Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In July 1997, a field inspection was carried out of parts of the tunnel system of the Tonstad hydroelectric power station, Norway. This report discusses the findings: (1) The main drift has a varying bottom covering of sediments, (2) The tunnel to Ousdal had on its downmost 2 km an almost unbroken and apparently stable armour layer along the walls and an unstable or incomplete armour layer in the middle, (3) The tunnel to Homstoel almost had no bottom layer, (3) Sediments in side inlets and niches are of two kinds: (a) masses added through side inlets, (b) fine sand and mud deposited by the main tunnel, (4) A few cases were observed of downfallen rocks and of peeled rock of about 1 m size. It looks as if the Homstoel tunnel may have been previously used for larger discharges than that from Ousdal and that the latter is now being used to the limit of what the previously established armour layer can stand

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Corrosion inhibition of iron in H2SO4 by polyacrylic acid (PAA) was investigated using electrochemical techniques at 30degreeC. Results obtained indicate that PAA inhibited the corrosion of iron in the acid medium. Inhibition efficiency increases with increase in PAA concentration and synergistically enhanced on addition of iodide ions. Potentiodynamic polarization results suggest that PAA functions as a modest cathodic inhibitor. The adsorption of PAA onto the iron surface followed Temkin adsorption isotherm. FTIR analysis revealed that the synergistic effect due to co-adsorption of iodide ions and PAA is co-operative in nature.

Norwegian Open Research Archives (NORA)

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British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

We report a solution-phase synthetic route to copper nanoparticles with controllable size and shape. The synthesis of the nanoparticles is achieved by the reduction of copper(II) salt in aqueous solution with hydrazine under air atmosphere in the presence of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) as capping agent. The results suggest that the pH plays a key role for the formation of pure copper nanoparticles, whereas the concentration of PAA is important for controlling the size and geometric shape of the nanoparticles. The average size of the copper nanoparticles can be varied from 30 to 80 nm, depending on the concentration of PAA. With a moderate amount of PAA, faceted crystalline copper nanoparticles are obtained. The as-synthesized copper nanoparticles appear red in color and are stable for weeks, ...

Science.gov (United States)

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Science.gov (United States)

loading,W/S = k. 390 og~uda per squsre foot. Total rudder movement,. Total pedal movement, 30.64?. Radius of pedel about center of rotation,. 12 inches ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

It is demonstrated that normal pitting can occur during oxidizing conditions in the repository. It is also concluded that a new theory for pitting corrosion has to be developed, as the present theory is not in accordance with all practical and experimental observations. A special variant of pitting, based on the growth of sulfide whiskers, is suggested to occur during reducing conditions. However, such a mechanism needs to be demonstrated experimentally. A simple calculational model of canister corrosion was developed based on the results of this study. 69 refs, 3 figs.

Science.gov (United States)

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Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Energy sector is relatively easy to evaluate economically. There have existed reliable statistics on energy systems and consumption and the planning has been based on them. However the environmental factors have been integrated into the Danish energy policy first in the nineties, and the new socio-economic evaluations have to take the pollution abatement measures into account. (EG)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Solar panels have been installed at the roof, providing enough power to drive electric cars 20 000 kilometres yearly, while water-borne heating in the household has reduces electricity demand by 12-13 000 kWh per year

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The factors affecting the rate of silica leaching in alkaline aqueous media from surface silanized, nanoporous, amorphous, silica gels and from silanized silica gels that have been modified with polyamines to form the previously reported silica polyamine composites (SPCs), BP-1 and BP-2 have been investigated. Silanization with alkyl trichlorosilanes slows the rate of silica leaching relative to the unmodified silica gels. The use of bulkier aryl silanes somewhat decreases the silica leaching under the same conditions. Interestingly, after modification of the silanized silica with poly(allylamine) (PAA) to make BP-1, the leaching increases, but subsequent modification of the SPC with chloroacetic acid to make BP-2, quenches this increase. A mechanism explaining these results is discussed. ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

A sensitive and rapid method to evaluate toxic and genotoxic properties of drinking water supplied from Lake Trasimeno (Umbria, Central Italy) was worked out analysing bile in Cyprinus carpio exposed for 20d to lake water treated with 3 different disinfectants, sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and peracetic acid (PAA). Fish were sacrificed at 0, 10 and 20d in order to investigate the time course of these endpoints. An aliquot of bile samples was fractionated by adsorption on C18 silica cartridges and the genotoxic potential of whole bile and of bile fractions was evaluated by the single-cell microgel-electrophoresis (comet) assay on human colonic adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2). Bile (both whole and fractionated) from specimens exposed to the three disinfectants always sh...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The emission of air pollutants from road vehicles is the most significant source of air pollution in towns. The chemical composition of these pollutive substances is dependent on the fuel, the type of vehicle and the character of the traffic system. The pollution concentration was measured, (nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide) in relation to each type of vehicle, in four streets in the Copenhagen area. The system of measurement used was the ''Operational Street Pollution Model'' (OSPM). Results are presented in the form of tables and charts. (AB) 11 refs.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The thesis relates to an investigation done on greenhouse gases in coniferous forest soils. The production of nitrous oxide (N{sub 2}O) and carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}), and the consumption of methane (CH{sub 4}) in a temperate forest soil were studied by a rapid and sensitive gas chromatographic (GC) method for analysing all three greenhouse gases at or below ambient levels. Gas fluxes were measured in soil incubation and lysimeter experiments. 15 soil samples were taken at random within a 100 m{sup 2} area in a Norway spruce forest stand (Picea abies). The fluxes of N{sub 2}O, CH{sub 4} and CO{sub 2} were measured under standardized laboratory incubation conditions to investigate spatial variability in relation to other factors such as nitrogen (N) mineralization rate, nitrification rate, organic carbon (OC), total N and pH. The effects of temperature, soil moisture content, and ammonium addition were also studied in an incubation experiment. A more detailed study was made of the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Possible threats against the leak tightness of the reactor containments, due to pipe whips from hypothetical pipe ruptures in the steam- and feedwater systems, have been investigated for Forsmark 3/Oskarshamn 3, Ringhals 1, Oskarshamn 1 and Barsebaeck 2/Oskarshamn 2. Based on available drawings, such as installation drawings and isometric views of pipes, the pipe systems have been put together in new drawings with their bracing supports and containment walls. This inventory shows that pipe whips can occur on a number of places on the containments walls after hypothetical pipe ruptures in the steam- and main feedwater systems. In order to find out whether these pipe whips are real threats against the leak tightness, further analysis needs to be made but are out of the scope of this investigation.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The indoor climate of school buildings have been much debated recently. Many problems connected with air quality and thermal comfort are caused by bad maintenance, fitted carpets and no sunshades. Mechanical ventilation in schools has gained a bad reputation and many municipalities are seeking other solutions when building new schools. Natural ventilation according to the ''Swedish model'' does not use air filters or heat recovery from the outgoing air and achieve low energy consumption by reducing the airflow substantially in cold weather. Most of the naturally ventilated schools have supply air culverts of concrete below ground outside the building and in the basement. This is also true of schools using hybrid ventilation, where natural and mechanical ventilation is combined. The naturally ventilated schools often use manual control of the ventilation, which may not always be a good solution for buildings with changing types of users. The article ...

CERN Document Server

The longitudinal-electric oscillations of the hot gluon system are studied beyond the well known leading order term at high temperature $T$ and small coupling $g$. The coefficient $\\eta$ in $\\omega^2 = m^2 \\, (1+ \\eta \\, g \\wu N \\, )$ is calculated, where \\hbox{$\\omega \\equiv \\omega (\\vc q =0)$} is the long-wavelength limit of the frequency spectrum, $N$ the number of colours and $m^2=g^2 N T^2/9$. In the course of this, for the real part of the gluon self-energy, the Braaten-Pisarski resummation programme is found to work well in all details. The coefficient $\\eta$ is explicitly seen to be gauge independent within the class of covariant gauges. Infrared singularities cancel as well as collinear singularities in the two-loop diagrams with both inner momenta hard. However, as it turns out, none of these two-loop contributions reaches the relative order $O(g)$ under study. The minus sign in our numerical result $\\; \\eta = -.18 \\; $ is in accord with ...

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Citrate is an important naturally occurring inhibitor of calcium stone formation in urine. Urinary citrate excretion was examined in 43 consecutive patients with recurrent idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis and in 50 normal controls by a specific enzymatic technique. Hypocitraturia (<1.6 mmol/24h) was found in 14 (33%) stone formers compared to 6 (12%) normal controls (p = 0.03). Citrate excretion expressed as citrate-creatinine ratio in 24 hour urine samples was significantly lower in the stone formers than in the healthy controls (p = 0.03), and significantly lower in healthy men, compared to healthy females (p = 0.006). There was a great variability in urinary citrate levels in both groups, and a considerable overlap in the urinary citrate excretion between normal subjects and stone formers. Factors other than urinary citrate excretion must therefore be of importance in the pathophysiology of calcium stone formation. Citrate-calcium ratio in urine proved to be a reliable index in ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Silanization of the silica gel surface in the synthesis of silica gel polyamine composites uses (chloropropyl)-trichlorosilane (CPTCS). It is possible to substitute a molar fraction of reagent CPTCS with methyltrichlorosilane (MTCS), creating a mixed silane surface layer. Two types of silica gels were modified with a series of MTCS:CPTCS molar ratios. Solid-state CP/MAS 29Si and 13C NMR spectroscopies were used to evaluate the surface silane composition. Surface silane coverage was markedly improved for the resulting gels. When polyamines were grafted to the resultant MTCS:CPTCS silane layers, it was shown that the decrease in the number of propyl attachments to the polyamine resulted in increased quantities of ''free amines''. Optimum MTCS:CPTCS ratios were determined for three polyamines grafted onto one silica gel. A substantial free amine increase was observed for poly(allylamine) (PAA). Metal uptake studies show increases in ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Oestfold Research has trough the project 'Climate accounts for disposal' for Waste Norway developed a model for calculation of net greenhouse gas emissions at the disposal of various waste types. The model is based on life cycle methodology according to the standard IS014044. This model has been used for plastic packaging in the project by adapting the basic values of specific conditions in the municipality of Fredrikstad. Oestfold Research has made an assessment of greenhouse gas emissions for the recycling and material recovery of plastic packaging from households in the district on assignment from Fredrikstad municipality and compared with the current solution where plastic packaging together with residual waste is used for energy utilisation. Based on the population in Fredrikstad and estimated amount of plastic packaging waste arising per household per year the difference in climate impact was analyzed and these scenarios calculated: Introduction of recycling and ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The aim was to compare the energy consumption by private and commercial vehicles with that of public transport facilities constituting urban street traffic, and to evaluate the influence of various traffic related plans such as green waves (where cars are able to drive through the town with relatively few accelerations and braking) streets with lower speed limits and special lanes and priorities for buses. The traffic pattern in four Copenhagen streets (Jagtvej, Soelvgade, Bredgade and Strandvejen) were measured and analyzed both in, and not in, the rush hour, and a special model was used to calculate the energy consumption. The model defines degree of acceleration and slow-down and speed when calculating energy consumption with regard to various driving patterns. It also calculates carbon dioxide emission. It was found that energy consumption decreased with increasing driving speed at 10-60 km/h for all vehicles. The case of buses is a little different because of having to stop so ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The aims of investigation were to follow the Sr transport in the food chain from the flora to the fauna and humans, and its dependence on the geological origin og the plant site, industrial emissions, the age and site of plants, the part of plant used for nutrition and the strontium content in the drinking water, to determine the Sr intake of humans with the help of the duplicate method, and to estimate the apparent absorption rate and balance of strontium depending on of the form of diet (mixed or ovolactovegetarian), sex, season, age, region (geological origin of the living space) and method of intake measurement (duplicate or basket method). Strontium, an ultra trace element widespread in the earth's crust, is not essential and only mildly toxic for plants, animals and man according to current knowledge. The biological essentiality of Sr has not been investigated yet. Amoeba species living in sea water use Sr for the formation of their skeleton instead of Ca. ...