British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Two types of representative nanometer materials, i.e., fibroid nanometer attapulgite and approximate spherical ultrafine diamond, were selected as fillers of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) to study the mechanism of the wear-reducing actions of the fillers in PTFE composites. The friction and wear tests were performed on a block-on-ring wear tester under dry sliding conditions. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to investigate material microstructure and to examine modes of failure. No significant change in coefficient of friction was found, but the wear rate of PTFE composites was orders of magnitude less than that of pure PTFE. DSC analysis revealed that nanometer attapulgite and ultrafine diamond played a heterogeneous nucleation role in PTFE matrix and consequently resulte...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A method to control charge transfer reaction in DNA using hybrid nanometer-sized TiO{sub 2} nanoparticles was developed. In this system extended charge separation reflects the sequence of DNA and was measured using metallic silver deposition or by photocurrent response. Light-induced extended charge separation in these systems was found to be dependent on the DNA-bridge length and sequence. The yield of photocatalytic deposition of silver was studied in systems having GG accepting sites imbedded in AT runs at varying distances from the TiO{sub 2} nanoparticle surface. Weak distance dependence of charge separation indicative of a hole hopping through mediating adenine (A) sites was found. The quantum yield of silver deposition in the system having a GG accepting site placed 8.5 {angstrom} from the nanoparticle surface was found to be {Phi} = 0.70 (70%) and {Phi} = 0.56 (56%) for (A){sub n} and (AT){sub ...

CERN Document Server

Cell membranes are studded with protrusions that were thoroughly analyzed with electron microscopy. However, the nanometer-scale three-dimensional motions generated by cell membranes to fit the topography of foreign surfaces and initiate adhesion remain poorly understood. Here, we describe the dynamics of surface deformations displayed by monocytic cells bumping against fibronectin-coated surfaces. We observed membrane undulations with typically 5 nm amplitude and 5-10 second lifetime. Cell membranes behaved as independent units of micrometer size. Cells detected the presence of foreign surfaces at 50 nm separation, resulting in time-dependent amplification of membrane undulations. Molecular contact then ensued with apparent cell-membrane separation of 30-40 nm, and this distance steadily decreased during the following tens of seconds. Contact maturation was associated with in-plane egress of bulky molecules and robust ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

We have fabricated nanometer-spaced electrodes on electron-transparent silicon nitride membranes. A thin Cr/Au layer is evaporated on the backside of the membrane which serves as a gate electrode. Using these devices, we have performed three-terminal electron transport measurements on gold nano-particles at liquid helium temperature. Coulomb Blockade features have been observed and the capacitance to the gate has been extracted. After transport measurements, the Cr/Au back gate is removed and the devices are inspected with a transmission-electron microscope (TEM). TEM inspection reveals the presence of a few nano-particles in the nanogap, which is in agreement with the transport measurements. In addition, the nano-particle size as observed by TEM coincides with the one estimated from the gate capacitance value.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract prepared.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This report summarizes the findings of a five-month LDRD project funded through Sandia's NTM Investment Area. The project was aimed at providing the foundation for the development of advanced functional materials through the application of ultrathin coatings of microporous or mesoporous materials onto the surface of substrates such as silicon wafers. Prior art teaches that layers of microporous materials such as zeolites may be applied as, e.g., sensor platforms or gas separation membranes. These layers, however, are typically several microns to several hundred microns thick. For many potential applications, vast improvements in the response of a device could be realized if the thickness of the porous layer were reduced to tens of nanometers. However, a basic understanding of how to synthesize or fabricate such ultra-thin layers is lacking. This report describes traditional and novel approaches to the growth of layers of microporous materials ...

Science.gov (United States)

indicate incipient flow separation. The peak stagnation line ...... culations of Transonic Fan Performance, AGARD Propul- sion and Energetics Symposium on ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The effects of temperature and the use of macroreticular resins were studied in lithium isotope separation by an ion-exchange method. The isotope separation factors obtained decreased by increasing the temperature, and the factors for macroreticular resins were identical with those for the usual gel-type resins. However, the performance of isotope separation per unit band length in displacement chromatography was found to be improved by increasing the temperature and using macroreticular resins, because accelerating the interphase mass transfer caused the reduction of HETP (Height Equivalent to a Theoretical Plate).

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Isosteric heats and adsorption isotherms of methane on nanometer active carbon were measured at supercritical temperature (273-373 K) and pressure from 0 to 10 MPa. The measured data agreed well with Dubinin-Astakhov (DA) model at lower pressure but failed when pressure exceeded a special range. General Freundlich (GF) equation was used to modify the DA equation at high pressure and thus formed a combined bisection model GFDA. The adsorption mechanism of methane on nanometer active carbon was raised according to GFDA model and the heterogeneous energy distribution of the adsorbent was analyzed.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In nuclear fuel, in approximately one quarter of the fissions, one of the two formed fission products is gaseous. These are mainly the noble gases xenon and krypton with isotopes of xenon contributing up to 90% of the product gases. These noble fission gases do not combine with other species, and have a low solubility in the normally used uranium oxide matrix. They can be dissolved in the fuel matrix or precipitate in nanometer-sized bubbles within the fuel grain, in micrometer-sized bubbles at the grain boundaries, and a fraction also precipitates in fuel pores, coming from fuel fabrication. A fraction of the gas can also be released into the plenum of the fuel rod. With increasing fission, and therefore burn-up, the ceramic fuel material experiences a transformation of its structure in the 'cooler' rim region of the fuel. A subdivision occurs of the original fuel grains of few microns size into thousands of small grains of sub-micron sizes. ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The presence of an extraneous light gas must be taken into account in consideration of centrifugal separation of uranium isotopes, when there is inevitable leakage of such a gas through the gas sealant and/or leaking in from the atmosphere. Consideration is first given to the influence of the presence of the light gas on the maximum separative power. Then the basic equation for isotope separation containing a light gas is derived from Hirschfelder's diffusion equations. This equation is solved and the separative performance is expressed in terms of the shape factor and reflux parameter. The formulas for expressing the flow configurations of the gases are obtained for a simple model in which inflow and outflow prevail throughout the centrifuge. The corresponding equation for a model in which the gases flow in two concentric thin streams is also derived. It is concluded that the ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Gas separation membranes with polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)/polystyrene(PS) were prepared by using the sequential interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) method with various PS contents (10?70wt%). These gas separation membranes can be applied to reduce the smoke density in the emission gas of diesel engines. PS content has a pronounced effect on the membrane performance. It was found that the optimized PS contents in the final membrane were 50wt%. The emission capacities of diesel engines used in this study were 632 cc and 11,149 cc. When the oxygen separation membrane was used in the diesel engines, the smoke density of both diesel engines was remarkably reduced (35?73%). The oxygen concentration in the inlet air affects the composition of the emission gases. Especially, hydrocarbon (HC) dec...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A procedure was developed for separating rubidium from irradiated aluminum encapsulated uranium. The separations procedure produces a final ultra-high purity RbCl product for subsequent high performance mass spectrometric analysis. The procedure involves first removing most of the macro-components and fission products by strong base anion exchange using, first, concentrated HCl, then oxalic acid media and second, selectively separating rubidium from alkaline-earth ions and other alkali-metal ions, including cesium, using Bio-Rex-40 cation-exchange resin. The resultant RbCl is then put through a final vacuum sublimation step. Ultra-pure reagents and specially clean glassware are used throughout the procedure to minimize contamination by naturally-occurring rubidium.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A LLX procedure for carrier-free separation of the radioisotopes, {sup 47}Sc, {sup 48}V and {sup 48},{sup 49},{sup 51}Cr, the 40 MeV {alpha}-particle activation products of titanium has been developed. Sequential separations of the radionuclides produced in the titanium matrix through the nuclear reactions ({alpha}, {alpha}p{chi}n), ({alpha}, p{chi}n) and {alpha}, ({chi}n) have been performed through LLX from aqueous H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} and HClO{sub 4} acid media using the liquid cation exchanger, HDEHP, as an extractant. Purity of the carrier-free radiotracers at different stages of their separations has been verified by {gamma}-ray spectrometry. (author).

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

This paper discusses the fundamentals, applications, potential, limitations, and future perspectives of polarized light reflection techniques for the characterization of materials and related systems...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Inhibition of photosynthesis by ultraviolet-A radiation (UV-A, 315-380 nanometers) was examined in three marine angiosperms: Halophila engelmannii Aschers, Halodule wrightii...Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A solid layer artificial pollution test was carried out to study the pollution performance of a new type of hybrid station post insulator used in suspension and tensile high voltage transmission lines. The structure of the separated silicone rubber shed and porcelain core hybrid insulator was shown. The new insulator showed excellent pollution performance under both HVAC and HVDC conditions. It also exhibited excellent aging performance in artificial aging tests. The mechanical strength of the hybrid insulator was also better than normal composite insulators. Another advantage revealed was the fact that separated silicone rubber sheds and porcelain core hybrid post insulators are easier to manufacture than normal porcelain post insulators and other hybrid insulators. 5 refs., 6 tabs., 1 fig.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A dual-rate self-tuning control technique, in which the system identification and control calculation are performed separately, is proposed in this paper. This greatly increases the control rate. A self-tuning power system stabilizer (DSPSS) making use of this technique is developed and implemented using multi-micro-computers. Simulation and experimental results with DSPSS show that the increase in the control rate can considerably improve the system performance.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The performance of a high temperature ion source coupled to a helium gas-jet transport system for an efficient mass separation of neutron-rich alkaline earth and lanthanide isotopes is reported and the results of overall efficiency measurements using different cluster materials in the gas-jet are given. A fast, microprocessor controlled tape transport system for ..gamma..-spectroscopic studies on short-lived isotopes is described. Some results on the decay of 3.8sub(-s) /sup 152/Pr are presented. (orig.).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A zinc/air battery is claimed whose performance is improved by omitting separating elements such as diaphragms etc. The cathode and anode spaces are separated by a collector with holes big enough to permit the electrons to pass freely while restraining the anode material. Further, the active material consists of a spherical care of inert material with a zinc coating. Under the zinc coating, the spherical particles have another thin coating of an electropositive material, e.g. nickel. The cell also contains means for circulating the anode suspension.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The present invention relates generally to an apparatus and method for separating high molecular weight molecules from low molecular weight molecules. More specifically, the invention relates to the use of microdialysis for removal of the salt (low molecular weight molecules) from a nucleotide sample (high molecular weight molecules) for ESI-MS analysis. The dialysis or separation performance of the present invention is improved by (1) increasing dialysis temperature thereby increasing desalting efficiency and improving spectrum quality; (2) adding piperidine and imidazole to the dialysis buffer solution and reducing charge states and further increasing detection sensitivity for DNA; (3) using low concentrations of dialysis buffer and shifting the DNA negative ions to higher charge states, producing a nearly 10-fold increase in detection sensitivity and a slightly decreased desalting efficiency, or (4) any combination of ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A new organic-inorganic hybrid membrane has been prepared with exceptional performance in dewatering applications. The only precursor used in the sol-gel synthesis of the selective layer was organically linked 1,2-bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane (BTESE). The microporous structure of this layer enables selective molecular sieving of small molecules from larger ones. In the dehydration of n-butanol with 5% of water, the membrane shows a high separation factor of over 4000 and ultra-fast water transport at a rate of more than 20 kg m{sup -2} h{sup -1} at 150C. This can be related to the high adsorption capacity of the material and the sub-micron thickness of the selective layer. The selectivity has now remained constant over almost one and a half years under continuous process testing conditions. Apart from the hydrothermal stability, the membrane exhibits a high tolerance for acid contamination. A slow performance decline in flux ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This invention is a manufacturing method of a metal-hydrogen alkali battery cell consisting of a positive electrode of metal oxides, alkaline electrolyte solution and a separator containing an amide-radical, wherein the above treating solution is aqueous solution of KOH (or NaOH) which is heated at least at 40 centigrade and the separator is first immersiion-treated and then water-washed and dried. The amide-radical-containing separaator uses a nylon non-woven fabrics. Average molecular weight of nylon 66 is 12,000 - 20,000. In this invention, in order to improve the storage ability and the cycle characteristics which are caused by corrosion of a separator which takes place in the cell after its assembly, the separator is immersed in a hot alkali in order to obtain a non-woven fabric of nylon 66 consisting of alkali-stable high molecular weight portion, which is assembled into a battery. By this, the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

We review recent development in separations and mass spectrometric instrumentation for sensitive and high-throughput proteomic analyses. These efforts have been primarily focused on the development of high-efficiency (separation peak capacity of ~103) nanoscale liquid chromatography (nanoLC; e.g., flow rates extending down to ~20 nL/min at optimal separation linear velocities through narrow packed capillaries) in combination with advanced mass spectrometry (MS), including high sensitivity and high resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) MS. This technology enables MS analysis of low nanogram-level proteomic samples (i.e., nanoscale proteomics) with individual protein identification sensitivity at the low zeptomole-level. The resultant protein measurement dynamic range can reach 106 for nanogram-sized proteomic samples, while more abundant proteins can be detected from complex sub-picogram size proteome ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The performance of the gas-jet transport system coupled to the RIKEN gas-filled recoil ion separator GARIS was investigated using 255No produced in the 238U(22Ne, 5n)255No reaction. Alpha particles of 255No separated with GARIS and transported by the gas-jet system were measured with a rotating wheel apparatus for ? spectrometry under low background condition. The high gas-jet efficiencies of about 75% were independent of the recoil ranges of 255No in the gas-jet chamber. The present results suggest that the GARIS/gas-jet system is a promising tool for the next-generation superheavy element chemistry: (1) the background radioactivities of unwanted reaction products are strongly suppressed, (2) the intense beam is absent in the gas-jet chamber and hence the high gas-jet efficiency is achieved, and (3) the beam-free condition also allows for investigations of new chemical systems. (author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A rapid and accurate method for the direct simultaneous determination of nitrate and nitrite is proposed. The method is applied to the determination of nitrate and nitrite in rainwater and wastewater without preliminary separation. The determinations are performed by a CPA matrix method with ultraviolet spectrophotometric detection. The results obtained are in agreement with those obtained by conventional methods for the determination of nitrate and nitrite.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Results are described of the study of the analytical applicability of a highly efficient ion source developed for a mass spectrometer. Its ionizer is in the form of a partially closed cavity with a small aperture for leading out ions, heated to a high temperature. The new ion source increases the sensitivity of the apparatus in operations with transuranium elements by almost two orders of magnitude. It is possible to perform isotopic analyses with a high salt content in the sample, and to study the characteristics of nuclear fuel, even without chemical separation of the sample elements.

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Investigations of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) function were performed in a 5-yr-old white female with delayed umbilical cord separation, impaired pus formation, and a severe defect of PMN chemotaxis....Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The results of an investigation of the effects of several parameters on the reactivity instability of a Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) calculational model are summarized. Calculations were performed for a typical BWR operated at low flow conditions, where reactivity instabilities are more likely to occur. The parameters investigated include the axial power shape (characterized by two separate parameters), the core pressure, and operating flow. All calculations were performed using the LAPUR code which was developed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory for the dynamic modeling of large BWR's. 4 refs., 8 figs.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A prospective study was performed on 50 patients suffering from osteochondritis dissecans of the knee and ankle to define criteria for stability and fixation of osteochondral lesions. Morphological parameters in MRI (size, fragmentation, cartilage, interface) and conventional radiology (separation, fragmentation) were registered and compared with arthroscopical staging. MRI staging based on different types of interfaces was demonstrated on T_1- and T_2-weighted images. MRI could correctly predict a Grade 1 lesion in 50%, a Grade 2 lesion in 90%, a Grade 3 lesion on 0%, and a Grade 4 lesion in 79%. Stable lesions were differentiated from unstable lesions in 90%. Radiographic findings corresponded with arthroscopic staging in only 56% of the cases because fibrotic connection may guarantee stability in case of bony separation. (orig./MG).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Research facilities and personnel in high efficiency separation processes for carbon dioxide removal from industrial sources, such as fossil fuel fired power stations, goal gasification plants, and hydrogen production units for enhanced oil recovery applications at the University of Regina were described. A brief summary of current projects, such as the determination of CO{sub 2} absorption capacity of sterically hindered amines, the formulation of high CO{sub 2} absorption capacity solvents, the search for high performance absorbers and regenerators, studies on material corrosion, and optimization and cost studies of co-production of CO{sub 2} and electricity, was also provided.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

An integrated beam optics-nuclear processes framework is essential for accurate simulation of fragment separator beam dynamics. The code COSY INFINITY provides powerful differential algebraic methods for modeling and beam dynamics simulations in absence of beam-material interactions. However, these interactions are key for accurately simulating the dynamics of heavy ion fragmentation and fission. We have developed an extended version of the code that includes these interactions, and a set of new tools that allow efficient and accurate particle transport: by transfer map in vacuum and by Monte Carlo methods in materials. The new framework is presented, along with several examples from a preliminary layout of a fragment separator for a facility for rare isotope beams.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This review briefly describes current efforts to develop superradiant sources of coherent radiation for the sub-nanometer range of wavelenghs, using nuclear rather than the atomic or molecular transitions that are stimulated in existing lasers. First the radiative (including Raman) interactions of nuclei with those of atoms and molecules are compared; then the present status of research on the fundamental problems involved in stimulating nuclear gamma radiation is described. (author). 20 refs.; 2 figs.

CERN Document Server

Predictions and measurements of a multimode waveguide interferometer operating in a fibre coupled, ``dual-mode'' regime are reported. With a 1.32 micrometer source, a complete switching cycle of the output beam is produced by a 10.0 nanometer incremental change in the 8.0 micrometer width of the hollow planar mirror waveguide. This equates to a fringe spacing of $\\sim\\lambda /130$. This is an order of magnitude smaller than previously reported results for this form of interferometer.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Objective Comorbidities predisposing cardiac surgical patients toward deep sternal wound infection, such as diabetes and obesity, are rising in the United States. Longitudinal analysis of risk factors, morbidity, and mortality was performed to assessed effects of these health trends on deep sternal wound infection rates. Methods In this retrospective analysis of all median sternotomies performed at a single institution from 1991 through 2006, demographic and surgical characteristics were identified from a prospective database. The cohort was separated into periods from 1992 through 2001 and 2002 through 2006 to identify longitudinal trends in risk factors for deep sternal wound infection. Univariate and matched multivariable analyses were performed. Results Overall, study population had in...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The unknown {beta}-decay half-lives of 22 isotopes far off stability (5 < T{sub Z} < 10) in the region from Ti to Ni were measured at GSI, Darmstadt. The nuclei were produced in a fragmentation reaction of 500 A.MeV {sup 86}Kr-projectile impinging on a thick Be target. The isotopes of interest were separated and identified with the fragment separator, FRS, by a combination of B{rho},Z, and ToF techniques. An additional range separation was performed by a selective implantation into granular detectors. The spatial and time correlations of the implant with the consecutively detected {beta}-particles were used to determine the unknown half-lives. For nuclei far off stability, {beta}-decay chains were measured and analyzed as well, leading to an even more reliable evaluation of the lifetimes. The large discrepancies found between the measured and the theoretical values emphasize that most recent ...

Science.gov (United States)

The enantiomeric separations of three pesticides fipronil (asymmetric nitrogen), isocarbophos (asymmetric phosphorus) and carfentrazone-ethyl (asymmetric carbon) were studied on cellulose-tri(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) chiral stationary phase using high-performance liquid chromatography under normal phase. The mobile phase was n-hexane with alcohols including ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol, n-butanol and iso-butanol as polar modifiers. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min with UV detection at 280, 225 and 230 nm for fipronil, isocarbophos and carfentrazone-ethyl respectively. The influence of the modifiers and their volume content and temperature from 0 to 50 degrees C on the separations was investigated. The chiral stationary phase showed excellent stereoselectivity for the two enantiomers of fipronil and isocarbophos and certain chiral recognition for carfentrazone-ethyl. Iso-propanol was more suitable for the chiral ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

In order to effectively recover uranium, rotation speed of solid cathode was examined, and effect of uranium concentration and current density on electrodeposition were confirmed. And the potentiostatic and galvanostatic electrorefining experiments were conducted. Element used in the experiments were Zr, Nd, La chlorides. The reduction potentials of chlorides metals on liquid Cd cathode were measured by cyclic voltammetry experiments. The electrowinning experiments were performed in order to recover small amounts of uranium in salt. Experimental set-up for the batch type reductive extraction experiments were developed and installed. On the base of experimental results of batch type, multi-stage extraction equipment was set-up, and optimum number of stage and recover yield were measured. In the oxidative extraction study is examine selective separation behavior of the rare earth metals from alloy composed of actinide and lanthanide metals to ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The unknown #beta#-decay half-lives of 22 isotopes far off stability (5 < T_Z < 10) in the region from Ti to Ni were measured at GSI, Darmstadt. The nuclei were produced in a fragmentation reaction of 500 A.MeV "8"6Kr-projectile impinging on a thick Be target. The isotopes of interest were separated and identified with the fragment separator, FRS, by a combination of B#rho#,Z, and ToF techniques. An additional range separation was performed by a selective implantation into granular detectors. The spatial and time correlations of the implant with the consecutively detected #beta#-particles were used to determine the unknown half-lives. For nuclei far off stability, #beta#-decay chains were measured and analyzed as well, leading to an even more reliable evaluation of the lifetimes. The large discrepancies found between the measured and the theoretical values emphasize that most recent theoretical ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This report presents the results of Run 260 performed at the Advanced Coal Liquefaction R&D Facility in Wilsonville. The run was started on July 17, 1990 and continued until November 14, 1990, operating in the Close-Coupled Integrated Two-Stage Liquefaction mode processing Black Thunder mine subbituminous coal (Wyodak-Anderson seam from Wyoming Powder River Basin). Both thermal/catalytic and catalytic/thermal tests were performed to determine the methods for reducing solids buildup in a subbituminous coal operation, and to improve product yields. A new, smaller interstage separator was tested to reduce solids buildup by increasing the slurry space velocity in the separator. In order to obtain improved coal and resid conversions (compared to Run 258) full-volume thermal reactor and 3/4-volume catalytic reactor were used. Shell 324 catalyst, 1/16 in. cylindrical extrudate, at a replacement rate of 3 ...

Science.gov (United States)

The authors described a method for determination of tissue renin activity with heterologous substrate. The preparation of the substrate was performed at several stages: salting with amonium sulfate; dialisis of the precipitate till complete separation of amonium sulfate molecules; distruction of angiotensinases by interchangeble souring and alcalization of the medium; lyophylization of the pure substrate. The obtained renin-substrate was preserved in ampules and its usage had a series of advantages--duration, economic, a possibility for standartization of the determination, etc., which were described in details in the article. The described in details also the quantitative determination of the renin activity in the tissues (renal and cerebral) with the help of the obtained substrate as the moments, modiied by the authors, were indicated. PMID:436712

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gasification experiments were performed using urban waste wood (Altholz) with additions of polymers typical for separately collected waste plastics. The resulting tar product distributions are discussed in this paper. The amount of tars is shown to be a function of operation parameters of the gasifier as well as the fuel. Plastics admixture yields higher concentrations of aromatic tar compounds in the gases, even if the plastic used is not aromatic in its structure. Such mixtures can be gasified for the production of synthesis gas, but clearly a larger effort will be required in cleaning the gases. (author)

Science.gov (United States)

ABS>A horizontal steam generator design for the SM-2 was lysis to determine the per formance of such a steam generator under steady state operating conditions and during load transients, The configuration for this design is a two- drum unit consisting of a heat exchanger unit and separator drum interconnected by integral riser and downcomer. An analog computer was used to analyze the steam generator behavior Wring load transients. The effect of various design changes on the response of the steam generator to step chages in load was determined. The horizontal steam generator design was compared to the existing vertical steam generator design for weight, size, price, and performance. (auth)

CERN Document Server

We take the point of view of a particle performing random walk with bounded jumps on Z^d in a stationary and ergodic random environment. We prove the quenched large deviation principle (LDP) for the pair empirical measure of the environment Markov chain. By the contraction principle, we deduce the quenched LDP for the mean velocity of the particle and obtain a variational formula for the corresponding rate function. We propose an Ansatz for the minimizer of this formula. We verify this Ansatz for nearest-neighbor walks on Z. As a separate result, we give a probabilistic formula for the ergodic invariant density of the environment Markov chain in the case of ballistic random walk with bounded jumps on Z.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A method for the determination of different ''bare'' characteristics of the one-particle motion and one-particle basis in magic nuclei is described. The method is based on separating out the mixing with phonons from the phenomenological one-particle characteristics. By means of a generalization of the procedure for localization of the mass operator, relations linking the bare and phenomenological characteristics are obtained. The radial dependence of these characteristics in finite nuclei and the influence of the quasiparticle--phonon interaction on the phenomenological characteristics are studied. Calculations are performed for the neutrons in /sup 208/Pb.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pittston Coal Company recognized the potential economic benefit of improving process efficiency with increased capacity at it`s U.K. No. 1 Coal Preparation Plant. Accordingly, extensive research, both domestically and internationally, was conducted to select the appropriate technologies to achieve the desired circuit in the most cost effective manner while, at the same time, sacrificing neither structural integrity nor process performance. Large diameter heavy media cyclone technology was combined with highly efficient banana type screens and improved high intensity magnetic separators to create a coordinated process circuit that provided high efficiency at very high capacities in an economically attractive package.

Science.gov (United States)

... Separation," AGARD,Rept 272, April 1960, ... Leading Edge Effect on Supersonic Boundary Layer Flow." ... of Gas Injection in Separated Flows." TCEA, ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This paper reported on a study in which rapeseeds were separated into high quality seed for food oil and low quality seed for biofuels. A laboratory-scale oilseed screw press was then used to examine the effects of choke opening and seed preheating on the rapeseed pressing performance and the quality of food oil and biofuels oil. Oil recovery and chlorophyll content was found to increase as maximum pressure increased. In terms of pressing performance, the rapeseed heated by microwaves yielded more oil and chlorophyll than without heating. The NEB ratio of microwave heating press with an 8.0 mm choke opening was advantageous. Rapeseed oil extracted from low quality seeds was found to have a high acid value. The quality of oil extracted by oilseed screw press was found to be good and met the requirements of the Codex Alimentarius for edible oils.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Y{sub 2-x}Tb{sub x}SiO{sub 5} and Y{sub 2-x}Eu{sub x}SiO{sub 5} nanophosphors with seven different kinds of silicate sources were synthesized by sol-gel method. The structures have been investigated to be composed of nanometer-size grains of 30-60 nm through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to compare the different morphology of patterns from seven different silicon sources. The photoluminescence of Y{sub 2-x}Tb{sub x}SiO{sub 5} was investigated as a function of silicate sources and the results revealed that these nanometer materials showed the characteristic emission {sup 5}D{sub 4} {yields} {sup 7}F{sub J} (J 6, 5, 4, 3) of Tb ions. The characteristic emission {sup 5}D{sub 0} {yields} {sup 7}F{sub J} (J = 1, 2, 4) of Eu ions was also found in the materials of Y{sub 2-x}Eu{sub x}SiO{sub 5}.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) offers high sensitivity and high accuracy in quantitative measurements of chemical compositions and mass coverages. Owing to the low detection limits of the wavelength-dispersive technique, monolayers with mass coverages of about 0.05 pg cm z can be detected. Assuming a density of 5 g cm--3 this corresponds to a thickness of 0.1 nm. With these advantages in mind, EPMA was extended to depth profile analysis in the sub-micron range using a surface removal technique. The present paper shows how depth profile analysis can be improved by combining EPMA and the focused ion beam (FIB) technique. The focused ion beam system uses a Ga+ ion beam. The ion beam allows the milling of defined geometries on the nanometer scale, so that very shallow bevels with exactly defined angles in relation to the surface can be obtained. Low surface damage is expected due to low sputtering effects. Calibrated WDX measurements along the bevel deliver ...

Science.gov (United States)

Thesis. Five-particle shell-model calculations, using a spin-dependent potential, were performed for the nucleus /sup 101/Tc. The effects of varying the single-particle energy differences and the strengths of the spin-dependent and pairing terms are discussed. The isobars /sup 101/Mo and /sup 101/Tc were chemically separated to enable the detailed study of their decay schemes. As a result, 184 gamma rays were observed in the decay of /sup 101/Mo, and 169 of them were assigned to 45 levels in /sup 101/Tc. In the decay of /sup 101/Tc, 27 gamma rays were observed, and 26 of them were assigned to 11 levels in /sup 101/Ru. In a study of the decays of /sup 142/Xe and /sup 142/Cs the TRI STAN on-line isotope separator was used to separate the 142 mass chain produced in /sup 235/U fission with /sup 142/2Xe as the emanating and accelerated nuclide. Isobaric ...

CERN Document Server

Defects ~10 nm in size, with number densities ~10^{10} cm^{-2}, form spontaneously beneath ion-milled, etched, or HF-dipped silicon surfaces examined in our Ti-ion getter-pumped transmission electron microscope (TEM) after exposure to air. They appear as weakly-strained non-crystalline intrusions into silicon bulk, that show up best in the TEM under conditions of strong edge or bend contrast. If ambient air exposure is <10 minutes, defect nucleation and growth can be monitored {\\em in situ}. Possible mechanisms of formation are discussed.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Epitaxial thin films of nanotwinned face-centered cubic metals such as Cu possess an unprecedented combination of high hardness and high electrical conductivity due to the unique structure of nanometer-spaced coherent twin boundaries. Recent studies of in-situ nanoindentation in a transmission electron microscope have provided new insights on the deformation behavior of nanotwins that are reviewed here. In particular, two unit processes are highlighted: first, stress-induced migration of ?3 {112} incoherent twin boundary that leads to de-twinning of nanotwins; second, twinning dislocation can be multiplied at ?3 {111} coherent twin boundary.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

We demonstrate the possibility to fabricate arrays of pores oriented perpendicular and parallel to the top surface of the ZnSe nanotemplate. The control of material conductivity allows one to produce porous ZnSe samples with the mean pore diameter and characteristic skeleton wall thickness from several hundreds of nanometers to about 15 nm. In addition, electrochemical treatment of ZnSe single crystals using photoresist masks allows one to prepare buried porous structures with pores directed parallel to the top template surface, which is especially important for photonic applications.

International Science & Technology Center (ISTC)

Development of Bipolar Separator Plates with Porous Insertions of Metal Felt as Bearing Surfaces for Fuel Cell Electrodes

Science.gov (United States)

The waterjet technique enables precise tissue dissection without thermal damage and with preservation of vessels in general surgery. In neurosurgery, these qualities could help to avoid damage of intact brain parenchyma in tumour resections. The present study reports our first results with this technique in brain metastases. Ten patients with intracranial metastases underwent surgery with the aid of the waterjet. Resection was performed in combination with conventional neurosurgical methods. The follow-up consisted of neurological examination and MRI studies. Intraoperatively, the device was easy to handle. No complications due to the device were observed. Vessels were preserved at pressures below 20 bars. Six of the tumours consisted of soft tissue which was poorly demarcated from the surrounding brain. In these tumours, the waterjet was very helpful. It enabled tumour debulking by aspiration and - more important - precise separation of tumour ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Purpose: To evaluate a T_2-weighted URSE sequence for the assessment of pulmonary infiltrations in comparison to CT. Methods: 28 MRT scans of 22 patients with confirmed pneumonia were recorded on a 1.5 Tesla apparatus with an expiratory and diastolic triggered, T_2-weighted ultrafast-spin-echo sequence in axial slice mode with the following parameters: TR_e_f_f/T_E/Turbofactor 2000-4000/90 ms/21-23; slice thickness/separation 6/0.6 mm; FOV 360 mm; 24 slices. 24 spiral CTs (sice thickness/table advance: 1-2 mm/10 mm) were available for comparison. The separate evaluation of MRTs and CTs was performed by three radiologists in a consensus procedure with regard to pulmonary lesions (e.g., infiltration, round foci, net patterns) and image quality of the MRTs (4-step scale). Results: In 71% of the cases the CTs and MRTs agreed with the diagnosis and representation of the lesions, in 25% MRT was superior. MRT was better for the ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Liquid metal ion sources (LMISs) with Ga as ion species are widely used in focused ion beam (FIB) technology for micromachining and surface treatment on the sub-micron and nano-scale. Key features of a LMIS for investigating mechanical properties and 3D-microfabrication of materials are long life-time, high brightness, stable ion current and a highly effective milling ability for the material to be modified. In order to increase the material removal rate, heavier ions than Ga and their clusters should be applied. Bismuth (Bi) is the heaviest, non-radio-active element in the periodic table, is non-toxic and exhibits a low melting point. We have thus produced a long-life (about 1000 h) Bi LMIS with a good beam performance, applicable in any FIB system. Since Bi is the only element in this source, it is not necessary to separate it from other ions by a mass filter. Investigation of the sputtering rate of NiTi shape memory alloys using Ga and Bi ...

CERN Document Server

The production of X-ray radiation with a high degree of circular polarization constitutes an important goal at XFEL facilities. A simple scheme to obtain circular polarization control with crossed undulators has been proposed so far. In its simplest configuration the crossed undulators consist of pair of short planar undulators in crossed position separated by an electromagnetic phase shifter. An advantage of this configuration is a fast helicity switching. A drawback is that a high degree of circular polarization (over 90%) can only be achieved for lengths of the insertion devices significantly shorter than the gain length, i.e. at output power significantly lower than the saturation power level. The obvious and technically possible extension considered in this paper, is to use a setup with two or more crossed undulators separated by phase shifters. This cascade crossed undulator scheme is distinguished, in performance, by ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Tank Waste Remediation System (TWRS) Program mission is to store, treat, and immobilize highly radioactive Hanford Site waste (current and future tank waste and the strontium/cesium capsules) in an environmentally sound, safe, and cost-effective manner. The scope of the TWRS Waste Pretreatment Program is to treat tank waste and separate that waste into HLW and LLW fractions and provide additional treatment as required to feed LLW and HLW immobilization facilities. Enhanced sludge washing was chosen as the baseline process for separating Hanford tank waste sludge. Section 1.0 briefly discusses the purpose of the evaluation plan and provides the background that led to the choice of enhanced sludge washing as the baseline process. Section 2.0 provides a brief summary of the evaluation plan details. Section 3.0 discusses, in some detail, the technical work planned to support the evaluation of enhanced sludge washing. Section 4.0 briefly ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Center for Nuclear Waste Regulatory Analyses organized and hosted a workshop on ``Rock Mechanics Issues in Repository Design and Performance Assessment`` on behalf its sponsor the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). This workshop was held on September 19- 20, 1994 at the Holiday Inn Crowne Plaza, Rockville, Maryland. The objectives of the workshop were to stimulate exchange of technical information among parties actively investigating rock mechanics issues relevant to the proposed high-level waste repository at Yucca Mountain and identify/confirm rock mechanics issues important to repository design and performance assessment The workshop contained three technical sessions and two panel discussions. The participants included technical and research staffs representing the NRC and the Department of Energy and their contractors, as well as researchers from the academic, commercial, and international technical communities. These ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This proceedings is the compilation of papers presented at the ninth PV Performance and Reliability Workshop held at the Sheraton Denver West Hotel on September 4--6, 1996. This years workshop included presentations from 25 speakers and had over 100 attendees. All of the presentations that were given are included in this proceedings. Topics of the papers included: defining service lifetime and developing models for PV module lifetime; examining and determining failure and degradation mechanisms in PV modules; combining IEEE/IEC/UL testing procedures; AC module performance and reliability testing; inverter reliability/qualification testing; standardization of utility interconnect requirements for PV systems; need activities to separate variables by testing individual components of PV systems (e.g. cells, modules, batteries, inverters,charge controllers) for individual reliability and then test them in actual system ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fluid dynamic analysis of a commercial, counter-flow Ranque-Hilsch Vortex Tube (Rh vt), Ex air 25 s cfm, has been performed in this work both experimentally and numerically; in particular Rh vt cooling power and temperature separation performances have been tested in both direct cooling employment (jet impingement) and indirect cooling employment (supplying cold plates). Experimental techniques, used in this work, revealed several difficulties to produce detailed information about velocity and temperature fields inside the tube and at both the exits. Hence numerical simulation of the flow inside the tube has been conducted using the commercial Cfd code Fluent 6.3.26. Compressible, turbulent, high swirling flow inside Rh vt has been simulated by using both Rans and Les approaches. In particular several turbulence closures have been used in the Rans simulations and results have been compared with Les ones. Large Eddy ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Na/S battery can have the higher energy density and higher power density than that of existing high performance secondary battery. This battery is expected to use for electric load leveling and electric vehicle. Ni/MH battery was developed in advanced countries, but it is one of the advanced technologies which are preserved in their own country. In the study on Na/S battery, properties of B{sup -}alumina electrolyte was investigated. Also the construction technologies of this test cell was established by combining tube type of B{sup -}alumina solid electrolyte with Na-, S- electrode etc. Especially of this cell, charge/discharge performance and open circuit voltage was examined. Mi/MH battery sample were tested with SBT500 system for self-discharge rate at room temp, was measured. It was found that the electrolyte and separator can be optimized to minimize the self-discharge rate. (author). refs., figs., tabs.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Two rapidly solidified powders with compositions Al-6.7 wt.% Fe-5.9 wt.% Ce and Al-6.2 wt.% Fe-5.9 wt.% Ce-1.63 wt.% Si were separated into -32 [mu]m and +32 to -63 [mu]m size fractions. Powders from both size fractions were extruded at 500 C. For comparison purposes, extrusion at a lower temperature of 400 C was also performed. In this investigation, tensile property evaluation indicated that processing of finer size fractions at high temperature offers no advantages in terms of the tensile properties but is advantageous in terms of improving the fracture toughness of alloy B. These observations underline the importance of the stability of powder microstructure during thermomechanical processing for the development of optimum mechanical properties. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The slurry-Zn/air battery system has received renewed R and D interest because it does not have the shape-change problems of batteries with Zn-plate electrodes and can sustain higher current densities and specific peak power than other metal-air battery systems. Additional advantages of the slurry-Zn/air battery include safety, low environmental impact, potential low cost, and separation of energy density from power density functions for design purposes. In this work we present results obtained at the individual cell level as a basis to estimate the performance of a secondary slurry-Zn/air battery system. The expected specific energy of such systems has been increased as a result of the use of capacity-extension additives, which has been one of the major thrusts of this work. 8 refs., 20 figs., 5 tabs.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Targets for heterogeneous transmutation of americium are composed of a support material, the inert matrix and of an americium oxide compound: AmO{sub 2-x} or Am{sub 2}O{sub 3}. In parallel to the studies using americium, simulated compounds of americium oxide, chosen amongst lanthanide oxides, are used. The selection of these compounds is based on theoretical, physical and crystallochemical considerations. In order to assess the influence of impurities composed of lanthanide oxides, resulting from the separation process, on the physical and chemical properties of such a target, synthesis of oxide powders containing impurities associated with the simulated americium oxide, characterizations, crystallographic studies and sodium compatibility tests have been performed. (author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In the frame of the comprehensive assessment of Swiss energy systems, air quality simulations were performed by using a 3-dimensional photo-chemical dispersion model. The objective is to investigate the impacts of pollutants in Switzerland for future options of Swiss energy systems. Four scenarios were investigated: Base Case: simulations with the projected emissions for the year 2030, Scenario 1) all nuclear power plants were replaced by oil-driven combined cycle plants (CCP), Scenarios 2 to 4) traffic emissions were reduced in whole Switzerland as well as in the cities and on the highways separately. Changes in the pollutant concentrations and depositions, and the possible short-term impacts are discussed on the basis of exceedences of critical levels for plants and limits given to protect the public health. (author) 2 figs., 7 refs.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

A new series of anatase TiO2 hollow structures were prepared by a facile hydrothermal process. When the hydrothermal time was increased from 20min to 72h, the resulting TiO2 solid spheres gradually transformed into TiO2 hollow spheres with higher surface crystallinity and exposed {001} facets. The as-prepared TiO2-72h sample exhibited the highest activity comparing to other TiO2-based samples and commercial product Degussa P-25 towards the selective photocatalytic oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde. Such great photocatalytic performance was mainly attributed to enhanced UV-adsorption and better charge separation efficiency due to higher surface crystallinity of TiO2-72h.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

By using Bragg curve spectroscopy, one can measure atomic number and energy of high energy heavy ions stopping in a gas-filled ionization chamber with longitudinal electric field. In this paper, we report on the results obtained with an isobutane filled detector. An energy resolution of 0.8% fwhm and a Z resolution of 2.7% fwhm were achieved for elastically scattered 300 MeV "4"0Ar ions. We study the Bragg peak amplitude dependence on the energy of the incoming ions, a dependence presumably due to the Frisch grid screening inefficiency. The corrected Bragg peak spectrum of inelastically scattered 300 MeV "4"0Ar ions exhibits a satisfactory Z separation around Z = 18. (orig.).

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Electrostatic separation has already proved to be an effective means for the recycling of granular plastics from industrial wastes. The aim of the present work was to optimize the operation of a novel device that could ensure effective triboelectric charging of such materials prior to their selective sorting in a high-intensity electric field. The experiments were performed on two sorts of mm-size granular materials Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene and High Impact Polystyrene, originating from the processing of waste electric and electronic equipment. The samples were introduced in a Polyvinyl Chloride cylinder, where a co-axial propeller entrained the plastic granules into a helical motion that favored their triboelectric charging by combining the mechanical and aerodynamical effects. The ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This study characterized selected commercial volume reduction technologies as to performance and associated costs. VR facility designs were developed for each of the reference VR technologies. Associated on-site storage requirements and cost were also determined. Eight VR technologies were selected for consideration: improved compactor; high pressure compactor (supercompactor); incinerator; fluid bed dryer and incinerator; evaporator crystallizer; evaporator extruder; mobile incinerator; and mobile thin-film evaporator. A representative facility design was developed for each VR technology and for several combinations of technologies. Thirteen separate cases are noted in the following table when retrofit and new facilities are considered.

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RHIC 8 cm aperture dipole magnets and quadrupole cold masses are being built for Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) by Northrop Grumman Corporation at a production rate of one dipole magnet and two quadrupole cold masses per day. This work was preceded by a lengthy Technology Transfer effort which is described elsewhere. This paper describes the tooling which is being used for the construction effort, the production operations at each workstation, and also the use of trend plots of critical construction parameters as a tool for monitoring performance in production. A report on the improvements to production labor since the start of the programs is also provided. The magnet and cold mass designs, and magnetic test results are described in more detail in a separate paper.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is a method of reducing the emissions of nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere. Peerless Manufacturing Co. specialises in designing and building SCR systems. The company uses fluid flow modelling to design systems, creating physical and/or numerical flow models to normalise the flow and eliminate potential problems. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to visualise fluid flow within SCR units and other types of equipment involving phase separators, air intake systems etc. An example is given of use of the commercial CFD code FLUENT to create a full-scale model of an SCR unit so its design could be modified for optimum performance. 1 fig., 1 photo.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A new technique has been developed for the measurement of steam mass flowrate, water mass flowrate and total enthalpy of two-phase fluids produced from geothermal wells. The method involves precisely metered injection of liquid and vapor phase tracers into the two-phase production pipeline and concurrent sampling of each phase downstream of the injection point. Subsequent chemical analysis of the steam and water samples for tracer content enables the calculation of mass flowrate for each phase given the known mass injection rates of tracer. This technique has now been used extensively at the Coso geothermal project, owned and operated by California Energy Company. Initial validation of the method was performed at the Roosevelt Hot Springs geothermal project on wells producing to individual production separators equipped with orificeplate flowmeters for each phase.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Heat transfer through the gas diffusion layer (GDL) is a key process in the design and operation of a PEM fuel cell. The analysis of this process requires the determination of the effective thermal conductivity as well as the thermal contact resistance between the GDL and adjacent surfaces/layers. The Part 1 companion paper describes an experimental procedure and a test bed devised to allow separation of the effective thermal conductivity and thermal contact resistance, and presents measurements under a range of static compressive loads. In practice, during operation of a fuel cell stack, the compressive load on the GDL changes. In the present study, experiments are performed on Toray carbon papers with 78% porosity and 5% PTFE under a cyclic compressive load. Results show a significant hy...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Background: Ventricular repolarization (VR) is strongly influenced by heart rate (HR) and autonomic nervous activity, both of which also are important for arrhythmogenesis. Their relative influence on VR is difficult to separate, but might be crucial for understanding while some but not other individuals are at risk for life-threatening arrhythmias at a certain HR. This study was therefore designed to assess the -pure- effect of HR increase by atrial pacing on the ventricular gradient (VG) and other vectorcardiographically (VCG) derived VR parameters during an otherwise unchanged condition. Methods: In 19 patients with structurally normal hearts, a protocol with stepwise increased atrial pacing was performed after successful arrhythmia ablation. Conduction intervals were measured on averag...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

As part of the United States Department of Agricultures (USDA) National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program (NFNAP), food composition data for vitamin D in the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference are being updated and expanded, focusing on high priority foods and validated analytical methodology. A lack of certified reference materials and analytical methods validated for these key foods required the development of five matrix-specific control composite materials (CC) (canned salmon and vitamin D3 fortified cereal, orange juice, milk, and cheese). Each of six experienced laboratories (research and commercial) analyzed vitamin D3 in five subsamples of each CC in five separate analytical batches, with one subsample of each material in each run. Research laboratories perform...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Experimental investigations have been conducted to determine two-phase natural circulation interfacial parameters by real-time neutron radiography. The natural circulation loop used in the present experiments consists of a vertical two-phase section, a gas liquid separator, and a gas injection/heating section. Experiments were performed in a neutron beam for visualization using realtime neutron radiography system. The natural circulation was initiated by injection of known gas flow rate in the heated section. Two-phase flow interfacial parameters including interfacial geometry and phase velocities etc. for bubbly flow and slug flow patterns observed in the experiments will be given in detail. The results indicate that while the natural circulation is largely as expected and that steady stable flows are possible, there are some local phenomena that introduce instabilities due to the interfacial phenomena between the liquid and the gas.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

A dry interim storage facility has been constructed at the Wolsung power plant in Korea. This dry storage facility has seven separated modules. There are 40 long slender cylinders in one module. In one cylinder, ten baskets where sixty CANDU spent fuel bundles are loaded are stacked and stored. For this dry storage facility, analyses and tests for hypothetical accident conditions that might occur while moving and storing the baskets into a cylinder were performed. In a demonstration test, one of test basket models did not satisfy one of the safety-related requirements. Thus, the revised basket designs were generated using a structural evaluation based on finite element analyses and specimen tests. Among these revised designs, one design was chosen as a final revised basket design. The fina...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) is a very useful technique for recovering bioactive molecules from natural materials using subcritical compressed liquid water in the temperature range of 50-150degreeC. A novel process has been developed for making a natural sweetener from licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) roots involving selective chemical reaction and easy separation, for recovering mono-ammonium glycyrrhizate (MAG) using hot water with dissolved ammonia and pressurized with carbon dioxide. The performance of the novel PHWE process has been evaluated to ascertain the optimum process parameters to maximize the recovery of MAG by varying the parameters, such as temperature (30-120degreeC), pressure (1-10atm), extraction time (60-120min), water-to-feed ratio (20-40ml/g), number of stages...

CERN Document Server

We present a single solid-state laser system to cool, coherently manipulate and detect $^{25}$Mg$^+$ ions. Coherent manipulation is accomplished by coupling two hyperfine ground state levels using a pair of far-detuned Raman laser beams. Resonant light for Doppler cooling and detection is derived from the same laser source by means of an electro-optic modulator, generating a sideband which is resonant with the atomic transition. We demonstrate ground-state cooling of one of the vibrational modes of the ion in the trap using resolved-sideband cooling. The cooling performance is studied and discussed by observing the temporal evolution of Raman-stimulated sideband transitions. The setup is a major simplification over existing state-of-the-art systems, typically involving up to three separate laser sources.

Science.gov (United States)

A separation phenomenon occurring during the Charpy impact test of API X80 pipeline steels was investigated in the present study. A detailed microstructural analysis of fractured impact specimens showed that the band structure of bainite elongated along the rolling direction worked as prior initiation sites for separations, and that the number and length of the separations increased with the increasing volume fraction of bainite. In the steels having high work hardenability, tearing-shaped separations were found because the hammer-impacted region was seriously hardened during the impact test, which led to the reduction in the impact toughness. As the test temperature decreased, the tendency toward separations increased, but separations were not found when the cleavage fracture prevailed at very low temperatures. These findings suggested that the formation of ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A new method that allows rapid preconcentration and separation of plutonium and neptunium in water samples was developed for the measurement of {sup 237}Np and Pu isotopes by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and alpha spectrometry; a hybrid approach. {sup 238}U can interfere with {sup 239}Pu measurement by ICP-MS as {sup 238}UH{sup +} mass overlap and {sup 237}Np via peak tailing. The method provide enhanced removal of uranium by separating Pu and Np initially on TEVA Resin, then moving Pu to DGA resin for additional removal of uranium. The decontamination factor for uranium from Pu is almost 100,000 and the decontamination factor for U from Np is greater than 10,000. This method uses stacked extraction chromatography cartridges and vacuum box technology to facilitate rapid separations. Preconcentration is performed using a streamlined calcium phosphate precipitation method. ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Energy Conversion and Storage Program applies chemistry and materials science principles to solve problems in (1) production of new synthetic fuels, (2) development of high-performance rechargeable batteries and fuel cells, (3) development of advanced thermochemical processes for energy conversion, (4) characterization of complex chemical processes, and (5) application of novel materials for energy conversion and transmission. Projects focus on transport-process principles, chemical kinetics, thermodynamics, separation processes, organic and physical chemistry, novel materials, and advanced methods of analysis. Electrochemistry research aims to develop advanced power systems for electric vehicle and stationary energy storage applications. Topics include identification of new electrochemical couples for advanced rechargeable batteries, improvements in battery and fuel-cell materials, and the establishment of engineering principles applicable ...

Science.gov (United States)

In this paper, necessary and sufficient conditions for successful detection of errors in a binary adder by any separate code are developed. The author demonstrates the existence of separate checking codes for addition modulo (2 sup n) ( n > or = 4) and mo...

Science.gov (United States)

Children Who Won't Go To School (Separation Anxiety) No. 7; Updated March 2011 Click here to ... and behaviors are common among children with separation anxiety disorder. The potential long-term effects (anxiety and ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Fluoroalkyl end-capped vinyltrimethoxysilane oligomer suffered the sol-gel reaction under alkaline conditions in the presence of titanium oxide nanoparticles in tetrahydrofuran to afford the corresponding fluorinated oligomer/titanium oxide nanocomposites[RF-(VM-SiO2)n-RF/TiO2] in excellent to moderate isolated yields. These fluorinated composites thus obtained were nanometer size-controlled fine particles, and exhibited good dispersibility and stability in traditional organic solvents except for water. These fluorinated nanocomposites were applied to the surface modification of glass to exhibit not only a completely superhydrophobic characteristic (a water contact angle: 180degree) with a non-wetting property against water droplets but also a good oleophobicity imparted by fluoroalkyl seg...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Inorganic nanoparticles are indispensable for science and technology as materials, pigments and cosmetics products. Improving the dispersion stability of nanoparticles in various liquids is essential for those applications. In this review, we discuss why it is difficult to control the stability of nanoparticles in liquids. We also overview the role of surface interaction between nanoparticles in their dispersion and characterization, e.g. by colloid probe atomic force microscopy (CP-AFM). Two types of surface modification concepts, post-synthesis and in situ modification, were investigated in many previous studies. Here, we focus on post-synthesis modification using adsorption of various kinds of polymer dispersants and surfactants on the particle surface, as well as surface chemical reactions of silane coupling agents. We discuss CP-AFM as a technique to analyze the surface interaction between nanoparticles and the effect of surface modification on the nanoparticle dispersion in ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Novel fluoroalkyl end-capped vinyltrimethoxysilane oligomer/hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanocomposites were prepared by the reaction of calcium nitrate tetrahydrate and phosphoric acid in the presence of the corresponding oligomer. These fluorinated oligomer/HAp composites thus obtained are nanometer size-controlled fine particles (83-173 nm), and were found to exhibit good dispersibility in methanol, ethanol, and isopropyl alcohol. These fluorinated HAp nanocomposites were applied to the surface modification of glass and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) to exhibit good hydro- and oleophobic characteristics imparted by fluorine on their surface. In addition, the surface structural changes of the modified polyethylene terephtalate and PMMA films treated with these fluorinated nanocomposites before...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

AM-SC1 is a heat treatable magnesium alloy that has been specifically developed to achieve the elevated temperature strength and creep properties necessary for engine block applications. This paper describes the interrelationship between the microstructure and the mechanical properties of AM-SC1. The compressive and tensile strengths are relatively insensitive to temperature up to and including 450 K and the tensile yield behaviour deviates from a standard Hall-Petch relationship at grain sizes below 200 ?m. The microstructural features contributing to the creep resistance are both inter- and intra-granular in nature and are on length scales from nanometers to micrometers. The creep behaviour at 423 K and 450 K is diffusion controlled, with any contribution from the grain boundaries being negligible.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The advent of carbon nanotubes, which are graphite layers convoluted in cylinders several nanometers in diameter and several micrometers in length, as well as the experiments on implanting metal atoms in such tubes open the way to producing nanoconductors and other materials with unique properties. For theorists, the basic challenge is interpreting and predicting the structure and properties of these systems. The linearized augmented-plane-wave method (LAPW) is one of the most accurate methods in the theory of the electronic structure of solids. A generalization of this method for quasi-two-dimensional systems, surface electronic states, and layered crystals is known. The LAPW theory for quasi-unidimensional systems, which exhibit translational symmetry in one direction, has been absent thus far. In this paper, the authors suggest a version of such a theory and use this method to calculate the electronic structure of carbyne (a linear chain of carbon atoms) and ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The possibilities to grow isolated structures of complex oxides by pulsed laser deposition through stencils were investigated. A stencil consisting of a SiN membrane with apertures of several hundred nanometers embedded in a Si chip is placed in front of a heated substrate (up to 750 degrees Celsius). Deposition through these apertures results in resistless, direct patterning by local deposition of complex oxides like ferroelectric Lead Zirconate Titanate. The created isolated structures were analyzed by AFM imaging. Under-deposition, in this work called broadening, is inevitable during stencil deposition and is depending on deposition parameters, especially pressure. Different causes of broadening are mapped and discussed.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This work describes the theoretical basis for a new concept rotating magnetic tensor gradiometer. The rotating gradiometer consists of an approximately axial or transverse gradiometer which is made to rotate about a perpendicular axis so that the direction of sensitivity is continually changing. It is demonstrated for the first time that the rotation separates gradient components of progressively higher-order in the frequency domain and enables absolute-value measurements of all components of the first-order magnetic gradient tensor, even if the magnetic sensors comprising the gradiometer are intrinsically incapable of absolute-value detection. In addition, the rotating gradiometer concept has a number of other advantages: the gradiometer imbalance is no longer directly determined by the engineering precision, the DC and low-frequency performance of the instrument is not limited by the performance of the detectors in these ...

Science.gov (United States)

Five cycles of loading, elution, and regeneration were performed to remove technetium from a Hanford waste sample retrieved from Tank 241-AW-101 using SuperLig 639 resin. The waste sample was diluted to 4.95 M Na plus and then was processed to remove 137Cs through dual ion exchange columns each containing 15 mL of SuperLig 644. To remove 99Tc, the cesium decontaminated solution was processed downwards through two ion exchange columns, each containing 12 mL of SuperLig 639 resin. The columns, designated as lead and lag, each had an inside diameter of 1.45 cm and a height of 30 cm. The columns were loaded in series, but were eluted and then regenerated separately. The average technetium loading for the cycles was 250 BV at 10 percent breakthrough. There was no significant difference in the loading performances among the five cycles. The percent removal of 99Tc was greater than 99.94 percent and the average decontamination ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A study has been performed of the initial corrosion of support structure alloys in crevices of various geometries, when galvanically coupled to alloy 600. Corrosion rates were monitored continuously by measuring the galvanic current flowing in each couple, transduced by a zero impedance ammeter. Experiments were performed in a single-pass flowing electrolyte system, with AVT water pumped through alloy 600 tubing past the orifice of each crevice. Fourteen crevices were studied simultaneously in two parallel flow arms containing seven specimens each. The steady state AVT water pH/hydrazine/oxygen concentrations were controlled by microcomputer, allowing the effect of secondary water chemistry on the corrosion rate to be studied easily. Control of the crevice electrolyte composition was achieved by separately pumping electrolyte, at a low rate, directly into the crevices of the seven specimens in the lower flow arm. In ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

These experiments were performed on the Isocele separator, on-line with the Orsay synchrocyclotron; thulium isotopes were produced by bombarding natural erbium targets with 150nA beam of 157MeV protons. Two Ge(Li) detectors, with resolution of 2.3 and 2.5keV at 1332keV used for #gamma#-ray measurements; conversion electron spectra were measured using a Si(Li) detector. #gamma# spectra, #gamma#-#gamma# coincidence and conversion electron measurements were sufficient to build the flow energy level schemes of the transitional "1"5"8Er and "1"5"6Er nuclei. On both nuclei several quasi rotational bands have been identified. These results are compared with other even erbium isotopes and with the neighboring N=88 and 90 isotones. Comparisons with predictions issued from some classical models are also performed: "1"5"8Er appears as a deformed nucleus very similar to "1"6"0Er and "1"6"2Er; on the other hand "1"5"6Er seems to be a ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The performance of PAN-based composite absorbers was evaluated in dynamic experiments at flow rates ranging from 25--100 bed volumes (BV) per hour. Composite absorbers with active components of ammonium molybdophosphate (AMP) PAN and K-Co ferrocyanide (KCoFC) PAN were used for separating Cs from a 1 M HNO{sub 3} + 1 M NaNO{sub 3} + 2 {times} 10{sup {minus}5} M CsCl acidic simulant solution. KCoFC-PAN and two other FC-based composite absorbers were tested for separating Cs from alkaline simulant solutions containing 0.01 M to 1 M NaOH and 1 M NaNO{sub 3} + x {times} 10{sup {minus}4} M CsCl. The efficiency of the Cs sorption on the AMP-PAN absorber from acidic simulant solutions was negatively influenced by the dissolution of the AMP active component. At flow rates of 50 BV/hr, the decontamination factor of about 10{sup 3} could be maintained for treatment of 380 BV of the feed. With the KCoFC-PAN absorber, the ...

Science.gov (United States)

Vladimir P. Demikhov was born in a Russian peasant family in 1916. As a biology student at The Moscow University in 1937, he constructed a metal artificial heart and maintained the circulation of a dog for 5.5 hours. From 1946, after his military service, he worked in the Surgical Institute of The Moscow Academy of Sciences performing heterotopic heart transplantations in dogs. In 1947, he performed the first orthotopic lung transplant. Later he performed complex cardiothoracic transplantations as well as renal and hepatic transplantations. He restarted his investigations with the artificial heart and performed coronary bypass operations in dogs. In 1954 he performed a head transplantation, for which he gained worldwide infamy. Stalinist propaganda advertised this fact as the superiority of Soviet science. In fact, it was the upper body of a smaller dog to the neck of a bigger one. ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The simulation of the Auxiliary Charcoal Bed (ACB) Vacuum System was performed to evaluate the original vacuum system design, detect and identify design deficiencies, investigate the effects of proposed corrections on system performance, and generally aid in refining the system design before construction and mockup testing. The simulation was performed by using the Advanced Continuous Simulation Language (ACSL). The vacuum system design goals are to provide approximately 20 SCFM of both booster gas and purge gas through the system and maintain a flow of approximately 40 SCFM with a velocity of 50 to 75 f/sec at the entrance to the cyclone separator. The model results showed that the original system design was incapable of meeting the system performance goals. Further simulations showed that the following modifications to the original vacuum system design were required to make the ...

Science.gov (United States)

impflrtant to the understanding of complex vortical flows. ... tions like the slender wing, flow separations are controlled in the s,. ...... 10, AGARD LS-121, Dec. ...

Science.gov (United States)

flow over the suction surface of a modern low- ..... the flow because of its proximity to the separation point ..... Pressure Turbines, AGARD Lecture Series 167, ...

Science.gov (United States)

... Calculations of asymmetric separated flow past circular ... in Missile Aerodynamics, AGARD-CP-336 ... Marconi Asymmetric separated flows about sharp ...

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Production of porous membranes using heavy ion bombardment and subsequent chemical etching of poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) films has been reported several years ago. However, porous membranes with pore diameter in the nanometer scale requires a better understanding of the chemical etching mechanism. In this work PVDF foils irradiated with Sn ions (2.85 MeV per nucleon) were exposed to several etching conditions which involved permanganate oxidation in different alkaline environments. The solution of KOH 9 mol L{sup -1} and saturated in KMnO{sub 4} was the best etching reactant for PVDF. Functional groups created in the alkaline and oxidative attack by permanganate were studied by FT-IR and UV-vis spectroscopy. The spectroscopic data reveals that the formation of pores occurs by a two-step mechanism: (i) double bonds as a result of dehydrofluorination induced by alkaline media and (ii) oxidation of these double bonds in permanganate solution. The etching ...

Science.gov (United States)

Energetic ions interact with materials by collisions with the nuclei and electrons of the atoms that make up the material. In these collisions energy and momentum is transferred from the projectile particle which is a moving atom or ion, to the target particles (atomic nucleus or electron). Each collision leads to a slowing down of the moving projectile and also a deflection of the trajectory which gives rise to the term scattering which is often used synonymously to describe the energy transfer process. In this chapter, we introduce from an experimental viewpoint the underlying theory for interaction of ions for analysis and modification of nanometer scale materials. A more detailed theoretical overview of the topic can be found in the recent monographs by Sigmund. Detailed derivations of the formulae introduced will not be given here but can be found in standard texts that are indicated by references. The treatment here starts by considering an individual ...

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Energy and angular double differential cross-section data of fragments by tens of MeV neutron or proton are important to evaluate dosimetry and radiation effect in devices or instruments, since fragments cause a large local ionization. Up to now, experimental data of the fragment production are very scarce due to experimental difficulties of fragment detection. A bragg curve spectrometer (BCS) for fragment measurement is a gridded-ionization chamber that identify fragments on the basis of the difference of Bragg peak value. The BCS was fabricated to adopt for fragment measurement in neutron-induced reactions and tested with a charged-particle beam and then applied to a neutron field successfully. The structure of BCS is a cylindrical gridded ionization chamber, and filled with a Ar + 10% CH{sub 4} gas at a pressure of 2.7 x 10{sup 4} Pa. To confirm the performance of BCS, the following tests were performed: 1) the saturation property by using ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Thermodynamic consideration and process calculations at equilibrium conditions showed that processes for separating gas mixtures by partial condensation at low temperatures using turboexpanders have got less energy losses than processes with quasi isobar partial condensation. Compared to the low-pressure parts of condensing steam turbines in turboexpanders less erosion problems are to expected for such separating processes. Separation of liquid in the machine, however, is more difficult withouf additional measures. (orig.).

KoreaScience (Korea)

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Separate abstracts were prepared for individual papers. (MHR)

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Short communication.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A radiochemical method of separation of {sup 203}Hg from {sup 181}Hf is described. The method involves separation by Dowex 50W- X 8, 100-200 mesh, cation exchange resin using 1 M hydrochloric acid as the eluant. The chemical yield for the separation of mercury is > 85% and the decontamination factor is >10{sup 4}. The {sup 181}Hf can be eluted from the column by 4 M HCl.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nuclear forensic science has become increasingly important for global nuclear security. However, many current laboratory analysis techniques are based on methods developed without the imperative for timely analysis that underlies the post-detonation forensics mission requirements. Current analysis of actinides, fission products, and fuel-specific materials requires time-consuming chemical separation coupled with nuclear counting or mass spectrometry. High-temperature gas-phase separations have been used in the past for the rapid separation of newly created elements/isotopes and as a basis for chemical classification of that element. We are assessing the utility of this method for rapid separation in the gas-phase to accelerate the separations of radioisotopes germane to post-detonation nuclear forensic investigations. The existing state of the art for thermo chromatographic ...

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This paper describes research and development activities at the University of Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada on Optimization of CO{sub 2} Extraction Process Technologies. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop better and more effective CO{sub 2} separation processes which can be used to recover CO{sub 2} from industrial sources such as coal-fired power plants and coal gasification complexes at the lowest possible capital and operating costs. The research program has been supported by Saskatchewan Power Corporation, Saskatchewan Energy and Mines, Prairie Coal Ltd., the Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET), Fluor Daniel Inc. (USA), Sulzer Chemtech (Switzerland), Wascana Energy Inc., and Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). Currently, six parallel and complementary projects have been carried out at the Process Systems Laboratory. These projects are: (1) Searching for new sterically hindered amines for high ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This report is the 1992 annual progress report for the Energy Conversion and Storage Program, a part of the Energy and Environment Division of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Work described falls into three broad areas: electrochemistry; chemical applications; and materials applications. The Energy Conversion and Storage Program applies principles of chemistry and materials science to solve problems in several areas: (1) production of new synthetic fuels, (2) development of high-performance rechargeable batteries and fuel cells, (3) development of advanced thermochemical processes for energy conversion, (4) characterization of complex chemical processes and chemical species, and (5) study and application of novel materials for energy conversion and transmission. Projects focus on transport-process principles, chemical kinetics, thermodynamics, separation processes, organic and physical chemistry, novel materials, and advanced methods of ...

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This report summarizes the results of research conducted during the sixteen month continuation of a program to develop rechargeable zinc-air batteries for electric vehicles. The zinc-air technology under development incorporates a metal foam substrate for the zinc electrode, with flow of electrolyte through the foam during battery operation. In this ``soluble`` zinc electrode the zincate discharge product dissolves completely in the electrolyte stream. Cycle testing at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, where the electrode was invented, and at MATSI showed that this approach avoids the zinc electrode shape change phenomenon. Further, electrolyte flow has been shown to be necessary to achieve significant cycle life (> 25 cycles) in this open system. Without it, water loss through the oxygen electrode results in high-resistance failure of the cell. The Phase I program, which focused entirely on the zinc electrode, elucidated the conditions necessary to increase electrode capacity from 75 ...

CERN Document Server

2000-003 Wire pad chambers (WPC) have been proposed for the outer Region 4 of the LHCb Muon System. These are double gap MWPCs with small wire spacing allowing to obtain 99% detection efficiency in a 20 ns time window. The chambers have a rectangular shape with the vertical dimension from 20 cm in Station 1 to 30 cm in Station 5. The horizontal dimensions will be different with the maximal size of 3 meters in Station 5. The wires are in the vertical direction. The short wire length allows to use small wire spacing needed for high time resolution. Also, this helps to obtain the uniform gas gain over the whole chamber area. The WPC has one row of the wire pads formed by grouping wires in separate readout channels. Four WPC prototypes have been built at PNPI and tested in the PS beam at CERN. Here we report on the results from these tests. Also, the results of simulation of the WPC performance are presented.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Previous flow regime studies have been for horizontal, vertical, and inclined pipe flow. As such, only a few studies have been performed on bundle geometries. The present paper examines the flow regimes for a vertical hexagonal flow channel with and without a finned fuel bundle. This type of a 36 finned rod hexagonal fuel bundle in parallel hexagonal flow channels is used in a MAPLE (Multi- purpose Applied Physics Lattice Experimental) type nuclear reactor. An experiment apparatus was designed consisting of the flow channel, inlet plenum and an air-water separator. The inlet plenum is used to provide a uniform mixture of air and water before entering the hexagonal flow channel. A turbine flow meter is used to determine the water flow rate. The turbine flow meter is calibrated for a low flow range and limits the measurable flow to 50 l/min. Flow pattern observation is determined by a SONY video camera, Real-Time Neutron Radiography, pressure ...

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The analytical results of blowdown characteristics and thrust forces were compared with the experiments, which were performed as pipe whip and jet discharge tests under the PWR LOCA conditions. The blowdown thrust forces were obtained by Navier-Stokes momentum equation for a single-phase, homogeneous and separated two-phase flow, assuming critical pressure at the exit if a critical flow condition was satisfied. The following results are obtained: (1) The node-junction method is useful for both the analyses of the blowdown thrust force and of the water hammer phenomena. (2) The Henry-Fauske model for subcooled critical flow is effective for the analysis of the maximum thrust force under the PWR LOCA conditions. The jet thrust parameter of the analysis and experiment is equal to 1.08. (3) The thrust parameter of saturated blowdown has the same one with the value under pressurized condition when the stagnant pressure is chosen as the saturated ...

Science.gov (United States)

The investigation of various Two-Stage Liquefaction (TSL) process configurations was conducted at the Wilsonville Advanced Coal Liquefaction R D Facility between July 1982 and September 1986. The facility combines three process units. There are the liquefaction unit, either thermal (TLU) or catalytic, for the dissolution of coal, the Critical Solvent Deashing unit (CSD) for the separation of ash and undissolved coal, and a catalytic hydrogenation unit (HTR) for product upgrading and recycle process solvent replenishment. The various TSL process configurations were created by changing the process sequence of these three units and by recycling hydrotreated solvents between the units. This report presents a description of the TSL configurations investigated and an analysis of the operating and performance data from the period of study. Illinois No. 6 Burning Star Mine coal Wyodak Clovis Point Mine coal were processed. Cobalt-molybdenum and ...

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The U.S. Department of Energy - Office of Industrial Technology (DOE) has an objective to increase energy efficient and enhance competitiveness of American metals industries. To support this objective, ALCOA Inc. entered into a cooperative program to develop spray forming technology for aluminum. This Phase II of the DOE Spray Forming Program would translate bench scale spray forming technology into a cost effective world class process for commercialization. Developments under DOE Cooperative Agreement No. DE-FC07-94ID13238 occurred during two time periods due to budgetary constraints; April 1994 through September 1996 and October 1997 and December 1998. During these periods, ALCOA Inc developed a linear spray forming nozzle and specific support processes capable of scale-up for commercial production of aluminum sheet alloy products. Emphasis was given to alloys 3003 and 6111, both being commercially significant alloys used in the automotive industry. The report reviews research ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Cisplatin (cis-diaminedichloroplatinum [II] is a coordination compound, used in the treatment of several solid tumors. Cisplatin and its hydrolysis products exhibit a great pharmacological effect but are very toxic and probably carcinogenic. The present review summarizes the most important advances in the last years in the techniques employed for the detection and quantification of cisplatin and its hydrolysis products and in the different matrixes studied. The new emerging techniques and their modifications recently developed, fundamentally the combined use of detection and separation techniques for the analysis of platinum species and their impact on the speed, sensitivity and specificity of the analytical determination, with regard to the techniques used in the last century are discussed. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis, coupled with detection methods such as Mass Spectrometry, Inductively Coupled ...

Science.gov (United States)

A voice-tracking algorithm was developed and tested for the purposes of electronically separating the voice signals of simultaneous talkers. Many individuals suffer from hearing disorders that often inhibit their ability to focus on a single speaker in a multiple speaker environment (the cocktail party effect). Digital hearing aid technology makes it possible to implement complex algorithms for speech processing in both the time and frequency domains. In this work, an average magnitude difference function (AMDF) was performed on mixed voice signals in order to determine the fundamental frequencies present in the signals. A time prediction neural network was trained to recognize normal human voice inflection patterns, including rising, falling, rising-falling, and falling-rising patterns. The neural network was designed to track the fundamental frequency of a single talker based on the training procedure. The output of the neural network can be ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The microstructural development and grain-coarsening behavior of WC-Co alloys, with and without a VC additive, were investigated. The primary goal was to determine the mechanism through which VC acts as a grain-growth inhibitor. The study involved long-time sintering experiments (1 to 100 hours) on fully dense material, nascent stage sintering (90 to 1,320 seconds) starting with the green compact, and surrogate liquid phase experiments to characterize the WC powder prior to sintering. Quantitative microstructural analysis using intercept length distributions was performed for the long-term sintering. The nascent stage experiments involved the measurement of the specific surface area (S_v) of each type of interface separately allowing the determination of the contribution of each developing entity to the overall microstructural evolution. The VC addition has been found to enhance the breakup of multigrained particles in the earliest stages of ...

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This report describes the arrangement and features of the Ogishima thermal power plant facilities, as well as activities being performed there for operation control, regular inspection and improvement in reliability. The power plant uses about 48 percent of the by-product gas as its fuel to supply about 81 percent of the required power. Operation of the No. 1 unit started in 1976. Currently, the plant has three units, each with an output of 125MW. Each unit consists of a natural circulation boiler with a maximum evaporation capacity of 410 ton/hour and a reheat regenerative condensing turbine with a main vapor pressure of 127 kg/cm/sup 2/G. Techniques used for water properties control and combustion control are also described. In the plant, convetional time management integrity techniques are now being replaced by state management integrity techniques that determines the deterioration tendency in separate sections of the facilities which are ...

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The electron affinities of indium and thallium were measured in separate experiments using the laser-photodetachment electron spectroscopy technique. The measurements were performed at the University of Nevada, Reno. Negative ion beams of both indium and thallium were extracted from a cesium-sputter negative ion source, and mass analyzed using a 90{sup o} bending magnet. The negative ion beam of interest was then crossed at 90{sup o} with a photon beam from a cw 25-Watt Ar{sup +} laser. The resulting photoelectrons were energy analyzed with a 160{sup o} spherical-sector spectrometer. The electron affinity of In({sup 2}P{sub 1/2}) was determined to be 0.404 {+-} 0.009 eV and the electron affinity of thallium was determined to be 0.377 {+-} 0.013 eV. The fine-structure splittings in the ground states of the negative ions were also determined. The experimental measurements will be compared to several recent theoretical predictions.

Science.gov (United States)

The Advanced Coal Liquefaction Research and Development Facility in Wilsonville, Alabama, is funded by the US Department of Energy (DOE), the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), and Amoco Corporation. On behalf of these organizations, Southern Company Services manages and Southern Clean Fuels Division of Southern Electric International operates the Wilsonville facility. Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) receives funding from DOE to provide materials technical support to the Wilsonville operators. For the period July 1987 through November 1990 the plant was operated with two reactors a thermal reactor and a catalytic reactor in a close-coupled integrated two-stage liquefaction mode. Coal processed was obtained from several seams including Ohio No. 6, Illinois No. 6, and Pittsburgh No. 8, as well as Texas lignite and several subbituminous coals. Corrosion samples which were removed for examination at the end of this period were exposed in the vacuum distillation tower, the ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The masses of the proton-rich nuclides "8"5","8"6","8"7Mo and "8"7Tc have been measured with the Penning trap mass spectrometer SHIPTRAP at GSI. The measured mass excesses of these nuclei deviate from the values of the Atomic Mass Evaluation 2003 by up to 1.6 MeV, indicating a systematic shift of the mass surface in this region compared to previous measurements. A local mass extrapolation based on the new results has been made for the mass range A=80-95. Measured and extrapolated mass values and the derived separation energies have been compared to theoretical mass models. Taking into account the new mass excess values, rp-process network calculations have been performed. Preliminary results show changes in the final abundances for A=86-92 by up to a factor of 30. Results of measurements and calculations are presented, and the issue of a potential Zr-Nb cycle is addressed.

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In 1976, the US Department of Energy and New York State - ERDA granted a contract for the development of a +-600 kV dc underground transmission cable system looking to inevitable future requirements in the US for economic, high-capacity, long-distance underground transmission linking remote generating stations to metropolitan load centers. This project was comprehensive and dealt with three separate system components, i.e., cable, splice, and terminals. In each instance, for each component, development required an intensive R and D effort, focused on the following categories: insulating materials, model testing, design of full-scale prototype, manufacturer of prototype, and laboratory development testing. Insulating papers and oils were selected, and model studies performed, for both self-contained type and pipe type oil-filled cables. However, only the pipe cable design was finally designated for full-size cable manufacture and EHV laboratory ...

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This paper analyses the complex, non-linear effects of spot price drivers in wholesale electricity markets: their intra-day dynamics and transient irregularities. The context is the UK market, after the reforms introduced in March 2001, analysed with an original set of price drivers reflecting economic, technical, strategic, risk, behavioural and market design effects. Models are estimated separately as daily time-series of the 48 half-hourly trading periods. All coefficients exhibit substantial intra-day variation, relating to the heterogeneity of operating plants and market design aspects. This reveals a market responding to economic fundamentals and plant operating properties, with learning and emergent financial characteristics, as well as some strategic manipulation of capacity, most effectively exercised by the more flexible plants. Using regime-switching parameters, the effects of capacity margin and inter-day capacity adjustment are elucidated, suggesting ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The use of computer codes based on Monte Carlo methods to perform criticality calculations has become common-place. Although results frequently published in the literature report calculated k_e_f_f values to four decimal places, people who use the codes in their everyday work say that they only believe the first two decimal places of any result. The lack of confidence in the computed k_e_f_f values may be due to the tendency of the reported standard deviation to underestimate errors associated with the Monte Carlo process. The standard deviation as reported by the codes is the standard deviation of the mean of the k_e_f_f values for individual generations in the computer simulation, not the standard deviation of the computed k_e_f_f value compared with the physical system. A more subtle problem with the standard deviation of the mean as reported by the codes is that all the k_e_f_f values from the separate generations are not statistically ...

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This patent describes an expert overseer for the operation and real-time management of a mass spectrometer and associated laboratory equipment. The overseer is a computer-based expert diagnostic system implemented on a computer separate from the dedicated computer used to control the mass spectrometer and produce the analysis results. An interface links the overseer to components of the mass spectrometer, components of the laboratory support system, and the dedicated control computer. Periodically, the overseer polls these devices and as well as itself. These data are fed into an expert portion of the system for real-time evaluation. A knowledge base used for the evaluation includes both heuristic rules and precise operation parameters. The overseer also compares current readings to a long-term database to detect any developing trends using a combination of statistical and heuristic rules to evaluate the results. The overseer has the capability to alert lab ...

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Interference between the crossover leg of the Reactor Coolant System(RCS) and the Pipe Whip Restraints(PWR) has brought a degradation issue of the integrity of the Reactor Coolant System in Westinghouse type Nuclear Power Plants(NPPs) of Korea. According to the gap inspection carried out during planned overhaul (year 2000), interference between the crossover leg and the PWR was found in each RCS loop. This plant has had the high vibration problem on the RC pump 'B'. The reason for the high vibration in the RC pump 'B' had been massively surveyed and it was found that the crossover leg of RCS contacted with the PWR in hot condition. Since the contact between the crossover leg and the PWR changes the dynamic characteristics of the piping system for the RCS, this is considered as one reason for the high vibration. And a possibility of overstress on the crossover leg due to the contact with the PWR should be evaluated. Through ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The increasing diffusion of small-scale energy systems within the distributed generation (DG) paradigm is raising the need for studying the environmental impact due to the different DG solutions in order to assess their sustainability. Addressing the environmental impact calls for building specific models for studying both local and global emissions. In this framework, the adoption of natural gas-fueled DG cogeneration technologies may provide, as a consequence of cogeneration enhanced overall energy efficiency and of natural gas relatively low carbon content, a significant reduction of global impact in terms of CO2 emissions with respect to the separate production of electricity and heat. However, a comprehensive evaluation of the DG alternatives should take into account as well the impact due to the presence of plants spread over the territory that could increase the local pollution, in particular due to CO and NOx, and thus could worsen the local air quality. ...

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Heat transfer through the gas diffusion layer (GDL) is a key process in the design and operation of a PEM fuel cell. The analysis of this process requires determination of the effective thermal conductivity as well as the thermal contact resistance associated with the interface between the GDL and adjacent surfaces/layers. In the present study, a custom-made test bed that allows the separation of effective thermal conductivity and thermal contact resistance in GDLs under vacuum and ambient conditions is described. Measurements under varying compressive loads are performed using Toray carbon paper samples with a porosity of 78% for a range of thicknesses. The measurements are complemented by compact analytical models that achieve good agreement with experimental data. A key finding is that thermal contact resistance is the dominant component of the total thermal resistance; neglecting this phenomenon may result in significant errors in ...

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This report describes the cost, performance, and other key characteristics of an innovative technology for determining the presence or absence, and measuring the concentration, of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in groundwater and soil, and in gaseous remediation process streams at hazardous waste sites. This new technology is Direct Sampling Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry (DSITMS). DSITMS introduces sample materials directly into an ion trap mass spectrometer by means of a very simple interface, such as a capillary restrictor or a polymer membrane. There is typically very little, if any, sample preparation and no chromatographic separation of the sample constituents. This means that the response of the instrument to the analytes or contaminants in a sample is nearly instantaneous, and that analytical methods based on DSITMS are fast. Analyses are typically completed in less than five minutes, and the ...

Science.gov (United States)

A miniature, high-voltage, thermally activated battery has been developed. This battery weighs 41 grams, occupies a volume of 16.4 cu cm, and contains two separate 500-v channels, each designed to charge a 5.25 microfarad capacitor within 300 milli-seconds and remain operational under a 640-kohm load for a minimum of 28 seconds over the temperature range from +16 to +71 C. The electrochemical system utilizes a calcium anode, LiCl-KCl molten salt electrolyte, a CaCrO4-K2CrO4 mixture as the depolarizer or active cathode material, and an iron cathode. The depolarizer and electrolyte, along with a silica binder, are formed into homogeneous pellets, and these pellets are stacked alternately with calcium-iron bimetal disks in beryllium oxide tubes to form cell stacks. The cells are activated by an iron-potassium perchlorate pyrotechnic heat source external to the BeO tubes.

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A thermal and economic study, carried on by using the first and second law of thermodynamics concepts demonstrated the economic feasibility of the cogeneration system, and proposed modifications to be done in the studied cryogenic plant, a typical T-240 NA MPL3 plant. The thermodynamic analysis showed that the second law efficiency of the processes could be improved, together with a 12% electric energy consumption reduction. Four cogeneration schemes were analyzed with both the first and second laws of thermodynamics and, then, the economic analysis was performed. Rankine, Brayton, Otto and Combined gas-steam basic cycles were used in this analysis.The combined gas-steam cycle was shown to be more economically feasible than others. Thermal and electric loads were well balanced, resulting in a higher second law efficiency. Although the initial investment for the modification was higher, the savings resulted to be higher, turning into a higher rate of return of the ...

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This report describes the work performed during FY 1995 by Pacific Northwest Laboratory in developing and optimizing analysis techniques for identifying organics present in Hanford waste tanks. The main focus was to provide a means for rapidly obtaining the most useful information concerning the organics present in tank waste, with minimal sample handling and with minimal waste generation. One major focus has been to optimize analytical methods for organic speciation. Select methods, such as atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, were developed to increase the speciation capabilities, while minimizing sample handling. A capillary electrophoresis method was developed to improve separation capabilities while minimizing additional waste generation. In addition, considerable emphasis has been placed on developing a rapid screening tool, based on Raman and ...

Science.gov (United States)

AGILE pointed observations performed from July 9, 2007 to October 30, 2009 are a recent, high quality gamma-ray data archive for monitoring studies of medium to high brightness gamma-ray sources in the 30 MeV -50 GeV energy range. We present a variability study of the 1AGL sources over the complete AGILE pointed Observation Blocks (OBs) dataset. The first AGILE Gamma-Ray Imaging Detector (GRID) catalog (Pittori et al. 2009) included a significance-limited (4 sigma) sample of 47 sources (1AGL), detected with a conservative analysis over a first-year non-uniform sky coverage dataset. In this analysis we used data of an improved full Field of View (FOV) event filter, on a much larger (about 27.5 months) observation dataset, analyzing each OB separatedly. This data processing resulted in an improved source list as compared to the 1AGL one. We present here some results on the variability of some of these sources.

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The use of entire plant communities of native species is gaining interest in the green roof industry. Plant communities must be matched with environmental conditions that mimic conditions in their original habitats. Urban built environments do not differ significantly from the rocky outcrops with poor, shallow soil that many plants colonize. This paper provided details of an experiment investigating the impact of plant community structure and species diversity on living roof performance. The aim of the experiment was to determine the impact of species diversity on precipitation interception, nutrient retention, temporal biomass constancy and roof temperature constancy. The diversity treatment included separate monocultures of 8 species in the community, randomly determined mixtures of 4 species, and a mixture of all 8. Functional groups included mosses, liverworts, colonial algae and a mycorrhizal inoculum. In a second experiment, between 1 and ...

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The /sup 252/Cf-source-driven neutron noise analysis method for obtaining the subcriticality of an assembly of fissile material from cross-power spectral densities (CPSDs) was developed to avoid some difficulties inherent in other measurement methods. This method requires measurement of frequency-dependent CPSD between a pair of detectors in or near the fissile assembly and CPSDs between these detectors and a source of correlated neutron noise from an ionization chamber containing /sup 252/Cf, also in or near the fissile assembly. Also, the auto-power spectral density of the source is required. The ratio of spectral densities is then formed and is related to the subcriticality. To date various measurements have been performed which demonstrate the usefulness of the method including measurements with single uranium metal cylinders. The experiments described here, which used coupled uranium (93.15 wt % /sup 235/U) metal cylinders separated by ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Korean Next Generation Reactor (KNGR) adopts 4-train Direct Vessel Injection (DVI) configuration and injects the safety injection water directly into the downcomer through the 8.5'' DVI nozzle. Thus, the thermal hydraulic phenomena such as ECCS mixing and bypass are expected to be different from those observed in the cold leg injection. In order to investigate the realistic injection phenomena and modify the analysis code developed in the basis of cold leg injection, thermal hydraulic test with the performance evaluation is required. Preliminarily, the sequence of events and major thermal hydraulic phenomena during the small break LOCA for KNGR are identified from the analysis results calculated by the CEFLASH-4AS/REM. It is shown from the analysis results that the major transient behaviors including the core mixture level are largely affected by the downcomer modeling. Therefore, to investigate the proper thermal hydraulic phenomena occurring ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A High Performance Power System (HIPPS) is being developed. This system is a coal-fired, combined cycle plant with indirect heating of gas turbine air. Foster Wheeler Development Corporation and a team consisting of Foster Wheeler Energy Corporation, Bechtel Corporation, University of Tennessee Space Institute and Westinghouse Electric Corporation are developing this system. In Phase 1 of the project, a conceptual design of a commercial plant was developed. Technical and economic analyses indicated that the plant would meet the goals of the project which include a 47 percent efficiency (HHV) and a 10 percent lower cost of electricity than an equivalent size PC plant. The concept uses a pyrolysis process to convert coal into fuel gas and char. The char is fired in a High Temperature Advanced Furnace (HITAF). The HITAF is a pulverized fuel-fired boiler/air heater where steam is generated and gas turbine air is indirectly heated. The fuel gas generated in the ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A simple and specific method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of the four major Cinchona alkaloids and their dihydroderivatives and pyridoxine hydrochloride (Vitamin B_6) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection (#lambda#_e_m=420 nm with #lambda#_e_x=330 nm). The chromatographic separation was performed on a Phenomenex Prodigy ODS column (5 #mu#m, 250 mmx3.2 mm i.d.), recommended for basic compounds, under isocratic reversed-phase conditions. The method allowed a good peak shape and an effective resolution of the tested compounds. The extraction of alkaloids from the Cinchona succirubra bark was carried out in mild and fast conditions (ambient temperature, 20 min) by ultrasonication. The procedure showed to be advantageous respect to a reference method, which involved Soxhlet extraction. The results were compared statistically by means of the Student's t-test and the ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This paper reports that only a few years ago superconducting magnetic separation was viewed as the next major market for superconducting magnets. The first commercial units had been installed, worked flawlessly, and demonstrated real economic viability. The potential market was seen as quite large, and many people believed that superconducting magnetic separation would soon show the same rapid growth that MRI had demonstrated after its initial success. These hopes even prompted IGC, one of the top MRI magnet builders, to form a separate division devoted to magnetic separation. Despite the existence of Magstream, IGC has not been overly active in the market. As a technology that has applications from the clay on the Earth to the soil on the moon, superconducting magnetic separation has yet to become widely used.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A one-nanometer scale transmission electron microscope electron probe X-ray microanalysis characterization of as-deposited and annealed aluminum--11.5 at.% zirconium multilayer samples in cross-section synthesized by magnetron sputtering is reported on here. Composition line profiles were acquired across Zr layers in as-deposited material and samples isochronally annealed in a differential scanning calorimeter to temperatures of 290 C and 485 C. A spatial resolution of approximately 1.5 to 2.0 nm was achieved in these experiments and will be improved by deconvolution of the instrumental electron probe function from the data. The as-deposited structure consisted of crystalline Al and Zr layers with thin amorphous layers at the Al/Zr interfaces. The amorphous interface layers increased in thickness upon annealing to 290 C. Additionally, at 290 C a metastable cubic alloy forms at the Zr deposited on Al interface. Upon heating to 485 C a multilayer of Al and metastable ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Abstract: We report for the selective-area chemical synthesis of semiconductor single-crystal organic nanowires of silver-tetracyanoquinodimethane (Ag-TCNQ). Straight and smooth Ag-TCNQ nanowires can be produced and patterned on micrometer and nanometer scale on silicon substrates covered with a thin layer of Ag film through the reaction of TCNQ and Ag in a simple gas-solid chemical reaction process. Ag-TCNQ nanowires are characterized by UV-vis, IR and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. The Ag-TCNQ nanowires grows preferentially along the [100] direction of strong - stacking of Ag-TCNQ molecules. Nanodevices based on these nanowires are fabricated using focus ion beam (FIB) technique. Electrical properties are characterized and I-V hysteresis is observed, which shows memory effect with electrical switching of three orders on-off ratio. These nanowires could be potential for use in optical storage, ultrahigh-density nanoscale memory and logic devices.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Topographic and optical patterns have been fabricated in a-SiC films with a focused high-energy (1 MeV) H"+ and He"+ ion beam and examined with near-field techniques. The patterns have been characterized with atomic force microscopy and scanning near-field optical microscopy to reveal local topography and optical absorption changes as a result of the focused high-energy ion beam induced modification. Apart of a considerable thickness change (thinning tendency), which has been observed in the ion-irradiated areas, the near-field measurements confirm increases of optical absorption in these areas. Although the size of the fabricated optical patterns is in the micron-scale, the present development of the technique allows in principle writing optical patterns up to the nanoscale (several tens of nanometers). The observed values of the optical contrast modulation are sufficient to justify the efficiency of the method for optical data recording using high-energy focused ...

Environmental Research Database

ObjectivesThe overall aim of this work is to use an in-situ FTIR probe to investigate selected heterogeneous catalysts in industrially relevant organic reactions. This approach will be broadly applicable to the UK fine chemical manufacturing base.~%~~%~The project has the following specific objectives:~%~~%~- To demonstrate and develop the use of an in-situ FTIR probe in a batch reactor at elevated temperatures (eg greater than 100 deg C) to monitor reactant usage and product formation.~%~~%~- To validat [continued...]DescriptionThis proposal concerns the in-situ study of catalytic processes and reaction kinetics. The catalysts concerned are microporous materials, such as, zeolites, containing pores and cavities of molecular dimensions. These catalysts constitute crystal reactors on a nanometer scale that are selective on a size and shape basis for organic molecules used in this ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Focused Ion Beams are an important approach for nanostructure fabrication in the semiconductor industry and material sciences. Applications in sputtering and ion induced deposition of materials are investigated. The IMSA FIB system equipped with the high resolution Orsay Physics CANION M31plus ion column with current densities up to 10 A/cm"2 including a gas injection system is applied. In this work the ion beam induced chemical vapour deposition of tungsten, wherefore tungsten hexacarbonyl as precursor gas is used for a first investigation. Conductive tungsten-nanowires with smallest cross-section upon a substrate of Si and SiO_2 are produced. The ion beam parameters of this focused ion beam system are optimized for the metal deposition. A short insight in the theory of layer nucleation and growth induced by the ion beam during the metal deposition is given. The layer quality is determined by Auger electron analysis which shows the components in atomic percent like 80% W, 5% O, 6% C ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Carbon supported catalysts can lose their activity over a period of time due to the sintering of the nanometer-sized catalyst particles. The sintering of metal clusters on carbon supports can occur due to the weak interaction between the metal and the support and also due to the corrosion of carbon, especially in fuel cell electrocatalysts. The sintering may be reduced by increasing the interaction between the metal and the support and also by increasing the corrosion resistance of carbon supports. In an effort to mitigate the growth of the nanoparticles, carbon-substituted boron defects were introduced in the carbon lattice. The interaction between the Pt nanoparticles on the pure and boron-doped carbon supports was examined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicate that the interaction between the Pt nanoparticles and the boron-doped carbon support was slightly stronger than the interaction between the Pt nanoparticles and the pure carbon ...

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Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been used to explore the nanometer-scale structure of Nafion, the widely used fuel cell membrane, and its composites. We have shown that solid-state NMR can characterize chemical structure and composition, domain size and morphology, internuclear distances, molecular dynamics, etc. The newly-developed water channel model of Nafion has been confirmed, and important characteristic length-scales established. Nafion-based organic and inorganic composites with special properties have also been characterized and their structures elucidated. The morphology of Nafion varies with hydration level, and is reflected in the changes in surface-to-volume (S/V) ratio of the polymer obtained by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The S/V ratios of different Nafion models have been evaluated numerically. It has been found that only the water channel model gives the measured S/V ratios in the normal hydration range of a working fuel ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A modulation transfer function (MTF) calibration method based on binary pseudo-random (BPR) gratings and arrays [Proc. SPIE 7077-7 (2007), Opt. Eng. 47(7), 073602-1-5 (2008)] has been proven to be an effective MTF calibration method for a number of interferometric microscopes and a scatterometer [Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 616, 172-82 (2010]. Here we report on a significant expansion of the application range of the method. We describe the MTF calibration of a 6 inch phase shifting Fizeau interferometer. Beyond providing a direct measurement of the interferometer's MTF, tests with a BPR array surface have revealed an asymmetry in the instrument's data processing algorithm that fundamentally limits its bandwidth. Moreover, the tests have illustrated the effects of the instrument's detrending and filtering procedures on power spectral density measurements. The details of the development of a BPR test sample suitable for calibration of scanning and transmission ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Modelization of crack propagation and theoretical prediction of rupture are the two main objectives of researchers in stress corrosion cracking. Nevertheless, to reach this aim, the behavior of the passive film which appears spontaneously on the substrate in contact with an environment has to be known. This structural and mechanical characterization is all the more difficult because the number of parameters is important: crystallinity rate, defects concentration, thickness (about a few nanometers), electric field, chemical composition (a lot of oxides are present), peeling layers (atomic structure for example) and some hypothesis can be made about their multi-layer structure, their chemical composition or their epitaxial character... Passive films formed on 316L or 304L stainless steels in different aqueous solutions (in ambient air, in MgCl_2 at 117 deg. C...) have been studied and some important remarks about their mechanical properties are made (brittle ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The research supported by this Department of Energy contract has primarily been devoted to the study of the electronic properties of surfaces with sub-micron size. In previous years, we have studied the photoexcitation of electrons from field emission tips by a focussed Argon-ion laser beam tuned to operate at specific photon energy. The photoexcited electrons escape into the vacuum by tunneling through a surface potential barrier which is distorted by the application of a strong electric field. The interest in these experiments lies in a better understanding of the photoexcitation process at low photon energies. The techniques that have been developed directly measure the excited state energy distribution of electrons emitted through the surface potential barrier. The basic information gained from this research is relevant to opto-electronic devices which rely on photoexcitation of electrons in the presence of strong interfacial electric fields for their operation. In addition, the ...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

The chloroplast and cytoplasmic isoenzymes of phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) (EC. 2.7.2.3) from Hordeum vulgare leaves have been separated and purified for the first time to apparent...Full Text Available

Science.gov (United States)

(accumulates & stores brine for disposal). Separator. (separates water from purge gases). ? Purge pump periodically vent ... Reactor Health. Sensor. ( verifies reactor is operating w/n limits) ... Waste and Hygiene Compartment ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A pretreatment flowsheet was tested for separating key radionuclide components from the sludge stored in one of the high level waste tanks (B-110) at the Hanford Site; this sludge resulted primarily from the bismuth phosphate process, which was one of the three major plutonium separation processes used at Handford. This test involved (1) washing with water, (2) caustic leaching, (3) acid dissolution, (4) separation of transuranic elements (TRUs) by extraction with octyl(phenyl)-N,N-diisobutylcarbamoylmethylphosphine oxide(CMPO), (5) separation of Sr by extraction with di-t-butylcyclohexano-18-crown-6, (6) separation of Cs from the acid-dissolved sludge solution by treatment with ammonium molybdophosphate (AMP), and (7) separation of Cs from the sludge wash and caustic leach solutions by ion exchange using a phenol-formaldehyde resin (CS-100). The results of the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Apparatus and method for selective measurement of tritium oxide in an environment which may include other radioactive components and gamma radiation, the measurement including the selective separation of tritium oxide from a sample gas through a membrane into a counting gas, the generation of electrical pulses individually representative by rise times of tritium oxide and other radioactivity in the counting gas, separation of the pulses by rise times, and counting of those pulses representative of tritium oxide. The invention further includes the separate measurement of any tritium in the sample gas by oxidizing the tritium to tritium oxide and carrying out a second separation and analysis procedure as described above.

Science.gov (United States)

... However, the solution of the Stefan problem in this context becomes abruptly complicated, since within each zone, the differential equations ...

Science.gov (United States)

... PRC's President Jiang Zemin promised, under all circumstances and despite political differences, to protect fully Taiwanese business interests on ...

Science.gov (United States)

Seven papers were presented at the meeting. A separate abstract was prepared for each paper. (LCL)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Magnetic separation of several classes of antibiotics was investigated using electrochemical magnetic seeding. Electrocoagulation with a sacrificial anode followed by addition of magnetite particles was applied for the magnetic seeding of antibiotics. With electrochemical magnetic seeding using an iron anode, tetracycline antibiotics (oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, doxycycline and tetracycline) and cephalosporin antibiotic (cefdinir) were rapidly removed from synthetic wastewater by magnetic separation using a neodymium magnet. Iron and aluminium anodes were suitable for magnetic seeding of the antibiotics. The results indicated that the ability of antibiotics to form strong complex with iron and aluminium allowed the higher removal by magnetic separation. This method would be appropriate for rapid treatment of antibiotics in wastewater.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Separate abstracts were prepared for thirteen papers. Two papers were abstracted previously for EDB. (MHR)

KoreaScience (Korea)

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Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Separation of lithium isotopes was investigated by chemical ion exchange with a hydrous manganese(IV) oxide ion exchanger using an elution chromatography. The capacity of manganese(IV) oxide ion exchanger was 0.5 meq/g. The heavier lithium isotope was enriched in the solution phase, while the lighter isotope was enriched in the ion exchanger phase. The separation factor was determined according to the method of Glueckauf from the elution curve and isotopic assays. The separation factor of {sup 6}Li{sup +} -{sup 7}Li{sup +} isotope pair fractionation was 1.018.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

... bismuth chlorides bismuth 207 cadmium chlorides efficiency evaporation high

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This document provides stakeholder evaluations on innovative technologies to be used in the remediation of volatile organic compounds from soils and ground water. The technologies evaluated are; in-well vapor stripping, in-situ bioremediation, and gas membrane separation.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The results of calculated and experimental investigation of interphase isotopic exchange efficiency in countercurrent columns are given when separation processes of isotope mixtures are taken place with use of liquid-solid systems. Effect of liquid phase flow on transfer unit height in ion exchange separation of boron, lithium, nitrogen isotopes is considered. 40 refs.; 5 figs.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

In order to facilitate observations of low energy nuclear reactions, a new type recoil mass-separator together with a new gas-jet target system is being developed at the tandem accelerator facility in Kyushu University. The expected mass-resolving power of the separator is 220 for a solid angle of 10 msr and the practical thickness of the gas-jet target will exceed 0.1 atm#centre dot#cm for the light elements of H and He. (author).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The temperature dependent vibrational relaxation of the CO stretching mode of Rhodium dicarbonyl acetylacetonate (Rh(CO){sub 2}(acac)) and tungsten hexacarbonyl (W(CO){sub 6}) in dibutylphthalate (DBP) and 2-methylpentane (2-MP) were measured with IR pump and probe (P-P) experiments. The experiments were performed with {approximately}1.5 ps pulses generated by the Stanford superconducting accelerator pumped free electron laser (FEL). Measurements were performed on the Rh(CO){sub 2}(acac) CO asymmetric stretching mode at {lambda} = 4.98{mu}m from 10 K to 300 K. Both the parallel and magic angle probe polarizations decay curves are biexponential over the entire temperature range. The slow component (ranging from 40 ps at 300 K to 55 ps at 10K) is attributed to the population relaxations. For the fast component (ranging from 4-5 ps at 300 K to 13-15 ps at 10K), we propose a mechanism of spectral diffusion, in contrast to the previously proposed ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Development in Instrumentation and Control (I and C) technology provides more convenience and better performance, thus, adopted in many fields. To adopt newly developed technology, nuclear industry requires rigorous V and V procedure and tests to assure reliable operation. Adoption of digital system requires verification and testing of the OS for licensing. Commercial real-time operating system (RTOS) is targeted to apply to various, unpredictable needs, which makes it difficult to verify. For this reason, simple, application-oriented realtime OS is developed for the nuclear application. In this work, we show how to verify the developed RTOS at each development lifecycle. Commercial formal tool is used in specification and verification of the system. Based on the developed model, software in C language is automatically generated. Tests are performed for two purposes; one is to identify consistency between the verified model and the generated ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Recently, under the de-regulation environment, nuclear industry has attempted various approaches to improve the economics of Nuclear Power Plants (NPP). One of these efforts is the Risk Informed/Performance-Based Operation (RIPBO). This approach uses the risk and performance information to manage the resources effectively and efficiently that are used in the operation of NPP. In RIPBO, PSA quality is one of the most important things. The nuclear industry and regulatory body of U.S.A have developed a measure to evaluate the quality of PSA. NEI (Nuclear Energy Institute) has developed a guidance called 'NEI PRA Peer Review Guidance,' and NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Committee) and ASME have developed the 'PRA Standard.' In Korea, several projects are on going now, such as the extension of AOT/STI of RPS/ESFAS, Risk-Informed In-Service Inspection (RI-ISI). However, in Korea, there have been no attempts to evaluate the quality of PSA model itself. ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Recently, under the de-regulation environment, nuclear industry has attempted various approaches to improve the economics of Nuclear Power Plants (NPP). One of these efforts is the Risk Informed/Performance-Based operation (RIPBO). This approach uses the risk and performance information to manage the resources effectively and efficiently that are used in the operation of NPP. In RIPBO, PSA quality is one of the most important things. The nuclear industry and regulatory body of U.S.A have developed a measure to evaluate the quality of PSA. NEI (Nuclear Energy Institute) has developed a guidance called 'NEI PRA Peer Review Guidance,' and NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Committee) and ASME have developed the 'PRA Standard.' In Korea, several projects are on going now, such as the extension of AOT/STI of RPS/ESFAS, Risk-Informed In-Service Inspection (RI-ISI). However, in Korea, there have been no attempts to evaluate the quality of PSA model itself. ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Devonian oil shales of the Eastern United States are a significant domestic energy resource. The overall objective of the multi-year program, initiated in October 1987 by the US Department of Energy is to perform the research necessary to develop the Pressurized Fluidized-Bed Hydroretorting (PFH) process for producing oil from Eastern oil shales. The program also incorporates research on technologies in areas such as raw shale preparation, beneficiation, product separation, and waste disposal that have the potential of improving the economics and/or environmental acceptability of recovering oil from oil shales using the PFH process. The results of the original 3-year program, which was concluded in May 1991, have been summarized in a four-volume final report published by IGT. DOE subsequently approved a 1-year extension to the program to further develop the PFH process specifically for application to beneficiated shale as feedstock. Studies ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

To determine the effectiveness and patency of percutaneous intervention in insufficient native arteriovenous hemodialysis fistulae (AVFs). Between March 1997 and September 2001, 67 cases of insufficient native AVFs resulted from central vein lesion, PTA was performed in 48 cases, and thrombolytic therapy with or without PTA in 11. In eight of the cases, in which central vein stenosis had led to the insufficency, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) was performed, and in three of the eight, a stent was inserted. Angiography findings and complications, as well as success and patency rates in the non-thrombosis and thrombosis group, were evaluated; the central vein lesion group was analysed separately. Among 84 lesions observed at angiography, three were 54 cases of stenosis, 17 of occlusion, and 13 of combined thrombosis. The lesions were located in a proximal vein (n=51), distal vein (n=14), artery (n=6), and at the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lubricating Oil Analysis (LOA) has become an important part of a comprehensive Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) program. However, knowing the condition of the lubricant alone does not provide a complete description of equipment reliability. Condition monitoring for equipment can be accomplished through Wear Particle Analysis (WPA). This usually involves separating suspended materials and wear products from the lubricant by magnetic (ferrographic) means. This paper will present a simple, low-cost, alternate method of particle acquisition called Filter Patch Extraction (FPE). This method removes solids, regardless of their composition, from the lubricant by vacuum filtration and deposits them onto a filter for microscopic examination similar to that of analytical ferrography. A large filter pore size retains suspended materials and permits rapid filtration of large volumes of lubricant thereby increasing the accuracy of the wear and cleanliness profile that can ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

We describe the synthesis and characterization of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle based heavy metal sorbents with various surface chemistries that demonstrate an excellent affinity for the separation of heavy metals in contaminated water systems (i.e. spiked Columbia river water). The magnetic nanoparticle sorbents are prepared from an easy to synthesize iron oxide precursor, followed by a simple, one-step ligand exchange technique to introduce the organic surface functionality of interest chosen to target either specific or broader classes of heavy metals. Functionalized superparamagnetic nanoparticles are excellent sorbent materials for the extraction of heavy metal contaminants from environmental and clinical samples since they are easily removed from the media once bound to the contaminant by simply applying a magnetic field. These engineered magnetic nanoparticle sorbents have an inherently high active surface area (often > 100 m2/g), allowing for ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The effects of upwind turbine wakes on the performance of a FloWind 17-m VAWT were investigated through a series of field experiments conducted at the FloWind windfarm on Cameron Ridge, Tehachapi, California. The field experiment was conducted within a VAWT array consisting of more than nine VAWTs with separations 3D crosswised by 8D downwind (where D is the turbine diameter) in a staggered configuration. The array is the upwind three rows of VAWTS in a total of six rows that are on top of the Cameron Ridge plateau. The terrain features in the vicinity are reasonably regular, with an upslope of 7 deg on the average; however, several local irregularities are present. The annual hourly averaged wind speed exceeds 8 m/s at the site. The wind field and the power-outputs of nine turbines within the array were measured with wind sensors and power transducers. Nine Gill propeller and 18 Maximum cup anemometers and one direction sensor were mounted on ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Purpose: In this paper, we present an alternative to the originally proposed technique for the delivery of spatially fractionated radiation therapy (GRID) using multi-leaf collimator (MLC) shaped fields. We employ the MLC to deliver various pattern GRID treatments to large solid tumors and dosimetrically characterize the GRID fields. Methods and materials: The GRID fields were created with different open to blocked area ratios and with variable separation between the openings using a MLC. GRID designs were introduced into the Pinnacle"3 treatment planning system, and the dose was calculated in a water phantom. Ionization chamber and film measurements using both Kodak EDR2 and Gafchromic EBT film were performed in a SolidWater phantom to determine the relative output of each GRID design as well as its spatial dosimetric characteristics. Results: Agreement within 5.0% was observed between the Pinnacle"3 predicted dose distributions and the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The vast majority of fundamental studies of metal oxide selective oxidation catalysts have been performed with single phase systems. These investigations established the basic tenents of the redox mechanism of selective oxidation and ammoxidation catalysis. By comparison, structural and kinetic investigations of multiphase oxide catalysts are less numerous because of the inherent difficulties in understanding the relative contributions of separate phases to the catalytic behavior of the composite catalyst. Some attempts have been made in the past to understand the complex chemistry of multiphase catalysts and additional important insights have been realized more recently. However, a clear understanding of the most significant catalytic interactions between individual phases of a multiphase multicomponent redox catalyst is still lacking. In an effort to provide an understanding and a physical basis for the observed synergism in multiphase oxide ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Fermi National Laboratory (Fermilab) operates the Tevatron proton-antiproton collider at a center-of-mass energy of {radical}s = 1.96 TeV, the is therefore the only collider which is today able to produce the heaviest known particle, the top quark. The top quark was discovered at the Tevatron by the CDF and D0 collaborations in 1995. At the Tevatron, most top quarks are produced via the strong interaction, whereby quark-antiquark annihilation dominates with 85%, and gluon fusion contributes with 15%. Considering next-to-leading order (NLO) contributions in the cross section of top-antitop quark production, leads to a slight positive asymmetry in the differential distribution of the production angle {alpha} of the top quarks. This asymmetry is due to the interference of certain NLO contributions. The charge asymmetry A in the cosine of {alpha} is predicted [14] to amount to 4-6%. Information about the partonic rest frame, necessary for a measurement of A in the observable cos ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A study was made on extraction of a series of lithium and calcium salts by monopodands L with common formula R-C_6H_4-O-(CH_2CH_2O)_n-C_6H_4-R, where R - CH_2P(O)Ph_2, n 1-3. Extraction-chromatographic separation of lithium and calcium isotopes in systems of metal aquacomplex-solvatocomplex with L in organic phase was conducted. It was established that separation coefficients of "6Li/"7Li isotopes ranged between 1.003 #+-#0.001 and 1.017 #+-#0.002 at the maximal separation degree equal to 1.60. Separation of "4"0Ca/"4"4Ca isotopes was not fixed. 12 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

In this work, chromatographic separation of niacin and niacinamide using pure water as the sole component in the mobile phase has been investigated. The separation and analysis of niacinamide have been optimized using three columns at different temperatures and various flow rates. Our results clearly demonstrate that separation and analysis of niacinamide from skincare products can be achieved using pure water as the eluent at 60^oC on a Waters XTerra MS C18 column, a Waters XBridge C18 column, or at 80^oC on a Hamilton PRP-1 column. The separation efficiency, quantification quality, and analysis time of this new method are at least comparable with those of the traditional HPLC methods. Compared with traditional HPLC, the major advantage of this newly developed green chromatography techniq...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Recently we have found that carbon nano-materials have ability to recognize softer actinides(III). In this presentation, separation of americium(III) from lanthanides(III) by chromatography with carbon nano-materials, such as carbon nano-tubes and graphite, has been investigated by batch adsorption experiments and chromatography. The separation factor (SF) between americium(III) and lanthanide(III) was about 2 in the range of pH from 1 to 4 by using carbon nano-tube, graphite and activated charcoal. The separation factor depended on the diameter of carbon nano-tubes. Smaller one, 3-20 nm diameter, showed the best selectivity for americium(III), which separation factor was about 2.0, although larger one, 40-70 nm, showed almost no selectivity. The same behavior has been observed by using graphite powder and activated charcoal although acid- or alkali pretreated activated charcoal which generally has ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

We investigated the efficacy of combined FDG-PET/CT imaging for the diagnosis of small-size uveal melanomas and the feasibility of combining separate, high-resolution (HR) FDG-PET with MRI for its improved localization and detection. Patients, methods: 3 patients with small-size uveal melanomas (0.2-1.5 ml) were imaged on a combined whole-body PET/CT, a HR brain-PET, and a 1.5 T MRI. Static, contrast-enhanced FDG-PET/CT imaging was performed of head and torso with CT contrast enhancement. HR PET imaging was performed in dynamic mode 0-180 min post-injection of FDG. MRI imaging was performed using a high-resolution small-loop-coil placed over the eye in question with T2-3D-TSE and T1-3D-SE with 18 ml Gd-contrast. Patients had their eyes shaded during the scans. Lesion visibility on high-resolution FDGPET images was graded for confidence: 1: none, 2: suggestive, 3: clear. Mean tumour activity was ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) located at Oak Ridge National Laboratory is one of the world's most powerful research reactors. In 1996, one year after the demise of the Advanced Neutron Source Project, the U.S. Department of Energy embarked on an aggressive program to upgrade the neutron scattering facilities at the HFIR. These upgrades, which are now in progress, include the installation of larger beam tubes, a high-performance hydrogen cold source, and additional neutron guides and neutron scattering instruments. An extensive analysis effort was performed over the past 4 yr to support the design of the modified beamlines and new user facilities and to assess the impact of the upgrades on the integrity of the existing reactor system. The results of three of these analyses are summarized here. Specifically, results are presented for analyses related to the design of the new cold neutron source (CNS), the assessment of beam tube changes on ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A radiochemical charged particle activation procedure for production and separation of carrier free {sup 52,56}Mn, {sup 55,56,58}Co and {sup 56,57}Ni has been developed. The radioisotopes produced on bombardment of an iron foil target with a 40 MeV {alpha}-particle beam through the nuclear reactions, Fe({alpha}, {alpha}pxn){sup 52,56}Mn, Fe({alpha}, pxn){sup 55,56,58}Co and Fe({alpha}, nx){sup 56,57}Ni, have been separated by LLX. The target element and the activation products have been sequentially separated from an HCl medium using diethylether and the liquid anion exchanger, TIOA, as extractants. Extent of separation and purity of the carrier free radiotracers at different stages of their LLX separation have been verified by taking recourse to {gamma}-ray spectrometry. (Author).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Anaerobic digestion of slurry represents an environmental opportunity for both slurry management and renewable energy production in countries with high animal density. This study evaluated the environmental impacts of 4 biogas production alternatives in which slurry was the only input in the process, without supplementary addition of easily degradable carbon. This was achieved by exposing the slurry to different separation technologies. The biomass mixture input for biogas production included solid fraction from slurry separation as well as raw slurry, proportioned in order to achieve economical methane yield. The separation processes considered in this study were mechanical separation; mechanical separation combined with the addition of flocculants; and mechanical separation combined with a thermal treatment. Four biogas alternatives were compared to a ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Separations of metal ions on the basis of Donnan dialysis across anion-exchange membranes should be possible if the receiver electrolyte composition favors the formation of selected anionic complexes of the sample metal ions. Moreover, such a separation has the possibility of being better suited from some applications than batch or column experiments with anion-exchange resins. The above hypothesis are tested on the platinum-group metal ions, Pt(IV), Rh(III), Pd(II), Ir(III), and Ir(IV). 13 references, 4 tables.