In this paper we present NLML (Natural Language Markup Language), a markup language to describe the syntactic and semantic structure of any grammatically correct English expression. At first the related works are analyzed to demonstrate the necessity of the NLML: simple form, easy management and direct storage. Then the description of the English grammar with NLML is introduced in details in three levels: sentences (with different complexities, voices, moods, and tenses), clause (relative clause and noun clause) and phrase (noun phrase, verb phrase, prepositional phrase, adjective phrase, adverb phrase and predicate phrase). At last the application fields of the NLML in NLP are shown with two typical examples: NLOJM (Natural Language Object Modal in Java) and NLDB (Natural Language Database).

Ergative patterns treat the subject of an intransitive clause (S) similarly to the object of a transitive clause (O), thus singling out the subject of a transitive clause (A). The more familiar accusative pattern treats both S and A alike and differently from O. From an empirical point of view, erga...

Several previous studies (B. C. Adams, C. Clifton, & D. C. Mitchell, 1998; D. C. Mitchell, 1987; R. P. G. van Gompel & M. J. Pickering, 2001) have explored the question of whether the parser initially analyzes a noun phrase that follows an intransitive verb as the verb's direct object. Three eye-tracking experiments examined this issue in more detail. Experiment 1 replicated the finding that readers experience difficulty on this noun phrase in normal reading and found that this difficulty occurs even with intransitive verbs for which a direct object is categorically prohibited. Experiment 2, however, demonstrated that this effect is not due to syntactic misanalysis but to disruption that occurs when a comma is absent at a subordinate clause/main clause boundary. Experiment 3 replicated the finding (M. J. Pickering & M. J. Traxler, 2003; M. J. Traxler & M. J. Pickering, 1996) that when a noun phrase "filler" is an implausible direct object for an optionally transitive relative clause verb, processing difficulty results; however, there was no evidence for such difficulty when the relative clause verb was strictly intransitive. Taken together, the 3 experiments undermine the support for the claim that the parser initially ignores a verb's subcategorization restrictions.

The modified Claus process is one of the most common technologies for sulfur recovery from acid gas streams. Important design criteria for the Claus unit, when part of an Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) power plant, are the ability to destroy ammonia completely and the ability to recover sulfur thoroughly from a relatively low purity acid gas stream without sacrificing flame stability. Because of these criteria, modifications to the conventional process are often required, resulting in a modified Claus process. For the studies discussed here, these modifications include the use of a 95% pure oxygen stream as the oxidant, a split flow configuration, and the preheating of the feeds with the intermediate pressure steam generated in the waste heat boiler (WHB). In the future, for IGCC plants with CO{sub 2} capture, the Claus unit must satisfy emission standards without sacrificing the plant efficiency in the face of typical disturbances of an IGCC plant, such as rapid change in the feed flow rates due to load-following and wide changes in the feed composition because of changes in the coal feed to the gasifier. The Claus unit should be adequately designed and efficiently operated to satisfy these objectives. Even though the Claus process has been commercialized for decades, most papers concerned with the modeling of the Claus process treat the key reactions as equilibrium reactions. Such models are validated by manipulating the temperature approach to equilibrium for a set of steady-state operating data, but they are of limited use for dynamic studies. One of the objectives of this study is to develop a model that can be used for dynamic studies. In a Claus process, especially in the furnace and the WHB, many reactions may take place. In this work, a set of linearly independent reactions has been identified, and kinetic models of the furnace flame and anoxic zones, WHB, and catalytic reactors have been developed. To facilitate the modeling of the Claus furnace, a four-stage method was devised so as to determine which set of linearly independent reactions would best describe the product distributions from available plant data. Various approaches are taken to derive the kinetic rate expressions, which are either missing in the open literature or found to be inconsistent. A set of plant data is used for optimal estimation of the kinetic parameters. The final model agrees well with the published plant data. Using the developed kinetics models of the Claus reaction furnace, WHB, and catalytic stages, two optimization studies are carried out. The first study shows that there exists an optimal steam pressure generated in the WHB that balances hydrogen yield, oxygen demand, and power generation. In the second study, it is shown that an optimal H{sub 2}S/SO{sub 2} ratio exists that balances single-pass conversion, hydrogen yield, oxygen demand, and power generation. In addition, an operability study has been carried out to examine the operating envelope in which both the H{sub 2}S/SO{sub 2} ratio and the adiabatic flame temperature can be controlled in the face of disturbances typical for the operation of an IGCC power plant with CO{sub 2} capture. Impact of CO{sub 2} capture on the Claus process has also been discussed.

Bayesian networks provide an elegant formalism for representing and reasoning about uncertainty using probability theory. Theyare a probabilistic extension of propositional logic and, hence, inherit some of the limitations of propositional logic, such as the difficulties to represent objects and relations. We introduce a generalization of Bayesian networks, called Bayesian logic programs, to overcome these limitations. In order to represent objects and relations it combines Bayesian networks with definite clause logic by establishing a one-to-one mapping between ground atoms and random variables. We show that Bayesian logic programs combine the advantages of both definite clause logic and Bayesian networks. This includes the separation of quantitative and qualitative aspects of the model. Furthermore, Bayesian logic programs generalize both Bayesian networks as well as logic programs. So, many ideas developed

Event structure describes the relationships between general semantics (Aktionsart) of the verb and its syntactic properties, separating verbs into two classes: telic verbs, which denote change of state events with an inherent end-point or boundary (catch, rescue), and atelic, which refer to homogenous activities (tease, host). As telic verbs describe events, in which the internal argument (Patient) is affected, we hypothesized that processing of telic verb template would activate syntactic position of the Patient during sentence comprehension. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 20 English speakers, who read sentences with reduced Object relative clauses, in which the verb was either telic or atelic. ERPs in relative clauses diverged on the definite article preceding t...

The main operations in Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) are generalization and specialization, which only make sense in a generality order. In ILP, the three most important generality orders are subsumption, implication and implication relative to background knowledge. The two languages used most often are languages of clauses and languages of only Horn clauses. This gives a total of six different ordered languages. In this paper, we give a systematic treatment of the existence or non-existence of least generalizations and greatest specializations of finite sets of clauses in each of these six ordered sets. We survey results already obtained by others and also contribute some answers of our own. Our main new results are, firstly, the existence of a computable least generalization under implication of every finite set of clauses containing at least one non-tautologous function-free clause (among other, not necessarily function-free clauses). Secondly, we show that such a least generalization need not exist un...

Abstract A major goal of psycholinguistics is to gain a better understanding of how syntactically complex sentences are processed. Pursuit of this goal has frequently focused on the contrast between object- and subject-extracted relative clauses (RCs). Although a large body of literature demonstrates that comprehension is more difficult for object RCs than for subject RCs, the proposed explanations for this processing asymmetry are diverse and hotly debated. This article reviews theoretical accounts of RC processing in terms of whether they characterize the critical differences in comprehension difficulty as arising from memory processes, interpretive processes, or processes tuned to the frequency with which different types of language are encountered.

Purpose: The author examined the influence of sentence type, clause order, and verb transitivity on the accuracy of children's past tense productions. All groups of children, but especially children with specific language impairment (SLI), were predicted to decrease accuracy as linguistic complexity increased. Method: The author elicited past tense productions in 2-clause sentences from 5- to 8-year-old children with SLI (n = 14) and their typically developing peers (n = 24). The target sentences varied in the type and obligatory nature of the second clause and the number of arguments. Results: On average, 85% of the responses across all groups and sentence types contained 2 clauses. Fewer 2-clause sentences were produced in the complement clause condition than in the other conditions. Sentence type and clause order, but not argument structure, influenced use of past tense. Children with SLI had a similar but less accurate profile as compared with the age-matched group. The younger mean length of utterance (MLU)-matched group reflected decreased accuracy with each additional source of linguistic complexity. Conclusions: Increased syntactic difficulty decreases use of morphology for all children, supporting the hypothesis that processing demands influence morphological accuracy. MLU-matched children, but not children with SLI, were more affected by changes in linguistic complexity. Further work on age-related changes in sentence production is necessary.

In an event-related potentials (ERPs) study, we examined the comprehension of different types of Chinese (Mandarin) relative clauses (object vs. subject-extracted) to test the universality and language specificity of sentence comprehension processes. Because Chinese lacks morphosyntactic cues to sentence constituent relations, it allows a test of the possibility that semantic-contextual processes dominate the extraction of clausal relations, in contrast to the structure-dependent processing in English and many other languages. ERP results at the RC embedded verbs showed a P600 effect for the subject-extraction type, reflecting a processing of phrasal reconfiguration, and an N400 effect for the object-extraction type, reflecting a processing of meaning reinterpretation. A central-frontal su...

The Relativized Minimality approach to A?-dependencies (Friedmann et al., 2009) predicts that headed object relative clauses (RCs) and which—questions are the most difficult, due to the presence of a lexical restriction on both the subject and the object DP which creates intervention. We investigated comprehension of center-embedded headed object RCs with Italian children, where Number and Gender feature values on subject and object DPs are manipulated. We found that, Number conditions are always more accurate than Gender ones, showing that intervention is sensitive to DP-internal structure. We propose a finer definition of the lexical restriction where external and syntactically active features (such as Number) reduce intervention whereas internal and (possibly) lexicalized features (such as Gender) do so to a lesser extent. Our results are also compatible with a memory interference approach in which the human parser is sensitive to highly specific properties of the linguistic input, such as the cue-based model (Van Dyke, 2007).

The Claus technology and its associated tail gas cleanup (SCOT unit) for hydrogen sulfide environmental control recovers the sulfur contained in hydrogen sulfide wastes but loses the hydrogen as water. The alternative treatment process proposed in this paper uses plasma dissociation to recover the hydrogen in addition to the sulfur, thereby saving a significant fraction of the lost energy. The plasma process also appears to be more economical than the Claus/SCOT process. The total capital required for the plasma facility is projected to be $14 million, versus $26 million (including capital cost for the incremental hydrogen generation capacity) for the Calus/SCOT process. Because of energy savings, the annual operating costs for the plasma process are also lower than for the Claus/SCOT process. Assuming a 15% rate of return on capital, the plasma process will produce a net annual profit of $1.8 million relative to the Claus/SCOT. 4 refs., 6 figs., 3 tabs.

The objective of this research is to develop a human (passenger/crew) comfort model to establish the relationship between the indoor living conditions and the motions of a vessel, with the main objective of being able to provide better insight and understanding of the factors that can make a human more comfortable onboard a vessel during her operation. In order to do this, a new passenger comfort index (PCI) is developed by using a Sugeno type fuzzy inference system which takes into account seven variables which are motion sickness, air temperature, mean radiant temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, activity level of passengers and their clothing insulation. The PCI is calculated implicitly as the outcome of linguistic rules which are expressed as in the form of if-then clauses. Va...

This document describes the implementation and use of a Davis-Putnam procedure for the propositional satisfiability problem. It also describes code that takes statements in first-order logic with equality and a domain size n then searches for models of size n. The first-order model-searching code transforms the statements into set of propositional clauses such that the first-order statements have a model of size n if and only if the propositional clauses are satisfiable. The propositional set is then given to the Davis-Putnam code; any propositional models that are found can be translated to models of the first-order statements. The first-order model-searching program accepts statements only in a flattened relational clause form without function symbols. Additional code was written to take input statements in the language of OTTER 3.0 and produce the flattened relational form. The program was successfully applied to several open questions on the existence of orthogonal quasigroups.

This paper sets out to show how facilitation between different clause structures operates over time in syntax acquisition. The phenomenon of facilitation within given structures has been widely documented, yet inter-structure facilitation has rarely been reported so far. Our findings are based on the naturalistic production corpora of six toddlers learning Hebrew as their first language. We use regression analysis, a method that has not been used to study this phenomenon. We find that the proportion of errors among the earliest produced clauses in a structure is related to the degree of acceleration of that structure's learning curve; that with the accretion of structures the proportion of errors among the first clauses of new structures declines, as does the acceleration of their learning curves. We interpret our findings as showing that learning new syntactic structures is made easier, or facilitated, by previously acquired ones. PMID:20633311

Children with Syntactic Specific Language Impairment (S-SLI) have difficulties understanding object relative clauses, which have been ascribed to a deficit in syntactic movement. The current study explores the nature of the deficit in movement, and specifically whether it is related to a deficit in the construction of syntactic structure and traces, or whether the structure is constructed correctly but the transfer of thematic roles from the trace is impaired. This question was addressed using reading aloud and paraphrasing of object relatives that included noun-verb heterophonic homographs after the trace. Because the correct reading of homographs as noun or verb critically hinges on the identification of their syntactic position, readers who cannot construct traces are expected to read homographs incorporated after the trace incorrectly. The participants were 15 Hebrew-speaking children aged 9.3 to 14.6 with S-SLI and 50 typically developing children. The children with S-SLI read the homographs after the trace correctly but failed to interpret the object relatives, making thematic role errors. The results suggest that in S-SLI, at least for school-aged children, syntactic structure and traces are created, but the assignment of thematic roles from the trace to the moved element is impaired, leading to a deficit in the comprehension of movement-derived sentences. PMID:17084444

The present study investigates syntactic priming with children aged three and four. It examines whether children can be primed to use two alternative complex noun phrases (an adjective+noun structure and a noun+relative clause construction) to describe pictures, how susceptible children are to primi...

...Regulation; Submission for OMB Review; Packing List Clause AGENCY: Office of Acquisition...information collection requirement regarding the packing list clause. A request for public comments...Please cite OMB Control No. 3090-0246, Packing List Clause, in all...

Prepositions can be found with and without adjacent complements in many forms of popular spoken French. The alternation appears in main clauses ("il veut pas payer pour ca [approximately] il veut pas payer pour" "he doesn't want to pay for [it]") and, though with a more restricted social and geographic distribution, in relative clauses ("j'avais pas personne avec qui parler [approximately] j'avais pas personne a parler avec" "I had no one to whom to talk [approximately] I had no one to talk to"). In main clauses, the variant lacking the adjacent complement is said to have an orphaned preposition ("il veut pas payer pour"); in relatives, it is said to have a stranded preposition ("j'avais pas personne a parler avec"). In popular spoken French in Canada, stranding appears to be much more frequent than in other Francophone areas. Because so many French speakers in Canada are bilingual, because of the high frequency of stranding, and no doubt also because stranding violates prescriptive norms, stranded prepositions in French in Canada are widely believed to be instances of English influence (e.g. "j'avais pas personne a parler avec" is regarded as modeled on I "had no one to talk to"). But in a masterly variationist treatment, Poplack, Zentz and Dion (2011, this issue) argue that Canadian stranding is not of English origin. Stranded Canadian prepositions represent, instead, the expansion to relative clauses of the ordinary main-clause orphans. The historical source for Canadian stranding is thus analogy-induced and internal (French orphans), not contact-induced and external (not English stranding).

Modern object-oriented languages support higher-order implementations through function objects such as delegates in C#, agents in Eiffel, or closures in Scala. Function objects bring a new level of abstraction to the object-oriented programming model, and require a comparable extension to specification and verification techniques. We introduce a verification methodology that extends function objects with auxiliary side-effect free (pure) methods to model logical artifacts: preconditions, postconditions and modifies clauses. These pure methods can be used to specify client code abstractly, that is, independently from specific instantiations of the function objects. To demonstrate the feasibility of our approach, we have implemented an automatic prover, which verifies several non-trivial examples.

Hearing loss during the critical period for language acquisition restricts spoken language input. This input limitation, in turn, may hamper syntactic development. This study examined the comprehension, production, and repetition of Wh-questions in deaf or hard-of-hearing (DHH) children. The participants were 11 orally trained Hebrew-speaking children aged 9.1-12.4 with moderate-to-profound hearing loss from birth, who consistently used hearing aids or cochlear implants and who had difficulties understanding relative clauses. Experiment 1 tested the comprehension of Wh-questions using a picture selection task, comparing subject with object questions and who- with which-questions; Experiment 2 tested the production of subject and object who-questions using an elicitation task; and Experiment 3 tested the repetition of Wh-questions and other structures derived by Wh-movement. All the DHH participants showed difficulty in the comprehension, production, and repetition of object questions, and their performance was significantly below that of hearing children. In contrast, they repeated embedded sentences without movement well, indicating that their deficit is in syntactic movement rather than embedding or the CP node in the syntactic tree. The results provide additional evidence that DHH children have difficulties with Wh-movement and emphasize that Wh-questions, which are crucial for communication, can be severely impaired in these children. PMID:21220767

First-order learning involves finding a clause-form definition of a relation from examples of the relation and relevant background information. In this paper, a particular first-order learning system is modified to customize it for finding definitions of functional relations. This restriction leads to faster learning times and, in some cases, to definitions that have higher predictive accuracy. Other first-order learning systems might benefit from similar specialization.

Abstract in portuguese Este trabalho discute a derivação de orações relativas definidas e indefinidas em árabe libanês. Os dois tipos de relativas são semelhantes na medida em que ambos requerem pronomes resumptivos e não exibem efeitos de ilha. Com base em efeitos de reconstrução, eu argumento no entanto que as relativas definidas podem ser tanto geradas na base, quanto derivadas por movimento, enquanto as relativas indefinidas só podem ser geradas na base. Abstract in english This paper discusses the derivation of definite and indefinite relative clauses in Lebanese Arabic. The two types of relative clause are similar in that they require resumptive pronouns and do not exhibit island effects. Based on reconstruction effects, I however argue that definite relatives may be either base-generated or derived by movement, whereas indefinite relatives can only be base-generated.

In this paper we propose a data intensive approach for inferring sentence-internal temporal relations. Temporal inference is relevant for practical NLP applications which either extract or synthesize temporal information (e.g., summarisation, question answering). Our method bypasses the need for manual coding by exploiting the presence of markers like after", which overtly signal a temporal relation. We first show that models trained on main and subordinate clauses connected with a temporal marker achieve good performance on a pseudo-disambiguation task simulating temporal inference (during testing the temporal marker is treated as unseen and the models must select the right marker from a set of possible candidates). Secondly, we assess whether the proposed approach holds promise for the semi-automatic creation of temporal annotations. Specifically, we use a model trained on noisy and approximate data (i.e., main and subordinate clauses) to predict intra-sentential relations present in TimeBank, a corpus anno...

In 2 studies, the authors used a combination of psychometric and experimental techniques to investigate the effects of domain-general and domain-specific working memory factors on offline decisions concerning attachment of an ambiguous relative clause. Both studies used English and Dutch stimuli presented to English- and Dutch-speaking participants, respectively. In Study 1, readers with low working memory spans were less likely to use recency strategies for disambiguation than were readers with high spans. This finding is inconsistent with predictions of locality- and resource-based accounts of attachment. Psychometric analyses showed that both domain-specific (verbal) and domain-general working memory accounted for the effect. Study 2 found support for the hypothesis that segmentation strategies imposed during silent reading can account for the counterintuitive relationship. Results suggest that readers with low spans have a greater tendency to break up large segments of text because of their limited working memory, leading to high attachment of the ambiguous relative clause.

In an event-related potentials (ERPs) study, we examined the comprehension of different types of Chinese (Mandarin) relative clauses (object vs. subject-extracted) to test the universality and language specificity of sentence comprehension processes. Because Chinese lacks morphosyntactic cues to sentence constituent relations, it allows a test of the possibility that semantic-contextual processes dominate the extraction of clausal relations, in contrast to the structure-dependent processing in English and many other languages. ERP results at the RC embedded verbs showed a P600 effect for the subject-extraction type, reflecting a processing of phrasal reconfiguration, and an N400 effect for the object-extraction type, reflecting a processing of meaning reinterpretation. A central-frontal sustained negativity was produced by the RC head noun of object-extraction, suggesting a combined effect of meaning derivation and referents establishment. LORETA (Low Resolution Electrical Tomography) source localization showed activation of posterior dominance (e.g., BA 22/39/19/41/42) supporting the integration of structure mapping (P600) and meaning derivation (N400) in a developing sentential representation, consistent with the memory unification and control model (Hagoort, 2005). More left-lateralized anterior regions of a frontal-temporal network (e.g., BA 47/38) became active later in the sentence (a sustained central-frontal negativity), when the thematic-role specification for multiple referents may have required additional cognitive and memory resources. Our findings suggest that Chinese sentence reading recruits a neural network that is sensitive to the sequential/hierarchical organization of linguistic inputs in a manner that resembles to the structure-dependent cognitive processes in other languages, reflecting a universal property of language processing. The ERP data shows that early lexical processes are important in the integration process, but also challenges the view that Chinese text reading depends primarily on semantic-contextual processing in the derivation of meaning representation. (Contains 4 figures and 5 tables.)

This document describes a sizable grammar of English written in the TAG formalism and implemented for use with the XTAG system. This report and the grammar described herein supersedes the TAG grammar described in an earlier 1995 XTAG technical report. The English grammar described in this report is based on the TAG formalism which has been extended to include lexicalization, and unification-based feature structures. The range of syntactic phenomena that can be handled is large and includes auxiliaries (including inversion), copula, raising and small clause constructions, topicalization, relative clauses, infinitives, gerunds, passives, adjuncts, it-clefts, wh-clefts, PRO constructions, noun-noun modifications, extraposition, determiner sequences, genitives, negation, noun-verb contractions, sentential adjuncts and imperatives. This technical report corresponds to the XTAG Release 8/31/98. The XTAG grammar is continuously updated with the addition of new analyses and modification of old ones, and an online ver...

Abstract in spanish En este trabajo se examina la relación que se establece entre envejecimiento, capacidad de memoria operativa y complejidad sintáctica utilizando el recuerdo inmediato de oraciones como tarea experimental. El propósito es determinar si la edad y la memoria operativa tienen incidencia en la capacidad de las personas mayores para reproducir en forma exacta e inmediata oraciones que contienen cláusulas relativas objeto anidadas y no anidadas, de longitud mayor y menor. Lo (more) s resultados indican que no hay diferencias significativas de desempeño entre los adultos jóvenes y mayores examinados, lo que no apoyaría la hipótesis de una declinación de la capacidad de la memoria operativa asociada al recuerdo de oraciones de sintaxis compleja como parte del proceso de envejecimiento normal. Abstract in english The current study explores the relationship between ageing, individual working memory capacity and syntactic complexity, using an immediate sentence recall task to determine whether age and working memory affect the capacity of elderly people to accurately reproduce long and short versions of center- and right-embedded object relative clauses immediately after they have been heard. The results showed no statistically significant differences between the performances of you (more) ng and elderly subjects participating in the study, and suggested there is no decline in working memory capacity associated to the recall of syntactically complex sentences as part of normal ageing.

This comment examines the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's (FERC) natural gas regulatory authority and its policies and procedures for the interpretation of natural gas sales contracts and settlement agreements. It concludes that the FERC has prescribed a workable method for the post Natural Gas Policy Act (NGPA) interpretation of area rate clauses. The procedures and guidelines established in the Independent Oil and Gas Association, with the exception of the exclusion of evidence of settlement negotiations, promise to be fair to all parties in litigation over the meaning of area rate clauses. The FERC recognized that the limitations of drafting placed on the natural gas industry by the NGA and FERC regulations may have inhibited the free expression of intent in the words of the contract, thus requiring the use of extrinsic evidence. The FERC's formulation of objective textual standards for the interpretation of area rate clauses, when evidence of the parties' intent is absent or inconclusive, provides administrative law judges with clear guidelines and generally allows contracts to be interpreted in accordance with the parties' intent. The author feels the FERC's exclusion of evidence of settlement negotiations is misguided, however, and should be reconsidered. The negotiation of contracts in the context of settlement proceedings should not be a bar to the admissibility of evidence necessary to interpret an ambiguous contract provision. The FERC's position is not supportable in law or policy and should therefore be reversed.

This study was performed to determine the current situation and future prospects regarding the information, techniques, and educational methods of Interprofessional Education (IPE) that are needed throughout the world. The authors contacted a number of schools with physical therapy faculties that have introduced IPE into their curricula as well as credits designated by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT). The IPE-related credits under the present curriculum were reviewed. In Japan, only 5 of 36 physical therapy faculties have adopted IPE into their curricula. In Japan, ninety-three credits are designated by MEXT in schools that train physical therapists. The Designated Regulation of Education of Japanese Physical Therapists was revised in 1989, and IPE-related clauses were added. This takes into account the social needs of physical therapists and recognizes the need for interprofessional knowledge. Furthermore, other clauses were added to train competent therapists: clauses regarding increased human understanding, sympathy for patients, understanding and cooperation in human relationships, understanding of patients' families, and understanding of support education methods. These are all part of the "joint education for training physical therapists," which is a small part of the curriculum.   

Abstract in spanish Este trabajo presenta una serie de presupuestos relacionados con las características prosódicas que acompañan las cláusulas en español venezolano, en su variedad de Mérida. Para ello se partió de un análisis acústico y de un análisis audio-perceptivo. Se analizó la distribución y naturaleza de las pausas, la variación de la frecuencia fundamental al inicio y al final de las cláusulas, los distintos acentos, tanto en sílabas acentuadas iniciales como finales (more) , y la duración de las sílabas acentuadas e inacentuadas iniciales y finales. Los resultados permiten sugerir que las cláusulas presentan ciertos rasgos suprasegmentales que permiten identificarlas. La prosodia conduce al reconocimiento de la estructura sintáctico-discursiva de la oralidad. Abstract in english This study presents a series of analyses related to the prosodic characteristics of clauses in the Mérida dialect of Venezuelan Spanish. The study was based on two analyses: one acoustic and one audio-perceptive. Parameters analysed were the distribution and nature of pauses, variations on fundamental frequency at the beginning and the end of clauses, the different types of accents on both stressed initial and final syllables and the duration of stress syllables, both in (more) initial and final positions. Results suggest that clauses have certain prosodic features that identify them. Data reveals that prosody leads to the recognition of syntactic-discursive structures in the spoken language.

In this paper, we define an OLAP-Object model that combines the main characteristics of OLAP and Object data models in order to achieve their functionalities in a common framework. We classify three different object classes: primitive, regular and composite. Then, we define a query language which uses the path concept in order to facilitate data navigation and data manipulation. The main feature of the proposed language is an anchor. It allows us to fix dynamically an object class (primitive, regular or composite) along the paths over the OLAP-Object data model for expressing queries. The queries can be formulated on objects, composite objects and combination of both. The power of the proposed query language is investigated through multiple query examples. The semantic of different clauses and syntax of the proposed language are investigated.

...FRL-9630-4] EPAAR Prescription for Work Assignments AGENCY: Environmental...EPAAR) prescription for the work assignment clause. This final...language to the prescription for the work assignment clause, incorporating...be publicly available only in hard copy form. Publicly...

...2011-10-01 false Accounting and allowable cost. 2152.231-70 ...Clauses 2152.231-70 Accounting and allowable cost. As prescribed in...the following clause: Accounting and Allowable Cost (OCT 2005) (a)...

...2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Cost Accounting Standards-Educational Institution...and Clauses 52.230-5 Cost Accounting StandardsâEducational Institution...insert the following clause: Cost Accounting StandardsâEducational...

Listeners are often capable of adjusting to the variability contained in individual talkers' (speakers') speech. The vast majority of findings on talker adaptation are concerned with learning the contingency between "phonological" characteristics and talker identity. In contrast, the present study investigates representations at a more abstract level--the contingency between "syntactic attachment style" and talker identity. In a "visual-world" experiment, participants were exposed to semi-realistic scenes depicting several objects (e.g., an adult man, a young girl, a motorbike, a carousel, and other objects) accompanied by a spoken sentence with a structurally ambiguous relative clause (e.g., "The uncle of the girl who will ride the motorbike/carousel is from France." In the context of the scene, "motorbike" suggested the uncle as the agent of the riding, whereas "carousel" suggested the girl as the agent). For half the experimental items, one version of the sentence was read by one talker, who "always" uttered sentences that resolved, pragmatically, to the high attachment (the uncle as the agent), and the other by another talker, who "always" uttered sentences resolving to the low attachment (the girl as the agent). For the other half of the experimental items, both versions were read by a third talker who produced both high and low attachments. It was found that, after exposure to these stimuli, and for new sentences not heard previously, participants learnt to anticipate the "appropriate" attachment depending on talker identity (with no attachment preference for the talker who produced both attachment types). The data suggest that listeners can learn the relationship between talker identity and abstract, structural, properties of their speech, and that syntactic attachment decisions in comprehension can reflect sensitivity to talker-specific syntactic style. (Contains 2 tables and 1 figure.)

Recent survey data gathered from British medical students reveal widespread acceptance of conscientious objection in medicine, despite the existence of strict policies in the UK that discourage conscientious refusals by students to aspects of their medical training. This disconnect demonstrates a pressing need to thoughtfully examine policies that allow conscience objections by medical students; as it so happens, the USA is one country that has examples of such policies. After presenting some background on promulgated US conscience protections and reflecting on their significance for conscience objections by medical students, this paper observes that the dominant approach (following the American Medical Association's conscience clause) is to allow exempted students to instead be evaluated on the basis of alternative curricular activities to learn the associated underlying content. This paper then introduces and discusses an example in which male Muslim students who believe it is wrong to touch members of the opposite sex object to performing physical examinations on female subjects in their medical training. This sort of case, it is argued, causes difficulty for a conscience clause that resolves the dilemma by granting reasonable exemptions in the form of participation in alternative curricular activities: there are cases where one must perform the 'objectionable' activity itself in order to learn the necessary content and underlying principles. PMID:22556313

The acquisition of the function of case-marking is a key step in the development of sentence processing for German-speaking children since case-marking reveals the relations between sentential arguments. In this study, we investigated the development of the processing of case-marking and argument structures in children at 3, 4;6 and 6?years of age, as well as its processing in adults. Using EEG, we measured event-related potentials (ERPs) in response to object-initial compared to subject-initial German sentences including transitive verbs and case-marked noun phrases referring to animate arguments. We also tested children's behavioral competence in a sentence-picture matching task. Word order and case-marking were manipulated in German main clauses. Adults' behavioral performance was close to perfect and their ERPs revealed a negativity for the processing of the topicalized accusative marked noun phrase (NP1) and no effect for the second NP (NP2) in the object-initial structure. Children's behavioral data showed a significant above-chance outcome in the subject-initial condition for all age groups, but not for the object-initial condition. In contrast to adults, the ERPs of 3-year-olds showed a positivity at NP1, indicating difficulties in processing the non-canonical object-initial structures. Children at the age of 4;6 did not differ in the processing patterns of object-initial vs. subject-initial sentences at NP1 but showed a slight positivity at NP2. This positivity at NP2, which implies syntactic integration difficulties, is more pronounced in 6-year-olds but is absent in adults. At NP1, however, 6-year-olds show the same negativity as adults. In sum, the behavioral and electrophysiological findings demonstrate that children in each age group use different strategies, which are indicative of their developmental stage. While 3-year-olds merely detect differences in the two sentence structures without being able to use this information for sentence comprehension, 4;6-year-olds proceed to use mainly a word-order strategy, processing NP1 in both conditions in the same manner, which leads to processing difficulties upon detecting case-marking cues at NP2. At the age of 6, children are able to use case-marking cues for comprehension but still show enhanced effort for correct thematic-role assignment. PMID:23106730

Relational social theory can be found in the works of Hegel, Marx, Simmel, Mannheim, Mead, Saussure, Lévi-Strauss, Althusser, Foucault and Bourdieu. However, one of the most consistent relational thinkers is Norbert Elias. In order to develop his figurational and relational social theory Elias makes two claims: 1) the only theoretically sustainable point of departure for a social theory is to study human beings, human society (and maybe also other animals but we leave this aside for the moment!) in a relational perspective! This claim is justified by a number of arguments among others his critique of methodological individualism, methodological holism, individual-society categories and the homo clauses perspective. 2) The other important assumption that Elias makes concerns the smallest social unit - a survival unit. In other words, the first social relation to be studied is not the single individual or a man-woman relation (family) or man-nature (subject-object). The first unit of analysis is the double relational binding of human beings in social groups. In the first order we find the relation between survival units (`state'-`state'). In a second order we find relations between families and individuals within each of the survival units. We accept these two claims and we intend to contribute to a further substantiation of these two claims. Moreover, we shall raise a particular problem which is not sufficiently addressed in Elias's work or in the critical literature on Elias. In particular we shall explore the problem of survival units. Elias assumes that human societies from very early on were divided into survival units (it is plausible that this can be traced back to approx. 4 million years ago when Australopithecus afarensis and upright walking began to spread). These survival units have been demarcated; in other words, they have demarcated themselves towards other units, and units from outside have generated a demarcation. The questions we need to address concern the problem of demarcation: a) Why are these survival units demarcated towards each other? Why has this been the case for at least 4 million years? b) Why has the world not at any point been one survival unit? Is it a plausible future development? Can the world turn into one state/survival unit? We shall argue that although Elias has given an explanation for this demarcation, he has overlooked another mechanism sustaining the separation between units. Furthermore, by incorporating Hegel and Clausewitz into Elias's relational theory we shall demonstrate that an answer to these two questions is possible.

In this paper we discuss the following issue: How do we decide whether a certain property of language is a competence property or a performance property? Our claim is that the answer to this question is not given a-priori. The answer depends on the formal devices (formal grammars and machines) available to us for describing language. We discuss this issue in the context of the complexity of processing of center embedding (of relative clauses in English) and scrambling (in German, for example) from arbitrary depths of embedding.

The relation between prosody and syntax is investigated here by tracing the emergence of each in a new language, Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language. We analyze the structure of narratives of four signers of this language: two older second generation signers, and two about 15 years younger. We find that younger signers produce prosodic cues to dependency between semantically related constituents, e.g., the two clauses of conditionals, revealing a type and degree of complexity in their language that is not frequent in that of the older pair. In these younger signers, several rhythmic and (facial) intonational cues are aligned at constituent boundaries, indicating the emergence of a grammatical system. There are no overt syntactic markers (such as complementizers) to relate clauses; prosody is the only clue. But this prosodic complexity is matched by syntactic complexity inside propositions in the younger signers, who are more likely to use pronouns as abstract grammatical markers of arguments, and to combine predicates with their arguments within in a constituent. As the prosodic means emerge for identifying constituent types and signaling dependency relations between them, the constituents themselves become increasingly complex. Finally, our study shows that the emergence of grammatical complexity is gradual.

The relationship between Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG) {\\em functional structures} (f-structures) for sentences and their semantic interpretations can be expressed directly in a fragment of linear logic in a way that correctly explains the constrained interactions between quantifier scope ambiguity, bound anaphora and intensionality. This deductive approach to semantic interpretaion obviates the need for additional mechanisms, such as Cooper storage, to represent the possible scopes of a quantified NP, and explains the interactions between quantified NPs, anaphora and intensional verbs such as `seek'. A single specification in linear logic of the argument requirements of intensional verbs is sufficient to derive the correct reading predictions for intensional-verb clauses both with nonquantified and with quantified direct objects. In particular, both de dicto and de re readings are derived for quantified objects. The effects of type-raising or quantifying-in rules in other frameworks here just follow as li...

Previous research has found that the recent processing of a linguistic form (e.g. word or syntactic pattern) facilitates its reuse. A separate line of research has found that the appearance of a linguistic form in certain structural contexts (e.g. the focus position of a cleft sentence) can increase the likelihood of a form's reuse. However, these two lines have not explored whether the structural context in which a recently-processed form occurred mediates the facilitatory effects of recent processing. I contend that such mediation exists. Specifically, I propose that the way a structural context is processed affects how memory represents the processing event and how the linguistic forms associated with that structural context are represented in memory. I further contend that differences in these representations affect the subsequent accessibility of the forms. I present a series of priming studies that support this proposal by showing that the facilitatory effects of a form's recent processing are attenuated when the form occurred in particular structural contexts. By holding time constant and varying only the structural context in which a lexical or syntactic form occurred, I demonstrate that some structural contexts undermine forms' reuse. Specifically, speakers are slower to identify lexical primes occurring in the internal complements of nouns (e.g. the bolded word in "David knew the fact that the man "kissed" Sophia") relative to primes occurring in other structural contexts (e.g. a relative clause "David knew the man who "kissed" Sophia" or a main clause "As David knew, the man "kissed" Sophia"). Similarly, speakers exhibit less-stable structural priming for primes occurring in the internal complements of verbs ("David knew that the man "kissed" Sophia") relative to primes occurring in other structural contexts.'l To clarify the source of structural context's affects on priming behavior, I present a novel activation-based model of language processing. My model describes how linguistic forms are retrieved and manipulated during processing and how the memory traces of linguistic forms are affected by structural contexts. During processing, the processor retrieves encoded memory traces for target linguistic forms. Features of these memory traces, such as how recently they were created and the number of forms (e.g. other words) associated with the memory trace, affect the processor's ability to reuse the target form. I argue that processing some structural contexts (e.g. those containing argument clauses such as the internal complements of verbs) leads to memory traces with more competing forms than the traces generated during the processing of other structural contexts (e.g. those containing adjunct clauses such as relative clauses). The differing number of competing forms associated with the memory trace stems from the processing of different structural contexts and ultimately affects the processor's ability to reuse recently encountered linguistic forms. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.

From its championing of the cause of open access to scientific publications to its promotion of freeware and support for research and training networks in Africa, CERN has recently stepped up its initiatives aimed at building an information society based on the principles of equality and solidarity. This commitment, reiterated at the recent World Summit on the Information Society, has been reinforced by a brand new initiative - from 1st January 2006, CERN will be applying the digital solidarity 'one percent'. This means that all calls for tenders relating to computer and telecommunications goods or services will contain a clause whereby the successful bidder will have to pay 1% of the contractual amount into the Digital Solidarity Fund, which finances projects aimed at bridging the digital divide (www.dsf-fsn.org). The 1% will be levied on the contractor's profit margin and, in return, the firm will be awarded the 'digital solidarity' label. The digital solidarity clause is also known as the 'Geneva Principl...

A binary matrix has the Consecutive Ones Property (C1P) if its columns can be ordered in such a way that all 1's on each row are consecutive. A Minimal Conflicting Set is a set of rows that does not have the C1P, but every proper subset has the C1P. Such submatrices have been considered in comparative genomics applications, but very little is known about their combinatorial structure and efficient algorithms to compute them. We first describe an algorithm that detects rows that belong to Minimal Conflicting Sets. This algorithm has a polynomial time complexity when the number of 1's in each row of the considered matrix is bounded by a constant. Next, we show that the problem of computing all Minimal Conflicting Sets can be reduced to the joint generation of all minimal true clauses and maximal false clauses for some monotone boolean function. We use these methods on simulated data related to ancestral genome reconstruction to show that computing Minimal Conflicting Set is useful in discriminating between true...

Generalizing the novel clause elimination procedures developed in [M. Heule, M. J\\"arvisalo, and A. Biere. Clause elimination procedures for CNF formulas. In Proc. LPAR-17, volume 6397 of LNCS, pages 357-371. Springer, 2010.], we introduce explicit (CCE), hidden (HCCE), and asymmetric (ACCE) variants of a procedure that eliminates covered clauses from CNF formulas. We show that these procedures are more effective in reducing CNF formulas than the respective variants of blocked clause elimination, and may hence be interesting as new preprocessing/simplification techniques for SAT solving.

Achieving allocative and technically efficient spectrum management is a key aspect of deregulatory reforms in several OECD countries. However, reform legislation offers few clues as to how these objectives should rank when they conflict with one another. An ???innocent' prior acquisition of service-neutral spectrum at an efficiently run auction may prove allocative efficient but fail to be technically efficient if the spectrum is left fallow in the short term. Accountability for the productive usage of a public resource and pressures from short-term political cycles may induce regulators to mandate some minimal level of activity. Two plausible regulatory responses are considered: use it or lose it clauses and spectrum trading incentives. The former favours technical efficiency whilst the l...

Business to business commerce of audiovisual material can be governed by electronic contracts, in the same way as digital licenses govern business to consumer transactions. The digital licenses for end users have been expressed either in proprietary formats or in standard Rights Expression Languages and they can be seen as the electronic replacement of distribution contracts and end user licenses. However, these languages fail to replace the rest of the contracts agreed along the complete Intellectual Property value chain. To represent their corresponding electronic counterpart licenses, a schema based on the standard eContracts and the Media Value Chain Ontology is presented here. It has been conceived to deal with a broader set of parties, to handle typical clauses found in the audiovisual market contracts, and to govern every transaction performed on IP objects.

Abstract in portuguese A Academia Brasileira de Letras, entidade fundada em 1897, manteve-se incólume à presença feminina até 1976, ano em que o Art. 17 do Regimento Interno, que até então restringia a eleição aos "brasileiros do sexo masculino", é alterado, assegurando às mulheres a possibilidade de candidatura. Tendo isto em vista, o presente artigo pretende analisar os bastidores do ingresso de Rachel de Queiroz, primeira mulher a sagrar-se imortal, em 1977. Abstract in english The Brazilian Academy of Letters, an institute established in 1897, remained untouched by the feminine presence up to the year 1976, when clause 17 of its Regulations, which until then had restricted itself to "Brazilians of the masculine sex", was modified to allow women the possibility of candidacy. Hence, the objective of this article is to analyze the behind the scenes of the admission of Rachel de Queiroz, the first woman to take part in the writers' "immortal" circle in 1977.

Uncertainty in Logic Programming has been investigated during the last decades, dealing with various extensions of the classical LP paradigm and different applications. Existing proposals rely on different approaches, such as clause annotations based on uncertain truth values, qualification values as a generalization of uncertain truth values, and unification based on proximity relations. On the other hand, the CLP scheme has established itself as a powerful extension of LP that supports efficient computation over specialized domains while keeping a clean declarative semantics. In this paper we propose a new scheme SQCLP designed as an extension of CLP that supports qualification values and proximity relations. We show that several previous proposals can be viewed as particular cases of the new scheme, obtained by partial instantiation. We present a declarative semantics for SQCLP that is based on observables, providing fixpoint and proof-theoretical characterizations of least program models as well as an imp...

The current study examined the relationship between verbal memory span and the latency with which a filler-gap dependency is constructed. A previous behavioral study found that low span listeners did not exhibit antecedent reactivation at gap sites in relative clauses, in comparison to high verbal memory span subjects (Roberts et?al. in J Psycholinguist Res 36(2):175?188, 2007), which suggests that low span subjects are delayed at gap filling. This possibility was examined in the current study. Using an event-related potentials paradigm, it was found that low span subjects have an onset latency delay of about 200?ms in brain responses to violations of syntactic expectancies after the gap site, thus providing a time course measure of the delay hypothesized by previous literature.

The current study examined the relationship between verbal memory span and the latency with which a filler-gap dependency is constructed. A previous behavioral study found that low span listeners did not exhibit antecedent reactivation at gap sites in relative clauses, in comparison to high verbal memory span subjects (Roberts et al. in "J Psycholinguist Res" 36(2):175-188, 2007), which suggests that low span subjects are delayed at gap filling. This possibility was examined in the current study. Using an event-related potentials paradigm, it was found that low span subjects have an onset latency delay of about 200 ms in brain responses to violations of syntactic expectancies after the gap site, thus providing a time course measure of the delay hypothesized by previous literature.

Abstract in spanish La finalidad de la presente investigación fue determinar necesidades de extensión agrícola, en sistemas ganaderos de doble propósito del municipio Rosario de Perijá, estado Zulia, Venezuela, para diseñar futuros programas de extensión. A tal efecto se seleccionó una muestra estadísticamente representativa, siguiendo un muestreo aleatorio estratificado con afijación proporcional, considerando el tamaño del rebaño por finca desde 20 hasta 2000 unidades animales (more) (UA) como criterio de selección, quedando la población objeto de estudio constituida por cinco estratos que corresponden a un total de 518 unidades de producción y una muestra de 43. Para la recolección de datos se realizaron observaciones de campo, entrevistas y encuestas, se obtuvo información relacionada con cada ítem y se analizaron aplicando el programa estadístico SAS. Las principales necesidades de extensión agrícola que se detectaron en los sistemas ganaderos del Municipio son: Recepción de apoyo institucional 9,1%, organización 20%, contaminación ambiental 69,2%, criterios tecnológicos 33,2% y participación familiar 30,2%, razón por la cual el Estado debe abocarse a la búsqueda de soluciones para facilitar y resolver los problemas antes mencionados. Mediante un marco normativo, políticas y reglamentos adecuados, infraestructura educativa, de capacitación, de comunicación e información eficiente, y mediante estímulos específicos para fomentar alianzas estratégicas, empresas innovadoras, investigación y experimentación y para apoyar la formación e implementación de proyectos. Abstract in english The purpose of the present investigation was to determine necessities of agricultural extension, in cattle systems of dual purpose of the Municipality Rosario of Perijá, Zulia State, Venezuela; to design futures extension programs. For that reason, a sample was selected statistically representative, following a random sampling stratified with proportional afijatión, whereas clause the size of the flock for property in Animal Unit (UA) between 20 and 2000 like selection (more) criterion, being population object of study constituted by five layers that correspond to a total of 518 and one shows respectively of 43 units of production. For the data collection observations of field, interviews and survey were made, information related to each item was obtained and they were analyzed applying the statistical program SAS. The main necessities of agricultural extension that it affects the agrarian system of the Municipality are: institutional support receives it in 9.1%, organization 20%, environmental contamination 69.2%, technological criteria 33.2% and family participation 30.2%. Reason for which the State must be led the search of solutions to facilitate and to solve the problems before mentioned: by means of a normative frame, political and suitable regulations, educative infrastructure, of qualification, communication and efficient information, and by means of specific stimuli to foment strategic alliances, innovating companies, investigation and experimentation and to support the formation and implementation of projects.

In traditional grammars on the syntax of Biblical Hebrew one often finds sections which describe the various types of clauses, for example, circumstantial, causal, conditional, concessive, comparative, temporal, final and consecutive clauses. These types indicate the functions of embedded phrases an...

The master thesis provides a comprehensive and comparative analysis of the scope of most-favoured-nation clauses, focusing on the application of such clauses to dispute resolution mechanisms in bilateral investment treaty’s (BIT).The ICSID decision in Maffezini was the first in a series to...

MinSAT is the problem of finding a truth assignment that minimizes the number of satisfied clauses in a CNF formula. When we distinguish between hard and soft clauses, and soft clauses have an associated weight, then the problem, called Weighted Partial MinSAT, consists in finding a truth assignment that satisfies all the hard clauses and minimizes the sum of weights of satisfied soft clauses. In this paper we describe a branch-and-bound solver for Weighted Partial MinSAT equipped with original upper bounds that exploit both clique partitioning algorithms and MaxSAT technology. Then, we report on an empirical investigation that shows that solving combinatorial optimization problems by reducing them to MinSAT is a competitive generic problem solving approach when solving MaxClique and combi...

In an effort to ensure future water supplies, many western states are becoming participants in the market for water. As market participants, states gain a proprietary interest in their water resources which more effectively secures their right to the water than mere regulation or claims of ownership under the public trust doctrine. As the author points out, however, the constitution imposes numerous limitations on state water market activity. The privileges and immunities clause, the commerce clause, the property clause, as well as the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment, all influence the manner in which states may behave. Most significantly, the author explains, these clauses prevent states from using their power as water market participants as a disguise for economic protectionism.

Abstract. The definite marker in Amharic has an unusually complex pattern of distribution-its position varies depending on whether the DP contains an adjective, a relative clause, multiple adjuncts, a demonstrative, or just a noun. In this paper, a minimalist/Distributed Morphology analysis of the definite marker is developed based on the idea that the definite marker is the realization of D when it is obligatory, and the reflex of a definiteness agreement process when it is optional. Evidence is presented that D undergoes the morphological operation Local Dislocation ( Embick &Noyer 2001) in Amharic, and that Local Dislocation is subject to the Phase Impenetrability Condition-the definite marker cannot attach within a phase that has been previously spelled out. Definiteness agreement, how...

The thrust of the article is to show what is achievable with the new CrystaSulf process developed specifically for processing high pressure natural gas streams containing medium levels of sulfur. The article discusses sulfur removal from sour gas in accordance with the size range of the application, viz. small, medium and large, and explains why different technologies are called for. The various technologies are described, and line diagrams are included. The article also covers high pressure natural gas applications in the medium size range, and the technologies that have been proposed for use on high pressure natural gas, including the CrystaSulf process. The relative capital and operating costs for the amine/Claus/TGT, amine/aqueous-iron redox, and CrystaSulf treatment are given.

Destec was formed in May, 1989, when Dow Chemical decided to commercialize its century of power generation experience. With over 3,200 MW of installed capacity, Dow had evolved to become perhaps the largest industrial power producer in the world. Seven months after its formation, Destec acquired PSE Inc, a large, pioneering independent power producer in Houston. After briefly describing the experience of retrofitting projects undertaken since their formation, the current project of retrofitting coal gasification to the Wabash River Generating Station in Indiana is described. The potential for IPP`s in the repowering market is discussed. Three regulatory constraints that may impact this potential are then discussed: (1) the EPAct 92 provisions which limit the transferring of existing assets to an exempt wholesale generator; (2) disincentives in existing regulatory models related to fuel adjustment clauses and retention of obsolete plants; and (3) transmission access problems (ownership of interconnect points and market power).

This dissertation investigates the acquisition of oblique relative clauses in L2 Spanish by English and Moroccan Arabic speakers in order to understand the role of previous linguistic knowledge and its interaction with Universal Grammar on the one hand, and the relationship between grammatical knowledge and its use in real-time, on the other hand. Three types of tasks were employed: an oral production task, an on-line self-paced grammaticality judgment task, and an on-line self-paced reading comprehension task. Results indicated that the acquisition of oblique relative clauses in Spanish is a problematic area for second language learners of intermediate proficiency in the language, regardless of their native language. In particular, this study has showed that, even when the learners' native language shares the main properties of the L2, i.e., fronting of the obligatory preposition (Pied-Piping), there is still room for divergence, especially in production and timed grammatical intuitions. On the other hand, reaction time data have shown that L2 learners can and do converge at the level of sentence processing, showing exactly the same real-time effects for oblique relative clauses that native speakers had. Processing results demonstrated that native and non-native speakers alike are able to apply universal processing principles such as the "Minimal Chain Principle" (De Vincenzi, 1991) even when the L2 learners still have incomplete grammatical representations, a result that contradicts some of the predictions of the "Shallow Structure Hypothesis" (Clahsen & Felser, 2006). Results further suggest that the L2 processing and comprehension domains may be able to access some type of information that it is not yet available to other grammatical modules, probably because transfer of certain L1 properties occurs asymmetrically across linguistic domains. In addition, this study also explored the Null-Prep phenomenon in L2 Spanish, and proposed that Null-Prep is an interlanguage stage, fully available and accounted within UG, which intermediate L2 as well as first language learners go through in the development of pied-piping oblique relative clauses. It is hypothesized that this intermediate stage is the result of optionality of the obligatory preposition in the derivation, when it is not crucial for the meaning of the sentence, and when the DP is going to be in an A-bar position, so it can get default case. This optionality can be predicted by the "Bottleneck Hypothesis" (Slabakova, 2009c) if we consider that these prepositions are some sort of functional morphology. This study contributes to the field of SLA and L2 processing in various ways. First, it demonstrates that the grammatical representations may be dissociated from grammatical processing in the sense that L2 learners, unlike native speakers, can present unexpected asymmetries such as a convergent processing but divergent grammatical intuitions or production. This conclusion is only possible under the assumption of a modular language system. Finally, it contributes to the general debate of generative SLA since in argues for a fully UG-constrained interlanguage grammar. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.

This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the variable use of the subjunctive which constitutes a notable "fragile zone" in the spoken French of advanced L2 learners. A comparative approach is adopted to consider the relative impact of naturalistic and instructed L2 exposure in the case of our learner-participants who were Irish university learners in both a classroom and study abroad context. The findings presented attempt to illuminate the difficulty that use of the subjunctive poses to the learners, whereby their minimal use of this form, irrespective of their context of acquisition, is lexically restricted to the occurrence of "falloir" in the matrix clause, although the learners do produce other subjunctive-conditioning verbs and conjunctions expressing subordination. The findings are discussed in terms of their pedagogical and acquisition implications. (Contains 1 table and 7 notes.)

In arms control law, the need for predictability, clarity and deliberateness, as well as the importance of reciprocity have led to multilateral treaty-making, to promote legal certainty in this area of international law. Simultaneously, vital interests of State sovereignty, national security and defense, which are apparent in weapons of mass destruction (WMD)-related arms control agreements in particular, demand a certain level of flexibility within such agreements once concluded. The agreements, such as the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), Chemical Weapons Convention and Biological Weapons Convention, possess distinctive features vis-a-vis general public international law. This article examines, in particular, the content and function of the special withdrawal clauses in these arms...

As operational capabilities for radioactive waste disposal expand and as approaching dates for waste exclusion near, the legal question of the authority of compact commissions to control the import and export of low-level radioactive nuclear waste is a legal issue of significance to many regions. This presentation will review the provisions of various compacts and the federal compact approval legislation, consider the interpretation of the Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution, and discuss possible interpretive perspectives relating to the authority of compact commissions. The discussion will focus on whether waste exclusion authority is confined in application to imported waste for permanent disposal or extends to transported and imported waste for processing, treatment, or other purposes.

We introduce an extended tableau calculus for answer set programming (ASP). The proof system is based on the ASP tableaux defined in [Gebser&Schaub, ICLP 2006], with an added extension rule. We investigate the power of Extended ASP Tableaux both theoretically and empirically. We study the relationship of Extended ASP Tableaux with the Extended Resolution proof system defined by Tseitin for sets of clauses, and separate Extended ASP Tableaux from ASP Tableaux by giving a polynomial-length proof for a family of normal logic programs P_n for which ASP Tableaux has exponential-length minimal proofs with respect to n. Additionally, Extended ASP Tableaux imply interesting insight into the effect of program simplification on the lengths of proofs in ASP. Closely related to Extended ASP Tableaux, we empirically investigate the effect of redundant rules on the efficiency of ASP solving. To appear in Theory and Practice of Logic Programming (TPLP).

One technique for representing knowledge as data structures and processes on those data structures is provided by PROLOG, which stores knowledge in the form of relations, Horn clauses and the process of inference. However, there are many others. Applications of these techniques are now being found in the fields of industry and commerce. The conditions of operation demanded by industry and commerce, of maintainability, evolution and size, are not normally encountered within the artificial intelligence community. The problem then arises as to how should the two fields of endeavour pool their resources to produce a new breed of industrially-orientated artificial intelligence. This question is partially answered in this paper by highlighting some of the similarities between information retrieval (a well established field) and expert systems. 8 references.

Abstract in portuguese Este artigo esboça um enfoque teórico relacional para o estudo da ação coletiva empresarial. Para tal, argumenta-se que tanto o individualismo metodológico de Mancur Olson como a análise sociológica das classes sociais de Claus Offe e Helmut Wiesenthal, enfoques amplamente difundidos nos estudos sobre o empresariado, apresentam uma forte tendência essencialista. Tal tendência tende a substituir o conflito social por determinismos de vários tipos - econômicos, c (more) ulturais, psicológico etc. Em contraposição a estes enfoques, é esboçada uma abordagem relacional na qual a ação coletiva empresarial é o resultado das relações de forças existentes, destacando a dimensão conflitiva e histórica do processo de construção da ação e da organização coletiva. Para o estudo das associações empresariais, esta perspectiva permite pensá-las como resultado dos conflitos sociais e de lugar. Abstract in english This article sketches out a relational theoretical approach to the study of collective entrepreneurial action. For such purposes, we argue that both Mancur Olson?s methodological individualism as well as the sociological class analysis of Claus Offe and Helmut Wiesenthal - widely disseminated approaches to the study of entrepreneurial sectors - present strong essentialist tendencies. These approaches tend to substitute social conflict with various types of determinisms - (more) economic, cultural, psychological, etc. In contraposition to such tendencies, we sketch out a relational approach in which collective entrepreneurial action is seen as the result of the existing correlation of forces, giving salience to historical and collective dimensions of building action and collective organization. For the study of entrepreneurial associations this perspective allows us to reflect upon the results and place of social conflicts.

We investigate an improvement to GSAT which associates a weight with each clause. GSAT moves to assignments maximizing the weight of satisfied clauses and this weight is incremented when GSAT moves to an assignment in which this clause is unsatisfied. We present results showing that this algorithm and its variants outperform one of the best known modifications of GSAT to date using two metrics: number of solved problems on a single try, and minimum mean number of flips to solve a test suite of problems.

The focus of this dissertation considers a text-linguistic approach to Hebrew syntax as a viable and practical approach to the study of grammar and syntax. To achieve this goal it is necessary first to define and compare a text-linguistic model to that of the approach expressed by traditional Hebrew syntax. The second task applies a text-linguistic model, which in this case is a distributional approach, to the Minor Prophets. The purpose for selecting this collection is twofold: first, it is broad both in range of dates in writing and with multiple authors and thereby offers the ability to reveal the consistency behind a distributional approach. A second reason for selecting the Minor Prophets is because of the consideration that it is a single corpus in that it contains both a beginning and an end. Through applying a text-linguistic approach to the Minor Prophets, the aim is to analyze the inner workings of the clause through this broad section of text. The importance in applying this approach on such a broad section is to examine how the text-linguistic approach functions on a text containing both narrative and discourse text types while at the same time the section is considered as a unit. The purpose of chapter one is to introduce the subject of Hebrew syntax from the traditional movement through characterizing how the traditional approach views the clause and verb forms. To complete this task, this chapter details the premise of the traditional approach, which is then followed by a brief synopsis of Hebrew syntax in the traditional sense as a means to reveal how scholars employ this approach and to later compare differences between traditional and text-linguistic approaches. In developing a synopsis, this study will focus on two major discussions in syntax, namely the function of the clause and the function of the verb. The goal of this section is to form a foundation to which the rest of the work can build from. The second chapter moves away from the traditional approach to defining the text-linguistic approach in Hebrew Syntax. The section will examine the purpose of syntax according to a text-linguistic approach developed by Harald Weinrich and its application to the biblical Hebrew language as advanced by grammarians such as Wolfgang Schneider and Alviero Niccacci. The next section of this chapter will focus on the same two major pans in syntax, as in chapter one, except from a text-linguistic mind-frame, which are the functions of the clause and of the verb. The final piece to this chapter will outline a tagging system in order to test the validity behind the text-linguistic's claims. Through applying a tagging system to the whole of the Minor Prophets a complete picture can emerge revealing the syntactical purposes on the use of a type of a clause in relation to a certain type of a verb. Chapters three and four have a twofold purpose: first, examine the tagged clauses in each book in the Minor Prophets according to a text-linguistic approach. This task will compile the results of the verb usage in each book according to verb type, such as "wayyiqtols or yiqtols", and text type, whether narrative or discourse. An examination on the use of macrosytactical signals within the individual books is another factor of consideration for they appear to guide the reader along the communication process through structuring the text. The second purpose is to examine the consistency of a text-linguistic approach to syntax through its application in each individual book as well as over an entire section of biblical text. The Minor Prophets are divided into two parts with chapter three focusing on the books of Hosea through Micah and chapter four on Nahum through Malachi. The end goal of both chapters is to examine the texts of the Minor Prophets as a whole to determine if its approach to syntax is validated. The final chapter will consider all of the findings in chapters three and four, and make application to the field of Hebrew syntax. To achieve this task a comparison between the traditional and text-linguistic approaches are necessary if conclusions are to be drawn. Furthermore, a brief synopsis of other text-linguistic approaches is helpful as it further clarifies the distributional approach and its possibilities as a viable method to Hebrew grammar and syntax. The study provides a final consideration on the possibility of combining the traditional approach with the distributional approach. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.

Jun 1, 1974 ... for junior high school deaf students. And finally, the U. S. ... functions and subroutines, conditional clauses, and branching techniques. The instructional .... (1) An interactive time-sharing executive system. (2) An interpreter.

(4) Alters practices for recording the transport or delivery of Government ... (i) Loss, damage or destruction, in accordance with the clause at 52.245-1, ... with regard to a competitive acquisition; (2) evaluate or assess the work product of the ...

...Acquisition Regulations System 48 CFR Parts 225 and 252 RIN 0750-AH73 Defense Federal...Background This interim rule amends DFARS subpart 225.70 and the associated DFARS clauses at 252.212-7001 and [[Page 38735

While there is an enormous body of case law and literature on the American establishment clause, there has been considerably less attention devoted to its Australian counterpart. As Australia is confronting the question of what role religion should play in public life, the Australian establishment clause is likely to become caught up in controversies similar to its American counterpart. The argument in this article is, first, that religion historically had a place in the public square in both the U.S. and Australia, and, second, that the U.S. and Australian constitutions never repudiated this tradition. Third, this article argues that the Australian establishment clause is interpreted and applied today in a way that is very similar to the way the U.S. establishment clause was understood in...

...governmental unit incorporates a Cost Accounting Standards (CAS) clause...or indirect under every accounting system. A cost may be direct with respect...practicality where such accounting treatment for that item of cost is consistently...

...2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Cost Accounting Standards Notices and Certification...and Clauses 52.230-1 Cost Accounting Standards Notices and Certification...the following provisions: Cost Accounting Standards Notices and...

The following contract clauses pertinent to this section are hereby .... This provision applies to solicitations that are for, or specify the use of, EPA– designated items. ... __ (iv) 52.222-52, Exemption from Application of the Service Contract Act to ...

Claus Fröhlich, World Radiation Center, Davos, Switzerland. Judith Lean, Naval ... Earth's surface temperature corresponds with the increase in solar radiation, except during major ..... high efficiency solar cells that convert sunlight into ...

Jul 29, 1998 ... Standard Operating Procedures (SOPS), Emergency and/or Acminstra: ..... clause nor does It constitute a waiver of final audit of the Contractor's Completion Voucher. C. Completion ...... 12315 Registered Nurse III, Anesthetist ...

...i) 252.209-7005, Reserve Officer Training Corps and Military Recruiting on Campus. This clause applies to all solicitations...Alternate I. (v) 252.225-7031, Secondary Arab Boycott of Israel. This provision applies to all solicitations unless an...

...General Services Administration, Regulatory Secretariat (MVCB), 1275 First Street NE., Washington, DC 20417. ATTN: Hada Flowers/IC 3090-0235, Price Reduction Clause. Instructions: Please submit comments only and cite Information...

The report gives results of estimates, using a model plant approach, of costs for retrofitting selected acidic emission control systems to utility and industrial boilers, Claus sulfur recovery plants, catalytic cracking units, primary copper smelters, coke oven plants, primary al...

...identified in commercial carriers' tariffs which are filed and approved...unless an exception in DFARS 232.7002 applies. Contractor submission...of the clause at DFARS 252.232-7003) fulfills the requirement...unless an exception in DFARS 232.7002 applies. Contractor...

...resources (including economical purchase and use of fuel and electric energy) under such clauses...submitted on the Energy Information Administration's...review. The Form 580 analysis requires the collection...used to support the analysis of the other....

The composition of logic programs out of clauses has been studied semantically, but not the composition of a single clause out of its components. Structurally, a logic program can be regarded as a sentence in clausal form. In his procedural interpretation of logic programs, Kowalski has shown that a positive Horn clause can be viewed as a procedure in the programming sense. This interpretation suggests a composition operator for logic programs, the one where a clause results from composing a head with a body. In this paper we give more detail to the procedural interpretation by giving an algebraic characterization of Kowalski's composition. In addition, we give algebraic characterizations of the composition of goals in a procedure body and for the composition of the predicate symbol with the argument tuple within a goal. A starting point for the semantic operator corresponding to composition of goals is provided by Tarski's cylindric algebra semantics for first-order predicate logic. Tarski's construction is ...

In adult native English, (non-echoic) wh-questions require movement of a whexpression to the front of the relevant interrogative clause. In long-distance questions, wh-movement can move a wh-expression out of a lower into a higher clause (as in What dress do you think she will wear?). UG principles require wh-movement to involve a local copying operation in which wh-expressions move in a local (successive-cyclic, one-clause-at-a time) fashion to the front of each clause containing them, and movement involves placing a copy of the moved constituent at the front of the relevant clause and then deleting the original. In this paper, we report on elicitation and grammaticality judgment tasks designed to explore the range of structures produced (and judged grammatical) by elementary Japanese Learners of English (= JLE) in contexts where native English speakers use Long-Distance Questions (LDQ). Our findings show that alongside target-like LDQs, the learners in our study produced a range of other types of structure, some of which provide evidence for wh-movement being a local operation (including wh-splitting structures such as What do you think color she likes? where the wh-word what is split from the noun color that it modifies, and the noun color is stranded at the front of the complement clause), and some of which provide evidence for wh-movement being a copying operation (including wh-doubling structures such as What do you think what color she likes? which have a copy of the wh-word what at the front of both the matrix clause and complement clause). Examination of the syntax of the structures produced by the learners in our study leads us to the conclusion that such sentences provide empirical evidence that wh-movement involves a local copying operation in the L2 grammars of the learners in our study, and hence that principles of Universal Grammar constrain the syntactic representations formed by L2 learners.   

In June 2008, Alstom signed a contract with the Dutch utility Essent Energy to build a 1'300 MW combined cycle power plant in Maasbracht, located in the South East of the Netherlands. The project consists of converting the existing 640 MW Claus B unit, a conventional steam power plant (STPP) burning natural gas, into a combined cycle power plant (CCPP), named Claus C, this conversion is called ''repowering''. The output of the unit will increase to 1'304 MW net, CO{sub 2} emissions will be reduced by 40%, while efficiency will increase from around 38% to 59% net (exactly 58.95%), bringing it in line with the most efficient new combined-cycle power plants available today. Alstom has designed and is building Claus C next to the existing power plant, providing 3 x GT26 gas turbines along with the turbogenerators, 3 x HRSG (heat recovery steam generators) and the relevant auxiliary equipment including an ALSPA Distributed Control System. The old gas fired boiler of Claus B will be replaced by three new GT26 gas turbines, which, for the first time, are being designed as 3-on-1 configuration, namely three (3) GT26 are feeding steam into a single steam turbine (ST). In this particular case the ST is one of two existing ST from the old Claus station, composed by A and B units. This non-Alstom 640 MW ST will be retrofitted by Alstom and integrated into Claus C. Additionally, the steam turbine generator of Claus B will be re-used, as well as existing civil structures, cooling system and BoP systems. Claus C will be both the first 3-on-1 configuration KA 26 plant and the biggest combined cycle power plant ever build by Alstom as a single block within the last 20 years. (orig.)

Abstract in spanish En este artículo diacrónico-contrastivo se examina el comportamiento de donde y PAR (Preposición + (Artículo) + Relativo) en el español de América y de España de los siglos XVI, XVII y XVIII. Los parámetros lingüísticos propuestos son: i. semánticos: tipo y comportamiento del antecedente (ANT), valores de los relativos, tipo de verbo de la oración subordinante y de la oración subordinada; y ii. sintácticos: presencia/ausencia de preposición en el ANT, categ (more) oría u función sintáctica del ANT, función sintáctica del relativo y tipo de construcción relativa. Los resultados revelan que donde y PAR no son totalmente equivalentes, sino que se combinan con otros elementos lingüísticos según sus características semánticas y sintácticas. Abstract in english This diachronic-contrastive study focuses on the syntactic-semantic combinations of donde and PAR (Preposition + (Article) + Relative) structures in XVI-XVIII century Spanish of America and Spain. The linguistic parameters proposed are: i. semantic:Type and function of the antecedent (ANT), meaning of the relative form, type of verb in the main and subordinate clauses; and ii. syntactic: Presence or absence of preposition in ANT, syntactic category and function of ANT, sy (more) ntactic function of the relative and type of relative construction. The results show that donde and PAR are not totally equivalent. Instead, the relative forms combine with others linguistic elements according to theirs semantic and syntactic characteristics.

In MaxSat, we are given a CNF formula $F$ with $n$ variables and $m$ clauses and asked to find a truth assignment satisfying the maximum number of clauses. Let $r_1,..., r_m$ be the number of literals in the clauses of $F$. Then $asat(F)=\\sum_{i=1}^m (1-2^{-r_i})$ is the expected number of clauses satisfied by a random truth assignment (the truth values to the variables are distributed uniformly and independently). It is well-known that, in polynomial time, one can find a truth assignment satisfying at least $asat(F)$ clauses. In the parameterized problem MaxSat-AA, we are to decide whether there is a truth assignment satisfying at least $asat(F)+k$ clauses, where $k$ is the parameter. We prove that MaxSat-AA is para-NP-complete and, thus, MaxSat-AA is not fixed-parameter tractable unless P$=$NP. This is in sharp contrast to MaxLin2-AA which was recently proved to be fixed-parameter tractable by Crowston et al. (arXiv:1104.1135v3). In fact, we consider a more refined version of MaxSat-AA, Max-$r(n)$-Sat-AA, w...

In this dissertation, the attempt is made to present a systematic survey of provisions explaining the legal basis of the right of a citizen to be a party to administrative proceedings on subject matters relating to the Law on Protection of the Environment. The new laws governing administrative proceeding (VwVfG) are discussed with a view to their effects on these specific cases, as there are important differences in the Atomic Energy Law, the Pollution Law, and other relevant laws relating to environmental pollution control, with regard to subject matters such as public notice, interpretation, pleas, and the procedure to be followed in trials. The most serious defect regarding the right of citizen to be a party to administrative proceedings is created by the subsidiarity of the VwVfG. Due to the subsidiarity clauses of section 1, subsection 1, last sentence, and subsection 2, last sentence, of the VwVfG, deviations in the rules of procedure for the various types of proceedings are to be stated which are simply against the principle of the VwVfG, namely to contribute to making the activities of the authorities understandable to the general public.

Danish grammatical tradition has it that V2 and V3 word order are signals of the syntactic difference between main and subordinate clauses. However, several studies have shown that both word orders appear in both clause types (Heltoft 2005, Christensen 2007, Jensen forthc.). Though V2 and V3 are asymmetrically distributed, we argue that the word order difference should rather be seen as a signal of (subtle) semantic differences. In main clauses, V3 is highly marked in comparison to V2, and occurs in what may be called emotives. In subordinate clauses, V2 is marked and signals what has been called ”assertiveness”, but is rather a question of foregrounding (cf. Simons 2007: Main Point of Utterance). The paper presents the results of a study of word order in subordinate clauses in contemporary spoken Danish and focuses on how to include the proposed semantic difference as a factor influencing the choice of one variant over another in a (socio)linguistic variable. This is a crucial methodological issuein the study of syntactic variation since variants are hardly ever semantically equivalent in all respects. The study, which is a part of the LANCHART project (www.lanchart.hum.ku.dk), is based on panel studies of two age cohorts of speakers in Copenhagen, recorded in the 1980s and again in 2005-07, and on recent recordings with two age cohorts of speakers from the western part of Jutland. This makes it possible to study variation and change with respect to word order in subordinate clauses in both real and apparent time, as well as geographical variation. The results show that V2 word order in subordinate clauses is much more frequent than commonly assumed. Furthermore, they indicate that the most decisive factors predicting word order in subordinate clauses are the syntactic function of the clause and the type of subordinating conjunction, although social and geographical factors also have an impact. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that V2 word order is associated with foreground or main point of utterance, if we accept it as a statistical tendency in language use rather than as an invariant coding. References Christensen, T. K. 2007. Hyperparadigmer – en undersøgelse af paradigmatiske samspil i danske modussystemer. Institut for kultur og identitet. Roskilde, Roskilde Universitetscenter. PhD thesis. Heltoft, L. 2005. Ledsætning og letled i dansk. OV-sætningens rester. L. Heltoft, J. Nørgaard- Sørensen & L. Schøsler. Grammatikalisering og struktur. København, Museum Tusculanum. Jensen, Torben Juel forthc. Ordstilling i ledsætninger i moderne dansk talesprog. Ny forskning i grammatik. Simons, M. 2007. Observations on embedding verbs, evidentiality and presupposition. Lingua 117 (6), 1034-1056. Vikner, S. 1995. Verb movement and expletive subjects in the Germanic languages. Oxford University Press.

This work investigates production preferences in different languages. Specifically, it examines how animacy, competition processes, and language-specific constraints shape speakers' choices of structure. English, Spanish and Serbian speakers were presented with depicted events in which either an animate or inanimate entity was acted upon by an agent. Questions about the affected participant in these events prompted the production of relative clauses identifying these entities (e.g., "the bag the woman is punching"). Results indicated that in English, animacy plays a strong role in determining the choice of passive structures. In contrast, it plays a less prominent role in Spanish and Serbian structure choices, where more active structures were produced to varying degrees. Critically, the semantic similarity between the agent and the patient of the event correlated with the omission of the agent in all languages, indicating that competition resulted in the agent's inhibition. Similarity also correlated with different functional choices in Spanish. The results suggest that similarity-based competition may influence various stages of production planning but its manifestations are constrained by language-specific grammatical options. Implications for models of sentence production and the relationship between production and comprehension are discussed. (Contains 5 tables, 10 figures and 2 supplementary data.)

Age-related changes in social attribution skills were assessed using the "Triangles Playing Tricks" task in 7-17 year old high functioning children with ASDs (n=41) and in typically developing (TD) children (n=58) matched on age, IQ, and sex ratio. Children with ASDs gave responses that received lower intentionality and appropriateness ratings than did TD children in both the goal-directed and theory of mind (ToM) conditions. Results remained unchanged when the effects of verbal output (i.e., number of clause produced) and verbal IQ were included as covariates in the analyses. Whereas age was highly associated with ToM performance in the TD children, this relationship was not as strong among children with ASDs. These results indicate not only a diminished tendency among high functioning children with ASDs to attribute social meaning and intentionality to ambiguous visual displays of interactive forms but also an aberrant developmental trajectory. That is, children with ASDs may fall further behind their typically developing peers in social attribution abilities as they get older. PMID:23130085

A study of Dakota Sioux presents evidence for Possessor Ascension. In this construction, a nominal that is semantically a possessor is syntactically not a constituent of the noun phrase but a constituent of the clause. The report first discusses the universal characterization of Possessor Ascension in the framework of relational grammar, and describes ways in which Possessor Ascension is expressed in Sioux. Next, four arguments for this construction are presented. One is based on verb agreement, the second on reflexivization, the third on the distribution of the possessive morpheme, and the fourth on the morpheme /ki-/. Certain constraints on this construction are examined. The effect of Possessor Ascension on verb agreement is seen as being of particular importance because it constitutes a strong argument against a frequently cited form of the verb agreement rule in Sioux based on semantic notions. It is concluded that there are two types of Possessor Ascension in Dakota Sioux. The first follows the Host Limitation Law and is optional. The second type is ascension of a possessor to level 3 followed by advancement to 2. This type is obligatory and occurs only when the noun being possessed is alienable. A 28-item bibliography is included. (MSE)

Abstract in portuguese O objetivo deste trabalho é propor critérios para identificação das relações implícitas estabelecidas por orações gerundiais adverbiais em um corpus formado por elocuções formais (aulas) e entrevistas. Para isso, tomam-se como fundamento teórico da pesquisa duas teorias funcionalistas, a Teoria da Estrutura Retórica do Texto (RST) e a Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (GDF). Na visão da RST, além do conteúdo explícito veiculado pelas orações de um texto, (more) há proposições implícitas que surgem das relações que se estabelecem entre partes do texto. Foram utilizados os parâmetros da GDF, factualidade, pressuposição, e as camadas dos níveis representacional e interpessoal em que ocorrem as orações para a identificação das relações retóricas estabelecidas pelas orações gerundiais adverbiais. Foram encontradas relações de meio, de resultado, de condição e de propósito, o que não significa que não se reconheça, neste trabalho, que outras relações como tempo (anterioridade, posterioridade, simultaneidade), concessão, causa, dentre outras, podem ser estabelecidas por orações gerundiais adverbiais. Os parâmetros da GDF demonstraram ser eficientes na identificação das relações. Abstract in english The aim of this paper is to set up criteria to identify the implicit relations held by adverbial gerund clauses in formal speeches (university lectures) and oral interviews in Brazilian Portuguese. The theoretical framework consists of two functional linguistic theories: Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST) and Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG). According to RST, besides the explicit content conveyed by text sentences, there are implicit relations that connect text segments (more) . In this study, the identification of such relations was based on the FDG parameters of factuality and presupposition, and the layers of the representational and interpersonal levels. Means, result, condition, and purpose rhetorical relations were attested in the corpus. Other rhetorical relations such circumstance (anteriority, posteriority, simultaneity), concession, and cause may also be attested in further research. FDG parameters have shown to be efficient for the identification of rhetorical relations.

Writing specifications for computer programs is not easy since one has to take into account the disparate conceptual worlds of the application domain and of software development. To bridge this conceptual gap we propose controlled natural language as a declarative and application-specific specification language. Controlled natural language is a subset of natural language that can be accurately and efficiently processed by a computer, but is expressive enough to allow natural usage by non-specialists. Specifications in controlled natural language are automatically translated into Prolog clauses, hence become formal and executable. The translation uses a definite clause grammar (DCG) enhanced by feature structures. Inter-text references of the specification, e.g. anaphora, are resolved with the help of discourse representation theory (DRT). The generated Prolog clauses are added to a knowledge base. We have implemented a prototypical specification system that successfully processes the specification of a simple...

In two experiments, we established a new phenomenon in reasoning from disjunctions of the grammatical form either A or else B, where A and B are clauses. When individuals have to assess whether pairs of assertions can be true at the same time, they tend to focus on the truth of each clause of an exclusive disjunction (and ignore the concurrent falsity of the other clause). Hence, they succumb to illusions of consistency and of inconsistency with pairs consisting of a disjunction and a conjunction (Experiment 1), and with simpler problems consisting of pairs of disjunctions, such as eIther there is a pie or else there is a cake and Either there isn?t a pie or else there is a cake (Experiment 2), that appear to be consistent with one another, but in fact are not. These results corroborate th...

This issue's "Legal Briefing" column covers legal developments pertaining to conscience clauses and conscientious refusal. Not only has this topic been the subject of recent articles in this journal, but it has also been the subject of numerous public and professional discussions. Over the past several months, conscientious refusal disputes have had an unusually high profile not only in courthouses, but also in legislative and regulatory halls across the United States. Healthcare providers' own moral beliefs have been obstructing and are expected to increasingly obstruct patients' access to medical services. For example, some providers, on ethical or moral grounds, have denied: (1) sterilization procedures to pregnant patients, (2) pain medications in end-of-life situations, and (3) information about emergency contraception to rape victims. On the other hand, many healthcare providers have been forced to provide medical treatment that is inconsistent with their moral beliefs. There are two fundamental types of conscientious objection laws. First, there are laws that permit healthcare workers to refuse providing - on ethical, moral, or religious grounds healthcare services that they might otherwise have a legal or employer-mandated obligation to provide. Second, there are laws directed at forcing healthcare workers to provide services to which they might have ethical, moral, or religious objections. Both types of laws are rarely comprehensive, but instead target: (1) certain types of healthcare providers, (2) specific categories of healthcare services, (3) specific patient circumstances, and (4) certain conditions under which a right or obligation is triggered. For the sake of clarity, I have grouped recent legal developments concerning conscientious refusal into eight categories: 1. Abortion: right to refuse 2. Abortion: duty to provide 3. Contraception: right to refuse 4. Contraception: duty to provide 5. Sterilization: right to refuse 6. Fertility, HIV, vaccines, counseling 7. End-of-life measures: right to refuse 8. Comprehensive laws: right to refuse. PMID:20866024

The authors suggest several practices to follow in order to control sulfur dioxide emissions. Sour water stripper gas should be disposed of in the Claus plant--it is the best method. Unit reliability should be enhanced with adequate spare equipment and spare key parts in the warehouse. When dealing with enough sulfur, adequate process redundancy should be provided for. To recover 100 ton/d of sulfur, two parallel 75 ton/d Claus trains should be installed. The development of workable tail gas cleanup processes has reduced sulfur dioxide emissions significantly.

Isleno Spanish speakers maintain few contexts firmly in the subjunctive (for example, adverbial clauses with the conjunctions "para que" and "antes que" and nominal clauses with "querer"), with most other semantic or syntactic categories optionally licensing the subjunctive. This study will outline the obligatory and optional uses of present and past subjunctives in Isleno Spanish to show that fluent speakers utilize the verb forms as resources to manage the semantic/pragmatic meanings of doubt, negation, and expressions of will, as well as their discursive stances of solidarity or individuality. (Contains 4 tables.)

We propose a framework for automated veri?cation of secrecy properties of MANET protocols, consisting of a formal language and a proven sound veri?- cation technique which can be automated. We start off by presenting the dis- tributed applied pi calculus with broadcast (DA?? ), whereafter we summarise our procedure for generating Horn clauses from a DA?? model expressing con- trol ?ow in the model. We then present our soundness result, from which it follows that the generated Horn clauses can be used to reason about secrecy in the source model, in an automated manner.

The primary objective of this research project is the direct production of elemental sulfur during the regeneration of known high temperature desulfurization sorbents. The contract was awarded to LSU on April 12, 1994, and this quarterly report covers accomplishments during the first 2 1/2 months of the project. Effort during the initial 2 1/2 month period has been limited to Tasks 1 and 2, and involves a search of the literature to identify concepts for producing elemental sulfur during regeneration of known metal oxide sorbents and a thermodynamic evaluation of these concepts. While searching and evaluating the literature is a continuing process, concentrated effort on that phase is now complete and a detailed summary is included in this report. Three possible concepts for the direct production of elemental sulfur were identified in the LSU proposal, and the literature search has not uncovered any additional concepts. Thus, the three concepts being investigated involve: (1) regeneration with SO{sub 2}, (2) regeneration with mixtures Of 02 and H{sub 2}O, and (3) regeneration with H{sub 2}O. While concept (3) directly produces H{sub 2}S instead of elemental sulfur, the concept is included because the possibility exists for converting H{sub 2}S to elemental sulfur using the Claus process. Each of the concepts will ultimately be compared to the Direct Sulfur Recovery Process (DSRP) under development by RTI. DSRP involves initial sorbent regeneration to SO{sub 2}, and the inclusion of additional processing steps to reduce the SO{sub 2} to elemental sulfur.

One central question in the formal linguistic study of adult multilingual morphosyntax (i.e., L3/Ln acquisition) involves determining the role(s) the L1 and/or the L2 play(s) at the L3 initial state (e.g., Bardel & Falk, Second Language Research 23: 459-484, 2007; Falk & Bardel, Second Language Research: forthcoming; Flynn et al., The International Journal of Multilingualism 8: 3-16, 2004; Rothman, Second Language Research: forthcoming; Rothman & Cabrelli, On the initial state of L3 (Ln) acquisition: Selective or absolute transfer?: 2007; Rothman & Cabrelli Amaro, Second Language Research 26: 219-289, 2010). The present article adds to this general program, testing Rothman's (Second Language Research: forthcoming) model for L3 initial state transfer, which when relevant in light of specific language pairings, maintains that typological proximity between the languages is the most deterministic variable determining the selection of syntactic transfer. Herein, I present empirical evidence from the later part of the beginning stages of L3 Brazilian Portuguese (BP) by native speakers of English and Spanish, who have attained an advanced level of proficiency in either English or Spanish as an L2. Examining the related domains of syntactic word order and relative clause attachment preference in L3 BP, the data clearly indicate that Spanish is transferred for both experimental groups irrespective of whether it was the L1 or L2. These results are expected by Rothman's (Second Language Research: forthcoming) model, but not necessarily predicted by other current hypotheses of multilingual syntactic transfer; the implications of this are discussed.

Time-like geodesics in AdS_4, AdS_5 and AdS_7 are constructed geometricallyand independently of choice of AdS coordinates from division algebra spinors ofthe corresponding AdS groups, explaining and generalising the construction byClaus et al. of AdS_5 twistors.

Amsterdami kahe elamurajooni planeeringust. Borneo-Sporenburgi (1994-2001) planeeringu tegi Adriaan Geuze ja tema büroo West 8. Kolm hiigelelamut projekteerisid Koen van Velsen, Frits van Dongen ja Kees Christiaanse. Valmimisjärgus IJburgi planeeringu autorid Felix Claus, Frits van Dongen ja Ton Schaap. 13 ill

large space systems, the current design approach for thermally stable passive .... active damping or modify selected high power mode shapes. This technology is ..... and composite actuators combining the active elements with matrix material is being ... 10. 11. 12. 13. Taguchi, G. and Clausing, D., “Robust Quality,” Harvard ...

Garman (1974), reporting on 20 Tamil children aged 3 to 5, postulated a linguistic strategy and 2 prelinguistic strategies to explain results of a question-picture choice task involving sentences with embedded and subordinate clauses. Reanalysis of this data identifies four processing strategies and argues that certain grammatical sensitivities are adumbrated by the data. (19 references) (JL)

48 Ç Federal Acquisition Regulations System Ç 2 Ç 2011-10-01 Ç 2011-10-01 Ç false Ç Applicable Law for Breach of Contract Claim. Ç 52.233-4 Ç Section 52.233-4 Ç Federal Acquisition Regulations System Ç FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION (CONTINUED) Ç CLAUSES AND FORMS Ç SOLICITATION PROVISIONS...

Advantages and disadvantages of shared savings from contracting for reducing defense facilities energy costs are discussed. The potential savings based on private sector experience is substantial; risks are small. Report presents guidelines for conducting pilot projects, a list of energy service suppliers, and contract clause requirements.

A general framework is proposed for integration of rules and external first-order theories. It is based on the well-founded semantics of normal logic programs and inspired by ideas of Constraint Logic Programming (CLP) and constructive negation for logic programs. Hybrid rules are normal clauses ext...

From this set of procedures for given clause we shall choose only interrogation of experts on pairs decisions. It is widely widespread method. It makes the whole chapter in the theory of the decision-making, well investigated with the formal point of view. In the modern theory of decision-making at gathering the initial information for mathematical model it practically does not have alternative.

The area of health claims has been unregulated in Europe until recently. A new regulation on nutrition and health claims made on foods came into force on 19 January 2007. The Regulation has been eagerly awaited by all parties involved. The Regulation includes 37 whereas clauses, 29 Articles and an a...

The article reviews some of the principles of gas treatment and desulphurization. Some of the subjects discussed at the seminar are mentioned, e.g. selective purification processes, optimization of Claus plants and ammonia treatment processes, as well as problems with the liquid or solid sulphur produced.

Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC) formed the team in response to a ...... expressed by NASA about the loss of center expertise over the last decade, ...... past, private investors have specified this clause as a condition of their participation. ..... emphasis on gene therapy approaches), temperature regulation , and the ...

...expenses, such as costs of space, and heating or lighting the...records by a representation of the news media (see § 0.466(a...The term representative of the news media refers to any person...In this clause, the term news means information that...

Industrial waste gases containing objectionable/polluting compounds of sulfur, e.g., H/sub 2/S, SO/sub 2/ and such organosulfur derivatives as COS, CS/sub 2/ and mercaptans, are catalytically desulfurized, e.g., by Claus process, employing an improved catalyst comprising titanium dioxide and calcium, barium, strontium or magnesium sulfate.

KUMU kunstimuuseumi auditooriumis 14. jaanuaril 2010 toimunud Eesti Kulinaaria Instituudi poolt korraldatud I rahvusvaheline Eesti köögi arendamisele pühendatud Food For Future / Tulevikutoidu konverentsist, kus esinesid ettekannetega toidumaailma uuendajad Albert Adriá, Fergus Henderson, Põhjala köögi liikumise üks algataja Claus Meyer ning reklaamibüroo Division loovjuht Rain Pikand

Contract Clauses and Specifications - Chapter 5. Predictive ... ource: Blanchard, B.S., Design and Manage to Life Cycle Cost, ... 85% of Life Cycle Cost Determined Here ..... Lubricating oil is either discarded or reconditioned through filtering and/or .... Also know as emission spectroscopy, technique that examines the light ...

To what extent does Universal Grammar (UG) constrain second language (L2) acquisition? This is not only an empirical question, but one which is currently investigable. In this context, L2 acquisition is emerging as an important new domain of psycholinguistic research. Three logical possibilities have been articulated regarding the role of UG in L2 acquisition: the first is the No-Access hypothesis that no aspect of UG is available to the L2 learners. The second is the Partial-Access hypothesis that only L1-instantiated principles and L1-instantiated parameter values of UG are available to the learners. According to the third, called the Full-Access hypothesis, UG in its entirety constrains L2 acquisition. (Cook,1996.p:291) The research developments recommend the need for a reappraisal of the poverty of stimulus argument, focused on whether it can answer the conundrum of how a child may be able to learn aspects of linguistic structure for which innate knowledge was previously thought to be necessary (e.g:how do children learn aspects of their language for which there appears to be no evidence in the input). The researcher approached this question in the context of structure-dependence in language acquisition, specifically in relation to auxiliary fronting in interrogatives (the ability to form the correct interrogative out of declarative based on right movement when the sentence has an auxiliary verb within the subject NP, and thus the auxiliary that appears initially would not be the first auxiliary in the declarative, providing evidence for correct auxiliary fronting). The hypothesis was tested that second language (L2) acquisition is guided by UG. In other words, L2 learners also adopt the structure dependent yes/no question formation rule as in L1 acquisition. Persian learners of English in high school exposed to a series of training session in relative clause structure, were tested on recognition and use of relative clauses. It was assumed that learners can generate two types of errors: structure-independent and structure-dependent (henceforth called as: Learner Strategy Error, although the responses provided by the subjects were not true, but they did not violate structure-dependence principle too). They, then, were tested for their preference for structure-dependent versus structure-independent versions of the question formation rule. It was discovered that almost all of the subjects chose the structure dependent rule (22 out of 30), and just few of the subjects (8 persons) committed learner strategies errors (but non of them made structure-independent errors). It was concluded that the lack of structure-independent errors suggested that learners entertained only structure-dependent hypotheses, supporting the existence of innate grammatical structure. In this way, Results supported the hypothesis that L2 learners are guided by a UG principle (structure-dependence) in dealing with the yes/no question formation. Appended are: (1) Pre-Test Sample; (2) First Session Hand-Out; (3) Second Session Hand-Out; (4) Syntax Test; and (5) Question-Formation Test. (Contains 11 figures, 1 table, and 3 graphs.) [M.A. Thesis, Islamic Azad University of Bandar Abbas.

The CrystaSulf process for removing hydrogen sulfide from natural gas is described. The process was developed in conjunction with the Gas Technology Institute (GTI) and licensed to CrystaTech. It is a patented non-aqueous chemical process that removes hydrogen sulfide from high-pressure natural gas streams. The process is targeted towards this mid-size sulfur recovery niche. The CrystaSulf process avoids some of the problems of aqueous processes of sulfur removal, including plugging and pump wear related to circulating solids in the solution, foaming resulting from chemical additives, hydrocarbon slugs entering the system, as well as impacts from carbon dioxide. The process works by keeping the sulfur dissolved in the solution without circulating solids. This encourages the formation of large sulfur crystals which sink and can be easily separated from the solution, eliminating the need for chemical additives. The non-aqueous solution is also selective for hydrogen sulfide, with no appreciable removal of carbon dioxide and without the negative effects often associated with carbon dioxide absorption. Originally targeted to be used in the direct treatment of high-pressure natural gas containing moderate amounts of sulfur, CrystaSulf may be used in other high-pressure applications such as removing hydrogen sulfide from the hydrogen recycle stream on refinery hydrotreaters, as well as other streams such as Claus tail gas, refinery fuel gas, gasifier syngas, gas streams from carbon dioxide floods and any other hydrogen sulfide-containing stream. The process has been successfully tested in a pilot unit in west Texas for 5,000 hours and is now ready for commercial applications. It is estimated that installation of the unit in a refinery will reduce the refinery's overall emissions below existing air quality thresholds and save an estimated $100,000 annually in regulatory compliance costs. 1 fig., 1 photo.

This paper provides a general discussion on physical flow accounting methodology. The discussion is limited to those methods primarily applied to the national economy level. Specific attention is given to the demarcation of accounting versus analysis. The primary goal of statistics and accounting is to provide an acceptable level of 'descriptiveness' and 'neutrality' in its representation of facts. On the other hand, modelling or analysis usually relies on assumptions of a much wider scale, for example in relation to human behaviour, or by the necessity of ceteris paribus clauses in partial analysis. While accounting usually provides answers on past events, analysis is often ex-ante oriented. A number of accounting methods are reviewed on the basis of their accounting scopes and indicator proposals. In general the accounting frameworks are rather complementary or at least not contradictory but inconsistencies emerge in some of the indicators that are derived from the accounts. The paper further elaborates on the significance of the national accounts in this field of research. National accounting concepts and definitions contributes to a sound demarcation of the (national) economy, which appears equally valid for physical representations of a national economy. This demarcation also supports the sound allocation of environmental burdens to specific national or regional economies. At the same time, the economic relevance of physical flows is to a large extent exposed by their connection to specific economic (production and consumption) processes and concomitant transactions. This linkage, as for example accommodated in a National Accounting Matrix including Environmental Accounts (NAMEA) provides in this respect a useful statistical framework that provides a consistent comparison of environmental burdens to economic benefits (or environmental benefits to economic costs)

A detailed study was made of the feasibility of producing approximately 12,000 barrels per day of gasoline from high sulfur Illinois coal. The project was to be based on indirect liquefaction of coal by producing methanol and converting the methanol to raw gasoline. The plant design was based on proven processes: including atmospheric Koppers-Totzek type coal gasification, Rectisol gas purification, Claus and Scot sulfur recovery, and ICI low pressure methanol synthesis, all of which have been used in large commercial plants; and the fixed bed Mobil MTG process, which has been demonstrated in a four barrel per day pilot plant, to convert methanol into gasoline. The plant was designed to meet all federal and state regulations pertaining to environmental protection. The plant would cost approximately $1.27 billion (1981 dollars). Annual operating costs would total $243 million (1981 dollars). It has been determined that the project would not be viable in the present economic environment. Using 1981 dollars, and recognizing the present average refinery selling price in the mid-West of gasoline produced from crude oil is about $42 per barrel, the following gasoline prices have been calculated. For example, if the project were financed entirely by equity funds, then the selling price of gasoline would have to be $122 per barrel in a moderately inflating general economy in order to obtain a rate of return of 10% on the investment. The selling price would be lowered to $106 per barrel if no inflation is assumed. If 75% of the project were financed by debt at 16% interest, and the real price of coal and gasoline increased by 3% more than the general inflation rate, the selling price in 1981 dollars would be $76 per barrel in a moderately inflating economy. As the real price of gasoline increases in the future, this project and the related economics should be reviewed.

Papers on phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics from a conference on formal linguistics include: "Major Class Alternations" (Young-Mee Yu Cho, S. Inkelas); "On Defining Complex Templates (R. Kager); "Sandhi and Syllables in Classical Sanskrit" (B. Kessler); "Catalexis in Word Stress: Evidence from Spanish and Dutch" (D. Nouveau); "Mobile Affixes in Huave: Optimality and Morphological Wellformedness" (R. Noyer); "Multiple Exponence and Morphosyntactic Redundancy" (D. A. Peterson); "Palatalization, Underspecification, and Plane Conflation in Chaha" (S. Rose); "The Prosodic Constituency of Minor Syllables" (P. A. Shaw); "Combinatorial Specification of a Consonantal System" (C. Spring); "Dual Aspects of Weight: Evidence from Korean Partial Reduplication" (Chang-Kook Suh);"Merging in American Sign Language Compounds" (L. Uyechi); "Ghost Segments and Optimality" (C. Zoll); "Negative Concord in Spanish and In-Situ Licensing" (R. Aranovich); "Case and Predicate Raising" (M. den Dikken, A. Naess); "A Residual A-Bar Position in Spanish" (J. M. Fontana); "Xo and Xmax Clitics" (A. Halpern, J. Fontana); "(Anti-)Reconstruction and Referentiality" (C. Heycock); "Adjunct Extraction" (T. E. Hukari, R. D. Levine); "pro-hibitions on Reference" (S. Iatridou, D. Embick); "Checking-Theory, Syntactic Feature-Geometry, and the Structure of IP" (R. D. Janda); "Infl and Agreement in Turkish Subordinate Clauses" (M. Kural); "Binding Theory and the Principle of Referential Autonomy" (H. Lee); "Antipassive with French Psych-Verbs" (G. Legendre); "Reflexives, Reflexive Passives, and Generalized Chains" (John Moore); "An Economy Account of Wh-Extraction in Tagalog" (M. Nakamura); "Head-Binding" (N. Richards); "The Structural Location of the Attributive Adjective" (P. Svenonius); "On the Blocking Effect of Floating Quantifiers in French" (C. Tellier, D. Valons); "Referentiality, Specificity, Strength, and Individual Concepts" (B. Abbott); "Unselective Determiners" (C. Barker); "When Do Subjects and Objects Exhibit a Branching Reading" (F. Beghelli, D. Ben-Shalom, A. Szabolcsi); "Focus and NP Quantification" (E. Herburger); "Non-Nominative Subjects and Constraints on Modal Interpretation in Sinhala" (M. Inman); "The Interpretation of as-Headed Adjuncts" (G. Katz); "Adjunct Predicates and the Individual/Stage Distinction" (L. McNally); "Events, Objects, and Eventual Objects" (S. Moore); and "The Independence of External Arguments" (E. Ritter, S. Thomas Rosen). (MSE)

This paper examines demonstrative pronouns used as deictics to refer to the interpretation of one or more clauses. Although this usage is frowned upon in style manuals (for example Strunk and White (1959) state that ``This. The pronoun 'this', referring to the complete sense of a preceding sentence or clause, cannot always carry the load and so may produce an imprecise statement.''), it is nevertheless very common in written text. Handling this usage poses a problem for Natural Language Understanding systems. The solution I propose is based on distinguishing between what can be pointed to and what can be referred to by virtue of pointing. I argue that a restricted set of discourse segments yield what such demonstrative pronouns can point to and a restricted set of what Nunberg (1979) has called referring functions yield what they can refer to by virtue of that pointing.

As real logic programmers normally use cut (!), an effective learning procedure for logic programs should be able to deal with it. Because the cut predicate has only a procedural meaning, clauses containing cut cannot be learned using an extensional evaluation method, as is done in most learning systems. On the other hand, searching a space of possible programs (instead of a space of independent clauses) is unfeasible. An alternative solution is to generate first a candidate base program which covers the positive examples, and then make it consistent by inserting cut where appropriate. The problem of learning programs with cut has not been investigated before and this seems to be a natural and reasonable approach. We generalize this scheme and investigate the difficulties that arise. Some of the major shortcomings are actually caused, in general, by the need for intensional evaluation. As a conclusion, the analysis of this paper suggests, on precise and technical grounds, that learning cut is difficult, and c...

The activity of CR-31 aluminum-oxide catalyst (La Roche Chemicals) over a period of 6.5 years (2000?2007) in the Claus reactor of byproduct-trapping shop 2 is monitored within the coke plant at OAO Magnitogorskii Metallurgicheskii Kombinat. The rate and extent of irreversible deactivation of the aluminum-oxide catalyst due to hydrothermal aging are found to be fundamentally different in the conversion of hydrogen sulfide than in the conversion of carbonyl sulfide. It is expedient to use different catalysts in different stages of sulfur extraction: in the first stage, the catalyst should be optimized for the conversion of organosulfur compounds; in the second stage, the best choice is a traditional aluminum-oxide catalyst for the Claus conversion of hydrogen sulfide.

This article reports on the use of the LABSORB regenerative wet scrubbing system in the refining industry for control of sulphur emissions from tail gas from Claus plants and fluid catalytic cracking units (FCCUs). A description of the LABSORB process is given covering the fluegas quenching/pre-scrubbing, absorption of sulphur dioxide, buffer holding tanks, buffer preheating, evaporation and regeneration of the buffer, sulphate removal, and buffer makeup. A simplified flow diagram of the LABSORB system is provided. The initial testing of the process is discussed, and the FCCU and Claus plant tail gas cleanup applications are examined along with the benefits of the process in both applications, the process economics, and the economic advantages of a co-ordinated approach.

Two European ministers have recently paid visits to CERN. On 11 June, the Austrian Minister for Science and Research, Johannes Hahn, visited the CMS cavern and assembly hall, before being given a tour of the CERN Control Centre. Following a lunch with the Ambassador, he was shown the LHC Computing Grid. His visit was rounded off with meetings with Robert Aymar and with Austrian students working at CERN. The Austrian Minister for Science and Research, Johannes Hahn, and Felicitas Pauss, Deputy Chair of the CMS Collaboration Committee, in front of one of the sections of the CMS detector. Jos Engelen, CERN’s Chief Scientific Officer, Jens Jorgen Gaardhoje, a physicist from the Niels Bohr Institute and a member of the ALICE collaboration, and the Danish Employment Minister, Claus Hjort Frederiksen, in front of the ALICE detector. On 12 June, Claus Hjort Frederiksen, the Danish Employment Minister,...

Abstract in english The article analyzes trade union action that seeks to influence processes of technological and organizational innovation in companies in Brazil. The System for Monitoring Collective Bargaining, under the Inter-Union Department of Statistics and Economic Studies (SACC-Dieese), was used to analyze collective bargaining clauses (1990- 2005) that deal with innovative processes. Interviews were held with leaders of unions belonging to the SACC-Dieese, seeking to understand wha (more) t actually occurred following formal agreement to the clauses. We observed that the agreed-upon terms were not enforced in practice, revealing that the trade unions' influence in innovative processes was merely "apparent". The article seeks to demonstrate that the limited success of Brazilian trade unions in affecting technological and organizational innovations has been due not only to external constraints, but also to the unions' own limitations in formulating and interacting with technical and organizational changes.

The US Congress has a legal relationship with the Native Americans that is set out in the Commerce clause. It has been invoked by the federal government to reach agreements with the tribes leading to their sovereign status. This process was achieved with the Sioux by means of the Treaty of Fort Laramie 1868 that led to the Great Sioux Reservation, which encompassed a land mass in the mid-West of the US. The Black Hills range proved to be gold rich and were soon coveted by the mineral prospectors. After their military defeat the Sioux had to forfeit the territory under the clause of the 5th Amendment in 1879. The issue of taking the land against the stipulation of due process has been the subject of dispute ever since and the Supreme Court in Sioux Nation v. the US, (1980) has awarded monet...

In this paper, a tough-moved sentence in English is analyzed within the framework of the Dynamic Model of Grammar developed mainly by Kajita (1977, 1986, 1992). It is shown that a tough construction like The book is easy to read is lexically or pragmatically extended from a simple basic predication sentence like The book is easy through syntactico-semantic discrepancy called meaning-concealment and the rule of syntactic realization. It will be argued that this extension hypothesis can account for many idiosyncratic problems concerning tough constructions, for example, (i) control of an empty subject in an embedded clause, (ii) strict semantic restriction in the selection of embedded verbs, and (iii) difference in syntactic behavior between an embedded infinitival clause of a tough-sentence and that of an eager-sentence.   

Making a Prolog program more efficient by transforming its source code, without changing its operational semantics, is not an obvious task. It requires the user to have a clear understanding of how the Prolog compiler works, and in particular, of the effects of impure features like the cut. The way a Prolog code is written - e.g., the order of clauses, the order of literals in a clause, the use of cuts or negations - influences its efficiency. Furthermore, different optimization techniques may be redundant or conflicting when they are applied together, depending on the way a procedure is called - e.g., inserting cuts and enabling indexing. We present an optimiser, based on abstract interpretation, that automatically performs safe code transformations of Prolog procedures in the context of some class of input calls. The method is more effective if procedures are annotated with additional information about modes, types, sharing, number of solutions and the like. Thus the approach is similar to Mercury. It appli...

The place of 'force majeure' provisions, in gas purchase/sale contracts is discussed. This issue, not normally considered to be significant in gas purchase/sale contracts, became a matter of intense interest in the aftermath of the Atcor Ltd v. Continental Energy Marketing case when the trial court, as well as the Alberta Court of Appeals, strongly criticized the wording of the force majeure clause in the contract as containing a 'choice of words that assured litigation'. Force majeure, simply stated, refers to acts of God, (lightning, earthquakes, storms, floods, etc) and acts of war. It is inserted in contracts to limit the liability of parties to the contract in the event of inability to perform due to any of the above acts of God, or acts of war. In this particular case, the force majeure cause included, in addition to the above, a long list of other causes such as strikes, lockouts or other industrial disturbances, insurrections, riots, epidemics, landslides, fires, washouts, explosions of or accidents to plant, machinery or lines of pipe, well blowouts, and pipeline repairs and reconditioning. The trial court found the drafting of the clause archaic, circumventing clarity, and drearily lengthy. In view of the court's decision it is clear that more thought has to go into drafting force majeure decisions in the future. Accordingly, this paper attempts to discuss practical issues of drafting force majeure clauses that clearly reflect the parties' intentions and expectations so that costly litigations might be avoided, or if litigation is unavoidable, to at least have the outcome of such litigation be more predictable. The focus of the discussion is on legal interpretation issues, forms of gas contract force majeure provisions- events and consequences, and standardization of force majeure provisions. It is recommended that the drafter of such clauses should always keep in mind the potential impact that the strict construction and commercial reasonability concepts may have on the words chosen. 22 refs.

Let F be a uniformly distributed random k-SAT formula with n variables and m clauses. We prove that the Walksat algorithm from Papadimitriou (FOCS 1991)/Schoning (FOCS 1999) finds a satisfying assignment of F in polynomial time w.h.p. if m/n0. This is an improvement by a factor of $\\Theta(k)$ over the best previous analysis of Walksat from Coja-Oghlan, Feige, Frieze, Krivelevich, Vilenchik (SODA 2009).

The forests of British Columbia are home to a variety of plant and animal life that is unequalled elsewhere in Canada. To conserve the full variety of these plants and animals, their habitats in the forest must be considered during silvicultural operations such as juvenile spacing. These guidelines describe the mandate for biological diversity, levels of forestry management, designing and executing spacing contracts to maintain stand level biodiversity, and example contract clauses.

Experimentation strongly suggests that, for attacking deep questions and hard problems with the assistance of an automated reasoning program, the more effective paradigms rely on the retention of deduced information. A significant obstacle ordinarily presented by such a paradigm is the deduction and retention of one or more needed conclusions whose complexity sharply delays their consideration. To mitigate the severity of the cited obstacle, the author formulates and features in this report the hot list strategy. The hot list strategy asks the researcher to choose, usually from among the input statements, one or more clauses that are conjectured to play a key role for assignment completion. The chosen clauses - conjectured to merit revisiting, again and again - are placed in an input list of clauses, called the hot list. When an automated reasoning program has decided to retain a new conclusion C - before any other clause is chosen to initiate conclusion drawing - the presence of a nonempty hot list (with an appropriate assignment of the input parameter known as heat) causes each inference rule in use to be applied to C together with the appropriate number of members of the hot list. Members of the hot list are used to complete applications of inference rules and not to initiate applications. The use of the hot list strategy thus enables an automated reasoning program to briefly consider a newly retained conclusion whose complexity would otherwise prevent its use for perhaps many CPU-hours. To give evidence of the value of the strategy, the author focuses on four contexts: (1) dramatically reducing the CPU time required to reach a desired goal; (2) finding a proof of a theorem that had previously resisted all but the more inventive automated attempts; (3) discovering a proof that is more elegant than previously known; and (4) answering a question that had steadfastly eluded researchers relying on an automated reasoning program.

Let F be a uniformly distributed random k-SAT formula with n variables and m clauses. Non-rigorous statistical mechanics ideas have inspired a message passing algorithm called Belief Propagation Guided Decimation for finding satisfying assignments of F. This algorithm can be viewed as an attempt at implementing a certain thought experiment that we call the Decimation Process. In this paper we identify a variety of phase transitions in the decimation process and link these phase transitions to the performance of the algorithm.

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Abstract in spanish El presente trabajo intenta describir, desde la perspectiva tipológica, la estructura de la coordinación en yukpa, lengua caribe venezolana hablada por alrededor de 4.000 personas en el occidente de Venezuela, específicamente en la Sierra de Perijá del estado Zulia. Está fundamentado en las definiciones de Sanders (1974), Mallinson y Blake (1981) y la tipología de Haspelmath (2000-2004). Se consideran como aportes al estudio de la coordinación en lenguas caribes a (more) Hall (1988), Mosonyi y Mosonyi (2000), Gutiérrez (2001), Chavier (2005) y Sousa (2005); en cuanto al yukpa, a Vegamián (1978), Obregón y Armato (1986) y Niño (1999). Para lograr el objetivo propuesto se elicitaron 80 oraciones entre coordinadas conjuntivas, disyuntivas, adversativas y causales. Encontramos que esta lengua utiliza como coordinadores conjuntivos etet, etperat y eterat y el sufijo -rat. Las FNs y las FVs se unen mediante cualquiera de estos elementos; las cláusulas, por su parte prefieren -rat Como coordinador disyuntivo tenemos waipo -rat y vepo -rat y como coordinador causal ishi. El uso de la partícula -rat es una estrategia común para expresar las coordinaciones conjuntivas, disyuntivas y adversativas. Abstract in english This paper attempts to describe, from the typological perspective, the structure of coordination in Yukpa, a Venezuelan Caribbean language spoken by approximately 4.000 people in the west of Venezuela, specifically in the Perija Mountain Range in Zulia State. It is based on the definitions of Sanders (1974), Mallinson and Blake (1981) and the typology of Haspelmath (2000,2004). As supports to the study of the coordination in Carribbean languages we also considered Hall (1 (more) 988), Monsonyi & Monsonyi (2000), Gutiérrez (2001), Chavier (2005) and Sousa (2005); concerning the Yukpa, Vegamián (1978), Obregón & Armato (1986) and Niño (1999). To obtain the proposed objective 80 sentences were reviewed as to conjunctive, disjunctive, adversative and causal coordinates. It was found that this language uses as conjunctive coordinators etet, etperat, eterat and the suffix -rat. The FNs and the FVs unite by way of any of these elements; the clauses, on their part, prefer the suffix -rat. As disjunctive coordinators we have waipo -rat and vepo-rat and as causal coordinator ishi. The use of the particle -rat is a common strategy to express the conjunctive, disjunctive and adversative coordinates.

We study the following problem: given a class of logic programs C, determine the maximum number of stable models of a program from C. We establish the maximum for the class of all logic programs with at most n clauses, and for the class of all logic programs of size at most n. We also characterize the programs for which the maxima are attained. We obtain similar results for the class of all disjunctive logic programs with at most n clauses, each of length at most m, and for the class of all disjunctive logic programs of size at most n. Our results on logic programs have direct implication for the design of algorithms to compute stable models. Several such algorithms, similar in spirit to the Davis-Putnam procedure, are described in the paper. Our results imply that there is an algorithm that finds all stable models of a program with n clauses after considering the search space of size O(3^{n/3}) in the worst case. Our results also provide some insights into the question of representability of families of sets...

At present, few program budgeting models relate program objectives to the cost of achieving them. How can the manager know objectives are met efficiently? Is the objective worth the cost to achieve it? With the programming by objective model, such a link between cost, objectives, and efficiency is made. Using five separate but interrelated steps--planning, programming, budgeting, control, and evaluation--the manager can develop program and spending plans that relate costs and objectives and help the manager meet program objectives efficiently. PMID:10274485

The problem of object-relational mapping occurs when we try to build an application using an object-oriented programming language and using a relational database for data storage. The source of the problem is the theoretical difference between the data representation in object-oriented context and i...

This paper describes our approach for creating of a graphical representation of the states of accelerator objects. For every object which needs to display its state dynamics we create a chart element. Any changes in the object state are immediately represented on the chart of this object. We use the objects dependencies facility supplied by Smalltalk to keep track of the objects` states changes. This allows us to remove any graphics related features from the Object Model of the accelerator. Thus, the Object Model can be developed separately and reused in a number of applications. (author).

The problem area explored by this study is the identification of students with emotional and behavioral difficulties for special education supports and services under the criteria for emotional disturbance (ED). A review of the literature indicated that the problem of identifying students with ED was compounded by subjectivity and ambiguity associated with the federal special education definition, which includes an "exclusionary clause" for students with social maladjustment (SM). A qualitative grounded theory research design was implemented to examine how practitioners in a county alternative and correctional education setting identified students with ED and how they determined the relationship between ED and SM for purposes of special education classification, given the ED criteria. Six themes, indicative of practitioners' practices, emerged: (a) emotional disturbance was identified along three inter-related dimensions---a social, behavioral, and emotional; (b) distinctions between ED and SM were delineated; (c) reflexive and collaborative identification processes were revealed; (d) new student trends compounding the identification process were surfaced; (e) ethical considerations, especially the ethic of care, informed decision-making; and (f) a socially just perspective was espoused. A new theory, grounded in practitioners' lived experiences, integrates the six emergent themes. The new theory reflects the elements of a process that practitioners are implementing, which essentially reframes the existing federal special education criteria for identifying students with ED in a contemporary practice setting. Implications of the emergent theory for policy and practice in educational leadership are discussed in terms of broadening and aligning the existing special education criteria to reflect current research findings, developing consistent ethical guidelines to promote equity and inclusion for students with emotional and behavioral disabilities, making socially just financial decisions, and implementing comprehensive and collaborative school-wide mental health systems. Implications for practice included providing consultative support for teachers, reframing the role of the school psychologist from "gatekeeper" to "facilitator," and leading the transition to an inclusive learning organization. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.

To date, the Berkeley OA fund has ensured that 43 articles are free to be read immediately upon publication and 44 additional articles are now in the pipeline. The full scope of OA publishing during this period was significantly larger, at least by a factor of four. The OA fund allocation will continue to be carefully managed over the coming years. We are tracking our potential liability assuming the OA landscape grows with additional publishers and OA options. The amount predicted as necessary to maintain the fund based on the initial 18-month uptake data is US$45,000. This is less than 1% of the US$6.2 million the library invests in subscribing to closed-access digital journals. We are paying attention in particular to the attempts by the California Digital Library, which negotiates major journal publisher licenses on behalf of the UC campuses, to include terms within the licenses that enable UC authors to take advantage of publishers'hybrid OA options [16]. And it comes with far less of the myriad overhead costs associated with those closed-access subscriptions because that subscription price doesn't tell the full story of the actual cost of maintaining the subscription. Those subscriptions involve staff-intensive license negotiations. Institutions develop and maintain systems architectures in order to ensure that only authorized users have access and respond to challenges from publishers of the content when actual or potential breaches of the licenses are identified (publishers invest hugely in monitoring use of their content in order to ensure the license terms are not breached and are quite willing to contact the institutional subscriber when any untoward activity appears on their logs). They must, in certain instances, maintain the confidentiality of certain clauses in the licenses and increasingly respond to freedom of information, public records act requests related to the investments of public resources in those contracts. The need to experiment is particularly heightened during this economic crisis when investments in subscriptions are increasingly difficult to justify, particularly given the alternate forms of open access to content and decreasing ability for libraries to reliably distinguish OA and non-OA content within the journal. We believe that institutions (and the sub-institutional units that manage collection funds) should be open to exploring alternative funding models for scholarly communication. Institutions should highly value funding models that promote universal access to their research output. And during an economic crisis, these institutions should question the extensive financial and human resource investments required by the subscription model, a model that both excludes nonauthorized users and entails large-scale and complex licensing and legal obligations. The time is now for broad-scale adoption of institutional OA funds. PMID:20520845

An object restraint system is provided with a collar for gripping the object and a plurality of struts attached to the collar and to anchor means by universal-type joints, the struts being arranged in tangential relation about the collar.

How best to quantify the information of an object, whether natural or artifact, is a problem of wide interest. A related problem is the computability of an object. We present practical examples of a new way to address this problem. By giving an appropriate representation to our objects, based on a hierarchical coding of information, we exemplify how it is remarkably easy to compute complex objects. Our algorithmic complexity is related to the length of the class of objects, rather than to the length of the object.

OBJECTIVE: To examine clinical, etiologic, and histologic features of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and to identify possible correlates of clinical disease severity related to etiologic and histopathologic findings.

The study objectives were to: (1) analyze suspended-sediment concentrations at stream sites within the Wild Rice River Basin for possible relations to streamflow, seasonality, and long-term trends, and calculate sediment loads; (2) determine the relative ...

Objectives: Students will demonstrate research, decision making, team building, and public speaking skills, while applying issues management and crisis communication concepts in a realistic setting. Courses: Introduction to Public Relations, Public Relations Cases, Crisis Communication.

Background: Age-related osteoporosis may be associated with inefficient intestinal calcium absorption and bone remodeling. Objective: We investigated the pathogenesis of age-related osteoporosis in Chinese women with habitual low calcium intakes. Design: We studied the response of intestinal calcium...

Autonomous objects represent active database objects which can be distributed over the Internet. This paper proposes a robust authentication scheme for the remote autonomous object based on AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) symmetric cryptosystem. Compared with related schemes, the proposed scheme not only resists various security attacks but also provides computation and communication efficiency.   

"Introduction to Network Simulator NS2" is a primer providing materials for NS2 beginners, whether students, professors, or researchers for understanding the architecture of Network Simulator 2 (NS2) and for incorporating simulation modules into NS2. The authors discuss the simulation architecture and the key components of NS2 including simulation-related objects, network objects, packet-related objects, and helper objects. The NS2 modules included within are nodes, links, SimpleLink objects, packets, agents, and applications. Further, the book covers three helper modules: timers, ra

We present a system for generating parsers based directly on the metaphor of parsing as deduction. Parsing algorithms can be represented directly as deduction systems, and a single deduction engine can interpret such deduction systems so as to implement the corresponding parser. The method generalizes easily to parsers for augmented phrase structure formalisms, such as definite-clause grammars and other logic grammar formalisms, and has been used for rapid prototyping of parsing algorithms for a variety of formalisms including variants of tree-adjoining grammars, categorial grammars, and lexicalized context-free grammars.

Abstract Commentary The Founders Speak: Top Neutrals Discuss the Past, Present, and Future of Mediation By Stephen B. Goldberg and Margaret L. Shaw CPR News Last-Minute Registration for This Month's Annual Meeting Next Month in Paris, Part I: CPR's Y-ADR Event Next Month in Paris, Part II: The ICC's Mediation Conference It's APP Time: Alternatives on Your iPhone and iPad By Russ Bleemer ADR Contracts Your New Guide to Arbitration Clauses, Part II By M. Scott Donahey Worldly Perspectives Slovenia's Mediation Infrastructure, Detailed By Giuseppe De Palo and Mary B. Trevor

The 1951 Refugee Convention contains an `exclusion clause' stipulating that individuals who have committed certain serious crimes - including war crimes and crimes against humanity - are not entitled to the protections associated with being a legal refugee. Each time the United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR) or a resettlement country conducts an evaluation to determine whether an asylum seeker meets the convention criteria, the exclusion provision is considered. Principles developed in the criminal context figure prominently in exclusion assessments, a practice that is logical and convenient, both because the language of the provision mandates referral to relevant international instruments and because the entire evaluation is based on determining whether the claimant has committed a crime....

Now operating offshore California, a modified 50,000-d.w.t. oil tanker supports a crude oil and natural gas processing facility and temporary oil-storage tanks. A single-anchor-leg mooring (SALM) device stabilizes the tanker, which is subjected to significant roll, pitch, and heave by wind and wave forces. Natural gas, after compression on the production platform, travels by subsea pipeline to provide fuel for the facility's gas-turbine power generators. A Sulfinol treatment plant on the vessel lowers the gas's sulfur content, then a Claus sulfur-recovery unit removes essentially all of the H/sub 2/S from the acid gas.

Although costs will be raised the Clean Air Technical Guide does not intend to upset the energy sector. Provided the reasonable handling of administrative dynamization clauses there will be room for simple solutions, e.g. the use of low-sulfur instead of sulfurous fuels in heavy oil-fired furnaces or dry additive instead of wet flue gas desulfurization of coal-fired furnaces. The situational evaluation is verified in a discussion session which was characterized by the gas industry's attempts of explaining its changed marketing prospects involved by the Clean Air Technical Guide.

The Grants Document-Generation System (GDGS) software allows the generation of official grants documents for distribution to the appropriate parties. The documents are created after the selection and entry of specific data elements and clauses. GDGS is written in Cold Fusion that resides on an SQL2000 database and is housed on-site at Goddard Space Flight Center. It includes access security written around GSFC's (Goddard Space Flight Center's) LIST system, and allows for the entry of Procurement Request information necessary for the generation of the resulting Grant Award.

The author examines the question to which extent law ought to exact the precautions (risk control) and measures to prevent dangers from the person responsible for the safety of the public or at individuals potentially affected. He discusses: technical safety as a matter under public jurisdiction; technical safety and unavoidable risks in industrial societies; permitted technical risks and the Federal Basic Law; general evaluation criteria of the necessary safety; the explicitly formulated normative limits of the obligations concerning technical safety; the paraphrase of required safety by general clauses and undefined legal terms.

While part one of the report was dealing with the principles of fire prevention in HVAC systems, part two discusses fire prevention requirements with regard to building construction laws (building construction ordinances of the different federal states). Emphasis is on constructional measures (1st clause of the building ordinance: Fire walls, supporting walls, ceilings, staircase walls, roofs, elevators, corridors), operational measures (fire resistance ratings), the fire prevention requirements of components (DIN 4102, classification of the behaviour in fire of different building materials, inspection), and on the required fire resistance periods (tables). (HWJ).

This paper examines the pricing of mobile applications when application providers can either supply consumers directly or through a mobile platform (such as a smart phone or tablet). It is demonstrated that when platform access (i.e., purchasing a device) takes place in advance of application pricing, a non-trivial unravelling problem exists that rules out selling platform access at a positive price. Consequently, all platform revenues come from sharing application provider revenues. It is demonstrated that several restrictive conditions on application providers, such as most favoured customer clauses, can allow the platform provider to earn more profits and charge a positive access price increasing the likelihood the platform is provided.

An advanced process for the separation of hydrogen sulfide from coal gasification product streams through an electrochemical membrane is being developed using the funds from this grant. H{sub 2}S is removed from the syn-gas stream, split into hydrogen, which enriches the syn-gas, and sulfur, which can be condensed from an inert gas sweep stream. The process allows removal of H{sub 2}S without cooling the gas stream and with neglible pressure loss through the separator. The process is economically attractive by the lack of adsorbents and the lack of a Claus process for sulfur recovery.

The idea of a unified international energy market is dispelled, and the problems that exist in finding stable investors for the uncertain projects are approached. It is shown how the current contracting techniques are inappropriate for the emerging large-scale energy projects, and suggestions are made for new approaches that emphasize clauses for reviews, penalties, supply terms, inflation and oil price escalations, and currency; financing arrangements; government and international agency guarantees; and jurisdiction of national regulatory bodies. The efficiency of the world's human resources will be responsible for establishing investor confidence which will enable major financers to become involved in international energy megaprojects.

The authors discuss Alcoa's study of the deactivation of Claus catalysts caused by sulfur and carbon deposits. Although these two deactivation mechanisms are primarily affected by operation a study of the causes, extent, avoidance and reversal of these mechanisms yields information useful to both catalyst manufacturers and users. As a result of these studies, the following procedures are recommended for extending catalyst life and to increase catalyst activity: Conduct heat soak, exceed 280/sup 0/C, high frequency in third bed; minimize toluene levels; use SP-100 for alkylated aromatics, COS and/or CS/sub 2/ decomposition.

An overview of how to draft a basic contract was presented. The types and functions of contractual clauses were described and an example of the structure of a typical contract was included. Drafting issues and validity issues were also discussed. The distinction between an independent contractor and an employee was clarified and the legal ramifications for both were reviewed. The presentation also included examples of some simple consulting agreements along with their function and analysis of key provisions such as services, term, remuneration, confidential information, non-competition, non-disclosure, and indemnity.

This article looks at and concludes that arbitration of trust disputes is often a more desirable means of resolution than traditional Court proceedings. But does the legal mechanism exist for trust arbitration in the absence of legislation such as that enacted in the Bahamas? The `pro' and `con' factions are remarkably close in their views: it depends on the effect of section 82(2) of the Arbitration Act, 1996. We examine this provision (the equivalent of which applies in most common law jurisdictions) and conclude that probably it does. Finally, we turn to drafting issues and discuss our model clauses.

Many applications of knowledge discovery require the knowledge to be consistent with data. Examples include discovering rules for query optimization, database integration, decision support, etc. However, databases usually change over time and make machine-discovered knowledge inconsistent with data. Useful knowledge should be robust against database changes so that it is unlikely to become inconsistent after database changes. This paper defines this notion of robustness, describes how to estimate the robustness of Horn-clause rules in closed-world databases, and describes how the robustness estimation can be applied in rule discovery systems.

"English: An Essential Grammar" is a concise and user-friendly guide to the grammar of modern English, written specifically for native speakers and based on genuine samples of contemporary spoken and written English. In four chapters, the book covers the essentials of English grammar, beginning with the basics and going on to deal with phrase, clause and sentence structure. A fifth chapter deals with English word formation and spelling, including problem spellings and British and American spelling variants. Features of this title include: discussion of points that often cause problem

OTTER is a resolution-style theorem-proving program for first-order logic with equality. OTTER includes the inference rules binary resolution, hyperresolution, UR-resolution, and binary paramodulation. Some of its other abilities and features are conversion from first-order formulas to clauses, forward and back subsumption, factoring, weighting, answer literals, term ordering, forward and back demodulation, evaluable functions and predicates, Knuth-Bendix completion, and the hints strategy. OTTER is coded in ANSI C, is free, and is portable to many different kinds of computer.

This paper presents a method for inducing logic programs from examples that learns a new class of concepts called first-order decision lists, defined as ordered lists of clauses each ending in a cut. The method, called FOIDL, is based on FOIL (Quinlan, 1990) but employs intensional background knowledge and avoids the need for explicit negative examples. It is particularly useful for problems that involve rules with specific exceptions, such as learning the past-tense of English verbs, a task widely studied in the context of the symbolic/connectionist debate. FOIDL is able to learn concise, accurate programs for this problem from significantly fewer examples than previous methods (both connectionist and symbolic).

Disputes are common between suppliers and customers over the interpretation and meaning of the clauses of an energy management service contract due to difference in expectations about performance. This inevitably leads to conflict and extra costs of putting right items or services in dispute. This article explores some alternative contract styles which may prevent such misunderstandings. Longer term (10 year) fixed cost service contracts allow customers the benefit of new plant at the start of a contract, and known outgoings with suppliers being able to spread the cost, whilst ensuring the plant is properly maintained. (UK)

OBJECTIVES: Despite the high frequency of work-related musculoskeletal disorders, the relation between work conditions and ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow has not been the object of much research. In the present study, the predictive factors for such ulnar nerve entrapment were determined in a 3...

Although relational systems have many strengths, they have some shortcomings and limitations. Particularly, they tend to be rather limited in handling of complex information with complex relationships. Object oriented method have been vended in the area of Cad Aided Design (CAD), Cad Aided Manufacturing(CAM) applications for the purpose of managing very complex information efficiently. The main strength of the object oriented method is its ability to manage complex, highly interrelated information and to represent complex behaviors directly. Object oriented data model is based on objects, which are declared as classes, containing attributes and methods. Objects are defined by characteristics and behaviors of records. The characteristics become the object attributes. The behavioral dimension of objects is concerned with methods and encapsulation of attributes. And objects are classified into an inheritance structure, forming hierarchies. 1) Object Data Model : Base objects in a mine information data model are `Point`, `Line`, `Polygon`, and `Bitmap`, as in many geographic information system. Two other types of object is recommended (Primary Objects, Inheritants). Primary objects are composite type objects which are not inherited from other objects. They contain several other objects. Inheritants are those objects inherited from other objects. 2) Mine Information System : Mine has the main role in managing the mine information system. Six major categories are included in mine data (1. Geographic information, 2. General mine Information, 3. Information about underground drifts and excavations, 4. Geology, 5. Drill holes, 6. Environment). Each category represents a major branch of information of a mine, forming a composite object which contains several other objects, and is included in the object `Mine`. (author). 3 tabs., 13 figs.

This paper discusses the learning of color transformations for object recognition in various lighting conditions, a function which is needed in systems for object recognition by interaction with the user. The system first constructs a model of the target object under the reference lighting conditions. Since the lighting conditions in actual object recognition differ from those of object model construction, the system must transform the color of the object model according to the lighting conditions at the time of recognition. The color of a reference object observed in the recognition stage is used to estimate the color transformation. The system learns the relation between the color transformation and the color of the reference object by using the color of the object model and also the pai...

The Wabash River Integrated Methanol and Power Production from Clean Coal Technologies (IMPPCCT) project is evaluating integrated electrical power generation and methanol production through clean coal technologies. The project is conducted by a multi-industry team lead by Gasification Engineering Corporation (GEC), and supported by Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., Dow Chemical Company, Dow Corning Corporation, Methanex Corporation, and Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation. Three project phases are planned for execution, including: (1) Feasibility study and conceptual design for an integrated demonstration facility, and for fence-line commercial embodiment plants (CEP) operated at Dow Chemical or Dow Corning chemical plant locations (2) Research, development, and testing (RD&T) to define any technology gaps or critical design and integration issues (3) Engineering design and financing plan to install an integrated commercial demonstration facility at the existing Wabash River Energy Limited (WREL) plant in West Terre Haute, Indiana. The WREL facility is a project selected and co-funded under the Round IV of the United States Department of Energy's (DOE's) Clean Coal Technology Program. In this project, coal and/or other solid fuel feedstocks are gasified in an oxygen-blown, entrained-flow gasifier with continuous slag removal and a dry particulate removal system. The resulting product synthesis gas is used to fuel a combustion turbine generator whose exhaust is integrated with a heat recovery steam generator to drive a refurbished steam turbine generator. The gasifier uses technology initially developed by The Dow Chemical Company (the Destec Gasification Process), and now offered commercially by Global Energy, Inc., parent company of GEC and WREL, as the E-GAS{trademark} technology. In a joint effort with the DOE, a Cooperative Agreement was awarded under the Early Entrance Coproduction Plant (EECP) solicitation. GEC and an Industrial Consortium are investigating the use of synthesis gas produced by the E-GAS{trademark} technology in a coproduction environment to enhance the efficiency and productivity of solid fuel gasification combined cycle power plants. The objectives of this effort are to determine the feasibility of an EECP located at a specific site which produces some combination of electric power (or heat), fuels, and/or chemicals from synthesis gas derived from coal, or, coal in combination with some other carbonaceous feedstock. The project's intended result is to provide the necessary technical, economic, and environmental information that will be needed to move the EECP forward to detailed design, construction, and operation by industry. During the reporting period, effort continues on identifying potential technologies for removing contaminants from synthesis gas to the level required by methanol synthesis. A liquid phase Claus process and a direct sulfur oxidation process were evaluated. Preliminary discussion was held with interested parties on cooperating on RD&T in Phase II of the project. Also, significant progress was made during the period in the submission of project deliverables. A meeting was held at DOE's National Energy Technology Laboratory in Morgantown between GEC and the DOE IMPPCCT Project Manager on the status of the project, and reached an agreement on the best way to wrap up Phase I and transition into the Phase II RD&T. Potential projects for the Phase II, cost, and fund availability were also discussed.

The Fedora architecture is an extensible framework for the storage, management, and dissemination of complex objects and the relationships among them. Fedora accommodates the aggregation of local and distributed content into digital objects and the association of services with objects. This al-lows an object to have several accessible representations, some of them dy-namically produced. The architecture includes a generic RDF-based relation-ship model that represents relationships among objects and their components. Queries against these relationships are supported by an RDF triple store. The architecture is implemented as a web service, with all aspects of the complex object architecture and related management functions exposed through REST and SOAP interfaces. The implementation is available as open-source soft-ware, providing the foundation for a variety of end-user applications for digital libraries, archives, institutional repositories, and learning object systems.

When two or more literals in the body of a Prolog clause are solved in (AND) parallel, their solutions need to be joined to compute solutions for the clause. This is often a difficult problem in parallel Prolog systems that exploit OR and independent AND parallelism in Prolog programs. In several AND/OR parallel systems proposed recently, this problem is side-stepped at the cost of unexploited OR parallelism in the program, in part due to the complexity of the backtracking algorithm beneath AND parallel branches. In some cases, the data dependency graphs used by these systems cannot represent all the exploitable independent AND parallelism known at compile time. In this paper, we describe the compile time analysis for an optimized join algorithm for supporting independent AND parallelism in logic programs efficiently without leaving and OR parallelism unexploited. We then discuss how this analysis can be used to yield very efficient runtime behavior. We also discuss problems associated with a tree representation of the search space when arbitrarily complex data dependency graphs are permitted. We describe how these problems can be resolved by mapping the search space onto data dependency graphs themselves. The algorithm has been implemented in a compiler for parallel Prolog based on the reduce-OR process model. The algorithm is suitable for the implementation of AND/OR systems on both shared and nonshared memory machines. Performance on benchmark programs.

The conventional treatment technology for hydrogen-sulfide is based on Claus chemistry; elemental sulfur is recovered but the hydrogen is lost as water although the fuel value of the hydrogen is recovered as heat. A new waste treatment technology, reported in the Soviet literature, has been validated in an experimental program at Argonne National Laboratory. The new technology uses microwave energy to dissociate hydrogen-sulfide and recovers both elemental sulfur and hydrogen. Recovery of the hydrogen provides for its reuse for its chemical value. A comparative economic analysis of the microwave technology and conventional sulfur recovery and tail-gas treatment technology such as Claus/SCOT is presented. The sensitivity of the comparative economics to process variables such as dissociation energy and conversion rate, and cost variables, such as the value of hydrogen and the cost-of-electricity is evaluated. Under the conditions of this analysis, the conclusion is that it is more cost-effective to recover the hydrogen for its chemical value via microwave dissociation rather than to accept its conversion to water and effective use as a fuel.

The authors have examined the experimental and analytic bases for understanding the performance of each of the weapon types that are currently planned to remain in the US enduring nuclear stockpile. They have also examined whether continued underground tests at various nuclear yield thresholds would add significantly to the confidence in this stockpile in the years ahead. The starting point for this examination was a detailed review of past experience in developing and testing modern nuclear weapons, their certification and recertification processes, their performance margins, and evidence of aging or other trends over time for each weapon type in the enduring stockpile. The findings, as summarized in Conclusions 1 through 6, are consistent with US agreement to enter into a Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) of unending duration, that includes a standard ``supreme national interest`` clause. Recognizing that the challenge of maintaining an effective nuclear stockpile for an indefinite period without benefit of underground tests is an important and also a new one, the US should affirm its readiness to invoke the supreme national interest clause should the need arise as a result of unanticipated technical problems in the enduring stockpile.

An alternative account of the Old English verb-complement word order and the change from OV to VO is offered, based on an analysis of 16 Old English texts. Evidence is provided that the change does not involve abrupt reanalysis but rather synchronic competition between two grammars, beginning in the Old English period and continuing into Middle English. Background assumptions and terminology are outlined first. The standard analysis of Old English and the change from OV to VO is then described, and three predictions of the standard analysis are presented and shown to be unfulfilled. It is shown that (1) clauses unambiguously derived from a VO grammar are used productively during the Old English period, before the change is supposed to have taken place, (2) clauses unambiguously derived from an OV grammar are used productively during the Middle English period, after the change is supposed to have taken place, and (3) the increase in VO surface word order during the Old English period and the trigger for change at that period's end can not be linked directly to an increased rate of either postposition rules or verb-second constraint. The proposed hypothesis of grammatical competition accounting for the word order variation is then presented. Contains 41 references and an appendix of abbreviations. (MSE)

The paper presents a feature-checking theory of wh-movement that attempts to accommodate both adult grammar and the path of acquisition by which children handle long distance movement, indirect questions and partial movement. Partial movement is not a grammatical option in English but it is adopted as an option in development. The account makes several predictions about the performance of children with Specific Language impairment (SLI), and also predicts a particular advantage for children who speak African American English (AAE) over those who speak Mainstream American English (MAE). The empirical data are taken from a study of 590 children, both typically-developing and language-impaired, and both AAE and MAE speaking, aged four to nine years. The tasks involved answering wh-questions after stories as part of the field-testing of a new language assessment instrument. The questions included multi-clause questions with or without medial wh-complementizers. The predictions are borne out that children with language impairment have prolonged difficulty with real long distance movement and medial questions, and that children who speak AAE are at an advantage in avoiding certain errors (partial movement) because of the dialect’s characteristic marking of indirect questions via inversion in the lower clause. PMID:15679523