during filling of the tank. The applied parts of the project are described briefly in the electronic version only of this paper. Keywords: Bio-ethanol, E85, flammability properties, fire, vehicle

Over the past three decades significant efforts have been made towards the conservation of fossil-based fuels and the exploration and exploitation of new renewable sources. The focus primarily has been on the outlook for alternatives to the petroleum products. In this spectrum alcohol manufacture from biomass has attracted great attention all over the world which could be used as an alternative source to petrol or in blends with petrol. The National Research Council (NRC) has substantially emphasized the reduction of CO[sub 2] emissions and the other so-called greenhouse gases. The NRC committee also recommends better evaluations of the processes for converting the biomass/lignocellulosic wastes to ethanol that will lessen the US dependence on foreign oil. Among the factors behind the move to bio-based materials are the environmental concerns, the availability of abundant, renewable agricultural and forest resources that are both inexpensive and under-utilized. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the ethanol fermentation from the food crops as well as the lignocellulosic materials. Different processes involved including acid and enzymatic hydrolysis, enzyme production, fermentation, and lignin conversion are discussed. Also the energy balance considerations of the process are elucidated. 46 refs., 14 figs., 1 tab.

Previous Austrian initiatives for the protection of the environment (among others, manufacture and utilization of rape oil methyl ester and discontinuance of the production and sale of leaded petrol in 1993) are continued with the ''Austroprot'' project for the production of bio-ethanol from cereals and legumes. Under the plan, about 350.000 tonnes of these raw materials are to be converted annually into roughly 100.000 tonnes of bio-ethanol and 100.000 tonnes of protein fodder. The bio-ethanol is to be blended with petrol at the rate of 5%. A report is given of the proposals to be presented in this year's negotiations on market organization in respect of procurement of the raw material, which represents about a third of the current Austrian cereal surplus, and price formation. The desired total support per hectare of raw material production is considerably less than the costs of exporting cereals and the support for oil seeds in Austria. The Austroprot plant is designed on the dry milling principle. Process and quality of the bio-ethanol obtained are described. (orig.)

Nearly one hundred years ago, the fermentative production of acetone by Clostridium acetobutylicum provided a crucial alternative source of this solvent for manufacture of the explosive cordite. Today there is a resurgence of interest in solventogenic Clostridium species to produce n-butanol and ethanol for use as renewable alternative transportation fuels. Acetone, a product of acetone-n-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation, harbours a nucleophilic ?-carbon, which is amenable to C-C bond formation with the electrophilic alcohols produced in ABE fermentation. This functionality can be used to form higher-molecular-mass hydrocarbons similar to those found in current jet and diesel fuels. Here we describe the integration of biological and chemocatalytic routes to convert ABE fermentation products efficiently into ketones by a palladium-catalysed alkylation. Tuning of the reaction conditions permits the production of either petrol or jet and diesel precursors. Glyceryl tributyrate was used for the in situ selective extraction of both acetone and alcohols to enable the simple integration of ABE fermentation and chemical catalysis, while reducing the energy demand of the overall process. This process provides a means to selectively produce petrol, jet and diesel blend stocks from lignocellulosic and cane sugars at yields near their theoretical maxima. PMID:23135469

Institut Francais du Petrole`s two-dimensional model, TEMISPACK, is used to discuss the functioning of petroleum systems in the Williston basin along a 330-km-long section, focusing on four regional source intervals: Ordovician Yeoman formation, Lower Devonian Winnipegosis Formation, Upper Devonian-Lower Mississippian Bakken Formation, and Mississippian Lodgepole formation. Thermal history calibration against present temperature and source rock maturity profiles suggests that the Williston basin can be divided into a region of constant heat flow of about 55 mW/m{sup 2} away from the Nesson anticline, and a region of higher heat flow and enhanced thermal maturity in the vicinity of the Nesson anticline. Original kinetic parameters used in the calibration were derived for each of the four source rocks from Rock-Eval yield curves. Bakken overpressures are entirely due to oil generation, not compaction disequilibrium. Very low Bakken vertical permeabilities range from 0.01 to 0.001 and are matched against observed overpressures, whereas Bakken porosities based on the model and confirmed by measurements are inferred to be also unusually low, around 3%.

Benefits of laser ignition over the electrical ignition system for Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) engines have fuelled automobile industry and led to an extensive research on basic characteristics to switch over to the emerging technologies. This study was undertaken to determine the electrical and physical characteristics of the electric spark ignition of single cylinder petrol/CNG engine to determine minimum ignition requirements and timeline of ignition events to use in subsequent laser ignition study. This communication briefly reviews the ongoing research activities and reports the results of this experimental study. The premixed petrol and CNG mixtures were tested for variation of current and voltage characteristics of the spark with speed of engine. The current magnitude of discharge circuit was found to vary linearly over a wide range of speed but the stroke to stroke fire time was found to vary nonlinearly. The DC voltage profiles were observed to fluctuate randomly during ignition process and staying constant in rest of the combustion cycle. Fire to fire peaks of current amplitudes fluctuated up to 10% of the peak values at constant speed but increased almost linearly with increase in speed. Technical barriers of laser ignition related to threshold minimum ignition energy, inter-pulse durations and firing sequence are discussed. Present findings provide a basic initiative and background information for designing suitable timeline algorithms for laser ignited leaner direct injected CNG engines.

We examine the competitiveness of series hybrid compared to fuel cell, parallel hybrid, and regular cars. We use public domain data to determine efficiency, fuel consumption, total costs of ownership and greenhouse gas emissions resulting from drivetrain choices. The series hybrid drivetrain can be seen both as an alternative to petrol, diesel and parallel hybrid cars, as well as an intermediate stage towards fully electric or fuel cell cars. We calculate the fuel consumption and costs of four diesel-fuelled series hybrid, four plug-in hybrid and four fuel cell car configurations, and compared these to three reference cars. We find that series hybrid cars may reduce fuel consumption by 34-47%, but cost EUR5000-12,000 more. Well-to-wheel greenhouse gas emissions may be reduced to 89-103 g CO{sub 2} km{sup -1} compared to reference petrol (163 g km{sup -1}) and diesel cars (156 g km{sup -1}). Series hybrid cars with wheel motors have lower weight and 7-21% lower fuel consumption than those with central electric motors. The fuel cell car remains uncompetitive even if production costs of fuel cells come down by 90%. Plug-in hybrid cars are competitive when driving large distances on electricity, and/or if cost of batteries come down substantially. Well-to-wheel greenhouse gas emissions may be reduced to 60-69 g CO{sub 2} km{sup -1}. (author)

The Castle Peak Power Station, Hong Kong, comprises four 850-MW units in Station A and four 660-MW units in Station B, resulting in a total coal requirement of over 10 Mt/y. Babcock-Moxey Ltd., UK., has supplied three grab unloaders for Station A and is currently assembling two bucket wheel continuous ship unloaders for Station B. All five machines are operating on the same jetty, thus giving a favourable position to compare the two types of machine.

Reprogramming sensor nodes is important for managing sensor networks. The latest reprogramming protocols use radio communication to distribute software data. In multi-base station sensor networks, the placement of the base stations affects several wireless reprogramming performance metrics. We developed a method for placing base stations, and we evaluated the features of software dissemination for multi-base station sensor networks. Simulations showed that the placement and number of base stations and the number of data segments were the key parameters in software dissemination.   

The Penin. Shimokita as a Nuclear Peninsula: Past and Present: Since 1967, the Penin. Shimokita is characterized as a Nuclear Peninsula. Then the Shimokita Wharf of Ohminato Port in Mutsu-city was appointed as a home port of the Nuclear Power Ship Mutsu. In 1984 Mutsu Ogawara Region, a southern part of the Penin. around Rokkasho, was paid attention as a target region for reprocessing facilities of burnt nuclear fuels from all the nuclear power stations in this country. At the present stage, uranium enrichment facilities, low-level radioactive waste laying center and high-level vitrified waste storage center are in operation, and the reprocessing facilities are under construction. Burnt fuels are also carried into the site before completion of the facilities mainly for the purpose of cooling in the water pool, because cooling pools of some nuclear power stations are already full of the burnt nuclear fuels. Recently, Mayor of Mutsu has announced that Mutsu City are ready to accept a 'temporary' storage facilities for burnt nuclear fuels. Constructions of two nuclear power stations are in procession. Practice and Results: After the JCO critical accident, members of the Penin. Shimokita Activation Society (SAS) have made voluntarily some chances for learning neutron, which has played a definite role in the accident. Before the time of the accident, they have ever heard nothing about a neutron. So, neutron is entirely a new face radiation for them. Members of NPO EGG (Environmental Guardian of GALA) then obtained information from Urgent Session of the 44th Annual Meeting of Radiochemistry held in Tsukuba by the Japan Society of Nuclear and Radiochemical Sciences, and attended the seminar on the JCO accident held at Institute for Environmental Sciences (IES) in Rokkasho. A title of the seminar was 'Extremely Low Background Gamma Ray Spectroscopy applied to the JCO Accident'. The lecturer was Prof. Komura of LLRL (Low Level Radioactivity Laboratory), Kanazawa University. He has already successfully detected various radioactive nuclides activated by environmental neutrons of natural level using extremely low background gamma ray spectrometers located in the Ogoya Underground Laboratory. At the JCO accident, he applied his method to samples irradiated in the jewelry boxes, chests, and kitchens in the houses near the accident point by the accidental neutrons. Golden jewelries were borrowed for measurement by the low background gamma ray spectrometers in Ogoya, and the neutron flux at the criticality was obtained. The members of SAS and EGG as audiences of the IES Seminar were deeply impressed with the lecture, especially, simplicity of the method, and they were eager for measurement of natural neutron level in their own environment, Penin. Shimokita. Soon afterwards they visited Ogoya and asked Prof. Komura to help them measure their environmental neutron flux. They applied to the Fund of Aomori Prefecture, Blue Woods Fund, and won 3,000,000 yen during coming 3 years for their theme containing environmental neutron measurement. Discussion: The news of their winning of Blue Woods Fund, Aomori Prefecture, for their theme of environmental neutron measurement seems us to be a bolt out of the blue at preset stage of scientific culture of our country, because it might suggest a beginning of science of the people, science by the people, and science for the people. The situation may suggest a maturity of scientific culture in this region over arguments pro and con regarding the policy for nuclear energy development in the Penin. Shimokita. The global environment may be thought to have attained to a saturation condition. Our society is full of goods. Science and technology for production of goods have been already past culture. Coming science should be science for pleasure and refreshment of human mind as well as various arts, for example, music, picture, sculpture, drama, and literature. (author)

The distribution of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was compared between those who responded to a first written request to attend at their general practitioner's surgery for screening for hypertension and those who need more intensive effort encouraging them to attend. After excluding 25% of the popu...

PURPOSE – Other business education literature, particularly in the field of economics, has developed theories in respect of the reasons for non-attendance of lectures and the positive correlation between class attendance and academic performance. The aim of this paper is to determine the generalizab...

Attention can enhance processing for relevant information and suppress this for ignored stimuli. However, some residual processing may still arise without attention. Here we presented overlapping outline objects at study, with subjects attending to those in one color but not the other. Attended obje...

The brown citrus aphid, Toxoptera citricidus, was attacked by the parasitoid Lysiphlebus japonicus, and was actively attended by two ant species, Lasius niger and Pristomyrmex pungens. The impacts of the two ants on the parasitism of the aphid by the parasitoid were assessed experimentally at a no-pesticide mandarin grove. Aphid colonies were artificially initiated on young citrus shoots in summer. Lysiphlebus japonicus females were frequently observed foraging in aphid colonies attended by P. pungens, but rarely in colonies attended by L. niger and colonies where ants were excluded. L. japonicus females were attacked by P. pungens workers, but oviposited successfully by avoiding the ants. Large predators were excluded by both ant species from the aphid colonies, while they were abundant in ant-excluded colonies. L. niger workers often carried living aphids away from the attended colonies, whereas P. pungens removed no aphids and disregarded parasitized aphids, thereby incidentally protecting the parasitized aphids from predators. Consequently, L. japonicus-mummies were formed in great numbers in colonies attended by P. pungens, but were scarce in colonies attended by L. niger and ant-excluded colonies. Aphid-attending P. pungens workers reduced predation and hyperparasitism on L. japonicus larvae within mummies. Thus, P. pungens attending T. citricidus largely enhances parasitism by L. japonicus and its larval survival, compared with when ants are absent, whereas L. niger exerts no remarkable impact.   

Limited research is available on potential adverse effects of school environments on academic performance, despite strong public concern. We examine the scientific evidence relevant to this relationship by reviewing available research relating schools and other indoor environments to human performance or attendance. As a primary focus, we critically review evidence for direct relationships between indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in buildings and performance or attendance. As a secondary focus, we summarize, without critique, evidence on potential connections indirectly linking IEQ to performance or attendance: relationships between IEQ and health, between health and performance or attendance, and between attendance and performance. The most persuasive direct evidence showed increases in indoor concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and outdoor concentrations of several specific pollutants to be related to reduced school attendance. The most persuasive indirect evidence showed indoor dampness and microbiologic pollutants to be related to asthma and respiratory infections, which have in turn been related to reduced performance and attendance. Furthermore, a substantial scientific literature links poor IEQ (e.g., low ventilation rate, excess moisture or formaldehyde) with respiratory and other health effects in children and adults. Overall, evidence suggests that poor IEQ in schools can influence the performance and attendance of students, primarily through health effects from indoor pollutants. Also, inadequate IEQ in schools seems sufficiently common to merit strong public concern. Evidence is available to justify (1) immediate actions to protect IEQ in schools and (2) focused research on exposures, prevention, and causation, to better guide policies and actions on IEQ in schools.

The 2nd Attosecond Physics conference was hosted by the J.R. Macdonald Laboratory group from July 28 to August 1, 2009, at Kansas State University,Manhattan, Kansas about 215 participants from all over the world attended this meeting. DOE provided support for U.S. graduate students and post doctoral fellows attending this meeting. No papers/proceedings were published from this conference.

Examined factors affecting attendance by elderly persons at 660 congregate meal sites. Results showed that measures of the quality of services provided (method of food preparation, type of building used, presence of other nutrition programs in the community) predicted attendance more than conventional demographic measures of need. (WAS)

While search engines have become increasingly popular over the past years, little research is concerned with how they attend to credibility. Through interviews with six Norwegian search engine companies; this study reveals how search engines attend to areas affecting credibility. Search engines appe...

Background: To overcome high rates of non-attendance, inappropriate referrals and long waiting times, an audit was undertaken of a dietetic outpatients clinic for gastroenterology patients in 2003 and then repeated in 2007. The aim of the first audit was to identify referral source, types of patient, attendance rates and if dietary advice had a positive outcome. This study aimed evaluated changes since 2003. Method: The clinic diary was used to identify patients booked to attend in 2003 and 2007. Information was retrieved from the patient's record on source of referral, types of referral, waiting times, attendance rates and dietary goals achieved. The results were compared to determine if changes had improved service delivery. The data were analyzed in Microsoft Excel (2003) and the attend...

Objective: Rates of nonattendance for psychotherapy hinder the effective delivery of evidence-based treatments. Although many strategies have been developed to increase attendance, the effectiveness of these strategies has not been quantified. Our aim in the present study was to undertake a meta-analysis of rigorously controlled studies to quantify the effects of interventions to promote psychotherapy attendance. Method: The inclusion criteria were that studies (a) concerned attendance at individual or group psychotherapy by adults, (b) used a randomized controlled trial design to test an attendance strategy, and (c) used an objective measure of attendance. Computerized literature searches and hand searching resulted in a total of 31 randomized controlled trials that involved 33 independent tests of strategies for reducing treatment refusal and premature termination (N = 4,422). Effect sizes from individual studies were meta-analyzed, and moderator analyses were conducted. Results: Interventions had a small-to-medium effect on attendance across studies (d+= .38). Interventions to reduce treatment refusal and premature termination were similarly effective (d+= .37 and .39, respectively). Choice of appointment time or therapist, motivational interventions, preparation for psychotherapy, informational interventions, attendance reminders, and case management were the most effective strategies. Diagnosis also moderated effect sizes; samples with a single diagnosis benefited more from attendance interventions compared to samples with a variety of diagnoses. Conclusions: Interventions to increase attendance at adult psychotherapy are moderately effective. However, relatively few studies met the strict study inclusion criteria. Further methodologically sound and theoretically informed interventions geared at increasing attendance are required. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved). PMID:22889335

In this study, long-term annual and monthly trends in mean maximum, mean minimum and mean temperature are investigated at 35 synoptic stations in Iran. The statistical significance of trends is assessed by the Mann-Kendall test. Most stations, especially those in western and eastern parts of country, had significant positive trends in monthly temperature time series in summer season. However, the maximum number of stations with the positive trend were observed in April (30 stations), and then in August (29 stations) while the negative trends were seen in February (16 stations) and March (15 stations). On annual scale, most stations in western and southern parts of Iran had significant positive trend. Overall, about 71%, 66% and about 40% of stations had statistically significant trends in mean annual temperature, mean annual minimum temperature and in mean annual maximum temperature, respectively. These results, however, indicate that the climate in Iran is growing warmer, especially in summer.

France doubled its wind energy production with the activation of its Dunkerque wind power station in 1991. The Dunkerque station consists of nine 300 kW generators capable of providing electricity to 3,200 homes. The Dunkerque station is one of the most powerful stations in Europe, generating seven million kWh of electricity annually . The station represents an initial investment of 23.5 million francs. The facility is cooperatively owned by public and private interests, with the Regional Council occupying the majority ownership position. It is an outstanding success and a good example to demonstrate the feasibility of large wind energy stations. 1 fig.

The strategies, reasoning, and planning guidelines used in the development of the United States Space Station Program are outlined. The power required to support Space Station missions and housekeeping loads is a key driver in overall Space Station design. conversely, Space Station requirements drive the power technology. Various power system technology options are discussed. The mission analysis studies resulting in the required Space Station capabilities are also discussed. An example of Space Station functions and a concept to provide them is presented. The weight, area, payload and altitude requirements on draft and mass requirements are described with a summary and status of key power systems technology requirements and issues.

This research report is a continuation of DGMK research report 611 ''Biofuels - Properties and Experiences with their Use'' published in 2002. Since that time the plans of the European commission to promote the use of biofuels have been put in concrete terms. Directive 2003/30/EC sets targets for the period 2005 to 2010, to which extent biofuels have to be marketed. In the case of diesel fuels this will be accomplished mainly by the blending of up to 5% fatty acid methyl esters and not by their use as a pure compound. Ethanol and ethyl tertiary butyl ester (ETBE) are available as blending components for petrol. For both diesel fuel and petrol the existing standards limit the addition of the oxygen containing compounds. Because of their poorer storage and oxidation stability there is an interest in laboratory tests, which permit to forecast whether biodiesel and diesel fuels containing biodiesel will have a stability that is sufficient for their actual use. Method ASTM D 4625 with storage at 43 C is generally regarded as the most suitable test procedure for the determination of the storage stability of middle distillates. For fatty acid methyl esters and their blends, however, it is less well suited. Amongst the many tested methods for the determination of the storage stability the Rancimat method has got the broadest acceptance. There are, though, results that let it appear questionable, whether a general relationship exists between the Rancimat results and the storage stability. There are a few diesel fuels, which appear to be poorly suitable for blending of even the small quantity of 5% biodiesel. For such diesel fuels an especially small Rancimat induction period seems to be characteristic. Not all proven antioxidants for hydrocarbons are also equally effective in blends with biodiesel. According to previous experiences there are no problems with the use of fuels containing biodiesel in cars, if the biodiesel content does not exceed 5%, water is absent and the storage time does not exceed 6 months. The biodiesel must meet the requirements of standard EN 14214. Unnecessary contact with air by e.g. agitation has to be absolutely avoided. No difficulties will arise in the practical operation, if ethanol or ETBE are added to conventional petrol within the limits specified in the standards. Attention must be paid, however, to the absence of water in the system. In the case of an uncontrolled mixture of an ethanol containing fuel and an ethanol free fuel it is possible that the vapour pressure specification will be exceeded. (orig.)

This project, 'Reduction of particle emissions from light duty vehicles and from taxies', analyses different strategies to reduce the particle emission, their effect for particle emissions, and the resulting cost for the society and for the companies. The project describes the EU regulation of emissions, the possibilities of reducing the emissions via special requirements in environmental zones and the Danish taxation of light duty vehicles. Further, the project includes interviews with owners of light duty vehicles and taxies and also with Danish producers of particle filters. The strategies analysed in the scenarios include: 1) Promotion of particle filters; 2) Shift from diesel to gasoline and; 3) Downsizing. The effects for particle emissions and for mortality are described. Further, the costs and benefits for the society and the cost for the companies are evaluated. The effects of the scenarios are analysed, both for initiatives implemented at a national level and for implementation in an environmental zone in the municipality of Copenhagen. The main results are that the socioeconomic benefits in the year 2012 are greater than the costs, if taxis and light duty vehicles have filters installed and if they are driving in the Copenhagen area. For light duty vehicles it is only profitable, if the prices of the filters fall to the price level that is expected in the future in the study. Further, the analysis shows that for light duty vehicles and taxies driving all over the country, the socioeconomic benefits achieved by installing particle filters are too small to cover the costs. The analysis shows that it is also profitable socio-economically to change from diesel to petrol for light duty vehicles and for taxies (except taxies driving nationally). The analysis is based on the producer prices including the general net tax level, while the specific taxes are not included. From the point of view of the companies it is not profitable to change to petrol, because of the tax on petrol. The study does not analyse specific instruments to implement the scenarios. When specific instruments are proposed, one must consider whether it is necessary to supplement the results in this report with additional analysis. (au)

    This study aimed at clarifying the differences between the biggest and smallest attendances in the J. League, as influenced by away club. The background is that case management using the popularity of the away club was reported, and precedence research was done to analyze the attendance according to away club.    We analyzed the J. League from 1993 to 2010 to clarify the influence of the away teams on away game match attendance. We searched for the differences between match attendance in away games and the season average match attendance of home clubs over 18 seasons.    The following results were obtained. In 18 seasons, 4 clubs had maximum differences and 8 clubs had minimum differences. The difference between maximum and minimum attendances was 10,000 to 15,000. Regarding the trend since 2001, we found that the differences tended to be larger.    From the obtained results, it was considered that club management in the J. League should consider the influence of the popularity of away clubs on attendance.   

The Parents Empowering Parents (PEP) Program gives parents tools to improve the lives of children with bleeding disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of PEP. Eleven haemophilia treatment centres (HTC) participated in the study and 301 participants completed the survey. Parents who did not attend PEP were divided into three groups based on their reasons for not attending: (Not Offered, Bad Time and Don't Need). Those who attended (Attended) PEP reported less use of yelling, spanking, slapping and giving-in after attending PEP. The Not Offered group used Praising (P = 0.016), Natural Consequences (P = 0.002), Being Consistent (P = 0.016), Ignoring (P = 0.006), Distracting (P = 0.002), Setting Limits (P=0.009), Giving Choices (P = 0.049), Being Consistent (P = 0.014) and Distracting (P = 0.019) less than all other groups. The Bad Time group used Time-Out (P = 0.037) and Ignoring (P = 0.019) more than the other groups that did not attend PEP. The Don't Need group used Spanking (P = 0.008) and Time-Out (P = 0.003) and Yelling (P = 0.014) less than all other groups. Attending PEP seems to decrease the use of negative parenting techniques. Those who reported PEP was not offered to them used positive parenting techniques less than all other participants. PMID:21435114

Evaluating attendance at health education programs is important to obtain a more comprehensive evaluation of the program impact. This study investigated whether attendance at a lifestyle intervention program in a community setting would reduce risks related to metabolic syndrome. Of 545 subjects with risks related to metabolic syndrome, i.e. overweight, hypertension, dyslipidemia or diabetes, participated in this non-randomized control study, 389 subjects aged 40-71 years completed the surveys at baseline and 27 months. Intervention group (39 males and 168 females) was provided 3 individual counseling plus 28 group sessions conducted monthly on average, whereas control group (64 males and 118 females) received only 7 health information newsletters by mail. Intervention group was subcategorized into two groups according to the median attendance (87.1%): 106 subjects with high attendance (93.8 ± 4.7%) and 101 subjects with low attendance (68.6 ± 16.0%). Logistic regression analyses adjusted for age and baseline value showed that among males, the proportion with dyslipidemia risk was lower only in high attendance group compared with that in control group at 27 months [Odds ratio (OR): 0.11 (95%CI 0.02 - 0.51)] and among females, the proportion of overweight was lower only in high attendance group [OR: 0.24 (95%CI 0.07 - 0.81)]. In females, the mean total risk score calculated by adding the number of the 4 risks present decreased only in high attendance group (p < 0.001). In conclusion, high attendance at a lifestyle intervention program impacts the reduction of risks related to metabolic syndrome in a Japanese community setting.   

Abstract in spanish Introducción. Objetivo: describir el comportamiento de la enfermedad de moyamoya en niños atendidos en el Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez del año 1995 a 2005. Material y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo. Se revisaron 7 expedientes clínicos de niños con este diagnóstico, los cuales reunieron los criterios establecidos. Se elaboró una hoja de captura, con datos demográficos y personales, manifestaciones clínicas, estudios diagnósticos, tr (more) atamiento y evolución. Se analizaron los casos mediante estadística descriptiva. Resultados. La edad promedio fue de 6.5 años; predominó en mujeres (4). La manifestación clínica de inicio en todos los pacientes fue hemiparesia desproporcionada aguda o subaguda. Se encontró comorbilidad con: síndrome de Down (4), microcefalia (3), y cardiopatías congénitas (2). El diagnóstico se confirmó con angiografía por sustracción digital (5) y angiorresonancia (2). Se practicó arteriodurosinangiosis en 2 casos y angiosinostosis temporal en 1, con resolución del déficit motor sin deterioro posterior. Los restantes 4 pacientes sólo recibieron tratamiento sintomático, con persistencia de la afección motora y presencia de epilepsia. Conclusión. El diagnóstico de la enfermedad de moyamoya se realiza con angiografía o angiorresonancia magnética. El tratamiento quirúrgico es de elección. Abstract in english Introduction. Objective: Describe the evolution of moyamoya disease in children attended in the Hospital Infantil de Mexico from 1995 to 2005. Material and methods. Retrospective and descriptive study. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 10 children with this diagnosis; 7 with the established criteria; 3 were excluded for not counting with angiographic conventional and angioresonance for their diagnosis. Demographic and personal information, clinical manife (more) stations, diagnostic studies, treatment and evolution were recorded and the cases analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results. The average age was 6.5 years and 6/7 was females. The clinical manifestation in all patients was acute or subacute hemiparesis. Associated pathologies included: Down's syndrome (4), microcephaly (3), and congenital heart disease (2). The diagnosis was confirmed with angiography (5), magnetic resonance angiography (2). A duro-arterio-synangiosis was practiced to 2 and a temporal angiosinostosis to 1, with resolution of the motor deficit without posterior deterioration. The remaining 4 patients only received symptomatic treatment, with persistence of motor deficit and seizures. Conclusion. The diagnosis of moyamoya disease continues to be with angiography and angioresonance. When possible, surgical correction is the treatment of choice.

Abstract in portuguese O objetivo do presente artigo é investigar a relação fluorose/cáries em escolas, de acordo com o nível de fluoreto no abastecimento público de água. A amostra consistiu em 360 alunos de doze anos de idade, de ambos os sexos, que frequentam as escolas próximas da região em que nasceram. As escolas foram classificadas em três grupos de acordo com a presença de fluoreto no abastecimento de água: 1) fluoretação na Estação de Tratamento de Água (ETA); 2) fluor (more) etação direta em poços; e 3) áreas não fluoretadas (ANF). Os testes de?e de Goodman (significância = 5%) foram utilizados para avaliar a associação entre a origem da água e o grau de fluorose. Os resultados mais predominantes foram presença de cáries em toda a amostra (P0,05). As cáries ainda são uma importante questão nessa população, apesar do estabelecimento de medida preventiva. A observação da fluorose em alunos vivendo em áreas não fluoretadas confirma a presença de outras fontes de fluorose. Abstract in english The aim of this article is to investigate the relationship between fluorosis/dental caries in schools, according to the level of fluoride in public water supply. The sample comprised of twelve-year-old daytime students (360) of both genders, attending schools close to the region where they were born. The schools were classified into three groups according to the presence of fluoride in the water supply: 1) fluoridation in the Water Treatment Station-WTS; 2) Direct Fluorid (more) ation in Wells-DFW; and 3) Non Fluoridated Areas-NFA. The ?2 and Goodman tests (significance=5%) were used to evaluate the association between the origin of water and degree of fluorosis; percentage of distribution and descriptive measures were used for investigation of the degree of fluorosis. The following outcomes were predominant: presence of dental caries in the entire sample (P0.05). Dental caries is still an important problem in this population, despite the establishment of preventive measured. The observation of fluorosis in students living in non-fluoridated areas confirms the presence of other sources of fluoride.

NASA has three satellite tracking stations around the world: CDSCC (Canberra, Australia), GDSCC (Goldstone, USA) and MDSCC (Madrid, Spain). One of the antennas located at MDSCC, DSS-61, is not used for satellite tracking any more and thanks to an agreement between INTA (Instituto Nacional de TA~l'cnica Aeroespacial) and NASA, it has been turned into an educational radio telescope. PARTNeR (Proyecto Académico con el RadioTelescopio de NASA en Robledo, Academic Project with the NASA Radio Telescope at Robledo) is a High School and University radio astronomy educational program that allows teachers and students to control this 34-meter radio telescope and conduct radio astronomical observations via the Internet. As radio astronomy is not a popular subject and astronomy has little presence in the High School Curriculum, teachers need specific training in those subjects to implement PARTNeR. Thus, High School teachers joining the project take a course to learn about the science of radio astronomy and how to use the antenna in their classrooms. Also, teachers are provided with some learning activities they can do with their students. These lesson plans are focused on the implementation of the project within an interdisciplinary framework. All educational resources are available on PARTNeR website. PARTNeR is an inquiry based approach to science education. Nowadays, students can join in three different observational programmes: variability studies in quasars, studies of radio-bursts in X-ray binaries (microquasars), and mapping of radio sources in the galactic plane. Nevertheless, any other project can be held after an evaluation by the scientific committee. The operational phase of the project started in the academic year 2003-04. Since then, 85 High Schools, seven Universities and six societies of amateur astronomers have been involved in the project. During the 2004-09 period, 103 High School teachers from Spain and Portugal have attended the training courses, and 105 radio astronomical remote observations have been performed with users. Until now, more than 2,000 students have been involved in radio astronomical observations.

Background: Studies have documented direct medical costs of influenza-related illness in young children, however little is known about the out-of-pocket and indirect costs (e.g., missed work time) incurred by caregivers of children with medically attended influenza. Objective: To determine the indirect, out-of-pocket (OOP), and direct medical costs of laboratory-confirmed medically attended influenza illness among young children. Methods: Using a population-based surveillance network, we evaluated a representative group of children aged <5 years with laboratory-confirmed, medically attended influenza during the 2003-2004 season. Children hospitalized or seen in emergency department (ED) or outpatient settings in surveillance counties with laboratory-confirmed influenza were identified and ...

Abstract in english It is important to identify characteristics related to poor disease control and frequent visits to the emergency department (ED). The objective of the present study was to compare the characteristics of patients attending the adult ED for treatment of asthma exacerbation with those attending an asthma specialist clinic (AC) in the same hospital, and to determine the factors associated with frequent visits to the ED. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of consecutive pat (more) ients (12 years and older) attending the ED (N = 86) and the AC (N = 86). Significantly more ED patients than AC patients reported ED visits in the past year (95.3 vs 48.8%; P

This paper reports on a quantitative survey designed to characterize the public who attended Parada Livre 2002, a festival in Porto Alegre, Brazil organized around free sexual expression. Of particular interest was attendance at the event by heterosexual-identified individuals, a sub-population generally ignored in research to date on large-scale events of this sort. Questionnaires were completed by 176 Parada attendees. The questionnaires covered demographics, social movement participation, attitudes about HIV/AIDS and homosexuality, and motivations for attending the festival. Analysis gauged significant differences by gender and sexual orientation. Slightly more than half (52.1%) of the sample self-identified as heterosexual. Compared to attendees with non-normative sexual identities, he...

The purpose of this study was to explore the prevalence rates of co-occurring mental health problems among 70 flight attendants in substance abuse treatment. Results indicated that flight attendants in treatment were more likely to experience alcohol dependency than drug dependency. A high proportion of participants reported clinical levels of anxiety, major depressive disorder, dysthymia, and dependent personality disorder. Quality of life indicators suggested that the flight attendants were slightly above average in life satisfaction for a treatment population. Implications for clinical practice with this population were also discussed.

The ES&H Training Catalog is a tool to assist managers in determining which training courses they require their employees to complete. The narrative description under ``Who Shall Attend`` describes the characteristics of the employees and contractors under the direction of Sandia who are required by law, regulation, DOE Order, or SNL Directive to complete the training in order to be in compliance. The narrative is ``Who Should Attend`` describes the individuals for which the course is `highly recommended,`` although they are not mandated to attend.

Using the Cambodia Socioeconomic Survey 2004 and employing micro-static simulation techniques, we measure the potential impacts of cash transfer programs for children to identify targeted groups that will have the most effect on poverty and school attendance. We conclude that the largest impacts occur by targeting poor children. If this proves to be too administratively costly, then targeting children in rural areas or targeting all children living in the ten poorest provinces will also yield significant poverty reduction. With regard to improving school attendance, the same targeted groups generally provide the biggest impacts as well, although the impacts on school attendance tend to be smaller than on poverty reduction.

The purpose of this study was to explore the prevalence rates of co-occurring mental health problems among 70 flight attendants in substance abuse treatment. Results indicated that flight attendants in treatment were more likely to experience alcohol dependency than drug dependency. A high proportion of participants reported clinical levels of anxiety, major depressive disorder, dysthymia, and dependent personality disorder. Quality of life indicators suggested that the flight attendants were slightly above average in life satisfaction for a treatment population. Implications for clinical practice with this population were also discussed.

Interprofessional education (IPE) for health and social care students may improve attitudes toward IPE and interprofessional collaboration (IPC). The quality of research on the association between IPE and attitudes is mediocre and IPE effect sizes are unknown. Students at a college in Toronto, Canada, attended an IPE workshop. A comparison group of non-attenders was formed. Both groups completed pre- and post-workshop questionnaires and two measurement scales for IPE attitudes?the Interprofessional Education Perceptions Scale and the University of West England questionnaire. Eight multiple linear regressions modeled post-workshop attitude scores as a function of workshop attendance, pre-workshop attitudes, and background factors. Workshop effect sizes and relative importance of variables w...

...COMMISSION 47 CFR Parts 73 and 74 [MB Docket No. 03-185; FCC 11-110] Digital Low Power Television, Television Translator, and Television Booster Stations and To Amend Rules for Digital Class A Television Stations AGENCY: Federal...

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