palm-kernel oil mills: Topics by WorldWideScience.org

Performance of a hybrid cylindrical roller bearing

Energy use patterns and utilisation efficiencies in 40 factories producing palm kernel oil (PKO) in southwestern part of Nigeria were studied. The factories were stratified into small, medium and large scale categories based on the mode of operations and production capacities. Questionnaires were administered on the factories to obtain historical data on petrol, diesel and electricity consumption and PKO production outputs for seven years (1998-2004). Energy use efficiency indicators employed include: energy intensity (EI), energy cost per unit product (EC/P), energy ratio (ER), food energy ratio (FER) and percentage oil yield by weight. Results of the study indicated that averagely, 0.58, 0.53 and 0.74 GJ/10{sup 3} l of PKO were needed in the small, medium and large PKO factories, respectively. The average food energy ratios in the small, medium and large mills are 2.48, 2.53 and ...

2008-01-15

3

Pilot scale hybrid processes for olive mill wastewater treatment, energy production and water reuse: comparison between fungal and electro-coagulation pre-treatments

A 206-size hybrid (ceramic/steel) cylindrical roller bearing was tested in MIL-L-23699 C oil at several speeds and loads. Heat-generation data was collected and subsequently correlated with bearing-analysis software. Bearing-cage slip data was also collected at various oil-flow rates, oil temperatures, and with both MIL-L-7808 J and MIL-L-23699 C oils. The hybrid bearing was tested in MIL-L-23699 C oil for for 25 hours at 2220 N radial load and 1.08 MDN shaft speed. The hybrid bearing technology demonstrated in the report is applicable to the Integrated High Performance Turbine Engine Technology Initiative. 15 refs.

1992-08-01

4

Impact of repeated two-phase olive mill waste application on phosphorus fractionation in a degraded olive grove soil

Olive oil mill wastewaters (OMW) cause disposal problems because they contain powerful pollutants such as phenolic compounds. Complete biodegradation or removal of these compounds is hardly achieved by a single treatment method. In this work, we investigated 2 integrated technologies for the treatment of the recalcitrant contaminants of OMW, allowing water recovery and reuse for agricultural purposes. (Author)

2009-07-01

5

Technologies for high speed rolling and control of gauge in cold tandem mill for ultra-thin gauge strip; Gokuusu reikan atsuenki ni okeru kosoku atsuen gijutsu oyobi itaatsu seigyo gijutsu

Loss of organic matter is one of the main forms of soil degradation in Mediterranean agricultural soils, and external sources of organic matter are required to improve soil properties. the two-phase centrifugation system in the olive-oil extraction industry produces a large amount of olive mill waste sludge (TPOMW) which can be used to add organic C to degraded soils. (Author)

2009-07-01

6

Synergies in co-digestion of sludge with olive oil mill effluent

This paper describes high speed rolling and gauge control in cold tandem mill for ultra-thin gauge strip at the Chiba Works of Kawasaki Steel Corporation. To improve the plate-out property of rolling oil, cationic polymeric coagulant was prepared. Rolling oil with cohesion independent of inorganic inclusions or phosphatide was developed, to improve the lubrication for cold rolling, remarkably. In addition, a low-cost Ti-enhanced work roll having high wear resistance and excellent grindability was developed. Rolling can be conducted at the optimal rolling roughness and operation can be performed at the highest rolling speed independent of the rolling treatment amount. Rolling speed at 2800 m/min was confirmed by developing the rolling oil with excellent lubrication and the work roll having high wear resistance. For the improvement of strip thickness accuracy at the steady state rolling, use of the backup ...

1996-09-01

7

Ozonation kinetics of phenolic acids present in wastewaters from olive oil mills

A full scale co-digestion system for sludge and Olive oil mill effluent (OME) and a regional sludge management plan has been set-up to solve urgent environmental problems, modifying an existing cold municipal digester, by means of simple and effective technology. Monitoring of the full scale system demonstrated good compatibility between OME and sludge, up to 20% mixture, and high removal of organics compounds. Coagulant compounds present in OME (mainly Fats), promoted aggregation and settling of anaerobic sludge and also its acetoclastic activity, minimizing the load returned to the wastewater treatment line and improving also the activated sludge system. The co-digestion of OME with sludge agreed the project purposes, and produced large quantity of biogas and electric energy.

2004-07-01

8

Anaerobic digestion of olive mill wastewaters

A kinetic study of the degradation by ozone of eight phenolic acids present in wastewaters from olive oil mills has been performed by using a competition kinetic method. The selected phenolic acids are: caffeic, p-coumaric, syringic, vanillic, 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic, veratric, p-hydroxy-benzoic, and protocatechuic. The influence of the operating variables (temperature, pH, and ozone partial pressure in the gas stream) is established, and the stoichiometric ratios for the individual direct reactions between ozone and each acid are determined. Once the reaction rate constants are evaluated, they are correlated as a function of temperature and pH into kinetic expressions which are provided for every phenolic acid. The global process occurs in the fast and pseudo-first-order kinetic regime of absorption, a condition required by the competition model to be used.

1997-03-01

9

Management of industrial solid wastes in Alexandria, Egypt

Anaerobic treatment of olive oil mill wastewaters (COD up to 220 kg/cubic m) is feasible, and the most promising results were obtained on UASB reactors, both at laboratory and pilot scale (tank capacity 15 litres and 5 cubic m), fed on diluted waste (COD = 13-18 kg/cubic m). Volumetric loading rates ranging from 16-21.5 kg COD/cubic m/day and 70% removal efficiencies were obtained with these digesters. Start-up of UASB reactors fed on olive oil mill waste is a delicate step which still has to be fully controlled and optimized. The best results were obtained by starting with very diluted waste (COD = 5 kg/cubic m). Granulation of the sludge, as achieved in Dutch UASB digesters fed on sugar beet wastewaters, was not obtained, but, even so, the settleability of the sludge was very good. 22 references.

1984-01-01

10

Electrochemical treatment of olive oil mill wastewater

This paper presents a summary of the first phase of the EPA project, which encompasses surveys of residues from industrial sources in Alexandria. Studies to date indicate that wastes from various industries can be recovered economically. Wastes such as tin cans, glass, wastepaper, and food residues from processing of fruits, starch, and beer are examples of reusable industrial wastes in Egypt. The results of experimental studies for reuse of residues from oil refining, starch and yeast processing, and steel pickling are presented. Spent clay from edible oil refining is currently discarded, causing both handling and disposal problems. This clay contains as much as 40% oil; 90% can be recovered by extraction. The recovered oil can be successfully used in soap production, and the spent clay can be reused in oil bleaching. Other examples include starch and yeast wastes, which can be ...

1983-03-01

11

Facts 2002. The Norwegian petroleum sector

The possibility of oxidizing at a PbO{sub 2} anode the phenols and polyphenols, present in the olive oil mill wastewater, has been studied as a pre-treatment for the submission of such wastewater to the traditional biological treatments. The results obtained operating at current densities ranging 500 to 2000 A/m{sup 2} show that it is possible to reduce the concentration of the phenolic components, which interfere with the biological treatments, down to low values without decreasing too much the total organic content of the wastewater. [Italian] E' stata studiata la possibilita' di ossidare anodicamente i componenti fenolici delle acque reflue di frantoio, quale pretrattamento delle stesse prima del loro invio ai processi di trattamento biologico. I risultati ottenuti impiegando PbO{sub 2} quale materiale anodico e operando con densita' di corrente comprese tra 500 e 2000 A/m{sup 2} mostrano come sia possibile ...

2001-04-01

12

Simultaneous ozonation kinetics of phenolic acids present in wastewaters

The petroleum sector is highly significant for the Norwegian economy. Its share of gross domestic product, exports and total government revenues has been substantial over the past two decades, reaching a particularly high level in 2000 and 2001. The principal reason why revenues were so high in these two years is a combination of high oil prices, a strong USD against the NOK and historically high petroleum production. The share of petroleum investment in total capital spending in the Norwegian economy was at its highest in the early 1990s. Total investment in the petroleum sector has been above NOK 40 bn every year since 1992, and peaked in 1998 at roughly NOK 80 bn. Capital spending declined to around NOK 56.9 bn in 2001. The government's most important revenue sources in recent years have been cash flow from the state's direct financial interest (SDFI) and from taxes. Production of crude oil has averaged around three ...

2002-07-01

13

Safe management of wastes from the mining and milling of Uranium and Thorium ores

Among the several chemical processes conducted for the removal of organic matter present in wastewaters coming from some agro-industrial plants (wine distilleries, olive oil mills, etc), the oxidation by ozone has shown a great effectiveness in the destruction of specially refractory pollutants: it is demonstrated that the biodegradability of those wastewaters increases aflcer an ozonation pretreatment. Their great pollutant character is imputed to the presence of some organic compounds, like phenols and polyphenols, which are toxic and inhibit the latter biological treatments. In this research, a competitive kinetic procedure reported by Clurol and Nekouinaini is applied to determine the degradation rate constants by ozone of several phenolic acids which are present in the wastewaters from the olive oil obtaining process. The resulting kinetic expressions for the ozonation reactions are useful for the successful design and ...

1996-12-31

14

Estimation of animal and olive solid wastes in Jordan and their potential as a supplementary energy source: An overview

Safe management of wastes from the mining and milling of Uranium and Thorium ores

1987-01-01

15

Modern concept for ethanol distilleries: maximization of the electricity surplus

Biomass is a potential source of energy that can reduce our dependency on oil as the main source of energy. In addition to municipal solid waste, animal and olive wastes are the main sources of organic waste in Jordan. In 2005, there were more than 2.4 million heads of sheep, about 72 thousand cows, and 40 million hens being raised in farms distributed in all governorates of Jordan. These animals produce 5.3 million tons (as exerted) of solid waste per year. If these quantities can be effectively collected they may constitute a valuable source of energy. This paper is aiming to estimate the amounts of animal and solid wastes generated in Jordan and their energy potential. The total amount of BOD from animal waste is estimated at 200,000 tons per year. Significant quantities of organic waste can also be collected from olive mills distributed in the country. This waste known locally as ''Jift'' is currently ...

2010-10-15

16

The CO{sub 2} gasification kinetics of olive residue

Once again Brazil faces the possibility of an electricity shortage in the near future. The low level of rain and the consequent reduction of hydroelectric reservoirs (hydroelectric energy represents almost 80% the total Brazilian electricity generation) led to the dispatch of thermal plants based on natural gas and/or fuel oil. However, the recent crisis regarding the Bolivian natural gas supply to Brazil increased the risk of a shortage of this energy source. Hence, the uncertainty of the electricity supply scenario is pushing the electricity prices up in the near future. A possible alternative to increase the electricity supply is the maximization of the electricity surplus in sugarcane mills. Back in 1970's and 1980's, cogeneration plants in sugarcane mills were primarily designed to consume all bagasse, and produce steam and electricity to the process. The plants used medium pressure steam boilers (21 ...

2008-07-01

17

Uranium mill tailings quarterly report, January-March 1982

Orujillo, sometimes called wood matter from pressed oil-stone (WPOS) is a residue from the olive oil mill industry. The generation of this biomass residue is concentrated in small areas allowing its use as fuel for medium size gasification and combustion plants. Rates of gasification of WPOS char were measured in a TGA at various temperatures (800-850-875-900-950{sup o}C), CO{sub 2} partial pressures (0.20-0.35-0.50 bar) and CO partial pressures (0.0-0.20 bar). The experiments were carried out with a monolayer bed of very fine particles well exposed to the gas so as to minimise mass and heat transfer resistances. Two kinetic models, the nth order model and Langmuir-Hinshelwood model, have been used to fit with the reactivity data. For pure CO{sub 2} experiments the kinetic parameters of nth order model were E=133 kJ/mol and n=0.43. The Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model clearly describes the observed CO inhibition effect on ...

2003-02-01

18

Effects of focused ion beam milling on the nanomechanical behavior of a molybdenum-alloy single crystal

Progress is reported on: radon barrier systems for uranium mill tailings; liner evaluation for uranium mill tailings; revegetation/rock cover for stabilization of inactive U-tailings sites; and application of long-term chemical biobarriers for uranium tailings.

1982-05-01

19

Principal orbits and the Yang-Mills-Higgs model

Nanoindentation was performed on a Mo-alloy single crystal to investigate effects of focused ion beam (FIB) milling on mechanical behavior. On a non-FIB-milled surface, pop-ins were observed on all load-displacement curves corresponding to a transition from elastic to plastic deformation. Similar pop-ins were not detected on surfaces subjected to FIB milling. This difference indicates that FIB milling introduces damage that obviates the need for dislocation nucleation during subsequent deformation. A second effect of FIB milling is that it increased the surface hardness. Together, these effects could be the source of the size effects reported in the literature on micropillar tests.

2007-09-10

20

Homotopy Lie superalgebra in Yang-Mills theory

A strong necessary condition is given for the principal stabiliser of the action of a compact Lie group to have a non-zero centre. An application to the monopole problem in Yang-Mills-Higgs models is discussed.

1983-04-21

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21

Marketers report on oil quality

The Yang-Mills equations are formulated in the form of generalized Maurer-Cartan equations, such that the corresponding algebraic operations are shown to satisfy the defining relations of homotopy Lie superalgebra.

2007-09-01

22

Dietary Olive Oil, Canola Oil, and Sardine Oil on Fatty Acids Composition and Cholesterol Contents in Eggs

The quality of fuel oils is discussed. The problems that the fuel oil marketer must deal with that relate to the quality of the fuel oil are described.

1985-04-01

23

The non-equivalence between non-Abelian self-dual and Yang-Mills-Chern-Simons models

Full Text Available

1997-09-01

24

Regrinding Effect of Flat End-Mill Tool for Recycling of Tungsten Carbide (WC-Co) Material

No abstract prepared.

2008-07-01

25

Effect of Milling Medium Materials on Mechanical Alloying of Mo-65.8at%Si Powder Mixture

Full Text Available

2008-12-01

26

Implementation of co-digestion and sludge management systems in Portugal

Full Text Available

1997-09-01

27

The effects of various cooling strategies on surface roughness and tool wear during soft materials milling

A solution based on sludge and Olive oil mill effluent (OME) co-digestion, coupled with a management plan, has been implemented, to treat and dispose safely, the mixed residues, into the natural forest and agricultural land. The mixture of up to 25% OME to the sludge improved anaerobic degradation of phenols and fats. High density fat compounds, present in OME, enhanced aggregation, settling and acetoclastic activity of anaerobic sludge. The full scale unit, obtained by modification of a cold digester, allowed to set-up a low capital cost system. The system produced large quantity of biogas and electric energy. Anaerobic degradation of the mixture improved fertilizing properties, making feasible land application of the digested mixture. Regional plan based in Geographical Information System (GIS) selected 800 ha of adequate land area for application near the WWTP. The experience is technically and economically successful. Main incomes are ...

2006-07-01

28

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

This work is focused on effect of various cooling strategies on surface roughness and tool wear during computer aided milling of soft workpiece materials. These milling operations were selected as dry milling, cool air cooling milling and fluid cooling milling. A cool air cooling system was designed and produced to cool end milling tools. Cool air was produced by a vortex tube. Annealed AISI 1050 was used as the workpiece material and cutting tool material was selected as HSS-Co8 DIN 844/BN. Optimal cutting parameters were selected according to workpiece hardness from reference catalog and kept for all tests. Tool wear and surface quality were measured for three different cooling types changing from ten minute machining time to thirty minute machining time. As a result, the surface roughne...

2009-01-01

29

Effects of multiwall carbon nanotubes on the thermal and mechanical properties of medium density polyethylene matrix nanocomposites produced by a mechanical milling method

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Medium-density polyethylene/multiwall carbon nanotube (MDPE/MWCNT) nanocomposites were produced by a mechanical milling method using a high-energy ball mill. The MDPE and MWCNTs were added to the ball mill at a constant 20:1 weight ratio of ball/powders and milled for 10 h to obtain polyethylene matrix nanocomposites reinforced with 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5 weight percent of MWCNTs. To clarify the role of both MWCNT content and milling time on the morphology of MDPE, some nanocomposite samples were investigated by using a scanning electron microscope. To evaluate the role of milling on the microstructure of the nanocomposites, very thin films of MDPE/MWCNTs were prepared and studied by transmission electron microscopy. Thermal behavior of these nanocomposites was investigated by using differenti...

2010-01-01

30

Abrasive-waterjet machining of isogrid structures

Nanocrystalline #beta#-sialon by reactive sintering of a SiO_2-AlN mixture subjected to high-energy ball milling

An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the feasibility of machining isogrid structures with abrasive-waterjets (AWJs). The main objective was to mill isogrid patterns in surfaces with accurate depth control using an AWJ. Three different approaches using AWJs were tested: linear cutting of isogrid patterns for diffusion bonding, milling with conventional AWJ nozzles, and milling with a single-angled rotary AWJ nozzle. It was shown that pocket milling with conventional AWJs is the most feasible of those tested. The milling can be done internally on preformed aluminum tubes, and the AWJ can also be used on materials other than aluminum. Accurate depth control can be achieved at high productivity rates. As an example, it is projected that a 48-inch-diameter skirt 12 inches high could be milled with an isogrid pattern in 6.3 hours. ...

1990-12-01

31

Effect of milling process on the core-shell structures and dielectric properties of fine-grained BaTiO3-based X7R ceramic materials

A mixture of powders of silica and aluminum nitride is subjected to high-energy ball milling for different milling times. This material is subsequently compacted by uniaxial pressing and sintered at 1450 deg. C. The resulting pellets are crushed and analysed by X-ray diffraction. For short milling times, the amount of phase transformation is minimal and the resulting material mostly consists of cristobalite and aluminum nitride. For long milling times, nanocrystalline #beta#-SiAl_2O_2N_2 is mainly produced.

2005-04-05

32

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Fine-grained BaTiO3-based X7R ceramic materials were prepared and the effects of milling process on the core-shell structures and dielectric properties were investigated using scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). As the milling time extends, the dielectric constant of the ceramics increases, whereas the temperature coefficient of capacitance at 125degreeC drops quickly. The changes in dielectric properties are considered relevant to the microstructure evolution caused by the milling process. Defects on the surface of BaTiO3 particles increase because of the effects of milling process, which will make it easier for additives to diffuse into the interior grains. As the milling time increases, the shell region gets thicker a...

2009-01-01

33

Remedial action and site design for stabilization of the inactive uranium mill tailings sites at Slick Rock, Colorado. Attachment 2, Geology report

Hamiltonian formulation of the N=1 D=10 supergravity coupled to super Yang-Mills theory

This report presents geologic considerations that are pertinent to the Remedial Action Plan for Slick Rock mill tailings. Topics covered include regional geology, site geology, geologic stability, and geologic suitability.

1993-07-01

34

Edge-drop control of hot and cold rolled strip by tapered-crown work roll shifting mill. Kata taper tsuki work roll shifting mill ni yoru hakkoban no edge-drop seigyo tokusei

The authors derive in full details the Hamiltonian formulation of the N = 1D = 10 supergravity coupled to super Yang-Mills theory. In particular, they present the explicit form of the first class constraints and compute the constraints gauge algebra.

1988-01-01

35

Distribution, Frequency, and Diversity of Bacillus thuringiensis in an Animal Feed Mill

Together with an investigation on the deformation behavior of hot and cold rolled strip edge, the edge-drop control was explained in characteristics and result of application to the commercial mill by the tapered-crown work roll (WR) shifting mill. From a cold rolling experiment, three-dimensional material flow was known to be generated in the vicinity of edge also at the time of rolling the strip, and which generation influences that of edge-drop. Almost linearly relative to the flattened deformation of WR, the edge-drop enlarges with enlargement in that deformation. The number of stands to be applied to the tapered-crown WR shifting mill in the tandem cold mill is determined by the location as far as which the strip is to be controlled in edge-drop. In case of improving it to obtain the edge-drop-free strip, all the stands are required to be equipped with tapered-crown WR shifting ...

1992-01-01

36

Crystal structure of ball-milled mixture of sodium chloride and magnesium chloride-ethanol adduct

Bacillus thuringiensis was isolated from 36 of 50 residue samples obtained from an animal feed mill (a stored-product environment). Of 710 selected colonies having Bacillus...Full Text Available

1992-04-01

37

A Nitrate Reductase-less Variant Isolated from Suspension Cultures of Datura innoxia (Mill.) ¹

NaCl doped MgCl_2.nEtOH adducts were prepared by ball-milling MgCl_2.2.5EtOH with NaCl. Both the ball-milled MgCl_2.nEtOH/NaCl mixture and pure MgCl_2.2.5EtOH adducts were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), thermogravimetry (TG) and differencial scanning calorimetry (DSC). A simple MgCl_2.nEtOH/NaCl mixture without ball-milling treatment was also studied for comparison. Two kinds of mixed crystals, Na_2MgCl_4 and NaMgCl_3, were found to be formed in a ball-milled mixture that contained 16 mol.% NaCl. TG and DSC analysis of the samples also provided indirect evidences supporting the presence of the mixed crystals in the ball-milled mixture. Adding certain amounts of NaCl in MgCl_2.2.5EtOH adduct, either by co-milling or by simple mixing, greatly increased the thermal stability of the adduct, but thermal decomposition ...

2008-02-05

38

The Characteristic Changes of Electromagnetic Wave Absorption in Fe-based Nanocrystalline P/M Sheets Mixed with Ball-Milled Carbon Nanotubes

A comparative study has been carried out of the growth of two lines of Datura innoxia (Mill.) cells, designated DI-6 and NR1, their resistance to chlorate, and their ability to assimilate...Full Text Available

1980-10-01

39

Noncommutative tori, Yang-Mills and string theory

Full Text Available

2009-12-01

40

METAL DEFORMATION PROCESSES/FRICTION AND ...

Noncommutative tori are among historically the oldest and by now the most developed examples of noncommutative spaces. Noncommutative Yang-Mills theory can be obtained from string theory. This connection led to a cross-fertilization of research in physics and mathematics on Yang-Mills theory on noncommutative tori. One important result stemming from that work is the link between T-duality in string theory and Morita equivalence of associative algebras. In this article we give an overview of the basic results in differential geometry of noncommutative tori. Yang-Mills theory on noncommutative tori, the duality induced by Morita equivalence and its link with the T-duality are discussed. Noncommutative Nahm transform for instantons is introduced.

2005-01-01

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41

Effect of milling conditions on stress corrosion cracking generation sensitivity of low carbon stainless steel

... In the same year, the Revere Copper and Brass Company of America introduced the tandem cold mill, soon followed by ...

2011-05-14

42

Recent process developments at the SOMAIRE uranium mill

... Industry, Material Science Research Laboratory, Yokosuka, Kanagawa (Japan)

2009-09-01

43

Recent process developments at the COMINAK uranium mill

This paper reviews the mill flowsheet applied at the SOMAIR (Societe des Mines de l'Air) uranium mill in Niger. It focuses on the yellow cake quality improvements achieved by molybdenum and zirconium elimination through double yellow cake precipitation in tanks at first stage and through size/density control in a fluidized bed precipitator at second stage. Water saving aspects in the plant are also presented. (author)

2000-09-09

44

Improved hydrogen sorption kinetics in wet ball milled Mg hydrides

This paper reviews the mill flowsheet applied at the COMINAK uranium mill (Compagnie Miniere d'Akouta) in Niger. For ore treatment, it focuses on the major improvements to the operations using sulfonitric pugging and solids/liquid separation using belt filter double filtration after leaching. The precipitation circuits have been improved with molybdenum elimination through caustic washing of the yellow cake. (author)

2000-07-01

45

Transmission electron microscopy characterisation of permalloy elements fabricated by focussed ion beam lithography

In this work, wet ball milling method is used in order to improve hydrogen sorption behaviour due to its improved microstructure of solid hydrogen materials. Compared to traditional ball milling method, wet ball milling has benefits on improvement of MgH{sub 2} microstructure and further influences on its hydrogen sorption behavior. With the help of solvent tetrahydrofuran (THF), wet ball milled MgH{sub 2} powder has much smaller particle size and its specific surface area is 7 times as large as that of dry ball milled MgH{sub 2} powder. Although after ball milling the grain size is decreased a lot compared to as-received MgH{sub 2} powder, the grain size of wet ball milled MgH{sub 2} powder is larger than that of dry ball milled MgH{sub 2} powder due to the lubricant effect of solvent THF during wet ball ...

2011-05-04

46

TROLLEY WIRE OIL COATING DEVICE AND TROLLEY WIRE OIL COATING SYSTEM

20 nm thick permalloy elements, with dimensions of 500 x 500 nm"2 and 1000 x 200 nm"2, have been fabricated on 50 nm thick silicon nitride substrate by milling using a focussed ion beam (FIB) microscope. The dose of ion beam used for the milling was varied in order to achieve the best definition for the milled areas. The FIB milled elements were characterised physically by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and bright field transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and magnetically by Fresnel imaging on a TEM modified for magnetic imaging. The FIB milled elements were found to have a more irregular edge and lower magnetic fields for events such as vortex annihilation when compared to elements of the same dimensions fabricated by conventional electron beam microscopy (EBL).

2006-02-22

47

J-STORE (Japan)

Full Text Available

2007-10-26

48

Radiation protection and the management of radioactive waste in the oil and gas industry

Quality and Sensory Score of Ground Pork Meats on the Addition of Pork Fat, Olive Oil and Soybean Oil

Radiation protection and the management of radioactive waste in the oil and gas industry

2003-01-01

49

Environmental Effects on Oil Pipelines

Full Text Available

2007-07-01

50

International Science & Technology Center (ISTC)

Determination of the Ecology Factor for the Magistral Oil Pipelines, Working in Difficult Hilly and Geology Conditions

51

Effects of Fish Oil and Some Seed Oils on Lipid Composition of Serum in Rats

Effects of Fish Oil and Some Seed Oils on Fatty Acid Compositions of Liver and Brain Tissue in Rats

Full Text Available

1991-08-01

52

Carbon-13 NMR analysis of shale oil and shale oil derived jet fuels

Full Text Available

1991-10-01

53

Microstructure and magnetic properties of nanocrystalline Fe75Si20M5 (M = Al, B, Cr) powders

No Abstract Available

1981-01-01

54

Electrochemical hydrogen storage of ball-milled MmMg{sub 12} alloy-Ni composites

Nanocrystalline Fe75Si20M5 (M = Al, B and Cr) powders were synthesized by mechanical alloying in a planetary ball mill from high purity elemental powders. Evolution of non-equilibrium solid solutions of ?-Fe[Si,(Al, B, Cr)] with a nanocrystalline structure was accompanied by the introduction of a large number of dislocation defects in the course of the milling process. Fe sites get substituted by Si and M (M = Al, B, Cr) atoms during the milling process. The structural change and the resulting disorder are reflected in the changes in the lattice parameter and average magnetic moment of the powders milled for various time periods. The effective magnetic anisotropy increases linearly with the milling time. An increase in coercivity with increasing milling time was observed which could be attributed to the introduction of dislocations and the reduction in the ...

2008-08-21

55

On-line measurement and inspection technologies of surface properties of steel sheets; Koban hyomen hinshitsu no onrain keisoku oyobi kensa gijutsu

MmMg{sub 12}-Ni amorphous or nanocrystalline composites (Mm: Ce-rich mischmetal) were prepared through the ball-milling method, and their electrochemical hydrogen storage performance was investigated and compared with that of ball-milled CeMg{sub 12}-Ni composites. It was found that the ball-milled MmMg{sub 12}-Ni composites had larger initial discharge capacities and better high rate dischargeability. Analysis of electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) shows that the reaction resistance and hydrogen diffusion resistance of the ball-milled MmMg{sub 12}-Ni composites are lower as a result of the decrease in Ce content, and thus can contribute to the larger discharge capacity and better high rate dischargeability. Additionally, the cycle performance of the ball-milled MmMg{sub 12}-Ni composites is better than those of the ball-milled CeMg{sub 12}-Ni composites. ...

2010-04-15

56

Geothermal power plant R and D: an analysis of cost-performance tradeoffs and the Heber Binary-Cycle Demonstration Project

In steel production lines such as pickling lines, cold rolling mills and coil processing lines, the needs for on-line continuous measurement of surface quality and property of products and on-line inspection of surface defects have become strong. This is because user requirements for the surface quality of various products have become severer than before and besides, expectations are running high on the side of manufacturers for higher speeds of production lines and higher quality by the adoption of automatic inspection. As for the measurement of surface quality, continuous measurements along the full length of a steel strip are required in order to overcome problems derived from off-line, batch measurements that cannot satisfy user's demands for quality assurance. As for surface defects detection, various kinds of methods have been practically applied to production lines. However, it is the matter of fact that performances of these methods are not ...

1999-12-01

57

Failure analysis and defect review using extended accuracy of the CrossBeam {sup registered} Technology

A study of advancements in power plant designs for use at geothermal resources in the low to moderate (300 to 400F) temperature range is reported. In 3 case studies, the benefits of R and D to achieve these advancements are evaluated in terms of expected increases in installed geothermal generating capacity over the next 2 decades. A parametric sensitivity study is discussed which analyzes differential power development for combinations of power plant efficiency and capitol cost. Affordable tradeoffs between plant performance and capital costs are illustrated. The independent review and analysis of the expected costs of construction, operation and maintenance of the Heber Binary Cycle Geothermal Power Demonstration Plant are described. Included in this assessment is an analysis of each of the major cost components of the project, including (1) construction cost, (2) well field development costs, (3) fluid purchase costs, and (4) well field and power plant operation and maintenance ...

1983-06-30

58

Designer's handbook for forced-cooled high-pressure oil-filled pipe-type cable systems. Final report

The use of the focused ion beam (FIB) systems has increased to a high level in recent years. The imaging, milling, and deposition capabilities of the FIB make it the ideal instrument for e.g., site-specific failure analysis, specimen preparation and nano-machining. Ion channelling contrast allows for selective imaging of polycrystalline and polyphase microstructures. In addition, the FIB and CrossBeam registered instruments are unique stand-alone analytical tools. Their vast capabilities have enabled numerous applications into the semiconductor and materials sciences applications. These integrated CrossBeam registered Tools enable the observation and direct control of the FIB operation in real time. In addition to the improved accuracy and resolution the electron beam adds analytical capabilities as STEM, EDS and EBSP to the instruments. To ensure a safe and reliable operation of the instrument, a dedicated vacuum system is needed. This type of instrument combines ...

2005-07-01

59

This handbook provides the necessary tools for the engineer to design forced-cooled HPOF pipe-type cable systems. It represents the final objective of a major project which included an extensive research program at the Waltz Mill Forced-Cooling Test Facility. The formulas and procedures presented in this handbook are consistent with the results of this program as well as other full-scale and model investigations. Introductory material, including historical information, general design concepts and basic heat transfer and fluid dynamics theory is given for those who are unfamiliar with the fundamental principles of forced-cooling. The nucleus of the handbook consists of equations and calculating procedures for determining forced-cooled parameters and thermal/hydraulic performance levels. Both simple and sophisticated procedures have been provided, with the more complex procedures treating such areas as the thermal interaction between cable pipes as well as the ...

1984-07-01

60

Shale oil explosives

Development of the modern ALSTOM bowl mill; Entwicklung der modernen ALSTOM-Schuesselmuehle

Ammonium nitrate shale oil explosives are provided which are effective, powerful, inexpensive, and safe. The explosives contain about 2% to 10% by weight shale oil and about 90% to 98% by weight ammonium nitrate. The shale oil can be whole shale oil or heavy shale oil containing from 0.1% to 65% by weight oil shale dust. The ammonium nitrate is preferably in the form of explosive grade ammonium nitrate prills.

1984-10-09

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61

Liquid crystal defects and confinement in Yang-Mills theory

Wider coal lines and larger power plant units necessitate measures for increasing the capacity of the mills without driving up power consumption and installation costs. The result of this development is the modern ALSTOM bowl mill. This paper indicates the stages of development which were necessary for this and the experience which could be accumulated through these measures. The paper also describes in detail the areas of flow in the mills, of design of milling equipment, of mill power supply and of grading in this development. (orig.) [Deutsch] Breitere Kohlebaender und groessere Kraftwerkseinheiten zwingen zu Massnahmen, um die Leistung der Muehlen zu vergroessern, ohne jedoch den Kraftbedarf und die Installationskosten in die Hoehe zu treiben. Das Ergebnis dieser Entwicklung ist die moderne ALSTOM-Schuesselmuehle. Der Beitrag zeigt, welche Entwicklungsschritte hierzu ...

1998-12-01

62

Effects of FIB milling and pre-straining on the microstructure of directionally solidified Mo pillars: a Laue diffraction analysis

We show that in the Landau gauge of the SU(2) Yang-Mills theory the residual global symmetry supports existence of the topological vortices which resemble disclination defects in the nematic liquid crystals and the Alice (half-quantum) vortices in the superfluid heluim 3 in the A-phase. The theory also possesses half-integer and integer charged monopoles which are analogous to the point-like defects in the nematic crystal and in the liquid helium. We argue that the deconfinement phase transition in the Yang-Mills theory in the Landau gauge is associated with the proliferation of these vortices and/or monopoles. The disorder caused by these defects is suggested to be responsible for the confinement of quarks in the low-temperature phase.

2005-01-01

63

Application of electro-Fenton oxidation for the detoxification of olive mill wastewater phenolic compounds

White beam Laue micro-diffraction was performed on directionally solidified, single-crystal Mo pillars in the as-grown state, after focused ion beam (FIB) milling and after pre-straining. The Laue diffraction peaks from the as-grown pillars are very sharp and show no broadening, similar to those from single-crystal Si wafers. Significant broadening and streaking of the peaks occurred after FIB milling and pre-straining, indicative of the damage these treatments induce in the nearly perfect crystal structure of the directionally solidified Mo pillars.

2010-05-01

64

Thinking About Nuclear Power in Post-Saddam Iraq

Olive mill effluent (OMW) is an example of a wastewaters containing high concentrations of recalcitrant and toxic compounds which are polyphenolics of different molecular weight. It causes disposal problems because they contain powerful pollutants. Treatment and detoxification of phenolic fraction extracted from olive mill wastewaters as well as a synthetic phenolic mixture was investigated by electro-Fenton method. Results shows that this method is highly efficient in polymerising low molecular mass phenolics and removing a large amount of recalcitrant polyphenolic compounds. This treatment decreased 78% of the toxicity which sustained a good anaerobic post-treatment. (orig.)

2003-07-01

65

On maximum permissible concentrations of natural radioactive materials (Thorium, Uranium) in ore, concentrate and milling dusts of rare metals

... shrouded in secrecy in 2008, Iraq sold its stock of 550 metric tons (in 3,500 barrels) of apparently commercial-grade yellow cake (milled uranium ...

2010-04-01

66

Fabrication of nanoelectrodes for neurophysiology: cathodic electrophoretic paint insulation and focused ion beam milling

Russian Mar 1973. German Democratic Republic Elovskaya, LT

1973-03-01

67

Conventional and back-side focused ion beam milling for off-axis electron holography of electrostatic potentials in transistors

The fabrication and characterization of tungsten nanoelectrodes insulated with cathodic electrophoretic paint is described together with their application within the field of neurophysiology....Full Text Available

2005-09-01

68

Computer Vision Hardware System for Automating Rough Mills of Furniture Plants

Off-axis electron holography is used to characterize a linear array of transistors, which was prepared for examination in cross-sectional geometry in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) using focused ion beam (FIB) milling from the substrate side of the semiconductor device. The measured electrostatic potential is compared with results obtained from TEM specimens prepared using the more conventional 'trench' FIB geometry. The use of carbon coating to remove specimen charging effects, which result in electrostatic fringing fields outside 'trench' specimens, is demonstrated. Such fringing fields are not observed after milling from the substrate side of the device. Analysis of the measured holographic phase images suggests that the electrically inactive layer on the surface of each FIB-milled specimen typically has a thickness of 100 nm.

2005-04-01

69

The Antioxidative Activities of Spices Extracts on Edible Soybean Oil

... company. To automate this initial cutup requires a computer vision system that can locate and identify surface defects ... ...

70

Study of the Presence of Residual Hexane in Olive Oils

Full Text Available

1992-10-01

71

Quality Characteristics of the Salt-Fermented Oysters in Olive Oil

Full Text Available

2006-12-01

72

Quality Characteristics of White Pan Bread with Olive Oil

Full Text Available

2004-10-01

73

Quality Characteristics of Pound Cake with Olive Oil

Full Text Available

2005-09-01

74

Phorbol esters from croton oil chemical nature and biological activities

Full Text Available

2006-04-01

75

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) tissue culture ESTs: Identifying genes associated with callogenesis and embryogenesis

Not Available

1967-01-01

76

New technologies for managing oil field wastes.

BackgroundOil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is one of the most important oil bearing crops in the world. However, genetic improvement of oil palm through conventional...Full Text Available

77

Model predictive control of a crude oil distillation column

No abstract prepared.

2000-10-25

78

Norwegian Open Research Archives (NORA)

Full Text Available

79

Hydrolysis of Olive Oil by Lipase, Immobilized on Hydrophobic Support

Genotype-specific responses in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) subject to dietary fish oil replacement by vegetable oil: a liver transcriptomic analysis

Full Text Available

1997-04-01

80

Four Corners - 10/07/2006: Peak Oil?

BackgroundExpansion of aquaculture is seriously limited by reductions in fish oil (FO) supply for aquafeeds. Terrestrial alternatives such as vegetable oils (VO) have been investigated...Full Text Available

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81

Analysis of Characterization in Commercial Extra Virgin Olive Oils

... It stands at a precipice of \\

82

Influence of the Different Oils Used in Dough Formulation on the Lipid Fraction of-Taralli

Full Text Available

2007-07-01

83

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Abstract:- An experimental investigation was carried out to evaluate the quality of-taralli-as a function of the type of oil used in their dough formulation. To this end, 4 types of oil (extra virgin olive oil, olive oil, olive-pomace oil, and refined palm oil) were utilized to prepare-taralli-to investigate on the lipid fraction degradation and evaluate the-taralli-acceptability by consumers. The data obtained pointed out that-taralli-manufactured with extra virgin olive oil were significantly more appreciated than those made with refined oils due to their visual appearance and odor. Moreover, with respect to the other kinds of oil, the use of extra virgin olive oil led to significantly lower values (P-< 0.05) of specific absorption at 232 and 270 nm (K232 and K270, ...

2011-01-01

84

Process for retorting oil shale and the like

Effects of the Feeding Mixed Oils of the Butter, Sardine and Safflower Oils on Fatty Acid Metabolism of Serum and Liver in Rats

The production of oil by retorting shale and other hydrocarbonaceous and lignocellulosic solid materials is facilitated by retorting in the presence of steam and acetic acid.

1983-08-02

85

Development of radial-flow type internally oil-cooled oil-filled cable

Full Text Available

1992-12-01

86

Burning questions on the high seas

A radial-flow type internally oil-cooled oil-filled cable has been developed. This system is characterized in that the oil flows radially through the paper insulation. The thermal resistance of the insulation is equivalently decreased by the radial-flow. The decreased thermal resistance as well as the cooling effect of the oil flow in the central oil duct and the outer oil duct under an aluminum sheath increase the current capacity. A calculation method of cooling characteristics is introduced. The stability of the cable and accessories was confirmed through initial electrical tests and a long-term field test.

1988-01-01

87

Pollution control instrumentation for oil and effluents

Marine fuels are discussed. Cost, quality, and engineering aspects of burning coal, oil or emulsions of coal and oil are discussed.

1983-02-10

88

Measurement of the oil consumption of compressors

This book provides discusses recent developments in oil pollution control instrumentation. Some of the topics covered are as follows: 1. Technical requirements of the IMCO International Performance and Test Specification A393x concerning oil content meters; and 2. Oil in water detection; and 3. Methods for the disposal of recovered oil and oily sludge; and 4. Oil content monitoring at ballast water treatment facilities and offshore production platforms.

1986-01-01

89

New technology for the comprehensive utilization of Chinese oil shale resources

This paper describes a method for measuring oil consumption in compressors. The oil is labelled with Zn 65. The consumed radioactive oil is retained in an activated carbon filter and its activity is measured continuously with a plastic scintillator detector. Measuring the oil consumption at a given operating levels takes about 15 minutes. At an oil consumption rate of about 1 g/h the measurement errors are of the order of +- 5%. (orig.).

90

Gulf of Mexico petroleum accumulations a review of recent studies on sources of the oils, modes of source rock maturation and oil migration

In China, the conventional utilization of oil shale is concentrated mainly on retorting oil shale to produce shale oil and fuel gas, and burning oil shale to generate electricity. The growth of petroleum price, and the development in heavy industry, make these conventional utilization facilities become unavailable on the energy market. In this paper, a new comprehensive utilization system is recommended for the future use of Huadian oil shale, based on the current status of energy and the characteristics of oil shale. The system involves three subsystems: retort subsystem, where coarse oil shale (8-80 mm) is retorted to shale oil, hydrocarbon gases and oil shale semicoke; combustion subsystem, where the mixture fuel of oil-shale semicoke and fine oil shale ...

2007-05-15

91

USIMINAS experience on the fabrication of work cylinders for the tandem cold mill; Fabricacao de cilindros de trabalho para o laminador continuo a frio: a experiencia da USIMINAS

Recent organic geochemical studies differ radically in their interpretation of the origin of the Gulf coast oils. However all studies since (and including) Thompson, et al. 1989, emphasize the considerable geographic variation in genetic oil types and are in generalized agreement as to the genetic oil types present and their spatial and stratigraphic relationships. In particular it is accepted that the Gulf rim (both north and south) is encircled by a ring of Mesozoic carbonate-sourced oils and that there is also at least one major deep water trend of carbonate-sourced oils in the northern Gulf. It is also generally agreed that many of the Gulf rim oils are of Oxfordian-Kimmeridgian age, though some, like the Sunniland oils of Florida, are of lower Cretaceous origin. Major disagreement still occurs over the sources of the Louisiana offshore ...

1996-09-01

92

Stable compactification to CP(3) of Einstein-Yang-Mills SU(3) x U(1) theory

A description is given of the principal steps involved in `USIMINAS` work roll manufacturing project for its tandem cold mill. The service performance of these rolls was found to be similar to that rolls supplied by traditional manufacturers. (author). 5 refs., 5 figs., 3 tabs.

1991-12-31

93

Relationship between Indole-3-Acetic Acid Levels in Apple (Malus pumila Mill) Rootstocks Cultured in Vitro and Adventitious Root Formation in the Presence of Indole-3-Butyric Acid ¹

A new classically stable model of spontaneous compactification is investigated. D=10 dimensional Einstein-Yang-Mills SU(3) x U(1) theory compactifies to CP(3) giving SU(4) x U(1) effective D=4 theory with no tachyons. An effective SU(4) coupling constant is calculated.

1985-02-21

94

Metabolism of Indole-3-Acetic Acid by Pericarp Discs from Immature and Mature Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) ¹

In vitro rooting response and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels were examined in two genetically related dwarfing apple (Malus pumila Mill) rootstocks. M.26 and M.9...Full Text Available

1989-02-01

95

Mad Cow: Why Organic Beef is Safer than Conventional Beef in theU.S.

[1′-¹⁴C, ¹³C₆]Indole-3-acetic acid was infiltrated into immature pericarp discs from fruits of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv Moneymaker)....Full Text Available

1992-11-01

96

Invariant correlation functions, superconvergence sum rules, and electric-magnetic duality

... In order to produce organic livestock feed, feed mills must be inspected and certified. If they produce both organic and non-organic feed, they must implement procedures, backed up by records, to prevent the commingling of organic and non-organic feed. This includes steps to clean storage bins and mixing and bagging equipment prior to producing batches of organic feed. Organic feed mills also must prevent ...

97

Hydrogen generation via alcoholysis reaction using ball-milled Mg-based materials

The gauge-invariant correlation function for the Yang-Mills field strengths is shown to admit a symmetric decomposition into electric and magnetic components. The spectral weights are seen to obey a sum rule of the superconvergence type, owing to asymptotic freedom. The close relation between the dielectric function, electric-magnetic duality, and the algebra of generalized Chern-Simons charges is illustrated for the linearized Yang-Mills-Higgs system.

1988-01-01

98

Asymptotic freedom of Yang-Mills theory with gravity

An investigation on the hydrogen generation by reacting ball-milled Mg-based materials in different alcoholic solutions (methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol) was performed. The MgH{sub 2} reactivity in methanol is very low (maximum conversion yield <10%) and no improvement is induced by the ball milling treatment. In contrast, the ball milling affects greatly the Mg reactivity in methanol. The Mg powder milled for 30min displays a maximum conversion yield of 47% compared to 3% for unmilled Mg powder. Its high reactivity is ascribed to the creation of numerous defects and fresh surfaces during the initial stage of the milling process, favoring the corrosion of Mg in methanol. In addition, the presence of water in the methanol solution inhibits drastically the alcoholysis reaction despite its low amount (0.3vol%). The higher hydrogen production is obtained with the composite Mg-10at% ...

2006-08-15

99

An investigation of the origin of the electrochemical hydrogen storage capacities of the ball-milled Co-Si composites

We study the high energy behaviour of Yang-Mills theory under the inclusion of gravity. In the weak-gravity limit, the running gauge coupling receives no contribution from the gravitational sector, if all symmetries are preserved. This holds true with and without cosmological constant. We also show that asymptotic freedom persists in general field-theory-based gravity scenarios including gravitational shielding as well as asymptotically safe gravity.

2011-01-01

100

Technical review, Vol. 29, No. 3, Ser. No. 85, October 1992

The Co-Si composites with a molar ratio of 2:1 are synthesized by ball-milling method and their potential as negative electrode materials of Ni-MH batteries is investigated. The microstructure, morphology and chemical state of the ball-milled Co-Si composites are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XRD patterns show that the ball-milled samples for 10 and 20 h contain Co, Si and Co{sub 2}Si phases, and the ball-milled samples for 40 and 60 h are mainly amorphous Co{sub 2}Si alloys. In contrast to the high initial discharge capacity (1012 mAh/g) obtained for the sample ball-milled for 10 h, the discharge capacities of the samples ball-milled for 40 and 60 h are very low. It indicates that the hydrogen storage capacity of pure Co{sub 2}Si alloy is very low. It is found that ...

2010-02-15

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101

Perturbative Quantum Gravity and Yang-Mills Theories in de Sitter Spacetime

Contents: expansion of pc mill application to plate mill and tandem cold mill; application of cluster type rolling mill (cr mill) for rolling of special steel (illustration); development of on-line roll grinding system with profile meter; development of new type jet pickling; new technology in continuous annealing furnace (illustration); anti-seismic testing system by 3-dimensional shaking table; development of mitsubishi hybrid desulfurization system; field performance of 500 mw advanced coal fired supercritical pressure operation boiler for unit no. 1 of tsuruga thermal power station, hokuriku electric power co., inc.; development of electronically controlled cylinder liner lubrication system for marine diesel engines; prediction technology on steady-state and transient performance of multi-air conditioners; a knowledge-based system approach to the autonomous piloting and ...

1992-01-01

102

Maryland mill will recycle wastepaper, reclaim water

This thesis consists of three parts. In the first part we review the quantization of Yang-Mills theories and perturbative quantum gravity in curved spacetime. In the second part we calculate the Feynman propagators of the Faddeev-Popov ghosts for Yang-Mills theories and perturbative quantum gravity in the covariant gauge. In the third part we investigate the physical equivalence of covariant Wightman graviton two-point function with the physical graviton two-point function. The Feynman propagators of the Faddeev-Popov ghosts for Yang-Mills theories and perturbative quantum gravity in the covariant gauge are infrared (IR) divergent in de Sitter spacetime. We point out, that if we regularize these divergences by introducing a finite mass and take the zero mass limit at the end, then the modes responsible for these divergences will not contribute to loop diagrams in computations of time-ordered products in either ...

2011-01-01

103

Latest trends in rolling mill facilities toward the 21st century; 21 seiki ni muketa saishin atsuen setsubi no doko

A $200 million paper mill being built in Hagerstown, Md., is expected to produce 150,000 bone-dry short tons per year of de-inked, market-grade pulp for writing and printing paper. The 1st Urban Fibers facility, the largest capital project in Hagerstown's history, is slated for completion in the spring. Landegger Recycled Fiber Corp. will operate and maintain the 200,000-square-foot recycling mill and 60,000-square-foot water reclamation plant. The wastepaper recycling mill plans to minimize waste and pollution by: reclaiming 635 tons per day of 100 percent post-consumer mixed office waste from the solid waste stream; saving more than 16 million cubic feet of landfill area per year; conserving the fiber equivalent of 6,700 trees per day; using no chlorine; saving about 2,000 gallons of water and 4,000 kilowatt hours of electricity per ton of throughput, compared to virgin fiber mills; reusing ...

1995-02-01

104

Accelerated aging tests of liners for uranium mill tailings disposal

Described herein are the latest trends in rolling mill facilities toward the 21st. century and new techniques developed by Hitachi Ltd. These cover hot rolling facilities, such as two-stage twin, high crown control-roll cross mill, roll shaping machine and continuous hot rolling systems; cold rolling facilities, such as pickling line-tandem cold mill and other continuous systems; and fine steel rolling facilities, such as roll mill for very small diameter pipes and others to improve productivity and product quality. The other new techniques include systems to pursue reliability and maintainability, in which electric appliances, instruments and computers are integrated, or equipped with built-in large-capacity inverters and drivers. For hot rolling, the above techniques lead to development of a new system named Hi-HOT, which produces high-quality hot coils at a sufficient speed, while keeping rolled ...

1996-06-01

105

Progress and recent utilization trends in combustion of Chinese oil shale

This document describes the results of accelerated aging tests to determine the long-term effectiveness of selected impoundment liner materials in a uranium mill tailings environment. The study was sponsored by the US Department of Energy under the Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action Project. The study was designed to evaluate the need for, and the performance of, several candidate liners for isolating mill tailings leachate in conformance with proposed Environmental Protection Agency and Nuclear Regulatory Commission requirements. The liners were subjected to conditions known to accelerate the degradation mechanisms of the various liners. Also, a test environment was maintained that modeled the expected conditions at a mill tailings impoundment, including ground subsidence and the weight loading of tailings on the liners. A comparison of installation costs was also performed for the candidate liners. ...

1981-11-01

106

Oil shale today : thoughts on why the majors stay away

In China, the conventional utilization of oil shale is concentrated mainly on oil shale retorting, and burning oil shale in pulverized furnaces, or bubbling fluidized beds. To improve the availability of oil shale, many specialists have advocated burning oil shale in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB), which has a satisfactory combustion efficiency, low NOx and SO{sub 2} emission, adaptability to low-grade coal, etc. In Huadian, China, a plant incorporating three units of 65 th{sup -1} oil shale-fired CFB began successful commercial operation in 1996, proving that burning oil shale in a CFB produces both high combustion efficiency and environmental protection. For effective utilization of oil shale, its pyrolysis and combustion characteristics, emission performance of gaseous pollutants from an oil ...

2007-12-15

107

Production of low-sulfur fuel oils from Utah coals

This article discussed potential reasons why most major oil companies are not currently investing in oil shale resources. At present, only Shell, Chevron-Texaco, and ExxonMobil are engaged in oil shale pilot schemes. It was suggested that one of the reasons oil companies are reluctant to become involved is due to weak responses to experimental leasing programs conducted by the federal government of the United States, which are not favourable for commercial-scale operations. A federally sponsored leasing program and clear unconventional resource energy policies are needed, and unconventional oil resources must be developed in order to prevent escalating oil prices. The economics of oil shale recovery are equivalent to those obtained by Alberta's oil sands operators. Large amounts of char and hydrogen in the ...

2008-07-15

108

Oil-oil and oil-source rock correlations in the Alpine Foreland Basin of Austria: Insights from biomarker and stable carbon isotope studies

Hydrogenation of high-volatile bituminous coal under high temperatures and pressures produced low-sulfur fuel oils. At a coal conversion of 80 percent, the ratio of oil to gas yields was approximately 3 : 1 and 23 percent of the coal sulfur was contained in the oil. Sulfur content of the oil, however, remained the same at different coal-conversion levels. The data obtained in the semicontinuous dilute-phase hydrogenation system showed that the whole oil can be directly used as a fuel oil where 1 percent sulfur is tolerated. Fuel oils containing 0.5 percent and 0.25 percent sulfur were produced by desulfurization of the whole oil.

1973-01-01

109

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The Alpine Foreland Basin is a minor oil and moderate gas province in central Europe. In the Austrian part of the Alpine Foreland Basin, oil and minor thermal gas are thought to be predominantly sourced from Lower Oligocene horizons (Schoneck and Eggerding formations). The source rocks are immature where the oil fields are located and enter the oil window at ca. 4 km depth beneath the Alpine nappes indicating long-distance lateral migration. Most important reservoirs are Upper Cretaceous and Eocene basal sandstones.Stable carbon isotope and biomarker ratios of oils from different reservoirs indicate compositional trends in W-E direction which reflect differences in source, depositional environment (facies), and maturity of potential source rocks. Thermal maturity parameters from oils of di...

2011-01-01

110

Monitoring oil pressure in h. v. cables

Food and biomass production in small oil expression facilities

The paper-insulated low-pressure oil-filled cable invented in 1917 has been used throughout the world as the major cable system for voltages from 33kV to 525kV and experimentally to 1100kV. The proven reliability of the design is amply demonstrated by the cables installed in the early 1930s still currently in service. The inherent design of an oil-filled cable requires that the low viscosity oil is retained within a lead or aluminium sheath. Changes in oil volume due to changes in ambient temperature and load are accommodated by oil reservoirs which maintain the cable oil pressure within design limits. A microprocessor monitoring system that allows early detection and quick location of oil leaks from high voltage oil-filled cables is described.

1985-03-01

111

Performance improvement of pasted nickel electrodes with an addition of ball-milled nickel hydroxide powder

This paper reported on a study in which rapeseeds were separated into high quality seed for food oil and low quality seed for biofuels. A laboratory-scale oilseed screw press was then used to examine the effects of choke opening and seed preheating on the rapeseed pressing performance and the quality of food oil and biofuels oil. Oil recovery and chlorophyll content was found to increase as maximum pressure increased. In terms of pressing performance, the rapeseed heated by microwaves yielded more oil and chlorophyll than without heating. The NEB ratio of microwave heating press with an 8.0 mm choke opening was advantageous. Rapeseed oil extracted from low quality seeds was found to have a high acid value. The quality of oil extracted by oilseed screw press was found to be good and met the requirements of the Codex Alimentarius for edible ...

2010-07-01

112

White oils for high voltage cables

Spherical {beta}-Ni(OH){sub 2} was modified by a low-cost method of normal ball milling (NBM), and the physical properties of both ball-milled and un-milled Ni(OH){sub 2} were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, specific surface area, particle size distribution and X-ray diffraction. It was found that NBM could obviously increase the surface area, decrease the particle and crystallite size, and reduce the crystallinity of {beta}-Ni(OH){sub 2}, which were advantageous to the improvement of the electrochemical activity of Ni(OH){sub 2}. NBM also lowered the packing density and flowability of Ni(OH){sub 2}, as revealed by the measurements of tapping density and angle of repose. Electrochemical performances of pasted nickel electrodes with an addition of ball-milled Ni(OH){sub 2} to spherical Ni(OH){sub 2} as the active material were investigated, and were compared with those of the pure ...

2006-09-15

113

Vegetable oil extraction using liquid CO/sub 2/

S-120 white oils are used to impregnate insulation and fill high voltage wires. Cooling oil flows of specified viscosities can increase the load capacity of wires. White oils are studied for viscosities and dielectric properties. To meet requirements, S-220 type oils of different medium or low viscosities are tested. Capacity can be increased by viscosity adjustment. Tests were also made to select optimum stabilizing additives to keep low-viscosity.

1983-05-01

114

SC-CO/sub 2/ extraction of oil from peanuts is an alternative to hexane extraction or the mechanical oil press. Oil was successfully extracted using SC-CO/sub 2/ at temperatures of 25-120/sup 0/C and pressures of 140 -690 Bar. Pressure, temperature and particle size affected the extraction of oil. In the range studied, the highest values of temperature and pressure gave highest solubilities.

1986-01-01

115

SRC residual fuel oils

Oil shale in China: resources and utilization

Coal solids (SRC) and distillate oils are combined to afford single-phase blends of residual oils which have utility as fuel oils substitutes. The components are combined on the basis of their respective polarities, that is, on the basis of their heteroatom content, to assure complete solubilization of SRC. The resulting composition is a fuel oil blend which retains its stability and homogeneity over the long term.

1985-10-15

116

Main concepts of modern methods for substantiating extractable reserves and coefficients of oil extraction from the depths

China is continuing to extract oil from kerogen shale despite having a crude production capacity of 100 Mt a year. Among the reasons for this policy are the country's rich oil shale resources, comparatively mature extraction techniques, and a comprehensive utilization of the shale that has proved to be economically profitable. China has oil shale deposits of 340 Gt, equivalent to 24.5 Gt of shale oil, to rank fourth in the world after the U.S., Brazil, and the Soviet Union.

1984-05-01

117

Radial distribution of material in a bond mill determined by radiotracer-technique

General conclusions, principles and order of substantiating the extractable reserves and coefficients of oil extraction from oil and oil and gas fields are presented. Recommendations are made for solving questions of constructing calculation models for heterogeneous beds, schematization of the working conditions, selection of mathematical models for oil extraction for different geological-field conditions and different stages of ''life'' of the field.

1984-01-01

118

Perturbation theory including topological degrees of freedom Yang-Mills theory in three Euclidean dimensions

A steadily increasing part of comminution is nowadays carried out by tube ball mills. Our investigations are a first step to a possible tuning of material distribution with mechanical stress characteristic of the grinding media charge, that is essential for a high efficiency of grinding. A BOND mill filled with porcelain balls as grinding media and labelled corundum (Au-198) as grinding material was used to measure the distribution of material over the cross-section. The evaluation was made by linear interpolation between all combinations of adjacent measuring points to calculate all coordinates with equal intensity for each selected level of activity. Two plottings showing the dependence of material distribution on the rotating speed are presented. (author).

1985-09-23

119

Influence of oxygen content on formation of yttrium #alpha#-SiAlON ceramics

A method for systematically including topological degrees of freedom in perturbation theory is developed. This is not bound by the restrictions of semi-classical techniques. The Yang-Mills theory in three Euclidean dimensions is considered here. A well-defined separation of the topological and the ``spin wave'' degrees of freedom is obtained, motivated by a singular gauge. This has ``photons'' distorting the spherically symmetric magnetic fields of Dirac monopoles, and massless charged vector bosons ``W'' scattering off the latter. It is explicitly shown that the Dirac string does not contribute. The mode of the charged vector bosons with total angular momentum J=0 provides precisely the core to give a finite energy to the monopole. The radial equation for W is remarkably simplified and only two polarization states survive exactly for the anomalous magnetic moment required by the Yang-Mills interaction.

2003-01-01

120

Hydriding properties of a mechanically milled Mg-50 wt.% ZrFe{sub 1.4}Cr{sub 0.6} composite

Low-porosity #alpha#- and #beta#-SiAlON composite material was prepared when the powder mixture intended for preparation of yttrium #alpha#-SiAlON, with the formula Y_0_._4Si_1_2_-_m_+_nAl_m_+_nO_nN_1_6_- _n, was attritor milled in isopropyl alcohol or contained excess oxygen (n > 0.6). The region of stability of single-phase yttrium #alpha#-SiAlON was smaller at lower temperatures. Wet milling (in isopropyl alcohol) of AlN powder was found to introduce excess oxygen into the milled powder.

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121

Effect of Gallium Focused Ion Beam Milling on Preparation of Aluminum Thin Foils

The ball-milling method was used to produce Mg-50 wt.% ZrFe{sub 1.4}Cr{sub 0.6} composite. The thermodynamic, kinetic, and cycling properties, as well as the resistance to oxidation were examined. This composite possesses excellent kinetic properties, even at moderate temperature. Scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectrum, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the composite before and after hydriding. The fine ZrFe{sub 1.4}Cr{sub 0.6} particles covering Mg particles acting as a ''catalytic film'', a significant amount of imperfections and some alloy powder in the Mg matrix introduced by ball milling all contributed to the enhanced absorption/desorption rate. (orig.)

2000-02-02

122

Vehicle Technologies Program: Fact #676: May 23, 2011 U.S. Refiners...

Focus Ion Beam (FIB) milling has greatly extended the utility of atom probe and TEM because it enables sample preparation with a level of dimensional control never before possible. Using FIB it is possible to extract the samples from desired and very specific locations. The artifacts associated with this sample preparation method must also be fully understood. In this work issues specifically relevant to the FIB milling of aluminum alloys are presented. After using the FIB as a sample preparation technique it is evident that gallium will concentrate in three areas of the sample: on the surface, on grain boundaries and at interphase boundaries. This work also shows that low energy Ar ion nanomilling is potentially quite effective for removing gallium implantation layers and gallium from the internal surfaces of aluminum thin foils.

2010-03-01

123

Oil Leak from Damaged Well in Gulf of ... - NASA Earth Observatory

fuel are produced from a barrel of crude oil by U.S. refiners. Other products such as jet fuel and heating oil make up the remaining one third. Graphic of a barrel of oil...

2011-10-09

124

Murphy Oil Spill | Response to 2005 Hurricanes | US EPA

Apr 25, 2010... oil per day were leaking from an oil well in the Gulf of Mexico in late April, following an explosion at an offshore drilling rig on April 20, 2010. ...

125

Lubricants respectful to environment

Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) PAHs, such as benzo(a)pyrene, are commonly found in fuel oils and crude oil, and were detected above LDEQ screening levels for residential soil in...

2008-03-24

126

Lotus (Nelumbo nuficera) flower essential oil increased melanogenesis in normal human melanocytes

The future lubricants could be vegetable oils in order to replace the petroleum products. Vegetable oils are biodegradable and inoffensive for environment and for people. The main uses of vegetable oils are indicated. (O.L.). 3 refs., 3 tabs.

1995-09-01

127

Functionalized Vegetable Oils for Utilization as Polymer Building Blocks: Office of Industrial Technologies (OIT) Agriculture Project Fact Sheet

In this study, the essential oil from lotus flower extract, including petals and stamens, was assessed with regard to its effects on melanogenesis in human melanocytes. The lotus flower essential oil...Full Text Available

2009-07-31

128

40 CFR 49.123 - General provisions.

Vegetable oils such as soybean oil will be converted to novel polymers using hydroformylation and other catalytic processes. These polymers can be used in the construction, automotive, packaging, and electronic sectors.

2001-09-12

129

3G279: the interaction of reagent-demulsifiers and oil components

...specifications of ASTM Grade 1 or Grade 2 fuel oils in ASTM Method D396-04, Standard Specification for Fuel Oils (incorporated by reference, see...ASTM Grade 4, Grade 5, or Grade 6 fuel oils in ASTM Method D396-04,...

2009-07-01

130

Gases in insulating oil - analysis of dissolved gases using a portable chromatograph

The adsorption interaction of different types of demulsifiers and the oils of Western Siberia is covered. The high adsorption capacity of Separol-5084 and disolvan-4490 reagents is established. The positive role of this phenomen in breaking aqueous oil emulsifiers is theoretically substantiated and experimentally confined.

1981-01-01

131

Pollution control technical manual: modified 'in situ' oil shale retorting combined with Lurgi surface retorting. Final report

New technological advances make it possible to perform on site gas-in-oil analysis quickly and efficiently. Gas-in-oil analysis is crucial in assessing the status of oil-filled electrical equipment. The new technique is used for extracting and measuring gases dissolved in electrical insulating oil. On-site sampling requires the use of a specially designed 100 ml capacity syringe. Extraction of the dissolved gases is made with a precise ratio of oil to air. A comparison was made between the analysis of the on-site and the laboratory techniques. Results showed that the detection limits of the on-site technique were comparable to those obtained by laboratory methods.

1996-07-01

132

The oil shale PCTM for Modified In Situ Oil Shale Retorting combined with Lurgi Surface Retorting addresses the application of this combination of technologies to the development of oil shale resources in the western United States. This manual describes the combined plant using Lurgi surface retorting technology (developed by Lurgi Kohle and Mineralotechnik GmbH, West Germany) and the Modified In Situ process (developed by Occidental Oil Shale, Inc.) proposed by Occidental Oil Shale, Inc. and Tenneco Shale Oil Company for use in the development of their Federal oil shale lease Tract C-b in western Colorado. Since details regarding waste streams and control technologies for the Lurgi process are presented in a separate PCTM, this document focuses principally on the Modified In Situ process.

1983-04-01

133

Oreochromis lepidurus

Interdisciplinary Breast Cancer Training Program

... Marine transport and oil disposal by boats and Matadi pose threats in the region. When the water ... Marine transport and oil disposal by boats and Matadi pose threats in the region. When the water ... ...

134

Evaluation of the Influence That Was Produced by Phytoremediation of Soil Microorganisms at Oil Showings

... equal volume of vehicle, sesame oil only (n = 10). At 75 days 2.0. ... thracene IDMBA) and sesame oil were purchased from Sigma ...

2005-09-01

135

Emergencies > Oil Spills > Facility Response Plan | Browse EPA...

Phytoremediation has been identified as a potentially environmentally friendly and cost effective technique for the treatment of contaminated soil. However, phytoremediation has an unknown mechanism. In this study, we focus on the effects of the cultivation of Italian ryegrass on the soil microbes collected at oil showings, which were expected to have a variety of crude oil degradable microorganisms. We evaluated the number of crude oil degradable microorganism, microbial activity, microflora using the PCR-DGGE method and the change in the concentration of crude oil in the soil. The results indicated that the microflora was affected by the cultivation of Itarian ryegrass, and that the microbial activity and the number of crude oil degradable microorganisms were also improved by the cultivation. Moreover, the concentration of crude oil in the rhizosphere soil ...

2009-01-01

136

Authentication of gourmet oils by combined stable carbon isotope analysis - with special reference to olive and pumpkin seed oils produced in Slovenia and Croatia

Accidents Accident Preparedness, Accident Prevention, Chemical Accidents, Radiation Accidents Characterization Contingency Plans National Contingency Plan (NCP), Oil Removal...

2011-01-20

137

49 CFR 130.11 - Communication requirements.

... organic compounds other organic compounds separation processes

2000-07-01

138

Oil shale resources of Nova Scotia

...identified as oil when the shipment document accurately describes the material as: aviation fuel, diesel fuel, fuel oil, gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, motor fuel, or...

2010-10-01

139

Structure and magnetic properties of nanocrystalline Fe-Mo alloys prepared by mechanosynthesis

Oil shale occurrences have been historically reported in the Cape Breton Island, northern mainland and southern mainland areas of Nova Scotia. Twelve of these occurrences were investigated for this study. Rocks from three of the areas gave oil yields of less than 25 litres per tonne (below oil shale grade) while the remainder gave oil yields greater than 25 litres per tonne (above oil shale grade). The rock types of oil shale grade include silicate-rich shale, carbonaceous shale locally transitional to coal, limy shale and petroliferous limestone associated with coal, silicate-rich shale and cannel shale associated with coal and silicate-rich shale, cannel shale and boghead shale associated with coal. The Stellarton Basin represents the province's largest oil shale resource with an estimated 825 x 10{sup 6} tonnes of ...

1990-01-01

140

Sample preparation for nanoanalytical electron microscopy using the FIB lift-out method and low energy ion milling

Nanocrystalline samples of Fe_8_0Mo_2_0 and Fe_5_0Mo_5_0 alloys were prepared by the mechanical milling method. The structure, lattice parameters, and crystallite size were determined by the X-ray diffraction. The magnetic properties of the milled products were determined by the Moessbauer spectroscopy. It was observed that in the case of the Fe_8_0Mo_2_0 alloy a solid solution of Mo in Fe was formed with the lattice parameters of the Fe increasing from 0.28659 nm to 0.29240 nm and the crystallite size decreasing from 250 nm to 20 nm. In the case of the Fe_5_0Mo_5_0 alloy there were no clear changes in values of the lattice parameters of Fe and Mo during the milling process, but the crystallite size decreased from 200 to 15 nm. Moessbauer spectra revealed different magnetic phases in the machanosynthesized Fe_Mo samples. In the case of the Fe_8_0Mo_2_0 alloy, the spectrum for the milled mixture ...

2001-09-23

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141

Purification and properties of an endo-1,4-beta-glucanase from Clostridium josui.

Thinning specimens to electron transparency for electron microscopy analysis can be done by conventional (2-4 kV) argon ion milling or focused ion beam (FIB) lift-out techniques. Both these methods tend to leave 'mottling' visible on thin specimen areas, and this is believed to be surface damage caused by ion implantation and amorphisation. A low energy (250-500 V) Argon ion polish has been shown to greatly improve specimen quality for crystalline silicon samples. Here we investigate the preparation of technologically important materials for nanoanalysis using conventional and lift-out methods followed by a low energy polish in a GentleMill"T"M low energy ion mill. We use a low energy, low angle (6-8 deg.) ion beam to remove the surface damage from previous processing steps. We assess this method for the preparation of technologically important materials, such as steel, silicon and GaAs. For these materials the ability to ...

2006-02-22

142

Phytochelatin Synthesis and Glutathione Levels in Response to Heavy Metals in Tomato Cells ¹

An enzyme active against carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was purified from the stationary-phase-culture supernatant of Clostridium josui grown in a medium containing ball-milled cellulose. The purification...Full Text Available

1989-07-01

143

Microstructural and mechanical characterization of high energy ball milled and sintered WC-10wt%Co-xTaC nano powders

Cell suspension cultures of tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv VFNT-Cherry, produce phytochelatins (poly[γ-glutamylcysteinyl]glycines) when exposed to cadmium. The synthesis...Full Text Available

1987-12-01

144

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Ultra fine tungsten carbide and cobalt powders were milled by high energy planetary ball mill at different ball to powder weight ratios (BPR) to produce particles of WC-10wt%Co hard metal in nanometer scale size. Microstructural characterizations by TEM show that the particle size of tungsten carbide was achieved to 32nm after milling at 15 BPR during 10h. In order to reduce the WC grain growth during the sintering process, tantalum carbide was added to the hard metal as a WC grain growth inhibitor. The nano hard metal powders were compacted at 200MPa pressure and sintered at 1370-1450degreeC temperatures in a high purity hydrogen atmosphere. The results show that the addition of 0.6wt% of TaC improves the hardness and fracture toughness from 1493 HV30 and 11.8MPam (for TaC free sample) to...

2009-01-01

145

Methodology for optimal selection of cutoff grades and production rates of underground uranium mining operations

Market Mill Dependence Pattern in the Stock Market: Modeling of Predictability and Asymmetry via Multi-Component Conditional Distribution

The optimizing criterion is assumed to be the maximum net present value of the project. The following summarizes the significant conclusions. (1) Over a large range of discount rates, mining and milling of the mineral deposit at a constant cutoff grade and a constant production rate consistently results in smaller annual discounted cash flows than the optimal schedule determined by the dynamic programming model (dpm) where the cutoff grade and mining rate are allowed to vary in response to fluctuating product price. (2) With an increasing discount rate, under the dpm the annual discounted cash flows decrease at a slower rate than if the mineral inventory is mined and milled at a constant cutoff grade and a constant production rate. (3) Cuttoff grade increases only where higher equity ore is available. Thus, to maintain the mill feed requirement, the mining rate also increases. (4) Not withstanding an anamolous mineral ...

1986-01-01

146

Malate Oxidation and Cyanide-Insensitive Respiration in Avocado Mitochondria during the Climacteric Cycle

Recent studies have revealed a number of striking dependence patterns in high frequency stock price dynamics characterizing probabilistic interrelation between two consequent price increments x (push) and y (response) as described by the bivariate probability distribution P(x,y) [1,2,3,4]. There are two properties, the market mill asymmetries of P(x,y) and predictability due to nonzero z-shaped mean conditional response, that are of special importance. Main goal of the present paper is to put together a model reproducing both the z-shaped mean conditional response and the market mill asymmetry of P(x,y) with respect to the axis y=0. We develop a probabilistic model based on a multi-component ansatz for conditional distribution P(y|x) with push-dependent weights and means describing both properties. A relationship between the market mill asymmetry and predictability is discussed. A possible connection of the model to ...

2007-01-01

147

MARINE INFLUENCE IN THE UPPER ORDOVICIAN JUNIATA FORMATION (POTTERS MILLS, PENNSYLVANIA): IMPLICATIONS FOR THE HISTORY ...

After preparation on self-generated Percoll gradients, avocado (Persea americana Mill, var. Fuerte and Hass) mitochondria retain a high proportion of cyanide-insensitive respiration,...Full Text Available

1982-11-01

148

Fabrication of single nanofluidic channels in poly(methylmethacrylate) films via focused-ion beam milling for use as molecular gates

... on a transgressive surface; examples from the Silurian Whirlpool Sandstone of southern Ontario, Canada. Journal of Sedimentary ... and C. J. Salas. 1991. The Lower Silurian Whirlpool Sandstone. in Cheel, ...

149

Exposure of cotton workers in an experimental cardroom with reference to airborne endotoxins.

Focused-ion beam (FIB) milling provides rapid fabrication of individual cylindrical submicrometer channels with reproducible dimensions (#+-#5% diameters) through 8-#mu#m thick poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) films. PMMA films are spincast on sacrificial Si carriers and sputter-coated with Au before the 30-kV gallium FIB milling process. By adding a trace amount of poly(ethyleneoxide) and poly(dimethylsiloxane) to the PMMA solution before casting, the films can be released for subsequent mounting in microfluidic devices to create hybrid microfluidic-nanofluidic multilevel architectures. In situ FIB sectioning demonstrates the smooth cylindrical surface within the pore. Placing a milled film in contact with an aqueous fluorescein solution fills the channel by capillary action, as verified by confocal fluorescence microscopy. Confocal fluorescence of dyed films reveals that the pores span the thickness of the PMMA film. Small ...

2004-08-16

150

Evaluation of energy-conservation technologies for the citrus-processing industry

Workers from cotton mills were exposed to cotton dust during carding in an experimental cardroom. Cotton from different geographical locations with varying amounts of endotoxin were used. Exposure levels...Full Text Available

1986-04-01

151

Data Collection Platforms in Ohio

The following manual chapters are outlined and described: overview, boilers, juice evaporators, feed mills, refrigeration, additional energy savings potentials, emerging technologies, optimization of integrated plant energy systems, and economics. (MHR)

1980-01-01

152

Combining hot-compressed water and ball milling pretreatments to improve the efficiency of the enzymatic hydrolysis of eucalyptus

AT AFRICA (O.F.) AIDO1 SYMMES CREEK AT AID ALLO1 MAHONING RIVER AT ALLIANCE ALZO1 ALEXANDRIA AMDO1 AMSTERDAM ARMO1 CAPTINA CREEK AT SR 148 AT ARMSTRONG MILLS ASVO1 WALNUT CREEK...

2011-10-07

153

Biological Response Modifier Activity of an Exopolysaccharide from Paenibacillus jamilae CP-7

BackgroundLignocellulosic biomass such as wood is an attractive material for fuel ethanol production. Pretreatment technologies that increase the digestibility of cellulose and hemicellulose...Full Text Available

154

Auxin Asymmetry during Gravitropism by Tomato Hypocotyls ¹

An extracellular polysaccharide was purified from culture supernatants of Paenibacillus jamilae CP-7, a gram-positive bacillus that was isolated from compost prepared with olive mill...Full Text Available

2001-07-01

155

Air pollution induces heritable DNA mutations

Gravitropic asymmetry of auxin was observed in hypocotyls of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) soon after horizontal placement: the ratio of apically supplied [³H]IAA...Full Text Available

1989-02-01

156

Acclimation of Two Tomato Species to High Atmospheric CO₂¹

Hundreds of thousands of people worldwide live or work in close proximity to steel mills. Integrated steel production generates chemical pollution containing compounds that can induce genetic damage...Full Text Available

2002-12-10

157

The effects of the focus ion beam milling process on the optical properties of semiconductor nanostructures

Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv Vedettos and Lycopersicon chmielewskii Rick, LA 1028, were exposed to two CO₂ concentrations (330 or 900 microliters per...Full Text Available

1989-08-01

158

The application of advanced techniques for complex focused-ion-beam device modification

In this work, the effects of the focus ion beam (FIB) milling process on the optical properties of semiconductor nanostructures were investigated. With this aim, a sensitive materials system based on InGaAs/GaAs quantum dots with well known and excellent optical properties was selected for the FIB treatment. The FIB technique was used to locally remove a metallic mask deposited on top of the quantum dot sample. The photoluminescence (PL) signal, collected from the circular openings, was used to infer the possible damage effects of the ion beam on the properties of the dots.

2009-06-24

159

Recycling of PTFE by means of ionizing rays

Advanced techniques for focused-ion-beam (FIB) device modification have been developed for complex, multistep modifications to circuitry on planar chip technology. Applying gas-assisted etching (GAE) techniques for high-aspect-ratio milling and the selective milling of both conductive and insulating films enhances process latitude. Localized ion-beam-induced deposition of an insulating film provides reconstructive capability in previously modified areas. The application of both techniques for complex device modification on VSLI devices fabricated with CMOS process technology is reviewed. (UK).

1996-12-31

160

Higher dimensional Yang-Mills black holes in third order Lovelock gravity

By treatment with beta or gamma rays, PTFE waste is converted to high-grade PTFE fine powder. High-molecular weight PTFE is degraded to low-molecular weight PTFE. Due to this the density, the degree of crystallinity, and the melt flow index are increased, which enhances the brittleness of the material. Irradiation of PTFE thus facilitates milling and makes the material pourable and free-flowing. Milled PTFE fine powder, lie PTFE plastic, combines temperature resistance, weather fastness, and chemical stability with good slip behaviour and antiadhesive properties. Areas of application for fine powder include additives for plastics, printing inks, nonstick coatings, and antifriction lacquers. (orig.).

1994-01-01

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161

Field applications of a radon barrier to reduce indoor airborne progeny

By employing the higher dimensional version of the Wu-Yang Ansatz we obtain magnetically charged new black hole solutions in the Einstein-Yang-Mills-Lovelock (EYML) theory with second ($\\alpha2$) and third ($\\alpha3$)order parameters. These parameters, where $\\alpha2$ is also known as the Gauss-Bonnet parameter, modify the horizons (and the resulting thermodynamical properties) of the black holes. It is shown also that asymptotically, these parameters contribute to an effective cosmological constant -without cosmological constant- so that the solution behaves de-Sitter (Anti de-Sitter) like.

2008-01-01

162

Engineering guides for estimating cover material thickness and volume for uranium mill tailings

The use of uranium mill tailings in the foundations of dwellings has resulted in indoor radon progeny concentrations and gamma exposures in excess of levels presently allowed for the general public. An account is given of the applications of an epoxy coating on the indoor faces of the concrete foundations of three buildings in Grand Junction, Colorado. Epoxy barriers were shown to be effective for preventing radon influx into structures. Gamma exposure rates must be analyzed to ensure that buildup behind the barrier will not introduce an unacceptable gamma exposure level. The use of a sealant is especially economical in situations where structural integrity may be jeopardized by physical removal of uranium mill tailings. (author).

163

Investigation of the hydrogen desorption properties of Mg + 10 wt.%X (X V, Y, Zr) submicrocrystalline composites

Five nomographs have been prepared that facilitate the estimation of cover thickness and cover material volume for the Uranium Mill Tailing Remedial Action Program. Key parameters determined include the cover thickness with either a surface radon flux or a boundary radon air concentration criterion and the total volume of cover material required for two different treatments of the edge slopes. Also included in the engineering guide are descriptions and representative values for the radon source term, the diffusion coefficients and the key meteorological parameters. 16 refs., 7 figs., 2 tabs.

1982-09-01

164

Shallow oil shale resources of the southern Uinta Basin, Utah

The effects of catalytic metal additives on the hydrogen desorption properties of the submicrocrystalline magnesium hydride (#beta#-MgH_2) formed after hydrogenation of the Mg + 10 wt.%X (X = V, Y, Zr) mechanically (ball) milled composites were studied. The composites with catalytic metals were processed by controlled mechanical milling (CMM) in the magneto-mill Uni Ball Mill 5 under protective Ar atmosphere. X-ray diffraction of the milled powders revealed the formation of Mg nanograins (50-60 nm range) interdispersed with the nanograined metal additives within the powder particles. Scanning electron microscopy showed particle size reduction after milling. After activation and hydrogenation in a Sieverts-type apparatus under about 2 MPa pressure of hydrogen, the tetragonal #beta#-MgH_2 hydride co-exists with the small amount of retained unreacted Mg phase and ...

2006-04-13

165

Vibration tests on nuclear power station stacks equipped with structural control oil dampers

The shallow Green River Formation oil shales in the southern part of Utah's Uinta Basin are potentially developable by strip mining or by subsurface techniques which take advantage of limited overburden. The resource of potential shale oil represented by the shallow deposits is evaluated in detail from corehole oil-yield data. Cross-sections are constructed to readily correlatable stratigraphic units selected to represent resources in the shallow shale. To define each unit, the thickness, average oil yield, and oil resource of each unit in each core are calculated. Contour maps constructed from these data define the resource variation across the shallow resource. By measuring areas enclosed in each resource unit within the defined limit of 200 feet (61 meters) of overburden, the resource represented by the shallow oil shale is evaluated. The total ...

1980-09-01

166

Therapeutic value of sesame oil in the treatment of adhesive small bowel obstruction.

No abstract prepared.

2009-07-01

167

The Oxidation Stability of Virgin and Pure Olive Oil on Autoxidation and Thermal Oxidation

PMID:20113698

2010-02-01

168

Study on Fatigue Property of Material for Oil Hydraulic Piston Pump

Full Text Available

2005-01-01

169

Research and information needs for management of oil shale development

Full Text Available

2011-05-01

170

Physiological Activities of Sesame, Black Sesame, Perilla and Olive Oil Extracts

This report presents information and analysis to assist BLM in clarifying oil shale research needs. It provides technical guidance on research needs in support of their regulatory responsibilities for onshore mineral activities involving oil shale. It provides an assessment of research needed to support the regulatory and managerial role of the BLM as well as others involved in the development of oil shale resources on public and Indian lands in the western United States.

1983-05-01

171

Optimized filtration enhances oil-injected compressors; Optimierte Filtration verbessert oeleingespritzte Kompressoren

Full Text Available

2009-03-01

172

Optimal Fermentation Conditions for Processing of the Salt-Fermented Oysters in Olive Oil

No abstract prepared.

2009-09-14

173

Oil-injected compressors for energy saving; Verlustarmes Schraubenprofil. Oeleingespritzte Kompressoren zum Energiesparen

Full Text Available

2004-10-01

174

Oil cable pumping plant. Pumpestasjon

No abstract prepared.

2008-05-13

175

Oil and the future: Taking bearings in the greenhouse in a post Brent Spar world

The invention deals with a pumping plant for oil filled power cables. An air driven piston type pump is used as primary pump. A PLS (Programmable Logic control System) is used to control the oil flow to the cable(s). Improvements of the pump includes means for ensuring that the pump piston is operated also at low pressure and flow, and means for sealing off the piston rod to ensure maximum life of seals, to facilitate detection of possible leakages and to avoid contamination of the cable oil. 3 figs.

1988-12-27

176

New technologies in fossil-fuel utilization

The paper discusses future oil combustion. A greenhouse-related environmental driving-force seems set to emerge in the capital markets in the years ahead. This will severely compound other already serious environment-related financial problems blighting the oil-industry`s access to capital radar screen. The wise oil company is now, increasingly clearly, the company thinking about how to begin repositioning itself for the twenty-first century as a total energy company. 6 refs.

1995-12-31

177

Mortality and incidence of cancer among oil exposed workers in a Norwegian cable manufacturing company. Part I. Exposure conditions 1920-79.

This document contains the outline and viewgraphs used in the speech. Topics covered are: conventional oil and gas recovery; unconventional oil and gas sources; oil shale resources; conventional coal combustion; advanced fossil power systems; fluidized bed combustion; coal/oil or coal/water mixtures; and gaseous and liquid fuels from coal. (DMC)

1982-01-01

178

Heavy high viscosity oils, transformer oils, and very light low viscosity oils have been used in a Norwegian company in the impregnation, sheathing, and installation of paper insulated cables. The aim...Full Text Available

1988-09-01

179

Mormyrops mariae

... Marine transport and oil disposal by boats and Matadi pose threats in the region. When the water ... ...

180

Mormyrops curtus

MICROSEISMICS AND GEOTECHNICAL APPLICATIONS

... Marine transport and oil disposal by boats and Matadi pose threats in the region. When the water ... ...

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181

Laser induced fluorescence measurements of the mixing of fuel oil with air

... PRODUCTION OF TIGHT OIL-GAS BEARING ROCKS, AND IS ALSO EMPLOYED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIRS. ...

1989-06-01

182

Isolation and Identification of Mycoplasmas

We report on measurements of the mixing of fuel oil with air at atmospheric pressure in an industrial premixed gas turbine burner. The concentration of the vaporized fuel oil was measured with laser induced fluorescence. We reason that the fuel oil concentration can be considered with good accuracy as proportional to the fluorescence intensity. (author) 6 fig., 3 refs.

1999-08-01

183

International Science & Technology Center (ISTC)

Isolation and Identification of Mycoplasmas, Development of Reliable Antigen for Mycoplasmas Detection and Oil-Based Vaccines

184

Improved disposal-water treatment at Bahrain oil fields

Hydrolysis of Olive Oil Catalyzed by Surfactant-Coated Candida rugosa Lipase in a Hollow Fiber Membrane Reactor

Bahrain's Awali oil field is one of the oldest in the Arabian Gulf region. The recent sharp increase in produced water cut at Awali has resulted in higher oil carry-over in the produced water, which is currently disposed of in an aquifer about 700 ft (210 m) deep. The steps taken by Bahrain Natl. Oil Co. (Banoco) and the problems encountered in improving the quality of effluent are described in this paper.

1988-11-01

185

Good start to the Go Beyond Oil street campaign | Greenpeace UK

Full Text Available

2007-04-01

186

Emulsification Activity of Acinetobacter sp. 2-3A Isolated from Petroleum Oil-Contaminated Soil

... For example, moving from incentives for deepwater drilling for dirty oil to real support for renewables, and from hidden subsidies for nuclear power to transforming the UK to a thriving low carbon economy. Thanks once again to those who came along. There will be more opportunities to campaign with us soon, to help get the support we need to move the UK beyond oil. GoBeyondOilCampaigningCamden1 Comments(...

187

Effects of the Feeding Mixture of Mushrooms and Vegetables Oils on the Lipid Component and Fatty Acid Composition of Liver in Rats

Full Text Available

2009-11-01

188

Effects of Different Dietary Oils on Hepatic Mitochnodial Lipid Composition and Adenine Nucleotide Translocase Activity in Rat

Full Text Available

1994-10-01

189

Effect of the Mixing Extraction of Perilla Seed and Peanut on Physicochemical Characteristics and Oxidative Stability of Perilla Oil

Full Text Available

1993-07-01

190

Effect of COY(Cooking Oil and Yolk Mixture) on Control of Tetranychus urticae

Full Text Available

1999-12-01

191

Full Text Available

2008-09-01

192

Conservation Library

Changes in the Quality of Ground Pork Loin Adding Olive and Soybean Oil During Cold Storage

... is Jin Ho Ocean Enterprise Co., Ltd., a Taiwanese business incorporated in 1985. Under the U.S. Oil ... ...

193

Cameron synthetic fuels report

Full Text Available

2007-07-01

194

The increasing scarcity of conventional crude oil resources, as well as the sharply higher prices of crude oil, will generate increased interest in heavy oil, tar sands, and oil shale as potential substitutes. For all of these unconventional oil resources, extraction will be much more difficult, time consuming, and costly than for conventional crude oil. Although the inplace resources are vast and exist in many areas including the United States, the USSR, western Europe, Canada, and Latin America, probably only a small fraction of the inplace resources will prove to be economically extractable. These unconventional oil resources are now being developed in several locations around the world, and depending upon the exact definition probably account for less than 1 percent of current world oil supplies. The major current ...

1980-06-01

195

CONVERTING WASTE

Antioxidative Activities of Spices Extracts on Peroxidation of Refined Sardine Oil

condenser, gas refiner, oil (gas) storage tank and dual fuel engine

196

Antioxidant Effect of Oil Containing Cellulase-Treated Red Ginseng.

Full Text Available

1992-09-01

197

Analysis of Physicochemical Characterization and Volatiles in Pure or Refined Olive Oils

Full Text Available

2008-03-01

198

The prospects for shale oil in Australia

Full Text Available

2007-11-01

199

Plan for addressing issues relating to oil shale plant siting

Shale oil as a fuel source would need to compete with crude oil. The prospects for shale oil therefore depend upon the market outlook and likely prices for crude oil and its products. These are examined for both the world and Australia. For Australia, market prospects for shale oil are assessed in terms of maintaining a degree of self-sufficiency in petroleum fuels. Shale oil might also need to compete with other synthetic liquid fuels. The prospects for producing these in Australia are discussed. Some factors which might influence the pattern of development of a synthetic fuels industry in Australia are described and a role suggested for the federal government to ensure optimum development for national economic growth. 6 refs., 1 fig.

1987-03-01

200

Part I: Experimental investigation of the boiling of binary mixtures of Freon-11 and refrigeration lube oils

The Western Research Institute plan for addressing oil shale plant siting methodology calls for identifying the available resources such as oil shale, water, topography and transportation, and human resources. Restrictions on development are addressed: land ownership, land use, water rights, environment, socioeconomics, culture, health and safety, and other institutional restrictions. Descriptions of the technologies for development of oil shale resources are included. The impacts of oil shale development on the environment, socioeconomic structure, water availability, and other conditions are discussed. Finally, the Western Research Institute plan proposes to integrate these topics to develop a flow chart for oil shale plant siting. Western Research Institute has (1) identified relative topics for shale oil plant siting, (2) surveyed both published and ...

1987-09-01

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201

Oil and gas resources in the West Siberian Basin, Russia

Several experimental runs have been carried out to study nucleate boiling of binary mixtures consisting of Freon-11 and lube oils such as SUNISO 3GS and 4GS in oil concentrations ranging from 0 to 24% by volume. The effect of the heating source temperature on the rate of boiling at various pressures has been studied and the boiling curves at different oil concentrations and pressures have been investigated at an excess temperature of up to 80/sup 0/C. The experimental data have been used to find the effect of pressure, oil concentration and excess temperature on the boiling heat transfer coefficient. The P-T relations for both kinds of mixtures have been measured at different oil concentrations. The heat lost to the atmosphere have also been studied as a function of oil concentration for both kinds of mixtures.

1986-01-01

202

Geological characteristics and resource potentials of oil shale in Ordos Basin, Center China

The primary objective of this study is to assess the oil and gas potential of the West Siberian Basin of Russia. The study does not analyze the costs or technology necessary to achieve the estimates of the ultimate recoverable oil and gas. This study uses reservoir data to estimate recoverable oil and gas quantities which were aggregated to the field level. Field totals were summed to a basin total for discovered fields. An estimate of undiscovered oil and gas, from work of the US Geological Survey (USGS), was added to give a total basin resource volume. Recent production decline points out Russia`s need to continue development of its discovered recoverable oil and gas. Continued exploration is required to discover additional oil and gas that remains undiscovered in the basin.

1997-12-01

203

An investigation of the thermal performance of an oil filled transformer winding

It has been shown that not only there are abundant oil, gas, coal, coal-bed gas, groundwater and giant uranium deposits but also there are abundant oil shale resources in Ordos basin. It has been shown also that the thickness of oil shale is, usually, 4-36m, oil-bearing 1.5%-13.7%, caloric value 1.66-20.98MJ/kg. The resource amount of oil shale with burial depth less than 2000 m is over 2000x108t (334). Within it, confirmed reserve is about 1x108t (121). Not only huge economic benefit but also precious experience in developing oil shale may be obtained in Ordos basin.

2010-09-15

204

Advances in operations research in the oil and gas industry

Manufacturers may be required to design transformers to overload specifications. Oil viscosity changes and loss variation with temperature are not accounted for in the industry loading guide. A comprehensive test program was performed using a winding assembly with imbedded thermocouples. Steady state and transient tests were performed for natural and non-directed forced oil circulation. The temperature distribution in the winding was not linear with height as usually assumed. A large number of temperature sensors is required to determine the hot spot location. The location of the hot spot was found to be different and less predictable for natural oil circulation compared with non-directed forced oil circulation especially during overload conditions. This paper reports that improved loading guide equations were developed to account for oil viscosity, resistance change, cooling duct ...

1992-07-01

205

Visible and near-infrared spectral signatures for adulteration assessment of extra virgin olive oil

Various theories and examples of modelling, forecasting and optimization designing in the different parts of the petroleum and gas industries are presented, stochastic programming for long term planning in the refining industry, stochastic model for gasoline blending, feedstock optimization, location and sizing for offshore platforms, hydrocarbon exploration simulation rapid method, valuation of oil field development leases, economic models for petroleum allocation, models for oil supply market, trade embargo game theory, stochastic programming of gas contract portfolio management, scheduling transportation of oil and gas, strategic planning in an oil pipeline company, simulation of offshore oil terminal systems, hierarchical selection of oil and gas distribution systems.

1991-06-13

206

The oil at 50$: reserves depletion or OPEC revenge?; Le petrole a 50$: epuisement des reserves ou revanche de l'OPEP?

Because of its high price, the extra virgin olive oil is frequently target for adulteration with lower quality oils. This paper presents an innovative optical technique capable of quantifying the adulteration of extra virgin olive oil caused by lowergrade olive oils. It relies on spectral fingerprinting the test liquid by means of diffuse-light absorption spectroscopy carried out by optical fiber technology in the wide 400-1700 nm spectral range. Then, a smart multivariate processing of spectroscopic data is applied for immediate prediction of adulterant concentration.

2010-04-01

207

Possibilities for oil shale development in Morocco

Although the oil price is still far from its historical maximum, the oil market is today in crisis. To explain this situation the author discusses the nature of the supply constraints. The reserves are today better known and so more plentiful than at a previous period of the oil history and the russian production since 2004 is stagnating. The main factor seems to be the OPEC policy and in particular the will of limiting the oil production to defend upper prices. (A.L.B.)

2005-06-15

208

DOE reports on feasibility of generic oil shale test facility

Morocco is among the world's leading countries in terms of total indigenous oil shale resources. Following the 1973 oil crisis, Morocco has been determined to develop its oil shale energy resources. In the subsequent years following the crisis, a tremendous number and variety of studies and research efforts have resulted in an enormous amount of data, covering geological, hydrogeological, mining, physical and chemical aspects of the two main deposits, Timahdit and Tarfaya. This article represents a tentative analysis of oil shale development in Morocco and offers a few ideas on where it might be heading. 1 fig., 2 photos.

1992-01-01

209

Solid-state amorphization reaction in mechanically deformed Al_xHf_1_0_0_-_x multilayered composite powders and the effect of annealing

In order to assess whether an oil shale test facility would be of significant use to private sector oil shale developers, the US DOE has studied the past history of oil shale development and its potential for replacing petroleum supplies. A generic test facility's primary function would be to test concepts of mining, retorting, upgrading, and environmental aspects at the engineering scale. This paper summarizes the US oil shale resources, gives a technology analysis, and discusses the potential for a test facility.

1987-03-01

210

Remedial Action Plan and Site Design for Stabilization of the Inactive Uranium Mill Tailings Site, Maybell, Colorado. Remedial action selection report: Attachment 2, Geology report, Final

Single phase amorphous Al_xHf_1_0_0_-_x alloys with a wide amorphization range (33#<=#x#<=#75) were synthesized by the solid-state interdiffusion of pure polycrystalline Al and Hf powders at room temperature using a rod-milling technique. The mechanisms of metallic glass formation and competing crystallization processes in the mechanically deformed composite powders were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The numerous intimate layered composite particles of the diffusion couples that formed during the first and intermediate stages of milling (0-173 ks) are intermixed to form amorphous phase(s) upon heating to about 980 K by so-called thermally assisted solid-state amorphization (TASSA). The amorphization heat formation for the binary Al_xHf_1_0_0_-_x system via TASSA, #DELTA#H"T"A"S"S"A_a, was measured directly as a function of the ...

1999-03-04

211

Production of intergranular attack of alloy 600, alloy 690, and alloy 800 tubing in tubesheet crevices: Topical report

The Maybell uranium mill tailings site is 25 miles (mi) (40 kilometers [km]) west of the town of Craig, Colorado, in Moffat County, in the northwestern part of the state. The unincorporated town of Maybell is 5 road mi (8 km) southwest of the site. The designated site covers approximately 110 acres (ac) (45 hectares [ha]) and consists of a concave-shaped tailings pile and rubble from the demolition of the mill buildings buried in the former mill area. Contaminated materials at the Maybell processing site include the tailings pile, which has an average depth of 20 feet (ft) (6 meters [m]) and contains 2.8 million cubic yards (yd{sup 3}) (2.1 million cubic meters [m{sup 3}]) of tailings. The former mill processing area is on the north side of the site and contains 20,000 yd{sup 3} (15,000 m{sup 3}) of contaminated demolition debris. Off-pile contamination is present and includes areas adjacent to the ...

1994-06-01

212

Production of intergranular attack of alloy 600, alloy 690, and alloy 800 tubing in tubesheet crevices: Topical report

Three model boilers, manufactured to simulate full-size tube sheet crevices, were tested with various secondary side environments. The first was faulted with organics representative of the decomposition of humic acid. The second was faulted with sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide, while the third was faulted with sodium sulfate and sodium hydroxide. Each model contained seven tubes, which included Alloy 600 in the mill-annealed (MA) and thermally-treated (TT) conditions and Alloy 690 in the thermally-treated condition. Two models contained Alloy 800 tubes in the mill-annealed condition and one had Alloy 800 in the mill-annealed/cold-worked/glass-bead-peened condition. Two different sizes of tubesheet crevices were used in all model boilers. In the organics-faulted boiler, tubes of Alloy 600MA, Alloy 690TT and Alloy 800MA experienced no significant intergranular attack (IGA); however, the Alloy 600TT had intergranular ...

1987-07-01

213

Mechanochemical synthesis of the high lithium ion conductive amorphous materials in the systems Li{sub 2}S-SiS{sub 2} and Li{sub 2}S-SiS{sub 2}-Li{sub 4}SiO{sub 4}

Three model boilers, manufactured to simulate full-size tube sheet crevices, were tested with various secondary side environments. The first was faulted with organics representative of the decomposition of humic acid. The second was faulted with sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide, while the third was faulted with sodium sulfate and sodium hydroxide. Each model contained seven tubes, which included Alloy 600 in the mill-annealed (MA) and thermally-treated (TT) conditions and Alloy 690 in the thermally-treated condition. Two models contained Alloy 800 tubes in the mill-annealed condition and one had Alloy 800 in the mill-annealed/cold-worked/glass-bead-peened condition. Two different sizes of tubesheet crevices were used in all model boilers. In the organics-faulted boiler, tubes of Alloy 600MA, Alloy 690TT and Alloy 800MA experienced no significant intergranular attack (IGA); however, the Alloy 600TT had intergranular ...

214

Intermetallic Co-Al powder for nuclear applications

Amorphous materials in the system xLi{sub 2}S{center_dot}(100-x)SiS{sub 2}, where x ranged from 50 to 70 mol %, and (100-y) (0.6Li{sub 2}S{center_dot}0.4SiS{sub 2}){center_dot}yLi{sub 4}SiO{sub 4}, where y ranged from 0 to 10 mol %, were synthesized by mechanical milling of crystalline starting materials, Li{sub 2}S, SiS{sub 2} and Li{sub 4}SiO{sub 4}. At the compositions with large amounts of Li{sup +} ions, a part of crystalline Li{sub 2}S used as a starting material remained in the milled powder samples. It was found that the milled powder samples in both systems obtained by mechanical milling exhibited high conductivities in the order of 10{sup -4}S{center_dot}cm{sup -1} at room temperature in spite of the presence of small amounts of Li{sub 2}S crystals. The conductivity values of the pelletized samples of xLi{sub 2}S{center_dot}(100-x)SiS{sub 2} powders maximized at the composition of about x=60. ...

2000-02-01

215

Stereospecific analysis of triacylglycerols as a useful means to evaluate genuineness of pumpkin seed oils: lesson from virgin olive oil analyses.

Intermetallic compounds based on the Al-Co system were synthesized by solid state method - mechanical alloying and their properties were investigated using XRD, SEM, and DSC. The powder was used to make new targets of irradiation for gamma sources in order to enhance the specific activity and to reduce the consumption of material. The intermetallic compound AlCo was formed in the first 4 hours of milling. After 8 hours of milling the medium size of crystallites were of 5.58 nm. This value decreases with the increase of milling time up to 3 nm, corresponding to the 28 hours of grinding. There was calculated and plotted the Gibbs function, #DELTA#_f"0, for the reaction of formation AlCo and Al_3Co from the Al-Co system. It had negative values over the entire range of temperatures for both investigated compounds. After 28 hours milling a phase composition was obtained as follows: 0.2% Al; 21%Co ; ...

2009-10-12

216

Intersection model for estimating sea otter mortality from the Exxon Valdez oil spill along the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Marine mammal study 6-5. Exxon Valdez oil spill state/federal natural resource damage assessment final report

In Slovenia two superb vegetable oils with high added nutritional value are produced: "Ekstra devisko oljcno olje Slovenske Istre (extra virgin olive oil from Slovene Istra)" and "Stajersko prekmursko bucno olje (pumpkin seed oil from Slovenia)". Their quality and genuineness must be monitored as adulteration can easily be undertaken. Olive oil genuineness determination experiences can show how analyses following an experience data-driven decision tree gathering several chemical determinations (fatty acids, (E)-isomers of fatty acids, sterol and tocopherol determinations) may be helpful in assessing the pumpkin seed oil from Slovenia genuineness. In the present work a set of HPLC triacylglycerol determinations was performed, based on the nine main triacylglycerols (LLLn, LLL, PLL, LOO, PLO, OOO, POO, SPL, and SLS) on a limited number of different pumpkin seed ...

2010-05-12

217

Impact of oil and related chemicals on the marine environment

The authors developed an analytical model (intersection model) to estimate the exposure of sea otters (Enhydra lutris), to oil from the Exxon Valdez oil spill. The authors applied estimated and assumed exposure dependent mortality rates to the Kenai Peninsula sea otter population to provide examples of the application of the model in estimating sea otter mortality. The intersection model requires three distinct types of data: (1) distribution, abundance, and movements of oil, (2) abundance and distribution of sea otters, and (3) sea otter mortality rates relative to oil exposure. Initial output of the model is an estimate of exposure of otters to oil. Exposure is measured in amount and duration of oil near an otter`s observed location (intersections). The authors provide two examples of the model using different assumptions about the relation between exposure ...

1995-06-01

218

Combustion of oil on water: an experimental program

This review updates a previous review entitled ''Impact of Oil on the Marine Environment''. It covers oil and individual hydrocarbons, used lubricating oils, chemical control agents for oil spills, and wastes from offshore petroleum operations. It considers all major knowledge generated since the mid-1970s. The review covers its topics comprehensively, from a consideration of the composition, sources and inputs of oil to its ecological and human health effects and its effects on man's use of the sea. The review addresses several key questions on the present levels of contamination, the impact of hydrocarbons and related chemicals on marine biota, the recovery potential of marine ecosystems exposed to these contaminants, the degree of protection required for marine ecosystems known to be vulnerable and sensitive, and recommended research and other actions to fill gaps in knowledge. ...

219

Integrated well-completion strategies with CHOPS to enhance heavy-oil production : a case study in Fula Oilfield

This study determined how well crude and fuel oils burn on water. Objectives were: (1) to measure the burning rates for several oils; (2) to determine whether adding heat improves the oils' combustibility; (3) to identify the conditions necessary to ignite fuels known to be difficult to ignite on ocean waters (e.g., diesel and Bunker C fuel oils); and (4) to evaluate the accuracy of an oil-burning model proposed by Thompson, Dawson, and Goodier (1979). Observations were made about how weathering and the thickness of the oil layer affect the combustion of crude and fuel oils. Nine oils commonly transported on the world's major waterways were tested. Burns were first conducted in Oklahoma under warm-weather conditions (approx. 30/sup 0/C) and later in Ohio under cold-weather conditions (approx. 0/sup 0/C ...

1982-02-01

220

Assessment of generation temperatures of crude oils

Cold Heavy Oil Production with Sand (CHOPS) is an enhanced oil recovery method that induces sand production to form a network of wormholes that increase the porosity and permeability of a formation. Under proper conditions, CHOPS can improve formation flow characteristics. Integrated well completion strategies that were used to increase oil production at Fula oil field on the south flank of Mughad Basin in Sudan were described. Limited sand influx provided a means for effective sand control while eliminating the need for conventional sand control processes. Cold heavy oil production with limited sand influx requires optimized completion methods to stimulate sand production, thereby reducing oil flow resistance and prolonging the sand removal operation cycle. Completion tests were performed in terms of different formation conditions including perforating ...

2005-11-01

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221

Turkey's oil and natural gas pipelines system

Biological marker maturity parameters were used to estimate the minimum HC generation temperatures of crude oils from Eastern Hungary. More than 50 oils and oil shows were analysed. Molecular- and homologous-ratios of biological marker compounds (triterpanes, steranes, mono- and triaromatic steroid hydrocarbons) were used as maturation parameters. The oils have at least five maturity stages, i.e. they have been generated under different thermal conditions. The highest reservoir temperature in each group was chosen as the best estimate of the groups' temperature just below the generation temperature, i.e. reservoirs of the group might be expected to be at shallower depths (lower temperatures) than those of the generation zone due to vertical migration into pools. For each maturation level, a threshold temperature range for genesis was inferred from reservoir temperatures; they are from ...

2000-07-01

222

Test of use of MN-4 oil in 110 to 220 kV cable lines

Turkey's natural gas (NG) production is very small and is almost all imported. Turkish natural gas production in 2000, 23 billion cubic feet (Bcf), met around 4% of domestic natural gas consumption requirements. NG consumption is estimated at around 700 Bcf in year 2002, accounting for around 17% of Turkey's total energy consumption. Turkish natural gas demand had been projected to increase extremely rapidly in coming years. Country oil production is 50,674 barrels per day (bbl/d) of which 46,674 bbl/d was crude oil in 2002. In 2002, oil consumption was 635,000 bbl/d and net oil imports was 584,326 bbl/d in Turkey. Oil provides around 43% of Turkey's total energy requirements. (Author)

2005-07-15

223

Studies on the chemical composition and possible mechanisms underlying the antispasmodic and bronchodilatory activities of the essential oil of Artemisia maritima L.

Beginning in 1972 low-pressure cables filled with MN-4 oil produced by the Yaroslav Petroleum Processing Plant arrived at the Leningrad Cable Network of the Leningrad Rayon Power Administration. Lines formed with these cables have been successfully used. The parameters of the oil in them have not changed with respect to the values present when the lines were placed in operation. However, from here on filling in of the 110 to 220 kV input lines of low and high pressure will be accomplished with MN-4 oil produced by the Gorkiy Petroleum Processing Plant. Because petroleum from various fields and the properties of the oil produced from it are unlike, samples were taken from some elements of the lines filled in with MN-4 oil. The results of the tests are described.

1980-09-01

224

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

This study describes the chemical composition of the essential oil of Artemisia maritima (Am.Oil) and the pharmacological basis for its medicinal use in gut and airways disorders. Twenty five compounds, composing 93.7% of the oil, were identified; among these, chrysanthenyl propionate and elixene were identified for the first time from any Artemisia species. The Am.Oil (0.3?1.0 mg/mL) suppressed spontaneous and high K+ (80 mM)-induced contractions in isolated rabbit jejunum, suggestive of an antispasmodic effect mediated possibly through calcium channel blockade. The calcium channel blockade activity was confirmed when pre-treatment of the tissue with Am.Oil (0.01?0.03 mg/mL) shifted the Ca++ concentration-response curves to the right, similar to verapamil and papaverine. In isolated trach...

2011-01-01

225

Stability studies on refined soybean oil stored in various conditions

Pyrolysis of spill oils adsorbed on zeolites with product oils recycling

The 12 months stability study of freshly produced refined soybean oil revealed that refined soybean oil stored in plastic containers in dark was more hydrolytically and oxidatively stable than that stored in other containers in light condition. There was no significant difference at P < 0.05 in free fatty acids and acid value of oil stored under light and dark conditions in tin and glass containers but there was significant difference at P < 0.05 in peroxide value of oil stored in light and dark conditions in all the storage containers. Light increased the degree of oxidative rancidity of refined soybean oil, the most in tin containers, followed by glass containers and the least in plastic containers. (author)

2008-01-01

226

Proposals for the reporting of oil shale resources in Quennsland, Australia

Experimentally, a feasibility study for adsorption and catalytic pyrolysis of spill oils on Cu/ZSM-5 for recycling of light oils has been conducted in the present work. The adsorption and pyrolysis of model compounds such as heptane, toluene, and diesel (to stimulate the spill oils) on Cu/ZSM-5 have been investigated on a continuous fixed-bed reactor. By component fitted X-ray absorption near edge structural (XANES) spectroscopy, catalytic active species such as metallic copper (Cu) (77-84%) and Cu2O (6-7%) are found in the channels of ZSM-5 during pyrolysis of heptane or toluene. Pyrolysis of diesel effected by Cu/ZSM-5 yields gas (C1-C5) (32%) and light oil (68%) that can be used as auxiliary fuels.

2007-06-03

227

Potential contribution of oil shale to US, world energy needs

While no mine in Queensland has yet extracted shale oil economically, large resources of oil shale are known to occur throughout the State. These resources have been reported to the Queensland Department of Resource Industries (formerly the Department of Mines) according to a number of different parameters, using numerous methods of calculation and in some instances, detailed and comprehensive supporting information has not been provided. This paper outlines present methods of calculation and reporting of oil shale resources. A more uniform system of reporting resources of Queensland oil shale is desirable to enable an accountable and reliable estimate of resources to be made. It is intended that a code for the reporting of identified oil shale resources based on the present Australian codes for the reporting of identified mineral and coal resources be prepared, and that the ...

1990-09-01

228

Oil shale resources of the United States

The Carter Administration has set a synfuels goal of 1.5 million bopd by the year 1990, with shale oil to furnish 400,000 bpd. Presumably most, if not all, of the shale oil production will be from the Eocene Green River formation that underlies large areas of northwest Colorado, northeast Utah, and southwest Wyoming. A major part of the oil shale resources of the Green River formation occurs in the Piceance Creek basin of Colorado. Where is the available resource base, and what is the possible interest of industry in developing the Green River oil shales. Project readiness in the Piceance Creek basin is reviewed, and projected production is estimated. International potential for development of oil shale reserves also is discussed.

1980-10-13

229

Microbial enhanced oil recovery: Entering the log phase

Oil shales of the US represent a tremendous store of potential oil. Most of the deposits are relatively unknown and warrant additional investigation. The summary presented cannot hope to cover all of the deposits. Information about them is usually available only locally. However, the 3 best known deposits - the Green River formation, the Devonian black shales, and the retort member of the Phosphoria formation - represent well over 2 trillion bbl (300 x 10/sup 12/ ton) of potential oil in place. This is an oil resource large enough to supplement quite adequately the US petroleum supply, to extend the time available for realigning our energy supply mixes, and to help reach a satisfactory solution to our current energy dilemma. The concentrated resource in the Green River formation is obviously the next most feasible source of oil. If it cannot be developed, all the other deposits will ...

1980-11-01

230

Low emission fuel engine and method of operating same

Microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) technology has advanced internationally since 1980 from a laboratory-based evaluation of microbial processes to field applications. In order to adequately support the decline in oil production in certain areas, research on cost-effective technologies such as microbial enhanced oil recovery processes must focus on both near-term and long-term applications. Many marginal wells are desperately in need of an inexpensive improved oil recovery technology today that can assist producers in order to prevent their abandonment. Microbial enhanced waterflooding technology has also been shown to be an economically feasible technology in the United States. Complementary environmental research and development will also be required to address any potential environmental impacts of microbial processes. In 1995 at this conference, the goal is to further document and promote ...

1995-12-31

231

Egg-larval mortality of Pacific herring in Prince William Sound, Alaska, after the Exxon Valdez oil spill

This patent describes a low emission duel fuel engine system. It comprises: a dual fuel engine having a combustion chamber; a fuel oil supply connected to the engine; a fuel gas supply connected to the engine; and means connected between the fuel oil supply and the engine for injecting fuel oil into the engine. The means connected between the engine and fuel oil supply limiting the injection of fuel oil to the combustion chamber to pilot ignition quantities only, wherein the limiting means includes means for limiting the injection of fuel oil such that the exhaust emission of NO{sub x} is at an emission rate of less than 1 GM/PH-HR, whereby the exhaust emission performance of the dual fuel engine is enhanced.

1990-09-11

232

Chemical resistance, void content and tensile properties of oil palm/jute fibre reinforced polymer hybrid composites

Experiments were carried out to test the hypothesis that instantaneous daily rates of egg-larval mortality of Pacific herring were higher at two oil-exposed sites than at two other sites not so exposed. Results showed that egg-larval mortality was twice as great in the oil-exposed areas as in the two non-oiled areas. Larval growth rates were also severely affected; they were about half of those measured in populations from other areas of the north Pacific Ocean. A cautionary note was introduced to the effect that the differences in the egg-larval mortality between oiled and control sites may have been influenced by differences in egg dessication, predation, and wave scouring, hence these results should not be construed as conclusive evidence of oil spill damage. 40 refs., 6 figs.

1996-10-01

233

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Tri layer hybrid composites of oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) and jute fibres was prepared by keeping oil palm EFB as skin material and jute as the core material and vice versa. The chemical resistance, void content and tensile properties of oil palm EFB/Jute composites was investigated with reference to the relative weight of oil palm EFB/Jute, i.e. 4:1, the fibre loading was optimized and different layering pattern were investigated. It is found from the chemical resistance test that all the composites are resistant to various chemicals. It was observed that marked reduction in void content of hybrid composites in different layering pattern. From the different layering pattern, the tensile properties were slightly higher for the composite having jute as skin and oil palm EFB as core ...

2011-01-01

234

BLM issues final EIS for Tract C-a offsite lease

Accumulation and Mixing of Oils in Jinghu Sag of Subei Basin: Constraints from Thermal Maturity Parameters

In October, 1986, the US Bureau of Land Management, White River Resource Area, issued the Final Environmental Impact Statement concerning Rio Blanco Oil Shale Company's request to lease an offtract site for disposal of overburden and spent shale from Tract C-a. A major issue which pitted Rio Blanco Oil Shale Company against many other members of the oil shale community was the covering up of oil shale resources on 84 Mesa. The oil shale resource under 84 Mesa may contain as much oil in place as Tract C-a itself. Some of the significant points concerning this issue are discussed. A summary of environmental consequences is given. 5 figures.

1986-12-01

235

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Oils in Jinghu sag are abundant with high content of polar compounds and have a low ratio of saturate to aro-matic hydrocarbons and a high ratio of resin to asphaltene. The gross composition of oils in the Jinghu sag suggests typical immature to low mature characteristics. Some compounds with low thermal stability were identified. Light hy-drocarbons, a carbon preference index, an odd even index, n-alkane and hopane maturity parameters show mature fea-tures and little differences in the maturity level among oils. Sterane isomerization parameters indicate an immature to low mature status of oil. Transfer of the sedimentary center during sedimentation has led to different thermal histories among subsags and thus generated oils with different maturities. On the basis of source analyses, four ...

2007-01-01

236

X-ray zone plate fabrication using a focused ion beam

Summary of the Waste Management Programs at uranium recovery facilities as they relate to the 40 CFR Part 192 standards

An x-ray zone plate was fabricated using the novel approach of focused ion beam (FIB) milling. The FIB technique was developed in recent years, it has been successfully used for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) sample preparation, lithographic mask repair, and failure analysis of semiconductor devices. During FIB milling, material is removed by the physical sputtering action of ion bombardment. The sputter yield is high enough to remove a substantial amount of material, therefore FIB can perform a direct patterning with submicron accuracy. The authors succeeded in fabricating an x-ray phase zone plate using the Micrion 9500HT FIB station, which has a 50 kV Ga{sup +} column. Circular Fresnel zones were milled in a 1.0-{micro}m-thick TaSiN film deposited on a silicon wafer. The outermost zone width of the zone plate is 170 nm at a radius of 60 {micro}m. An achieved aspect ratio was 6:1.

2000-08-16

237

Soft X-ray holography of FIB nanostructured Co/Pt multilayers

This study evaluates the degree to which surface impoundments at licensed facilities comply with significant changes in NRC requirements initiated by enactment of EPA's final environmental standards for uranium recovery facilities (40 CFR Part 192). Impoundment liner requirements, ground-water protection standards, ground-water monitoring and corrective action programs, and site closure standards are the most significant regulatory modifications. The compliance status of 30 conventional mills and 31 in-situ mines is determined from a review of Nuclear Regulatory Commission and agreement state docket files through November, 1983. Results of this review show that a majority of conventional uranium mill tailings management systems are deficient with respect to liner requirements for new impoundments or proposed expansions to existing impoundments, as well as with respect to some aspects of ground-water monitoring and compliance programs. ...

238

Sintering of nano-sized WC-Co powders produced by a gas reduction-carburization process

Focused Ion Beam (FIB) milling is a powerful tool to produce ordered magnetic nanostructures. However, it is impossible to produce out-of-plane magnetized nanoscale structures from multilayer films by direct FIB writing. Co/Pt multilayers exhibit an out-of-plane easy axis due to strong perpendicular interface anisotropy. The interface contribution is known to be very sensitive to high energy ion irradiation. In case of 30 keV Ga ions it needs less than one ion per 100 surface atoms to destroy the perpendicular interface anisotropy. We demonstrate how this problem can be overcome by milling a Co/Pt multilayer, which has been deposited on a SiN membrane, from the rear side, through the SiN. The effect of the ions is determined as a function of applied dose utilizing the domain structure imaged by soft X-ray holography. When the magnetic material is removed we find only a very narrow range of destruction around the holes in contrast to the ...

2009-03-22

239

Sintering of nano-sized WC-Co powders produced by a gas reduction-carburization process

Nanocrystalline cemented tungsten carbide has attracted considerable interests for use in cutting tool because of its superior mechanical properties. In this study, nano-sized powders of mixed WC and Co were prepared from attrition-milled oxides by a gas reduction-carburization process. The effects of compacting pressure, heating schedule, additional ball-milling, and the presence of a grain growth inhibitor on the sintering properties of the nano-sized WC-Co powders were examined. The grain size and phases in WC-Co alloy were clearly affected by compacting pressure. Because of the trapped gases and the lower melting point of the cobalt binder, when a compact of nano-sized WC-Co powder was sintered through a heating schedule with holding steps, the sintered alloy maintained the small size of WC grains without any {eta} phase. In addition, the additional ball-milling improved the microstructure and mechanical properties of ...

2006-08-10

240

Nanosized copper ferrite materials: Mechanochemical synthesis and characterization

Nanocrystalline cemented tungsten carbide has attracted considerable interests for use in cutting tool because of its superior mechanical properties. In this study, nano-sized powders of mixed WC and Co were prepared from attrition-milled oxides by a gas reduction-carburization process. The effects of compacting pressure, heating schedule, additional ball-milling, and the presence of a grain growth inhibitor on the sintering properties of the nano-sized WC-Co powders were examined. The grain size and phases in WC-Co alloy were clearly affected by compacting pressure. Because of the trapped gases and the lower melting point of the cobalt binder, when a compact of nano-sized WC-Co powder was sintered through a heating schedule with holding steps, the sintered alloy maintained the small size of WC grains without any #eta# phase. In addition, the additional ball-milling improved the microstructure and mechanical properties of ...

2006-08-10

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241

Manipulation of inverted and direct opals by a focused ion beam scanning electron microscope (FIB SEM)

Nanodimensional powders of cubic copper ferrite are synthesized by two-steps procedure of co-precipitation of copper and iron hydroxide carbonates, followed by mechanochemical treatment. X-ray powder diffraction, Moessbauer spectroscopy and temperature-programmed reduction are used for the characterization of the obtained materials. Their catalytic behavior is tested in methanol decomposition to hydrogen and CO and total oxidation of toluene. Formation of nanosized ferrite material is registered even after one hour of milling time. It is established that the prolonging of treatment procedure decreases the dispersion of the obtained product with the appearance of Fe2O3. It is demonstrated that the catalytic behavior of the samples depends not only on their initial phase composition, but on the concomitant ferrite phase transformations by the influence of the reaction medium. -- Graphical abstract: It is demonstrated that the catalytic behavior of the obtained copper ...

2011-05-01

242

Latest technologies for process control in hot rolling mill; Netsukanatsuen miru ni okeru saishin no purosesu seigyo gijutsu

Focused ion beam (FIB) milling techniques are presented aiming at the manipulation of both tin dioxide (SnO_2) inverted opals and polystyrene (PS) direct opals. Different SnO_2 opals are considered in order to estimate the regularity of their bulk after the production. A SnO_2 mesoporous monolith is FIB micromachined to make it suitable for optical applications. PS direct opals are structured by FIB milling at different scales. Ordered arrays of PS opals are modified by selectively removing a single sphere. In performing this task, we discuss the effects on the FIB milling due to the gas-assisted enhanced etching and to the binding of the nearest neighbours. Techniques to achieve imaging of PS opals in absence of a conductive coating are also brought up. Furthermore, isolated PS spheres are drilled with or without enhanced etching in order to produce controlled defects on them. The FIB-assisted manipulations we show may ...

2008-08-01

243

Focused ion beam techniques for fabricating geometrically-complex components and devices.

The most recently developed control technologies in a hot strip mill are described. Preview AGC has been developed with a preview control synthesis. It controls roll gaps by using the previous information of disturbances. The disturbances which are concerned are derived from the rolling force, the roll gap and the thickness of a previous stand. The thickness accuracy and the availability of mill have been improved by this technology. An on-line roll grinding (ORG) system with an on-line roll profile meter (OPM) has been developed for the purpose of achieving schedule-free rolling. The ORG smooths the worn and roughed surface of a work roll and OPM can measure the profile of a revolving roll without contact. The data obtained by the OPM are given as feedback information to the ORG. As a result, grinding accuracy has been improved and rolling restriction on width has been relaxed widely. (author)

1999-12-01

244

Fabrication and characterization of Cu/YSZ cermet high temperature electrolysis cathode material prepared by high-energy ball-milling method

We have researched several new focused ion beam (FIB) micro-fabrication techniques that offer control of feature shape and the ability to accurately define features onto nonplanar substrates. These FIB-based processes are considered useful for prototyping, reverse engineering, and small-lot manufacturing. Ion beam-based techniques have been developed for defining features in miniature, nonplanar substrates. We demonstrate helices in cylindrical substrates having diameters from 100 {micro}m to 3 mm. Ion beam lathe processes sputter-define 10-{micro}m wide features in cylindrical substrates and tubes. For larger substrates, we combine focused ion beam milling with ultra-precision lathe turning techniques to accurately define 25-100 {micro}m features over many meters of path length. In several cases, we combine the feature defining capability of focused ion beam bombardment with additive techniques such as evaporation, sputter deposition and electroplating in order to ...

2004-03-01

245

Estimating energy requirement in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) nut processing operations

Cu/YSZ cermet (40 and 60 vol.% Cu powder with balance YSZ) is a more economical cathode material than the conventional Ni/YSZ cermet for high temperature electrolysis (HTE) of water vapor and it was successfully fabricated by high-energy ball-milling of Cu and YSZ powders, pressing into pellets (o 13 mm x 2 mm) and subsequent sintering process at 700 deg. C under flowing 5%-H{sub 2}/Ar gas. The Cu/YSZ composite material thus fabricated was characterized using various analytical tools such as XRD, SEM, and laser diffraction and scattering method. Electrical conductivity of sintered Cu/YSZ cermet pellets thus fabricated was measured by using 4-probe technique for comparison with that of conventional Ni/YSZ cermets. The effect of composite composition on the electrical conductivity was investigated and a marked increase in electrical conductivity for copper contents greater than 40 vol.% in the composite was explained by percolation threshold. Also, Cu/YSZ cermet was ...

2009-01-07

246

Electrochemical properties of LiFePO{sub 4} prepared via ball-milling

This work deals with a study on estimation of energy consumption in eight readily defined unit operations of cashew nut processing. Data for analysis were collected from nine cashew nut mills stratified into small, medium and large categories to represent different mechanization levels. Series of equations were developed to easily compute requirements of electricity, fuel and labour for each of the unit operations. The computation of energy use was done using spreadsheet program on Microsoft Excel. The results of application test of the equations show that the total energy intensity in the cashew nut mills varied between 0.21 and 1.161MJ/kg. Electrical energy intensity varied between 0.0052 and 0.029MJ/kg, while thermal energy intensity varied from 0.085 to 1.064MJ/kg. The two identified energy intensive operations in cashew nut processing are cashew nut drying and cashew nut roasting, altogether accounting for over 85% of the total energy ...

2006-07-15

247

Calculation of radon flux attenuation by earthen uranium mill tailings covers

LiFePO{sub 4} cathode materials with distinct particle sizes were prepared by a planetary ball-milling method. The effects of particle size on the morphology, thermal stability and electrochemical performance of LiFePO{sub 4} cathode materials were investigated. The ball-milling method decreased particle size, thereby reducing the length of diffusion and improving the reversibility of the lithium ion intercalation/deintercalation. It is worth noting that the small particle sample prepared using malonic acid as a carbon source achieved a high capacity of 161 mAh g{sup -1} at a 0.1 C rate and had a very flat capacity curve during the early 50 cycles. However, the big particle samples ({proportional_to}400 nm) decayed more dramatically in capacity than the small particle size samples ({proportional_to}200 nm) at high current densities. The improvement in electrode performance was mainly due to the fine particles, the small size distribution, and ...

2009-04-01

248

Calculation of radon flux attenuation by earthen uranium mill tailings covers

This regulatory guide describes methods acceptable to the NRC staff for calculating radon fluxes through earthen covers and for calculating the resulting minimum cover thickness needed to meet NRC and EPA standards. The guide also suggests methods for obtaining the various parameters used in calculating the radon fluxes and earthen cover thicknesses and suggests default values for certain parameters. This regulatory guide is applicable to active uranium tailings sites. The NRC staff is using the methods stated in this guide as a basis for review and concurrence of DOE remedial action plans for inactive sites. The guidance is intended to be used for calculating radon flux attenuation by earthen uranium mill tailings covers. The parameter values and examples presented are limited to earthen cover materials, but the diffusion theory and the methods presented are also applicable to man-made materials. Detailed supporting information for calculating minimum cover ...

2002-02-24

249

Briquetting of self-reducing blendings of waste iron oxide mixtures. Final report

This regulatory guide describes methods acceptable to the NRC staff for calculating radon fluxes through earthen covers and for calculating the resulting minimum cover thickness needed to meet NRC and EPA standards. The guide also suggests methods for obtaining the various parameters used in calculating the radon fluxes and earthen cover thicknesses and suggests default values for certain parameters. This regulatory guide is applicable to active uranium tailings sites. The NRC staff is using the methods stated in this guide as a basis for review and concurrence of DOE remedial action plans for inactive sites. The guidance is intended to be used for calculating radon flux attenuation by earthen uranium mill tailings covers. The parameter values and examples presented are limited to earthen cover materials, but the diffusion theory and the methods presented are also applicable to man-made materials. Detailed supporting information for calculating minimum cover ...

1989-06-01

250

A biogenic approach to the treatment of uranium mill effluents

The objectives of this project were to develop technologies to manufacture self-reducing briquettes out of waste iron oxides and to recycle them in an electric arc furnace or a cupola furnace. CRM has investigated and determined the optimal characteristics (binder, size, grain size, compositions and activator for the reduction reaction) for briquettes containing mixtures of mill scales, mill sludges, electric arc furnace (EAF) dust and coal as reduction agent. The goal of obtaining briquettes, in which iron oxides are totally reduced when these briquettes are loaded with the scrap into an electric arc furnace, was achieved. Trials at ProfilARBED have shown that it is possible to recycle mill and EAF by-products conditioned in self-reducing briquettes in an electric arc furnace without influence on the performance and on the environment. The iron content of the slag does not increase as the iron of the by-product is almost ...

2002-07-01

251

Results of oil-shale investigations in northeastern Nevada

A biogenic method for the treatment of uranium mill effluents containing toxic amounts of Mn"2 and "2"2"6Ra is described. The acidic tailings from the uranium mills are generally neutralised with lime and the overflow waters from tailing ponds at the discharge point, consisting of Mn"2"+ (>10 mg l"-"1) and "2"2"6Ra (> 3.0 pCi l"-"1), need further treatment before disposing off to the public utility. Arthrobacter sp. has been used for precipitating Mn"2"+ as hydrous oxide of manganes (MnO_2#centre dot#nH_2O) and along with "2"2"6Ra also gets precipitated. The effluent after bacterial treatment consisted of Mn"2"+ and "2"2"6Ra within the range of allowed concentrations as per the I.C.R.P. (International Committee of Radiological Protection) and MPC (maximum permissible concentration) standards (Mn"2"+ 95% of "2"2"6Ra could be precipitated using this method. (author). 11 refs.; 4 figs.; 4 tabs.

252

Summary of the engineering assessment of inactive uranium mill tailings, Spook Site, Converse County, Wyoming

The major focus of this oil-shale investigation has been on specific localities of oil-shale resource potential. Three main areas of oil-shale occurrence have been studied in detail: the Elko area, Pinon Range area, and Coal Mine Canyon. Geologic mapping, stratigraphic studies, and sampling to delimit the lateral extent of the oil shale deposits were in progress prior to the cooperative agreement with Nevada DOE. These surface geologic studies have been summarized in this report. The results of surface geologic studies conducted near Elko suggested that the Elko area represented the best and most accessible oil-shale deposits; therefore, the Elko area was selected as the site of a shallow exploratory drilling program. Essential to this study was the obtaining of fresh, unweathered oil-shale samples from the Elko area. The samples were obtained from the ...

1983-01-01

253

Study on the electrochemical properties of MgNi-CuO hydrogen storage composite materials

Ford, Bacon, Davis Utah Inc. has reevaluated the Spook site in order to revise the December 1977 engineering assessment of the problems resulting from the existence of radioactive uranium mill tailings 48 mi northeast of Casper, in Converse County, Wyoming. This engineering assessment has included the preparation of topographic maps, the performance of core drillings and radiometric measurements sufficient to determine areas and volumes of tailings and radiation exposures of individuals and nearby populations, the investigations of site hydrology and meteorology, and the evaluation and costing of alternative corrective actions. Radon gas released from the 187,000 tons of tailings at the Spook site constitutes the most significant environmental impact, although windblown tailings and external gamma radiation also are factors.

1981-10-01

254

Research on optimizing pass schedule of tandem cold mill

To study the effect of CuO on the electrochemical properties of MgNi alloy, the MgNi-xCuO (x = 3, 5 and 10 wt%) composites were prepared by ball-milling method. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the structures of the composites were amorphous. The cycle stability of the composites was improved compared to pure MgNi alloy due to the enhancement of the anti-corrosion property in the alkaline electrolyte, and the composite with 5 wt% CuO ball-milled for 15 h exhibited the best performance. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potential-step measurements indicated that the electrochemical kinetics of the composites was improved.

2009-07-29

255

Research on optimizing pass schedule of tandem cold mill

In this paper, research on pass schedule of tandem cold mill (TCM) is carried out. According to load (reduction, rolling force, motor power) balance, non-linear equations set with variables of inter-stand thickness is constructed. The pass schedule optimization is carried out by solving the non-linear equations set. As the traditional method, the Newton-Raphson method is used for solving the non-linear equations set. In this paper a new simple method is brought up. On basis of the monotone relations between thickness and load, the inter-stands thickness is adjusted dynamically. The solution of non-linear equations set can be converged by iterative calculation. This method can avoid the derivative calculation used by traditional method. So, this method is simple and calculation speed is high. It is suitable for on-line control. (author)

2000-07-01

256

Nomographs for predicting crown fire initiation in Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) forests

In this paper, research on pass schedule of tandem cold mill (TCM) is carried out. According to load (reduction, rolling force, motor power) balance, non-linear equations set with variables of inter-stand thickness is constructed. The pass schedule optimization is carried out by solving the non-linear equations set. As the traditional method, the Newton-Raphson method is used for solving the non-linear equations set. In this paper a new simple method is brought up. On basis of the monotone relations between thickness and load, the inter-stands thickness is adjusted dynamically. The solution of non-linear equations set can be converged by iterative calculation. This method can avoid the derivative calculation used by traditional method. So, this method is simple and calculation speed is high. It is suitable for on-line control. (author)

2000-08-20

257

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Nomographs that calculate the threshold values of surface fire parameters which lead to crown fire initiation were created by linking two separate fire behavior models: Van Wagner?s crown fire ignition criteria and Byram?s surface fire model. The nomographs were also based on the existing surface (fuel load, fuel heat content) and canopy (foliar moisture content, live crown base height) fuel models of Aleppo (Pinus halepensis Mill.) pine forests of Mediterranean Greece. The most important fire parameters for crown fire initiation that are calculated by the nomographs are the critical flame length and the forward spread rate of the surface fire. These parameters are readily observable in the field during fires. The nomographs provide a judicious way to assess whether a crown fire is likely ...

2007-01-01

258

Molecular based assessment of genetic diversity within Barbary fig (Opuntia ficus indica (L.) Mill.) in Tunisia

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

In this work, we report for the first time on the analysis of genetic diversity within a set of 36 Tunisian Opuntia ficus indica (L.) Mill. ecotypes using RAPD markers.Random decamer primers were screened to assess their ability to detect polymorphisms in this plant crop. Thirty-nine RAPD markers were revealed and used to survey the genetic diversity at the DNA level and to establish relationships.Consequently, considerable genetic diversity was detected and the UPGMA analysis permitted the discrimination of all the genotypes and enabled their sorting into thirteen groups. The accession `R Sbiba inerme' was significantly divergent from all tested genotypes. In addition, as shown by the clustering the tested genotypes did not significantly diverge, though originating from different localiti...

2007-01-01

259

Modeling of sputtering and redeposition in focused-ion-beam trench milling

Modeling of sputtering and redeposition in focused-ion-beam trench milling

Modeling is performed for focused-ion-beam (FIB) sputtering and redeposition on trench sidewalls in a steady state approximation. Calculations are carried out to demonstrate the sputtered surface profile under known parameters such as sputtering yield as a function of ion incident angle, the FIB current density profile, and the FIB scan speed. It is found that a steplike slope with a gradient angle of {theta}{sub 0} is formed at the FIB bombarding position. Furthermore, the redeposition flux on the sidewalls is calculated as a function of {theta}{sub 0} for the FIB trench milling assuming the cosine law for the angular distribution of the sputtered atom. The redeposition will be more accurately predictable and controllable when more information about these assumptions is obtained.

1991-11-01

260

Microstructure of a nickel-base ODS powder after mechanical alloying. Mikrostruktur eines ODS-Pulvers auf Nickelbasis nach dem mechanischen Legieren

Modeling is performed for focused-ion-beam (FIB) sputtering and redeposition on trench sidewalls in a steady state approximation. Calculations are carried out to demonstrate the sputtered surface profile under known parameters such as sputtering yield as a function of ion incident angle, the FIB current density profile, and the FIB scan speed. It is found that a steplike slope with a gradient angle of #theta#_0 is formed at the FIB bombarding position. Furthermore, the redeposition flux on the sidewalls is calculated as a function of #theta#_0 for the FIB trench milling assuming the cosine law for the angular distribution of the sputtered atom. The redeposition will be more accurately predictable and controllable when more information about these assumptions is obtained.

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261

Metallurgical Investigation of a Prematurely Failed Concentric Reducer Tube Used in a Hot-Rolling Mill

Mechanical alloying is an important pre-requisite for the manufacturing of heat resistant oxide-dispersion-strengthened superalloys. Though the microstructure of these materials after hot extrusion and recrystallization treatment is well documented, little is known about the microstructural evolution during ball-milling. A method was tested to prepare electron transparent foils and extraction replica from powder particles for TEM investigations. The microstructure was found to consist of a Ni-Cr-Al solid solution in which submicron particles of refractory metals were embedded. The extremely fine grainize of about 50 nm is the consequence of severe plastic deformation. Yttria particles could not be detected in the powder after ball milling, but after a heat treatment at 1000 C the well-known fine dispersion of oxide particles was evident. (orig.)

1993-02-01

262

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

A concentric reducer tube, which was a part of the top exit roughing hydraulic descaler in a hot strip mill failed prematurely under working pressure. A detailed metallurgical investigation comprising physical examination, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electron probe microanalysis was carried out to find out the genesis of the failure. Physical examination revealed cracks located symmetrically around the circumference of the tube that ran along its full length, up to the weld beads at both ends. Optical microscopy of etched samples revealed a banded ferrite-pearlite structure and the existence of forging folds near the change-in-section(160? fillets). Cracks were found to initiate from these forging folds. No structural abnormalities were found in the weld beads and...

2007-01-01

263

High coercivity in Nd-Fe-Al-Co-B alloys prepared by mechanical milling

Focused ion beam sculpting curved shapes.

Nd{sub 40}Fe{sub 30}Al{sub 10}Co{sub 15}B{sub 5} alloys were fabricated by high energy ball milling method under various conditions. Microstructure of the alloys was investigated by X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy techniques. Magnetic properties were characterized by hysteresis and thermomagnetic measurements. The high coercive fields up to 2.36 T have been observed on the samples consisting of Nd{sub 2}(Fe,Co,Al){sub 14}B, Nd{sub 6}(Fe,Co,Al){sub 14} and Nd crystallites imbedded in a residual amorphous matrix.

2008-02-15

264

Focused ion beam (FIB) milling of electrically insulating specimens using simultaneous primary electron and ion beam irradiation

A focused ion beam (FIB) is used to accurately sculpt predetermined micron-scale, curved shapes in a number of solids. Using a digitally scanned ion beam system, various features are sputtered including hemispheres and sine waves having dimensions from 1-50 {micro}m. Ion sculpting is accomplished by changing pixel dwell time within individual boustrophedonic scans. The pixel dwell times used to sculpt a given shape are determined prior to milling and account for the material-specific, angle-dependent sputter yield, Y({theta}), as well as the amount of beam overlap in adjacent pixels. A number of target materials, including C, Au and Si, are accurately sculpted using this method. For several target materials, the curved feature shape closely matches the intended shape with milled feature depths within 5% of intended values.

2005-02-01

265

Factors influencing radon attenuation by tailing covers

There is currently great interest in combining focused ion beam (FIB) and scanning electron microscopy technologies for advanced studies of polymeric materials and biological microstructures, as well as for sophisticated nanoscale fabrication and prototyping. Irradiation of electrically insulating materials with a positive ion beam in high vacuum can lead to the accumulation of charge, causing deflection of the ion beam. The resultant image drift has significant consequences upon the accuracy and quality of FIB milling, imaging and chemical vapour deposition. A method is described for suppressing ion beam drift using a defocused, low-energy primary electron beam, leading to the derivation of a mathematical expression to correlate the ion and electron beam energies and currents with other parameters required for electrically stabilizing these challenging materials.

2007-02-07

266

Engineering assessment of inactive uranium mill tailings, Tuba City site, Tuba City, Arizona

The US NRC, in its Generic Environmental Impact Statement on uranium milling has specified that the radon flux escaping a uranium mill tailings pile will be reduced to pCi/m/sup 2/ s by application of covering layers of soils and clays. These covers present a radon diffusion barrier, which sufficiently increases the time required for radon passage from the tailings to the atmosphere to allow for decay of /sup 222/Rn within the cover. The depth of cover necessary to reduce the escaping radon flux to the prescribed level is to be determined by calculation, and requires precise knowledge of the radon diffusion coefficient in the covering media. A Radon Attenuation Test Facility was developed to determine rates of radon diffusion through candidate cover materials. This paper describes this facility and its application for determining the influence of physical properties of the soil column on the radon diffusion coefficient.

1981-07-01

267

Electrochemical hydrogen storage behaviors of ultrafine Co-P particles prepared by direct ball-milling method

Ford, Bacon and Davis Utah Inc. has reevaluated the Tuba City site in order to revise the March 1977 engineering assessment of the problems resulting from the existence of radioactive uranium mill tailings at Tuba City, Arizona. This engineering assessment has included the preparation of topographic maps, the performance of core drillings and radiometric measurements sufficient to determine areas and volumes of tailings and radiation exposures of individuals and nearby populations, the investigations of site hydrology and meteorology, and the evaluation and costing of alternative corrective actions. Radon gas released from the 0.8 million tons of tailings at the Tuba City site constitutes the most significant environmental impact, although windblown tailings and external gamma radiation also are factors.

1981-09-01

268

Electricity generation from rice husk in Indian rice mills: potential and financial viability

Ultrafine particles of Co-P were synthesized by direct ball milling of Co and P powders and also investigated as a reversible hydrogen storage electrode material. The electrochemical results demonstrated that the reversible charge-discharge capacity of the Co-P electrode can reach more than 300mAh/g. In addition, the cycling ability and high rate capability of the Co-P electrode are excellent with only 5% capacity decay after 100 cycles at a high rate of 300mA/g. The temperature-programmed desorption measurements (TPD) of the Co-P electrode revealed that the charge and discharge reactions of the Co-P electrode proceeds predominantly through electrochemical hydrogen storage mechanism and the electrooxidation of cobalt contributes only a negligible part to the reversible electrochemical capacity. (author)

2006-05-25

269

Electricity generation from rice husk in Indian rice mills: potential and financial viability

Rice husk generated as a by-product of rice processing is an important energy resource. The availability of this resource in India has been assessed and the technologies for exploitation of its energy potential in rice processing industry discussed. Nomographs have been developed for estimation of the husk required to meet the energy demand of parboiling, drying and milling operations. The unit cost of electricity using rice husk gasifier-based power generation systems has been calculated and its financial feasibility assessed in comparison with utility-supplied and diesel-generated electricity. With the cost and efficiency data assumed here, the unit cost of electricity produced by rice husk gasifier-dual fuel engine-generator system varies between Rs 2/kWh and Rs 7/kWh. (author)

1996-10-01

270

Effect of Alcohol Solvent on Mixing of Fine Ceramic Powders and Some Properties of Ceramic-Based Composites; Seramikkusu fukugokei ni okeru bifunmatsu kongo ni oyobosu arukoru youbai no eikyo to shoketsutai no seishitsu

Rice husk generated as a by-product of rice processing is an important energy resource. The availability of this resource in India has been assessed and the technologies for exploitation of its energy potential in the rice processing industry discussed. Nomographs have been developed for estimation of the husk required to meet the energy of parboiling, drying and milling operations. The unit cost of electricity using rice husk gasifier-based power generation systems has been calculated and its financial feasibility assessed in comparison with utility-supplied and diesel-generated electricity. With the cost and efficiency data assumed here, the unit cost of electricity produced by rice husk gasifier-dual fuel engine-generator system varies between Rs 2/kWh and Rs 7/kWh. (35 Rs approximates to SUS 1.). (author)

1998-12-31

271

Consistency conditions in the chiral ring of super Yang-Mills theories

Effect of alcohol solvent in mixing process on process on the microstructure and sintering behavior of ceramic-based composites was inestigated in detail. The mixture of fine ceramic powders was prepared through the conventional ball-milling method with various alcohol media. The particle distributions of fine ceramic powders were strongly dependent on the kind of alcohol employed during ball-milling. Ceramic-based composites were fabricated by hot-pressing the mixture of fine ceramic powders. Their microstructures and some mechanical properties of the ceramic-based composites were evaluated. It was found that the viscosity of alcohol, surface tension and contat angle greatly affect the sinterbility and some of the mechanical properties of ceramic-based somposites. (author)

1999-07-01

272

Analysis of the creep strain-time behavior of alloy 800

Starting from the generalized Konishi anomaly equations at the non-perturbative level, we demonstrate that the algebraic consistency of the quantum chiral ring of the N=1 super Yang-Mills theory with gauge group U(N), one adjoint chiral superfield X and N_f<=2N flavours of quarks implies that the periods of the meromorphic one-form Tr dz/(z-X) must be quantized. This shows in particular that identities in the open string description of the theory, that follow from the fact that gauge invariant observables are expressed in terms of gauge variant building blocks, are mapped onto non-trivial dynamical equations in the closed string description.

2007-01-01

273

Accelerated aging of catalytically airblown asphalt membranes under simulated uranium mill tailings impoundment conditions

The high-nickel austenitic alloy 800 (in both the mill-annealed and the solution-treated grades) has several attractive properties that make it a good candidate for service attractive properties that make it a good candidate for service at elevated temperatures in corrosive environments. One such property is creep resistance. This report analyzes the elevated-temperature creep behavior of the mill-annealed grade, generally referred to simply as alloy 800. (The solution-treated grade is known as alloy 800H). Available data over the temperature range from 538 to 760/sup 0/C were collected and evaluated to yield mathematically approximations for creep-rupture and strain-time behavior for use in design calculations. However, the creep behavior of this material is extremely complex, and the analysis presented here contains substantial uncertainties. All results in this report should be considered preliminary because of limited data currently ...

1983-05-01

274

Utilization of emulsified rapeseed oil in a direct injection diesel engine; Chokufunshiki diesel kikan deno nataneyu nyuka nenryo no riyo

This paper evaluates the performance of asphalt membranes by examining the chemical and permeability changes experienced by the asphalt during aging tests. The aging process was accelerated by exposing the asphalt to elevated temperatures, high oxygen concentrations, and increased strengths of aqueous oxidizing agents. The synergistic effects of the variables are evaluated by using a fractional factorial experimental design. The installation costs for a catalytically airblown asphalt liner are roughly half that of the typical polymeric materials, and also less than the rubberized asphalt membrane. The results of the initial accelerated aging tests of the asphalt membranes indicate that this material will provide stable, long-term leachate isolation in a mill tailings environment.

1982-12-01

275

Use of oil-soluble surfactants in flue gas desulfurization systems

With an objective to use reproducible vegetable oil as a substitute fuel, studies were performed to use emulsified rapeseed oil at an optimal mixing ratio with water in a direct injection diesel engine. The experiment used a water cooled, lateral installation, single-cylinder, direct injection, four-cycle diesel engine, and the tested fuel used an emulsified rapeseed oil fuel with rapeseed oil added with water at a rate of 20% by weight. As a result of the experiment using the emulsified rapeseed oil, it was found that reducing the injection opening diameter smaller than the standard opening diameter improves the engine performance and simultaneously reduces concentrations of HC, CO and exhaust smoke. The optimal opening diameter was about 0.22 mm. Increasing the valve opening pressure reduced the NOx concentration, but increased the HC concentration. Using the emulsified rapeseed ...

1994-09-30

276

The comparative effects of oil dispersants and oil/dispersant conjugates on germination of the marine macroalga Phyllospora comosa (Fucales: Phaeophyta)

This patent describes a method of improving the S0{sub 2} scrubbing efficiency of flue gas desulfurization scrubbers. It comprises conducting the scrubbing operation in such scrubbers in the presence of an oil-soluble surfactant.

1989-09-26

277

The Metabolism of the Germinating Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Seedling 1

Germination inhibition of the marine macrophyte Phyllospora comosa was utilized as a sub-lethal end-point to assess and compare the effects of four oil dispersants and dispersed diesel fuel and crude oil combinations. Inhibition of germination by the water-soluble fraction of diesel fuel increased following the addition of each of the dispersants; the nominal 48-h EC{sub 50} concentration of diesel fuel declined from 6800 to approximately 400 {mu}l 1{sup -1} nominal for each dispersed combination. This contrasted with crude oil, where the addition of two dispersants resulted in an enhanced germination rate and an increase in nominal EC{sub 50} concentrations from 130 {mu}l 1{sup -1} for the undispersed crude to 4000 and 2500 {mu}l 1{sup -1}. The results indicate that, while germination inhibition of P. comosa may be enhanced by the chemical dispersal of oil response varies with type of both ...

1995-04-01

278

Spattering and Crackle of Hot Cooking Oil with Water: A Classroom Demonstration and Discussion

The metabolism of ¹⁴C-labeled fatty acids and triacylglycerols was followed in intact germinating oil palm seedlings as well as in tissue slices. In the germinating seedling, the shoot contained...Full Text Available

1983-12-01

279

Some Enzymic Activities in the Germinating Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Seedling 1

Any student that has spent time in the kitchen knows that hot vegetable oil will pop and spatter violently after coming into contact with water such as that on the surface of foods (meat, fish, potatoes, etc.). This well-known effect can be used as an instructional resource to promote cooperative, active, and inquiry-based learning about central concepts of chemistry including boiling point, miscibility, and density of liquids. The starting point of the learning activity is a demonstration of (i) the effect of adding a drop of water to hot (as for cooking) vegetable oil and (ii) the effect of adding a drop of vegetable oil to hot water (near its boiling point). Intermolecular interactions, properties of vegetable oils, and a variety of other topics, such as the importance of other heat points (smoke, flash, and fire) for oils, the fundamental of the crackle test for checking the ...

2009-11-01

280

Redirection of tryptophan leads to production of low indole glucosinolate canola.

In germinating oil palm (Elaeis guineensis var D × P) seedling, an active lipase was present in the shoot but absent from both the kernel and the haustorium. It has an optimum...Full Text Available

1983-12-01

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

281

QTL detection by multi-parent linkage mapping in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)

Cruciferous plants are known to produce over a hundred different mustard oil glycosides, which are derived from methionine, phenylalanine, or tryptophan. In oil-producing crops like Brassica napus (canola),...Full Text Available

1994-03-15

282

Polypropylene/paper laminates as high voltage power cable insulation

A quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis designed for a multi-parent population was carried out and tested in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.), which is a diploid cross-fertilising...Full Text Available

2010-05-01

283

Plan and justification for a Proof-of-Concept oil shale facility. Final report

A study was carried out to identify optimal laminate/oil combinations for low pressure oil filled and high pressure pipe-type cables, and to establish taping criteria under factory conditions. Laminates from two sources were evaluated in conjunction with Sun XX high viscosity mineral oil and Cosden 015SH polybutene oil for high pressure type cables, and Dussek TC-2288N mineral oil, Shell P2 dedecylbenzene and Chevron DF-100 alkylbenzene for low pressure oil-filled cables. Swelling tests, infrared analysis, dissipation and dielectric measurements, impulse tests and a taping trial were performed. It was found that there is no appreciable difference in performance of both laminates when tested on model cables in a variety of oils. Both types exhibited superior aging characteristics vis-a-vis cellulose paper when tested with a variety of ...

1983-08-01

284

Plan and justification for a Proof-of-Concept oil shale facility

The technology being evaluated is the Modified In-Situ (MIS) retorting process for raw shale oil production, combined with a Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustor (CFBC), for the recovery of energy from the mined shale. (VC)

1990-12-01

285

Petroleum resources toward the 21{sup st} century. Part 2. Development of petroleum resources in the North Sea; Hokkai no sekyu kaihatsu

The technology being evaluated is the Modified In-Situ (MIS) retorting process for raw shale oil production, combined with a Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustor (CFBC), for the recovery of energy from the mined shale. (VC)

1990-12-01

286

To investigate the future problem of oil field operation in the North Sea, the latest trend of the resources and development/production of the oil fields in the North Sea in British and Norwegian territories are outlined. Recoverable crude oil reserves, potential additional crude oil reserves, and undiscovered recoverable reserves of Britain, as well as probable total potential crude oil reserves in British continental shelf are put in order. Outlines of development and production of crude oil are described. The petroleum and gas development by Norway in 1996 is arranged, and outlines of the reserves, development, and petroleum/gas production are given. As the topics relating to the North Sea in 1996, reports are made on: the effective use of existing infrastructure surplus capacity; dealing with economic efficiency; challenge to abysmal development; applied ...

1997-10-01

287

Oil from coal

NOAA Fisheries Office of Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (EVOS) Damage...

The conversion of coal to oil can be carried out in two ways. A synthesis route and a degradation route. Each of these routes are described and several degradation processes are explored. The testing of several fuels produced from coal is also given considerations.

1986-06-01

288

Method of insulating bed water in an oil well

Service, Alaska Regional Office Prince William Sound, photo: Mandy Lindeberg Office of Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (EVOS) Damage Assessment and Restoration About NOAA Fisheries' EVOS...

2011-08-20

289

Market Brief : Turkey oil and gas pipelines

A method is proposed for operating bed waters in an oil well by injecting silanes into the near-face zone. It is distinguished by the fact that in order to improve the effectiveness of insulation, the silanes used are silanes of general formula Si /SUB n/ H /SUB 2n-n/ .

1982-01-01

290

Laboratory ageing of transformer oils

This report presented some quick facts about oil and gas pipelines in Turkey and presented opportunities for trade. The key players and customers in the oil and gas sector were described along with an export check list. Turkey is looking into becoming an energy bridge between oil and gas producing countries in the Middle East, Central Asia and Europe. The oil and gas sectors are dominated by the Turkish Petroleum Corporation, a public enterprise dealing with exploration and production, and the State Pipeline Corporation which deals with energy transmission. They are also the key buyers of oil and gas equipment in Turkey. There are several pipelines connecting countries bordering the Caspian Sea. Opportunities exist in the areas of engineering consulting as well as contracting services for oil and gas pipeline transmission and distribution. Other opportunities ...

291

Improvement of liquefaction solvent. Increase of light oil yield with a reduction in catalyst addition; Ekika yozai no kairyo kenkyu. Sekitan ekikayu no keishitsuka to shokubai tenkaryo no teigen

The insulating oil used in a transformer is a critical component, as its service life is typically 20 years with possibly little or no maintenance. Partial discharges (PD), thermal overloads and static discharges continually subject the oil to chemical deterioration during its operating life. To ensure equipment reliability during service, it is important that the initial quality of the new insulating oil should meet the required acceptance specifications and preferably be pre-tested before use. Accelerated aging tests have been devised to determine the life expectancy of oil in service by using forced air or oxygen flow into the oil, the presence of a copper catalyst, and at elevated temperatures. The more important standards relating to transformer application are discussed and highlights of the more important aspects of the oxidation chemistry of hydrocarbons are included. The ...

1996-04-01

292

Expression and Redistribution of Cellular Bad, Bax, and Bcl-xL Protein Is Associated with VCD-Induced Ovotoxicity in ...

For developing coal liquefaction processes, it is an important problem to improve the light oil yield with increased oil yield. It was previously reported that distillate mainly containing lighter fraction can be produced with high oil yield by reducing the iron/sulfur catalyst addition in slurry, by recycling gas in the process operation, by utilizing these effects, and by using heavy oil as recycling solvent. In this study, the maximum distillate yield of Victorian brown coal was investigated through continuous liquefaction using a bench scale unit. In addition, operation conditions for obtaining sufficient oil yield were investigated under the reduced catalyst addition into one-third. Consequently, it was confirmed that the maximum content of lighter fraction in distillate product was obtained with reduced catalyst addition by using heavy oil as recycling ...

1996-10-28

293

Effects of Essential Oils on Ruminal Microorganisms and Their Protein Metabolism

... were given daily i.p. injections of either sesame oil (2.5 ml/kg, vehicle control) or VCD dissolved in sesame oil (80 mg/kg, 0.57 mmol/kg) for ... ...

294

Different purification methods and quality of sunflower biodiesel

A commercial blend of essential oil (EO) compounds was added to a grass, maize silage, and concentrate diet fed to dairy cattle in order to determine their influence on protein metabolism by ruminal...Full Text Available

2003-08-01

295

Deep Desulfurization of Diesel Oil and Crude Oils by a Newly Isolated Rhodococcus erythropolis Strain

Biodiesel is derived from triacylglycerides and is produced primarily through transesterification, a chemical reaction of vegetable oils with alcohol, methanol or ethanol. The cost of raw material should be considered since 85 per cent of production cost is related to vegetable oil. The purpose of this study was to evaluate oil expression of sunflower seed. It also examined the sunflower crude oil as a raw material for biodiesel by transesterification in both laboratory and pilot scale studies. Three different biodiesel purification methods were examined. The best result for oil expelling (68.4 per cent) at the experimental stage was obtained for seeds with a moisture content of 6.9 per cent at 25 degrees C and at a screw speed of 114 rpm. For biodiesel production at the laboratory scale, the best result for oil expelling was 87.5 per cent. It was obtained with ...

2010-07-01

296

Combustion of biodiesel fuel produced from hazelnut soapstock/waste sunflower oil mixture in a Diesel engine

The soil-isolated strain XP was identified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. R. erythropolis XP could efficiently desulfurize benzonaphthothiophene, a complicated model sulfur compound that...Full Text Available

2006-01-01

297

Characterization of the stimulatory effect of high-fat diets on peroxisomal beta-oxidation in rat liver.

Biodiesel is considered as an alternative fuel to Diesel fuel No. 2, which can be generally produced from different kinds of vegetable oils. Since the prices of edible vegetable oils are higher than that of Diesel fuel No. 2, waste vegetable oils and non-edible crude vegetable oils are preferred as potential low priced biodiesel sources. In addition, it is possible to use soapstock, a by-product of edible oil production, for cheap biodiesel production. In this study, a methyl ester biodiesel was produced from a hazelnut soapstock/waste sunflower oil mixture using methanol, sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide in a two stage process. The effects of the methyl ester addition to Diesel No. 2 on the performance and emissions of a four cycle, four cylinder, turbocharged indirect injection (IDI) Diesel engine were examined at both full and partial loads. Experimental ...

2005-03-01

298

Characteristics of fuel oils by thermogravimetry

1. The effect on rat liver peroxisomal beta-oxidation of feeding diets containing various amounts of dietary oils was investigated. With increasing amounts (5-25%, w/w) of soya-bean oil an apparent,...Full Text Available

1982-08-15

299

Base program on energy-related research. Quarterly report, February 1995--April 1995

The techniques of thermogravimetry and derivative thermogravimetry (dTG) have been applied to a range of fuel oils and two 'fingerprinting' tests have been developed, one using an inert and the other an oxidizing atmosphere. These tests have been named evaporation profile and burning profile. 4 refs.

1981-12-01

300

BIOASSAY AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS IN RESIDUAL OILS. VOLUME 2. APPENDICES

This report describes research performed by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center in the following areas: oil and gas; advanced systems describing a coal solid fuel and an eastern shale oil residue waste program; environmental remediation; and waste management technologies.

1995-06-01

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

301

40 CFR 52.515 - Original identification of plan section.

The report gives results of an examination, including mutagenic screening, of the chemical composition of residual fuel oils and their column chromatography pre-fractions. A degree of correlation between composition and mutagenicity has been achieved. Radionuclide data has been o...

302

Oil turbulence in the next decade. An essay on high oil prices in a supply-constrained world

...Amendments to Sections 8-2:704 (Use of Certain Fuel Oils Forbidden), 8-2:705 (Use of Certain Coal Forbidden...and Nitrogen Oxides. Section 801(Sulfur Content of Fuel Oils), subsection 801.1 Section 802(Sulfur...

2009-07-01

303

Oil shale oxidation at subretorting temperatures

A CIEP analysis of the recent development of demand and supply for crude oil indicates that the mismatch in supply and demand growth could cause tighter oil markets than we already experience today. In the World Energy Outlook 2007, the International Energy Agency (IEA) warned of a possible 'energy crunch'. But what was anticipated to happen in the first part of the next decade has been fast-forwarded to today, more than 5 years earlier, and could shake the very foundation of our energy systems if no action is undertaken. Without exaggeration, the recent developments in the international oil market are ground-breaking: a little over a year ago, in January 2007, the West Texas Intermediate crude oil price (WTI) traded for USD50 dollar a barrel. Within a year, the price doubled to USD100 per barrel in January 2008 and pushed through to over USD135 in June 2008, against the backdrop of the fresh market ...

304

Mass fragmentographic determination of polymethylnaphthalene and polymethylphenanthrene in a crude oil and in marine organisms

Green River oil shale was air oxidized at subretorting temperatures. Off gases consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and water were monitored and quantitatively determined. A mathematical model of the oxidation reactions based on a shrinking core model has been developed. This model incorporates the chemical reaction of oxygen and the organic material in the oil shale as well as the diffusivity of the oxygen into the shale particle. Diffusivity appears to be rate limiting for the oxidation. Arrhenius type equations, which include a term for oil shale grade, have been derived for both the chemical reaction and the diffusivity.

1980-06-01

305

Low-pollution furnaces for extralight heating oil and natural gas; Schadstoffarme Feuerungen fuer Heizoel EL und Erdgas

The investigation of the petroleum contamination in marine organisms requires the trace level quantitative determination of indicative substances to be identified by a fingerprint of petroleum. Polymethylnaphthalene (PMN) and polymethylphenanthrene (PMP) were chosen because of their simple separation from a crude oil by means of an activated charcoal chromatography, their relatively high existence in aromatic compounds, and their persistence relative to other petroleum components in the tissue of oil contaminated marine organisms. The purpose of this paper is to present an activated charcoal chromatographic separation procedure of PMN and PMP in a crude oil and a trace level quantitative analytical method of them in marine organisms by mass fragmentography (MF).

1980-09-01

306

Joint coking of residues from processing petroleum and shale oil

No abstract prepared.

1997-12-31

307

Geographic Classification of Extra Virgin Olive Oils From the Eastern Mediterranean by Chemometric Analysis of Visible and Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Data

It has become necessary to investigate the feasibility and desirability of joint coking of residues from the processing of petroleum and shale oil. Experiments have been performed on different types of feedstocks: a shale oil residue (SO) with an initial boiling point of 350/sup 0/C, obtained by thermal destruction of Bulgarian shales with a solid heat-carrier; a pyrolysis tar from the production of ethylene; extracts obtained in solvent treatment of petroleum oils, namely extracts from medium-viscosity lube distillate, viscous distillate, and residual lube stock; and asphalt obtained in deasphalting. Each of the petroleum products was blended with the SO in a 1/1 ratio.

1987-03-01

308

First occurrence of Alcaeorrhynchus grandis (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) preying on defoliating caterpillars of oil palm in the state of Para, Brazil

Not Available

2003-02-01

309

Evaluation of the total oil and oleic acid contents in peanut seeds by low field NMR

The oil palm Elaeis guineensis is usually attacked by pests, particularly, defoliating caterpillars. Between 2004 and 2006 a stinkbug predator (Asopinae) was registered preying on caterpillars of Brassolis sophorae L., Opsiphanes invirae Hubner (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) and Sibine spp. (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae), reducing their populations in commercial oil palm plantations in the State of Para, Brazil. Specimens of the natural enemy were collected, mounted, and identified as Alcaeorrhynchus grandis (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), corresponding to the first report of the occurrence of this stinkbug attacking defoliating caterpillars of oil palm in Brazil. (author)

2004-01-01

310

Enhancement for oil-free compressors helps save energy cost; Verbesserung bei oelfreien Verdichtern hilft beim Einsparen von Energiekosten. Kompressoren

... PHYSICAL AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY calibration standards diagrams

2010-08-04

311

Emulsans. [Acinetobacter sp. ATCC 31012

No abstract prepared.

2007-11-26

312

Efficacy Study of Stearidonic Acid (SDA) Soybean Oil-containing Foods on Red Blood Cell Fatty Acid Content

The production and uses are described for extracellular microbial polysaccharides (generically called emulsans) and for a new class of extracellular microbial protein-associated lipopolysaccharides (collectively called alpha-emulsans) produced by Acinetobacter Sp. ATCC 31012, its mutants or recombinants. Also included are the deproteinized lipopolysaccharides (collectively called apoemulsans) obtained from such emulsans, as well as to the divalent metal, ammonium, and quaternary ammonium salts of such emulsans and apoemulsans. The materials can be used (1) in cleaning oil-contaminated vessels used to transport or store crude oil or petroleum fractions in such a manner that the residual oil may be recovered for fuel value or for refining and (2) in enhanced oil recovery.

1983-07-05

313

Effects of Feeding the Mixed Oils of Butter, Sardine and Safflower on the Lipid Components in Serum and Activities of Hepatic Functional Enzymes in Rats

Healthy Volunteers; Markers of Cardiovascular Risk

2011-06-08

314

Effect of Dietary Krill Meal Levels on the Cell Mediated Immunity in Intra-muscularly Croton Oil Injected Broiler Chicks

Full Text Available

1992-12-01

315

Characteristics of Ultra High Frequency Partial Discharge Signals from Metallic Particle Defected Oil-paper Insulation in Transformer

Full Text Available

2007-10-01

316

Alberta oil sands royalty regime

Full Text Available

2009-10-01

317

A method of measuring radon ({sup 222}Rn) gas content in water samples based on the high solubility of radon gas in olive oil

The long term objective of the Oil Sands Business Unit of Alberta Energy is to pave the way for Alberta's bitumen production to reach 3 million barrels per day by 2020. This presentation described the national government's role in resource development. It was emphasized that since the Crown is the owner of the oil sands resource, it would benefit by providing strategic leadership and by generating a larger royalty base. The oil sands fiscal regime was described with reference to generic royalty, risk sharing, investment, and project economics. Business rule principles were also outlined along with criteria for project expansions. Both upstream and downstream challenges and opportunities were listed. 4 figs.

2004-01-29

318

Revitalizing a mature oil play: Strategies for finding and producing unrecovered oil in Frio fluvial-deltaic reservoirs of south Texas. Technical progress report, January 1, 1995--March 31, 1995

No abstract prepared.

2002-03-01

319

Potentially beneficial spill-related effects of chemicals routinely added to crude oils

A research program has been undertaken to characterize oil sand deposits. Studies include delination of reservoir architecture; petrophysical attributes; and petrography and core analysis.

1995-03-31

320

Oxidative stability of biodiesel from soybean oil fatty acid ethyl esters; Estabilidade oxidativa de biodiesel de esteres etilicos de acidos graxos de soja

Amoco Trinidad Oil Company produces 60,000 bbl/d of oil from the Trinidadian offshore. The oil is pipelined ashore where it is processed and returned offshore to a buoy mooring for transport up Trinidad's east coast. Amoco Trinidad has developed comprehensive oil spill contingency plans, starting from computer models of spill scenarios. The models used initially assumed that the oils would emulsify quickly and the spills would become highly viscous and persistent, reaching the shoreline in 15-24 h. Such behavior would render ineffective the use of dispersants as a spill countermeasure. Studies showed a poor potential capability of physical recovery systems for spills off the Trinidad east coast due to high sea states, strong winds, and other factors. These results led to questioning of the spill model's assumptions, and laboratory tests were conducted to study the actual behavior of ...

1993-06-07

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321

Oil shale resources and exploration in Queensland, 1986-87

Biodiesel consists of long-chain fatty acid esters, derived from renewable sources such as vegetable oils, and its utilization is associated to the substitution of the diesel oil in engines. Depending on the raw material, bio diesel can contain more or less unsaturated fatty acids in its composition, which are susceptible to oxidation reactions accelerated by exposition to oxygen and high temperatures, being able to change into polymerized compounds. The objective of this work was to determine the oxidative stability of bio diesel produced by ethanolysis of neutralized, refined, soybean frying oil waste, and partially hydrogenated soybean frying oil waste. The evaluation was conducted by means of the Rancimat equipment, at temperatures of 100 and 105 deg C, with an air flow of 20 L h{sup -1}. The fatty acid composition was determined by GC and the iodine value was calculated. It was observed that even ...

2005-06-01

322

Oil and gas potential of the triasssic in Timan-pechora province. [Urals

Exploration for oil shale in Queensland between June 1986 and July 1987 continued over 12 deposits ranging in age from Permian to Tertiary. The total estimated resource of shale oil contained within these deposits is 4479 GL (28.2 billion barrels). 4 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab.

1988-10-01

323

Natural radioactive materials occurrence in oil facilities

Triassic sedimentary rocks are widespread in the Pechora sineclise and Pre-Uralian edge trough territory. They are up to 920 and 400 m thick respectively. Commercial flows of oil and gas have been obtained from these deposits in the last few years. The geology of the area is described and its is concluded that the main oil and gas potential should be connected with the northern areas of the Pechora sineclise.

1982-02-01

324

Method for increasing the pressure in oil-bearing geological structures

This work presents and describes the natural radioactive occurrence in oil facilities. The origins of the detected radioactivity and the reasons of its settlement are discussed. The measurements results carried out in oil facilities in the Neuquina basin (Argentine) are shown in this work. The aim is to describe the actual situation and to evaluate the magnitude of the problem. Finally, recommendations are proposed to protect the health of the workers, especially of those who carry out the cleaning of the equipment, and to guarantee an appropriate final disposal for the generated radioactive residuals. (author)

2001-06-01

325

Fuel oils suppliers. A business always in movement; Distributeurs de fioul domestique. Une profession toujours en marche

A method is described for increasing pressure in geologic oil-bearing structures by gas production due to microbial activity. There is added to an oil-bearing structure an anaerobic micro-organism (Methanobacterium termoautotroficum), a culture medium and formic acid. The formic acid is converted to carbon dioxide and methane gases resulting in increased pressure in the structures. Methanobacterium termoautotroficum cannot split formic acid into CO/sub 2/ and H/sub 2/ but it can produce methane from these 2 gases. 4 claims.

1981-11-17

326

Effect of catalysts and solvents on the direct hydroliquefaction of Turkish lignites

This economic analysis of the fuel oils market deals with the fiscality of the product and the place of the traditional suppliers facing the introduction of the supermarkets in the distribution sector. Facing the fiscality and the competition, the fuel oils suppliers stay confident. (A.L.B.)

2001-12-01

327

Cost-effectiveness analysis of final effluent limitations guidelines and standards of performance for the offshore oil and gas industry

This paper reports the effectiveness of solvents on the liquefaction of 11 different Turkish lignites investigated by using tetralin, creosote, and anthracene oils. The highest total conversions were obtained with tetralin. The catalytic effects of CoMo and red mud were compared by using creosote oil as the solvent. It was found that red mud catalyzed mainly the asphaltene formation reaction for the given experimental conditions. The additional of CoMo significantly catalyzed the liquefaction reaction, thus increasing the lignite conversion and oil formation.

1990-01-01

328

Control mechanisms operating for lipid biosynthesis differ in oil-palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) and olive (Olea europaea L.) callus cultures.

The EPA proposed effluent limitations guidelines and standards for the offshore segment of the oil and gas industry on August 26, 1985. On November 26, 1990, and March 13, 1991, the Agency reproposed effluent limitations guidelines and standards for both drilling and production wastes. The report is primarily concerned with the total annualized cost incurred by the offshore oil and gas industry in complying with the regulations.

1993-01-01

329

Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action Project (UMTRAP), Slick Rock, Colorado, Revision 1. Volume 1, Calculations, Final design for construction

As a prelude to detailed flux control analysis of lipid synthesis in plants, we have examined the latter in tissue cultures from two important oil crops, olive (Olea europaea L.) and oil palm (Elaeis...Full Text Available

2002-06-01

330

Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action Project (UMTRAP), Slick Rock, Colorado, Revision 1, Volume 4. Calculations, Final design for construction

Volume one contains calculations for: embankment design--embankment material properties; Union Carbide site--bedrock contours; vicinity properties--origin of contamination; North Continent and Union Carbide sites contaminated materials--excavation quantities; and demolition debris--quantity estimate.

1995-09-01

331

Soil Association : Arable

Volume four contains calculations for: Borrow areas--site evaluation; temporary facilities--material quantities; embankment quantities--excavation and cover materials; Burro Canyon site excavation quantities--rippable and unrippable materials; site restoration--earthwork quantities and seeding; and bid schedule quantities and material balance.

1995-09-01

332

Revegetation of inactive U-tailing sites

... Although the rest of the country is less affected, if UK annual feeding and milling volumes of wheat are approximately 120,000t the drought will inevitably result in a shortfall. Looking back at the 2010 season the organic arable market performed strongly, with average feed wheat values since Christmas of 𧷐/tonne - 䀆/t higher then the same period last year. This provided a profitable ...

333

Remedial action selection report Maybell, Colorado, site. Final report

Soil placed over any sealant/barrier system can provide a protective mantle if the soil is not lost by erosion. Vegetation is an attractive choice for controlling erosion because it can provide an economical self-renewing cover that serves to reduce erosion by both wind and water. The objective of this research and development effort is to select and test vegetation strategies, including the choice of species and methods for revegetation that are compatible with sealant/barrier systems and are suited to soils and climates at inactive uranium mill tailings sites.

1981-02-01

334

Remedial action plan and site design for stabilization of the inactive uranium mill tailings sites at Rifle, Colorado. Volume 5, Addenda D6--D8 to Appendix D: Final report

The Maybell uranium mill tailings site is 25 miles (mi) (40 kilometers [km]) west of the town of Craig, Colorado, in Moffat County, in the northwestern part of the state. The unincorporated town of Maybell is 5 road mi (8 km) southwest of the site. The site is 2.5 mi (4 km) northeast of the Yampa River on relatively flat terrain broken by low, flat-topped mesas. U.S. Highway 40 runs east-west 2 mi (3.2 km) south of the site. The designated site covers approximately 110 acres (ac) (45 hectares [ha]) and consists of a concave-shaped tailings pile and rubble from the demolition of the mill buildings buried in the former mill area. The site is situated between Johnson Wash to the east and Rob Pit Mine to the west. Numerous reclaimed and unreclaimed mines are in the immediate vicinity. Aerial photographs (included at the end of this executive summary) show evidence of mining activity around the Maybell site. Contaminated ...

1996-12-01

335

Reflective diffraction grating

This volume contains appendices D6 through D8 containing laboratory test data: from MK-F investigation, 1987, Old Rifle and New Rifle sites; on bentonite amended radon barrier material; and from MK-F investigation, 1987, riprap tests.

1990-02-01

336

Formation of iron oxides during mechanical activation in water

Reflective diffraction grating. A focused ion beam (FIB) micromilling apparatus is used to store color images in a durable medium by milling away portions of the surface of the medium to produce a reflective diffraction grating with blazed pits. The images are retrieved by exposing the surface of the grating to polychromatic light from a particular incident bearing and observing the light reflected by the surface from specified reception bearing.

2003-06-24

337

Forests.org: Organizations/Advocacy Links

It has been shown that mechanical milling of iron in water results in formation of nanocrystalline magnetite Fe3O4 with an average particle size of 0.6 ?m, saturation magnetization of 77 Am2/kg and coercivity of ?150 A/cm. Along with magnetite, an antiferromagnetic Fe-O phase (?10 wt%), which is an aggregate of small iron-oxygen clusters forms.

2007-05-21

338

Evaporator condensates: continuous bioprocessing of simulated sulfite condensates to produce single cell protein. [Candida utilis

...org/ (1 vote) defends the native forest ecosystems and communities of the Southeast United States which are threatened by industrial scale clearcutting to feed chip mills Added: Jan. 20, 2001 | Rate It Don't Buy SFI http://www.dontbuysfi.com/home/ (2 votes) campaign to show the \\

339

Economic-impact analysis of proposed effluent-limitations guidelines, new source performance standards and pretreatment standards for the pulp, paper and paperboard mills. Point source category. Volume 2. Detailed description of product sectors

The continuous bioprocessing of simulated steam-stripped sulfite pulp mill evaporator condensates using Candida utilis to produce single cell protein has been studied. At 32 degrees C, processing can be conducted at space velocities of up to 0.43 hr/sup -1/ with over 90% removal of acetic acid present at an initial concentration of 2 g/liter. (Refs. 16).

1982-11-01

340

Direct application of West Coast geothermal resources in a wet-corn-milling plant. Final report

This study analyzes the economic impact that could result from the application of effluent standards and limitations issued under Sections 301, 304, 306, 307 of the Clean Water Act to the pulp, paper, and paperboard industry, including builders' paper and roofing felt manufacturing.

1980-12-01

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

341

Catalytic effect of niobium oxide on hydrogen storage properties of mechanically ball milled MgH{sub 2}

The engineering and economic feasibility of using the geothermal resources in East Mesa, California, in a new corn processing plant is evaluated. Institutional barriers were also identified and evaluated. Several alternative plant designs which used geothermal energy were developed. A capital cost estimate and rate of return type of economic analysis were performed to evaluate each alternative. (MHR)

1981-03-01

342

A harvesting and handling system for sweet sorghum

We examined a catalytic effect of niobium oxide (Nb{sub 2}O{sub 5}) on the hydrogen storage properties of MgH{sub 2} prepared by mechanical ball milling method. The MgH{sub 2} composite doped with 1 mol% Nb{sub 2}O{sub 5} by ball milling for 20 h desorbed hydrogen up to {approx}6 mass% in the temperature range from 200 to 250 {sup o}C at the heating rate of 5 {sup o}C/min under a purified helium flow. After dehydrogenation at 200 {sup o}C, the product showed remarkable hydrogen absorption kinetics. A large amount of gaseous hydrogen up to {approx}4.5 mass% was absorbed even at room temperature under 1 MPa hydrogen pressure within 15 s and finally its capacity reached up to 5 mass%. Furthermore, the valence state of Nb{sub 2}O{sub 5} doped in MgH{sub 2} was examined by X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) measurement. The results indicated that additive Nb{sub 2}O{sub 5} was reduced by MgH{sub 2} during mechanical ...

2006-08-15

343

A comparison of EDS microanalysis in FIB-prepared and electropolished TEM thin foils

Total and net energies used harvesting 30-cm billets at 8 t/h were 1 and 0.3 kW x h/t, respectively. Harvested crop had 4% leaves, a 70% mass fraction of billets 30-40 cm long, and a 49/sup 0/ angle of repose. A self-unloading forage wagon with beaters and controls metered billets at 1.5 t/h to feed a juice-expression mill.

1983-12-01

344

A class of finite one-loop light-cone integrals

This paper reports the results of a fine-probe EDS microanalytical study of cellular precipitation in a Cu-Ti binary alloy. Compositional profiles across the solute depleted Cu-rich FCC lamellae and the Cu_4Ti lamellae within isothermally formed cellular colonies were measured in a FEG-TEM from thin-foil specimens prepared by conventional electropolishing and by a technique using a Ga"+ focused ion-beam (FIB). The Cliff-Lorimer ratio method, with an absorption correction, was employed to quantify the compositions. Two FIB samples were prepared with different orientations of the lamellae with respect to the ion-milling direction. The compositional profiles across the Cu-rich FCC lamellae and the Cu_4Ti compound lamellae in both the FIB-prepared samples and the electropolished sample were, within experimental error, numerically equivalent. The composition of the Cu_4Ti compound phase lamellae was very close to the ideal stoichiometric composition of 20 at% Ti. It is ...

2003-01-01

345

The plasma generated and photons emitted in an oil-lubricated sliding contact

Using the manifestly causal gluon propagator in the light-cone gauge, we evaluate two one-loop Feynman integrals which appear in the computation of the three-gluon vertex correction in the two-component formalism of the Yang-Mills gauge fields. We conclude that they both are finite for {omega} -> 2, where {omega} is the dimensional regulator. They belong to a class of finite one-loop light-cone integrals. (author). 7 refs.

1992-10-01

346

Straight vegetable oils usage in a compression ignition engine-A review

Intensive work has long been going on to find out the unknown origin that sets off curious tribo-physicochemical phenomena and that causes various kinds of problems in oil-lubricated sliding contacts in mechanical and processing systems. The strange tribochemical reaction is one of the such curious chemical phenomena observed in the degradation of perfluoropolyether (PFPE) lubricating oil film in a hard disk drive. Plasma (triboplasma) (Nakayama and Mirza 2006 Tribol. Trans. 49 17) would be one of the most probable origins of the problems if it were generated sufficiently intensely in oil-lubricated sliding contacts, as it is in such a highly energetic state. The generation of plasma was predicted in both dry and oil-lubricated sliding (Nakayama 1997 Japan. J. Tribol. 42 1077, Nakayama 2004 Surf. Coat. Technol. 188-189 599). However, plasma generation in industrially important ...

2007-02-21

347

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The ever increasing fossil fuel usage and cost, environmental concern has forced the world to look for alternatives. Straight vegetable oils in compression ignition engine are a ready solution available, however, with certain limitations and with some advantages as reported by many researchers. A comprehensive and critical review is presented specifically pertaining to straight vegetable oils usage in diesel engine. A detailed record of historical events described. Research carried out specifically under Indian conditions and international research work on the usage of straight vegetable oils in the diesel engine is separately reviewed. Many researchers have reported that straight vegetable oils in small percentage blends with diesel when used lower capacity diesel engines have shown great...

2010-01-01

348

Potential of production of biodiesel starting from the chicken oil in the cooperatives of the West of Parana, Brazil; Potencial de producao de biodiesel a partir do oleo de frango nas cooperativas do oeste do Parana

Photoelectron resonance capture ionization mass spectrometry of fatty acids in olive oil

Brazil occupies a prominence place in the development and use of sources renovate of energy, due to its great territorial extension, climate and several alternatives. One of these it is the bio diesel,o production which can substitute the oil diesel, decreasing the impacts to the environment. In the productive chain of chicken meat a residue, chicken oil, is generated with potential for biodiesel production. In this work they were certain characteristics physical chemistries, that can influence in the reactions of transesterification of the chicken oil. It was lifted up the potential of production of chicken oil in the cooperatives of the area west of the state of Parana and yield in biodiesel. The bio diesel production by cooperatives could be of 19.525.209,0 kg/year of bio diesel and the yield of 95%. (author)

2006-07-01

349

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Photoelectron resonance capture ionization (PERCI) mass spectrometry has been developed for the direct online analysis of organics, including lipids. Analysis is conducted without the need for sample preparation or chemical derivatization such as methylation, foregoing the use of harmful or toxic chemicals. PERCI is currently being adapted towards the analysis of edible oils. Herein, as a proof of principle of the simplicity and potential utility of this method towards the analysis of edible oils, we present the analysis of the prevalent fatty acids (FA) in Tuscan extra-virgin olive oil along with triolein and linolenic acid (LNA) standards. Ionization of olive oil results in little fragmentation of the prevalent FA, which are measured as their molecular ions, [FA-H]-. The relative concent...

2006-01-01

350

Oil-filled electric cable with alternate layers of plastic and paper tape

Oil spill incidents and pipeline vandalization in Nigeria: Impact on public health and negation to attainment of Millennium development goal: the Ishiagu example

This patent describes an oil-filled electric cable and a manufacturing method for said cable, in which the solid insulation is formed, at least in part, by separately applied, alternate layers of cellulose paper tape and of film tapes made of plastic. Prior to application of the tapes around the cable conductor, the moisture content of the paper tape is selected and the swelling of the plastic tape by the oil after application is adjusted, if necessary, such as by immersing the plastic tape in the oil prior to application, so that the swelling of the plastic tape by the oil in the formed cable is offset by the shrinkage of the paper tape during drying of the cable. Also, an apparatus for pre-swelling the plastic tape is described. 4 figs.

1988-01-12

351

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to review oil spill incidents and pipeline vandalism in Nigeria between 1970 and 2006 and to examine the potential danger posed by such activities to public health. Design/methodology/approach - The approach adopted to achieve this objective is questionnaire administration on health impacts. Also secondary sources of information come from textbooks and journals. However, data from natural resources exploitation and hazards are collated and analyzed. Findings - It is evident that, out of the 1,000 reported oil spill incidents analyzed, some hundreds of thousands of barrels of oil are lost to the environment. Graphic pictures of typical oil spill through acts of vandalism in Ishiagu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria are analyzed and reviewed. The run-off and sedim...

2010-01-01

352

Oil shales of the Stellarton Basin, Nova Scotia, Canada; Stratigraphy, depositional environment, composition and potential uses

Oil Spill Simulation and Validation in the Arabian (Persian) Gulf with Special Reference to the UAE Coast

The fault-bounded Stellarton Basin of northern Nova Scotia, Canada, contains the Province's largest oil shale resources (estimated at 825 {times} 10{sup 6} tons with 168 {times} 10{sup 6} bbls of shale oil in situ). The oil shales were first discovered in the 1850s and, except for limited scale mining during 1852-1859 and 1929-1930, they have remained undeveloped. In order to assess the potential economic use of the oil shales, a comprehensive study incorporating geological field mapping, core-logging, organic and inorganic geochemistry, organic petrology and combustion performance testing was undertaken. Results are presented.

1989-01-01

353

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The use of numerical modeling in oil spill incidents is a well established technique that has proven to provide cost-effective and reasonable estimates of oil surface drift. Good predictability of such models depends highly on the quality of the input data of the incident and on the model calibration effort. This paper presents the results of simulating oil spillage trajectory in the Arabian (Persian) Gulf. The study employed a 3-D rectilinear hydrodynamic model combined with oil spill model. Typical representative environmental conditions of the Arabian Gulf were first setup into a hydrodynamic circulation model using data from various sources. The performance of the hydrodynamic model was then tested against measurements of tidal fluctuation and sea currents at selected locations. The sp...

2007-01-01

354

Market assessment for the fan atomized oil burner

Logistics management of Paraho residual shale oil. Final report

The market potential for the fan atomized burner (FAB) in water and space heating applications was examined. The major findings of the study are as follows. (1). The FAB`s low-input capability allows development of oil-fired room heaters and wall furnaces, a new market area for oil heat. (2). Among conventional oil-fired products, furnaces will benefit most from the burner`s low input capability due to (1) their quick delivery of heat and (2) their more prevalent use in warmer climates and smaller homes. (3). The greatest potential for increased product sales or oil sales exists in the use of the burner with new products (i.e., room heaters). Sales of boilers and direct-fired water heaters are not likely to increase with the use of the burner. (4). Acceptance of the burner will be dependent on proof of reliability. Proof of better reliability than conventional burners would accelerate acceptance.

1996-07-01

355

Influence of gamma-irradiation, growth retardants and coatings on the shelf life of winter guava fruits (Psidium guajava L.)

In January of 1977 the Paraho Development Company under contract with the United States Navy began a semi-works project to produce and refine up to 100,000 barrels of crude shale oil. Although the primary objective of the project was to produce specification turbine and diesel transportation fuels for field testing by the military field testing, the full-scale refinery run also produced a substantial quantity of hydrotreated shale oil residue. In 1978 the Electric Power Research Institute, recognizing the utilization potential of this material as a fuel for utility combustion turbines, obtained 4300 barrels of the residual shale oil product for future field testing. This report describes the processes involved in producing, handling, and storing the residual shale oil test material. The report also includes detailed chemical and physical analyses of the test material. In addition, guidelines which can ...

1980-03-01

356

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Experiment was conducted to study the effect of gamma irradiation, growth retardants and coatings (coconut oil, mustard oil and liquid paraffin) on shelf life of winter guava fruits during storage. The results revealed that the superiority of coconut oil coating over other post harvest treatments. Physiological loss in weight (7.1%), marketable fruits retained over control (86.7%), total soluble solid (16.1%), ascorbic acid (195 mg/100 g pulp) and total sugar (10%) of fruit were positively influenced by coconut oil coating up to 12 days of storage. The treatment was found significantly effective in increasing the post harvest life of fruits for 12 days over control without adversely affecting the fruit quality. Coconut oil coating gave highest consumer acceptability while, maintaining suff...

2010-01-01

357

Effect of biodegradation on vanadylporphyrin distribution

Dispersion of Spilled Heavy Oil by Impinging Waterjet

Oils, tars, and degraded oils of varying degrees of biodegradation occur in the Permian Phosphoria Formation along the eastern flank of the Wind River mountains, Wyoming, US. Biodegradation has altered the isomer distributions of steranes, the hopanes, and the mono- and triaromatised steroids in these oils. The conventional maturity parameters based on these biomarkers are of limited use in estimating their maturity. On the other hand, even in severely biodegraded oils the vanadylporphyrin distributions are unaltered. Because of this, the Porphyrin Maturity Parameter (PMP) derived from the vanadylporphyrin distribution is an ideal parameter for estimating the maturity of these oils. This study also confirms the previous observation that T[sub s] and T[sub m] are unaffected by even severe biodegradation. 14 refs., 5 figs., 2 tabs.

1993-05-01

358

Determination and removal of malondialdehyde and other 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in waste cooking oil

The purpose of this study is to search for a new method of dispersing spilled heavy oil, which has a detrimental effect on the natural environment and marine ecosystem. A method ejecting a waterjet vertically downward to heavy oil on the water surface was studied, particularly focusing on the effect of the guide nozzle shape. The waterjet comprised heavy oil and minute air bubbles, and passed through the hole of the guide nozzle. Thirteen guide nozzle shapes were tested and compared. The dispersion efficiency of a tapered hole was the best among the 13 nozzles. The flow in the hole of the guide nozzles was recorded by a high-speed video camera. The occurrence of two flows, regular and counter flows, was observed in the taper guide nozzle. It seemed that the counter flows generated the shearing force between the waterjet and the heavy oil layer. It is considered that the shearing force determines the ...

2009-01-01

359

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Waste cooking oil can be recovered and processed into animal feed additives after purification. Unfortunately, the traditional purification processes are insufficient for the removal of the harmful compounds formed during frying, mainly about malondialdehyde and other 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. In the present paper, firstly, a simple and reliable HPLC method was developed to measure the content of malondialdehyde in purified waste cooking oil. The detection limit and the standard recovery of the analysis method are 1.20x10-5gl-1 and 96.5-99.2%, respectively, which is accurate and valid enough for the detection of malondialdehyde in waste cooking oil. Furthermore, the removal of malondialdehyde and other 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances from waste cooking oil was in...

2011-01-01

360

Application of bio-huff-`n`-puff technology at Jilin oil field

Field performance of a premium heating oil

An enriched culture 48, capable of adapting to the reservoir conditions and fermenting molasses to produce gas and acid, was used as an inoculum for bio- huff-`n`-puff tests at Fuyu oil area of Jilin oil field. The production well was injected with water containing 4-6% (v/v) molasses and inoculum, and then shut in. After 15-21 days, the well was placed back in operation. A total of 44 wells were treated, of which only two wells showed no effects. The daily oil production of treated wells increased by 33.3-733.3%. Up to the end of 1994, the oil production was increased by 204 tons per well on average. Results obtained from various types of production wells were discussed.

1995-12-31

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

361

Evaluation of western and eastern shale oil residua as asphalt pavement recycling agents

As part of our ongoing research to provide quality improvements to heating oil, Mobil Oil together with Santa Fuel, Inc., conducted a field trial to investigate the performance of a new premium heating oil. This premium heating oil contains an additive system designed to minimize sludge related problems in the fuel delivery system of residential home heating systems. The additive used was similar to others reported at this and earlier BNL conferences, but was further developed to enhance its performance in oil heat systems. The premium heating oil was bulk additized and delivered to a subset of the customer base. Fuel related, unscheduled service calls were monitored in this test area, as well as in a similar baseline area that did not receive the premium heating oil. Overall, the premium fuel provided a 45% reduction in the occurrence of ...

1996-07-01

362

Design concepts and preliminary economics for coal/oil shale combustion retort systems

The objective of this investigation was to perform a preliminary evaluation of the utility of residual materials prepared from Green River Formation (western) and New Albany Shale (eastern) shale oils as recycling agents for aged asphalt pavement. Four petroleum asphalts were first aged by a thin-film accelerated-aging test, which simulates long service life of asphalt in pavement. The aged asphalts were mixed (recycled) with Green River Formation shale oil distillation residua to restore the original viscosities. Separately, for comparison, a commercial recycling agent was used to recycle the aged asphalts under the same circumstances. The recycled asphalts were reaged and the properties of both binder and asphalt-aggregate mixtures studied. Originally, the same study was intended for an eastern shale residua. However, the eastern shale oil distillation residua with the required flash point specification also had the ...

1990-03-01

363

White oils for high voltage cables

New Brunswick has appreciable fossil-fuel reserve potential, particularly in oil shales and to a lesser extent in high-sulfur coal. Each of these resources on their own, however, has problems which could restrict their development. To offset these problems it is proposed that coal and oil shale resources can be used together to overcome these difficulties and effect an attractive, economically viable, energy recovery system. One way is o use coal/oil shale blends, rather than the more conventional coal/limestone mixtures, as feed to fluid-bed combustors for steam generation. The sulfur from the coal is fixed on the spent shale, with the shale combustibles contributing to thermal output. Similarly, oil shale can be used in place of limestone as a combustion scrubber medium to clean emissions from existing conventional coal-fired plants. Several scenarios for the co-use of high-sulfur coal and ...

1982-04-04

364

PILC cable technology and accessories

''S-220'' white oil is used currently to impregnate and fill high voltage cables for 110-500 kilovolts; it has high electrical characteristics and meets production and use standards. High pressure and cooling problems, however, require filling cables with lower viscosity oils, while insulation needs still demand high viscosity. The authors developed a new white oil similar to S-220 using a neutral oil made in producing sulfonate additives. The process involved vacuum distillation, low-temperature paraffination, sulfation with oleum, neutralizing with ammonium hydroxide and simultaneous extraction of sulfo-salts and contact purification. The lowest content of aromatic hydrocarbons was sought. Dielectric qualities varied with viscosity. Satisfactory thermooxidational capability was found at 50/sup 0/C with an oil of no less than 50 mm/sup 2//sec ...

1982-10-01

365

Oil shale, tar sand, coal research, advanced exploratory process technology jointly sponsored research

Studies were conducted to examine the pressure on fluid-filled cables of electric power transmission networks in the event of an oil leak. Transition splices between paper-insulated oil-impregnated cable systems (PILC) and solid dielectric cable is difficult to perform. A proper PILC is composed of a means to contain oil within the cable structure and to keep moisture out. A failure of the cable joint could occur if an oil leak dries out the paper. Since oil pressure in most PILC cables is high, strong mechanical means must be devised to contain the oil within the cable. Resin systems, heat shrink systems and wiped lead sleeves to reseal the PILC cable over the splice, are among the methods used to stop an oil leak. A system has been designed using an EPDM tube contained under mechanical pressure; it has proven to be effective over a wide ...

1996-08-01

366

Oil shale resonances of the Green River formation in the northeastern part of the Green River Basin, Wyoming

Accomplishments for the quarter are presented for the following areas of research: oil shale, tar sand, coal, advanced exploratory process technology, and jointly sponsored research. Oil shale research includes; oil shale process studies, environmental base studies for oil shale, and miscellaneous basic concept studies. Tar sand research covers process development. Coal research includes; underground coal gasification, coal combustion, integrated coal processing concepts, and solid waste management. Advanced exploratory process technology includes; advanced process concepts, advanced mitigation concepts, and oil and gas technology. Jointly sponsored research includes: organic and inorganic hazardous waste stabilization; development and validation of a standard test method for sequential batch extraction fluid; operation and evaluation of the CO[sub 2] HUFF-N-PUFF Process; fly ash ...

1992-01-01

367

Oil shale resource data are provided for a 1300-square mile area around Farson, Wyoming. The data were derived from analyses of samples from 14 core holes drilled by the US Bureau of Mines and the Department of Energy, plus 4 core holes drilled by private companies. Fischer assay oil yield data for nine stratigraphic resource units are tabulated, correlated, and contoured to provide an assessment of shale oil potential in the area. Oil shale resources in the northeastern part of the Green River Basin occur in the Laney Member and the upper part of the Wilkins Peak Member of the Eocene Green River Formation. A total in-place shale oil resource of 137 billion barrels was calculated for the area. Four stratigraphic resource units have average oil yields of 12 to 20+ gallons per ton within the area of investigation, and in some parts a section up to 275 feet thick ...

1988-03-01

368

Oil shale program plan

Computer modeling of oil spill trajectories with a high accuracy method

The Oil Shale Program is directed toward the development of advanced technologies for extracting shale oil from large, currently unrecoverable oil shale resources. The overall goal of the Oil Shale Program is to foster development by the private sector of an economically competitive and environmentally acceptable oil shale industry whose products can compete with natural petroleum liquids in the marketplace by the year 2000. For the achievement of this goal, a series of interrelated technology development steps must take place, some sponsored by DOE, some by other government agencies, and some by other governments and/or the private sector. These include basic and applied research and development, proof-of-concept activities, first-of-a-kind field tests, and associated commercial scale activity. Activities associated with the Oil Shale Program are designed to ...

1986-03-01

369

Chemical modification of soybean oil for lubricant

This paper proposes a high accuracy numerical method to model oil spill trajectories using a particle-tracking algorithm. The Euler method, used to calculate oil trajectories, can give adequate solutions in most open ocean applications. However, this method may not predict accurate particle trajectories in certain highly non-uniform velocity fields near coastal zones or in river problems. Simple numerical experiments show that the Euler method may also introduce artificial numerical dispersion that could lead to overestimation of spill areas. This article proposes a fourth-order Runge-Kutta method with fourth-order velocity interpolation to calculate oil trajectories that minimise these problems. The algorithm is implemented in the OilTrack model to predict oil trajectories following the 'Nissos Amorgos' oil spill accident that occurred in the ...

1999-07-01

370

Physicochemical characterization and thermal behavior of guanabana (Annona muricata) seed almond oil; Caracterizacion fisicoquimica y comportamiento termico del aceite de almendra de guanabana (Annona muricata, L)

This paper presents a series of structural modifications of soybean oils for lubricant. The reaction was monitored and products were confirmed by NMR and FTIR. The structural modification is carried out in four stages, (1) synthesis of soybean oil isooctyl ester from soybean oil; (2) synthesis of epoxy-soybean oil isooctyl ester from soybean oil isooctyl ester; (3) synthesis of hydroxylated products from epoxy soybean oil isooctyl ester with fatty acid; (4) esterification of the hydroxylated product with anhydride. Rheological behaviour of the products was measured. Pour points of the products (3) were observed as low as -24 C (lauric acid) and -15 C (isooctanoic acid) respectively. When the hydroxyl groups in the products were esterified with and acid anhydride, the pour points were became higher, which were -21 C (lauric acid) and -6 C (isooctanoic acid) ...

2008-07-01

371

Energy from Eastern oil shales: an overview of research status

In this work some physicochemical properties and the thermal behavior and stability of sour sop or guanabana (Annona muricata) seed almond oil were studied by means of chemical, DSC and TG analysis. The results showed that the almond has 2.5% ash, 17.9% crude fiber, 15.7% protein, 26.0% de carbohydrates and 37.7% oil (dry base). The composition of almond oil showed 68.5% unsaturated fatty acids, mainly oleic and linoleic, and some palmitoleic acids, and 31.5% saturated, principally palmitic and stearic fatty acids; refraction index was 1.468 and saponification and iodine value were 168.2 and 87.0, respectively. DSC thermal analysis showed that oil crystallization initiates at -4.5 degree centigrade and ends at -79.0 degree centigrade with a crystallization enthalpy of 48.2 J/g; the oil melts in a temperature range from -42.4 to -16.9 degree centigrade, with a maximum peak at -15 ...

2010-07-01

372

Improvement of agricultural economics through integration of small scale heat and power production with non-food value-added products. Final report

The oil shales of the Eastern United States represent a very large energy resource that also lies close to the marketplace. Although estimates vary, one estimate shows that more than 400 billion barrels of oil are recoverable from surface-mineable Devonian oil shales in the states of Alabama, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, and Tennessee. Conventional thermal retorting of Eastern and Western oil shales with comparable organic carbon contents results in a much lower oil yield for the Eastern shales. This discouraged research and development of this energy resource, until about ten years ago, when the Institute of Gas Technology discovered that retorting Eastern oil shales in a hydrogen-rich atmosphere at elevated pressures gives oil yields that are 2.5 times those possible by thermal retorting. Over the last ten years many research, ...

1985-01-01

373

The preparation of neem oil microemulsion (Azadirachta indica) and the comparison of acaricidal time between neem oil microemulsion and other formulations in vitro

The primary objective of the work was to establish and verify cost and performance parameters for integrated concepts in which agricultural and other biomass derived pyrolysis oils are utilised as fuel for small scale heat and power production. Production of non-food value-added products was also considered. The cost and performance studies were carried out in Spain, Denmark, and Finland, using olive oil farming residues, straw, and rapeseed oil pressing residues and straw as fuels for pyrolysis, respectively. Use of forest residue wood fuel was also considered in the Finnish vase. A rather wide selection of biomasses was therefore studied within the project. The secondary objective was to generate experimental data to verify and support the critical features within these concepts. Experimental work, modelling, and techno-economic assessments were carried out within the project. The experimental part included: Determination ...

1997-07-01

374

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The preparation of neem oil microemulsion and its acaricidal activity in vitro was developed in this study. In these systems, the mixture of Tween-80 and the sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) (4:1, by weight) was used as compound surfactant; the mixture of compound surfactant and hexyl alcohol (4:1, by weight) was used as emulsifier system; the mixture of neem oil, emulsifier system and water (1:3.5:5.5, by weight) was used as neem oil microemulsion. All the mixtures were stired in 800rpm for 15min at 40^oC. The acaricidal activity was measured by the speed of kill. The whole lethal time value of 10% neem oil microemulsion was 192.50min against Sarcoptes scabiei var. cuniculi larvae in vitro. The median lethal time value was 81.7463min with the toxicity regression equations of Y=-6.0...

2010-01-01

375

Survey design, statistical analysis, and basis for statistical inferences in coastal habitat injury assessment: Exxon Valdez oil spill

Renewable natural fats and their derivatives as source of fuels. 1. Physical properties of vegetable oil and farm engines diesel fuel mixtures

The objective of the Coastal Habitat Injury Assessment study was to document and quantify injury to biota of the shallow subtidal, intertidal, and supratidal zones throughout the shoreline affected by oil or cleanup activity associated with the Exxon Valdez oil spill. The results of these studies were to be used to support the Trustee`s Type B Natural Resource Damage Assessment under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA). A probability based stratified random sample of shoreline segments was selected with probability proportional to size from each of 15 strata (5 habitat types crossed with 3 levels of potential oil impact) based on those data available in July, 1989. Three study regions were used: Prince William Sound, Cook Inlet/Kenai Peninsula, and Kodiak/Alaska Peninsula. A Geographic Information System was utilized to combine oiling and habitat ...

1995-12-31

376

Quality characteristics of Dutch-style fermented sausages manufactured with partial replacement of pork back-fat with pure, pre-emulsified or encapsulated fish oil

The characteristics of diesel fuel jet atomization in carburetors depend on dynamic viscosity (v) density (d) and surface tension (st) of fuel, grouped in the combined functions v/d; st/v and st/d. Values of these combined functions for binary mixtures of a farm diesel fuel with a crude vegetable oil (sunflower, soybean, cotton and foot-cake olive oils) as well as with a used frying olive oil, are calculated. Three different diesel fuels have been studied. Combined function values of these mixtures are influenced by the characteristics of their diesel fuel. Mixtures containing less than 24% of any studied crude oils show kinematic viscosity values at 40 degrees C not exceeding 5.8 squared millimeters/s. This value is the higher limit for typical United States farm diesel fuels, according to specifications of the Cummins Engine Company. Mixture with 21% of the used frying olive oil ...

1985-09-01

377

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Dutch-style fermented sausages were manufactured with 15% and 30% pork back-fat substitution by pure or commercial encapsulated fish oil, either added as such or as pre-emulsified mixture with soy protein isolate. Adding commercial encapsulated fish oil was the most important factor influencing the chemical composition. The fat content was not significantly different between products (p>0.05). The n-6/n-3 ratio decreased from 8.49 in controls to 0.90-2.47 in modified products. Lipid oxidation parameters (propanal and hexanal) showed much higher values for sausages with pure fish oil than for products with encapsulated oil. For the latter, lipid oxidation was similar to controls. Products with encapsulated or pre-emulsified oil were significantly firmer than products from other treatments i...

2012-01-01

378

Project reveals CO/sub 2/ confinement problems

Proceedings of the 1996 oil heat technology conference and workshop

The results of the liquid CO/sub 2/ injection pilots in the Granny's Creek field permit the following findings and conclusions: The pilots demonstrated that CO/sub 2/ can be used for tertiary recovery, and it will displace oil and form a high oil-cut bank in a watered-out reservoir. Oil production response in every case was almost immediate; and after CO/sub 2/ injection was stopped and water injection was started, the oil production declined rapidly over a period of 2-3 months to very low rates. Confinement of CO/sub 2/ to the pilot area was the principal problem. CO/sub 2/ spread rapidly to virtually all of the southern part of the reservoir of about 350 acres. Except for weather, there were practically no operational problems. Corrosion from the CO/sub 2/ was not observed. Pilot results did not demonstrate economic feasibility. The ratio of CO/sub 2/ to additional oil of ...

1983-01-24

379

Proceedings of the 1995 oil heat technology conference and workshop

This Conference is a key technology transfer activity supported by the ongoing Combustion Equipment Technology (Oil-Heat R and D) program at BNL, and is aimed at providing a forum for the exchange of information among international researchers, engineers, manufacturers, and marketers of oil-fired space-conditioning equipment. The objectives of the Conference were to: identify and evaluate the state-of-the-art and recommend new initiatives for higher efficiency, a cleaner environment, and to satisfy consumer needs cost-effectively, reliably, and safely; and foster cooperation among federal and industrial representatives with the common goal of sustained national economic growth and energy security via energy conservation. The 1996 Oil Technology Conference comprised: (a) fourteen technical papers, and (b) four workshops which focused on mainstream issues in oil-heating technology, namely: oilheat ...

1996-07-01

380

Pot-type catalyst carrier and manufacturing method

This report documents the Proceedings of the 1995 Oil Heat Technology Conference and Workshop, held on March 22-23 at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy - Office of Building Technologies (DOE-OBT), in cooperation with the Petroleum Marketers Association of America. This Conference, which was the ninth held since 1984, is a key technology transfer activity supported by the ongoing Combustion Equipment Technology (Oil-Heat R&D) program at BNL, and is aimed at providing a forum for the exchange of information among international researchers, engineers, manufacturers, and marketers of oil-fired space-conditioning equipment. The objectives of the Conference were to: (1) Identify and evaluate the state-of-the-art and recommend new initiatives for higher efficiency, a cleaner environment, and to satisfy consumer needs cost-effectively, reliably, and safely; (2) Foster ...

1995-04-01

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

381

Oil coastal tanker maintenance and availability

This invention relates with a pot-type catalyst carrier which excels as a catalyst carrier when such heavy oils as ordinary pressure distillation residue, oil sand oil, and shale oil are decomposed or treated by hydrogenation. The conventional pot-type carrier is produced by dropping a small drop of a slurry (containing a catalyst component) onto a particle bed and drying it. But the demerit is a large particle size and less catalyst activity or strength. In this invention, a mixture of such carrier components as allophane, red mud, bauxite and latellite, etc.. 60 - 80 weight parts. and a binder 20 - 40 weight parts is added with water to form a slurry of 10 - 30 weight% solid concentration. Slurry is wet-crushed to make the average particle size 0.6 - 2.0 micron, then spray-dried and burned to obtain a pot-type catalyst carrier with average particle size 30 - 200 micron and abrasion index below 10. ...

1988-02-25

382

Oil Spill Contingency and Response (OSCAR) analysis in support of environmental impact assessment offshore Namibia

ANCAP (Government's Oil Company of Uruguay) owns a 4000 DWT oil coastal tanker which is mainly used for oil transport in the River Plate, Uruguay and Parana rivers. Availability of the ship is critical because of shortage of available vessels in the region. Full maximum draught of the vessel is 4m , so it can navigate in very shallow waters as it is the case of some places in the Uruguay and Parana rivers. Although the ship was built in 1979, it is a complete double hull, powered by two twin main engines and propellers. Since 1994, several changes in maintenance management have been introduced, in order to increase the availability, thus increasing the total oil volume yearly transported. These changes affected several maintenance items and they also included a modification in the design of part of the cargo tank floors of the ship. As a result of these changes, an increase of 60% of the ...

2008-07-01

383

Exploitation of deposits of bitumens and oil shales. Ekspluatatsiya mestorozhdenii bitumov i goryuchikh slantsev

The work reported here encompasses analyses of specific potential spill scenarios for oil exploration activity planned offshore of Namibia. The analyses are carried out with the SINTEF Oil Spill Contingency and Response (OSCAR) 3-dimensional model systems. A spill scenario using 150 m{sup 3} of marine diesel demonstrates the rapidity with which such a spill will dissipate naturally, even in light winds. Vertical and horizontal mixing bring subsurface hydrocarbon concentrations to background levels within a few days. A hypothetical 10 day blowout scenario releasing 11,000 bbl per day of light crude oil is investigated in terms of the potential for delivering oil to selected bird and marine mammal areas along the Namibian coast. Worst case scenarios are selected to investigate the potential mitigating effects of planned oil spill response actions. Mechanical recovery significantly ...

1999-07-01

384

Effect of natural rubber processing sludge on the degradation of crude oil hydrocarbons in soil

A definition is given for the basic national economic task of developing the recovery of hydrocarbons from bitumen-containing rock and oil shales, and a description is given of the status of the mineral-raw material base. General concepts are given on bitumens and oil shale. Their elemental and group compositions are cited in detail, and a determination is made of the position they occupy in the total system of fossil fuels. An examination is made of data on the distribution and state of bitumen and oil shale resources, and a description is given of their principal deposits. An evaluation is made of gained experience and the potential of existing methods of working bituminous rock and oil shale deposits that include the use of available and utilized method of land-based, underground, and instrastratal extraction of petroleum from those deposits. A presentation is made of the technical-economic aspects ...

1980-01-01

385

DEVELOPMENT OF SHALLOW VISCOUS OIL RESERVES IN NORTH SLOPE

Crude oil-polluted soil (five parts of weathered crude oil per 100 parts of soil; equivalent to 50,000 mg oil kg{sup -}1 soil) samples were slurried in deionised water (300% of the water retention capacity of the soil) and treated with various amounts of natural-rubber processing sludge (nitrogen content 62.15 mgkg{sup -1} and phosphorus contents 8.75 mgkg{sup -1}) in a well-stirred, continuously-aerated tank at 29{sup o}C. Changes in the total hydrocarbon content of the soil sample were determined, using a spectrophotometric technique, as a function of time. The extent of crude oil degradation was markedly higher (by up to 100%) in the sludge-treated soil than in the untreated soil sample. The efficiency of biodegradation of the crude oil hydrocarbons using the slurry-phase technique was compared with that of solid-phase technique. (author)

2002-03-01

386

Wetland treatment of oil and gas well wastewaters. Quarterly technical report, May 25, 1992---August 24, 1992

North Slope of Alaska has huge oil deposits in heavy oil reservoirs such as Ugnu, West Sak and Shrader Bluff etc. The viscosity of the last two reservoir oils vary from {approx}30 cp to {approx}3000 cp and the amount in the range of 10-20 billion barrels. High oil viscosity and low formation strength impose problems to high recovery and well productivity. Water-alternate-gas injection processes can be effective for the lower viscosity end of these deposits in West Sak and Shrader Bluff. Several gas streams are available in the North Slope containing NGL and CO{sub 2} (a greenhouse gas). The goal of this research is to develop tools to find optimum solvent, injection schedule and well-architecture for a WAG process in North Slope shallow sand viscous oil reservoirs. In the last quarter, we have developed streamline generation and convection subroutines for miscible gas injection. The ...

2003-07-01

387

Stacking the Deck: Idling and Reactivation of Capacity in Offshore Drilling

The purpose of this study is to extend the knowledge base for wetland treatment to include processes and substances of particular importance to small, on-site systems receiving oil and gas well waste water. Collection of data on the sorption of heavy metals and the degradation of toxic organics is one of the key tasks. The toxic organics phenolics and anthracene, and chromium and copper have been selected as target adsorbates. An information search was performed on oil refinery waste treatment wetland systems.

1995-11-01

388

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Independent drilling contractors own all offshore drilling rigs, which they lease to oil and gas companies for use in their pursuit of their exploration and development plans. Oil and gas companies' demand for these rigs can vary quickly and dramatically in response to changes in the world market for oil and natural gas. As a result, drilling contractors often try to manage excess capacity by idling rigs (known in the industry as "stacking" a rig), reactivating them when demand recovers. This paper examines these decisions over the course of a price cycle in 1998-2000 to investigate the role of firm and rig heterogeneity in determining drillers' decisions about idling and reactivating capacity.

2008-01-01

389

Quantitation of fatty acids by GLC and separation of omega-6 nutraceutical fatty acid from carthamus tinctorius L. seed oil cultivated in Pakistan

Oil Regime Change in Iraq. Possible Strategic Implications for OPEC

The GLC analysis of carthamus tinctorius (safflower) yielded average hexane extracted oil content of 28% (25-30%); the oil contained high level of linoleic acid (74%). Monounsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid amounted 12.94%, while the saturated fatty acids like palmitic acid and stearic acid were 9.43 and 1.81%, respectively. Iodine value of linoleic acid was found to be 160:1 while its purity was 93.1%. (author)

2008-01-01

390

National Oil Shale Leasing Act of 1981. [Report submitted by Sen. McClure to accompany S. 1484

The potential strategic impact of regime change in Iraq and Iran on OPEC in the long-run is explored. In the first part of the paper short overviews are given of the present international oil market; of US oil import issues and energy policy; of the strategic position of the US in the Persian Gulf and of geopolitical developments in the Persian Gulf at large. Also, attention is paid to the OPEC and the role of a 'new' Iraq. In the second part the game of 'boxed pigs' is used to explore the possible strategic impact of regime change in Iraq and possible regime change in Iran on OPEC. This exploration takes place within four possible futures for the Gulf.

2006-06-15

391

Micellar slug for oil recovery

S. 1484 is intended to change the oil-shale-leasing provisions of the Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 to encourage development of oil-shale resources on federal and non-federal lands. It authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to lease land for mining and additional land for waste-disposal and construction facilities. The text of S. 1484 is followed by the background and legislative history of the bill, a section-by-section analysis of the bill, and an evaluation of its budgetary and regulatory impacts. Pertinent communications are reprinted with recommendations and additional views. (DCK)

1981-01-01

392

Dialysis kinetics of motor oil additives

A micellar slug for use in the recovery of oil is described, the slug containing a hydrocarbon, an aqueous medium, a surfactant, and a cosurfactant. The surfactant contains as an essential component an alpha-olefin sulfonate having 10 to 26 carbon atoms and containing 0.1% to 15% by weight by weight of a disulfonate. This micellar slug has an excellent salinity tolerance and hard-water resistance. Furthermore, the micellar slugs of the present invention are capable of forming micro-emulsions having a sufficiently low interfacial tension and, therefore, can improve oil recovery efficiency.

1985-08-27

393

Checking the condion of 500 kV cable lines by chromatographic analysis of gases dissolved in oil

Studies dialysis kinetics of zinc dialkyldithiophosphates, detergent-dispersing agents, alkyl-phenols and base oils. It was established that diffusion kinetics of oil hydrocarbons through membrane of individual compounds and narrow fractions is described by Brinzinger's formula, which is identical to the kinetic reaction formula of the 1st order. It was shown that dialysis can be utilized to determine the content of the ''active substance'' only in sulphonate and alkylsalycilate additives. Increasing temperature from 20 to 40/sup 0/ results in an increased dialysis constant for all studied products by 1.4-1.9 times.

1982-01-01

394

Characterization of Mixed Wettability at Different Scales and its Impact on Oil Recovery Efficiency

A chromatographic technique is described for checking the condition of cable insulation by analyzing cable oil for the gases that are typical of defects in power transformers: carbon dioxide, acetylene, methane and ethylene. This technique was successfully used for predicting breakdown of insulation on KL-2 cable at one of the hydroelectric plants of Kirgizglavenergo power grid 1.5 months in advance. The presence of the above-mentioned gases in cable oil can provide a signal for monitoring the state of cable insulation. Further research is needed in addition to more operational experience to work out criteria for objective evaluation of the state of cable lines.

1980-03-01

395

Catalytic hydrogenation of anthracene oil with red mud

The objectives of this project was to: (1) quantify the pore scale mechanisms that determine the wettability state of a reservoir, (2) study the effect of crude oil, brine and mineral compositions in the establishment of mixed wet states, (3) clarify the effect of mixed - wettability on oil displacement efficiency in waterfloods, (4) develop a new tracer technique to measure wettability, fluid distributions, residual saturation's and relative permeabilities, and (5) develop methods for properly incorporating wettability in up-scaling from pore to core to reservoir scales.

2002-01-28

396

Back-up for high voltage cable pressurizing system

Red mud, and red mud activated by dissolution in hydrochloric acid and reprecipitation with ammonia, were tested as catalysts for the hydrogenation of an anthracene oil in a trickle-bed reactor. Conversion data were determined for the different polyaromatic compounds in the anthracene oil. Red mud shows appreciable catalytic activity, which is enhanced by the activation. Although both red mud and activated red mud are less active than a commercial Ni-Mo/[gamma]-alumina hydrotreating catalyst, the difference in activity is smaller when conversion to hydroaromatics instead of total conversion of reactants is considered. 20 refs., 8 figs., 3 tabs.

1994-05-01

397

Anaerobic digestion of orange peel

A back-up system is provided for a pumping plant or a pressure reservoir system used to maintain insulating oil under pressure in high voltage submarine power cables which includes a gas driven membrane pump to insure a small outflow of oil at a rupture point in the power cable to prevent water from penetrating the cable. The proper operation of the membrane pump is insured by introducing degasified oil at the drive side of the pump during the stand-by and test modes of operation of the back-up system. 11 drawings.

1982-07-19

398

An assessment of the effects on seabirds of a possible oil exploration at the shelf outside Central Norway out to 1"o East

Anaerobic digestions fed with waste orange peels are stable at loading rates up to 3.5 kg total solids (TS)/cubic m.d if the amount of peel oil introduced into the digestion is less than 0.075 g/L digestion liquor per day. The yield of gas (50-55% methane) is 0.5 cubic m/kg of TS; conversion of solids to gas approaches 100%. Oil content of peels can be reduced to non-toxic levels using commercial oil recovery equipment. Presence of aromatic acids in digestion liquors cannot serve as an indication of toxicity or overloading.

1984-03-01

399

This report gives the results of an assessment of the effects on seabirds of possible petroleum exploration at the shelf outside Central-Norway out to 1"o East. By combining oil spill simulations with the valued ecosystem components, i.e. seabirds, their distribution, and their vulnerability indexes, the relative index values for the direct effects of oil spills were calculated. For the purpose, the analysis system SIMPACT was used. On the basis of these results and other relevant considerations, recommendations for limiting a possible drilling activity are given. 85 refs., 49 figs., 9 tabs.

2002-09-01

400

UK coal liquefaction

Tony Curtis obituary | Film | The Guardian

The National Coal Board is investigating two routes for production of oils: liquid solvent extraction and supercritical gas extraction. Both these processes are considered ready for major development to plants of the 1 t/h scale.

1980-06-01

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

401

The first hydrogen power plant in the world[British petroleum industry]; Verdens foerste hydrogenkraftanlegg

... Second, in drag as a member of the all-girl band which provides his camouflage. And last as a fake oil millionaire - out to seduce Marilyn - played as a wonderful homage to Cary Grant. \\

402

Tankers help to exploit oil from far-off fields

The article presents briefly the plans of the British Petroleum Oil Company for a new hydrogen power plant that includes an offshore platform in the North Sea.

2005-07-01

403

Short-term toxicological evaluation of Terminalia catappa, Pentaclethra macrophylla and Calophyllum inophyllum seed oils in rats

The discovery of large reserves of oil has resulted in a proliferation of drilling and production platforms in the North Sea, and other offshore areas around the UK will probably be developed. The exploitation of marginal oil fields, particularly in those developing countries which have only limited energy resources, has been made possible by the development of a floating production, storage and offloading (f.p.s.o.) unit consisting of a large tonnage oil tanker converted for the purpose and moored. The increased electrical power demands imposed by the addition of process plant, extra accommodation, and so on, usually necessitate additions to onboard generation and distribution systems, which must of course be integrated with the existing equipment.

1982-04-30

404

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the toxicological effects of feeding the oils of Calophyllum inophyllum, Pentaclethra macrophylla and Terminalia catappa to rats. The effects on physical appearance, feed intake, weight gain, plasma and tissue cholesterol and triacyglycerol levels in rats with 5% of the oils in normal rat feed were determined. Weekly monitoring of the rats showed good physical appearance and steady weight gain, with no mortality recorded for the period of the study. Haematological analysis of the rats indicated that they were not anaemic. Histopathotogical examination of the sections of the heart, liver, kidney and spleen revealed moderate (T. catappa oil) to severe fatty change and necrosis in the liver. Glomerulonephrotic changes in the kidneys of rats fed with T...

2008-01-01

405

Shale oil value enhancement research. Quarterly report, October 1, 1993--December 31, 1993

Results of inspection tests of turbodrill with oil-filled reducer insert rm-195

The first year of this effort was focussed on the following broad objectives: (1) Analyze the molecular types present in shale oil (as a function of molecular weight distribution); (2) Determine the behavior of these molecular types in liquid-liquid extraction; (3) Develop the analytical tools needed to systematize the process development; (4) Survey the markets to assure that these have high value uses for the types found in shale oil; (5) Explore selective process means for extracting/converting shale oil components into concentrates of potentially marketable components; (6) Compile overview of the venture development strategy and begin implementation of that strategy. Each of these tasks has been completed in sufficient detail that we can now focus on filling in the knowledge gaps evident from the overview.

1997-05-01

406

Report on definitional mission: Hungary gas-fired power plants. Export trade information

An industrial design of turbodrill with oil-filled gear reducer has been made and has passed comprehensive field tests. In its energy characteristics, durability and operating properties, it is acceptable for broad introduction into drilling practice. In all regions of drilling, the use of the reducer increases the drilling per drill bit, and with sufficient depth, the run velocity of drilling. In certain regions (for example, West Siberia) it is possible to increase the mechanical velocity by high torque at the reducer outlet. The inter-repair service life of the oil-filled reducers for West Siberia and Tatariya exceeds on the average 100 hours. For wells with high face temperatures (over 1502)C) it reaches 42.6 hours. Further increase in the service life is associated with an increase in the thermoresistance, primarily, of the lubricator assembly. The design of the oil-filled reducer makes it possible to repair it in the ...

1981-01-01

407

Plastic wastes, lube oils and carbochemical products as secondary feedstocks for blast-furnace coke production

The U.S. Trade and Development Program (TDP) had received a request from the Hungarian Electricity Board (MVMT) for assistance in support of a feasibility study program to: (1) install new generation capability based on gas/oil fired combined cycle power plants, and (2) retrofit/refurbish a number of aging coal and oil fired steam plants. A Definitional Mission (DM) recommends that TDP fund the requested feasibility studies for new gas/oil fired combined cycle capabilities discussed in the Terms of Reference (TOR). Hungary will need to install significant new power capacity between now and the end of the century. Gas/oil fired combined cycle plants present probably the only option to install capacity rapidly. There is an opportunity for U.S. firms to supply technology and services with respect to these advanced power generation technologies.

1991-02-28

408

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Two plastic wastes (polyolefin-enriched and multicomponent), two lube oils (paraffinic and synthetic) and one coal-tar were assessed as individual and combined additives to coal blends for the production of blast furnace coke. The effects of adding 2wt.% of these additives or their mixtures (50:50 w/w) on the coking capacity of coal, coking pressure and coke quality parameters were investigated. It was found that the two plastic wastes reduce fluidity, whereas the addition of oils and tar helps to partially restore the fluidity of the coal-plastic blend. From the co-carbonization of the coking blend with the different wastes in a movable wall oven of over 15kg capacity, it was deduced that polyolefins have a detrimental effect on coking pressure. The addition of oils and tar to the coal-pl...

2011-01-01

409

Oil-filled cable surveillance system using newly developed optical fiber gas sensor

A new surveillance system for Oil-Filled cable, which can provide continuous monitoring, using a newly developed optical gas sensor that can detect the concentration of the gas dissolved in the oil with extremely high sensitivity has been developed. It was proved that the degree of deterioration of the insulating oil can be detected by measuring C{sub 2}H{sub 2} and CH{sub 4} by investigating the relation between the degree of deterioration and amount of combustible gas generated. In order to detect extremely small amounts of gas, a new gas detecting method using absorption line of the gas using a frequency modulated technique has been developed. The gas detection ability was also confirmed by examination using a 66 kV of cable and the possibility of detection at an early stage is expected.

1996-04-01

410

Oil shale perspectives

Observations and results of the recovery of bitumen and heavy oil by enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods in the USSR

The worldwide oil shale resources are extremely large. As an example, the calculated recoverable oil from just the Green River Formation in the tri-state area of Colorado-Utah-Wyoming is as large as the estimated ultimate total conventional oil production from the entire world. In addition there are significant resources in other parts of the USA and in other countries. Despite the great potential, the peace of western oil shale development took a general downturn in 1982 because of a combination of factors led by an uncertainty concerning short to intermediate term pricing for crude oil, a lesser demand for petroleum products, and increased projected costs for development. An example is Exxon's announcement that the Exxon/TOSCO multi-billion dollar project would be discontinued and most of its support equipment sold. In the eastern part of the country, Paraho decided not ...

1983-03-01

411

N79-27658 Potential for Cogeneration of Heat and Electricity in ...

In August 1989, representatives from the Alberta Oil Sands Technology and Research Authority (AOSTRA) were the guests of the USSR Interbranch Scientific Technological Complex, Oil Recovery Institute (MNTK) in an extensive visit to heavy oil and gas fields and to various research institutes. Observations made during this tour concerning developments in the USSR heavy oil/bitumen industry, enhanced oil recovery, research programs, proposals for joint ventures, and technological developments are reported. It is noted that oil production in the USSR seems to have peaked and is in a state of decline, indicating the vital importance of enhanced recovery projects in reversing this trend. The areas visited included the Yarega field, where underground thermal recovery methods are used; the Sakhalin Island area, where successful thermal methods are used and where the ...

1990-01-01

412

Model for saving: Integration of functions lowers energy cost in oil-injected screw compressors; Sparmodell: Integration von Funktionen senkt Energiekosten bei oeleingespritzten Schraubenkompressoren

nances, an iron ore sintering plant, and several fuel oil boilers.***. The use of undemonstrated technology presents problems for evaluatingi ...

413

Jatropha Toxicity—A Review

No abstract prepared.

2005-06-27

414

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Jatropha is a nonedible oil seed plant belonging to Euphorbiaceae family. Global awareness of sustainable and alternative energy resources has propelled research on Jatropha oil as a feedstock for biodiesel production. During the past two decades, several cultivation projects were undertaken to produce Jatropha oil. In future, the increased cultivation of toxic Jatropha plants and utilization of its agro-industrial by-products may raise the frequency of contact with humans, animals, and other organisms. An attempt was thus made to present known information on toxicity of Jatropha plants. The toxicity of Jatropha plant extracts from fruit, seed, oil, roots, latex, bark, and leaf to a number of species, from microorganisms to higher animals, is well established. Broadly, these extracts posse...

2010-01-01

415

Innovative production system goes in off Ivory Coast

High oleic acid sun flower oil as raw material for the Oleochemistry; Hochoelsaeurehaltiges Sonnenblumenoel als Rohstoff fuer die Oleochemie

The phased field development of the Lion and Panthere fields, offshore the Ivory Coast, includes a small floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) tanker with minimal processing capability as an early oil production system (EPS). For the long-term production scheme, the FPSO will be replaced by a converted jack up mobile offshore production system (MOPS) with full process equipment. The development also includes guyed-caisson well platforms, pipeline export for natural gas to fuel an onshore power plant, and a floating storage and offloading (FSO) tanker for oil export. Pipeline export for oil is a future possibility. This array of innovative strategies and techniques seldom has been brought together in a single project. The paper describes the development plan, early oil, jack up MOPS, and transport and installation.

1995-07-17

416

Hard Corrosion and Radiation-Resistant Coatings

High oleic acid sunflower oils have been commercially available for some years now. Due to their high content of monounsaturated fatty acids these oils have a number of potential applications in the oleochemical industry, especially where technical oleic acids and their derivatives are used. Whereas conventional sunflower oil contains approx. 68% linoleic acid (C{sub 1}8:2), it is now possible through breeding measures to obtain ''new sunflower oils'' (NSb oils) with oleic acid levels of 70-95% oleic acid (C{sub 1}8:1). The oil itself is of interest for technical applications: it is light-coloured, has a neutral odour and is relatively resistant to oxidation. Plant oils, especially those with a low content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, are increasingly gaining interest as ester oils ...

2000-07-01

417

International Science & Technology Center (ISTC)

Hard Nano-Strutural Coatings Resistant to the Extreme Conditions of Chemical, Abrasive and High Energy Media for Thermonuclear Power, Oil and Gas and Chemical Industries

418

Google Crisis Response: Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill - GCMD - NASA

GHG Inventories & Forecasts: National Inventories and Forecasts...

May 13, 2010 ... Abstract: On April 20, 2010, an explosion occurred on the semi-submersible offshore drilling rig Deepwater Horizon in the Gulf of Mexico, ...

419

Fuel conversion apparatus and method

of different transportation fuels (e.g., gasoline, diesel fuel, aviation gasoline, jet fuel, residual fuel oil). Subsequent calculations are performed to estimate the share...

2011-08-26

420

Apparatus and method are described for the vaporization of liquid fuel oils to produce a gaseous mixture suitable for burning in a burner normally designed for operation utilizing natural gas.

1981-11-24

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

421

FR Doc 2010-30296

cellulosic biofuel volumes for consumption as transportation fuel, heating oil, or jet fuel in the U.S. in 2011. We also evaluated the production and import potential for...

2010-12-08

422

FR Doc 2010-24310

Ester-containing halopolyalkylenes

and used to reduce or replace petroleum-based transportation fuel, heating oil or jet fuel). In addition, this rule includes a new regulatory provision establishing a...

2010-09-27

423

Enhancement of Keratinocyte Differentiation by Rose Absolute Oil

This invention relates to polyalkylenes which contain both halogen and ester groups, to the preparation thereof, and to the use thereof as pour depressants for fuel oils. This invention also relates to polyalkylene esters.

1985-11-19

424

Emergencies > Poisoning > Lead Poisoning | Browse EPA Topics...

BackgroundThrough differentiation processes, keratinocytes provide a physical barrier to our bodies and control skin features such as moisturization, wrinkles and pigmentation. Keratinocyte...Full Text Available

2010-08-01

425

Emergencies > Emergency Response > September 11 Response | Browse...

Accidents Accident Preparedness, Accident Prevention, Chemical Accidents, Radiation Accidents Characterization Contingency Plans National Contingency Plan (NCP), Oil Removal...

2011-01-20

426

Emergencies > Emergency Response > Countermeasures | Browse EPA...

Accidents Accident Preparedness, Accident Prevention, Chemical Accidents, Radiation Accidents Characterization Contingency Plans National Contingency Plan (NCP), Oil Removal...

2011-01-20

427

Emergencies > Disasters > Floods | Browse EPA Topics | US EPA

Accidents Accident Preparedness, Accident Prevention, Chemical Accidents, Radiation Accidents Characterization Contingency Plans National Contingency Plan (NCP), Oil Removal...

2011-01-20

428

Effects of the Feeding Mixed Oils with Various Level of n-3 and n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid on the Lipid Components of Liver, Brain, Testis and Kidney in Dietary Hyperlipidemic Rats

Accidents Accident Preparedness, Accident Prevention, Chemical Accidents, Radiation Accidents Characterization Contingency Plans National Contingency Plan (NCP), Oil Removal...

2011-01-20

429

Effects of the Feeding Mixed Oils with Various Level of n-3 and n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid on the Fatty Acid Metabolism of Brain, Heart and Spleen in Dietary Hyperlipidemic Rats

Full Text Available

1993-12-01

430

Effects of Green Tea Seed Oil on the Cholesterol, TBARS and Inflammatory Responses in C57BL/6 Mice Fed High Cholesterol Diet

Full Text Available

1993-12-01

431

Crude oil shocks and stock markets: A panel threshold cointegration approach

Full Text Available

2007-03-01

432

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

This paper proposes a panel threshold cointegration approach to investigate the relationship between crude oil shocks and stock markets for the OECD and non-OECD panel from January 1995 to December 2009. Nonlinear cointegration is confirmed for the oil-stock nexus in the panel. Because threshold cointegration is found, the threshold vector error correction models can be run to investigate the presence of asymmetric dynamic adjustment. The Granger causality tests demonstrate the existence of bidirectional long-run Granger causality between crude oil shocks and stock markets for these OECD and non-OECD countries. However, the short-run Granger causality between them is bidirectional under positive changes in the deviation and unidirectional under negative ones. Moreover, the speed of adjustm...

2011-01-01

433

Characteristics of enriched cultures for bio-huff-`n`-puff tests at Jilin oil field

Canadian R&D on oil-fired combustion systems

Three enriched cultures (48, 15a, and 26a), selected from more than 80 soil and water samples, could grow anaerobically in the presence of crude oil at 30{degrees}C and could ferment molasses to gases and organic acids. Oil recovery by culture 48 in the laboratory model experiment was enhanced by 25.2% over the original reserves and by 53.7% over the residual reserves. Enriched culture 48 was composed of at least 4 species belonging to the genera Eubacterium, Fusobacterium, and Bacteroides. This enriched culture was used as inoculum for MEOR field trials at Jilin oil field with satisfactory results. The importance of the role of these isolates in EOR was confirmed by their presence and behavior in the fluids produced from the microbiologically treated reservoir.

1995-12-31

434

This paper describes research and development presently being conducted on oil-fired space and tap water heating systems by the Advanced Combustion Technology Group, CCRL/ERL/CANMET, in Ottawa, Canada. The presentation will focus on R&D activities at CCRL in support of the Canadian Oil Heat Association (COHA) and of the energy policy initiatives of Natural Resources Canada. Progress will be reported on activities to develop suitable oil-fired integrated systems to satisfy the low energy demands of new homes. The utilization of fuzzy logic-based control heating systems including fan coils for a complete range of old and new North American housing will be discussed. Additional activities to be discussed in the presentation will relate to the development of appropriate seasonal efficiency standards for complex integrated space/water heating systems, as well as an evaluation of alternative sidewall venting technologies and ...

1996-07-01

435

Campylomormyrus christyi

Advanced distillation curve measurement: Application to a bio-derived crude oil prepared from swine manure

... is known from the Lower Congo River basin (Matadi), from Pool Malebo (Stanley Pool) and from the ... Marine transport and oil disposal by boats and Matadi pose threats in the region. When the water ... ...

436

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

We have recently introduced several important improvements in the measurement of distillation curves for complex fluids. This new method is a significant improvement over current approaches, with features including a composition-explicit data channel for each distillate fraction (for both qualitative and quantitative analysis), trace chemical analysis of each distillate fraction, and a corrosivity assessment of each distillate fraction. In the present contribution, we present the application of the advanced distillation curve method to a bio-derived crude oil prepared from swine manure. One motivation behind the work was to precisely measure the distillation curve of the oil derived from swine manure with our advanced distillation apparatus and compare the bio-derived oil to traditional pe...

2008-01-01

437

Ability of alloying additions containing manganese to reduce vanadium corrosion of steels by the products of burning sulfuric fuel oils

Volatile halocarbons as tracers of pulp mill effluent plumes

Russian (Dec 1973). USSR Chmovzh, VE Lipshtejn, RA Zalkind, I.Ya. Dik,

438

Tree and fruit traits of progenies from the cross between (Annona cherimola Mill.??A. squamosa L.)??A. reticulata L. and approaches for the introgression of valuable genes from A. reticulata L.

This work describes the use of volatile halocarbons in a pulp mill effluent, including chloroform, bromodichloromethane, and tri- and tetrachloroethylene, as tracers for the distribution and movements of effluent currents in a receiving water bay (Jackfish Bay) on the northern shore of Lake Superior. The results indicate the simplicity and usefulness of the technique and the significantly improved resolution of effluent plume delineation over the customary use of conductance profiles. Concentration patterns of the effluent volatiles suggest counterclockwise circulation of bay water that mixes with inflowing lake water at the eastern reach of the outer bay. The distribution of volatile contaminants is governed by the thermal regime of the receiving waters. During the summer months, the effluent plume wedges between the thermocline and epilimnion, mixing into the surface waters as the distance from the input source increases. In the fall, the colder effluent plume ...

1994-07-01

439

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Annona reticulata L. possesses many traits desirable in other edible annonas, and hybridization is the simplest means to combine desirable features of related species. In this study, A. reticulata was hybridized with atemoya (A. cherimola Mill.??A. squamosa L.), and 250 trispecies hybrids were studied for 28 traits (12 tree traits and 16 fruit traits) with the objective of salvaging useful genes from the three edible annonas and determining the extent of variation in the progeny. The heterozygous nature of Annona spp. and simultaneous segregation of three distant genomes resulted in a tremendous heterogeneity in the progenies. The fitness of the progenies ranged from very vigorous to very weak, with a wide range of values for tree height (1.75?5.9?m), canopy spread (1.15?5.07?m) and trunk...

2010-01-01

440

Submicron-scale patterns on ferromagnetic-antiferromagnetic Fe/NiO layers by focused ion beam (FIB) milling

Submicron-scale patterns on ferromagnetic-antiferromagnetic Fe/NiO layers by focused ion beam (FIB) milling

With the aim of studying the magnetic properties of reduced-dimensionality magnetic systems we have patterned 250 nm- and 500 nm-size square elements on Fe/NiO layers by 30 keV Ga{sup +} focused ion beam (FIB) milling, varying beam current and pixel dwell time. By high resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis we found that island size decreases from the nominal value by increasing the beam current and features sharpness improves on increasing the dwell time. The top surface of the isolated features has a pronounced edge bending which may be as high as 9 nm with respect to the flat inner area of the island and decreases as dwell time grows. By varying the ion fluence we found that such a shape is related to a surface swelling effect occurring at low ion fluence in the irradiated areas. The swelling-related damage at the edges is expected to influence the magnetic properties of the patterned features.

2005-04-01

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441

Straining electrode behavior and corrosion resistance of nickel base alloys in high temperature acidic solution

With the aim of studying the magnetic properties of reduced-dimensionality magnetic systems we have patterned 250 nm- and 500 nm-size square elements on Fe/NiO layers by 30 keV Ga"+ focused ion beam (FIB) milling, varying beam current and pixel dwell time. By high resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis we found that island size decreases from the nominal value by increasing the beam current and features sharpness improves on increasing the dwell time. The top surface of the isolated features has a pronounced edge bending which may be as high as 9 nm with respect to the flat inner area of the island and decreases as dwell time grows. By varying the ion fluence we found that such a shape is related to a surface swelling effect occurring at low ion fluence in the irradiated areas. The swelling-related damage at the edges is expected to influence the magnetic properties of the patterned features.

2005-04-01

442

Stability of lutein in wholegrain bakery products naturally high in lutein or fortified with free lutein.

Repassivation behavior and IGA resistance of nickel base alloys containing 0#approx#30 wt% chromium was investigated in high temperature acid sulfate solution. (1) The repassivation rate was increased with increasing chromium content. And so the amounts of charge caused by the metal dissolution were decreased with increasing chromium content. (2) Mill-annealed Alloy 600 suffered IGA at low pH environment below about 3.5 at the fixed potentials above the corrosion potential in 10%Na_2SO_4+H_2SO_4 solution at 598K. On the other hand, thermally-treated Alloy 690 was hard to occur IGA at low pH environments which mill-annealed Alloy 600 occurred IGA. (3) It was considered that the reason, why nickel base alloys containing high chromium content such as Alloy 690 (60%Ni-30%Cr-10%Fe) had high IGA/SCC resistance in high temperature acidic solution containing sulfate ion, is due to both the promotion of the repassivation and the suppression of the film ...

1991-08-25

443

Regulatory view of the close-out of the uranium ore mine Zirovski Vrh

Lutein is a yellow pigment found in common foods that promotes the health of eyes and skin and is associated with reduced risk of age-related macular degeneration and cataracts. In the present study, selected high-lutein wheat and corn were milled into wholegrain flours by two mills to improve flour uniformity. The high-lutein and lutein-fortified wholegrain flours were processed into breads, cookies, and muffins to study lutein stability during baking and subsequent storage. Lutein and its isomers were separated, identified, and quantified by LC-UV/vis and LC-MS following extraction with water-saturated 1-butanol. Baking resulted in a significant reduction in all-trans-lutein and the formation of cis-lutein and cis-zeaxanthin isomers. Subsequent storage at ambient temperature had a slight impact on the content of all-trans-lutein. Effects of processing were more pronounced in lutein-fortified products, and the degradation rate of lutein was ...

2010-09-22

444

Radon exhalation from uranium mill tailings: Modelisation and in situ validation

The production of the uranium mine Zirovski Vrh ceased in 1990. The main remaining problem of the remadiation are mine and mill tailings. The uranium mine Zirovski Vrh has one mill tailings site Borst and one waste pile Jazbec. According to the Act on protection against ionising radiation and nuclear safety which was adopted by the Parliament in 2002, they are classified as radiation facilities. Slovenian Nuclear Safety Administration (SNSA) is authorised for issuing a mandatory consent to mining work. The SNSA prepared the initial proposal of content of the safety report for the mine waste pile Jazbec. In 2005, according to the detailed content of this document, the public company Zirovski Vrh Ltd prepared the safety report which was examined by an authorised expert for radiation and nuclear safety. After a careful revision of the safety evaluation report, the consensus for mining work shall be issued by the SNSA. After finishing the mining ...

2005-09-05

445

Preparation of Permalloy nanostructures using focused ion beam methods

TRACI, a model based on the physical mechanisms governing the radon transport in unsaturated soils, has been developed to evaluate the radon flux density at Uranium Mill Tailings (UMT) covers surface. First, moisture contents in the soil, induced by weather conditions, are calculated. Then, radon concentrations in the air-filled pore space, and radon flux density at the soil surface, are deduced from a transport model which takes account for diffusion and convection in the pore space. To check the hypothesis used in TRACI and the efficiency of cover layers, an in situ study was launched in 1997 with the French uranium mining company, COGEMA. It consists of continuous measurements of moisture contents, suctions, radon concentrations at various depths inside an UMT cover, and flux density at its surface. The first analysis made on in situ observations shows that radon concentrations and flux density, calculated with a steady-state diffusion model using monthly ...

2002-02-01

446

Phases of a two dimensional large N gauge theory on a torus

Focused ion beam (FIB) milling is a powerful and versatile tool for the maskless fabrication of structures and devices at micro- and nanometer scales. The approach is based on the milling and deposition capabilities of a focused ion beam, where the latter is achieved by ion-beam-assisted decomposition of a metalorganic gas precursor of the specific material that has to be deposited. The combination of FIB and scanning electron microscopy in the same unit (so-called dual-beam unit) further expands the capabilities of the approach by the possibility of performing electron-beam-assisted deposition and inspection. Permalloy nanowires with electrical contacts patterned by FIB-Pt deposition were prepared in the dual-beam unit. Various types of notches to pin magnetic domain walls were additionally fabricated by means of FIB. The fabrication parameters for a structural modification of the Permalloy structures without too strongly affecting the ...

2010-03-21

447

Particle size effects on the desorption properties of nanostructured magnesium dihydride (MgH2) synthesized by controlled reactive mechanical milling (CRMM)

We consider two-dimensional large N gauge theory with D adjoint scalars on a torus, which is obtained from a D+2 dimensional pure Yang-Mills theory on T^{D+2} with D small radii. The two dimensional model has various phases characterized by the holonomy of the gauge field around non-contractible cycles of the 2-torus. We determine the phase boundaries and derive the order of the phase transitions using a method developed in an earlier work (hep-th/0910.4526), which is nonperturbative in the 'tHooft coupling and uses a 1/D expansion. We embed our phase diagram in the more extensive phase structure of the D+2 dimensional Yang-Mills theory and match with the picture of a cascade of phase transitions found earlier in lattice calculations (hep-lat/0710.0098). We also propose a dual gravity system based on a Scherk-Schwarz compactification of a D2 brane wrapped on a 3-torus and find a phase structure which is similar to the phase diagram found in the ...

2011-01-01

448

Long-term survivability of riprap for armoring uranium-mill tailings and covers: a literature review. [203 references

In the present work the hydrogen desorption properties of nanostructured magnesium hydride (MgH2) synthesized by controlled reactive mechanical milling (CRMM) of elemental Mg powder under hydrogen are investigated. A profound effect of the particle size of synthesized MgH2 hydride on its hydrogen desorption characteristics measured by differential scanning calorimetery (DSC) has been found. All synthesized MgH2 powders are characterized by a double hydrogen desorption peak. Furthermore, below a certain threshold particle size the DSC desorption temperature of the peak doublet starts decreasing rapidly with decreasing of the mean hydride powder particle size (expressed as equivalent circle diameter-ECD). In contrast, the nanograin (crystallite) size of MgH2 does not seem to have apparent effect on the DSC desorption temperature. It is also observed that for powder particles smaller than some threshold value, X-ray diffraction shows the presence of two polymorphic ...

2006-11-09

449

Indentation plastic displacement field: Part II. The case of hard films on soft substrates

Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) is investigating the use of a rock armoring blanket (riprap) to mitigate wind and water erosion of an earthen radon suppression cover applied to uranium mill tailings. Because the radon suppression cover and the tailings must remain intact for up to 1000 years or longer, the riprap must withstand natural weathering forces. This report is a review of information on rock weathering and riprap durability. Chemical and physical weathering processes, rock characteristics related to durability, climatic conditions affecting the degree and rate of weathering, and testing procedures used to measure weathering susceptibilities have been reviewed. Sampling and testing techniques, as well as analyses of physical and chemical weathering susceptibilities, are necessary to evaluate rock durability. Many potential riprap materials may not be able to survive 1000 years of weathering. Available techniques for durability testing cannot adequately ...

1982-06-01

450

High-accuracy gauge control technologies over the full length and full width of cold rolled strip; Reikan tandemumiru ni okeru zencho{center_dot}zenpuku hanko seigyo gijutsu

The plastic displacements around Knoop indentations made in hard titanium/aluminum multilayered films on soft aluminum alloy substrates have been studied. Indentations were cross-sectioned and imaged using the focused-ion-beam (FIB) milling and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The FIB milling method has the advantage of removing material in a localized region without producing mechanical damage to the specimen. The micrographs of the cross-sectioned indentations indicate that most of the plastic deformation around the indentation is dominated by the soft aluminum substrate. There is a very small change in the multilayered film thickness around the indentation{emdash}less than 10{percent}. The plastic deformation of the thin film resembles a membrane being deflected by a localized pressure gradient across the membrane. Stress-induced voids are also observed in the multilayered film, especially in the area around ...

1999-06-01

451

Fabrication, structure and consolidation of NiAl-Al_2O_3 mechanically alloyed nanocomposite powders

At tandem cold rolling mills in Kawasaki Steel, by means of applying newly developed strip longitudinal (rolling) and transverse gauge control systems, high accuracy of thickness of within {+-}0.5 % has been achieved over the full length and full width of cold rolled strip, as gauge accuracy in a coil in longitudinal and transverse directions has become an extremely important quality control item in the manufacturing of cold rolled sheets due to the stricter quality requirements of customers, in recent years. The longitudinal gauge accuracy has been improved by the development of a high-response drive system for a mill mair motor, an all-stands gauge control system and a dynamic set-up control system. The transverse gauge accuracy has been improved by applying a one-side tapered work roll shifting method and the development of an edge drop control system in terms of the optimum use of an edge drop sensor. (author)

1999-12-01

452

Die Backside FIB Preparation for Identification and Characterization of Metal Voids

Reactive milling of NiO + Al powder mixture resulted in the formation of NiAl-Al_2O_3 nanocomposite powders, with a crystallite size of about 20 nm. The Hall-Williamson analysis revealed that NiAl showed an orientation dependent crystallite size after short processing time and orientation dependent internal strain after long milling time. Both anisotropies were removed by heating the powders in the differential scanning calorimetry. Calorimetric studies showed one exothermic effect attributed to the reduction reaction of NiO and endothermic one associated with melting of Al. Two methods were applied for powders compaction: resistance sintering and pulse electric discharge. In both cases the densities of abut 90% of the theoretical value were achieved. A significant increase in average NiAl crystallites size in compacted samples was observed, up to several hundreds of nanometers.(author)

2001-09-23

453

Creep-fatigue and temperature synergisms in alloy 800

Both the increased complexity of integrated circuits, resulting in six or more levels of integration, and the increasing use of flip-chip packaging have driven the development of integrated circuit (IC) failure analysis tools that can be applied to the backside of the chip. Among these new approaches are focused ion beam (FIB) tools and processes for performing chip edits/repairs from the die backside. This paper describes the use of backside FIB for a failure analysis application rather than for chip repair. Specifically, they used FIB technology to prepare an IC for inspection of voided metal interconnects (lines) and vias. Conventional FIB milling was combined with a super-enhanced gas assisted milling process that uses XeF{sub 2} for rapid removal of large volumes of bulk silicon. This combined approach allowed removal of the TiW underlayer from a large number of Ml lines simultaneously, enabling rapid localization and plan view imaging of ...

1999-07-28

454

YM on the dielectric brane: a D0-brane tale

Alloy 800 from three different commercial heats have been continuously cycled and cycled with a hold period at 922/sup 0/K. The starting microstructures of these heats reflects an inherently wide spectrum of possibilities for Alloy 800. The amounts and morphologies of the TiC and M/sub 23/C/sub 6/ carbides are different among the heats. During cycling, M/sub 23/C/sub 6/ forms intragranularly in a solution annealed heat. This precipitation contributes to the cyclic hardening. Both mill annealed heats of Alloy 800 are stable to carbide precipitation during cycling. The heat with the lower carbon content formed ..gamma..' during cycling but the volume fraction was too low to contribute to hardening. The inclusion of hold periods caused the dislocation substructure to become more diffuse in the mill annealed heats. The cyclic hardening was enhanced with the inclusion of the hold periods but this was not due to any microstructural change ...

1984-01-01

455

Ten-nanometer surface intrusions in room temperature silicon

In this letter we present a derivation, from the D0-brane picture, of the background monopole field and in general of the full dynamics of the Yang-Mills theory on the dielectric D2-brane of Myers. To do this we study the large N limit of the fuzzy sphere relevant to the dielectric solution. In contrast to the usual interpretation where the commutative D2-brane picture arises directly from the large N limit of the D0-brane picture, we find that a residual non-commutativity must be preserved in order to make the connection by means of the Seiberg-Witten map.

2003-08-25

456

Technology transfer in the field of small hydroelectric power stations; Technologietransfer im Bereich Kleinwasserkraft

Defects ~10 nm in size, with number densities ~10^{10} cm^{-2}, form spontaneously beneath ion-milled, etched, or HF-dipped silicon surfaces examined in our Ti-ion getter-pumped transmission electron microscope (TEM) after exposure to air. They appear as weakly-strained non-crystalline intrusions into silicon bulk, that show up best in the TEM under conditions of strong edge or bend contrast. If ambient air exposure is <10 minutes, defect nucleation and growth can be monitored {\\em in situ}. Possible mechanisms of formation are discussed.

2002-01-01

457

Review of the Vortec soil remediation demonstration program

The rate at which full-scale technology transfer takes place depends on the quality of the supply companies, i.e. training, organisational development and product infrastructure. These parameters are discussed for the example of a water mill, and a flow diagram is presented. [Deutsch] Wie rasch ein umfassender Transfer in Frage kommt, entscheidet sich mit der Qualitaet und dem Niveau der zuliefernden Betriebe. Hierbei sind Ausbildung, Organisationsentwicklung und Produktionsinfrastruktur besonders angesprochen. Fuer eine Wassermuehle werden diese Parameter konkret eroertert und an Durchlaufdiagrammen erlaeutert. (GL)

1997-12-31

458

Relationship between fabrication parameters and structural characteristics of sintered lithium orthosilicate

The DOE`s clean-up of its nuclear complex require the development of innovative technologies to convert soils contaminated by hazardous and/or radioactive wastes to forms which can be readily disposed in accordance with current waste disposal methods. The unique features of Votec CMS technology should make it particularly cost-effective process for the vitrification of soils, sediments, sludges, and mill tailings containing organic metallic and/or radioactive contaminants. This article describes the technology (Votec`s combustion and melting system), the results of testing, the demonstration plant system, and summarizes the future schedule and the equipment needed. 3 figs., 3 tabs.

1994-11-01

459

Radiological hazards in uranium mines and a yellow-cake plant in Turkey

Lithium orthosilicate (Li_4SiO_4) powder was synthesized by the solid-state reaction of lithium oxide with amorphous silica, and the effects of fabrication parameters on the structural characteristics of the product were investigated. Processing considerations such as milling media, drying technique, calcination time and temperature, pressing behavior, sintering time and temperatures, and impurity concentration were addressed. The initial powder particle size was observed to be important in achieving high sintered density, with densities as high as 98% TD achieved with a particle size of approximately 1 #mu#m. 9 refs., 6 figs.

1988-04-10

460

On-line partial discharge measurements and off-line dielectric spectroscopy measurements of six 115 kV XLPE cable systems

Radiological hazard in uranium mining and milling operations are primarily due to exposure to external beta and gamma radiation as well as to airborne radionuclides which consist of radon and its short-lived daughter products. In May 1981 a radiological survey programme was performed in order to make a general assessment of the radiation hazards associated with the uranium mines and the Uranium Pilot Plant operated by the M.T.A. Institute in the Koprubasi district of the Manisa province. In this paper a preliminary radiological risk evaluation attempt is presented based on the radiation and radioactivity measurements performed in this district in May 1981.

1984-06-01

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461

Odontopus brevirostris (Hustache, 1936) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) associated with new host plants belonging to Annona (Annonaceae)

This paper reported on a study in which partial discharge (PD) measurements were performed on 6 underground transmission cable circuits to determine the effectiveness of PD measurements on fluid fill cables. The cables were between 37 and 56 years old. PD activity was detected from the terminations of H11L and H3L Cable 2. However, for cables from H3L Basin TS to Mill Street junction, PD activity was detected originating from within the main cable insulation.

2009-07-01

462

Scientific Electronic Library Online (English)

Abstract in english Odontopus brevirostris (Hustache, 1936) feeding on Annona squamosa L., A. cherimola Mill., A. glabra L., and A. muricata L. was observed. The last three host plants are recorded for the first time. The endophitic oviposition occurs in the veins of the ventral surface of the young leaves. The larvae, leaf miners, eat the parenchyma and the adults make small holes in the leaves. The pupation occurs in spherical cocoons protected by a sort of nest (pupation chamber) between the two epidermal layers.

2002-01-01

463

Natural gas use in Saskatchewan hog industry

Moessbauer study of mechanically alloyed powders

A study was conducted to examine the energy consumption in existing and new hog farming facilities and to analyse the potential for increased natural gas use in the Saskatchewan hog industry. Existing heating/cooling, ventilation and feed mill equipment choices offer possibilities for running on electricity, natural gas or propane. Energy costs are lowest when natural gas is used. To put the study in context, an overview of the Saskatchewan hog industry was provided. The potential increase in natural gas use in hog production by year 2005 was estimated. 10 refs., 6 tabs., 8 figs.

1996-11-01

464

Mechanical properties of titanium-niobium carbon nitride

Using the [sup 57]Fe Moessbauer spectroscopy, the microscopic behavior of Fe powders has been investigated during and after the mechanical alloying (MA) process for Al-Fe and Ag-Fe systems. A repeated rolling method as well as a conventional ball-milling method are employed in order to understand the microscopic process of the kneading of Al and Fe powders during their MA and the resultant powders show quite similar Moessbauer spectra suggesting that the kneading by an impact between colliding balls is the same process as that of the thickness reduction by cold rolling. Moessbauer spectra show clearly the occurrence of the mutual atomic dispersion for the thermodynamically immiscible Ag-Fe system. (orig.).

1991-11-01

465

Geometry of supersymmetric gauge theories

A study was made of the variation in strength characteristics of group IV transition metal carbon nitrides alloyed with carbides or group V metal nitrides. A complex solid solution of titanium-niobium carbonitride was preliminarily synthesized to a homogeneous equilibrium state and then crushed. The calculated quantity of binder metal was added as elemental powders, the mixture was vibration ball milled in ethanol and the plasticized charge was used to press experimental specimens for mechanical testing. The studies showed that the high-temperature strength properties of the new cermet are superior to standard type KNT. The material is thus promising for use in the manufacture of tools. 8 references, 3 figures.

1984-07-01

466

D-brane probe and closed string tachyons

This monograph gives a detailed and pedagogical account of the geometry of rigid superspace and supersymmetric Yang-Mills theories. While the core of the text is concerned with the classical theory, the quantization and anomaly problem are briefly discussed following a comprehensive introduction to BRS differential algebras and their field theoretical applications. Among the treated topics are invariant forms and vector fields on superspace, the matrix-representation of the super-Poincare group, invariant connections on reductive homogeneous spaces and the supermetric approach. Various aspects of the subject are discussed for the first time in textbook and are consistently presented in a unified geometric formalism.

1988-01-01

467

Bend loss for channel plasmon polaritons

We consider a D-brane probe in the unstable string background associated with flux branes. The twist in the spacetime metric reponsible for supersymmetry breaking is shown to manifest itself in the mixing of open Wilson lines with the phases of some adjoint matter fields, resulting in a nonlocal and nonsupersymmetric form of Yang-Mills theory as the probe dynamics. This provides a setup where one can study the fate of a large class of unstable closed string theories that includes as a limit type 0 theories and various orbifolds of type II and type 0 theories. We discuss the limit of C/Z_n orbifold in some detail and speculate on the couplings with closed string tachyons.

2002-04-15

468

Allowable variation of cold-rolled strip transverse profiles in high tension

Using near-field optical microscopy, the authors investigate propagation of channel plasmon polaritons excited in the wavelength range of 1425-1640 nm along smoothly bent and split V-shaped grooves milled in a gold film. We find that for 0.6-?m-wide and 1.1-?m-deep grooves bent with the smallest curvature radius of ?0.83 ?m, the double bend (for S bends) and splitting (for Y splitters) losses decrease for longer wavelengths approaching (in the wavelength range of 1600-1640 nm) the levels of ~0 and 0.5 dB, respectively.

2006-10-01

469

A low temperature synthesized NbC grain growth inhibitor in WC-Co hardmetal alloy

The formation mechanism of the cold-rolled strip shape with high tension was studied. An advanced method to calculate the allowable variation of strip transverse profiles was established by the strip buckling criterion, which can be more properly used in cold rolling. With this method, the aim allowable variation of the product strip transverse profile and the required transverse profile range of incoming strips can be reached. Besides, this method has been successfully applied in a domestic tandem cold mill, and the transverse profile range of incoming strips suggested with this method is more practicable and complete. Consequently, the good performance is acquired.

2010-10-01

470

Lithium intercalation into {alpha}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} obtained by mechanical milling of {alpha}-FeOOH

The efficiency of NbC on WC grain coarsening in a WC-10wt.%Co hardmetal alloy was demonstrated by hardness measurement and WC granulation observation. The heterogeneous and overall grain growth were controlled. A low temperature experimentally produced NbC was used and compared to the inhibition potential of a commercial NbC powder. The results were the same in terms of structural fineness and hardness. The dispersion of the experimental NbC was not a problem, in spite of its size. The experimental NbC has very large particles, formed by agglomerates of small crystallites. During milling these agglomerates could be broken down. (orig.)

2001-07-01

471

Internal standardization for the determination of cadmium, cobalt, chromium and manganese in saline produced water from petroleum industry by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry after cloud point extraction

Crystalline {alpha}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} powder was prepared by the mechanical milling of crystalline {alpha}-FeOOH at room temperature in air. This result means that crystalline {alpha}-FeOOH is dehydrated by mechanical milling at room temperature. The obtained {alpha}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} powder worked as a rechargeable electrode material in lithium ion conductive organic electrolytes. The electrodes exhibited high discharge capacities of over 1000mAhg{sup -1} corresponding to 6 Li per {alpha}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} at potentials ranging from the open circuit potential to 0.5V (versus Li{sup +}/Li) in the first discharging (lithium insertion) process. This suggests that the valence deviation from Fe{sup 3+} in {alpha}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} to Fe{sup 0} may be caused by electrochemical reduction. In contrast, after the first discharge, the electrodes exhibited high charge capacities of more than 700mAhg{sup -1} corresponding to 4.2 Li per {alpha}-Fe{sub ...

2005-08-26

472

Hydrogen storage properties of the Mg-Ti-H system prepared by high-energy-high-pressure reactive milling

In the present paper a procedure is proposed for the determination of traces of Cd, Co, Mn and Cr in petroleum industry produced water by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The procedure is based on cloud point extraction of these metals, as their dithizonate complexes, into the surfactant-rich phase of octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol surfactant (Triton X-114). Extractions were carried out in solutions with salinities between 10 per mille and 70 per mille. Since residual salinity in the surfactant-rich phase caused differences in its transport to the plasma, yttrium was used as an internal standard to correct for this effect. The simultaneous metal extraction procedure was optimized by response surface methodology using a Doehlert design and desirability function. Enhancement factors of 21, 21, 9 and 19, along with limits of quantification of 0.093, 0.20, 0.73 and 1.2 #mu#g L"-"1, and precision expressed as relative ...

2007-09-01

473

High-solids black liquor firing in pulp and paper industry kraft recovery boilers: Phase Ia - Low-temperature gasifier evaluation. Final report, November 1, 1995--October 31, 1996

Magnesium-based alloys are among the promising materials for hydrogen storage and fuel cell applications due to their high hydrogen content. In the present work, we investigated the hydrogen release/uptake properties of the Mg-Ti-H system. Samples were prepared from the mixtures of MgH{sub 2} and TiH{sub 2} in molar ratios of 7:1 and 4:1 using a high-energy-high-pressure (HEHP) mechanical ball-milling method under 13.8 MPa hydrogen pressure. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that a relatively large amount of hydrogen (5.91 and 4.82 wt.%, respectively, for the above two samples) was released between 126 and 313 C while temperature was increased at a heating rate of 5 C min{sup -1} under an argon flow. The onset dehydrogenation temperature of these mixtures, which is 126 C, is much lower than that of MgH{sub 2} alone, which is 381 C. The activation energy of dehydrogenation was 71 kJ mol{sup -1}, which is much smaller than that of as-received MgH{sub 2} (153 kJ ...

2008-05-15

474

Focused ion beam assisted three-dimensional rock imaging at submicron scale

This project, conducted under The United States Department of Energy (DOE) Cooperative Agreement DE-FC36-94GO10002/A002, was part of a multiple-phase effort to develop technologies that improve the energy efficiency and economics of chemical process recovery in the pulp and paper industry. The approach taken was to consider two major alternatives in two phases. Phase I, conducted previously, considered means to improve pulp mill recovery boilers using high-solids advanced combustion of black liquor; while this project, Phase la, considered means to recover kraft pulping mill process chemicals by low-temperature black liquor gasification. The principal steps previously proposed in this program were: (1) Evaluate these two technologies, high-solids advanced combustion and gasification, and then select a path forward using the more promising of these two options for future work. (2) Design and construct a pilot-scale unit based on the selected ...

1997-06-01

475

Focus ion beam preparation of transmission electron microscope sample in polymer clay nano composite

Computation of effective flow properties of fluids in porous media based on three dimensional (3D) pore structure information has become more successful in the last few years, due to both improvements in the input data and the network models. Computed X-ray microtomography has been successful in 3D pore imaging at micron scale, which is adequate for many sandstones. For other rocks of economic interest, such as chalk and diatomite, submicron resolution is needed in order to resolve the 3D-pore structure. To achieve submicron resolution, a new method of sample serial sectioning and imaging using Focused Ion Beam (FIB) technology has been developed and 3D pore images of the pore system for diatomite and chalk have been obtained. FIB was used in the milling of layers as wide as 50 micrometers and as thin as 100 nanometers by sputtering of atoms from the sample surface. The focused ion beam, consisting of gallium ions (Ga+) accelerated by potentials of up to 30 kV and ...

2003-05-09

476

FABRICATION OF BISMUTH NANOWIRE DEVICES USING FOCUSED ION BEAM MILLING

This paper deals with preparation of PE clay nano composite specimen for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and studying the difference between dispersion of clay in low density polyethylene using poly(hydrogen methyl siloxane) (PHMS) as coupling agent and untreated one. Argon ion milling is the conventional means by which film sections are thinned to electron transparency for TEM analysis, but this technique exhibits significant problems. In particular, selective thinning and imaging of sub-micrometer inclusions during sample milling are highly problematic. We have achieved successful results using the focused ion beam (FIB) lift-out technique, which utilizes a 30 kV Ga"+ ion beam to extract electron transparent specimens with nanometer scale precision. Using this procedure, we have prepared a number of thin film materials representing a range of structures and compositions for TEM analysis. We believe that FIB milling ...

2006-01-01

477

Chemical and electrochemical dehydriding characteristics of TiV{sub 2.1}Ni{sub 0.3}-Raney Ni composite prepared by ball-milling in the presence of a reducing agent

In this work, a focused ion beam (FIB) milling process has been developed to fabricate 50 nm Bi nanowire and transistor structures using FEI-200 dual beam FIB system. For the fabrication, 50 nm bismuth film was thermally evaporated through EBL patterned PMMA windows onto SiO_2 substrates with pre-defined contact pads. Bi nanowire widths ranging from 30 nm to 100 nm have been successfully fabricated by milling out unwanted areas using 30 KeV Ga+ ion beam. A single-pixel-line ion beam blanking technique has been utilised to fabricate Bi nanowire as small as 30 nm in diameter and few micrometers long. In order to form good ohmic contacts for sub 50 nm bismuth nanowires, a drill-and-fill process has been developed using FIB to sputter away the surface oxide of bismuth after the in-situ platinum nanowire contacts deposition. To our knowledge, this is the first time a focused ion beam process has been used to fabricate bismuth nanowire. The ...

2009-07-23

478

Chemical and electrochemical dehydriding characteristics of TiV_2_._1Ni_0_._3-Raney Ni composite prepared by ball-milling in the presence of a reducing agent

Composite particles represented as TiV{sub 2.1}Ni{sub 0.3}-Raney Ni(R) were prepared by ball-milling a TiV{sub 2.1}Ni{sub 0.3} alloy with Raney Ni in the presence of 0.01 M sodium hypophosphite (NaH{sub 2}PO{sub 2}) aqueous solution as a reducing agent. The composite particles had different morphology from original TiV{sub 2.1}Ni{sub 0.3} alloy particles and TiV{sub 2.1}Ni{sub 0.3}-Raney Ni composite particles prepared by the ball-milling in the absence of the NaH{sub 2}PO{sub 2} aqueous solution. In charge-discharge cycle tests, the TiV{sub 2.1}Ni{sub 0.3}-Raney Ni(R) composite electrode showed the maximum discharge capacity of 620 mAh g{sup -1}, while its cycle durability was similar to the TiV{sub 2.1}Ni{sub 0.3} alloy electrode, which was explained from depth profiles of constituent elements by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). In thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), two steps of dehydriding for hydrided TiV{sub ...

2004-02-25

479

Production and use of biodiesel

Composite particles represented as TiV_2_._1Ni_0_._3-Raney Ni(R) were prepared by ball-milling a TiV_2_._1Ni_0_._3 alloy with Raney Ni in the presence of 0.01 M sodium hypophosphite (NaH_2PO_2) aqueous solution as a reducing agent. The composite particles had different morphology from original TiV_2_._1Ni_0_._3 alloy particles and TiV_2_._1Ni_0_._3-Raney Ni composite particles prepared by the ball-milling in the absence of the NaH_2PO_2 aqueous solution. In charge-discharge cycle tests, the TiV_2_._1Ni_0_._3-Raney Ni(R) composite electrode showed the maximum discharge capacity of 620 mAh g"-"1, while its cycle durability was similar to the TiV_2_._1Ni_0_._3 alloy electrode, which was explained from depth profiles of constituent elements by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). In thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), two steps of dehydriding for hydrided TiV_2_._1Ni_0_._3-Raney Ni(R) composite started from much lower ...

2004-02-25

480

Structure, morphology and hydrogen storage properties of composites prepared by ball milling Ti{sub 0.9}Zr{sub 0.2}Mn{sub 1.5}Cr{sub 0.3}V{sub 0.3} with La-Mg-based alloy

Biodiesel is produced from vegetable oils that have been chemically modified by esterification; an example is rapeseed oil methyl ester (RME), made by treating rapeseed oil with methanol. Biodiesel can be burned directly in diesel engines. Oil from the rapeseed variety known as 00 was the first type of vegetable oil used for transesterification to produce biodiesel. Many other oils have been used successfully as biodiesel feedstock including sunflower oil in Southern France and Italy, soybean oil in the USA, and palm oil in Malaysia. Biodiesel can be made from a wide range of feedstock and multi-feedstock blends. Compared to conventional diesel biodiesel has some environmentally friendly advantages, e.g. biodiesel is reported to release fewer solid particles. Potentially even more important is the ...

2003-11-01

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481

Isotope fractionations and radiocarbon ages of beach rock samples collected from the Nansei Islands, southwest of Japan

Hydrogen storage alloy composites La{sub 0.7}Mg{sub 0.25}Zr{sub 0.05}(Ni{sub 0.85}Co{sub 0.15}){sub 3.5}(x=0,5,10) were prepared by ball milling method. Their structures, morphologies and the hydrogen storage characteristics were intensively studied in the present work. It was found that the bulk of composites maintained the hexagonal C14 Laves phase structure after ball milling with additional La-Mg-based alloy for two hours. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations revealed that the average size of Ti{sub 0.9}Zr{sub 0.2}Mn{sub 1.5}Cr{sub 0.3}V{sub 0.3} and La{sub 0.7}Mg{sub 0.25}Zr{sub 0.05}(Ni{sub 0.85}Co{sub 0.15}){sub 3.5} particles were reduced to several hundred nanometers after ball milling process. Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) patterns of the composites showed that the La{sub 0.7}Mg{sub 0.25}Zr{sub 0.05}(Ni{sub 0.85}Co{sub 0.15}){sub 3.5} phase was uniformly distributed on the surface of Ti{sub ...

2007-10-15

482

Unrefined and refined black raspberry seed oils significantly lower triglycerides and moderately affect cholesterol metabolism in male Syrian hamsters.

Beach rocks are observed frequently on the tropical and subtropical sandy beaches where they express thin beds dipping seaward at less than 15 degrees. They consist of beach sediments including fossil shells, fragments of corals, diatoms and other biocarbonates, and are well cemented within the inter-tidal zone with calcium carbonate originated in sea water. Therefore, they are not only good indicators which show the past sea level, but also provide good sample material for radiocarbon dating. The locations of beach rocks give us an optimum condition studying a carbon cycle between land and marine environment by analyzing their isotope fractionations. In order to estimate the origin of calcium carbonate which worked as an adhesive when beach rocks were formed and to estimate the formative ages of beach rocks, a total of 330 fossil corals, fossil shells and calcarenite or calcirdite samples were collected from 128 sites of 16 islands consisting of the Nansei Islands, southwest of Japan. ...

2004-10-25

483

The world energy consumption in 2001. Statistical yearbook ENERDATA 2002

Abstract Unrefined and refined black raspberry seed oils (RSOs) were examined for their lipid-modulating effects in male Syrian hamsters fed high-cholesterol (0.12% g/g), high-fat (9% g/g) diets. Hamsters fed the refined and the unrefined RSO diets had equivalently lower plasma total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in comparison with the atherogenic coconut oil diet. The unrefined RSO treatment group did not differ in liver total and esterified cholesterol from the coconut oil-fed control animals, but the refined RSO resulted in significantly elevated liver total and esterified cholesterol concentrations. The unrefined RSO diets significantly lowered plasma triglycerides (46%; P=.0126) in comparison with the coconut oil diet, whereas the refined RSO only tended to lower plasma triglyceride (29%; P=.1630). Liver triglyceride concentrations were lower in the unrefined (46%; ...

2011-05-06

484

Scaled physical model studies of the steam drive process. Second annual report, September 1978-September 1979

Statistical data on the world energy consumption are given to illustrate the following situation in 2001: the deceleration of the world economic growth and the high prices of oil slowed down the progression of the energy consumption: 0,7 % in 2001; stagnation of the gas and oil consumption and strong progression for coal and electricity in 2001; the deceleration for gas marks a strong inflection compared to the past trends. (A.L.B.)

2002-07-01

485

Production of jet fuel using heavy crude oil; Producao de combustiveis de aviacao a partir de petroleos pesados

A scaled physical model was operated to simulate steam drive operations in five-spot patterns with reservoir and operational parameters similar to those encountered in California reservoirs. The goal of this study was to elucidate the role of two important controllable parameters, viz., steam injection rate and steam quality and to explore the role of two important factors, oil viscosity and reservoir permeability on the performance of the steam drive. In addition, the influence of bottom water and a basal permeable layer were investigated. The experiments demonstrated that there is an optimum injection rate; that in the vicinity of this optimum an increased quantity results in improved oil steam ratios; that the viscosity of the oil at steam temperature, raised to a fractional power, 0.5, appears to correlate with oil production; that permeabilities in the darcy range have little effect on performance, ...

1981-02-01

486

Polymerized fatty acid amine derivatives useful as friction and wear-reducing additives

The production of heavy crude oils increased in the last years in the world. Crude oils with high density, viscosity, acidity and sulfur, nitrogen, metals and asphaltenes contents, by the others hand, low stability and low product quality. The challenger of many refiners is find solutions to refine the heavy crude oils, and produce fuels with certify quality, such as Jet Fuel. The principal aviation technique on the world work with gas turbines engines feted for jet fuel (JET A1). The quality specifications of this fuel are establish by International Norms: ASTM-1655, DEF STAN 91-91-3 (DERD 2494) and joint Fuelling System Check List. The world technologies to obtain jet fuel from mixtures of heavy crude oil with middle crude oils are: Atmospheric distillation, with a posterior hydrogenation and finally the additivation. Studies carried out have demonstrates that the Cubans heavy ...

2004-07-01

487

Persistence of spilled oil along the Beaufort Sea coast

A hydrocarbon composition having a major portion of a hydrocarbon preferably a lubricating oil such as mineral oil and at least a friction-reducing amount usually 0.01 to 10 weight percent of an amine or amine derivative of a hydrocarbon-soluble polymerized fatty acid e.g. a dimeramine derived from a dicarboxylic acid containing at least 12 carbon atoms such as 9(10)-carboxy stearic acid has improved antifriction and flue economy properties.

1981-02-10

488

Oil and Natural Gas Technology: Development of Next Generation Multiphase Pipe Flow Prediction Tools. Final Report.

The research project for which this is the final report was initiated in 1977 with the following three major objectives: Assess the retention potential for spilled oil within the coastal environments of Alaska's Beaufort Sea; Characterize the morphology and sediments of the Beaufort coast; Determine, as precisely as possible, the annual longshore sediment transport rate.

1980-04-01

489

IDEAS: Journal of Economic Studies, Emerald Group Publishing

The developments of fields in deep waters (5000 ft and more) is a common occurrence. It is inevitable that production systems will operate under multiphase flow conditions (simultaneous flow of gas-oil-and water possibly along with sand, hydrates, and wax...

2008-01-01

490

Harnessing windfall revenues in developing economies | vox - Research-based policy analysis and commentary from leading economists

... (restricted)] 98-118 Oil prices and competitiveness: time series evidence from six oil-producing countries by Mohammad R. Jahan-Parvar & Hassan Mohammadi [Downloadable! (restricted)] 2008, Volume 35, Issue 6 444-485 The S-shaped labor supply schedule: evidence from industrialized countries by Maryke ...

491

Flow improvers for crude and residual-containing fuel oils

... Operational aspects of fiscal policy making in oil-producing countries , in J. Davis, R. Ossowski and A. Fedelino (...), Fiscal Policy Formulation and Implementation in Oil-Producing Countries , International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C. Barro, R. (...

492

Evolution of oil-generative window and oil and gas occurrence in Tertiary Niger delta basin/sup 1/

Copolymers of a 1,2 epoxy alkane and a cyclic carboxylate compound of the class consisting of dicarboxylic acid anhydrides, preferably maleic anhydride or a hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydride and a beta lactone, said copolymers having C/sub 10/ to C/sub 50/, preferably C/sub 20/ to C/sub 40/, linear, pendant hydrocarbon chains are flow improvers in residual and crude oils.

1979-01-23

493

Dispersant Effectiveness Of Heavy Fuel Oils Using The Baffled Flask Test

Assuming a simple model of delta development involving progradation and uniform burial at 500 m/m.y. (1,640 ft/m.y.) to present depths, oil-genesis nomographs derived from the time-temperature index (TTI) method were constructed for geothermal gradients ranging from 2.2/sup 0/ to 5.1/sup 0/ C/100 m (1.2/sup 0/-2.8/sup 0/ F/100 ft) of the Niger delta and used in mapping the positions (depth, temperature) of the top of the oil-generative window (OGW) at various times between 40 m.y.B.P. and the present. During the active subsidence phase, oil generation within any megasedimentary unit was initiated at a temperature of 140/sup 0/-146/sup 0/C (284/sup 0/-294.8/sup 0/F) and depth of 3,000-5,200 m (9,843-17,060 ft) within 7-11 m.y. after deposition of the potential source rocks. After cessation of subsidence, vertical upward movement of the OGW by 800-1,600 m (2,625-5,249 ft) was accompanied by a temperature lowering of 23/sup ...

1984-11-01

494

Comparison of ion chromatography and titrimetry for determination of sulfur in fuel oils

Dispersants have been widely used as a primary response measure for marine oil spills around the world. Recently, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) developed an improved laboratory dispersant testing protocol, called the Baffled Flask Test (BFT). The BFT protocol w...

495

Coal liquefaction provides increased security of oil supply. La licuefaccion del carbon ofrece una mayor independencia del suministro petrolero

A comparison was made of Parr bomb ion chromatographic and titrimetric methods to determine sulfur in fuel oils. The two methods are comparable in precision and accuracy. When rapid sulfur determination in a number of samples is desired, the titrimetry method appears to be an appropriate choice between the two methods. l3 tables.

1982-12-01

496

Beneficiation-hydroretort processing of US oil shales, engineering study

The UK's reserves of crude oil could last another 300 years. This is the result it is hoped to obtain from tests currently being carried out in British Coal's liquefaction project of which the objective is to produce a high quality liquid fuel from coal. 1 fig.

1991-07-01

497

Atlantic update, July 1986--June 1990: Outer Continental Shelf oil and gas activities

This report describes a beneficiation facility designed to process 1620 tons per day of run-of-mine Alabama oil shale containing 12.7 gallons of kerogen per ton of ore (based on Fischer Assay). The beneficiation facility will produce briquettes of oil shale concentrate containing 34.1 gallons of kerogen per ton (based on Fischer Assay). The beneficiation facility will produce briquettes of oil shale concentrate containing 34.1 gallons of kerogen per ton (based on Fischer Assay) suitable for feed to a hydroretort oil extraction facility of nominally 20,000 barrels per day capacity. The beneficiation plant design prepared includes the operations of crushing, grinding, flotation, thickening, filtering, drying, briquetting, conveying and tailings empoundment. A complete oil shale beneficiation plant is described including all anticipated ancillary facilities. For purposes of determining ...

1988-12-01

498

Analysis of acidic compound classes in crude oil by negative ion electrospray ionization high resolution FT-ICR mass spectrometry

This report describes outer continental shelf oil and gas activities in the Atlantic Region. This edition of the Atlantic Update includes an overview of the Mid-Atlantic Planning Area and a summary of the Manteo Prospect off-shore North Carolina. 6 figs., 8 tabs.

1990-10-01

499