British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Indium sulfide thin films were deposited onto indium-tin-oxide coated glass substrate by electrochemical deposition from an aqueous solution containing In2 (SO4) 3 and Na2S2O3. The deposition conditions were optimized on the basis of data obtained by scanning electron microscope, Auger electron spectroscopy and optical transmission measurements. Furthermore, the photosensitivity of the films was observed by means of photoelectrochemical measurements, which confirmed that the indium sulfide showed n-type conduction. The X-ray diffraction and Raman studies revealed that the as-grown films were amorphous or nanocrystalline in nature and became polycrystalline In2S3 after annealing.

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Highly water-repellent surfaces have been prepared from arrayed nanowires of zinc oxide (ZnO) by a treatment with stearic acid. The layers are electrochemically deposited on a nanocrystalline seed layer from an oxygenated aqueous zinc chloride solution. An advancing contact angle (CA) as high as 176{sup 0} is obtained with a very small hysteresis {approx}1{sup 0}. These results, supplemented by infrared spectroscopy, show that the stearic acid forms a very well-packed self-assembled monolayer. The CA measurements show a very good stability of the treated surface even when exposed to harsh conditions or long-term ambient illumination.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Electrodeposition of semiconducting iron oxide (Fe_2O_3) thin film was carried out from an alkaline sulphate bath. A 0.1 M ferrous sulphate (FeSO_4#centre dot#7H_2O) was complexed with 0.1 M citric acid. By addition of 1 N NaOH, pH of the solution was made alkaline (pH=9) and deposition of iron oxide (Fe_2O_3) thin films was carried out potentiostatically at room temperature (300 K). From cyclic voltametry (CV), electrochemical studies were carried out for deposition of iron oxide thin films. The XRD studies reveal that Fe_2O_3 with epsilon (#epsilon#) phase having monoclinic crystal structure is formed. By observing scanning electron microscope (SEM), it is seen that iron oxide films were homogeneous, uniform and well covered to surface of the substrate. Grain size was found to be in nanometers range from XRD analysis. The optical band gap of Fe_2O_3 thin film was estimated to be 1.90 eV. Electrical resistivity was order ...

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Objective of the project is characterization of electrode reactions in molten salt by using metal oxides and silica-based electrode. The scope of project are characterization of metal oxide properties in molten salt and miniaturization of 3-electrode electrochemical test cell. Electrochemical micro-cell for actinide-LiCl-KCl molten salt was newly designed. Electroless and electrochemical deposition technique was applied to Mo coating on quartz tube. From the design of electrode and 3-electrode electrochemical cell suitable for the tests in molten salt electrolyte, so it is anticipated to get the information on the electrochemical behavior of metallic electrode in molten salt and to secure the information on oxidation/reduction behavior of actinide

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Atmospheric pressure plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition system is built. The electrical and optical characteristics of the APPECVD system is given. The system is used to deposit conductive polymers and nano composites onto glass and metal surfaces. The morphological, optical, chemical and electrical characteristics of deposited surfaces are investigated using SEM, AFM four probe deposition purposes. The photovoltaic applications of plasma deposited polymers and nonconsumption are compared with deposited with electrochemical methods show different results. The electrical, chemical and morphological structures of the samples will be given.

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TiB{sub 2} appears to be a promising material for the wear protection in various tribological systems, e.g. the diecasting of Al. This study focuses on the development of titanium boride coatings deposited by PACVD, a deposition method which is most suitable for the coating of substrates with complex shapes. All layers analysed are very smooth and exhibit a quasi-amorphous fracture surface. XRD and TEM analysis indicate a nanocrystalline structure with grain sizes in the order of 2 nm. The diffraction patterns can well be correlated to titanium diboride. WDS reveals an over stoichiometric B/Ti ratio. The layer hardness reaches the value of 33 GPa and the critical load in scratch tests rises to 35 N. Neither 100Cr6 nor Al as a counterpart in pin-on-disk tests leads to wear of the coating. (orig.)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The microstructure, microhardness, corrosion, and wear resistance of d.c.-plated Ni electrodeposits prepared from different types of electrolysing Watts-type baths, without or with organic compounds, ceramic powder - SiC and polymer - polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), on Cu substrate, which was subsequently removed from the deposits, were investigated. With the change of the type of bath, the deposit grain size was found to decrease markedly, e.g. deposits with an average grain size of about 50 nm could be produced from the bath containing 45 g/dm"3 Ni"2"+ ions, 5 g/dm"3 SiC, and 20 g/dm"3 PTFE. The surface morphology on the bath side of the electrode-posited Ni or Ni-SiC-PTFE foils was characteristic of the type of bath, and its roughness correlated well with the observed grain size. Microhardness and wear resistance increased with decreasing grain size, as expected. On discussing the factors controlling ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

In this paper we demonstrate the electrodeposition of nickel, a common ferromagnetic material, in various magnetically desirable shapes including nanowires, nanoparticles and highly faceted shells. In order to obtain three dimensional mesostructures, the electrochemical deposition of nickel was performed on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) under different electrolyte composition and deposition potential conditions. Under potentiostatic deposition at one distinct potential negative with respect to the reversible potential of nickel, three stages of nucleation and growth take place leading to a complex morphology of deposits. However, dual-pulse potential deposition and electrodeposition in low pH solutions causing hydrogen evolution, lead to nickel deposits in the form of nanowires...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

A study of the stability of conducting fabrics of polyester (PES) coated with polypyrrole/PW12O40^3^- (organic/inorganic hybrid material) in different pH solutions (1, 7, 13) has been done. Washing tests were also done in views of its possible application in electronic textiles such as antistatic clothing. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies have been done to quantify the amount of counter ion that remains in the polymer matrix and determine the doping ratio (N^+/N) after the different tests. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also used to observe morphological differences after the different tests. Surface resistivity changes were measured by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) was employed to measure changes in ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The crystallite size and orientation in molybdenum films prepared by magnetron sputtering at a low rate of typical 1 (angstrom)s and a pressure of 0.45 Pa was investigated by X-ray diffraction and texture analysis. The surface topography was studied using atomic force microscopy. Increasing the film thickness from 20 nm to 3 microm, the films show a turnover from a (110) fiber texture to a (211) mosaic-like texture. In the early state of growth (20 nm thickness) the development of dome-like structures on the surface is observed. The number of these structures increases with film thickness, whereas their size is weakly influenced. The effect of texture turnover is reduced by increasing the deposition rate by a factor of six, and it is absent for samples mounted above the center of the magnetron source. The effect of texture turnover is related to the bombardment of the films with high energetic argon neutrals resulting from backscattering at the target under oblique ...

International Science & Technology Center (ISTC)

Elaboration of Electrochemical Solar Energy Converter Incorporating Cadmium Selenide Semiconductor Developed Electrochemically

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Palladium deposition on Pt(110) electrodes was studied. Differently from Pt(111) and Pt(100), first and further layers cannot be distinguished in this case only through the voltammetric behavior of hydrogen and anion adsorption. The potential of zero total charge (pztc) was determined as a function of the amount of deposited Pd using CO charge displacement experiments and voltammetric curves. The variation of the voltammetric charge due to hydrogen and anion adsorption has been followed during Pd deposition. The voltammetric charge between 0.06 and 0.4V first decreases to a minimum, then increases and finally becomes stable, suggesting that the surface is finally covered with a Pd multilayer. The pztc and CO oxidation charge show similar behavior. CO oxidation, NO reduction and Cu UPD were...

KoreaScience (Korea)

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Cathodic arc deposition is an established and industrially applied technique for the formation of nitrides (e.g. TiN); it can also be used for metal oxide thin film formation. A cathodic arc plasma source with the desired cathode material is operated in an oxygen atmosphere of appropriate pressure, and metal oxides of various stoichiometric composition can be formed on different substrates. We report here on a series of experiments on metal oxide formation by cathodic arc deposition for different applications. Black copper oxide has been deposited on accelerator components to increase the radiative heat transfer between the parts. Various metal oxides such as tungsten oxide, niobium oxide, nickel oxide and vanadium oxide have been deposited on ITO glass to form electrochromic films for window applications. Optical waveguide structures can be formed by refractive index variation using oxide multilayers. ...

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Three-dimensional porous Sn thin film electrodes were prepared by electroless deposition on copper foam, then its morphology and electrochemical property were studied by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrochemical cycling test and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The porous framework and micro-holes have shown a great structure advantage in restricting severe volume changes when the Sn thin film was employed as anode for lithium-ion battery. The film electrode of sample C with an initial capacity of 676 mAh g{sup -1} showed good cycle performance displayed by retaining a capacity of 313 mAh g{sup -1} after 100 cycles.

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Nanocrystalline and nanostructured materials offer unique microstructure-dependent properties that are superior to coarse-grained materials. These materials have been shown to have very high hardness, strength, and wear resistance. However, most current methods of producing nanostructured materials in weapons-relevant materials create powdered metal that must be consolidated into bulk form to be useful. Conventional consolidation methods are not appropriate due to the need to maintain the nanocrystalline structure. This research investigated new ways of creating nanocrystalline material, new methods of consolidating nanocrystalline material, and an analysis of these different methods of creation and consolidation to evaluate their applicability to mesoscale weapons applications where part features are often under 100 {micro}m wide and the material's microstructure must be very small to give ...

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Carbon nanofiber (CNF) supported cobalt oxide composites as high-capacity anode materials were prepared through a facile, effective method for potential use in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. The effects of the calcining temperature on the crystallinity, grain size, specific surface area of Co{sub 3}O{sub 4} and phase transformation from Co{sub 3}O{sub 4} to CoO were studied in detail. Both the specific surface area and CNF content in CNF-cobalt oxide composites strongly affect the electrochemical performance of these series composites. The CNF-Co{sub 3}O{sub 4} composite with 24.3% CNF pyrolyzed at 500 deg. C in Ar shows an excellent cycling performance, retaining a specific capacity of 881 mAh g{sup -1} beyond 100 cycles. Homogeneous deposition and distribution of nanosized Co{sub 3}O{sub 4} particles on the surface of CNF can stabilize the electronic and ionic conductivity as well as the morphology of Co{sub 3}O{sub 4} phase, which may ...

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An electrochemical detection method for analyzing sequence-specific DNA using gold nanoparticle DNA probes and subsequent signal amplification step by silver enhancement is described. The assay relies on the electrostatic adsorption of target oligonucleotides onto the sensing surface of the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and its hybridization to the gold nanoparticle-labeled oligonucleotides DNA probe. After silver deposition onto gold nanoparticles, binding events between probe and target were monitored by the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) signal of the large number of silver atoms anchored on the hybrids at the electrode surface. The signal intensity difference permits to distinguish between the match of two perfectly matched DNA strands and the near-perfect match where just one base pair was wrong. Coupled with this 'nanoparticle-promoted' reduction of silver signal amplification method, the sensitivity of this ...

International Science & Technology Center (ISTC)

Development of a Comprehensive Decontamination Database and an Absorption-Electrochemical Metal Surface Decontamination Technique Combining Chemical and Electrochemical Process

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Li{sub 1.3}Al{sub 0.3}Ti{sub 1.7}(PO{sub 4}){sub 3} thin films were successfully prepared by the solution deposition using lithium acetate, aluminum nitrate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and titanium butoxide as starting materials. The structure, surface morphology, electrochemical window, and ionic conductivity of the films were studied by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry and AC impedance. The results showed that Li{sub 1.3}Al{sub 0.3}Ti{sub 1.7}(PO{sub 4}){sub 3} thin films annealed between 750 deg. C and 900 deg. C prepared by this method were well crystallized, homogenous and crack-free. The electrochemical window was beyond 2.4 V and the ionic conductivity was approximately 1.57x10{sup -5} S/cm at room temperature for the film annealed at 800 deg. C for 30 min.

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Membranes in Palladium and its alloys, in particular Pd/Ag alloys, are selectively permeable to hydrogen and can therefore be used to purify hydrogen. It is intended to use them as material for electrodes in fuel cells. As the manufacturing process of a substrate Pd/Ag-layer consists of several stages and is still not completely understood, it would be advantageous to be able to characterise separately the layers of noble metals obtained by electro-plating . Attempts are being made in this work to vary the cristallographical structure of the deposited alloy by the choice of test parameters and by sintering when depositing the Pd/Ag. The layers produced are to be examined using an interference microscope and X-ray diffraction. Moreover, the diffusion behaviour of the hydrogen is to be examined with an electro-chemical pulse method specifically developed for this purpose. figs., tabs., 27 refs.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Parameters of permanent magnets result from the combination of intrinsic properties such as saturation magnetization, magnetic exchange, and magnetocrystalline energy, as well as microstructural parameters such as phase structure, grain size, and orientation. Reduction of grain size into nanocrystalline regime (#approx# 50 nm) leads to the enhanced remanence which derives from ferromagnetic exchange coupling between highly refined grains. In this study the fundamental phenomena, quantities, and structure parameters, which define nanophase permanent magnets are presented and discussed. The theoretical considerations are confronted with experimental data for nanocrystalline Sm-Fe-N type permanent magnets. (author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nanocrystalline zeolites with discrete crystal sizes of less than 100 nm have different properties relative to zeolites with larger crystal sizes. Nanocrystalline zeolites have improved mass transfer properties and very large internal and external surface areas that can be exploited for many different applications. The additional external surface active sites and the improved mass transfer properties of nanocrystalline zeolites offer significant advantages for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysis with ammonia as a reductant in coal-fired power plants relative to current zeolite based SCR catalysts. Nanocrystalline NaY was synthesized with a crystal size of 15-20 nm and was thoroughly characterized using x-ray diffraction, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption isotherms and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Copper ions were exchanged into ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Recent advances made in the area of amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys exhibiting high saturation inductions are reviewed. A new chemical composition was identified that achieves a saturation induction of 1.64 T in an iron-based amorphous alloy. This alloy, when used in electrical transformers, shows a much improved performance over the existing amorphous alloy. Nanocrystalline FeCoCuNbSiB alloys are found to have saturation induction levels reaching 1.7 T. These materials are suited for use in sensors and inductors carrying large currents. Some of these nanocrystalline alloys show a BH squareness ratio exceeding 90%, which can be utilized in pulse power devices. Recent developments in the applications of these materials are also pointed out.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The deposit of radioactive corrosion products in the cooling systems of nuclear reactors becomes a serious problem for the personnel of facilities. Crud has an important role in the process of depositing radioactive corrosion products. The main components of crud are hematite, magnetite, nickel ferrite and so on, and the particles of these oxide compounds are distributed in water. Most of the behavior of crud are still not known. As for the mechanism of the production of crud, the Potter-Mann model has been proposed. However, the precipitation process of iron ions in water is unknown. The crud is defined as the particles filtered by 0.45 micrometer millipore filters. However, it is not known whether there are crud particles smaller than this size. The crud particles can be adsorbed on the filters by the surface electrochemical interaction. The adsorption of cations to crud particles was studied. The adhesion of crud ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nanocrystalline materials can exhibit properties which are considerably different from their coarse-grained counterparts, making them unique for basic or applied research and also very promising for potential applications. The topics which are addressed in the present paper are magnetic properties and magnetic correlations on the nanometer scale, mechanical properties, in particular the influence of grain boundaries on the elastic and plastic behaviour, and vibration models of grain boundary atoms in nanostructured materials. (author)

Science.gov (United States)

Natural bone consists of hard nanostructured hydroxyapatite (HA) in a nanostructured protein-based soft hydrogel template (ie, mostly collagen). For this reason, nanostructured HA has been an intriguing coating material on traditionally used titanium for improving orthopedic applications. In addition, helical rosette nanotubes (HRNs), newly developed materials which form through the self-assembly process of DNA base pair building blocks in body solutions, are soft nanotubes with a helical architecture that mimics natural collagen. Thus, the objective of this in vitro study was for the first time to combine the promising attributes of HRNs and nanocrystalline HA on titanium and assess osteoblast (bone-forming cell) functions. Different sizes of nanocrystalline HA were synthesized in this study through a wet chemical precipitation process following either hydrothermal treatment or sintering. Transmission electron microscopy images showed that ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Recent research has shown that biologically inspired approaches to materials synthesis and self-assembly, hold promise of unprecedented atomic level control of structure and interfaces. In particular, the use of organic molecules to control the production of inorganic technological materials has the potential for controlling grain structure to enhance material strength; controlling facet expression for enhanced catalytic activity; and controlling the shape of nanostructured materials to optimize optical, electrical and magnetic properties. In this work, we use organic molecules to modify silver crystal shapes towards understanding the metal-organic interactions that lead to nanoparticle shape control. Using in situ electrochemical AFM (EC-AFM) as an in situ probe, we study the influence of a cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylamminobromide (CTAB) on Ag growth during electrochemical deposition on Ag(100). The results show ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Size-controllable Ag nanoparticle ultrathin films, which were fabricated by vacuum deposition method from high purity Ag wire onto cleaned indium tin oxide conducting glass, have different color fabricated by variation of preparation conditions. The UV/Vis spectra showed that optical absorption peak of these Ag nanoparticle films can be tuned in a range from 457nm to >650nm. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that with increasing film thickness Ag particle size was larger. Ag/WO3 composite films were prepared by cathodic electrodeposition of WO3 onto the surface of Ag nanoparticle films. Spectroelectrochemistry and electrochromic properties of the resulting composite films were characterized. It was found that the electrochemical and electrochromatic properties of the composite fil...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Iron oxide thin films were prepared by spray pyrolysis technique onto glass substrates from iron chloride solution. They were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and (UV-vis) spectroscopy. The films deposited at T _s #<=# 450 deg. C were amorphous; while those produced at T _s_u_b = 500 deg. C were polycrystalline #alpha#-Fe_2O_3 with a preferential orientation along the (1 0 4) direction. By observing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), it was seen that iron oxide films were relatively homogeneous uniform and had a good adherence to the glass substrates. The grain size was found (by RX) between 19 and 25 nm. The composition of these films was examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). These films exhibited also a transmittance value about 80% in the visible and infrared range. The cyclic voltammetry study showed that the films of ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A novel composite film, comprising of hydrophobic ionic liquid (IL), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and gold nanoparticles (GNP), was fabricated and characterized. The GNP was introduced through electrochemical deposition on IL-MWNT gel film coated glassy carbon electrodes (GCE). Experiments showed that both IL and MWNTs could facilitate the GNP deposition. With GNP the composite film exhibited smaller electron transfer resistance and higher sensitivity in sensing guanine (G) and adenine (A). Under the optimized experimental conditions, the anodic peak currents were linear to the analyte concentration in the ranges of 0.008-2.0 ?M. The detection limits were down to nanomole level after an accumulation of 150 s on open-circuit. In addition, on the composite film coated GCE, the anodic peaks of G and A were well separated, and their response sensitivities kept almost unchanged no matter whether they coexisted or not. ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

In this study, the thermodynamic stability of the grain boundaries and the grain growth of nanocrystalline Palladium (Pd) at various temperatures were investigated. For this purpose, the Gibbs free energy curves of grain boundaries were plotted in terms of the excess volume by the use of the equation of state (EOS) and Song's thermodynamic models. The results showed that, according to the prediction of these models, the nanocrystalline growth in metals was stopped at the grain sizes less than the critical grain size. Also, the results of the temperature variations and its effect on the Gibbs free energy curves showed that by the increase of the temperature, the possibility for the stoppage of grain growth is facilitated and the critical grain size is increased. To investigate the validity ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

New data about the structure of high-temperature resistant metalloceramic plasma sprayed coatings in micro and nano areas are presented. Application of the new instrumental methods: transmission electron microscopy combined with selected area electron diffraction mode is possible to obtain these data. The first layer in Ni based metallic bond coat shows nanocrystalline structure. External ceramic layer based on stabilised ZrO_2 is polycrystalline and contains both cubic and tetragonal crystalline phases. Local inhomogeneities in coatings phase composition are determined. (author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nanocrystalline processing by inert gas condensation has the inherent advantages of generating: (1) high surface area nanoclusters, (2) non-stoichiometric oxides, and (3) high dispersions of dopants. This approach is exploited in the synthesis of fluorite-structured catalysts for SO{sub 2} reduction by CO. Nanocrystalline CeO{sub 2{minus}x}, La-doped CeO{sub 2{minus}x}, and Cu-doped CeO{sub 2{minus}x} were produced by magnetron sputtering from a pure or mixed metal target, followed by controlled oxidation of the metallic clusters. The as-prepared doped and undoped nanocrystalline CeO{sub 2{minus}x} materials were found to be excellent catalysts for complete SO{sub 2} conversion to elemental sulfur. Undoped nanocrystalline CeO{sub 2{minus}x} enabled light-off at 460 C, a temperature {approximately} 120 C lower than that over polycrystalline CeO{sub 2}, which is a novel effective catalyst itself. The high ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Development of evaluation technology of electrochemical reactions is very essential to understand chemical behavior of actinides and lanthanides in molten salt media in relation to the development of Pyrochemical process. The on-line electrochemical/spectroscopic measurement system is to produce electrochemical parameters and thermodynamic parameters of actinides and lanthanides in molten salts by using spectroscopic techniques such as UV-VIS absorption as well as electrochemical in-situ measurement techniques. The on-line electrochemical/spectroscopic measurement system can be applied to understand the chemical reactions and oxidation states of actinides and lanthanides in molten salts eventually for the Pyrochemical process

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A test methodology for measuring temperature, impedance, pH, and electrochemical potential distributions within a sludge-packed tube support plate crevice in a laboratory test is described. The method successfully showed that there were large concentration gradients between the tube and tube support plate sides of the crevice. The testing also showed that strong bases concentrated more effectively than strong acids, and that the crevice pH, when exposed to seawater-based solutions, increased with increasing superheat and decreasing bulk concentration. The large variations in the crevice chemistry observed under heat transfer were eliminated upon shutdown. These new test data suggest that it might be beneficial to evaluate the variation in the extent of stress corrosion cracking with tube support plate elevation found in some steam generators in light of local chemistry changes, as well as the variation in tubing temperature. Because of the large crevice chemistry ...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Here we describe the fabrication, optimization, and application of a microfluidic device that integrates microdialysis (MD) sampling, microchip electrophoresis (ME), and electrochemical detection...Full Text Available

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nanocrystalline Fe75Si20M5 (M = Al, B and Cr) powders were synthesized by mechanical alloying in a planetary ball mill from high purity elemental powders. Evolution of non-equilibrium solid solutions of ?-Fe[Si,(Al, B, Cr)] with a nanocrystalline structure was accompanied by the introduction of a large number of dislocation defects in the course of the milling process. Fe sites get substituted by Si and M (M = Al, B, Cr) atoms during the milling process. The structural change and the resulting disorder are reflected in the changes in the lattice parameter and average magnetic moment of the powders milled for various time periods. The effective magnetic anisotropy increases linearly with the milling time. An increase in coercivity with increasing milling time was observed which could be attributed to the introduction of dislocations and the reduction in the powder particle size during milling. The presence of dislocations and grain boundaries ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The use of X-ray diffraction line profile analysis for the study of nanocrystalline powders is described. The fundamentals of the theory are presented in terms of crystallite/domain size, size distribution, lattice distortion, dislocations density and stacking faults. Line profile parameters and the methods of pattern fitting introduced to overcome the diffraction-line overlap problem are discussed. The approaches based of the integral breadth of the measured line profiles and the Fourier method are discussed. In addition, simplified approaches are also commented. Representative examples are selected to illustrate various cases of microstructure, such as nanomaterials with strain-free spherical nano crystallites, strain-free crystallites with anisotropic crystallite shape, anisotropic crystallites with microstrains and spherical crystallites with dislocation densities and crystallite size distributions. (author)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The EXAFS-study (Fe, Sn and Ge K-edges) of disordered by mechanical activation binary supersaturated nanocrystalline solid solutions Fe-Al, Fe-Ge, Fe-Sn and Fe-Si is presented. The EXAFS-spectra are processed by solving the inverse binary problem, using the EXAFS-spectrum of the Fe K-edge only or combining the EXAFS-spectra on two K-edges, Fe and Ge or Fe and Sn. The parameters of partial correlation functions indicate chemical short-range ordering, high local static distortions in the lattice, increasing with metalloid content. The macrostructure of other type is forming through an initial, 'local' stage within the bcc lattice.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

In the present work, bulk amorphous and nanocrystalline Al83Fe17 alloys were obtained by consolidation of mechanically alloyed powders. Mechanical alloying of Al-17% Fe powder mixture yielded powder with an amorphous structure. Thermal behaviour of the milling product was examined using differential scanning calorimetry. This investigation revealed that the amorphous phase crystallised above 380^oC. The amorphous powder was compacted under a pressure of 7.7GPa in different conditions: at 380^oC for 600s and at 1000^oC for 180s. Structural investigations of the bulk material revealed that the amorphous structure was retained after consolidation process applied at 380^oC. Compaction under high pressure at 1000^oC caused crystallisation of the amorphous phase and appearance of metastable nano...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Chromium nitride/Cr coating has been deposited on surface of 316L stainless steel to improve conductivity and corrosion resistance by physical vapor deposition (PVD) technology. Electrochemical behaviors of the chromium nitride/Cr coated 316L stainless steel are investigated in 0.05 M H{sub 2}SO{sub 4}+2 ppm F{sup -} simulating proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) environments, and interfacial contact resistance (ICR) are measured before and after potentiostatic polarization at anodic and cathodic operation potentials for PEMFC. The chromium nitride/Cr coated 316L stainless steel exhibits improved corrosion resistance and better stability of passive film either in the simulated anodic or cathodic environment. In comparison to 316L stainless steel with air-formed oxide film, the ICR between the chromium nitride/Cr coated 316L stainless steel and carbon paper is about 30 m{omega} cm{sup 2} that is about one-third of ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

... NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS borophosphate glass

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Structural relaxation, crystallization and optimisation processes in soft magnetic amorphous alloys based on iron are examined by applying different experimental techniques: X-ray diffraction analysis, high-resolution electron microscopy, measurements of magnetic and electric properties (permeability, after-effect resistivity). The presented results are discussed in terms of annealing out of microvoids, formation of nanocrystalline phase and changes of effective magnetostriction constant. (author)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

It has been shown that mechanical milling of iron in water results in formation of nanocrystalline magnetite Fe3O4 with an average particle size of 0.6 ?m, saturation magnetization of 77 Am2/kg and coercivity of ?150 A/cm. Along with magnetite, an antiferromagnetic Fe-O phase (?10 wt%), which is an aggregate of small iron-oxygen clusters forms.

Science.gov (United States)

Metastable yttrium-oxide films are synthesized using reactive sputter deposition. The yttrium concentration of the as-deposited film is found to vary as a function of the sputter deposition rate. In addition to the synthesis of the cubic equilibrium phase...

Science.gov (United States)

No abstract prepared.

Science.gov (United States)

... Accession Number : ADD001040. Title : Process for Uniformly Depositing Resin in Combustible Cartridge Cases. Descriptive Note : Patent,. ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Electrochemical corrosion rate probes were constructed and tested along with mass loss coupons in a N2/O2/CO2 plus water vapor environment. Temperatures ranged from 450 to 600 C. Corrosion rates for ash-covered mild steel, 304L SS, and 316L SS probes using electrochemical techniques were a function of time, temperature, and process environment. Correlation between electrochemical and mass loss corrosion rates was good.

Science.gov (United States)

... Title : ON-LINE MONITORING OF FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION SCRUBBER CORROSION WITH ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES. ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Preparation and electrocatalytic reactions of nano porous materials in biodegradable fluids were studied. Electrochemical etching was conducted to selectively extract metallic elements from alloys to form porous structures. Electrocatalytic properties of the porous electrodes were characterized. Comparative studies on the electrochemical activities of the nano porous metallic electrodes with bulk metallic wire catalysts were performed. It is found that the current density at the nano porous electrode is three times higher than that of the bulk electrode

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Fe{sub x}Zn{sub 1-x} alloys were electrochemically deposited on aluminum substrates from a sulfate bath. The K{beta}/K{alpha} x-ray intensity ratios of Zn and Fe in Fe{sub x}Zn{sub 1-x} thin films have been experimentally studied. The energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) technique was used to measure K x-ray photons. Samples were excited by using 59.5 keV photons emitted by a 50 mCi {sup 241}Am radioactive source. The emitted K x-rays were detected by an Ultra-LEGe detector having a resolution of 150 eV at 5.9 keV. In addition, the effect of bath composition on the phase structure was investigated by x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The composition of the thin films was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry analysis. Iron content was shown to strongly affect the structure of Zn-Fe alloys. It was found that the K-shell x-ray intensity ratio changed in Fe{sub x}Zn{sub 1-x} thin films for different values of x. The reason for this ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The paper describes the production of highly enriched isotopes of uranium, plutonium, americium and curium by electromagnetic separation for scientific and applied researches in physics, chemistry, geology, medicine, biology and other fields. Using the equipment described, the isotopes are produced in quantities sufficient to set up nuclear physical experiments, to produce nuclear reference materials and standard sources for calibration of radiometrical and mass spectrometrical equipment, in radionuclide metrology, etc. For the following isotopes the indicated degrees of isotopic enrichment were achieved: "2"3"3U-99.97%; "2"3"5U-99.97%; "2"3"6U-98.0%; "2"3"8U-99.997%; "2"3"8Pu-99.6%; "2"3"9Pu-99.9977%; "2"4"0Pu-99.9-100%; "2"4"1Pu-96.998%; "2"4"2Pu-97.8-99.96%; "2"4"4Pu-96.7%; "2"4"1Am-99.6%; "2"4"2"mAm-73.6%; "2"4"3Am-99.2-99.94%; "2"4"3Cm-99.99%; "2"4"5Cm-99.998%; "2"4"6Cm-99.8%; "2"4"7Cm-90%, "2"4"8Cm-97%. Methods for preparing layers of highly enriched isotopes on various ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

BaZr_0_._1Ce_0_._7Y_0_._2O_3_-_#delta# (BZCY7) exhibits adequate proton conductivity as well as sufficient chemical and thermal stability over a wide range of SOFC operating conditions, while layered GdBa_0_._5Sr_0_._5Co_2O_5_+_#delta# (GBSC) perovskite deposited on a doped ceria electrolyte demonstrates advanced electrochemical properties. This research fully takes advantage of these advanced properties and develops novel protonic ceramic membrane fuel cells (PCMFCs) of Ni-BZCY7|BZCY7|GBSC. The results show that the open-circuit potential of 1.003 V, maximum power density of 430 mW cm"-"2, and a low polarization resistance of the electrodes of 0.08 #OMEGA# cm"2 are achieved at 700 "oC. With temperature increases, the total cell resistance decreases, among which electrolyte resistance becomes increasingly dominant over polarization resistance. The results also indicate that GBSC perovskite cathode is a good candidate for intermediate ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nanocrystalline samples of Fe_8_0Mo_2_0 and Fe_5_0Mo_5_0 alloys were prepared by the mechanical milling method. The structure, lattice parameters, and crystallite size were determined by the X-ray diffraction. The magnetic properties of the milled products were determined by the Moessbauer spectroscopy. It was observed that in the case of the Fe_8_0Mo_2_0 alloy a solid solution of Mo in Fe was formed with the lattice parameters of the Fe increasing from 0.28659 nm to 0.29240 nm and the crystallite size decreasing from 250 nm to 20 nm. In the case of the Fe_5_0Mo_5_0 alloy there were no clear changes in values of the lattice parameters of Fe and Mo during the milling process, but the crystallite size decreased from 200 to 15 nm. Moessbauer spectra revealed different magnetic phases in the machanosynthesized Fe_Mo samples. In the case of the Fe_8_0Mo_2_0 alloy, the spectrum for the milled mixture indicated the formation of solid solution. In contrast, for the ...

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Nanocrystalline ZnO films were fabricated via a simple method involving the oxidation of Zn films at a remarkably low temperature of 380 C. X-ray diffraction study confirmed that the Zn films were completely oxidized even at the low temperature of 380 C and the ZnO films fabricated were of polycrystalline wurtzite structure. Room temperature optical pumping using a frequency-quintupled Q-switched Nd:YAG laser ({lambda}=213 nm) exhibited that sharp peaks at around 3.12 eV emerged above excitation powers of {proportional_to}7 MW/cm{sup 2}, demonstrating lasing in the ZnO films. These results represent that the process is a simple, promising approach for fabricating ZnO of sufficient optical performance for use as ultraviolet (UV) light emitters and an alternative UV laser source; both are key components in short-wavelength photonic devices. (orig.)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Magnetic properties of a recently developed Fe-based amorphous alloy with a high saturation induction of 1.65 T are reviewed. The increased saturation induction is fully utilized in transformers with reduced magnetic losses, physical sizes and audible noises, minimizing some of the drawbacks of amorphous metal-based transformers based on a currently available amorphous alloy. Impacts of this on the worldwide energy savings and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions are discussed. A recent effort in achieving a saturation induction beyond 1.65 T in nanocrystalline alloys is mentioned.

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Understanding the mechanical properties of biomedical devices is critical in predicting and preventing their failure in the body. Such knowledge is essential, for example, in the design of biomedical stents, which must undergo repeated strain over their ten year lifetimes without breaking. Computational models are used to predict mechanical response of a device, but these models are not complete; there are significant deviations from the predictions, especially when devices are subjected to repeated multi-axial loads. Improving these models requires comparisons with actual measurements of strained nitinol. Local measurements of the full strain tensor can be made using X-ray diffraction techniques, but they are currently limited to materials whose grain size is larger than the X-ray beam size or require several diffraction patterns produced by rotation of the sample. Nitinol stents are nanocrystalline, with grains smaller than any available X-ray beam. We present a ...

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In the present paper, the chemical composition of passive films formed on both phases of two types of duplex stainless steels (UNS S31803 and UNS S32304) is determined at the micro-scale using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Samples were either mechanically polished (down to diamond pastes) or electrochemically etched in acidic solutions. The micro-electrochemical behavior of samples was then determined in sodium chloride media by means of the electrochemical micro-cell technique (capillary diameters of 30 {mu}m). The results obtained were analyzed considering the passive film chemical composition. Quantitative relationships between electrochemical parameters and the distribution of chromium and iron in the oxide layer were found. Due to differences in mechanical properties between ferrite and austenite, a heterogeneous stress distribution is generated in both phases. A method based on ...

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Magnetic separation of several classes of antibiotics was investigated using electrochemical magnetic seeding. Electrocoagulation with a sacrificial anode followed by addition of magnetite particles was applied for the magnetic seeding of antibiotics. With electrochemical magnetic seeding using an iron anode, tetracycline antibiotics (oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, doxycycline and tetracycline) and cephalosporin antibiotic (cefdinir) were rapidly removed from synthetic wastewater by magnetic separation using a neodymium magnet. Iron and aluminium anodes were suitable for magnetic seeding of the antibiotics. The results indicated that the ability of antibiotics to form strong complex with iron and aluminium allowed the higher removal by magnetic separation. This method would be appropriate for rapid treatment of antibiotics in wastewater.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The mechanistic aspects of electrochemical reductions of U"V"IO_2(acac)_2dmso(acac=acetylacetonate, dmso=dimethyl sulfoxide) complex with bidentate ligand(acac) in DMSO were investigated by using cyclic voltammetry, normal pulse voltammetry, and spectrophotometer equipped with an optical transparent thin layer electrode cell. It is concluded that the uranyl complexes with bidentate ligands at the equatorial plane form stable U(V) complexes by the electrochemical reduction and that their molar extinction coefficients in the visible region are very small. (J.P.N.).

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Additional measurements have been made of deposition and retention of inhaled radioactively labeled iron oxide aerosols generated by a spinning top aerosol generator.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Alloy 800 has been used for steam generator (SG) tubing for more than 30 years, primarily in CANDU reactors and in reactors in Germany. The grade of Alloy 800 tubing used for this service has a controlled Ti/C ratio (#>=#12 for CANDU SGs), and this specification is sometimes termed Alloy 800 M or Alloy 800 NG . There have been very few corrosion-related flaws detected in this material in SG service, and, until recently, no incidences of cracking. There has been extensive R and D carried out on Alloy 800 tubing, both in Canada and elsewhere, under a variety of operating conditions, including shutdowns, which show that it has excellent resistance to corrosion-related degradation under specified and appropriate operating conditions. These R and D findings are reflected in the in-service experience. It has been shown from the R and D that Alloy 800 is susceptible to corrosion under acidic conditions, in particular those that can arise as a consequence of phosphate water treatment or ...

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We prepared cathodes with various types of activated carbon and measured the cathodes' electrochemical performance according to the kind of activated carbon. Activated carbon supplies airflow channels and reaction sites in the cathode of zinc air batteries. When we use activated carbon with a high specific surface area as the cathode's catalyst substrate, we expect high electrochemical performance because this type of carbon provides more air flow channels and reaction sites. We focused on investigating the relationship between the cathode's pore structure and its electrochemical characterizations. We also studied the effects of the various activated carbon materials on the zinc air batteries' performance. Increasing the macropores or mesopores in the activated carbon resulted in achieving more power from the battery. (author)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The electrochemical/spectroscopic integrated measurement system was designed and set up for spectro-electrochemical measurements of lanthanide and actinide ions in high temperature molten salt media. A compact electrochemical cell and electrode system was also developed for the minimization of reactants, and consequently minimization of radioactive waste generation. By applying these equipment, oxidation and reduction behavior of lanthanide and actinide ions in molten salt media have been made. Also, thermodynamic parameter values are determined by interpreting the results obtained from electrochemical measurements. Several lanthanide ions exhibited fluorescence properties in molten salt. Also, UV-VIS measurement provided the detailed information regarding the oxidation states of lanthanide and actinide ions in high temperature molten salt media

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The electrochemical metal dissolution of 100Cr6 steel in sodium chloride solution, applying high electrolyte flow rates and high current densities, has been studied with a view to the influence of material heterogeneities such as carbide segregation lines in the steel matrix. It was shown that the presence of such segregations is responsible for the formation of troughs on the specimen surface during electrochemical dissolution. A mechanism for trough formation was proposed. A dedicated heat treatment applied to the 100Cr6 steel eliminated the carbide segregation lines and established a soft annealed, fine-grained microstructure containing globular carbides. Subsequent electrochemical dissolution did not show any development of surface irregularities as troughs. (orig.)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A series of cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance experiments have been carried out in order to investigate the effect of cathode composition and porosity on the electrochemical characteristics of strontium-doped lanthanum, praseodymium and gadolinium cobaltite cathodes. The impedance responses at different electrode potentials of the half cell and symmetric single cell setups are compared and analyzed by the equivalent circuit modeling method. The deconvolution of impedance spectra for single cell cathode and anode reactions contributions based on the results of simultaneous analysis of half cells and symmetric single cells has been made by differential impedance real part vs. ac frequency plot analysis method. Noticeable influence of cathode chemical composition, meso-porosity and macro-porosity on the electrochemical activity of the oxygen electroreduction has been demonstrated. Seeming ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

... deposition evaporation fission products fluorides iodine 134 laboratory

Science.gov (United States)

... wood, kitchen wastes, and human faeces. The ash from such waste burning shall be deposited and ...

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Short communication.

J-STORE (Japan)

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British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

An unsymmetrical squaraine dye which contains an arylamino group was synthesized and used in dye-sensitized solar cells. The molar extinction coefficient of the dye is 77793 M-1 cm-1. Because our synthesized molecule may have no diradical character or the contribution of the diradicaloid component to resonance is quite small, the newly designed squaraine dye has a maximum absorption at 546 nm in the visible region compared with the NIR squaraine sensitizers. Cyclic voltammetry and time dependent density function theory calculation were accomplished to scrutinize the sensitized performance of the dye. Meanwhile, the novel sensitizer has been used to sensitize nanocrystalline TiO2-based solar cell. Under standard global AM 1.5 solar conditions, the squaraine dye-sensitized cell gives a short...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The light-emitting properties of cubic silicon carbide films grown by vacuum vapor phase epitaxy on Si(100) and Si(111) substrates under conditions of decreased growth temperatures (T gr ? 900?700?C) have been discussed. Structural investigations have revealed a nanocrystalline structure and, simultaneously, a homogeneity of the phase composition of the grown 3C-SiC films. Photoluminescence spectra of these structures under excitation of the electronic subsystem by a helium-cadmium laser (?excit = 325 nm) are characterized by a rather intense luminescence band with the maximum shifted toward the ultraviolet (?3 eV) region of the spectral range. It has been found that the integral curve of photoluminescence at low temperatures of measurements is split into a set of Lorentzian components. Th...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A poly(ether urethane) (PEUR)/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)/SiO2 based nanocomposite polymer is prepared and employed in the construction of high efficiency all-solid-state dye-sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells. The introduction of low-molecular weight PEUR prepolymer into PEO electrolyte has greatly enhance the electrolyte performance by both improving the interfacial contact properties of electrode/electrolyte and decreasing the PEO crystallization, which were confirmed by XRD and SEM characteristics. The effects of polymer composition, nano SiO2 content on the ionic conductivity and I3- ions diffusion of polymer-blend electrolyte are investigated. The optimized composition yields an energy conversion efficiency of 3.71% under irradiation by white light (100 mW cm-2).

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

In this study a novel sol-gel auto-combustion method, using n-decyltrimethylammonium bromide as a cationic surfactant, has been used to synthesize strontium hexaferrite nanocrystalline powder. The dried nitrate-citrate gel, prepared from a solution of ferric nitrate, strontium nitrate, citric acid, trimethylamine and cationic surfactant, exhibited an auto-combustion behavior after ignition in air. The formation reaction temperature, phase identification, crystallites size, particles size distribution and morphology of resultant strontium hexaferrite powder were investigated by DTA/TGA, FTIR, XRD, LPSA, TEM and SEM techniques. The results showed that in presence of the cationic surfactant, the combustion intensity increases and the crystallite size decreases. The crystallite size of stronti...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The possibilities to grow isolated structures of complex oxides by pulsed laser deposition through stencils were investigated. A stencil consisting of a SiN membrane with apertures of several hundred nanometers embedded in a Si chip is placed in front of a heated substrate (up to 750 degrees Celsius). Deposition through these apertures results in resistless, direct patterning by local deposition of complex oxides like ferroelectric Lead Zirconate Titanate. The created isolated structures were analyzed by AFM imaging. Under-deposition, in this work called broadening, is inevitable during stencil deposition and is depending on deposition parameters, especially pressure. Different causes of broadening are mapped and discussed.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Various electrochemical techniques are available to continuously monitor corrosion in conditions simulating those on the secondary side of PWR steam generators. This paper reviews those electrochemical techniques which are potentially useful to measure denting in tube-support crevices in situ. Attention is also given to corollary needs for monitoring the water chemistry which leads to corrosive attack. Finally some suggestions are offered for corrosion monitoring in autoclaves, model boilers and operating steam generators.

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A growth model of pitting corrosion of carbon steel in cooling water systems was developed on microscopic observations of pits and electrochemical studies. Results of pitting corrosion measurements in laboratory and field conditions with the model, using a newly developed electrochemical device, are discussed. For an actual heat exchanger up to a year operation, the values of pitting depth estimated were in good agreement with the measured values.

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Electrochemical cyclic potentiodynamic polarization (CPP) experiments were performed on several candidate high-performance waste package container materials to evaluate their susceptibility to localized corrosion in aqueous environments relevant to the potential underground high-level nuclear waste repository. This paper presents the results of this study showing the effects of chloride ion (Cl) concentrations, pH, temperature, and electrochemical potential scan rate on the pitting corrosion behavior of these materials.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Energy deposition process by relativistic fast electrons produced by ultra-intense laser pulses is discussed. The process is calculated with a two dimensional Fokker-Planck simulation code including binary and collective collisions coupled with electromagnetic field. We focused on Velocity Distribution Function (VDF) dependence in the simulation. The results show that the spread angle of the fast electrons distribution affects energy deposition area and deposited energy is concentrated in the vicinity of the propagation axis of the fast electrons. It may be also suggested that self-pinch effect of a fast electron beam causes large deposition energy. (author)

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Results are given for deep-level petroleum and gas drilling probes in various coastal zones of Southern Sakhalin covering the Poronai depression and the Aniv Bay trough. The exploratory probes indicate that the Middle Miocence deposits of the Boundary trough contain commercial-size deposits of petroleum, that commercial-size gas deposits are in the upper Myocene deposits of the Aliv Bay trough, and that the upper Cretaceous and Cenozoic deposits of the eastern section of Southern Sakhalin lack folded deformations. 7 references, 2 figures.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

W have introduced template-synthesized metal phosphate nanoparticle labels for electrochemical immunoassay. Such use of an apoferritin template offers a simple and convenient route to prepare metallic nanoparticle labels for electrochemical immunoassays and avoid the complicated and time-consuming nanoparticle synthesis process (QD synthesis). Releasing metal ions from metal phosphate in an acetate buffer (pH 4.6) eliminates the harsh condition in the traditional metallic nanoparticle dissolution (e.g., strong acid dissolution of QDs and gold nanoparticles). This method is ultrasensitive and its DL is low to 77fM. The simultaneous detection of multiple protein targets is easily performed by using different metal phosphate nanoparticle labels (cadmium phosphate and lead phosphate). This approach can be extended to prepare multiple metal (such as zinc, lead, cadmium, copper, indium, gold, silver) phosphate nanoparticle labels or hybrid metal ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The understanding of fission product deposition in realistic steam generator conditions is needed for release estimates in PSA studies, and for the design of efficient accident management procedures. This is considered very important because primary-to-secondary leakages risk dominant sequences in many plants. Furthermore, the decay heat of the fission product deposits adds to the thermal load to the steam generator tubes also in other sequences, especially in case of cold leg leakages. This brings out the concern of induced steam generator tube ruptures in cases, where the steam generators are initially intact. The experimental data showed that the highest deposited fraction within the tubes were found in cases with lowest flow velocities. The minimum value of the deposited fraction was observed at intermediate flow velocities. With these relatively low Reynolds numbers, the results calculated with ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Full text: It was recently-established for hexagonal barium ferrite-industrially important magnetically hard material that refinement of the crystallite dimensions into the nanoscale regime, typically #<=# 10 nm, leads after heat treatment at temperatures 800-1000 deg C to significant coercivity increase of up to 6.5 kOe (#approx#3-4 times) with saturation magnetisation values of 50-55 emu/g (#approx#95% of bulk at room temperature). High-energy mechanochemical processing has been applied to prepare nanostructural (nanocrystalline-amorphous) composites. High resolution electron microscopy studies reveal that the enhancement of the final magnetic properties was due to formation of magnetically noninteracting #approx#l,#mu#m Ba-ferrite particles with 5-10 nm amorphous surface layer - depending on annealing parameters. Similar situation was established also for ball milled strontium ferrite (SrFe_1_2O_1_9) powders where short annealing 4 h at 1000 deg C produced ...

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Supercritical CO2 is used as a new solvent for immersion deposition, a galvanic displacement process traditionally carried out in aqueous HF solutions containing metal ions, to selectively develop metal films on featured or non-featured silicon substrates. Components of supercritical fluid immersion deposition (SFID) solutions for fabricating Cu and Pd films on silicon substrates are described along with the corresponding experimental setup and procedure. Only silicon substrates exposed and reactive to SFID solutions can be coated. The highly pressurized and gas-like supercritical CO2, combined with the galvanic displacement property of immersion deposition, enables the SFID technique to selectively deposit metal films in small features. SFID may also provide a new method to fabricate palladium silicide in small features or to metallize porous silicon.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A ternary nickel-base alloy Ni-W-B has been developed for surface corrosion and wear resistance to replace chromium plating, which uses environmentally hazardous solutions. The deposition conditions used an alkaline bath and insoluble anodes. The as-deposited alloy typically contains 40 wt% W and 1 wt% B and has an amorphous or partially amorphous structure. These deposits compare favorably with hexavalent chromium deposits in throwing power, color uniformity, and reflectivity. The corrosion resistance of Ni-W-B alloy was compared with hexavalent chromium and electroless nickel deposits in a variety of acids, including hydrochloric, sulfuric, fluoroboric, and phosphoric. In all cases, best results were obtained with the Ni-W-B deposits.

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A three-dimensional mathematical thermo-fluid model coupling the electrochemical kinetics with fluid dynamics was developed to simulate the heat and mass transfer in planar anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). The internal reforming reactions and electrochemical reactions of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the porous anode layer were analyzed. The temperature, species mole fraction, current density, overpotential loss and other performance parameters of the single cell unit were obtained by a commercial CFD code (Fluent) and external sub-routine. Results show that the current density produced by electrochemical reactions of carbon monoxide cannot be ignored, the cathode overpotential loss is the biggest one among the three overpotential losses, and that the proper decrease of the operating voltage leads to the increase of the current density, PEN structure temperature, fuel utilization factor, fuel efficiency and ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

By varying different variables (potential, chloride content, surface pretreatment etc.) it is possible to show the effect of increasingly harsher corrosion conditions on passive-layer stability. These changes will not be detected by conventional methods e.g. measurement of passive current density, until a very late stage. Electrochemical noise measurement will allow the action of inhibitors to be detected in a rapid and effective manner. High-alloy steels and titanium claddings subjected to pitting corrosion in chloride-containing media demonstrate how to use this method for problem solutions and to open up new practical applications. The effect of mechanical stresses (natural, tensile) on the corrosion system can be detected by electrochemical noise which opens up new methods for crack corrosion studying and monitoring. (orig./DG).

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Manganese dioxide (MnO2) was prepared using the ultrasonic method. Its electrochemical performance was evaluated as the cathode material for a high voltage hybrid capacitor. And the specific capacitance of the MnO2 electrode reached 240 F.g-1. The new hybrid capacitor was constructed, combining Al/Al2O3 as the anode and MnO2 as the cathode with electrolyte for the aluminum electrolytic capacitor to solve the problem of low working voltage of a supercapacitor unit. The results showed that the hybrid capacitor had a high energy density and the ability of quick charging and discharging according to the electrochemical performance test. The capacitance was 84.4 mF, and the volume and mass energy densities were greatly improved compared to those of the traditional aluminum electrolytic capacito...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Effects of some experimental parameters (supporting electrolyte, initial pH and current density) on the performance of electrocoagulation process using iron electrodes were investigated. Results of experiments showed that dissolution of iron is purely electrochemical and fits well with Faraday's law and leads to Fe^2^+ which are chemically oxidized into Fe^3^+ in aerated conditions. In neutral and alkaline conditions, the reaction between hydroxyl ions generated at the cathode and dissolved iron ions forms insoluble hydroxo-iron species. Potentiodynamic polarization tests showed that the formation of passive film on iron anode limits the continuous electrochemical dissolution of iron. Corrosion and pitting potentials largely depend on the nature of supporting electrolyte. The dissolution o...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Analytical relations are obtained for estimating how the distributions of temperature and heat flux vary along a steam-generating tube and how the steam-generator power output reduces due to formation and accumulation of deposits.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The reactive evaporation process was successfully used to deposit films of the A-15 Nb_3Ge phase. This is the first report, to the best of our knowledge, illustrating the use of such processes for the deposition of A-15 compounds. In this process, niobium vapors from an electron-beam-heated evaporation source react with germane gas introduced into the vacuum chamber at low partial pressures (approximately 10"-"4 Torr) to produce Nb_3Ge deposits. The process variables studied were the deposition temperature, the niobium-to-germanium impingement ratio on the substrate and the plasma-enhanced deposition, in this case the activated reactive evaporation process. At low deposition temperatures (below 450"0C) the deposit is amorphous (or microcrystalline) and can be crystallized to the Nb_3Ge phase by heat treatment, e.g. at 850"0C for 1 h in ...

Science.gov (United States)

This report results from a contract tasking Eindhoven University of Technology as follows: The contractor will investigate the plasma treatment of surfaces and plasma enhanced deposition using EUT's cascade arc source as the basis for this effort.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

... 194 p. auger electron spectroscopy decomposition deposition interfaces oxygen

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Adult and newborn rats were exposed to "2"3"9PuO_2 aerosols of four different size distributions. Rats of both ages were killed at intervals between 1 hr and 60 days postexposure. There were marked age- and particle-related size differences in deposition, although retention was similar throughout. The differences in deposition are attributable to relatively greater deposition of larger particles in the upper respiratory tracts of newborns.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Red mud (RM) is the main by-product of the Bayer process for alumina extraction from bauxite, and grey slurries (GS) are generated during the granite rocks transformation processes. the huge volume of those wastes generated every year suppose a serious environmental problem. Recent works by our group demonstrate the efficiency of both types of muds as corrosion inhibitors for iron and steel in alkaline media containing chlorides. The elemental analysis of these slurried shows that Al"3+ is the main common element. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to study the effect of the soluble Al"3+ in the electrochemical behaviour of iron in alkaline media, in presence and absence of chlorides. The electrochemical study using Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) together with surface analysis techniques allowed to conclude that Al"3+ blocks the surface of steel in alkaline media chloride ...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

The intercalated disk (ID) is a complex structure that electromechanically couples adjoining cardiac myocytes into a functional syncitium. The integrity of the disk is essential for normal cardiac function,...Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Substantial roles of precipitates such as Zr-Fe-Cr type intermetallic compounds on uniform corrosion and hydrogen pickup of zirconium alloys in pure water autoclave tests were investigated from an electrochemical point of view. This paper describes the roles on corrosion. A corrosion test on precipitate-containing and precipitate-free materials made from pure zirconium and a small quantity of iron and chromium, rest potential measurements on an intermetallic compound of Zr(FeCr){sub 2} and zirconium matrix, and a galvanic coupling test of those were performed. Results showed that corrosion behavior of zirconium alloys could be attributed to the electrochemical properties of intermetallic compounds precipitated in each alloy. Namely, the cathodic and anodic polarization characteristics were associated with anodic protection provided by the precipitates on the alloys and the precipitates degradation in the oxide films, respectively. The mechanism ...

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Type 440C stainless steel is a high-C, high-Cr martensitic steel used in applications requiring high hardness and wear resistance in combination with moderate corrosion resistance. Typical applications include precision aerospace bearings and critical components in computer disk drives. The properties of passive films formed on 440C steel were investigated using advanced electrochemical techniques with a view to establishing a method to measure film stability directly in the passivation baths. Electrochemical measurements were sensitive to the passive film properties and were able to quantify the effect of cooling rate on passive film stability. The techniques used included linear polarization, AC impedance, small amplitude cyclic voltammetry, and coulostatic transient measurements. These provided results that exhibited excellent agreement with the AC impedance technique providing the most information about the interfacial reactions. It was ...

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Thermal, electrical, and electrochemical properties were investigated for the (100-x)(0.6Li{sub 2}S{center{underscore}dot}0.4SiS{sub 2}){center{underscore}dot}xLi{sub 4}SiO{sub 4} oxysulfide glasses. The glass with x = 5 exhibited high electrical conductivity of about 10{sup {minus}3} S cm{sup {minus}1} at room temperature, high glass stability against crystallization, and good chemical stability in contact with Li metal. Cyclic voltammetry also suggested that this glass has a wide electrochemical window of more than 10 V. On the other hand, further addition of Li{sub 4}SiO{sub 4} up to 20 mol% lowered the conductivity, glass stability against crystallization, and electrochemical stability for the oxysulfide glasses.

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The purpose of this text is to train engineers and technologists not just to understand corrosion but to control it. Materials selection, coatings, chemical inhibitors, cathodic and anodic protection, and equipment design are covered in separate chapters. High-temperature oxidation is discussed in the final two chapters ne on oxidation theory and one on controlling oxidation by alloying and with coatings. This book treats corrosion and high-temperature oxidation separately. Corrosion is divided into three groups: (1) chemical dissolution including uniform attack, (2) electrochemical corrosion from either metallurgical or environmental cells, and (3) stress-assisted corrosion. Corrosion is logically grouped according to mechanisms rather than arbitrarily separated into different types of corrosion as if they were unrelated. For those university students and industry personnel who approach corrosion theory very hesitantly, this text will present the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Red mud (Rm) is the main by-product of the Bayer process for alumina extraction from bauxite, and grey slurries (GS) are generated during the granite rocks transformation processes. the huge volume of those wastes generated every year suppose a serious environmental problem. Recent works by our group demonstrate the efficiency of both types of muds as corrosion inhibitors for iron and steel in alkaline media containing chlorides. The elemental analysis of these slurried shows that Al{sup 3}+ is the main common element. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to study the effect of the soluble Al{sup 3}+ in the electrochemical behaviour of iron in alkaline media, in presence and absence of chlorides. The electrochemical study using Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) together with surface analysis techniques allowed to conclude that Al{sup 3}+ blocks the surface of steel in alkaline media ...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Amino acid transport was studied in membranes of the peptidolytic, thermophilic, anaerobic bacterium Clostridium fervidus. Uptake of the negatively charged amino acid L-glutamate, the neutral amino...Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The 'Electrochemical Potentiokinetic Reactivation' method has been employed to quantify the degree of intergranular corrosion of Alloy 800, with different Ti + Al content, aged in the range 500-650/sup 0/C for times up to 5000 hours. The results were compared with the classical Rollason's curves obtained by means of the Strauss' test and a satisfactory agreement was found. An explanation of the slight differences between both methods has been proposed on the basis of the passivity film morphology.

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Electrochemical properties of thermally structurized polyacrylonitrile (TSPAN) have been investigated as a function of the preparation conditions. The best charge storage capacity has been found for highly porous semiconducting materials with specific surface areas of about 1000-1200 m{sup 2}/g and a specific conductivity of 0.1-0.2 S/cm. This material can be both oxidized and reduced with high reversibility, effectivity and cycle life and is suitable for application in various charge storage devices. (orig.).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

We propose a dissolution-passivation model to account for the electrochemical behavior of Alloy 800 and 316L stainless steel under steam generators operating conditions. This model is similar to the one defined for nickel, considering the known importance of this element on the studied alloys. The comparison of the rates of the elementary steps points out the favorable influence of dissolved oxygen and phosphate ions on the dissolution of Alloy 800, even in the presence of chloride ions. The sensitivity of 316L SS is greater, especially because of the lowest stability of oxide-like intermediate.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Effect of scale on determination of 12Kh18N10T steel tendency to intergranular corrosion (IGC) by rapid electrochemical techniques in solution of 10 % H_2SO_4+0.0025 g/l KCNS was investigated. It is shown that scale presence of steel surface accelerates anode dissolving, activates grain boundaries. All this results to the effect of tendency to IGC in steels, not inclined to it. The scale is not completely removed from the surface, but remains partially along grain boundaries in result of successive pickling of scale and then a surface layer of metal. This also couses the effect of tendency to IGC.

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A compact cesium deposition system was used for direct deposition of cesium atoms and ions onto the inner surface of the 1/3 scale Hydrogen Negative Ion Source for the LHD-NBI system. A small, well defined amount of cesium deposition in the range of 3-200 mg was tested. Negative ion extraction and acceleration were carried out both in the pure hydrogen operation mode and in the cesium mode. Single Cs deposition of 3-30 mg to the plasma chamber have produced temporary 2-5 times increases of H-yield, but the yield was decreased within several discharge pulses to the previous steady-state value. Two consecutive 30 mg depositions done within a 3-5 hours/60 shot interval, produced a similar temporary increase of H-beam, but reached a larger H-yield steady-state value. Deposition of larger 0.1-0.2 g Cs portions with a 20-120 hours/150-270 shot interval improved the ...

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The question about expanding the boundaries of the open pit mining method is examined. The use of methods which consider the advantages of open and underground mining operations with their joint use in horizontal and evenly dipping deposits will make it possible to objectively select the mining method, to expand the range of use of open pit mining operations in the deposits of the Far North and provide an improvement in the technical and economic indicators of mineral extraction.

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This report measured the rate of isothermal deposition of sub-micron particles of magnetite onto the surface of Alloy 800 at pH of 4.2-9.3 at Re=10,000 and a fluid temperature of 25C. Deposition is modelled as a two-step process, the transport of particles to the surface region followed by attachment to the surface.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Understanding the erosion and deposition rates in a small watershed is important for designing soil and water conservation measures. The objective of this study is to estimate the net soil loss and gain at points with various land use types and landform positions in a small watershed in the Sichuan Hilly Basin of China by the 137Cs tracing technique. Among various land use types, the order of erosion rate was bare rock > sloping cultivated land > forest land. The paddy field and Caotu (a kind of cultivated land located at the foot of hills) were depositional areas. The erosion rate under different landform was in this order: hillside > saddle > hilltop. The footslope and the valley were depositional areas. The 137Cs technique was shown to provide an effective means of documenting the spatial distribution of soil erosion and deposition within the small watershed.

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Anti-reflective coatings made with Teflon AF2400 had the highest damage thresholds recorded for physical vapor deposited coatings at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory damage facility. Physical vapor deposited layers of Teflon AF2400, a perfluorinated amorphous polymer, maintained the bulk optical properties of a high transmittance from 200 nm to 1600 nm, and a low refractive index. In addition, the refractive index can be intentionally reduced by control of two common deposition parameters, deposition rate and substrate temperature. Scanning electron microscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance observations indicated that morphological changes caused the variations in the refractive index rather than compositional changes. The coatings adhered to fused silica and silicon wafers under normal laboratory handling conditions.

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Nanocrystalline cemented tungsten carbide has attracted considerable interests for use in cutting tool because of its superior mechanical properties. In this study, nano-sized powders of mixed WC and Co were prepared from attrition-milled oxides by a gas reduction-carburization process. The effects of compacting pressure, heating schedule, additional ball-milling, and the presence of a grain growth inhibitor on the sintering properties of the nano-sized WC-Co powders were examined. The grain size and phases in WC-Co alloy were clearly affected by compacting pressure. Because of the trapped gases and the lower melting point of the cobalt binder, when a compact of nano-sized WC-Co powder was sintered through a heating schedule with holding steps, the sintered alloy maintained the small size of WC grains without any {eta} phase. In addition, the additional ball-milling improved the microstructure and mechanical properties of the nano-sized WC-Co powder by producing a ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The synthesis of narrowly dispersed nanocrystalline TiO_2 was investigated with a surfactant aided solvothermal synthetic method in toluene solutions. When a sufficient amount of titanium isopropoxide, Ti[OCH(CH_3)_2]_4 (TIP), was added to the solution, the shapes of TiO_2 nanoparticles changed from spheres to rods. The aggregated microstructures of the nano-sized TiO_2 in systems of spheres, rods, and mixtures of spheres and rods was studied using TEM. The morphological shape of the aggregation was described in terms of the fractal dimensions. We used a box-counting method to get the fractal dimension of these systems. The fitted fractal dimensions for spheres, sphere/rod mixtures, and rods are D = 1.54, D = 1.81, and D = 1.89, respectively. The fractal dimension changed from 1.54 to 1.9 with the TIP/toluene ratio, indicating that the growth mechanism for aggregations showed different behaviors.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ion bombardment during deposition can significantly modify the film properties. In the partially ionized beam deposition, ions derived from the depositing material, i.e., the self-ions, are used during deposition. Cu films were deposited on SiO_2 substrates at room temperature using 1% Cu self-ions with an energy ranging between 0--4 keV. We studied the microstructures of the Cu films using x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, measured the impurity level inside the films using secondary ion mass spectrometry, and performed the resistivity measurements using a four point probe. The results indicate that there is an optimum ion energy around 2 keV at which, the integrated x-ray intensity ratio I(111)/I(200) reaches its maximum value indicating a strong left-angle 111 right-angle texture, while the impurity concentration and resisitivity are minimum. The correlation ...

Science.gov (United States)

Ion bombardment during deposition can significantly modify the film properties. In the partially ionized beam deposition, ions derived from the depositing material, i.e., the self-ions, are used during deposition. Cu films were deposited on SiO{sub 2} substrates at room temperature using 1% Cu self-ions with an energy ranging between 0--4 keV. We studied the microstructures of the Cu films using x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, measured the impurity level inside the films using secondary ion mass spectrometry, and performed the resistivity measurements using a four point probe. The results indicate that there is an optimum ion energy around 2 keV at which, the integrated x-ray intensity ratio {ital I}(111)/{ital I}(200) reaches its maximum value indicating a strong {l angle}111{r angle} texture, while the impurity concentration and resisitivity are minimum. ...

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Spherical {beta}-Ni(OH){sub 2} was modified by a low-cost method of normal ball milling (NBM), and the physical properties of both ball-milled and un-milled Ni(OH){sub 2} were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, specific surface area, particle size distribution and X-ray diffraction. It was found that NBM could obviously increase the surface area, decrease the particle and crystallite size, and reduce the crystallinity of {beta}-Ni(OH){sub 2}, which were advantageous to the improvement of the electrochemical activity of Ni(OH){sub 2}. NBM also lowered the packing density and flowability of Ni(OH){sub 2}, as revealed by the measurements of tapping density and angle of repose. Electrochemical performances of pasted nickel electrodes with an addition of ball-milled Ni(OH){sub 2} to spherical Ni(OH){sub 2} as the active material were investigated, and were compared with those of the pure spherical Ni(OH){sub 2} electrodes. ...

Science.gov (United States)

A "hemispheres-in-cell" geometry is provided for prediction of colloid retention during transport in porous media. This new geometry preserves the utilities provided in the Happel sphere-in-cell geometry; namely, the ability to predict deposition for a range of porosities, and representation of the influence of neighboring collectors on the fluid flow field. The new geometry, which includes grain to grain contact, is justified by the eventual goal of predicting colloid deposition in the presence of energy barriers, which has been shown in previous literature to involve deposition within grain to grain contacts for colloid:collector ratios greater than approximately 0.005. In order to serve as a platform for predicting deposition in the presence of energy barriers, the model must be shown capable of quantitatively predicting deposition in the absence of energy barriers, which is a ...

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A thin film microoxidation test utilizing the concept of the Lubricant Stability Map has been used to study the effect of temperature on deposit formation by lubricants on upper piston locations of low heat rejection engines. The stability maps were established for two formulated lubricants in this study. These two lubricants were also evaluated in a series of engine tests with various piston temperatures. The deposition phenomena observed in the engine tests have been adequately simulated and described by the stability maps. It is concluded that lubricants at upper piston locations are under a thin film condition similar to that achieved by the thin film microoxidation test. The deposit formation trend is determined by the volatility, thermal stability, and oxidative stability of the base stock. Additives have little effect on deposit formation at very high temperatures. A combined consideration of all ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Applying the theory of depositional system, the depositional facies and depositional systems of the Zhiluo Formation in Dongsheng area are systematically analysed, and the authors proposed that sediments of the Zhiluo Formation are of fluvial facies, and streams of the Zhiluo time experienced three evolution stages, namely: the early braided stream, the middle low sinuosity meandering stream and the late high sinuosity meandering stream. Based on features of paleoclimatic evolution, the Zhiluo Formation is divided into two lithological members. The lower lithological member consists of sediments of braided and low sinuosity meandering streams under humid-ward paleoclimatic conditions forming grey sedimentary formation. The upper member is composed of sediments of meandering streams under arid-hot paleoclimatic conditions representing complex-colored (mainly red) sedimentary formation. It is suggested that uranium ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

High power and particle deposition on target materials are encountered in many applications including magnetic and inertial fusion devices, nuclear and high energy physics applications, and laser and discharge produced plasma devices. Surface and structural damage to plasma-facing components due to the frequent loss of plasma confinement remains a serious problem for the Tokamak reactor concept. The deposited plasma energy causes significant surface erosion, possible structural failure, and frequent plasma contamination.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Energy conservation and local energy deposition are investigated in the context of coupled-particle (i.e., neutrons, gamma rays, and charged particles) transport analysis. For charged particles, the concept of group splitting the 1 = 0 transfer matrix to ensure both particle and energy conservation is introduced. Although these procedures are more complex than those found in the usual neutron or coupled-neutron gamma-ray problem, they yield a consistent approach for the calculation of local energy deposition.

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The addition of carbon to samples, during imaging, presents a barrier to accurate TEM analysis, the controlled deposition of hydrocarbons by a focused electron beam can be a useful technique for local nanometer-scale sculpting of material. Here we use hydrocarbon deposition to form nanopores from larger focused ion beam (FIB) holes in silicon nitride membranes. Using this method, we close 100-200nm diameter holes to diameters of 10nm and below, with deposition rates of 0.6nm per minute. I-V characteristics of electrolytic flow through these nanopores agree quantitatively with a one dimensional model at all examined salt concentrations.

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There is increasing demand to functionalize meso- and nano-porous materials by coating and make the porous substrate biocompatible or environment friendly. However, coating on a meso-porous substrate poses great challenges, especially if the pore aspect ratio is high. In the current work the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method is used for coating Ni{sub 3}Al-based meso-porous membranes with diamond-like carbon (DLC) layers of high thickness homogeneity and adhesion. (orig.)

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Gas transmission pipelines are susceptible to both internal (gas side) and external (soil side) corrosion attack. Internal corrosion is caused by the presence of salt laden moisture, CO{sub 2}, H{sub 2}S, and perhaps O{sub 2} in the natural gas. Internal corrosion usually manifests itself as general corrosion. However, the presence of chlorides in entrained water also can lead to pitting corrosion damage. The electrochemical noise technique can differentiate general from localized corrosion and provide estimates of corrosion rates without external perturbation of the corroding system. It is increasingly being applied to field and industrial installations for in situ corrosion monitoring. It has been used here to determine its suitability for monitoring internal and external corrosion damage on gas transmission pipelines. Corrosion measurements were made in three types of environments: (1) aqueous solutions typical of those found within gas pipelines in equilibrium ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

A series of spinel Li4Ti5O12 samples were synthesized via a composite molten-salt method (CMSM) using the mixtures of LiCl and KCl with different L values (L is defined as the molar ratio of LiCl:KCl) as the reaction media. It is found that the melting point of the composite molten salt can effectively influence the formation of particles, and leads to different electrochemical performances of the as-prepare Li4Ti5O12. The investigations of X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size distribution (PSD), Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) surface area, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicate that the as-prepared Li4Ti5O12 with L=1.5 is a pure phase, and has uniform homogeneous octahedral shape particles, rather narrow PSD, and high BET surface area. Electrochemical tests show that the optimized...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The effect of concentration on the corrosion behavior of Mg-based alloy AZ91D was investigated in ethylene glycol-water solutions using electrochemical techniques i.e. potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance measurements (EIS) and surface examination via scanning electron microscope (SEM) technique. This can provide a basis for developing new coolants for magnesium alloy engine blocks. Corrosion behavior of AZ91D alloy by coolant is important in the automotive industry. It was found that the corrosion rate of AZ91D alloy decreased with increasing concentration of ethylene glycol. For AZ91D alloy in chloride >0.05 M or fluoride 0.05 M for fluoride containing ethylene glycol solution, some inhibition effect has been observed. The corrosion of AZ91D alloy in the blank can be effectively inhibited by addition of 0.05 mM paracetamol that reacts with AZ91D alloy and forms a protective film on the surface at this concentration as ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The electroreduction process of Zr(IV) was studied at molybdenum electrode in LiCl-KCl-K2ZrF6 molten salt. The transient electrochemical techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry and chronopotenimetry were used. The experimental results showed that the electrochemical reduction of Zr(II)/Zr and Zr(IV)/Zr(II) were both diffusion-controlled process. In the 773-973K range, the diffusion coefficients of Zr(ii) and Zr(IV) were determined: DZr(II)=0.15567exp{-69.65x10^3RT(K)}cm^2/s, DZr(IV)=1.09x10^-^4exp{-44.39x10^3RT(K)}cm^2/s. The activation energy values for the diffusion process were 69.65kJ/mol and 44.39kJ/mol, respectively.

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Degradation reactions of a nylon 6 battery separator material have been studied in 4-34% aqueous KOH electrolytes at 35/sup 0/-110/sup 0/C. In a Ni/Cd cell, this degradation involves a slow hydrolysis reaction followed by fast electrochemical oxidations of the hydrolysis reaction products. Arrhenius activation energy of the hydrolysis reaction in 34% KOH was 20.0 +- 0.3 kcal/mole. A plot of the hydrolysis rate at 100/sup 0/C vs. hydroxyl ion concentration gave a rate maximum at about 16% KOH, and the mechanism for this effect is discussed. Electrochemical oxidations of the hydrolysis product, 6-aminocaproate ion, appear to proceed rapidly in several sequential steps at a nickel oxide electrode. In a Ni/Cd cell, the combination of nylon separator hydrolysis followed by electrochemical oxidation of the products can seriously degrade the battery lifetime. The rate of the hydrolysis of nylon 66 separator material was ...

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Complementary electrochemical, spectrophotometric and electron microsopic investigations were made in addition to the conversion electron Moessbauer spectroscopic (CEMS) measurements to learn more about the mechanism of corrosion of low carbon steel samples in aqueous sulfate and sulfite containing sulfate solutions (pH 3.5, 6.5 and 8.5). Passivation of iron in pure sulfate solution was studied in detail in earlier papers. In the present work, we used a solution containing both sulfate and sulfite anions to obtain more information about the effect of acid rain on low carbon steel samples. The compositions and thicknesses of the passive films formed due to the electrochemical treatments were determined from the CEM spectra. [gamma]-FeOOH was found in each case on the surface of the samples; nevertheless, at pH 3.5 the sextet belonging to Fe[sub 3]C appears in the CEM spectra, and also FeSO[sub 4] . H[sub 2]O was detected in low concentration ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sep 1970. 85 p. United States Green, SJ LeTourneau, BW Peterson, AC Bettis

Science.gov (United States)

The workshop topics consist of FERS, FEGLI, FEHBP, Disability, Deposit/Redeposit ; TSP, Annual/Sick Leave, Annuity Calculation, Best Date to Retire, COLA's, ...

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The goal of this research program is to determine whether pulsed laser deposition is an effective alternative method for growing TiCN thin films. Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) is chosen because of its well-documented capability for growing uniform, stoichiometric films in ultra-high vacuum or gaseous environments. Processing of thin films by PLD is also achieved at relatively low temperatures compared with CVD processing. Given these attributes, the primary objectives in this article are to determine whether nitrogen may be readily incorporated into films resulting from the laser-ablation of TiC in an N{sub 2} environment, determine what effect nitrogen has on mechanical properties, and determine whether nitrogen incorporation is strongly influenced by processes unrelated to laser deposition (e.g., thermally-activated surface reactions).

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Obesity is characterized by the abnormal or excessive deposition of fat in the adipose tissue. Its consequences go far beyond adverse metabolic effects on health, causing an increase in oxidative stress,...Full Text Available

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Spanish 2001 p. 10-18 Uruguay Ubilla, M. Lorenzo, N. Depto. de

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Cold spray was employed as a novel low temperature approach to deposit titanium dioxide (TiO{sub 2}) photocatalytic film. The film microstructure was characterized using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The photocatalytic performance was examined through acetaldehyde degradation under ultraviolet illumination. Results showed that TiO{sub 2} film was successfully deposited on substrate surface through cold spray. The film thickness reached up to 15 {mu}m. The film presented a rough surface and porous structure. Owing to the low temperature of spray powder, no phase and particle size changes occurred to TiO{sub 2} during deposition. It was found that the cold-sprayed TiO{sub 2} film was active for photodegradation of acetaldehyde.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

A procedure based on electrophoretic deposition (EPD) was developed to coat metal plates with powder catalysts. The method was tested on stainless-steel plates with three Ni-based catalysts for the steam reforming of ethanol. The catalysts (Ni/La2O3/g-Al2O3) contained 15% Ni and 8% La, and were prepared using three types of g-alumina with different textural properties. The powder catalysts were suspended in isopropanol, and EPD deposition was performed with a voltage of 100V and a distance between electrodes of 2cm. Deposition time was varied between 3 and 7min, which gave a thickness of the catalyst layer from around 30 to 100mm. The morphology of the catalyst layer was dependent on the textural characteristics of the g-Al2O3 used to prepare the catalyst. The activity of the catalyst plat...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

The density of corn pollen on leaves of milkweed plants inside and outside of cornfields was measured in several studies from different localities. The purpose was to obtain a representative picture...Full Text Available

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This paper reports on a series of experiments performed to examine the ability of ion beam assisted thermal deposition to produce good adhesion of Au metallization on GaAs left-angle 100 right-angle substrates. A study of the influence of Ar ion-assisted thermal deposition of the Au films as well as in situ pre-sputtering of the GaAs surface with low-energy Ar ions prior to thermal deposition, shows that strong adhesion can be achieved without resorting to chemical cleaning. The substrate temperature and the relative flux of Ar ions to incident Au atoms were varied in order to correlate these parameters with film adhesion. The interfaces of films processed under these various conditions were examined by XTEM, RBS and XPS. Orientation texture was studied by x-ray diffraction (XRD).

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Effects of ions of Group IA, IIA, IIIB, and VIIB elements on the cathodic deposition of a molybdenum were investigated in a KCl-LiCl (eutectic)-MoCl/sub 3/ molten salt at 773 K (500/degree/C). The results can be summarized as follows: The addition of potassium, rubidium, cesium, and barium cations and fluorine anions to the KCl-LiCl (eutectic)-MoCl/sub 3/ molten salt is effective in depressing the cathodic deposition of the molybdenum subchloride, which hinders the smooth, flat electrodeposition of molybdenum. The addition of lithium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and aluminum cations and bromine and iodine anions promotes the undesirable cathodic deposition of the molybdenum subchloride.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Corrosion inhibition of iron in H2SO4 by polyacrylic acid (PAA) was investigated using electrochemical techniques at 30degreeC. Results obtained indicate that PAA inhibited the corrosion of iron in the acid medium. Inhibition efficiency increases with increase in PAA concentration and synergistically enhanced on addition of iodide ions. Potentiodynamic polarization results suggest that PAA functions as a modest cathodic inhibitor. The adsorption of PAA onto the iron surface followed Temkin adsorption isotherm. FTIR analysis revealed that the synergistic effect due to co-adsorption of iodide ions and PAA is co-operative in nature.

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Stainless steels can get pitting corrosion in halide containing solution, which make them a big risk in industrial production. Many investigations were made in the past in order to understand processes involved in pitting corrosion, pit initiation and pit growth. Results about the influence of alloying elements, their contents, the state of the structure, the condition of the surface, the content of chloride, the temperature, the pH-value, the velocity of flow and of the oxidizer on the chloride induced pitting corrosion of passive stainless steels are presented. Electrochemical measurements and the application of surface analytical methods (SEM, SAM, XPS) with high lateral resolution are carried out. A part of the samples received a diffusion annealing in order to obtain reproducible results. Pitting Resistance Equivalents (PRE) - Pitting Index - with different multipliers are given and discussed critical. An electrochemical method for ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ultrathin solid polymer electrolyte membranes containing sulfonic ester groups were prepared by polymerization of methyl benzenesulfonate and octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane in a glow discharge plasma. The sulfonic ester groups of the plasma polymer were transformed to lithium sulfonate groups by treatment with lithium iodide. Hybridization of this plasma polymer containing the lithium sulfonate groups with poly(ethylene oxide) (average Mw 300) resulted in the formation of a single lithium ion conductive film. The hybrid polymer electrolyte films were about 1 #mu#m thick, pinhole-free, adherent to various substrates, and showed ionic conductivities at 60 degrees C of the order of 10"- "6 S cm"- "1 (10"2 #OMEGA# cm"2 resistance per unit area of as-prepared solid polymer electrolyte). This material shows promise for electrochemical applications such as all solid-state lithium batteries, sensors, and electrochemical display devices.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Intergranular corrosion (IGC) resistance of types 304LN and 316LN stainless steels (SS) thermally aged at 823, 873, and 923 K for various durations was assessed by ASTM A262 practice A test (electrolytic etch test) and electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation (EPR) test. The results indicated that the type 316LN SS has significantly improved IGC resistance compared to 304LN SS. Based on the results of these tests, time-temperature-sensitization (TTS) diagrams were developed for both alloys. The secondary precipitates formed during thermal aging treatments were electrochemically extracted and analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine the types of precipitates formed during the aging treatments. The results indicated that the precipitates were mostly of M_2_3C_6 carbides.

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Passive films formed on Alloy 690 in different pH solutions at high temperatures were studied by potentiodynamic polarization, Auger electron spectroscopy, thermodynamic diagrams and the Mott-Schottky relation. The chemical compositions and electronic structures of the passive films were found to be strongly pH-dependent. In alkaline solutions, a secondary passivation was clearly observed on potentiodynamic polarization curves. The passive films were a mixture of Cr{sub 2}O{sub 3} and FeCr{sub 2}O{sub 4} below the flat band potential of nickel oxide and were NiFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} above this potential. Electronic structure models, describing the electrochemical properties of the passive films, are proposed and discussed.

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The ECP of construction materials in the water steam circuits of power plants is influenced by many parameters, including: reactions of oxidants, such as O{sub 2} or dissolved copper species; and reactions of reducing species, namely N{sub 2}H{sub 4}. Electrochemical measurements were performed to clarify the role of hydrazine for the open circuit potential in water/steam circuits. Current density electrode potential curves of the electrochemical oxidation of hydrazine and the reduction of oxygen in aqueous solutions were measured as a function of temperature in the range from room temperature to approximately 260{degrees}C. The electrode materials used were platinum, gold and Alloy 800 mod.. In addition, corrosion potentials were measured in water containing oxygen or hydrazine.

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Impedance Noise Identification is an in-situ method of measuring battery impedance as a function of frequency using a random small signal noise excitation source. Through a series of auto- and cross-correlations and Fast Fourier Transforms, the battery complex impedance as a function of frequency can be determined. The results are similar to those measured under a lab-scale electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement. The lab-scale measurements have been shown to correlate well with resistance and power data that are typically used to ascertain the remaining life of a battery. To this end, the Impedance Noise Identification system is designed to acquire the same type of data as an on-board tool. A prototype system is now under development, and results are being compared to standardized measurement techniques such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. A brief description of the Impedance Noise Identification hardware system and ...

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The electrochemical performances of orthorhombic LiMnO{sub 2} compounds are analyzed in order to find a structural and/or morphological origin to the differences of electrochemical behaviours observed in compounds with different size of crystallites and different amounts of lattice defects. Energy capacity performances of 200 Ah/kg are reached for materials with crystallites of about 10{sup 7} Angstrom{sup 3} and with about 7% of defects, while energy capacities of only 80 Ah/kg are obtained for materials with ten times bigger crystallites. (J.S.) 3 refs.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

An impingement jet system was used to study flow-assisted corrosion (FAC) of 3003 aluminum (Al) alloy in ethylene glycol-water solutions that simulates the automotive coolant by corrosion potential and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements as well as computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. The effects of solution pH and fluid impact angle on Al FAC were determined. An increase of solution pH enhances the activity of Al due to dissolution of Al oxide film in alkaline environment. Moreover, Al activity decreases with the increasing fluid impact angle to the specimen. A CFD simulation shows that, with the increase of impact angle, the electrode area under high-velocity flow field decreases and that under low-velocity flow field increases. Consequently, the shear str...

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Pyrochemical processing of nuclear fuels using molten salts has attracted much attention because of its potential to be applied for a future spent nuclear fuel management. In the pyrochemical processing, there are a number of steps to electro-refine and electro-win each element of lanthanides and actinides, commonly called trans-uranic elements (TRU). In order to materialize the pyrochemical processing in the nuclear power plant environments, qualitatively and quantitatively monitoring of each elements is necessary. Thus, we have undertaken to develop an on-line observing system of the TRU in LiCl-KCl molten salt media by using electrochemical and spectroscopic methods. In this work, the electrochemical and spectroscopic behaviors of europium as a proxy material for TRU were investigated simultaneously in the LiCl-KCl molten salt.

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The development of an electrolytic reduction technology for spent fuels in the form of oxide is of essence to introduce LWR SFs to a pyroprocessing. In this research, the technology was investigated to scale a reactor up, the electrochemical behaviors of FPs were studied to understand the process and a reaction rate data by using U{sub 3}O{sub 8} was obtained with a bench scale reactor. In a scale of 20 kgHM/batch reactor, U{sub 3}O{sub 8} and Simfuel were successfully reduced into metals. Electrochemical characteristics of LiBr, LiI and Li{sub 2}Se were measured in a bench scale reactor and an electrolytic reduction cell was modeled by a computational tool.

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As research for the chemical properties of lanthanide molecules in the dry system, electrochemical and ultraviolet-visible optical measurements on the chloride molten salt system have been conducted at Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University. The reduction behavior of Ln(III)-Ln(0) and Ln(II) are measured on La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, and Yb by the cyclic voltammetry. The molar absorption coefficients of the f-f transition are measured by the measurement of ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra on Pr, Nd, Ho and Gd. From the comparison of the optical data between wet and dry systems, the characteristics of photon absorption are discussed in the molten salt. (H. Katsuta)

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

A novel liquid phase alkylation of aniline with methanol over Zn/Cu salts modified kaolin assisted with a pair of porous carbon electrode in slurry-bed reactor under constant current intensity, room temperature and atmospheric pressure was reported. The Zn/Cu salts modified kaolin catalysts were synthesized and characterized by infrared spectrometer (IR), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which showed that the transition metals were completely supported on kaolins structure and formed a pored one. The effect parameters, such as initial pH, electrolysis time, metal ratio with kaolin and salts composition in this electrochemical catalytic system, were studied. The procedure was inspected by ultraviolet-visible spectrum (UV-vis), and the product distributi...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The effect of atmospheric radioactive emissions from United Kingdom nuclear installations on acid deposition is assessed. Nitrogen oxide and ozone production resulting from and associated with discharges of airborne radioactivity, comparison with conventional emissions, and the direct effects of radioactive emissions on trees, are all discussed. (UK).

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Magnetron sputter deposition was used to fabricate body centered cubic (bcc) and A-15 crystal structure W thin films. Previous work demonstrated that the as-deposited crystal structure of the films was dependent on the deposition parameters and that the formation of a metastable A-15 structure was favored over the thermodynamically stable bcc phase when the films contained a few atomic percent oxygen. However, the A-15 phase was shown to irreversibly transform into the bcc phase between 500 C and 650 C and that a significant decrease in the resistivity of the metallic films was measured after the transformation. The current investigation of 150 nm thick, sputter deposited A-15 and bcc tungsten thin films on silicon wafers consisted of a series of experiments in which the stress, resistivity and crystal structure of the films was measured as a function of temperatures cycles in a Flexus 2900 thin film ...

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Natural radioactivity of rocks is studied on the basis of core samples and radioactivity logs of marine deposits in Azerbaijan. Investigations have established mainly thorium-potassium nature of radioactivity. Data obtained are useful for identificafion of clay among other rocks, for determination of clayiness, and in presence of a corresponding relation - for determination of porosity according to the clayiness. It is shown that the clayiness may be determined from radioactive logs.

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The formulation of the problem of classification of lithologically heterogeneous rocks and rocks with mixed capacity space is analyzed under conditions of self-teaching. Using the example of one of the boreholes of the Pripyat trough we illustrated the possibilities of the Kompakt algorithm to classify deposits of the Frasnian stage without using standard data. Problems are listed for further study on the development of methods of application of self-teaching classification systems in the petroleum industry.

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Approximately 700m of deep water clastic deposits of Mt. Messenger Formation are superbly exposed along the Taranaki coast of North Island, New Zealand. Biostratigraphy indicates the interval was deposited during the time span 10.5-9.2m.y. in water depths grading upward from lower bathyal to middle-upper bathyal. This interval is considered part of a 3rd order depositional sequence deposited under conditions of fluctuating relative sea-level, concomitant with high sedimentation rates. Several 4th order depositional sequences, reflecting successive sea-level falls, are recognized within the interval. Sequence boundaries display a range of erosive morphologies from metre-wide canyons to scours several hundred metres across. All components of a generic lowstand systems tract--basin floor fan, channel-levee complex and progading complex--are present in logical and temporal order. They ...

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The glacial deposits of the West Tensleep Basin in the Bighorn Mountains of Wyoming are mapped and a relative chromology established. The deposits are correlated with the regional model as defined in the Wind River Mountains. A statistical analysis is performed on the density and weathering characteristics of the surficial boulders to determine their validity as indicators of relative age. (ACR)

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Austenitic stainless steels (304-type) have been implanted with nitrogen ions in order to investigate the effects of implanted nitrogen on their electrochemical behaviour and on the nature of the passive film formed on the steels in acid (0.5M H{sub 2}SO{sub 4}). Alloys with two nitrogen doses have been prepared (2.5x10{sup 16} and 2x10{sup 17} N atoms/cm{sup 2}). The implanted alloys have been characterized by {sup 15}N-NRA (nuclear reaction analysis) and XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). Alloy surfaces with well-defined N concentrations were prepared, prior to the electrochemical measurements, by argon-ion sputtering of the implanted material for a fixed time in order to reach a well-defined point on the nitrogen depth profile. The samples were then transferred without exposure to air to an electrochemical cell mounted in an inert gas glove box. The implanted nitrogen modifies the ...

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In a funded program at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory new materials and novel designs are being incorporated into a new approach to an old concept -- flywheel energy storage. Modular devices, dubbed ``electromechanical batteries`` (EMB) are being developed that should represent an important alternative to the electrochemical storage battery for use in electric vehicles or for stationary applications, such as computer back-up power or utility load-leveling.

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This report summarizes the objectives, background, technical progress, and status of ANL electric vehicle battery R D tasks for DOE-EHP during the period of January 1 through March 31, 1991. The work is organized into the following six task areas: Project management; battery systems technology; lithium/sulfide batteries; advanced sodium/metal chloride battery; aqueous batteries; and EV Battery performance/life evaluation.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Azobenzene dyes are effective inhibitors for austenitic 304 L and 316 L stainless steel corrosion in high acidic medium up to 7N. A good efficiency is obtained from weight loss and electrochemical Rsub(p) measurements in hydrochloric acid, while no inhibition is observed in sulfuric solutions. Transformation from the primarily azobenzene to other compounds give rise to enhanced protection of steel samples, and probable structures of the inhibiting species are proposed in view of our results.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The anodic reaction kinetics and interfacial mass transport of a direct polymer electrolyte membrane formic acid fuel cell have been investigated in an all solid-state electrochemical cell using a highly active nanostructured palladium-gold alloy microelectrode as an in situ probe. Well-defined 'S-shaped' steady-state cyclic voltammograms exhibiting current-rising region at lower overpotentials and limiting current region at higher overpotentials have been first obtained for the electrochemical oxidation of formic acid at varying temperature. The 'S-shaped' steady state polarization curves and chronoamperometric curves enable convenient measurements of the anodic reaction kinetics and interfacial mass transport of formic acid under real polymer electrolyte membrane conditions. It is encouragingly found that formic acid can be directly oxidized to CO2 with the first electron transfer being the likely rate-determining step and the formation of ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Novel CdS hollow microspheres have been successfully synthesized via a facile template-free solution-phase reaction from cadmium nitrate and thioacetamide precursors. The morphology of CdS hollow microspheres depends strongly on the ratio between the precursors, cadmium nitrate to thioacetamide ratio. The physical properties of the hollow microspheres have systematically been studied by different characterization methods. The stoichiometry of the hollow microspheres studied by the energy dispersive X-ray diffraction spectroscopy confirmed that the synthesized CdS hollow microspheres are nearly stoichiometric bulk like CdS. The morphology of the hollow microspheres studied by high resolution scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy observations showed that the CdS hollow microspheres of the size of 2.5 ?m have hollow structure and are constructed by several nanoparticles of the size between 30 and 40 nm. The UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy studies ...

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In the area of seasonally thawing soil, porous or broken coatings cannot significantly retard the process of pile metal destruction, since it will occur through electroosmotic penetration of the base electrolyte to the metal surface. Such processes can be prevented by electrochemical protective methods. Systems based on grid cathode stations with power control and distribution units are recommended for use for cathode protection of steel pile foundations.

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Cold plasma nitriding treatment was performed to improve the corrosion resistance of C38 carbon steel. Nitriding process was conducted using a radiofrequency nitrogen plasma discharge for different times of treatment on non-heated substrates. The modification of the corrosion resistance characteristic of the C38 steel due to the treatment in acid medium (1 M HCl) were investigated by gravimetric and electrochemical tests such as potentiodynamic polarisation curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). It was shown that the plasma nitriding treatment improves the corrosion resistance. Indeed, in the gravimetric tests, nitrided samples showed lower weight loss and lower corrosion rate in comparison to untreated one. In the Tafel polarisation tests, the nitrided samples showed greatly reduced corrosion current densities, anodic dissolution and also retarded the hydrogen evolution reaction. Using EIS method, an adequate structural model ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

During electrolysis of a "2"4"8Cm(III) solution in 2M K_2CO_3 at pH=13, partial oxidation of curium to a higher oxidation state, probably Cm(IV), was observed. The absorption spectra of Cm(III) and Cm(IV) in K_2CO_3 solution were recorded and the molar extinction coefficients of main absorption bands of curium were evaluated. (author).

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A synergistic effect exists when benzotriazole (BTAH) and iodide ions are used together to prevent the corrosion of copper in sulfuric acid. The nature of this effect has been studied systematically by using electrochemical techniques and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The synergistic effect is due largely to the formation of a film of Cu(IBTA) complex and is probably polymeric in nature. This new complex film greatly depresses copper dissolution.

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The electrochemical capacitor devices described in this report were deliverables from the US Department of Energy--Idaho Operations Office (DOE-ID) Contract No. DE-AC07-92ID13404 as part of the US Department of Energy`s (DOE) High Power Energy Storage Program. The Idaho national Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) has responsibility for technical management, testing, and evaluation of high-power batteries and electrochemical capacitors under this Program. The DOE has developed various electrochemical capacitors as candidate power assist devices for the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV) fast response engine requirement. This contract with Maxwell Energy Products, Inc. (Maxwell) was intended to develop a high-energy-density, high-power-density ultracapacitor that is capable of load leveling batteries in electric vehicles. The performance criteria for this device are delivery of 5 W {center_dot} ...

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Theoretical and practical aspects of anodic protection for control of corrosion by a wide range of acidic and alkaline solutions are discussed. Chapters are included concerning strategic importance of metals and alloys in modern industry, applications to industrial equipment, descriptions of equipment used in the technique; design, operation and maintenance; economics, scientific principles, characteristics of potentiostats, laboratory tests and procedures, selected application examples and projected future uses. A section is devoted to electrochemical principles.

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This paper examines the correlation between mechanical properties and the density, phase, and hydrogen content of deposited alumina layers, and compares them to those of sapphire and amorphous alumina synthesized through ion-beam irradiation of sapphire. Alumina films were deposited using electron beam evaporation of aluminum and co-bombardment with O{sub 2}{sup +} ions (30-230 eV) from an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma. The H content and phase were controlled by varying the deposition temperature and the ion energy. Sapphire was amorphized at 84 K by irradiation with Al and O ions (in stoichiometric ratio) to a defect level of 4 dpa in order to form an amorphous layer 370 nm thick. Nanoindentation was performed to determine the elastic modulus, yield strength and hardness of all materials. Sapphire and amorphized sapphire have a higher density and exhibit superior mechanical properties in comparison to the ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Highly conductive biaxially textured RuO_2 thin films were deposited on technically important SiO_2/Si substrates by pulsed laser deposition, where yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) produced by ion-beam-assisted-deposition (IBAD) was used as a template to enhance the biaxial texture of RuO_2 on SiO_2/Si. The biaxially oriented RuO_2 had a room-temperature resistivity of 37 #mu##OMEGA#-cm and residual resistivity ratio above 2. We then deposited Ba_0_._5Sr_0_._5TiO_3 thin films on RuO_2/IBAD-YSZ/SiO_2/Si. The Ba_0_._5Sr_0_._5TiO_3 had a pure (111) orientation normal to the substrate surface and a dielectric constant above 360 at 100 kHz. copyright 1998 Materials Research Society.

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The Grand Canyon Quadrangle (2/sup 0/), northwestern Arizona, was evaluated to identify environments and delineate areas favorable for the occurrence of uranium deposits. This was done using criteria developed for the National Uranium Resource Evaluation. General surface reconnaissance and geochemical sampling were carried out in all geologic environments within the quadrangle. Aerial radiometric and hydrochemical and stream-sediment reconnaissance surveys were performed, although results were not available in time for field checking. The results of this investigation indicate environments favorable for: channel-controlled, peneconcordant sandstone deposits in the Petrified Forest Member of the Chinle Formation in the north-central part of the quadrangle, vein-type deposits in collapse breccias in all areas underlain by the Redwall Limestone, and unconformity-related deposits in the metasediments of the ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Iron oxide films have been deposited on Si(100) substrates by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) of iron(III) tert-butoxide ([Fe(O "tBu)_3]_2) in the temperature range 350-450 deg. C. The precursor flux and substrate temperature were varied to control the phase composition, average grain size and film thickness. The nature of substrate and deposition temperature markedly influence the morphology and iron-oxygen stoichiometry in the CVD deposits. Phase transformations in iron oxide films were achieved through precise local and periodic heating of the films by interfering laser beams. The interaction of iron oxide films with short laser pulses (Nd:YAG, 355 nm) induced partial transformation of hematite (#alpha#-Fe_2O_3) to magnetite (Fe_3O_4) or magnetite to wuestite (Fe_1_-_xO), respectively. The phase characterization and morphology of the hematite and magnetite films were investigated before and after ...

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The objective of this project were to investigate the dynamic behavior of peat and to evaluate the influence of that behavior on the dynamic response of peat deposits. During the course of the research, the objectives were expanded to explore the effects of strong earthquake shaking on pile foundations embedded in peat deposits. An experimental investigation was undertaken using samples of a peat deposit typical of many large peat deposits in western Washington. A series of ground response analyses was performed to investigate the seismic response of peat deposits. Three vertical profiles through Mercer Slough were analyzed using both equivalent linear and nonlinear ground response analyses. The analyses showed that the soft nature of the Mercer Slough peat would produce amplification of the long-period components of an earthquake ground motion. Comparison of the equivalent linear ...

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In this work we present an ultra-low temperature method for the oxidation of an amorphous silicon-carbide-nitride (SiCN) material. The SiCN is deposited on silicon substrates by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition using CH{sub 4}, SiH{sub 4}, and N{sub 2} chemistry. The physical and chemical properties are characterized for the as-deposited SiCN and post-oxidized films are discussed. The SiCN film is exposed to oxygen plasma, where it undergoes a chemical transformation into a binary SiO{sub 2} material system. A 1.7 nm/min oxidation rate is typical for this process and compares favorably to oxidation methods utilizing much higher temperatures. The substrate temperature remains extremely low throughout the oxidation process, T{sub s} < 200 deg. C. Changes in film stress, optical constants, film thickness, surface roughness, and film density are measured. Chemical analysis by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is ...

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An efficient method of hydrogen storage in nano-porous carbons is its reversible sorption by electrochemical decomposition of a KOH water solution [1-3] according to the following equation: C + xH{sub 2}O + xe{sup -} {yields} (CH{sub x}) + xOH{sup -} where (CH{sub x}) stands for the hydrogen inserted into the nano-porous carbon during charging and oxidized during discharging. Although various carbon materials have been investigated as hydrogen adsorbents, the information about the storage mechanism as well as the nature of the hydrogen/carbon interaction is still not sufficient. In order to extend the understanding of the process, carbon samples charged electrochemically were investigated by temperature programmed desorpt(TPD). The nature of the hydrogen/carbon interaction was studied by electrochemical analysis at different temperatures. The TPD experiments consist of heating the samples from room temperature to 950 C and ...

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As part of a coordinated program, AECL is developing a set of tools to aid with the prediction and management of steam generator performance. Although stress corrosion cracking (of Alloy 800) has not been detected in any operating steam generator, for life management it is necessary to develop mechanistic models to predict the conditions under which stress corrosion cracking is plausible. Therefore, constant extension rate tests were carried out for Alloy 800 under various steam generator crevice chemistry conditions at applied potentials. These tests were designed to evaluate the stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of Alloy 800 under CANDU( steam generator operating conditions. Based on the experimental results, the recommended electrochemical corrosion potential/pH zone for Alloy 800 determined by electrochemical polarization measurements was verified with the respect of stress corrosion cracking susceptibility. The effects of lead ...

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Some hypo-stoichiometric Zr-based Laves phase alloys were prepared and studied from a viewpoint of discharge capacity for electrochemical application. After careful alloy design of ZrMn{sub 2}-based hydrogen storage alloys through changing their stoichiometry while substituting or adding some alloying elements, the Zr(Mn{sub 0.2}V{sub 0.2}Ni{sub 0.6}){sub 1.8} alloy reveals relatively good properties with regard to hydrogen storage capacity, hydrogen equilibrium pressure and electrochemical discharge capacity. In order to improve the discharge capacity and rate-capability, Zr is partially replaced by Ti. The discharge capacity of Zr{sub 1-x}Ti{sub x}(Mn{sub 0.2}V{sub 0.2}Ni{sub 0.6}){sub 1.8} (x=0.0, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.6) alloy electrodes at 30 C reaches a maximum value and decreases as the Ti fraction increases. In view of electrochemical and thermodynamic characteristics, the occurrence of a maximal phenomenon of the ...

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We have investigated the nanocrystalline microstructure and the hard magnetic properties of Sm(Co{sub 0.725}Fe{sub 0.1}Cu{sub 0.12}Zr{sub 0.04}B{sub 0.015}){sub 7.4} melt-spun ribbons. The coercivity (H{sub c}) of the as-spun ribbons increased with the wheel surface speed from 2.8kOe for 10m/s to 14.5kOe for 40m/s. The post-annealing of the melt-spun ribbons from 700 to 900 deg. C for 10min did not lead to a substantial increase of H{sub c}. However, after isothermal aging at 820 deg. C and subsequent slow cooling (0.5 deg. C/min) to 120 deg. C, H{sub c} increased from 2.8 to 10.9kOe for 10m/s, while it decreased from 14.5 to 13.5kOe for 40m/s ribbons. The grain size of the melt-spun ribbon reduced with structural transformation from 2:17H (Th{sub 2}Ni{sub 17}-hexagonal type) to 1:7H (TbCu{sub 7}-hexagonal type) as the wheel surface speed was increased. Three-dimensional atom probe analysis showed a boron enriched precipitate at the grain boundaries in the as-spun ...

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The growth of stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric silicon nitride films was studied experimentally on 100 mm silicon wafers by batch depositions from the dichlorosilane (SiH{sub 2}Cl{sub 2})-ammonia (NH{sub 3}) system in a hot-wall horizontal low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) reactor. The growth kinetics were discussed in terms of the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The kinetic parameters were determined by comparing the experimental data with a one-dimensional simulation model. The decomposition of NH{sub 3} at high temperatures was included in the simulation procedure. When the SiH{sub 2}Cl{sub 2}:NH{sub 3} ratios were greater than 1.5, a quantity higher than the thermodynamic critical values above which Si-rich nitride films begin to deposit, various SiN{sub x} films with x < 4/3 were obtained. The composition of the SiN{sub x} films was found to vary along the LPCVD reactor. The film stoichiometry was ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Crystalline and non-crystalline iron oxide (#alpha#-Fe_2O_3) thin films were obtained by spray pyrolysis onto glass substrate at different temperatures. The results of X-ray diffraction showed that with increasing the deposition time, the film structure changed from non-crystalline to crystalline at the same substrate temperature. At different substrate temperatures and low deposition times (5 min), iron oxide appears almost in non-crystalline form. With rising the substrate temperature and deposition time, the crystallinity was improved. The effect of substrate temperature as well as deposition time on the optical features (absorption coefficient and bandgap) and optical constants of these films has been investigated. Optical constants of the films were determined from spectrophotometric measurement of reflectance and transmittance. Analysis of the results showed that, for non-crystalline iron oxide ...

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Over one-third of Canada's coal resources occurs in the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains, with major deposits in the Front Ranges, Inner Foothills and Outer Foothills. In the Front Ranges, deposits of metallurgical and thermal, high-volatile bituminous to semi-anthracite coal occur in the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Mist Mountain Formation. In the Inner Foothills of northeastern British Columbia and west-central Alberta, resources of metallurgical and thermal medium- and low-volatile bituminous coal occur in Early Cretaceous strata of the Gething and Gates Formations. In the Outer Foothills resources of thermal, high-volatile bituminous coal occur in Late Cretaceous and Paleocene strata of the Belly River Coalspur and Paskapoo Formations. The major deposits of the Front Ranges and Inner Foothills accumulated within the coastal plains of the Fernie and Moosebar-Clearwater seas. Shorelines prograded to the north ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Indium sulfide thin films consisting of porous network of nanoplatelets, have been deposited using chemical bath deposition (CBD) method onto the tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) coated glass substrate. Aqueous solutions of indium sulfate and thioacetamide have been used as indium and sulfur precursors. As a complexing agent, acetic acid was used. The chemically deposited indium sulfide thin films were examined for their structural, surface morphological and optical characterizations. The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the formation of the cubic b-In2S3 onto the substrate. From scanning electron micrograph, it is observed that the surface of substrate is covered by nanoporous platelets type morphology. The optical studies showed a direct band gap of 2.84eV for indium sulfide platelets. Ph...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)