Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Buildings in the USA are commonly not perceived as energy efficient and sustainable. Considering this, it comes as a surprise that the LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) certification system is leading the process to certify ''Green Buildings'' despite the broad range of certification systems in countries such as BREEAM in England, CASBEE in Japan, HQE in France, Green Star in Australia, and most recently DGNB in Germany. International companies are pursuing the LEED certification due to its worldwide applicability - over 20,000 buildings in 76 countries are currently registered. (Abstract Copyright [2009], Wiley Periodicals, Inc.) [German] Die USA sind nicht gerade fuer oekologisches und energieeffizientes Bauen bekannt. Umso erstaunlicher ist es, dass das LEED-Zertifizierungssystem (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) neben anderen landesspezifischen ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

As an alternative to the usual way of installing wind machines in extended windfarms new concepts are being developed. Several wind turbines are affixed to one support structure and can be aligned together. Drafts of steel constructions developed by students in three diploma theses are presented. The attempt to transform existing design standards requires extensive discussion of possible influence scenarios. Several concepts regarding structure and safety elements are described and evaluated. The design of the support structure is to be seen as a first step to the practicability of the whole concept. A preliminary mass calculation and a specification of further cost factors facilitates the comparison to conventional wind power stations. (orig.) [Deutsch] Als Alternative zur ueblichen Praxis, Windenergieanlagen in Form grossflaechiger Windparks zu bauen, werden Konzepte entwickelt, bei denen mehrere Konverter an einem Tragwerk angeordnet und gemeinsam in den Wind ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

In-service Test (IST) of the nuclear power plant is very important to maintain the safety of the plants. The safety features of nuclear power plant are based on the operation of pumps and valves. Therefore, it is an essential basis for the safety of nuclear power plant to keep operational readiness of pumps and valves. Because of the importance of the IST, most of nuclear power plants should designate the IST department and personnel. Because the nuclear power plants of Korea have several types and the designs and operations are different from each other, the methods and experiences are various for the management of the IST program. However, there are no medium to communicate with each other and exchange the tips and information about IST program and education and discussion would be required to apply a consistent code. The nature of the IST Standardization ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The present contribution focuses on the input side of individual process techniques. It shows on the basis of example calculations how two parameters describing the incinerable (residual) waste that are of particular importance for unconventional thermal treatment methods, namely ``pollutant load`` and ``calorific value``, can be influenced by a recycling stage and then further by mechanical-biological pretreatment. [Deutsch] Im folgenden soll das Hauptaugenmerk auf die Inputseite zu den einzelnen thermischen Verfahren gelegt werden und anhand einer Beispielrechnung aufgezeigt werden, wie sich die fuer einen Einsatz in nichtkonventionellen thermischen Verfahren besonders wichtigen Parameter des aufbereiteten (Rest)Abfalls `Schadstoffbelastung` und `Heizwert` zunaechst durch eine Verwertung und weiter durch eine mechanisch-biologische Vorbehandlung veraendern. (orig./SR)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The VerTech Pit Method for wet oxidation of municipal sewage sludge offers an ecologically and economically advantageous alternative for dealing with sewage and special sludges. Europe`s first commercial plant has now been commissioned in Apeldoorn in the Netherlands following industrial-scale trials in the USA. Up to its present stage of operation the plant has achieved a high degree of reduction of solid residues and a favourable resource and environmental profile, thus impressively confirming earlier results. It is amply in keeping with the landfill criteria laid down in the Household Waste Technical Code. Furthermore, the potential sludge throughput has been found to exceed the projected value. [Deutsch] Mit dem VerTech-Tiefschachtverfahren zur Nassoxidation kommunaler Klaerschlaemme steht ein alternatives Verfahren zur Behandlung von Klaer- und Sonderschlaemmen zur Verfuegung, das oekologische und wirtschaftliche Vorteile aufweist. Nach grosstechnischer ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

By retrofitting the existing steam turbine dual purpose power plant with a gas turbine plant and a secondary waste heat boiler the Technische Werke Ludwigshafen AG have considerably improved the energy generation in energetic, economic and ecological terms. The extension of the existing system to a combined cycle process has lead to this positive effect. The erection of a boiler plant during the first two construction phases has fully met the optimistic expectations. (orig.) [Deutsch] Mit der Nachruestung eines vorhandenen Dampfturbinen-HKW um eine Gasturbinenanlage mit nachgeschaltetem Abhitzekessel haben die Technischen Werke Ludwigshafen AG ihre Energieerzeugung entscheidend in energetischer, oekonomischer und oekologischer Sicht optimiert. Insbesondere die Erweiterung des vorhandenen Systems zu einem GuD-Prozess fuehrt zu dieser positiven Bilanz. Die Errichtung der Kesselanlage in den ersten beiden Bauabschnitten hat die optimistischen Erwartungen voll ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sprengel deformity is a congential malformation with usually unilateral elevation and medial rotation of the scapula. An omovertebral bone is generally present. Associated skeletal malformations are frequently present. Though functional impairment is mild, the cosmetic and psycho-social impairment can be considerable. The prognosis of early surgical therapy is good. The presented case also justifies surgical correction in the older child. (orig.) [German] Die Sprengel-Deformitaet ist eine angeborene Fehlbildung mit meist einseitiger Elevation und Medialrotation der Skapula. Meist ist ein Os omovertebrale vorhanden. Assoziierte skelettale Fehlbildungen sind haeufig. Obgleich funktionell wenig einschraenkend, ist die kosmetische und psycho-soziale Beeintraechtigung oft erheblich. Die Prognose der fruehen operativen Therapie ist gut. Der vorliegende Fall ermutigt zur operativen Therapie auch im hoeheren ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In a case study of the River Lahn, Hessen, Germany, the ecological impact of effluents from sewage treatment plants was investigated. These emissions have a significant impact on the receiving water quality with ammonia, nitrite, phosphorus and the eutrophication as most important factors. Current legislation standards seem to be sufficent for the sanitation of the nitrogen load. The potential of phosphorus removal in sewage treatment plants however may not reach the demand for eutrophication abatement. Therefore, integrated and immission oriented strategies are required including in site measures of river restoration. (orig.) [Deutsch] An der hessischen Lahn wurde in einem mehrjaehrigen Forschungsvorhabens die Bedeutung von Abwasserereinleitungen aus Klaeranlagen hinsichtlich ihrer gewaesseroekologischen Relevanz untersucht. Wesentliche Belastungen beziehen sich auf die Parameter Ammonium, Nitrit und Phosphor sowie eutrophierungsbedingte Folgeerscheinungen. Waehrend bei den ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Zusammenfassung Seit Dezember 2009 ist in Deutschland neben einem 10-valenten (PCV10) auch ein 13-valenter Pneumokokkenkonjugatimpfstoff (PCV13) verf?gbar. Ein Wechsel von PCV7 zu PCV13 ist zu jedem Zeitpunkt einer begonnenen Impfserie problemlos m?glich, von PCV7 zu PCV10 nur bei der Boosterimpfung. F?r alle Kinder mit abgeschlossener vollst?ndiger PCV7- oder -10-Impfserie stellt sich die Frage, ob eine zus?tzliche Impfung mit PCV13 sinnvoll ist. Kinder mit erh?htem Risiko f?r Pneumokokkenerkrankungen gem?? STIKO (St?ndige Impfkommission am Robert?Koch-Institut), die mit PCV7, jedoch nicht mit PPV23 geimpft sind, sollten grunds?tzlich mit PCV13 geimpft werden. Zu diesen Risikokindern sind evtl. auch gesunde, aber bereits im fr?hen Alter in Gemeinschaftseinrichtungen betreute Kinder zu rec...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The contribution attempts a definition of the concepts of ``technical facilities`` and ``facility management``. [Deutsch] Um mit der Ueberschrift zu beginnen: Was ist Gebaeudetechnik? Die Antwort ist nicht ganz einfach. An der TU Berlin gibt es einen Ingenieur-Studiengang mit dieser Bezeichnung. Es hat etwas mit dem Gebaeude, aber nicht viel mit Architektur zu tun, wie manchmal faelschlich angenommen wird. Um solche Missverstaendnisse gar nicht erst aufkommen zu lassen, hat sich die Gruppe des Vereins Deutscher Ingenieure, die sich mit der Gebaeudetechnik beschaeftigt, als `VDI-Gesellschaft Technische Gebaeudeausruestung` bezeichnet. (orig.)

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Zusammenfassung Das Lungenkarzinom ist eine der h?ufigsten Krebserkrankungen und die h?ufigste Krebstodesursache. Mit der Einf?hrung innovativer Substanzen ist die M?glichkeit einer individualisierten Therapie gegeben, die eine Verbesserung von Prognose und Lebensqualit?t verspricht. Die Wirksamkeit dieser Therapeutika basiert auf spezifischen molekularen Eigenschaften des Lungenkarzinoms und stellt neue Anforderungen an die pathohistologische Diagnostik. Neben dem Histotyp haben sich molekulare Alterationen, insbesondere EGFR-Mutationen, als pr?diktive Marker erwiesen. Die histologische Typisierung umfasst daher nicht nur die Unterscheidung von SCLC und NSCLC, sondern die Subtypisierung der NSCLC unter Einbezug immunhistologischer und molekularer Untersuchungen. Zusammenfassend werden Kri...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

ZusammenfassungDie Botulinumtoxinbehandlung ist eine etablierte Methode in der Behandlung von spasmodischen Dysphonien. Prinzipiell kann eine Behandlung transkutan zervikal, transoral mit einer gebogenen Spritze unter visueller Kontrolle w?hrend der Laryngoskopie sowie mittels flexibler Endoskope bzw. Videoendoskope mit Arbeitskanal erfolgen. Insbesondere die transkutane Injektion unter Larynx-EMG-Kontrolle (LEMG) ist ein verh?ltnism??ig einfaches Verfahren. Aufgrund der visuellen Kontrolle bei transoral oder flexibel transnasal verabreichtem Botulinumtoxin scheint eine bessere Wirksamkeit zu bestehen. Aus verschiedenen Gr?nden kann dieses Verfahren aber nicht bei allen Patienten verwendet werden. Wir berichten ?ber unsere Erfahrungen mit den verschiedenen Techniken und unsere Erw?gungen i...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Climate change is not only dangerous but also expensive. On the other hand, air pollution abatement measures are costly as well. Scientists of the Microeconomics Department investigated how air pollution abatement and cost efficiency can best be combined. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Despite successful reduction of the general lead exposure, this heavy metal is still a matter of public concern due to the fact that associations with intellectual impairment or delayed puberty are found to correlate with very low lead blood concentrations. Lead in tap water is still an important contribution to lead exposure which may cause health risk for infants. Therefore, lead pipes should be completely sanitated by exchange against pipes made from more healthy materials. (orig.) [German] Trotz erfolgreicher Reduktion der allgemeinen Belastung ist Blei auch heute noch umweltmedizinisch relevant, weil es moeglicherweise bei niedrigeren als bisher angenommenen Belastungen gesundheitlich nachteilige Wirkungen, insbesondere waehrend der fruehkindlichen Entwicklung des Nervensystems, ausloest. Insbesondere Blei aus bleiernen Trinkwasserleitungen ist eine Belastung, die fuer Saeuglinge und Kleinkinder nach wie vor ein gesundheitliches Risiko ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The thermochemical calculations performed with a large number of elements to describe the chemical system in a Phebus FP test allow the following conclusions: The metallic absorber materials play a significant role in fission product speciation. At around 1000 C and above, silver iodide is the dominant iodine carrier in a full steam atmosphere in both FPT0 and FPT1. At lower temperatures, cadmium iodide takes over. In a reduced environment, indium iodide becomes important. Caesium iodide does certainly appear; at certain test conditions it becomes the major iodine transporting vehicle. But its role is not greater than that of the other iodides. It has more chances in FPT1 than in FPT0. Chlorine, which was present in FPT0 as a contaminant in relatively large amounts, does not prevent the iodine from forming Csl. Both share the caesium like partners. The evolution of caesium chloride and iodide proceeds in parallel. When CsCl is abundant, Csl is strong, too. Should boron be added to the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The examples quoted show that damage is mostly due to faults of design and construction or faulty operation. The ever shorter development cycles, the further development of existing constructions and cost pressure owing to price slumps are very important in this context. Careful endoscopic inspections and monitoring and early identification of beginning damage helps to prevent major damage and follow-up damage. The causes of changing operational performance must be established as early as possible to prevent larger damages from being caused by continued operations.(orig.) [German] Die vorgestellten Schadenbeispiele zeigen, dass die Schaeden vorwiegend durch Auslegungsfehler und Konstruktionsfehler aber auch durch Bedienungsfehler verursacht wurden. Die immer kuerzeren Entwicklungszeiten fuer Neukonstruktionen und die Weiterentwicklung vorhandener Konstruktionen sowie der Kostendruck infolge des Preisverfalles sind hierbei von grosser Bedeutung. Weitherhin ist die ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Melting in a cokeless cupola furnace fuelled with natural gas is a novel, energy-saving and environment-friendly process. In order to be able to monitor the processes inside the furnace with detailed mass and heat balances, an experimental furnace with an efficient measuring system was constructed in the framework of a research project financed by the BMFT and Messrs. Eisenwerke Dueker GmbH und Co. KG, Laufach, Germany. (orig./HS) [Deutsch] Das Schmelzen im kokslosen erdgasgefeuerten Kupolofen ist ein neues, energiesparendes und umweltfreundliches Verfahren. Um die Vorgaenge im Ofen mit umfassenden Stoff- und Waermebilanzen erfassen zu koennen, ist im Rahmen eines vom BMFT und der Firma Eisenwerke Dueker GmbH und Co. KG, Laufach, finanzierten Forschungsvorhabens, ein Versuchsofen mit umfangreicher Messeinrichtung gebaut worden. (orig./HS)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

There is much interest worldwide in low-emission, low-noise electric cars. Modern vehicles with advanced technology are an interesting alternative to conventional cars. (orig.) [Deutsch] Das Interesse an den emissionsfreien und leisen Elektroautos ist weltweit ungebrochen. Die heute verfuegbaren Fahrzeuge zeigen die betraechtlichen, in den letzten Jahren erzielten Fortschritte, die sie fuer immer mehr Anwender zu einer beliebten Alternative zur Benutzung des konventionellen Autos machen. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The aim of this review is to evaluate the role of inflammatory spine disease in patients with chronic back pain. The contribution of imaging modalities for the diagnostic evaluation of back pain is discussed. A systematic literature search based on the classification of seronegative spondyloarthropathies and rheumatoid arthritis was performed. The results of this search and the experiences in a large collective of rheumatological patients are analyzed. The prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis (1-2%) is comparable to that of spondyloarthropathies (1.9%). The etiology of these entities is not fully elucidated. Magnetic resonance imaging is increasingly used for early detection and surveillance of therapy with TNF-{alpha} antagonists. Bone marrow edema, which is only detectable with MRI, represents an early sign of inflammation. Therapy with TNF-{alpha} antagonists is based on clinical and laboratory criteria, and signs of inflammation in MRI. MRI is useful for assessment of the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A novel zinc-air battery might soon enhance the mileage and applications of electric vehicles. The battery named Zoxy battery weighs 80% less than a conventional lead battery, but has an equal amount of energy in store. (orig./CB) [Deutsch] Eine neuartige Zink-Luft-Batterie koennte vor allem dem Elektroauto groessere Reichweiten und neue Einsatzmoeglichkeiten erschliessen. Die sogenannte Zoxy-Batterie ist 80% leichter als eine herkoemmliche Bleibatterie - bei gleichem Energiegehalt. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The position paper will provide the basis for further strategies on offshore wind power development in consideration of ecological and conservation aspects. [German] Das Positionspapier des Bundesministeriums fuer Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (BMU) einschliesslich des Umweltbundesamtes (UBA) und des Bundesamtes fuer Naturschutz (BfN) ist Ergebnis der Arbeiten der BMU-Projektgruppe 'Windenergienutzung im Offshore-Bereich im Hinblick auf die BMU-Anliegen'. Es beschreibt den derzeitigen Stand einer Strategie zur umwelt- und naturvertraeglichen Erschliessung der Windenergienutzung auf See (Offshore). Es bildet die Grundlage fuer die Weiterentwicklung dieser Strategie und dabei insbesondere zur Abstimmung mit den Anliegen anderer Bundesressorts und den Kuestenlaendern, sowie zur intensiveren Einbeziehung beteiligter Verbaende und Fachkreise. Vor dem Hintergrund der zur Genehmigung eingereichten Antraege fuer Offshore-Windparks, mangelnder ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

CNG vehicles suffer from an uncontrolled temperature rise of the gas inside the tank during the filling process and heat exchange with the environment leads to variable filling levels. A partly filled tank reduces the range of CNG vehicles and works as a impediment to the spreading of environmentaly more friendly CNG vehicles. The increase of the pressure inside the tank combined with a prolongation of the filling time beyond three minutes can reduce the deficit of the filling process. For economic reasons the time required for refuelling should be as short as possible without the need to operate the filling station with a critical pressure. To meet this target the current technique requires further improvement. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die betriebliche Praxis bei Tankvorgaengen von Erdgasfahrzeugen zeigt, dass waehrend des Tankvorganges die Temperatur des getankten Erdgases im Fahrzeugtank ansteigt. Waehrend und nach Beendigung des Tankvorganges findet ein Temperaturausgleich mit der ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

During their life, intervertebral discs undergo degenerative changes which need not necessarily become lesions. Conventional X-rays do not provide information on the condition of the intervertebral discs, so MRT or CT are recommended as primary techniques as they are non-invasive. Invasive methods like myelography and especially discography should not be used unless a case is highly problematic. In infants with pains in the back, MRT should be carried out as early as possible as there is nearly always an organic cause. (orig.) [German] Die Bandscheibe ist im Laufe des Lebens degenerativen Veraenderungen unterworfen, die klinisch zu Beschwerden fuehren koennen, aber nicht fuehren muessen. Konventionlle Roentgenaufnahmen lassen zwar die Hoehenminderung des Bandscheibenfachs und begleitende knoecherne Veraenderungen erkennen, nicht aber den Zustand der Bandscheibe selbst. Die Beurteilung der Bandscheibe und des Knochens gelingt mit der CT, die parallel zum ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In comparison to deterministic criteria, probabilistic reliability indices like interruption frequency and unavailability give a more differentiated insight into reliability in an electrical energy network. One possibility for network planning based on these indices is the definition of limits for customer nodes, another is the monetarisation of reliability in terms of interruption costs. Because of numerous disadvantages, interruption cost methods could not up to now win broad recognition in network planning in Western Europe. A more recent method for the monetarisation of reliability circumventing most of these disadvantages is the insurance system. In this system the customer selects a tariff class in an insurance system, and the utility reimburses its customers in the case of an interruption. In its first section, the paper describes a method for the flexible and realistic optimisation of MV networks. This method based on Genetic optimisation is able to integrate probabilistic ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The main objective of nuclear liability law is the compensation of victims of a possible nuclear incident. However, an adequate nuclear liability law is just as important for nuclear industry, in particular the supply industry - including suppliers of know-how and consultants. Without such a law, the liability risk would be incalculable and industry would not be ready to supply to nuclear installations or nuclear activities. This applies especially to programmes which aim at improving nuclear safety in Eastern Europe. Key elements are the exclusive concentration of liability onto the operator of a nuclear installation (channelling of liability) and the channelling of lawsuits onto one single competent court in one single country. There are recent examples: The negotiations on the management of nuclear waste, including submarines, in Northern Russia and the negotiations within the framework of the East Asian project of the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO), ...

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The comprehensive survey explains the indications and the specific value of the modern tomographic modalities with respect to the various diagnostic issues. Numerous reproductions of CT, MRI, US scans illustrate the aspects discussed. (orig./CB) [German] Bildgebende Verfahren kommen bei der Abklaerung von Erkrankungen des weiblichen Urogenitaltrakts ergaenzend zu der klinischen Untersuchung zur Anwendung. Kongenitale Uterusanomalien werden primaer mit der HSG oder der Laparoskopie diagnostiziert. Zusaetzlich koennen der transvaginale US und in unklaren Faellen die MRT eingesetzt werden. Die Diagnose entzuendlicher Erkrankungen des weiblichen Genitaltrakts erfolgt in der Regel klinisch. Schnittbildverfahren werden bei therapieresistenten, komplizierten Faellen angewendet. Initial werden benigne Neoplasien des Uterus mit dem transvaginalen US abgeklaert. Eine Verdickung des Endometriums ist dabei ein unspezifischer Befund und kann auf eine Hyperplasie, Polypen oder ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

There are no 'intelligent' buildings but only 'intelligently controlled' buildings. Intelligent control requires communication between technical facilities, which in turn requires building automation and system integration. [German] Es gibt keine ''intelligenten'', sondern nur ''intelligent betriebene'' Gebaeude. Mit dieser Feststellung ist die Vorbedingung festgelegt, dass Gebaeude ein gewerkeuebergreifendes System benoetigen, das die Komponenten miteinander kommunizieren laesst. Dafuer eignet sich die Gebaeudeautomation. Damit diese ihre Aufgaben erfuellen kann, bedarf es der Systemintegration. (orig.)

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Endograftimplantationen im oder am Aortenbogen stellen besondere Herausforderungen an die Implantationstechnik und an die mechanischen Eigenschaften von Stentgrafts und ihren Einf?hrungssystemen, bedingt durch die Notwendigkeit, die Prothesen punktgenau abzusetzen und durch die mit der Biegung im Aortenbogen zunehmende Reibungswiderst?nde innerhalb der Einf?hrungssysteme. Die Endograftsysteme der 1. Generation (Talent?, Zenith TX 1?, TAG?) zeigten in dieser Lokalisation technisch bedingte Limitationen. Neue Prothesen Bei den seit 2004 und 2005 verf?gbaren neuen Stentgrafts (E-vita?, Zenith TX 2?, Valiant?, Relay?) sind diese Limitationen weitgehend ?berwunden. Durch technische Verbesserungen von Stentgrafts und Einf?hrungssystemen ist es nun m?glich, auch lange ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

MPA research activities focus on fracture prevention and on the development of a generally applicable method of component integrity testing which, independent of the safety relevance of the components involved, is also part of ageing management. (orig.) [German] Die Forschungsaktivitaeten an der MPA im Hinblick auf die Erhoehung der Sicherheit und Zuverlaessigkeit komplex beanspruchter Bauteile orientieren sich an den Grundgedanken des Basissicherheitskonzepts (Prinzip des Bruchausschlusses). Zielsetzung war dabei die Entwicklung eines allgemein anwendbaren Nachweisverfahrens zur Komponentenintegritaet, das, abhaengig von der sicherheitstechnischen Relevanz der zu betrachtenden Komponenten, auch Bestandteil des Alterungsmanagements ist. (orig.)

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Objective: To describe the meaning of the theme of empowerment from research on health promotion in nursing from the perspective of nurses participating in the study. Methods: Manual data analysis and QSR NUD*IST Vivo were used to analyse the data generated by individual and focus group interviews and the critical incident technique with 32 qualified nurses working in an acute hospital setting in the UK. Results: The participants identified a number of issues related to the theme of empowerment. These included the nurse as patient informer, psychological supporter and rapport builder and the concepts of informed choice/decision making, gatekeeping, coping, patient assertiveness, self-esteem and confidence. Conclusion: Empowerment is a complex, multi-dimensional, contested concept which can...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Zusammenfassung Eine genauere Untersuchung der bekannten Modelle isotropen Materialverhaltens (z.B. von Mises, Tresca, Mohr-Coulomb, Drucker-Prager usw.) zeigt, dass sie selten mit Versuchsergebnissen ?bereinstimmen. Modelle mit inkompressiblen Eigenschaften sch?tzen oft das Materialverhalten bei mehraxialen Zugbelastungen falsch ein. Beim Flie?en unter Druck liefern die Modelle mit kompressiblen Eigenschaften unzul?ssige Werte der Querkontraktionszahl. Erfahrungen zeigen, dass es schwierig ist, mehrdimensionales Materialverhalten bei h?ufig fehlenden Informationen werkstoffgerecht abzubilden. Viele Modelle liefern akzeptable Ergebnisse nur f?r bestimmte Bereiche des Spannungsraumes. Diese Beobachtung hat auf die Idee gef?hrt, ,,bew?hrte?? Modelle miteinander zu verbinden. In diesem Artike...

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The clinical feasibility of using interventional examination techniques was tested with an equipment combining fluoroscopy and MR imaging. This hybrid system showed to be of advantage in a great number of interventional examinations. The 1.5 Tesla magnet proved to be superior to open MR scanning systems in terms of image quality and scanning times. (orig.) [Deutsch] Es wurde die klinische Durchfuehrbarkeit interventioneller Techniken an einem kombinierten Durchleuchtungs- und MR-Arbeitsplatz untersucht. Dieses Hybridsystem erwies sich bei einer Vielzahl interventioneller Eingriffe als vorteilhaft. Der 1,5 Tesla-Magnet ist offenen MR-Systemen hinsichtlich Bildqualitaet und Messzeit ueberlegen. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

To permit an assessment of the system presented in this paper the data collected up to this point should be complemented by further experience with its practical use in electromobiles and the recovery of zink and the electrolyte. To this end the system is to be tested in electromobiles in 1995 and 1996. If there are no serious problems in the course of these tests and the above-mentioned estimates on economic efficiency are confirmed, then there is much to be said for a large-scale trial of these battery systems in electromobiles in the framework of a pilot project in Karlsruhe. Because of the infrastructure required for recharging, such a project should first be carried out in cooperation with fleet operators. As the recharging technique employed is so simple as to require no great investment and cost-effectiveness should already be achievable with a few tens of vehicles, one can conceive of a whole variety of applications in cooperation with public utilities, municipalities, and ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Zusammenfassung Das Konzept der ?quivalenten Spannung (Vergleichsspannung) wird seit langem angewendet und hat sich bew?hrt. Ein wesentlicher Grund daf?r liegt darin, dass es u.?a. bei der Formulierung ph?nomenologischer Werkstoffmodelle weiterhilft. Von Nachteil ist, dass es weder mit physikalischen Prinzipien in Verbindung steht, noch Informationen ?ber die Mikrostruktur des Werkstoffs enth?lt. Trotzdem wurden zahlreiche Hypothesen zur Formulierung von ?quivalenten Spannungen in der Vergangenheit aufgestellt und in der Praxis mit unterschiedlichem Erfolg angewendet. Als Basis f?r die Systematisierung der zahlreichen Modelle hat Yu die Unified Strength Theory (UST) vorgeschlagen. Diese eignet sich, u.?a. inkompressibles inelastisches Materialverhalten sowie kompressible Werkstoffe mit unt...

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Background. In multiple myeloma 5 different infiltration patterns can be differentiated: 1. Normal appearance of bone marrow, 2. focal involvement, 3. homogeneous diffuse infiltration, 4. combined diffuse and focal infiltration, 5. 'salt-and pepper' pattern with inhomogeneous bone marrow with interposition of fat islands. Methods. For the fast and total acquisition of all patterns a combination of a T1-weighted spin echo sequence and a fat suppression technique is superior. The focal involvement is clearly demonstrated as areas of high signal intensity on e.g. STIR images. Diffuse involvement can be quantified objectively by calculation of the percentage of signal intensity increase after contrast material injection. MRI is superior to X-ray in focal and diffuse involvement. With ultrafast sequences a 'screening' of the whole red bone marrow as for myeloma infiltration is possible. Prognosis. In prognosis studies diffuse infiltration is inferior to ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Summary Exposures to natural and simulated altitudes are combined with a reduction of the available oxygen (hypoxia) and may provoke health problems or even emergencies. Although millions of people are living at high altitudes, are regularly or occasionally performing mountain sport activities, are transported by airplanes, and are increasingly frequently exposed to hypoxia at their workplace, e.g. with fire control systems, there is no consensus about the level of hypoxia which is well tolerated by most of human beings. Thus, the present mini review tries to define such a level. This review indicates that although humans show adaptive responses even to altitudes below 2000 m or corresponding normobaric hypoxia (FiO2: >16%) most of these subjects without severe pre-existing diseases well t...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

When performing trenchless pipe renovation work - whichever process you use - the success of the job depends on the careful removal of all scale, sediments and rust from the innerwall surfaces. The VACUJET process - in which the pipe is cleaned with water at pressures of up to 2 500 bar using a technique jointly developed by Preussag Rohrsanierung GmbH and Fabex GmbH - meets all requirements. The equipment includes a mobile waste water treatment unit which is small enough to fit on a standard trailer. Despite its compact dimensions this plant is so effective that it can treat all the waste water generated during the high pressure cleaning jobs so that it is suitable for reuse in the cleaning process or for release into the sewerage system. (orig.) [Deutsch] Bei der grabenlosen Rohrsanierung, ganz gleich nach welchem Verfahren saniert wird, ist die sorgfaeltige Entfernung von alten Beschichtungen, Ablagerungen und Rost eine wesentliche Voraussetzung fuer den ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

With the development of the latent heat store and its inclusion in the conventional heating control of cars, success has been achieved both in increasing comfort and in making an important contribution to safety of driving. Great store is set in development of the system on its environmental friendliness, for example by the thorough use of environmentally friendly and reusable materials. This also means the use of clean materials. It was shown that the latent heat store (apart from the aspects of comfort and safety of driving) can also make a contribution to saving fuel and reducing the exhaust gas. The sum total of the advantages makes it clear that the latent heat store introduced here is a very environmentally friendly system with multi-functional properties. (orig.) [Deutsch] Mit der Entwicklung des Latentwaermespeichers und seiner Einbindung in die konventionelle Heizungsregelung von Automobilen ist es gelungen, sowohl den Komfort deutlich zu erhoehen als auch ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The regenerator of Stirling cycle machines has an relatively unknown potential for thermal shorting, because the thermal flow path within the solid of a randomly stacked wire mesh, which is defined by its 'connectivity', is unknown. Earlier publications have shown two principles of experimental techniques to quantify connectivity. One quantifies connectivity as a function of axial pressure using the electric current analogy, the other measures connectivity via the temperature gradients along a regenerator and a series-connected reference body of known conductivity. Both papers offer preliminary results of reduced usefulness related to the testing method or setup. This contribution describes a new setup and its technique, which results from the practical knowledge and experience of the first two attempts, and aims for an improved determination of connectivity of the original representative Stirling regenerators with and without housing. Please contact the author for ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Since enterprises operating offices and facilities at geographically distributed sites have been establishing an intranet for inter-office communication at the management level, the idea of integrating another intranet for multi-site technological facility management comes naturally. The Aachen-based technology enterprise Eurem for this purpose developed a Network and Security concept with solutions that can be customized for linking a variety of computerized control and monitoring systems. The package includes a modular substation named modUS, which is open to the field side as well as to the management side, is capable of efficiently and reliably performing the facility management functions by way of remote controlling via intranets. (orig./CB) [Deutsch] Nachdem in den Unternehmen mit verteilten Liegenschaften die unterschiedlichsten Buerokommunikationssysteme ueber eigene Netzwerke verbunden werden, liegt es nahe, auch verteilte Gebaeudeautomationssysteme in diese Vernetzung ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The evaluation of possible manufacture-based defects in turbine shafts and housings for component serviceability relevance is of particular interest not only in post-manufacturing NDT but also in evaluation of NDT results obtained by in-service inspections of components with long service lives. The results discussed in the paper are summarized as follows: Most of the examined natural defects in the forgings and castings behave like cracks under the simulated operating conditions and hence may well be evaluated by fracture mechanical methods for their serviceability relevance determined by crack propagation under fatigue, creep and creep-fatigue stress. The empirical correlation of true defect size and US testing results (echo signal, echodynamics, attenuation) permits improved determination of true defect sizes in the turbine components. Care has to be taken to select the proper testing and evaluation methods in compliance with defect types. (orig./MM) [Deutsch] Die ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The low budgets of local governments and Federal States in Germany as well as lack of financial means of renters delaying thorough modernisation of existing heating systems in residential and public buildings, novel heat supply and related customer services are emerging on the market. Heat supply companies and housing construction associations increasingly use modern electronics and telecommunication systems for heating system upgrading and reliable operation and maintenance. This option holds an enormous potential of saving money today and in the future. Installation of remote control and maintenance systems and the related telephone-based services offer fast repair and other services via electronic telecommunications systems, thus saving money and manpower for the repair services of heat suppliers or plumbers, or financial losses due to rents being docked for broken down heating systems. Such remote control and maintenance systems however need to be reasonable in price, and versatile ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurobiological disorder of early childhood onset. Defining symptoms are chronic impairments of attention, impulse control and motor hyperactivity that frequently persist until adulthood. Miscellaneous causes of the disorder have been discussed. Accumulating evidence from imaging- and molecular genetic studies strengthened the theory of ADHS being a predominantly inherited disorder of neurobiological origin. In the last 15 years, non-invasive brain imaging methods were successfully implemented in pediatric research. Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies gave major insight into the neurobiological correlates of executive malfunction, inhibitory deficits and psychomotoric soft signs. These findings are in good accordance with brain morphometric data indicating a significant volumetric decrease of major components of striato-thalamo-cortical feedback loops, primarily influencing prefrontal executive functioning (e.g. basal ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The project is intended to yield information on the transfer factors describing the transfer of ingested radionuclides to breast milk for the following elements: antimony, cerium, chromium, cobalt, gallium, lanthanum, molybdenum, niobium, radium, ruthenium, silver, thorium, titanium, and uranium. Those yet unknown or poorly known transfer factors are required in order to be able to develop a reliable model for description and assessment of the transfer of the radionuclides and the possibly resulting hazardous doses to infants, and for subsequent formulation of recommendations for radiological protection of the population. (orig./CB) [German] Ziel des Projektes ist die Ermittlung von Transferfaktoren fuer den Uebergang von Radionukliden aus der Nahrung der Muetter in die Muttermilch fuer die Elemente Antimon, Cer, Chrom, Cobalt, Gallium, Lanthan, Molybdaen, Niob, Radium, Ruthenium, Silber, Thorium, Titan und Uran. Um die Exposition und damit die moegliche Gefaehrung ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The deregulation of the power industry having been implemented at unparalleled pace in Germany, the marketers and utility managers have been faced with the challenge of coping within relatively short time with the whole range of problems involved in restructurisation in the emerging competitive and very dynamic market. The article summarizes the activities for reorientation and positioning in the market, laying the foundation for success in the future. The communication and IT infrastructure is a major aspect to be considered. The authors explain how the German power industry may profit from international experience and results, so as to gain time in pulling up with competitors in the international marketplace. (orig./CB) [German] Die Liberalisierung der deutschen Stromwirtschaft kann im internationalen Vergleich als einzigartig sowohl hinsichtlich ihrer Breite als auch ihrer Geschwindigkeit - volle Marktoeffnung fuer alle Kunden auf einen Schlag - angesehen werden. Die schnelle ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

In 1998 the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) formed the Committee on Nuclear Risk Management (CNRM) and a Project Team to develop a standard on PRAs for use in risk informed applications. This ASME standard is being developed to help provide an adequate level of quality in PRAs that are being used to support ASME initiatives to risk informed in-service inspection (ISI) and in-service testing (IST) of nuclear power plant components. A related need supported by the industry and the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission is to reduce the level of effort that is being expended in pilot applications of risk informed initiatives to address questions about the sufficiency of quality in the supporting PRA models. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the authors' views on some of the technical issues that were encountered in the effort to develop the ASME PRA standard. Draft 12 of this standard has been issued for comment, and is currently being finalized with ...

Science.gov (United States)

TART97 is a coupled neutron-photon, 3 dimensional, combinatorial geometry, time dependent Monte Carlo transport code. This code can run on any modern computer. It is a complete system to assist you with input preparation, running Monte Carlo calculations, and analysis of output results. TART97 is also incredibly fast: if you have used similar codes, you will be amazed at how fast this code is compared to other similar codes. Use of the entire system can save you a great deal of time and energy. TART 97 is distributed on CD. This CD contains on-line documentation for all codes included in the system, the codes configured to run on a variety of computers, and many example problems that you can use to familiarize yourself with the system. TART97 completely supersedes all older versions of TART, and it is strongly recommended that users only use the most recent version of TART97 and ist data files.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A century of technical development put steam turbines on a high level regarding efficiency and reliability. This procedure is still ongoing. The technological-commercial point of view - influenced intensively by liberalisation of the energy-market - makes great demands on field services. Well suited concepts in service and modernization are the solutions, as shown in NPP Emsland upgrade. [German] Ein Jahrhundert technischer Entwick lung brachte Dampfturbinen auf ein hohes Niveau bezueglich Effizienz und Zuverlaessigkeit. Dieser Vorgang ist auch in der heutigen Zeit nicht ab geschlossen. Die technologisch-wirtschaftliche Betrachtungs weise '' von der Liberalisierung des Strommarktes intensiv beeinflusst '' stellt dementsprechend hohe Anforderungen auch an den Kraftwerksservice. Massgeschneiderte Modernisierungs- und Servicekonzepte sind die Antwort, wie das Beispiel Kernkraftwerk Emsland zeigt. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The development of the space HVAC sector during the past 25 years is reviewed. It is shown how the importance of room climate has increased, as illustrated, e.g., by the concepts of 'thermal comfort', 'comfort', and 'sick building syndrome'. A sequel will be published in the next issue of KK. (orig.) [German] Der folgende Beitrag ist eine Bestandsaufnahme im Hinblick auf technologische Entwicklungen in der Klima- und Lueftungstechnik der letzten 25 Jahre, ein Zeitraum in dem sich einiges veraendert hat. Gleichzeitig wird deutlich, welcher Wandel sich bei der Bedeutung des Raumklimas in Gebaeuden vollzogen hat, indem beispielsweise Begriffe wie ''Behaglichkeit'', ''Komfort'' aber auch ''Sick Building Syndrom'' eine immer groessere Rolle spiel(t)en. Die Fortsetzung in der naechsten KK-Ausgabe wird dann ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The 1996/`97 buyers` guide comprises ten chapters: 1. List of suppliers; 2. Waste management, effluents, sewage systems; 3. Water supply, hydroengineering; 4. Chemistry, petrochemistry; 5. Chemical engineering; 6. Food industry, biotechnology; 7. Paper and cellulose industry; 8. Natural gas industry, natural gas supply; 9. Power plant engineering, power systems, district heating; 10. Air conditioning and refrigeration engineering. (orig.) [Deutsch] Der vorliegende Einkaufsfuehrer 1996/97 ist in zehn Kapiteln gegliedert. Diese sind: 1. Firmenverzeichnis 2-11 2. Entsorgungs-/Abwassertechnik, Klaeranlagen 12-15 3. Wasserversorgung, Wassertechnik 16-18 4. Chemie, Petrochemie 19-22 5. Verfahrenstechnik 23-26 6. Lebensmittelindustrie, Biotechnik 27-29 7. Papier-, Zeluloseindustrie 30-31 8. Erdgasindustrie, -versorgung 32 9. Kraftwerkstechnik, Energieanlagen, Fernwaerme 33-34 10. Kaelte-/Klimatechnik 35-36. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation (PIII) is a new hybrid technology for surface treatment of materials based on the principles of plasma nitriding and ion implantation. The equipment and the operation of the system are introduced. As well as providing an alternate method of ion implantation, it is possible to combine energetic ion bombardment with plasma nitriding. Different metal materials and treatment conditions have been studied. The capability of PIII-treatment to improve the properties of a wide range of metals has been proven. Application for forming tools and their industrial test has been successful. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die Plasmaimmersionsimplantation (PIII) ist eine neue Hybridtechnologie zur Behandlung von Werkstoffoberflaechen und basiert auf den Prinzipien des Plasmanitrierens und der Ionenimplantation. Die Anlagentechnik und die Arbeitsweise werden vorgestellt. Verfahrensspezifische Vorteile entstehen durch die Moeglichkeit, sowohl alternative ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nuclear power plant has several safety features and each safety feature is based on the operation of pumps and valves. Therefore, it is an essential basis for the safety of nuclear power plant to keep operational readiness of pumps and valves by In-Service Test (IST). According to Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST) Bulletin 2008-14, the safety functioned pumps and valves of all nuclear power plants of Korea Hydro and Nuclear Power Co. Ltd.(KHNP) have been tested to verify their performance of safety function. Each safety grade pump has own design requirement and should be tested to identify whether it could meet the requirement. Design requirements and test references of all safety grade pumps of Wolsung Nuclear Power Plant Unit 2 (Wolsung Unit 2) were examined in this study. And the results of the performance test of the pump were also compared to the design requirements of each pump.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Until now, monitoring of power transformers focussed mainly large generator and network transformers. Siemens goes a step ahead and provides a system especially developed and designed for small and medium power transformers, e.g. for the 100 kV level. This low cost version could be achieved by restriction to really necessary measuring quantities. This allows to realize also for small and medium power transformers an online monitoring including an estimation of aging and as an option an early warning to avoid unexpected failures. (orig.) [German] Die Ueberwachung (Monitoring) von Leistungstransformatoren war bisher vor allem fuer Maschinentransformatoren und grosse Netzkuppeltransformatoren in der Diskussion. Siemens geht einen Schritt weiter und stellt nun auch ein System bereit, das speziell fuer kleine und mittlere Leistungstransformatoren, z.B. der 110-kV-Spannungsebene, konzipiert ist. Diese kostenguenstige Variante wurde durch Beschraenkung auf die aus ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Verification of guarantees mostly calls for measurements on the spot. The paper deals with the guarantees that apply to small hydroelectric power stations. Already when planning a plant it should be decided what guarantees are to be demanded and how they can be verified. Specifically, measurements to verify guaranteed performance and efficiency on the spot are dealt with. Details are not given. Rather, the report wants to give an overview of methods and aspects to be taken heed of. For in-depth information, the reader is referred to the corresponding standards and guidelines. (orig.) [Deutsch] Zur Ueberpruefung von Garantien ist meistens die Durchfuehrung von Messungen vorort notwendig. Es werden die Garantien behandelt, die bei Kleinwasserkraftanlagen in Frage kommen. Bereits bei der Planung der Anlage sollte entschieden werden, welche Garantien gefordert werden sollen und wie sie ueberprueft werden koennen. Es wird speziell auf die messtechnische Ueberpruefung ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The harnessing and enhanced use of renewable energy today is a matter of lively debate and much concern. Amazingly, hydro power is either rarely considered in these discussions or viewed in a negative light. But hydro power continues to be the most important source of renewable energy, and its use potential is considerable and should be taken into account when, for instance, agreeing on or implementing carbon dioxide reduction targets. Small hydro power stations are an effective means of harnessing existing energy potentials. (orig.) [Deutsch] Ueber die Nutzung und den Ausbau regenerativer Energien wird heutzutage lebhaft diskutiert und gerungen. Es mag erstaunen, dass in diesen Diskussionen die Wasserkraft kaum Beachtung findet oder in einem schlechten Licht gesehen wird. Dabei ist die Wasserkraft nach wie vor bei weitem die wichtigsten Quelle regenerativer Energie, und sie besitzt ein beachtliches Ausbaupotential, das man wenigstens ins Kalkuel ziehen sollte, ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The new multi-purpose oxygen cupola furnace is a coke-fired shaft furnace that is operated on pure oxygen. The top gas is recirculated, and the fumes are drawn off at temperatures ranging from 800 to 1 000 C. The furnace offers the possibility of melting down contaminated and zinc-bearing scrap without the occurrence of any environment-polluting gas emissions. The absence of nitrogen ballast permits a high energy efficiency. (orig.) [Deutsch] Der neue Mehrzweck-Sauerstoff-Kupolofen ist ein koksbeheizter Schachtofen, der mit reinem Sauerstoff betrieben wird. Das Gichtgas wird im Kreislauf gefuehrt, und das Abgas wird aus einem Bereich mit Temperaturen von 800 bis 1 000 C abgefuehrt. Der Ofen bietet die Moeglichkeit, verunreinigte und zinkhaltige Schrotte einzuschmelzen, ohne dass umweltbelastende Gasemissionen auftreten. Der fehlende Stickstoffbalast bewirkt einen hohen energetischen Wirkungsgrad. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The described heat transfer model supplies plausible results for the size distribution of active nucleation spots. For boiling states for which a comparison with measured bubble covering density is possible, that is for low boiling pressures and low heat flux densities, the bubble covering densities calculated by model on the basis of heat transfer measurements agree relatively well with the values observed. (orig.) [Deutsch] Das beschriebene Waermeuebergangsmodell liefert plausible Ergebnisse fuer die Groessenverteilung der aktiven Keimstellen. Fuer die Siedezustaende, fuer die ein Vergleich mit gemessenen Blasenbelegungsdichten moeglich ist, d.h. fuer niedrige Siededruecke und kleine Waermestromdichten, stimmen die aufgrund der Waermeuebergangsmessungen mit dem Modell berechneten Blasenbelegungsdichten verhaeltnismaessig gut mit den beobachteten Werten ueberein. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Some of the smaller sports- und travel aircrafts are still propelled by piston engines. The first part of the article looks into some characteristic damage incidents that occur in aircraft engines. Not surprisingly, vibration fatigue failure happens most frequently. Apart from technical faults it is surprisingly lack of fuel that accounts for the high incidence of engine failure (one third). Flight turbines occasionally fail due to vibration fatigue of component parts. Added to this thermal fatigue cracks and damage due to overheating may occur in a gas turbine while the compressor parts may be affected by corrosion. (orig.) [German] Ein erheblicher Teil der kleineren Sport- und Reiseflugzeuge ist auch heute noch mit Kolbentriebwerken ausgestattet. Im ersten Teil des Aufsatzes werden daher einige charakteristische Schaeden an Flugmotoren vorgestellt. Als Versagensart dominiert erwartungsgemaess der Schwingbruch (Dauerbruch). Neben den technisch bedingten Stoerungen ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A team at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) recently achieved a breakthrough in the development of an environment-friendly and rechargeable battery with novel electrodes. The energy storage density of a rechargeable 12 V/20 Ah zinc/air battery could be increased to 100 watt hours per kilogramme - three times as much as conventional lead accumulators. 20-Ah cells could be charged and discharged 55 times in 1000 hours without any loss of capacity worth mentioning. This is a remarkable cycle stability. (orig.) [German] Einem Team des Paul Scherrer Instituts (PSI) ist kuerzlich bei der Entwicklung einer umweltfreundlichen und wiederaufladbaren Batterie mit neuartigen Elektroden der Durchbruch gelungen. Dabei konnte die Energiespeicherdichte einer wiederaufladbaren 12 V/20 Ah-Zink-Luft-Batterie auf 100 Wattstunden pro Kilogramm gesteigert werden - dreimal soviel wie bei konventionellen Bleiakkumulatoren. 20-Ah-Zellen konnten in 1000 Stunden ohne nennenswerte ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The current discussion on worldwide climate change suggests that the current situation is unusual or extreme, and that climate changes never - or hardly ever - occurred in the centuries before. The author discusses whether this is really the case, and whether air pollution abatement measures can really help. His answers are based on the findings of palaeoclimatology. [German] Verfolgt man die Diskussion um den derzeitigen Klimawandel, so gewinnt man den Eindruck, Aussergewoehnliches und Extremes wuerde geschehen, und man bekommt zudem ueber Beratungsgremien und Medien vermittelt, dass sich in den Jahrhunderten vor dem heutigen Klimawandel das Klima nicht oder nur wenig geaendert hat. Es wird auch der Eindruck erweckt, man koenne das Klima stabilisieren und durch Emissionsminderungsmassnahmen das Klima schuetzen. Ist Klimaschutz eine loesbare Herausforderung oder ueberschaetzen wir Menschen unsere Moeglichkeiten? Man kann versuchen, sich an die Beantwortung dieser ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

For the calculation of humidifier systems in supply air systems nomographs and appropriate software are not sufficient alone. System design factors must be considered, also. On the basis of a clear definition interpretation examples are described and remarks for the effective installation of steam distribution systems are given. (orig.) [Deutsch] Es ist nicht zu empfehlen, Befeuchterstrecken bzw. Dampfdiffusionsstrecken ausschliesslich ueber Nomogramme oder ueber eine entsprechende Software auszulegen. Zumindest sollte vorher genauestens geprueft werden, welche Parameter in die Berechnung mit einfliessen. Zur exakten Berechnung der Absorptionsstrecken in Zuluftsystemen muessen auch anlagenspezifische Faktoren beruecksichtigt werden. Die Erfahrung hat jedoch gezeigt, dass dem Begriff `Befeuchterstrecke` zu wenig Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet wird. Hierdurch koennen Fehler entstehen, die nur mit relativ hohem finanziellem Aufwand wieder zu korrigieren sind. Grundsaetzlich ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The proposed ERICAM model exhibits deficiencies of a nature making it inacceptable to responsible governments. These deficiencies are: it does not provide the required financial security. The availability of insurance coverage will be dependent on the situation in the financial markets. Pricing will not be determined by the absolute probability of incidents causing damage, so that this may entail a distortion of allocations of resources. (orig./HP) [Deutsch] Das ERICAM Modell hat Konstruktionsmaengel, dass es sicher fuer verantwortliche Regierungen nicht in Frage kaeme, dessen Realisierung in Erwaegung zu ziehen. Die wichtigsten sind: Die benoetigte Sicherheit der Deckungsmittel ist nicht gegeben. Die Lage an den Finanzmaerkten dominiert die Verfuegbarkeit der Deckungsmittel. Die Preisbildung wird nicht durch die absolute Schadenswahrscheinlichkeit bestimmt, so dass eine Verfaelschung der Allokation von Ressourcen eintreten wuerde. (orig./HP)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This paper provides some results of the research works at low pressure components of steam turbines and some construction solutions resulting in a modernisation. The problems of turbine phases for the transonic flow are analysed with respect to reducing profile and margin losses. The origin and flow of wet steam and its influence on corrosion and erosion is investigated. Inlet and outlet casing of the flow channels and transfer diffuser between second last and last phase are mentioned. (orig.) [Deutsch] Im Beitrag werden einige Ergebnisse der Forschung der Teile von ND-Teilen der Dampfturbinen angegeben, und werden irgendeine Konstruktionsloesungen, die fuer ihre Modernisierung guenstig sind, beschrieben. Kurz wird die Problematik der Turbinenstufen fuer die transsonische Stroemung analysiert, mit Hinsicht auf die Erniederung der Profil- und Randverluste. Weiter ist die Aufmerksamkeit der Entstehung und Stroemung des Nassdampfes im Zusammenhang mit dem Phaenomen ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This feasibility study of the uve Institut fuer Technische Chemie und Umweltschutz GmbH discusses the scientific and technical fundamentals of a catalytic process for complete removal of organic pollutants (PAH, H-HC, PCB, phenols, nitro-aromatics and organometallic compounds, e.g. from polluted soil and groundwater) by thermal-catalytic cracking and conversion into simple gases. The process is based on the catalytic reaction of the hydrocarbon compounds with water vapour in the temperature range of 700-900 degrees centigrade. The resulting gas mixtures consist mainly of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and methane which can be used as fuels, e.g. for heating or in gas engines. The process is an alterntive to combustion. It is therefore well suited whenever the pollutant to be removed is already mixed with water or water vapour and wherever in-situ removal would be too great a hazard. [Deutsch] Die vorliegende Machbarkeitsstudie aus dem uve Institut fuer Technische Chemie und ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The high-speed direct-injection diesel engine for passenger cars has been a resounding success in the marketplace in the last few years. This was due to an intensive development process as a result of which the direct-injection diesel engine for passenger cars is currently setting new standards with regard to performance and fuel consumption in spite of the constant tightening of emission regulations. Of particular importance in this context is exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). This technology permits a considerable reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions, which are especially critical in the case of the direct-injection diesel engine. In addition, continuing development of supercharging technology, in particular the turbocharger with variable turbine geometry, have allowed further improvement of the full-load behaviour and the engine response and a considerable reduction in the fuel consumption of direct-injection diesel engines. This FVV paper deals with the fundamentals of the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The first working meeting of the SAPIERR project about regional final storage of radioactive waste in the European Union was held in Piestany, Slovak Republic, on February 19 and 20, 2004. SAPIERR stands for Support Action: Pilot Initiative for European Regional Repositories. This is an independent study supported financially by the European Union within the 6th Research Framework Program. The background to the project is the debate about the feasibility of regional repositories for radioactive waste in the European Union, which has come up again especially with a view to the new accession countries and the draft of a waste management directive within the framework of the Nuclear Package. The results of the SAPIERR Project will be presented in Brussels at a concluding international seminar, most probably in October 2005. The seminar will be open not only to the participating countries but also to other interested European and non-European states. (orig.) [German] Am 19. und 20. Februar ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A part of the waste materials arising in iron and steel manufacture is utilised physically, either internally for the recovery of iron or externally for the production of cement and nonferrous metals. Most of these materials can be used without prior processing. Iron and steel-relevant waste materials which at present are still landfilled or disposed of as hazardous wastes are not immediately suitable for physical recycling as secondary raw material. These waste materials have to be processed without exception before they can be used again in the existing steel and iron manufacturing plants. The results of the authors` own studies have clearly shown that the cupola furnace is suited for the use of a wide variety of waste materials. [Deutsch] Ein Teil der bei der Eisen- und Stahlerzeugung anfallenden Abfallstoffe werden entweder intern zur Rueckgewinnung des Eisens oder extern in der Zement- bzw. Nichteisenmetallgewinnung stofflich verwertet. Dabei handelt es sich ueberwiegend um ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Preserving customers` investments in capital goods is one of the strategic market services offered by ABB, and to this end the company has developed project-specific retrofit concepts especially for older power generation plant. A prime example of such a modernization is the Umm Al Nar East (UANE) combined cycle power station in Abu Dhabi, UAE. UANE has two gas turbines of type GT13D, which together generate 140 MW of electrical energy, and heat-recovery boilers which supply steam to a seawater desalination plant with a capacity of 80 million liters of drinking water per day. After almost 20 years in operation, UANE is being modernized. To address the owner`s concerns and minimize plant downtime, ABB has introduced Service, Operation and Rehabilitation (SOR) Key Account Management for Abu Dhabi. In the first phase of the modernization project, the static starting equipment was upgraded and the mechanical turbine governor replaced by the EGATROL electro-hydraulic control system. Also, ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A new generation of lead alloys for making lead batteries is being introduced in highly developed countries. A very important characteristic of these alloys is the presence of Ca, Al and Sn. Such alloys have the property of stabilizing the amount of gas emitted as a result of the decomposition of the electrolyte on the level of pure lead i.e. significantly smaller than lead alloys containing Se e.g. PbSb 1.7Se. Such alloys have not been produced in Poland so far. - In this paper we are presenting the method and equipment used to produce a pilot portion of PbSnCaAl alloy (mass approximately 80 Mg) on an industrial scale at HMN ''Szopienice'' S.A. lead refinery. We also present the results of the tests regarding the chemical homogeneity of the alloy produced, as well as its structural and casting properties. On the basis of the tests conducted it has been found that the method is industrially adequate and as such it has been introduced into the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

CT-Expo is a novel MS Excel application for assessing the radiation doses delivered to patients undergoing CT examinations, based on computational methods that were used to analyze the data collected in the German survey on CT practice in 1999. The program enables the calculation of all dose quantities of practical value, such as axial dose free-in-air, weighted CTDI, dose-length product, effective dose and uterine dose. In contrast to existing programs for CT dose assessment, CT-Expo offers a number of unique features, such as gender-specific dose calculation for all age groups (adults, children, newborns), applicability to all existing scanner models including correction of scanner-specific influences, and the possibility of comparison with the results from the German CT survey on CT practice. Three different application modules offer free and standardized dose calculations as well as a comprehensive benchmarking section including guidance on dose optimization. The program is ...

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Storing electrical energy in batteries is not a viable option for sustaining a country's energy economy. The mass and volume, as well as the costs, of electrochemical components required for this would be beyond all reason. Nevertheless, in certain applications the storage of electrical energy does have significant advantages over other technologies. For example, electrically powered road vehicles emit no exhaust fumes and very little noise at their place of operation. In this way they contribute substantially to air and noise pollution control in urban areas. Photovoltaic applications permit environmentally friendly electricity applications in places remote from the public grid where conventional solutions are prohibitively expensive. More than in the past, battery systems today have to meet a wide range of technical, economic and ecological requirements in order to be marketable. This is why the ''Zoxy'' zinc-air battery system was ...

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Aim: Today, MRI is an integral part of the presurgical evaluation of patients suffering from partial epilepsy. These patients frequently show focal morphological abnormalities with potential epileptogenic character and surgical resection of these lesions is associated with superior postsurgical outcome as to seizure frequency. Apart from easily detectable defects, such as post-traumatic lesions or cerebral infarction, as wide variety of mainly small abnormalities can be detected using MRI. Methods: In this study, 484 patients suffering from partial epilepsy of temporal or frontal onset were evaluated for the incidence of different lesions in this population. Results: All lesions found were included without evaluating their potential epileptogenicity, which remains to be proven using other procedures (EEG, SPECT, PET, etc.). Involvement of the hippocampal formation was a major finding in temporal lobe epilepsy, which could be detected as sclerosis (T2w-images), atrophy (T2w-TSE or ...

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Nickel base superalloys for turbine construction are exposed to maximum thermal and mechanical stresses. owing to a change of materials by one of the project partners, the project only comprised analyses of the alloy CMSX-6. Isothermal tensile and fatigue tests provided basic data on the alloy. Thermomechanical fatigue tests showed that material life and microstructural changes are clearly, and to an extreme extent, dependent on the type of combination of the two stress factors `temperature interval` and `total strain amplitude`, while the damage to the material tends to be a function of the maximum stresses for a given stress path. On the one hand, these results make it possible to obtain information real stresses from the structures of real blades. On the other hand, constructional measures can be taken in order to better adapt the stresses to which alloys are exposed to their characteristic potential. (orig./AKF) [Deutsch] Die im Turbinenbau eingesetzten Nickelbasis-Superlegierungen ...

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Initially, the decision of the operator in Dortmund-Derne to select the impact-type separator concept is explained. None of the tenderers for this 52 t/h boiler could supply references for this fluidized bed steam generator concept with staged combustion in a high-expansion fluidized bed. Under the circumstances, the simple configuration of the Steinmueller fluidized bed steam generator, its compact construction, the reduced amount of refractory and the operational behaviour of the boiler resulting therefrom were decisive in the operator`s decision to select this concept. The development schedule shows the individual stages from cold and hot trials in various test rigs and pilot plants to the final design. So far, this fluidized bed steam generator concept has been realized in the plants Derne (52 t/h), commissioned in November 1989, and Brilon (100 t/h), commissioned in November 1990. The discussion on the essential design features points out to the deliberate differences in the two ...

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MRI provides a non-invasive diagnostic tool complementing echocardiography on one hand, and showing advantages over echocardiography, on the other hand, especially after corrective procedures. The multiple different MRI sequences need to be adapted to examinations of children and patients with congenital heart disease (CHD), and can be used to detect morphologic changes, blood-flow in the heart and thoracic vessels and diastolic or systolic function of myocardium. Several factors determine the success of the examination of a complex congenital heart disease or a postoperative situs. Pediatric radiologists and radiologists experienced in congenital heart diseases have to work in close cooperation. Echocardiography should be performed before MRI. The results of prior examinations and the clinical history of the patients, including possible palliative or reconstructive operations, must be available before MRI to guide the planning of the examination. With a systematic segmental approach ...

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The R and D activities of the institute focused on two major projects, ``Molecular and cellular environmental toxicology``, and ``Biophysics of multi-cellular systems``. For assessment of health risks emanating from the uptake of heavy metal compounds, work performed under the first mentioned project studies the formation of allergy-inducing metabolic products from membrane lipids, and the effects of related cellular signaling processes. These studies are accompanied by an approach to quantify and classify the toxicity of environmental organometallic compounds. Another major task is research into the pathogenesis of lung disease induced by dusts, gases, and gas-dust mixtures and the liberation of inflammatory agents by immunological cell reactions (alveolar macrophages). Atomic force microscopy is the tool used to visualize the related dynamic changes in bronchial cells. Studies for detection of the localisation and structure of the Fe-Mo co-factor in nitrogenase by means of the method ...

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Under the repository storage conditions of Eram and Konrad, waste packages designed for permanent storage must not contain or release freely mobile liquids, except for the minimum residues attainable by reasonable efforts or unavoidable. In accordance with a directive issued by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment (BMU), waste conditioning must be carried out so as to minimize waste volumes and, if possible, on the site where the waste arises. Liquid waste is conditioned most effectively by drying. At the present time, various different processes for drying liquid waste are employed as reflected by the state of the art: The Robe process; roller drying; the RDA process; Favorit; in-drum drying; and HPA liquid waste drying with make-up feed. The HPA process offers these advantages: Drying under atmospheric conditions, which means high level of dryness (freely mobile and releasable water is removed); the residual water content is 10%; isothermal drying by hot air, which ...

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Objective: To determine the efficacy of a covered stent prototype designed for protected carotid angioplasty to reduce cerebral embolization. Material and Method: The covered stent tested is made of nitinol, coated with a polyurethane membrane (MembraX{sup TM}; porous size 80 {mu}m). In a bench-top model (flow-rate 650 ml/min, pulsatile flow [dicrote] 123 Pulses/min, pressure 100/60 mm Hg [mean pressure 80 mmHg]) with inserted human carotid (n=6) stent implantation was performed (8/32 mm). Passed particles (mg) were determined in the effluent of a 100 {mu}m filter prior to intervention, after stent deployment and after final dilation (5 mm). Results: When stenting carotid arteries obtained from human cadavers, the highest rate of particle embolization was measured while crossing the lesion with the delivery device (6,8 mg; for all p<0,05), embolization after additional balloon angioplasty and particle rates measured in the effluent filter prior covered stent placement were ...

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The development of new steels is always a challenge for the manufacturer of filler metals. In many cases it is obvious that some properties of the base metal cannot be fulfilled with matching filler metals. In some cases, dissimilar filler metals can solve the problem in some cases, there is no chance to meet the requirements of the base metal (for example yield strengths of new ultra high strength steels). This paper deals with different kinds of new steels and the requirements for the weld metal with examples from motor car industry (Mangan Austenite), crane (Ultra high strength steels), earthmoving machinery (Wear-resistant steels) and offshore (Supermartensitic steels). Specific problems will be discussed and best solutions will be highlighted. These examples make clear that the success of new kinds of steels in the market depends on solving the joining problems of these steels. (Abstract Copyright [2007], Wiley Periodicals, Inc.) [German] Die Entwicklung von neuen Staehlen ...

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Based on the first part of this report the molybdenum loadings of the red mud were varied and the activity of the catalytic additives was tested in a batch autoclave with TJP VR. The 30% Molybdenum loading (sample Nr. 6) was found to be optimum. Further testing with two vacuum residues (TJP VR and ARH VR) and sample Nr. 6, indicates the influences of the process parameters for hydrogen pressures of 9-15 MPa, temperatures of 440-475 C and residence times of 0-60 min. Obviously 440 C, 12 MPa and a residence time of 30 min are best conditions for hydrocracking of both vacuum residues with sample Nr. 6. (orig.) [Deutsch] Beruhend auf dem ersten Teil des Berichtes wird der Belegungsgrad der Rotmasse mit Molybdaen variiert und die resultierenden katalytischen Zusaetze werden in einem Autoklaven mit TJR VR getestet. Ein Belegungsgrad mit 30% Molybdaen (Probe 6) scheint optimal zu sein. Mit diesem Zusatz werden die Einfluesse der Prozessparameter bei Wasserstoffkaltdruecken zwischen 9 und 15 ...

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The paper addresses the major items of relevance to compensation for nuclear damage under civil liability law. The revision of the Vienna Convention deserves support as a contribution to enhancing the protection of those who suffered damage, and of the environment. The results of the revision will have an impact on the liability regimes in existing and future signatory states, and to some extent will also set the goals of a future reshaping of the Paris Convention, all the more since the Joint Protocol calls for harmonization of at least basic provisions of substantive law in the two Conventions. (orig./HP) [Deutsch] Es werden die wesentlichen Punkte dargestellt, die fuer die zivilrechtliche Praxis im Schadensfall von Belang sein koennten. Die Revision ist als Beitrag zu einem verbesserten Schutz Geschaedigter, aber auch der Umwelt zu begruessen und zu unterstuetzen. Die Ergebnisse werden sich auf die Rechtsordnungen der gegenwaertigen und zukuenftigen ...

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The research project's objective is to create a decision help for owners of residential buildings for several families regarding the renewal of decentralized heating and warm water preparation systems in the flats. The focus lies on a comparison of the costs of typical systems on the basis of a full cost calculation. This is done by taking into consideration the intentions of residential building companies like the reduction of additional costs to be paid by the tenants (both for social reasons and to make the flats easier to rent), low investment costs, low maintenance costs, energy saving, tenants' claims for comfort and acceptance by the tenants, economical reasons, especially regarding flats fully amortized (activation in the balance sheet). In addition to the quantitative comparison, the advantages and disadvantages of the different systems were also compared to one another from the qualitative point of view. [German] Ziel des Forschungsvorhabens ...

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The objective of the project was to develop an infiltration material based on SiC that should have improved corrosion resistance and should permit higher operating temperatures. From a variety of tested doping agents, zirconium silicide and molybdenum proved to be the most appropriate agents. The respective infiltration materials permit a combination of advantages of the SSiC with those of the SiSiC. Silicide SiC, analogous to the SiSiC, is almost nonshrinking, and above all is more corrosion-resistant than SiSiC in the alkaline regime, due to the replacement of free silicon by silicide phases. The operating temperature of the molybdenum-base variant is 1600 C. (orig./CB) [Deutsch] Ziel des Vorhabens war die Entwicklung eines Infiltrationswerkstoffes auf SiC-Basis mit verbesserter Korrosionsbestaendigkeit und hoeherer Einsatztemperatur. Aus einer Vielzahl von getesteten Dotierungsmoeglichkeiten kristallisierten sich Zirkondisilicid und Molybdaen als geeingete Zusaetze heraus. Die ...

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The laser grooved buried grid (LGBG) cell was developed at the University of New South Wales, Australia. The enormous advantage of the Saturn technology is the simple formation of a selective emitter via two step diffusion, which is optimised on the surface for the charge carrier generation and under the metal grid for contact formation. The reflection losses due to shading are simultaneously minimised by the installation of the contacts at right angles in the wafer surface. Due to the increased infeed compensation, particularly the compensation covering the costs, the economic importance of the energy yield of a PV plant is growing. Ultimately, it is not just the installed output (KWp) that matters to the customer, but increasingly the specific yield (kWh/kWp). An increased energy yield with optimally matched components with the Saturn technology means high annual compensation, which in turn shortens the amortisation period. [Deutsch] Die LGBG-Zelle wurde an der Universitaet von New ...

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Clinical information is indispensable for swift and cost-effective clarification of diseases of the larynx. While quality clarification of neurological changes in the area of the posterior cranial fossa and in the course of the vagus nerve as a cause of glottis malfunction is possible with MRI, localized disease of the larynx can more effectively be assessed with low-artifact CT. In the particularly difficult assessment of the post-operative larynx, a recurrence can be diagnosed only after a baseline study has been carried out after the end of therapy. With knowledge of the pretherapeutic findings, the findings immediately post-therapy, and the operation technique used, the optimal CT examination, which can be carried out quickly, will be able to provide more information about recurrence. (orig.) [Deutsch] Zur schnellen und kostenguenstigen Abklaerung von Erkrankungen des Larynx ist die klinische Information unabdingbar: Wenn neurologische Veraenderungen im Bereich ...

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Recurrent variceal bleeding due to liver cirrhosis led to treatment with a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in a pregnant woman at 20 weeks` gestation. Fetal radiation exposure was estimated to be less than 10 mSv. The use of a graduated catheter allowed measurement of field size and reliable determination of the patient`s entrance dose. Radiation exposure of an approximated fetal dosage of 5.2 mSv did not justify abortion for medical reasons. Therefore, TIPS procedure is not generally contraindicated during pregnancy itself. TIPS placement may be a therapeutic option related to the severity of the underlying maternal disease, after radiation exposure of the fetus has been estimated. (orig.) [Deutsch] Bei rezidivierender Oesophagusvarizenblutung auf dem Boden einer Leberzirrhose wurde bei bestehender Schwangerschaft der 20. Woche ein transjugulaerer portosystemischer Stent-Shunt (TIPS) neu angelegt. Praeinterventionell wurde die zu erwartende Strahlenexposition fuer ...

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The spent fuel management concept of direct ultimate disposal is compatible in its fundamental features with the law of the European Community. This applies to a national law prohibiting spent fuel reprocessing and the handling of plutonium in Germany, imposing restrictions on exporting spent fuel assemblies and importing plutonium and reprocessing remnants, and on power plant operators to employ reprocessing services abroad. Also, a nuclear power phase-out decided by the German government would in principle not mean a breach of the EURATOM treaty. (orig./HP) [Deutsch] Als Alternative zur geltenden Rechtslage werden im Deutschen Rundestag Aenderungen vorgeschlagen, die das Entsorgungskonzept der direkten Endlagerung - d.h. ein Verbot der Wiederaufarbeitung von Brennelementen aus deutschen Kernkraftwerken auch im europaeischen Ausland - vorschreiben und einen ``Ausstieg`` aus der Kernenergienutzung anordnen. Vor dem Hintergrund einer Analyse der tatsaechlichen Situation untersucht die ...

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The book is a German translation of an American textbook with the original title ''MRI Survival Guide'' and is intended to serve as an introductory guide for beginners or a reference book for quick information. Readers will find information on the fundamentals of the technology and methodology of MRI as well as all details of relevance to practice in a precise and easy-to-grasp arrangement, covering all anatomic areas of interest, illustrations and descriptions of characteristic signs of pathologic processes, high-quality and unusually large-sized diagnostic pictures, a modern didactic concept for quick orientiation, including surveys, tables, and reproductions for visualisation of contents. (orig./CB) [German] Praktisch jeder Mediziner wird im Laufe seiner Berufstaetigkeit mit der MRT konfrontiert - unabhaengig davon ob in der Radiologie, Orthopaedie, Gynaekologie, Chirurgie, Neurologie oder sonstigen Fachrichtung. Das Buch ist ...

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In an extended case report, we discuss four cases with masses in the lacrimal fossa representing the most important entities in this region (lymphoma, pleomorphadenoma, inflammatory pseudotumor, and malignant epithelial tumor). The different indications for CT and MRI are explained. For the differential diagnosis of lacrimal gland lesions, the following imaging parameters are important: The shape of the lacrimal gland, the inner structure, the degree of contrast enhancement, and the surrounding bony structures. In the evaluation of the expansion of lacrimal gland lesions, CT in thin slices with multiplanar reconstructions is equal to MRI. However, the contrast-enhancement of lacrimal glands is better evaluated with MRI than with CT. The bony structures are better visualized on CT than on MRI. (orig.) [Deutsch] In einem erweiterten Fallbericht wird ueber die vier grossen Entitaeten bei Traenendruesenraumforderungen berichtet (Lymphom, pleomorphes Adenom, entzuendlicher Pseudotumor und ...

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Steam turbines of the new power plant generation enable the realisation of over-critical steam parameters with 600 C and 300 bar by means of simple and double resuperheating. Extensive research work in the field of material technology has provided the pre-conditions. Forged pieces, castings, high-temperature ferritic 9 - 10 % CrMoV steels, which are additionally alloyed with niobium, nitrogen and wolfram, are used in steam turbines. A proof of strength for shaft and cast steels is available by means of a long-term stress-rupture test of up to max. 60,000 hours. The strength of turbine steels exceeds the one in tube and header steels (x 10 CrMoVNbN 9 1). (orig./MM) [Deutsch] Dampfturbinen der neuen Kraftwerksgeneration erlauben heute die Realisierung von ueberkritischen Dampfparametern mit 600 C und 300 bar mit einfacher und zweifacher Zwischenueberhitzung. Umfangreiche werkstofftechnische Forschungsarbeiten haben dafuer die Voraussetzung geschaffen. Zur Anwendung kommen fuer die ...

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Metal hydrode stores are used as fuel tanks in vehicles or as stationary stores of high-purity hydrogen. Equilibrium isotherms at low pessures were measured in order to validate the laws of Henry or Sievert for hydrogen uptake of the alloy Ti{sub 0.98}Zr{sub 0.02}V{sub 0.43}Fe{sub 0.09}Cr{sub 0.05}Mn{sub 1.5} (patented by Daimler Benz AG, code DB5800). The laws were to provide information on whether hydrogen uptake is atomic or molecular and on the conditions in which isothermal measurements are possible. (orig.) [Deutsch] Metallhydridspeicher werden als Kraftstofftank in Fahrzeuge oder als stationaere Speicher zur Bereitstellung von Reinstwasserstoff verwendet. Fuer diese Arbeit wurden die Gleichgewichtsisothermen bei kleinen Druecken vermessen, um die Gesetze von HENRY oder SIEVERT fuer die Wasserstoffaufnahme in der Legierung Ti{sub 0.98}Zr{sub 0.02}V{sub 0.43}Fe{sub 0.09}Cr{sub 0.05}Mn{sub 1.5} zu pruefen. Anhand dieser Gesetze ist zu entscheiden, ob die ...

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In view of current trends in motor car development, the author investigates the increasing conflict between higher comfort and lower fuel consumption. The conflict results mainly from insufficient cooling water heating with consumption-optimized engines. So far, it was never necessary to analyze heat flow after cold starting and heat-up of the powertrain, to develop strategies for heat storage and distribution, to remove heat sinks and to use components multifunctionally. The contribution shows that a general heat management strategy for the whole vehicle will result in high potential fuel savings and improved thermal comfort. Using the example of a latent heat store, heating strategies for the engine and transmission system on the one hand and the passenger compartment on the other hand are developed, and the advantages are presented in detail. [German] Abgeleitet aus den Trends in der Fahrzeugentwicklung wird auf den immer staerker werdenden Konflikt zwischen den steigenden ...

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Long duration investigations on XLPE-insulated, medium-voltage cable have been intensively carried out by producers, institutes and users for decades. These tests have concentrated on cable ageing especially under the influence of water. About six years ago, a standard test procedure was developed based on comprehensive know-how. This test procedure is now included in DIN VDE 0276-620. In the following text, experience gained during testing and while performing tests in numerous laboratories is reported, and a summary of the test results is given. (orig.) [Deutsch] Langzeituntersuchungen an VPE-isolierten Mittelspannungskabeln, die sich mit der Alterung der Kabel, besonders unter dem Einfluss von Wasser beschaeftigen, wurden seit Jahrzehnten durch Hersteller, Institute und Anwender intensiv betrieben. Basierend auf diesem sehr umfangreichen Know-how wurde vor rd. sechs Jahren ein standardisiertes Pruefverfahren entwickelt, das heute Bestandteil der DIN VDE 0276-620 ...

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In early March, 2000 a modern electron-beam welding facility for both series and one-off production of valves bodies (500 kg, up to 50 mm wall thickness) was commissioned at Josch Strahlschweisstechnik. Welding is performed under a fine vacuum. This permits not only the welding of components subject to acceptance inspection (HP0 approval), but also of special materials such as titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, Hastelloy and copper, and also their pairings. Products are developed and readied for production using modern 3D CAD software. A modern nine-axis control system makes it possible to produce sockets in pipe-on-pipe joints. (orig.) [German] Anfang Maerz 2000 wurde eine moderne Elektronenstrahlschweissanlage fuer die Herstellung von Armaturengehaeusen in Grossserien oder auch fuer Einzelfertigung (500 kg, bis 50 mm Wanddicke) bei der Josch Strahlschweisstechnik in Betrieb genommen. Die Schweissungen erfolgen im Feinvakuum. Somit koennen neben dem Schweissen abnahmepflichtiger Bauteile ...

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Two spreading experiments were performed at the FARO facility with prototypical core melts of a UO{sub 2}/ZrO{sub 2} weight percentage of 80/20. The objective was to obtain data on the spreading at flow rates of about 2 l/s of more than 100 kg prototypic high temperature oxide melt on a dry and wet stainless steel plate. For the second spreading test a shallow water layer of 10 mm was added on the substrate. Solutions for an isothermal spreading with a constant volume flux boundary condition in a sector with an angle {phi} are used to analyse the FARO L-32S experiment and to identify the source of discrepancies between the code results (THEMA, CORFLOW) and the experimental findings. The observed spreading behaviour of both FARO experiments can only be explained if an initial melt temperature below the liquidus temperature, i.e. about 120 K lower than the temperature measured by the UTS sensors is assumed. (orig.) [German] Zwei Ausbreitungsexperimente mit einer UO{sub 2}/ZrO{sub 2} ...

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Purpose: To report the detection of con-compacted ventricular myocardium (NVCM) with MRI compared to echocardiography in 8 patients. Material and methods: Non-compaction of the ventricular myocardium is a congenital disorder characterized by an altered structure of the myocardial wall resulting from an intrauterine arrest in endomyocardial embryogenesis. The morphological findings consist of a prominent meshwork of multiple myocardial trabeculations and deep intertrabecular recesses, communicating with the left ventricular cavity. 8 consecutive patients (mean age 7.3 years) with clinical and echocardiographic signs of NCVM were examined by MRI (1.5 T, Vision, Siemens) in short axis and 2- and 4-chamber views, using T{sub 1}-weighted TSE and Cine-GRE in 6 patients and true FISP sequences in 2 patients. MRI and echocardiography were evaluated for visibility, signs of NCVM and involvement of myocardial wall segments. Thickness was measured for non-compacted and compacted myocardium and ...

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The ODS superalloys MA 6000 and MA 760 were investigated with regard to their behaviour under non-isothermal fatigue stress. For this purpose, strain-controlled thermomechanical and bithermal experiments with different phase relationships between strain and temperature were carried out on the one hand; on the other hand, the deformation behaviour under thermomechanical stress was modelled on the basis of isothermal cyclic creep data. The fatigue experiments show that a diamond-shaped cycle derived from the stress pattern of a turbine blade is clearly less critical than in-phase and out-of-phase cycles. The life of the diamond-shaped cycle is determined by oxidation-induced crack initiation and propagation and can be predicted easily with a suitable damage model. Important damage parameters required by the model can be obtained by the less complicated bithermal fatigue tests. Modelling of the TMF hystereses suggests that cyclic, non-isothermal deformaltion is determined mainly by ...

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The ECOTEC is a mass-efficient gasoline DOHC 4-valve per cylinder engine with balance shafts, chain driven camshafts and roller finger followers with hydraulic lash adjusters for valve actuation. It has lightweight aluminium components such as camcover, cylinder head, cylinder block, lower crankcase and structural oil pan. Other features include composite intake manifold and a coil-on-plug ignition cassette. The ECOTEC combustion system and engine architecture are optimized for low engine out and tail pipe emissions. It also includes several designed-in 'green' features for environmental benefits. The product design, development and validation process drew upon the best knowledge and practices available worldwide both inside and outside General Motor. The manufacturing systems were also designed by leveraging the best available knowledge around the world resulting in implementation of world class processes and error proofing to achieve the competitive edge in product ...

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DMT has developed what is called the stepped reforming process. This is an allothermal gasification process which uses hydrogen for a gasification medium. First the biomass is pyrolised by means of a heat transfer material. The escaping gaseous and condensable constituents are hydrogenated, heated in a reforming stage and are made to react to a hydrogen-rich product gas by means of homogeneous gasification. The heat required for this is provided by burning the pyrolysis coke. This makes it possible to dispense with process stages that would involve gasification of solid material and hence require higher pressure levels. The present process also works at ambient pressure. Moreover, stepped reforming promises a number of additional advantages: low-tar product gas containing 60% hydrogen, high cold gas efficiency, no wastewater arisings, robust operating behaviour. This paper outlines the basic ideas that led to the development of stepped reforming process and describes its diverse ...

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One part of the RWE measure catalogue in order to guarantee an environmental friendly and competitive electric power generation based on brown coal is to carry out measures improving the efficiency at existing steam turbines in RWE brown coal power plants. Since 1993 a total of 21 steam turbines with a gross capacity of 7,100 MW or net capacity of 6540 MW - this corresponds to approximately 70 % of the installed RWE brown coal power plant capacity - have been improved with an investment of approximately DM 500 million. The net block efficiency has been increased by 1.3 % on average. The planned net capacity increase of approximately 250 MW is still going to be achieved taking into account the pending enhancements. Nuclear power plant turbines have been successfully improved in the same way. Apart from the described retrofit programme measures to improve efficiency are carried out at further steam turbines of brown coal power plants. In the frame of this talk the measures taken are ...

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Purpose: In an experimental study, the correlation between the trabecular bone density of the different regions of the proximal femur and the fracture load in the setting of femoral neck fractures was examined. Methods: The bone mineral density 41 random proximal human femora was estimated by single-energy quanitative CT (SE-QCT). The trabecular bone density was measured at the greatest possible extracortical volume at midcapital, midneck and intertrochanteric level and in the 1 cm{sup 3} volumes of the centres of these regions in a standardised 10 mm thick slice in the middle of the femoral neck axis (in mg/ml Ca-hydroxyl apatite). The proximal femora were then isolated and mounted on a compression/bending device under two-legged stand conditions and loaded up to the point when a femoral neck fracture occurred. Results: Statistical analysis revealed a linear correlation between the trabecular bone density and the fracture load for the greater regions, with the highest value in the ...

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This contribution provides an overview and imparts basic knowledge on pertinent technical developments in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the liver: 3D sequences, respiratory triggering, parallel imaging, and 3 Tesla (3T). 3D sequences can be used as T1-weighted (T1w) sequences for analyzing dynamics of contrast enhancement or as T2w sequences for MR cholangiography. Consistent improvements in respiratory triggering make it possible to obtain good image quality on T2w scans even in patients unable to hold their breath. Parallel imaging as a universal technique to accelerate image acquisition is particularly appropriate for MRI of the liver, and it has been shown that the reduced acquisition time is not achieved at the expense of image quality. Further progress in MRI of the liver can be expected with use of the 3T systems, but hitherto irrelevant problems must still be solved. Overall the innovations presented here, applied alone or in combination, facilitate rapid, robust, and ...

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Purpose: To determine the value of MRI in the postoperativ evaluation of a singular ventricle compared to echocardiography and cardiac catheterization. Materials and methods: Thirty-one patients (range: 6 months to 30 years) with a functional single ventricle following palliative corrective operations. Five patients had a Blalock-Taussig-Shunt, 8 patients a Glenn-Anastomosis and 18 a cavopulmonary shunt (6 with classic Fontan-Circulation, 12 with modified cavopulmonary anastomosis). The results in terms of postoperative morphologic changes were compared to percutaneous echocardiography (31/31) and cardiac catheterization (6/31). Results: Echocardiography, which was performed on all patients, could not visualize the entire length of the tunnel, the Glenn-Anastomosis or the central pulmonary arteries in 70% of the patients due to an inadequate acoustic window. MRI was able to show the entire tunnel in 11/12 patients and the central pulmonary arteries in 30/31 patients. The exact anatomy ...

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A procedure is described for the isolation and determination of {sup 90}Sr, {sup 226}Ra, {sup 228}Ra and {sup 210}Pb in food. These nuclides are highly radiotoxic, above all for babies and children. Samples are dry ashed, alkali metals are removed as carbonates. Separation from other matrix ions and separation of Ra, Sr and Pb can be achieved with a column of Sr-Spec, an immobilized crown ether. For activity measurements membrane filters with SrSO{sub 4}, Ba(Ra)SO{sub 4} and PbS are prepared. Ra is determined by gamma-spectrometry, {sup 90}Sr and {sup 210}Pb are determined by low-level-betacounting. The determination limits are 10 mBq/kg for {sup 90}Sr and {sup 210}Pb and 50 mBq/kg for {sup 226}Ra and {sup 228}Ra. The procedure is useful for all kinds of foodstuff. (orig.) [Deutsch] Es wird ein Analysengang zur Abtrennung und Bestimmung von {sup 90}Sr, {sup 226}Ra, {sup 228}Ra und {sup 210}Pb in Lebensmitteln beschrieben. Ein Merkmal dieser Nuklide ist ihre hohe ...

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The study examines the isothermal fatigue properties of novel ODS iron-base or nickel-base superalloys at temperatures of 850 C and 1050 C. The materials are different in grain structure and texture, so that particularly the effects of grain structures and textures can be studied. In order to also perform examinations of creep-fatigue interactions, various load cycles are applied. It is shown that the LCF-affected life of the grain structures of both alloy types is determined by the elastic modulus. The cyclic lifetimes determined by the conventional Manson-Coffin method for both alloy types exhibit differences of up to two orders of magnitude. Using the product of the total strain range and the elastic modulus, however, will yield precise life predictions. Under conditions of LCF stress only, the grain structure has no effect on the materials` service life, other than in the case of creep-fatigue, but the grain structure has a decisive influence on the damage mechanisms and the course ...

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Surface structure analysis, i.e. metallographic analysis of component surfaces with the aid of replicas, is an established method of component monitoring and the only reliable non-destructive method for detecting and analyzing beginning creep damage in the form of creep pores. Creep pore development provides a basis for component condition analysis. It must be noted, however, that the modern martensitic 9-12 % Cr steels - like the established steels 10CrMo9-10 (P22) und X20CrMoV12-1 - have comparatively high creep fracture deformation rates in fatigue tests. This raises the question if these steels can be judged on the basis of data for established steels. The results so far suggest that even with low pore densities (single pores), a higher degree of damage and a shorter time until failure must be assumed. [German] Eine bewaehrte Methode der Bauteilueberwachung stellt die Oberflaechengefuegeuntersuchung, d. h. die metallografische Untersuchung der Bauteiloberflaeche mit Hilfe von ...

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FLUTAN is a highly vectorized computer code for 3-D fluiddynamic and thermal-hydraulic analyses in cartesian and cylinder coordinates. It is related to the family of COMMIX codes originally developed at Argonne National Laboratory, USA. To a large extent, FLUTAN relies on basic concepts and structures imported from COMMIX-1B and COMMIX-2 which were made available to KfK in the frame of cooperation contracts in the fast reactor safety field. While on the one hand not all features of the original COMMIX versions have been implemented in FLUTAN, the code on the other hand includes some essential innovative options like CRESOR solution algorithm, general 3-dimensional rebalacing scheme for solving the pressure equation, and LECUSSO-QUICK-FRAM techniques suitable for reducing `numerical diffusion` in both the enthalphy and momentum equations. This report provides users with detailed input instructions, presents formulations of the various model options, and explains by means of ...

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Volatile organic compounds (VOC) are an important group of pollutants with adverse effects on humans and the environment. Primary air pollution abatement measures aim at prevention or reduction of pollutant production in industrial production processes, e.g. by improved processes but also by other methods (closed cycle processes, different process materials, etc.). If these measures have been implemented and emissions are still too high, an off-air purification unit must be installed. Biological purification is the method of choice for low pollutant concentrations. Biological purification processes are based on the activity of microorganisms which are capable of biochemical oxidation of organic and some inorganic gaseous compounds into non-polluting or non-odorous compounds. These processes have the advantage that they work at ambient conditions and therefore remove relatively low pollutant concentrations at low investment and operating cost. Lately, biological filters and washers have ...

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Maintenance of power stations so far operated on the concept of using or extending the expected service life of a machine or plant as far as possible in order to avoid early and costly replacement. This was done by means of time-oriented maintenance, inspection and repair, otherwise called preventive maintenance. A European study on maintenance methods totals the cost of these measures at between 140 to 200 billion DM. One way of reducing these costs is 'predictive maintenance'. Estimated savings are about 8 percent or between 12 and 16 billion DM per year. Predictive maintenance identifies irregulaties of machine parts at an early point in time by means of condition monitoring and can help to cut costs: unplanned repairs can be avoided; repairs can be fitted into production schedules; production will not be disturbed to to unforeseen repairs, optimised spare part warehousing helps to cut costs. Predictive maintenance aims at keeping availability high, give maximum ...

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This report completes the documentation for the research project 'High Pressure Compressor - Preliminary Design as Basis for the Development of an Efficient and Environmentally Friendly Core Engine' which was funded by the Ministry of Economics of State Brandenburg. The objective of the project is to deliver a preliminary compressor aerodynamic design as well as design studies for an efficient, weight and cost improved compressor. The increase of stage pressure ratio and improved efficiency, whilst stage and blade count is reduced, has been achieved by advanced 3D methods. Compressor stability also at off-design conditions will be retained. The mechanical design focusses on a cost and weight optimised rotor not only for a conventional bladed discs but also for Blish stages. Various options for split casings have been developed and assessed. Alternative vortex reducers based on different design options have been carried out. The results from this project will be ...

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To compare the accuracy in the detection and staging of various malignant tumors with high resolution whole-body MRI using parallel imaging with whole-body dual-modality PET-CT. Preliminary results of an interim analysis from a prospective, blinded study are presented, in which 20 patients (mean age 59 years, range 27-77 years) with different oncological diseases underwent whole-body dual modality FDG-PET-CT screening for tumor search or staging in case of confirmed or suspected metastatic disease. All patients also underwent whole-body MRI imaging with the use of parallel imaging (iPAT). High-resolution coronal T1w- and STIR-sequences of 5 body levels with 512 x 512 matrix, axial fast T2w imaging of lung and abdomen (HASTE), contrast-enhanced dynamic and static T1w-sequences of liver, brain, abdomen, and pelvis were performed. Using a 32-channel whole-body MRI scanner (Magnetom Avanto, Siemens Medical Solutions) with a total field of view of 205 cm and free table movement, all ...

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The role of high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of preoperative and postoperative complications caused by acquired cholesteatomas will be described in this paper. The pre- and postoperative imaging of the temporal bone was performed with HRCT and MRI. HRCT and MRI were performed in the axial and coronal plane. MRI was done with T2 weighted and T1 weighted sequences both before and after the intravenous application of contrast material. All imaging findings were confirmed clinically or surgically. The preoperative cholesteatoma-caused complications depicted by HRCT included bony erosions of the ossicles, scutum, facial canal in the middle ear, tympanic walls including the tegmen tympani, and of the labyrinth. The preoperative cholesteatoma-caused complications depicted by MRI included signs indicative for labyrinthitis, and brain abscess. Postoperative HRCT depicted bony erosions caused by recurrent cholesteatoma, bony defects ...

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Economic and safe operation of nuclear power plants requires reliable steam turbines with high efficiencies. The progress in flow mechanics achieved over the past few years has allowed the use of powerful methods of flow calculation in developments of new blading with greatly enhanced efficiencies. Thanks to the latest manufacturing techniques, the newly developed blading systems can be produced at low cost. Next to progress in flow mechanics, also the broadbased use of advanced finite-element calculations resulted in a more thorough grasp of the many problems associated with structural mechanics assessment of steam turbine components. The theoretical methods have been supplemented by comprehensive efforts in fracture mechanics and experimental materials studies, thus helping to create a reliable knowledge base which will help to avoid the dreaded stress corrosion cracking phenomenon, in components of steam turbines. The measures introduced to improve operational reliability already in ...

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Aim: Changes within the brain detected by MRI after chronic manganese poisoning raised the question whether morphological changes of the basal ganglia, particularly of the globus pallidus, could be detected after chronic occupational exposure to manganese dioxide. Results: No cases of parkinsonism were detected in clinical examinations or by other means. The mean manganese concentration in blood was 12 {mu}g/l (range: 3.9-23.3 {mu}g/l). In comparison to the upper reference value of 10 {mu}g/l, 42 workers (56%) had a higher body burden. A significant positive correlation between manganese levels in blood and the PI (indicated by T{sub 1}-shortening) was observed as well as between the CBI and workplace-specific exposure. Brain atrophy was not detected in any of the observed cases. Conclusions: Long-term exposure to manganese dioxide dust correlates with the Pallidum-Index in MRI scans. Although the MRI findings have no current clinical relevance for individuals, further studies are ...

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The amounts of lead and cadmium produced and processed in these days are considerable. As a result, our environment is increasingly polluted by heavy metals and industrial installations, motor vehicles or incinerating plants appear to be among the main culprits here. Air and water are the media permitting the entry of heavy metals into our natural environment where they accumulate in the soil and then gradually migrate into the plants. Their further transport in the food constitutes the third step in the environmental spread of heavy metals. The consumption of muscle and organ meats, of vegetables, fruits, canned food and drinking water is unavoidably associated with some ingestion of lead and cadmium. The degree to which they are taken up and stored in different tissues is determined by absorption properties and the nutritional state of the organism. Cadmium tends to accumulate in the kidneys, lead is mainly stored in the bones. A continuously increasing uptake finally results in ...

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The report describes the processing of TiSi{sub 2}, MoSi{sub 2} and Ti{sub 5}Si{sub 3} by means of metal injection molding (MIM). First, the sintering activities of the three materials were investigated. After this, the viscosities of different mixtures of organic binder and powders of the three materials were determined, and in the final stage, components were produced by injection molding, the binder was removed, and the components were sintered. TiSi{sub 2} in powder form could be sintered to more than 95% of its theoretical density after 4 h at 1386 C. Metallographic analyses proved leaktightness of the component at this density. In the case of Ti{sub 5}Si{sub 3}, it was found that this material requires very long sintering times and high sintering temperatures for sintering to about 94% of its theoretical density. Metallographic analyses showed that only about 90% of the theoretical density was reached. MoSi{sub 2} in powder form could be sintered to only 90% of its theoretical ...

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Purpose: With intracranial tumors a flat, contrast-enhancing, probably dural structure adjacent to the tumor can occasionally be observed on gadolinium-DTPA enhanced MR images. Therefore we have attempted to evaluate a tumor infiltration of this enthancement on MRI. Material and Methods: This study included 50 patients. 19 patients had a dural thickening at the tumor base (13 meningiomas and 6 metastases), while 31 patients did not (12 meningiomas and 19 metastases). Studies included plane T{sub 2}-weighted spin echo (SE) images as well as T{sub 1}-weighted axial, coronal, or sagittal plains with and without contrast agent. Histopathological examinations, were done on the tumor base adjacent to the dura mater. Results: 7 of 12 meningiomas showed a meningeal thickening on MRI with histopathologically proven tumor infiltration as did also 5 of 6 metastases. But 3 of 12 meningiomas and 15 of 19 metastases without dural thickening at the tumor base also showed tumor invasion into the dura ...

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This report describes work carried out in the context of TurboTech Interim for the development of a system for monitoring stationary gas turbines for approaching the stability limit of the compressor. The requirements for the system components were defined and the suitability of different types and positions of pressure sensors were examined and evaluated. It was found very early in the work that, due to the complexity of the object being monitored, one would not succeed in finding a simple criterion for monitoring the pump limit. Rather, apart from the selection of suitable sensors and optimum positions, one must analyse the present signals in different ways and create a decision matrix from this. Existing work on this subject is mostly concerned with the phenomena in the context of experiments on experimental compressors or is not suitable for the requirements of stationary industrial gas turbines. The project is being carried out in the context of TurboTech II with the main aims of: ...

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CT and MRI of acquired abnormalities of the inner ear and cerebello-pontine angle present themselves with very typical findings. The imaging should be adapted to the pathology looked for and either CT or MRI should be used alone or in combination.CT, especially high resolution CT (HRCT), provides an excellent bone contrast, while MRI has a much superior soft tissue contrast. Acute inflammatory changes of the inner ear are solely depicted by contrast-enhanced MRI. HRCT excellently depicts osseous changes of the inner ear and cerebellopontine angle such as chronic ossifying labyrinthitis occurring after acute labyrinthitis, otosclerotic or traumatic changes. Tumorous changes not yielding to bony changes are best delineated by MRI. Posttraumatic hemorrhage and chronic fibrotic changes within the labyrinth are depicted by MRI, only. In conclusion HRCT and MRI are excellent methods to delineate acquired abnormalities of the inner ear and cerebello-pontine angle. HRCT best depicts osseous ...

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High temperature components of power plants are in many cases subjected to variable loading conditions such as cyclic creep or strain cycling. Therefore the cyclic behaviour of important heat resistant steels has been investigated under stress control and to a smaller extent under strain control. The behaviour under cyclic creep rupture conditions was determined in long term experiments covering a wide range of loading conditions. This behaviour can be described with the modified life fraction rule and a factor concept of relative life for single stage cycles and additionally with a multistep hypothesis for multi-stage cycles. The description can be adapted to estimate the life consumption under service type random conditions. The strain cycling behaviour was investigated in regard to the conditions of the heated surface of large components. To simulate this type of loading and to generate long term creep fatigue data, a service type strain cycle was developed. Anisothermal and ...

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Low energy buildings promise significant energy savings and help climate preservation by cutting down on annual heating requirements to values below 70 kWh per m{sup 2} dwelling space. It is expected that low energy constructions will become the common standard by the year 2000 as a result of the forthcoming energy saving ordinance. For making the introduction and implementation of this standard successful, practical experience will be essential. For this reason, the state government of Hesse has supported respective pilot projects 1987. In 1989 the funding programme `30 low energy buildings in Hesse` has been established. Consecutively - between 1989 and 1993 - 29 buildings were erected. At first, the thermal quality of the crafted building construction including the ventilation systems was checked. Consecutively, energy consumption, indoor and outdoor temperatures were measured over a time span of several years. The experience of the inhabitants was surveyed. The `Institut Wohnen und ...

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In an epidemiological study of the somatic late effects risk following incorporation of a short lived {alpha}-emitter, 1473 ankylosing spondylitis patients treated with repeated intravenous injections of {sup 224}Ra in the years 1948 - 75, have been observed in the GSF. The usual therapeutic plan consisted of a total of 10 - 12 injections of 1.036 MBq (28 {mu}Ci) of {sup 224}Ra each, given at weekly intervals; this would result in an cumulative {alpha}-dose of 0.56 - 0.67 Gy to the marrow-free skeleton of a 70-kg-man (standard man). These patients have been followed together with a control group of ankylosing spondylitis patients not treated with radioactive drugs and/or X-rays. Until May 1993 (mean follow-up time 19.9 yr), 595 patients of the exposure group and 722 patients of the control group have died, causes of death have been ascertained for 578, resp. 668 patients. Among others we observed in the exposure group 10 cases of leukaemia (vs. 2.7 - 2.8 cases expected, p < 0.001) ...

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Introduction: The goal of this study was to compare contrast-enhanced T1-weighted Flash and Turbo-Flash sequences with conventional spin-echo sequences as a basis for planning high-precision radiotherapy. Methods: A total of 25 consecutive patients with different intracranial tumors and a disrupted blood-brain barrier were studied. T1-weighted Flash, Turbo-Flash and conventional spin-echo images were evaluated after controlled 30-s infusion of 0.1 mmol/kg body weight of Gd-DTPA. The evaluation of the three sequences included the measurement of the signal- and contrast-to-noise ratios, the visual inspection of the tumors and artifacts, and the measurement of tumor size. Results: The signal- and contrast-to-noise ratios were significantly (P<0.05-0.01) lower for Flash and Turbo-Flash than for conventional spin-echo sequences. However, visual inspection of the contrast-enhancing tumors revealed in 23 and 24 of 25 lesions of Flash and Turbo-Flash images, respectively, good or very good ...