An integrated system for biogas production from mango-processing wastes and utilization of biogas effluent for production of major carp Rohu, (Labeo rohita) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was studied. Mango peels produced 0.21 m{sup 3} of biogas per kg of total solids. Biogas effluent of mango peels, when used at 34 kg/100 m{sup 2} area in ponds as the sole source of feed for carps, yielded 8.35 kg/100 m{sup 2} of fish which had acceptable colour, flavour and taste every 120 days. (author).

The ameliorating effects of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) flesh and peel samples on plasma ethanol level were investigated using a mouse model. Mango fruit samples remarkably decreased mouse plasma ethanol levels and increased the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. The (1)H-NMR-based metabolomic technique was employed to investigate the differences in metabolic profiles of mango fruits, and mouse plasma samples fed with mango fruit samples. The partial least squares-discriminate analysis of (1)H-NMR spectral data of mouse plasma demonstrated that there were clear separations among plasma samples from mice fed with buffer, mango flesh and peel. A loading plot demonstrated that metabolites from mango fruit, such as fructose and aspartate, might stimulate alcohol degradation enzymes. This study suggests that mango flesh and peel could be used as resources for functional foods intended to decrease plasma ethanol level after ethanol uptake. PMID:21562641

Effects of oxalate on the incidence of decay and ripening in mango fruit, and its physiological effects on the peel and flesh of mango were investigated after mango fruit (Mangifera indica L.) were dipped in different oxalate solutions for 10min and then stored at 25degreeC. Oxalate application decreased the incidence of decay and delayed the ripening process in mango fruit during storage. Potassium oxalate treatment resulted in increased activities of peroxidase (POD) in both the peel and the flesh and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in the peel, without activation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity, and elevated total phenolic content in the peel. The physiological effects of oxalate in increasing activities of POD and PPO and elevating total phenolic level could be involved in induced res...

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a tropical fruit crop grown worldwide with widely attributed nutritional and health-promoting properties. Extensive studies have been made of the high concentrations of phenolic antioxidants in mango peel, seeds, and leaves, yet less is known about the phenolic antioxi...

The extraction of pectins from mango peels can offer a way to upgrade byproducts arising from the processing of these tropical fruits. In this work, several extraction conditions (HCl, or deionised water, or ammonium oxalate) were tested in order to isolate pectins from the peels of two mango varieties (Amelioree and Mango) harvested in Cameroon. After determining uronic acid and neutral sugar contents of mango peels and their alcohol insoluble residues (AIR), extracted pectins were analysed for their uronic acid and neutral sugar contents, their degree of methylation and acetylation, and their average molar mass and intrinsic viscosity. The extraction method was shown to significantly act upon yield (9-32% dry AIR), uronic acid (262-709mg/g dry weight) and neutral sugar (160-480mg/g) cont...

The essential oil in the peel and pulp of a popular green Thai mango, Khieo Sawoei cultivar (Mangifera indica L.) has been characterized by means of the odor thresholds. ?-Terpinene, (E)-?-ocimene, (E)-2-hexenal, hexanal, and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol were the major components. These major components differed from those of African mangoes, Florida mangoes, Indian mangoes and yellow Thai mangoes. The volatile oils from the pulp and the peel showed a high similarity of the volatile components in both sites. Odor unit values (Uo) of volatile components in both parts let us find out the aroma potent components in the Khieo Sawoei mango. Thus, nine compounds: hexanal (Uo189) and (E)-2-hexenal (Uo132) in the pulp showed higher Uo values (more than 1), while sixteen compounds: 2,4-decadienal (Uo279), (E)-2-decenal (Uo132), ?-terpinene (Uo125), (E)-?-ocimene (Uo119), (E)-2-hexenal (Uo116), and hexanal (Uo115) showed higher Uo values in the peel. Odor spectrum values calculated by these odor unit values characterized the aroma quality of Khieo Sawoei mango.   

The Florida citrus juice industry produces about 3.5 million tons of wet peel waste per year. In current industrial practice, waste peels are dried and sold as cattle feed to offset the waste disposal cost. Profitability would be greatly improved if peels could be used to produce higher value produ...

Approximately 1 million metric tons of grapefruit were processed in the 2003/04 season resulting in 500,000 metric tons of peel waste. Grapefruit peel waste is usually dried, pelletized, and sold as a low-value cattle feed. This study tested different loadings of commercial cellulase and pectinase enzymes and pH levels to hydrolyze grapefruit peel waste to produce sugars. Pectinase and cellulase loadings of 0, 1, 2, 5, and 10mgprotein/g peel dry matter were tested at 45 degrees C. Hydrolyses were supplemented with 2.1mg beta-glucosidase protein/g peel dry matter. Five mg pectinase/g peel dry matter and 2mgcellulase/g peel dry matter were the lowest loadings to yield the most glucose. Optimum pH was 4.8. Cellulose, pectin, and hemicellulose in grapefruit peel waste can be hydrolyzed by pectinase and cellulase enzymes to monomer sugars, which can then be used by microorganisms to produce ethanol and other fermentation products. PMID:16934453

Mangiferin is a natural xanthonoid with various biological activities. Quantification of mangiferin in fruit peel, pulp, and seed kernel was carried out in 11 Chinese mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivars. The highest mangiferin content was found in the peel of Lvpimang (LPM) fruit (7.49 mg/g DW). Efficient purification of mangiferin from mango fruit peel was then established for the first time by combination of macroporous HPD100 resin chromatography with optimized high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC). Purified mangiferin was identified by both HPLC and LC-MS, and it showed higher DPPH• free-radical scavenging capacities and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) than by l-ascorbic acid (Vc) or Trolox. In addition, it showed significant protective effects on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) under H2O2-induced stress. Cells treated with mangiferin resulted in significant enhanced cell survival under of H2O2 stress. Therefore, mangiferin from mango fruit provides a promising perspective for the prevention of oxidative stress-associated diseases. PMID:12550068

Mango peel waste (MPW) was evaluated as a new sorbent for the removal of Cd{sup 2+} and Pb{sup 2+} from aqueous solution. The maximum sorption capacity of Cd{sup 2+} and Pb{sup 2+} was found to be 68.92 and 99.05 mg g{sup -1}, respectively. The kinetics of sorption of both metals was fast, reaching at equilibrium in 60 min. Sorption kinetics and equilibria followed pseudo-second order and Langmuir adsorption isotherm models. FTIR analysis revealed that carboxyl and hydroxyl functional groups were mainly responsible for the sorption of Cd{sup 2+} and Pb{sup 2+}. Chemical modification of MPW for blocking of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups showed that 72.46% and 76.26% removal of Cd{sup 2+} and Pb{sup 2+}, respectively, was due to the involvement of carboxylic group, whereas 26.64% and 23.74% was due to the hydroxyl group. EDX analysis of MPW before and after metal sorption and release of cations (Ca{sup 2+}, Mg{sup 2+}, Na{sup +}, K{sup +}) and proton H{sup +} from MPW with the corresponding uptake of Cd{sup 2+} and Pb{sup 2+} revealed that the main mechanism of sorption was ion exchange. The regeneration experiments showed that the MPW could be reused for five cycles without significant loss in its initial sorption capacity. The study points to the potential of new use of MPW as an effective sorbent for the removal of Cd{sup 2+} and Pb{sup 2+} from aqueous solution.

Pectin rich cold stored spoiled fruits, vegetables and cold soils were screened and different pectinolytic isolates were obtained by enrichment culturing and ruthenium red plate assay. Among the primary isolates 10-15% were yeast isolates. Six isolates with higher zones of pectin hydrolysis were selected and tested for polygalacturonase (PGU) production at room temperature (25 degrees C) and at 5 degrees C. One isolate identified as Saccharomyces sp. with highest polygalacturonase activity at 5 degrees C was used for enzyme production using raw fruit pectins as substrates. The isolate was identified by preliminary cultural, morphological and sugar fermentation tests. PGU production was high in raw pectin substrates like orange peel (21 U/ml), apple peel (20 U/ml ), mango peel (19 U/ml), ...

Summary The objective of this work was to compare the contents of polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine), and total soluble phenols and flavonoids in parts of plants grown under either organic or conventional cropping, commonly discarded during food preparation. The contents of free polyamines, total phenols and total soluble flavonoids in peels (zucchini squash, banana, potato, eggplant, orange, lime, mango, passion fruit and radish), leaves (zucchini squash, broccoli, carrot, collard, cassava, radish and grape), stalks (broccoli, collard and spinach) and zucchini seeds were analysed. Most analysed vegetables presented higher contents of polyamines and total phenols under organic cropping, contrary to the results obtained for total flavonoids, possibly because of the cultural pr...

Approximately 10 million tons of oranges are processed in Florida each year, producing approximately 5 million tons of waste consisting of peel, seeds and segment membranes. Most of this peel is currently dried and pelletized to produce citrus pulp pellets, a low value cattle feed. Several researc...

Biomethanation of banana peel and pineapple wastes studied at various HRTs showed a higher rate of gas production at lower retention time. The lowest possible HRT for banana peel was 25 days, resulting in a maximum rate of gas production of 0.76 vol/vol/day with 36% substrate utilization, while pineapple-processing waste digesters could be operated at 10 days HRT, with a maximum rate of gas production of 0.93 vol/vol/day and 58% substrate utilization. For pineapple-processing waste lowering of retention time did not affect the methane content significantly; however, with banana peel an HRT below 25 days showed a drastic reduction in methane content. (author)

Here, we report the shell thickness-dependent Raman enhancement of silver-coated gold nanoparticles (Au@Ag NPs) for the identification and detection of pesticide residues at various fruit peels. The Raman enhancement of Au@Ag NPs to a large family of sulfur-containing pesticides is ~2 orders of magnitude stronger than those of bare Au and Ag NPs, and there is a strong dependence of the Raman enhancement on the Ag shell thickness. It has been shown for the first time that the huge Raman enhancement is contributed by individual Au@Ag NPs rather than aggregated Au@Ag NPs with "hot spots" among the neighboring NPs. Therefore, the Au@Ag NPs with excellent individual-particle enhancement can be exploited as stand-alone-particle Raman amplifiers for the surface identification and detection of pesticide residues at various peels of fruits, such as apple, grape, mango, pear, and peach. By casting the particle sensors onto fruit peels, several types of pesticide residues (e.g., thiocarbamate and organophosphorous compounds) have been reliably/rapidly detected, for example, 1.5 nanograms of thiram per square centimeter at apple peel under the current unoptimized condition. The surface-lifting spectroscopic technique offers great practical potentials for the on-site assessment and identification of pesticide residues in agricultural products. PMID:22122589

Eleven compounds were isolated from potato peels and identified. Their structures were determined by interpretation of UV, MS, 1D, and 2D NMR spectral data and by comparison with reported data. The main components of the potato peels were found to be chlorogenic acid and other phenolic compounds, accompanied by 2 glycoalkaloids, 3 low-molecular-weight amide compounds, and 2 unsaturated fatty acids, including an omega-3 fatty acid. The potato peels showed more potent radical scavenging activity than the flesh. The quantification of the 11 components indicated that the potato peels contained a higher amount of phenolic compounds than the flesh. These results suggest that peel waste from the industry of potato chips and fries may be a source of useful compounds for human health.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the feasibility of Punica granatum (pomegranate) peel waste for the removal of nickel from water. Batch experiments were performed to study the biosorption of nickel on prepared pomegranate peel adsorbent. The sorption process was well explained with pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The maximum sorption capacity of pomegranate peel adsorbent for nickel removal was ca. 52mgg^-^1. The sorption has been found to be endothermic and data conform to the Langmuir model. The Gibbs free energy was determined to be negative, indicating the spontaneous nature of the sorption process. The results of the present study suggest that pomegranate peel waste can be used beneficially for nickel removal from aqueous solution.

Cassava waste peels may constitute up to 55% of the original tuber. These waste peels were found to contain 41.8% carbohydrate, 1.1% protein, 12.5% ether extract and 4.9%, 4.9% total ash, and 20.8% crude fibre. Studies were conducted to formulate a fermentation medium to convert the waste peels to reducing sugars and to enrich the peels with microbial protein. Amylase-producing microorganisms were isolated from rotten cassava tuber discs buried in the soil at different locations. The microorganisms isolated were Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, A. niger, and a Pseudomonas sp. and A. niger; the level of reducing sugar was 20.5 mg/ml. The lowest was by B. subtilis an isolate from fermenting locust bean. Generally the levels of saccharification were higher when the waste media were supplemented with different nitrogen sourses. The crude protein yield in the cassava peel waste media by different microorganisms varied from 5.6% to 17.5%. The highest protein yield was in the waste medium fermented by A. fumigatus followed by A. niger, B. subtilis, Pseudomonas sp. in decreasing order.

Pectin rich wastes and waste dump yard soils were screened and eighty pectinolytic fungal isolates were obtained by enrichment culturing and ruthenium red plate assay. Eight isolates with higher zones of pectin hydrolysis were selected and tested for polygalacturonase production. One isolate identified as Aspergillus awamori MTCC 9166 with highest polygalacturonase activity was tested for utilization of raw pectins for enzyme production. Polygalacturonase production was high in raw pectin sources like Orange peel (16.8 U/ml) Jack fruit rind (38 U/ml) Carrot peel (36U/ml) and Beet root peel (24U/ml). Selected Aspergillus awamori MTCC 9166 was found to be having good polygalacturonase, xylanase, cellulase and weak amylase and protease activities. This isolate with multi-enzyme production could have application for enzymes production and degradation of fruit and vegetable waste in the process of urban waste disposal. PMID:23100850

...AMS-FV-10-0092] Mango Promotion, Research, and Information Order; Reapportionment...the Mango Promotion, Research, and Information Order (Order), which...Commodity Promotion, Research, and Information Act of 1996...

Abstract in portuguese Este trabalho visou avaliar o comportamento pós-colheita da variedade de manga Espada Vermelha em refrigeração e o potencial da tecnologia de atmosfera modificada na conservação pós-colheita. A atmosfera modificada foi conseguida através do uso de PVC (6µm), PEBD (25µm), PEBD (25µm) com sachê absorvedor de etileno de permanganato de potássio, filme de permeabilidade seletiva aditivado com absorvedor de etileno (Conservax) e controle (sem filme plástico). Os f (more) rutos foram mantidos a 12°C e 90% UR. A avaliação da qualidade foi feita semanalmente logo após a saída dos frutos da refrigeração e após a sua permanência por 4 dias, em temperatura ambiente. Foram feitas determinações de perda de peso individual dos frutos, evolução da cor da casca e da polpa, taxa de firmeza dos frutos, ocorrência de manchas deteriorativas, pH da polpa, teores de sólidos solúveis (°Brix), porcentagem de acidez (% de ácido cítrico) e cálculo da relação °Brix/acidez. PEBD+sachê influenciou positivamente a manutenção da qualidade e o Conservax prejudicou a maturação dos frutos de manga. Abstract in english The present research was aimed to evaluate the post-harvest behavior of mango Red Espada in refrigeration and the potencial of the modified atmosphere technology, tending to permit a best post-harvest conservation of mangoes. The modified atmosphere was obtained using PVC (6µm), PEBD (25µm), PEBD (25µm) with ethylene absorber sachet, permeable selective film with ethylene absorber in its structure (Conservax) and control (without film). The fruits were maintained at 12 (more) °C and 90% RH. The quality valuation occurred weekly after refrigeration and after permanence of fruits at ambient air temperature. Parameters as fruit weight loss, peel and fresh color, firmness, decay incidence, pH, total soluble solids, titratable acidity and their ratios were evaluated. PEBD+sachet affected positively the quality maintainence and Conservax harmed the maturity of mangos.

This work proposes a methodology aimed to be an adviser system for detection of internal breakdown in mangoes during the post-harvest phase to packinghouses. It was arranged a set-up to product digital images from X-ray spectrum in the range of 18 and 20 keV, where the primary images acquired were tested by a digital image processing routine for differentiation of seed, pulp, peel and injured zones. The analysis ROC applied to a only cut on a sample of 114 primary images generated, showed that digital image processing routine was able to identify 88% of true-positive injuries and 7% of false-negatives. When tested against the absence of injuries, the DIP routine had identified 22 % of false-positives and 88% of true-negatives. Besides, a cognitive analysis was applied to a sample of 76 digital images of mangoes. Results showed that the images offer enough information for dichotomic interpretation about the main injuries in the fruit, including those of difficult diagnosis under destructive assay. Measurements of observer agreement, performed on the same group of readers showed themselves in the range of fair and substantial strength of agreement. (author)

Abstract:- The use of biosorbents to remove metals and metalloids from contaminated water systems has gained great usage in various parts of the world. The objective of the current study was to test lemon peels as biosorbents for As (V). Lemon peels were chemically characterized and arsenic contact experiments were performed to determine the adsorption capacity of the peels using different empirical models. The model that fit the experimental data was the Lagergren empirical model with a correlation coefficient of R= 0.8841. The results show that lemon peels were able to retain 474.8 g of As (V)/g of biosorbent. Practical Application:- Lemon agro-industrial waste can be useful in the removal of heavy metals, such as arsenic, from aqueous media.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the feasibility of lemon peel waste for the removal of cobalt ions from aqueous solutions. Batch experiments were performed to study the adsorption of cobalt on lemon peel adsorbent. The maximum adsorption capacity of lemon peel adsorbent for cobalt removal was ca. 22mgg^-^1. Three simplified kinetic models viz. pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Weber and Morris intraparticle diffusion models were tested to describe the adsorption process. Kinetic parameters, rate constants, equilibrium sorption capacities, and related correlation coefficients for kinetic models were determined. It was found that the present system of cobalt adsorption on lemon peel adsorbent could be described more favorably by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. ...

Ten agro industrial wastes were assessed for their suitability as fungus immobilization carrier for solid-state fermentation (SSF). The wastes included creosote bush leaves (Larrea tridentata), variegated Caribbean agave (Agave lechuguilla), lemon peel (Citrus aurantifolia), orange peel (Citrus sinensis), apple pomace (Malus domestica), pistachio shell (Pistacia vera), wheat bran (Triticum spp.), coconut husk (Cocos nucifera), pecan nutshell (Carya illinoinensis), and bean residues (Phaseolus vulgaris). All of them were physical-chemically and microbiologically characterized. Physical-chemical tests consisted in the determination of the critical humidity point and the water absorption index; while the microbiological tests were based on the evaluation of Aspergillus niger Aa-20 growth rate...

Pectin rich wastes and waste dump yard soils were screened and eighty pectinolytic fungal isolates were obtained by enrichment culturing and ruthenium red plate assay. Eight isolates with higher zones of pectin hydrolysis were selected and tested for polygalacturonase production. One isolate identified as Aspergillus awamori MTCC 9166 with highest polygalacturonase activity was tested for utilization of raw pectins for enzyme production. Polygalacturonase production was high in raw pectin sources like Orange peel (16.8 U/ml) Jack fruit rind (38 U/ml) Carrot peel (36U/ml) and Beet root peel (24U/ml). Selected Aspergillus awamori MTCC 9166 was found to be having good polygalacturonase, xylanase, cellulase and weak amylase and protease activities. This isolate with multi-enzyme production cou...

Xoconostle cv. Cuaresmeño (Opuntia matudae) has attracted domestic and international industry attention; however, variations of composition from xoconostle structures have not been evaluated. Industries discard the pulp (endocarp) and peel (pericarp) as wastes and utilize the skin (mesocarp), which is the edible portion. The physicochemical, nutritional, and functional characterization of structures from xoconostle pear from 3 major sites of production in Mexico were assessed. Skin yield ranged from 58% to 64% and was higher to that of peel (22% to 24%) and pulp (12% to 18%) yields. pH, degrees Brix, and acidity were similar among xoconostle structures. Total fiber showed by peel (18.23% to 20.37%) was 2-fold higher than that of skin. Protein and ether extract were higher in xoconostle pulp compared to that showed by peel and skin. Iron content of xoconostle peel (6 to 9.6 mg/100 g, DWB) was higher to that of skin and pulp and prickly pear pulp. Soluble phenols of peel (840 to 863 mg GAE/100 g, DWB) were almost similar to that of skin (919 to 986 mg GAE/100 g, dry weigh basis); meanwhile, ascorbic acid concentration of skin was 2-fold higher compared to that of peel. The phenolic fraction of xoconostle structures consisted of gallic, vanillic, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acids; catechin, epicatechin, and vanillin were also identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-didoe array detection (HPLC-DAD). Xoconostle peel showed higher antioxidant activity (TEAC) compared to that of skin (2-fold) and pulp (6-fold) of commonly consumed fruits and vegetables. The potential of xoconostle peel and pulp for the production of feed or food is promissory. Practical Application: Outstanding nutritional and functional properties of xoconostle cv. Cuaresmeño fruits are demonstrated. Increased consumption could contribute positively to improve the diet of rural and urban consumers. The high fiber, mineral, and antioxidant components of xoconostle peel and pulp suggest that these fruit structures, which are currently discarded as waste, have promissory use as feed or food by industry. PMID:20722901

Composite fuels with calorific values of 6000-6500 cal/g were prepared from waste plastics consisting of polyethylene and polypropylene from a paper mill and orange peels. They burnt completely in a commercial wood-fired boiler with little dripping of molten plastics.

This is a literature review of fruit, vegetable and grain processing wastes. The factors affecting water usage and methods of conservation were examined. Various processes were investigated which included the pulp recovery from caustic peeled tomato skin, the dewatering of citrus, washing leafy vegetables with recycled process water and the potato processing industry.

Abstract: Xoconostle cv. Cuaresmeno (Opuntia matudae) has attracted domestic and international industry attention; however, variations of composition from xoconostle structures have not been evaluated. Industries discard the pulp (endocarp) and peel (pericarp) as wastes and utilize the skin (mesocarp), which is the edible portion. The physicochemical, nutritional, and functional characterization of structures from xoconostle pear from 3 major sites of production in Mexico were assessed. Skin yield ranged from 58% to 64% and was higher to that of peel (22% to 24%) and pulp (12% to 18%) yields. pH, degreeBrix, and acidity were similar among xoconostle structures. Total fiber showed by peel (18.23% to 20.37%) was 2-fold higher than that of skin. Protein and ether extract were higher in xocono...

Bio sorption of lead (Pb) from aqueous solution using citrus peels can provide an efficient and cost-effective solution for lead removal from industrial wastewaters. These peels contain the biopolymer pectin that has a strong affinity for metal ions. A better understanding of the chemistry behind these interactions can help in the preparation of commercial biosorbents using waste citrus peels. This study was conducted in order to obtain mechanistic information about Pb binding by low and highly methoxylated citrus pectins. Potentiometric titrations revealed that carboxyl groups are important contributors to negative charge of these biopolymers, which was further confirmed by a pH variability study. Pb binding by both low- and high-methoxylated pectins follows second-order kinetics, suggest...

In the present study, we investigated the effect of different carbon sources (glucose, glycerol and ground mandarin peelings) on laccase production by Trametes pubescens grown on stainless steel sponges under static conditions. The cultures with ground mandarin peelings gave the highest laccase activities, showing values of about 100Ul-1. This is a very interesting result, since mandarin peelings are common agricultural wastes in some regions such as Mediterranean and Asiatic countries. Therefore, their reutilisation, besides reducing medium cost, also helps to solve the pollution problems caused by their disposal.Also, we studied the effect of supplementing the culture medium with different potential laccase-inducing compounds (ABTS, Tween 20, soya oil, Malaquite Green, Cu2+, tannic acid)...

Sweet potato peels usually considered as waste in food service operations may be upgraded into value added functional foods with high phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The effect of nine extraction variables was identified as relevant in previous phenolics extraction studies, because solvent solid ratio, time, pH, peeling cut depth, particle size, temperature, solvent, sample amount and agitation were combined in a 12 run Placket-Burman design to screen for key factors. The extraction of phenolic compounds was only significantly (p<0.05) affected by solvent:solid ratio (positively) and peel cut depth (negatively) with similar effect magnitude. These factors effects presented similar direction, size and significance on extracts antioxidant activity measured by FRAP. Regression mode...

Recycling industrial wastes is one of the major goals of bioengineering research. Agricultural wastes are often rich in natural sources of organic and inorganic compounds. The present study investigates the use of banana peel waste as a non-conventional alternative to nitrogen-enriched glucose media for a white rot fungus (WRF), Inonotus sp. SP2, recently isolated in southern Chile. WRF are known to produce biodegrading enzymes, such as peroxidases, that can have industrial and biotechnological applications. To that end, the metabolic characteristics and catalytic properties of peroxidases produced by Inonotus sp. SP2 were compared between glucose and banana peel-based growth mediums. The results establish that this strain of WRF produces high concentrations of a Mn+2-dependent peroxidase,...

...AMS-FV-11-0021] Mango Promotion, Research, and Information Order; Assessment Increase...the Mango Promotion, Research, and Information Order (Order) to increase...Commodity Promotion, Research, and Information Act of 1996...

Up to comparatively recently orange peel and the associated residual remnants of membranes resulting from juice extraction represented a significant disposal problem, especially in those regions where orange cultivation is a major industry. However, recent research has demonstrated that orange peel waste represents a potentially valuable resource that can be developed into high value products. These developments are critically reviewed in this article. This includes a summary of the chemical composition of the substrate and an assessment of the range of applications in which the peel is deployed. Utilization as a substrate to produce animal feed, fertilizer, essential oils, pectin, ethanol, methane, industrial enzymes, and single cell protein is discussed. The applications described together with those that will no doubt be developed in the future, represent great opportunities to harness the economical benefit of this agro-industrial waste and to develop even more efficient and sustainable systems. A scheme of integrated utilization of orange peel in a biorefinery approach is discussed together with some prediction of further necessary research. PMID:20148755

The effect of feeding different fruit and vegetable wastes, mango, pineapple, tomato, jackfruit, banana and orange, was studied in a 60-litre digester by cycling each waste every fifth day in order to operate the digester as and when there was supply of feed. The characteristics of the anaerobically digested fluid and digester performance in terms of biogas production were determined at different loading rates (LR) and at different hydraulic retention times (HRT) and the maximum biogas yield of 0.6 m{sup 3}/kg VS added was achieved at a 20-day HRT and 40 kg TS m{sup -3}day{sup -1} loading rate. The hourly gas production was observed in the digesters operated at 16 and 24 days HRT. The major yield (74.5%) of gas was produced within 12h of feeding at a 16-day HRT whereas at a 24-day HRT only 59.03% of the total gas could be obtained at this time. (author).

Bioactive polyphenols, cartenoids, and anthocyanins present in fruits and vegetables are receiving much attention because of their potential antioxidant activity. This study was conducted to determine antioxidant activity of leaves, peels, stem bark, and kernel of mango varieties langra and chonsa. Total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFCs) in segments of langra ranged from 63.89 to 116.80 mg GAE/g DW and 45.56 to 90.89 mg CE/g DW, respectively, and that of chonsa were 69.24 to 122.60 mg GAE/g DW and 48.43 to 92.55 mg CE/g DW, respectively. The 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity and linoleic inhibition capacity in segments of langra ranged from 53.30% to 61.10% and 40.0% to 47.20%, respectively, whereas for chonsa; 56.40% to 66.0% and 48.1% to 49.0%, respectively. The reducing potentials of different segments of langra and chonsa at concentration of 10 mg/mL were 0.512 to 0.850 and 0.595 to 0.665 mV, respectively. Comparison between both varieties showed chonsa exhibited better antioxidant activity. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) using completely randomised design (CRD) under factorial. PMID:22860576

Mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) is a unique spice having morphological resemblance with ginger but imparts a raw mango flavour. The main use of mango ginger rhizome is in the manufacture of pickles and culinary preparations. Ayurveda and Unani medicinal systems have given much importance to mango ginger as an appetizer, alexteric, antipyretic, aphrodisiac, diuretic, emollient, expectorant and laxative and to cure biliousness, itching, skin diseases, bronchitis, asthma, hiccough and inflammation due to injuries. The biological activities of mango ginger include antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, anti-inflammatory activity, platelet aggregation inhibitory activity, cytotoxicity, antiallergic activity, hypotriglyceridemic activity, brine-shrimp lethal activi...

Production of virgin coconut oil via natural fermentation has led to large amount of wastes being generated, i.e., coconut pulp and wastewater containing coconut creme. Objective of this study is to gain more insight into the feasibility of utilization of such wastes as raw materials together with several types of wastes such as fish waste and/or pineapple peel for bioextract production. Chemical, physico-chemical and biological changes including phytotoxicity of the fermented mixture were closely monitored. Physical observation suggested that fermentation of bioextract obtained with fish waste appeared to be complete within the first month of fermentation while bioextract obtained using pineapple waste seemed to be complete after 8 months post-fermentation. Fermentation broth is of blacki...

Abstract in portuguese Raízes de beterrabas, cv. Early Wonder, foram minimamente processadas e submetidas a tratamentos de sanitização: controle (sem sanitização); sanitização após o corte (padrão); sanitização antes do descascamento e após o corte; sanitização apenas após o descascamento; sanitização antes e após o descascamento; sanitização antes e após o descascamento, e após o corte. Após os tratamentos, o produto foi colocado em bandejas envoltas com filme de PVC e a (more) rmazenado a 5±1°C e 85±5% UR durante 10 dias. Realizou-se análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas durante o armazenamento refrigerado. Não foi detectada a presença de coliformes fecais e Salmonella nos tratamentos com etapa de sanitização. As contagens de coliformes totais e bactérias psicrotróficas e os teores de betacianina e betaxantina foram maiores para beterrabas não sanitizadas. Houve decréscimo nos teores dos pigmentos durante conservação. A sanitização após o descascamento é a mais apropriada para manutenção da qualidade por reduzir a perda de pigmentos e garantir a segurança alimentar do produto, além de evitar o desperdício de cloro. Abstract in english Early Wonder beet roots were minimally processed and submitted to sanitization treatments: control (no sanitization); sanitization after cutting (standard); sanitization before peeling and after cutting; sanitization only after peeling; sanitization before and after peeling; sanitization before and after peeling and after cut. After the treatments, the product was placed on trays wrapped in PVC film and stored at 5±1°C and 85±5% RH for 10 days. Physicoch (more) emical and microbiological analyses were conducted during refrigerated storage. Fecal coliforms and Salmonella were not detected in beet roots that underwent sanitization. Total coliforms and psychotropic bacteria counts, as well as betacyanin and betaxanthin amounts were higher in non-sanitized beet roots. There was a decrease in pigment amounts during storage. Post-peeling sanitization is the most suitable for quality maintenance, as it reduces pigment loss, ensures good food safety standards and avoids chlorine waste.

Fruit wastes are one of the main sources of municipal waste. In order to explore the potential of fruit wastes as natural resources of bioactive compounds, the antioxidant potency and total phenolic contents (TPC) of lipophilic and hydrophilic components in wastes (peel and seed) of 50 fruits were systematically evaluated. The results showed that different fruit residues had diverse antioxidant potency and the variation was very large. Furthermore, the main bioactive compounds were identified and quantified, and catechin, cyanidin 3-glucoside, epicatechin, galangin, gallic acid, homogentisic acid, kaempferol, and chlorogenic acid were widely found in these residues. Especially, the values of ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and TPC in the residues were higher than in pulps. The results showed that fruit residues could be inexpensive and readily available resources of bioactive compounds for use in the food and pharmaceutical industries. PMID:15640497

Cucurbits are important group of vegetables due to their nutritional significance and their use in culinary and dessert purposes. But they produce large amount of waste both during consumption and processing owing to their thick rind and large seeds. These wastes generate potential problems for their treatment and disposal. They are of immense medicinal and food value and can be utilized in oil extraction and processing into products like pickle, preserve, pectin, candy, edible coating etc. These wastes are also potential raw material for biofuel production. Enzymes from cucurbit peel are utilized in detection and quantification of hazardous metals in industrial effluents and ground water. Much research has been carried out to investigate the conversion of these wastes into useful products...

Abstract in portuguese A manga (Mangifera indica L.) é uma das frutas mais consumidas no mundo. A escolha da variedade a ser plantada deve estar relacionada com as preferências do mercado consumidor, que incluem frutos com elevada porcentagem de polpa e alto teor de sólidos solúveis, propriedades de grande importância para o processamento industrial e para o mercado interno e externo. Foram avaliadas a qualidade dos frutos de 39 variedades de manga (Adams, Alda, Brasil, Cacipura, Carabao, (more) Carrie, Castro, Edward, Eldon, Família, Foice, Haden, Haden 2H, Haden TR, IAC 10 Bourbon, Itamarati, Joe Welch, Julima, Lima Peru, M20-222 Winter, Mabrooca, Neves, Palmer, Pele de Moça, Petacon, Pope, Regina, Rocha, Rosa, Rubi, Sensation, Smith, Surpresa, Torbet, Torrinha, Ubá, Wesley, White Langra e Zill) da coleção do Pólo Apta Centro-Norte, localizado em Pindorama, São Paulo, objetivando a obtenção de informações sobre a qualidade dos frutos produzidos nesta região. Vinte frutos de cada variedade foram colhidos maduros e avaliados quanto à massa fresca, massa da casca, massa do caroço, porcentagens de polpa, casca e caroço, teor de sólidos solúveis totais (SST) e infestação por mosca-das-frutas. Para a análise dos dados de porcentagem de polpa e SST utilizou-se delineamento em blocos casualizados, e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Com base nos resultados, pôde-se concluir que a variedade Smith destacou-se pelos frutos com maior massa total (694 g), maior porcentagem de polpa (85,7 %), menor porcentagem de caroço (6,3 %) e maior teor de SST (24,9º Brix). Abstract in english The mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the most consumed fruits in the world. The choice of variety for cultivation should be related with preferences of the consuming market, that include fruits with larger pulp percentage and larger tenor of total soluble solids, properties of great importance for industrial processing and for internal and external markets. The overall quality of fruits from 39 mango varieties (Adams, Alda, Brasil, Cacipura, Carabao, Carrie, Castro, (more) Edward, Eldon, Família, Foice, Haden, Haden 2H, Haden TR, IAC 10 Bourbon, Itamarati, Joe Welch, Julima, Lima Peru, M20-222 Winter, Mabrooca, Neves, Palmer, Pele de Moça, Petacon, Pope, Regina, Rocha, Rosa, Rubi, Sensation, Smith, Surpresa, Torbet, Torrinha, Ubá, Wesley, White Langra and Zill) from the collection of Pólo Apta Centro-Norte, located at Pindorama, São Paulo State, was appraised, with the objective of gathering information regarding fruits produced in this area. Twenty fruits of each variety were picked ripe traits such as fresh weight, weight of the peel, weight of the pit, pulp, peel and pit percentages, tenor of total soluble solids (SST) and infestation for fruit-flyes were evaluated. A design in randomized blocks was used for the analysis of the data of pulp percentage and SST. Averages were compared by the Tukey test of 5% of probability. Based on results, it can be concluded that the variety Smith stands out for exhibiting fruits with larger total weight (694 g), larger pulp percentage (85,7%), smaller pit percentage (6,3%) and larger tenor of SST (24,9º Brix), adequate for industrial processing and for internal and external markets.

... improve neck lines and control excessive sweating. Chemical Peels Chemical peels are beneficial in the treatment of wrinkles around ... High-tech lasers, dermabrasion , punch grafts and chemical peels are some of the more common treatments developed ...

...parts per million (ppm); potato, wet peel at 6.0 ppm; potato, whole at 2...of 2,6-DIPN in potatoes and potato peels. While tolerances are set for livestock...Diisopropylnaphthalene (DIPN) in Potato Peels'' (Platte Report Number...

The municipalities of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) will be implementing initiatives in solid waste management, in view of the fact that current landfill capacity is nearly exhausted. A consolidation of information is provided on the solid waste management plans, programs, and facilities within the GTA. In response to environmental concerns coupled with difficulties encountered in developing new solid waste disposal facilities, waste reduction, reuse, and recycling efforts are developing rapidly. Some of the measures currently implemented and under investigation include: curbside recycling programs for newspapers, glass, metal, and plastic containers; expanding recycling efforts to apartment buildings; expanding the kinds of materials collected through the curbside programs; improving recycling services in rural areas; public education and promotional programs; promotion of home composting; household hazardous waste programs; recovery of cardboard from commercial and industrial sources, coupled with bans on cardboard at landfills; recovery of selected waste building materials such as wood and drywall, coupled with bans on these materials at landfills; recovery of paper from office buildings; and programs to assist industries in waste reduction, reuse, and recycling. The solid wastes generated in the GTA are managed in a number of facilities including recycling centers, transfer stations, and landfill sites. A 410 tonne/day energy-from-waste facility has recently been approved for Peel Region and is planned to be constructed in the coming year. 21 refs., 1 fig., 14 tabs.

Context: Cucumis melo Linn. (Cucurbitaceae) and Citrullus lanatus Thunb. (Cucurbitaceae) are desert vegetables popular for their nutritional value and year round availability. The pulp and seeds of these plants are used for dietary purposes or as medications for certain ailments in the folk medicinal system. Peels of the fruit are either wasted or used as feed of grazing animals. Objective: A detailed investigation regarding the chemical constituents and antioxidative analyses of the peel extract of fully ripened fruits from different cultivars of the two vegetables was carried out here for the first time. Materials and methods: Chemical constituents of the peel extracts of C. melo and C. lanatus cultivars in methanol, 1-butanol, chloroform and n-hexane were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the antioxidative properties were evaluated using standard in vitro antioxidative assays. Results: The results demonstrated large variation in the chemical constituents of the extracts including alkanes, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and their esters, cyclic ketones, aldehydes, phenolic compounds and anthocyanin derivatives. Total phenolic content ranged from 2.96-0.85?mg/L gallic acid equivalents for different extracts. Discussion and conclusion: Employing GC-MS analyses and standard in vitro antioxidative assays, the data presented here clearly demonstrate the potency of C. melo and C. lanatus extracts as antioxidant and radical scavenger plants which may be used as good sources of natural antioxidants. The peels of both the plants can be added to the diet at various stages to compensate food shortage and dietary deficiency problems of living beings. PMID:23153254

Agronomic crop residues produce greenhouse gas emissions. Crops that produce residues at harvest and during processing may vary from country to country. These residues, which can be in the form of peels, husks, stalks, or straw, are generally considered to be waste products. The carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content of 19 different agronomic and grass crops common in Uganda were determined using standard laboratory methods. The C and N content of the samples were calculated from two separate equations containing a moisture correction factor. The crop residue C/N ratios were similar to UNEP/OECD/IEA/IPCC values. 3 tabs., 7 refs.

Mango, the 'king of the fruits', has great potential as a fresh-cut product. However, preliminary tests showed that stored cut fruit becomes dry and looses flavor. Fruit coatings may decrease gas exchange, thereby retaining moisture and flavor. Ripe mango fruit (cv. Tommy Atkins), were washed, pe...

The antioxidant activity in twelve tropical fruits from south Florida (red guava, white guava, carambola, red pitaya, white pitaya, mamey, sapodilla, lychee, longan, green mango, ripe mango, and green papaya) were evaluated by ORAC (Oxygen radical absorbance capacity) and DPPH (radical scavenging ac...

The primary objective of this study was to characterize fusaria associated with the economically devastating mango malformation disease (MMD) in México. One hundred and 42 fusaria were isolated from symptomatic mango inflorescences and vegetative tissues in eight geographically diverse Méxican stat...

Fourteen tropical fruits from south Florida (red guava, white guava, carambola, red pitaya (red dragon), white pitaya (white dragon), mamey, sapodilla, lychee, longan, green mango, ripe mango, green papaya and ripe papaya) were evaluated for antioxidant activity, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), total fib...

The effectiveness of the alternation of drying and grinding of ripe mango for powder production was studied. Mango endosperm was dried to different moisture content and ground. There was no significant difference in ash, pectin, reducing and total sugars, starch, proteins and fat content between undried and dried mango. Bond, Kick and Rittinger grinding constants were determined. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and infrared analysis of mango granules were carried out before and after drying. Intermittent drying and grinding of ripe mango is recommended in order to increase its grinding ability. Improvement in grinding ability was characterized by the elimination of caking during grinding, the increase of the grinding yield, and the reducti...

In the conventional method of controlling waste containers by labels attached thereto, the data relevant to wastes contained in the waste containers are limited. Further, if the label should be peeled off, there is a possibility that the wastes therein can no more be identified. Then, in the present invention, an identification plate is previously attached, to which mechanically readable codes or visually readable letters or numerical figures are written. Then, the identification codes can be read in a remote control manner at high speed and high reliability and the waste containers can be managed only by the identification codes of the containers. Further, the identification codes on the container are made so as to be free from aging degradation, thereby enabling to manage waste containers for long time storage. With such a constitution, since data can be inputted from an input terminal and a great amount of data such as concerning the source of wastes can be managed collectively on a software, the data can be managed easily. (T.M.).

In this study, three agro-waste materials were used as biosorbents for removal of copper (Cu) from water. This work aims to optimise conditions for preparation of these materials to obtain maximum Cu adsorption capacity. The optimal conditions were determined in terms of Cu removal efficiency and/or energy consumption. The results indicate that banana peels dried at 120°C for 2h and ground into powder form led to a better performance in terms of both copper removal efficiency and energy consumption. For sugarcane bagasse and watermelon rind, 120°C was the suitable drying temperature. However, the best drying time was 1h for sugarcane bagasse and 3h for watermelon rind. The powder form with size of <150 ?m was optimal for all biosorbents in terms of removal efficiency and equilibration time. The findings are beneficial to the application of these agro-waste materials for Cu removal from water and wastewater treatment. PMID:22750502

Abstract in portuguese Duas novas cultivares com resistência à seca-da-mangueira obtidas pelo Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, IAC 103 Espada Vermelha e IAC 109 Votupa, foram avaliadas em comparação com quatro cultivares de origem americana cultivadas no Estado de São Paulo: Tommy Atkins, Van Dyke, Palmer e IAC Haden 2H. Esta última é um clone selecionado da 'Haden 2H'. Foram avaliadas a produção, resistência às doenças e mosca-das-frutas bem como as características físicas e qu (more) ímicas dos frutos. A produtividade das cultivares foi avaliada em Votuporanga-SP, utilizando um ensaio em blocos completos ao acaso, com as seis cultivares e cinco repetições, com três plantas por parcela. A cultivar Palmer mostrou-se a mais produtiva, revelando boa adaptação às condições edafoclimáticas do local. Nenhuma cultivar foi resistente a todas as doenças, e a 'Haden 2H' foi a mais suscetível. A 'Espada Vermelha' mostrou-se resistente à mosca-das-frutas, e a 'Votupa' apresentou a maior porcentagem de polpa, próxima à das comerciais 'Van Dyke', 'Tommy Atkins' e 'Palmer'. O valor nutritivo e a composição química dos frutos foram avaliados no Instituto Agronômico e no Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos, em Campinas. A cultivar Espada Vermelha distinguiu-se das demais por ter apresentado características diferenciadas em alguns dos parâmetros químicos avaliados, principalmente quanto aos teores de minerais, carotenóides totais e de lipídeos, que proporcionaram intenso aroma e coloração aos seus frutos. 'Votupa', 'Palmer' e 'Van Dyke' apresentaram frutos mais ácidos e mais calóricos, enquanto as cultivares Espada Vermelha, Tommy Atykns e Haden 2H mostraram frutos de baixa acidez e de menor valor calórico. Abstract in english Two new mango cultivars, IAC 103 Espada Vermelha and IAC 109 Votupa, resistant to the mango wilt caused by the fungus Ceratocystis fimbriata and selected by the "Instituto Agronômico de Campinas" (IAC), were compaired to four Floridian cultivars used for commercial production in the State of São Paulo: Tommy Atkins, Van Dyke, Palmer and IAC Haden 2H. This last one is a clone selected from the Haden 2H cultivar. The yield capacity of the cultivars was evaluated in a fiel (more) d experiment with six cultivars, five replications and three plants per plot, using a completely randomized blocks design, in Votuporanga, State of São Paulo. The yield, resistance to diseases and fruit-fly as well as physical and chemical parameters of the fruits were evaluated. The cultivar Palmer was the most productive, with good adaptation to the local soil and climatic conditions. 'Haden 2H' was the most susceptible cultivar. There was no cultivar resistant to all diseases and 'Espada Vermelha' showed some resistance to fruit-fly. The proportion of peel, pulp and seeds of the fruits were evaluated. The cultivar Votupa showed the highest percentage of pulp, which was similar to the commercial cultivars Van Dyke, Tommy Atkins and Palmer. To evaluate the nutritive value of the cultivars, the chemical composition of the fruits were made in "Instituto Agronômico de Campinas" and "Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos", both located in Campinas, State of São Paulo. The fruits were analysed for pH, soluble solids (ºBrix), total acidity, lipids, total protein, residual fixed minerals (ash), pectin, ascorbic acid, total carotene, total alimentary fibers, total carbohidrates and calories, and the content of calcium, cupper, iron, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, potassium and zinc. The cultivar "Espada Vermelha" differed from the others by the chemical parameters, mainly in the mineral composition and in the content of total carotenoids and lipids, which provided intense flavor and coloration to its fruits. 'Votupa', 'Palmer' and 'Van Dyke' presented higher acidity and caloric fruits, whereas 'Espada Vermelha', 'Tommy Atykns' and 'Haden 2H' had fruits less caloric and with lower acidity.

The effects of the ripeness stage of banana (Musa AAA) and plantain (Musa AAB) peels on neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, pectin contents, and pectin chemical features were studied. Plantain peels contained a higher amount of lignin but had a lower hemicellulose content than banana peels. A sequential extraction of pectins showed that acid extraction was the most efficient to isolate banana peel pectins, whereas an ammonium oxalate extraction was more appropriate for plantain peels. In all the stages of maturation, the pectin content in banana peels was higher compared to plantain peels. Moreover, the galacturonic acid and methoxy group contents in banana peels were higher than in plantain peels. The average molecular weights of the extracted...

Shiikuwasha (Citrus depressa Hayata) and other endemic citrus fruits have been cultivated for several hundred years in the Ryukyu Islands. Citrus fruits contain high levels of functional phytochemicals, including specific and appealing aroma compounds. We analyzed the volatile compounds in immature and mature peel of 10 citrus fruits grown on Okinawa by GC-MS analysis. In addition, we used HPLC to quantify synephrine and six polymethoxyflavones (PMFs: sinensetin, hexamethoxyflavone, heptamethoxyflavone, nobiletin, natsudaidain, and tangeretin). All local citrus cultivars showed unique aroma profiles. The volatile compositions of ‘Kabuchii’ (C. keraji hort. ex Tanaka var. kabuchii) had high contents of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (3.90–5.17%), ‘Keraji’ (C. keraji hort. ex Tanaka) was high in esters (12.15–19.10%), and ‘Ogimikuganii’ (C. depressa Hayata) was high in ?-terpinene (21.17–29.60%) and p-cymene (6.49–9.84%). The highest levels of synephrine were found in immature peel of ‘Tokunibu’ (C. nobilis Lour.) (8.97 mg·gDW?1), ‘Izumibeni’ (C. tangerina hort. ex Tanaka) (7.03 mg·gDW?1), and ‘Ogimikuganii’ (5.17 mg·gDW?1). There were high levels of PMFs in immature peel of ‘Ogimikuganii’ (20.62 mg·gDW?1), ‘Kabuchii’ (20.66 mg·gDW?1), ‘Oto’ (C. oto hort. ex Yu. Tanaka) (12.52 mg·gDW?1), and ‘T-132’ (C. tankan Hayata) (18.95 mg·gDW?1), each of which showed a unique profile. Our results suggested the scope for effective utilization of the waste, including thinned fruits, from shiikuwasha and tankan, that major cultivars in Okinawa.   

The citrus-processing industry generates in the Mediterranean area huge amounts of orange peel as a byproduct from the industrial extraction of citrus juices. To reduce its environmental impact as well as to provide an extra profit, this residue was investigated in this study as an alternative substrate for the fermentative production of citric acid. Orange peel contained 16.9% soluble sugars, 9.21% cellulose, 10.5% hemicellulose, and 42.5% pectin as the most important components. To get solutions rich in soluble and starchy sugars to be used as a carbon source for citric acid fermentation, this raw material was submitted to autohydrolysis, a process that does not make use of any acidic catalyst. Liquors obtained by this process under optimum conditions (temperature of 130 degrees C and a liquid/solid ratio of 8.0 g/g) contained 38.2 g/L free sugars (8.3 g/L sucrose, 13.7 g/L glucose, and 16.2 g/L fructose) and significant amounts of metals, particularly Mg, Ca, Zn, and K. Without additional nutrients, these liquors were employed for citric acid production by Aspergillus niger CECT 2090 (ATCC 9142, NRRL 599). Addition of calcium carbonate enhanced citric acid production because it prevented progressive acidification of the medium. Moreover, the influence of methanol addition on citric acid formation was investigated. Under the best conditions (40 mL of methanol/kg of medium), an effective conversion of sugars into citric acid was ensured (maximum citric acid concentration of 9.2 g/L, volumetric productivity of 0.128 g/(L.h), and yield of product on consumed sugars of 0.53 g/g), hence demonstrating the potential of orange peel wastes as an alternative raw material for citric acid fermentation. PMID:18321055

Abstract in portuguese O processamento mínimo tem sido descrito como a manipulação, o preparo, embalagem e a distribuição de produtos agrícolas, através de procedimentos como seleção, limpeza, lavagem, descascamento e corte, que não afetem suas características organolépticas, agregando valor aos mesmos. Vários fatores limitam o consumo destes produtos, os quais estão envolvidos na sua vida útil, tais como: aumento da respiração e da produção de etileno, escurecimento enzimát (more) ico, descoloração da superfície, perda de água e, sobretudo, alterações microbiológicas. No presente trabalho, o enfoque foi dado a este ultimo fator. Foram analisadas 20 amostras de goiaba, manga, melão japonês, mamão formosa e abacaxi minimamente processados e comercializados em supermercados da cidade de Fortaleza-CE, considerando-se a quantificação de coliformes totais, fecais, bolores e leveduras, e detecção de bactérias potencialmente patogênicas, tais como Salmonella sp e Staphylococcus coagulase positivo. Através dos resultados deste trabalho, permitiu-se sugerir a necessidade de controle de qualidade, observando as boas práticas de fabricação, para posterior implementação de um sistema preventivo de APPCC, análise de perigos e pontos críticos de controle, para se assegurar um produto saudável e seguro para o consumidor. Abstract in english Minimal processing has been described as handling, preparing, packing, and distribution of agricultural products, throughout certain procedures, such as selection, cleaning, peeling and cutting, that do not affect the sensory characteristics of the products, aggregating value to them. There are some factors that limit the consumption of these products related to their shelf-life, such as increasing of respiration rate and of ethylene production, enzymatic browning, surfac (more) e white discoloration, water loss and microbiological changes. This work has focused on this last factor. Twenty samples of guava, mango, melon var. "japonês", papaya var. "formosa" and pineapple, commercialized in Fortaleza-CE, were analyzed considering the quantification of fecal and total coliforms, yeasts and molds and searching for potentially pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus coagulase positive and Salmonella sp. Based on the results, it could be suggested the need of quality control, observing the good manufacturing practices, to further implementation of a preventive HACCP system, assuring to the consumer a healthy and a safety product.

... Frozen Yogurt Pops Fruit Kabobs Healthy Breakfast Planner Kale and White Bean Soup Lemon Chicken Salad Mango ... Healthy Eating: Mikayla's Story Hummus Italian Vegetable Casserole Kale and White Bean Soup Mexican Rice Salad Nut ...

A field trial was carried out to understand the persistence behaviour of tetraconazole in mango and also in the soil of mango orchard following five applications @ 50 g a.i./ha (T 1) and 100 g a.i./ha (T 2). The initial deposits were found to be 0.23 and 0.38 ?g/g for T 1 and T 2 doses. The theoretical maximum residue contribution (TMRC) of tetraconazole in dietary exposure appeared to be toxicologically safe for consumption as compared with maximum permissible intake (MPI). The half-life values of tetraconazole in mango were in the range of 4?5 days. The harvest samples of mango and soil were free from tetraconazole residues.

Spirotetramat is a unique insecticide having both phloem and xylem mobility and imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid insecticide, is one of the most widely used in the world. The combination formulation is very effective against sucking pests of mango. Residue dynamics of spirotetramat and imidacloprid in/on mango and soil was studied following application of the combination formulation, spirotetramat 12 % + imidacloprid 12 % (240 SC) at 90 and 180 g a.i. haâ??1. Spirotetramat residues in/on mango fruits were 0.327 and 0.483 mg kgâ??1 after giving 3 applications at 90 and 180 g a.i. haâ??1, respectively. The residues remained on mango fruits for 7 days and dissipated with the half-life of 3.3 and 5.2 days, respectively. Residues of spirotetramat-enol, the major metabolite of spirotetram...

The spatial distribution of larval and adult thrips (Thysanoptera) was studied on mango panicles, Mangifera indica L., on Penang Island, Malaysia, during two consecutive mango flowering seasons from December 2008 to March 2009 and from August to September 2009. Larval and adult thrips were sampled from mango panicles using the carbon dioxide (CO2) collection technique weekly in treated and untreated orchards. Seasonal abundance and dispersion pattern of thrips were investigated on weed host plants in the treated orchard between June 2008 and March 2009. Spatiotemporal dynamics of larvae and adults was analyzed using Taylor?s Power Law (TPL), Lloyd?s Index (LI), and Green?s Index (GI). Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan) was the dominant thrips species recovered from mango panicles and weeds in the...

The ethyl acetate extract of the Bangladeshi mango mistletoe (Loranthus globosus) bark was found to be most effective against both Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria and it also showed good cytotoxicity with a LC50 10.83 microg/ml. PMID:15159008

NMR-based metabolic analysis of foods has been widely applied in food science. In this study, we performed discrimination of five different mango cultivars, Awin, Carabao, Keitt, Kent, and Nam Dok Mai, using metabolic analysis with band-selective excitation NMR spectra. A combination of unsupervised principal component analysis (PCA) with low-field region (1)H NMR spectra obtained by band-selective excitation provided a good discriminant model of the five mango cultivars. Using F(2)-selective 2D NMR spectra, we also identified various minor components in the mango juice. Signal assignment of the minor components facilitated the interpretation of the loading plot, and it was found that arginine, histidine, phenylalanine, glutamine, shikimic acid, and trigonelline were important for classification of the five mango cultivars. PMID:22242555

Mango jam behaved as pseudoplastic fluid exhibiting yield stress. The Herschel-Bulkley (HB) model described adequately the steady-state rheological behavior of jam. Temperature dependence of the consistency index followed Arrhenius relationship. Time dependent structural breakdown characteristics of mango jam followed Hahn model. Hardness of mango jam increased with pectin concentration and acidity. Hardness increased up to 60% sugar concentration but decreased with further increase in sugar concentration at all pH and pectin levels. Stickiness, work of shear, and adhesion did not show any systematic trend with pH, pectin, and sugar concentration. The overall acceptability was rated highest for mango jam prepared with 65% sugar, 1% pectin at pH3.4. Principal component analysis (PCA) reveal...

Alphonso is a highly favoured and exported mango cultivar among the vast mango germplasm of India. Being a climacteric fruit, ethylene plays an important role in ripening of mango. For deeper understanding of effect of pre-climacteric ethylene treatment on volatile profiles of Alphonso mango, 26 volatiles were tracked through six ripening stages of pulp and skin of ethylene-treated and control Alphonso fruits. The study revealed accelerated ripening in terms of early appearance of ripening-specific compounds, lactones and mesifuran, upon ethylene treatment. While the level of lactones remained unaffected, the mesifuran level vastly increased upon ethylene treatment. Skin showed high terpene content while pulp had higher amount of lactones compared to skin. This work points towards involvem...

...feijoa, Ilama, jaboticaba, longan, lychee, mamey sapote, mango, pawpaw, pomegranate, pulasan, rambutan, sapodilla, soursop, Spanish lime, star apple, starfruit, sugar apple, wax jambu, and white sapote. Contact: Hope Johnson, (703)...

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is the causal agent of anthracnose in mango. Burkholderia cepacia XXVI, isolated from mango rhizosphere and identified by 16S rDNA sequencing as a member of B. cepacia complex, was more effective than 6 other mango rhizosphere bacteria in inhibiting the model mango pathogen, C. gloeosporioides ATCC MYA 456. Biocontrol of this pathogen was demonstrated on Petri-dishes containing PDA by?>?90?% reduction of surface colonization. The nature of the biocontrol metabolite(s) was characterized via a variety of tests. The inhibition was almost exclusively due to production of agar-diffusible, not volatile, metabolite(s). The diffusible metabolite(s) underwent thermal degradation at 70 and 121??C (1?atm). Tests for indole acetic acid production and lytic enzyme activit...

A gall midge species producing circular blisters on mango leaves was found in 2000 at Tamagusuku Village on Okinawa Island, Japan. This gall midge is identified as Procontarinia mangicola (Shi), and was originally placed in the genus Erosomyia. Another species, Procontarinia schreineri Harris, described from Guam is newly synonymized with P. mangicola. By 2001, this gall midge was found on eight islands in Okinawa Prefecture. Heavily galled leaves fell to the ground much earlier than usual and mango trees with galled leaves had almost no inflorescences, resulting in low yields of mango fruit. We consider that the gall midge adults might be dispersed by wind or that the larvae could be transported with soil or other substrates covering the roots of mango plants in nurseries. We also provide some comments on control measures that may be used against this gall midge.   

Thermophilic anaerobic digestion of industrial orange waste (pulp and peel) with subsequent aerobic post-treatment of the digestate was evaluated. Methane production potential was first determined in batch assays and the effects of operational parameters such as hydraulic retention times (HRT) and organic loading rates (OLR) on process performance were studied through semi-continuous digestion. In batch assays, methane production potential of about 0.49 m(3) kg(-1) volatile solids (VS)(added waste) was achieved. In semi-continuous digestion, loading at 2.8 kgVS m(-3) d(-1) (2.9 kg total solids (TS) m(-3) d(-1)) and HRT of 26 d produced specific methane yields of 0.6 m(3) kg(-1) VS (added waste) (0.63 m(3) kg(-1) VS(added waste)). Operating at a higher OLR of 4.2 kgVS m(-3) d(-1) (4.4 kg TS m(-3) d(-1)) and 40 d HRT produced 0.5 m(3) of methane kg(-1) VS (added waste) (0.63-0.52 m(3) kg(-1) TS (added waste). Up to 70% of TS of industrial orange waste (11.6% TS) was methanised. Further increase in OLR to 5.6 kg VS m(-3) d(-1) (5.9 kg TS m(-3) d(-1); HRT of 20 d) resulted in an unstable and non-functional digester process shown directly through complete cessation of methanogenesis, drop in methane content, reduced pH and increase in volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations, especially acetate and soluble chemical oxygen demand. A pH adjustment (from an initial 3.2 to ca. 8) for the low pH orange waste was necessary and was found to be a crucial factor for stable digester operation as the process showed a tendency to be inhibited due to accumulation of VFAs and decrease in digester pH. Aerobic post-treatment of digestate resulted in removal of ammonia and VFAs. PMID:16865918

Bergamot ( Citrus bergamia Risso) is a less commercialized Citrus fruit, mainly used for its essential oil extracted from the peel. Bergamot peel (BP) represents about 60% of the processed fruits and is regarded as primary waste. However, it contains good amounts of useful compounds, such as pectins and flavonoids. Many of the bioactivities of Citrus flavonoids appear to impact vascular endothelial cells. Herein, we report the protective effect of two flavonoid-rich extracts from BP (endowed with radical-scavenging properties and lacking genotoxic activity) against alterations in cell modifications induced by the pleiotropic inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), as demonstrated by monitoring intracellular levels of malondialdehyde/4-hydroxynonenal, reduced and oxidized glutathione and superoxide dismutase activity, and the activation status of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). Thus, BP appears to be a potential source of natural antioxidant/anti-inflammatory phytocomplexes to be employed as ingredients of nutraceutical products or functional foods. PMID:20578719

In this study, a waste biomass of Punica granatum L. (P. granatum L.) peels was firstly characterized by means of Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, elemental analysis, FT-IR, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and zeta potential measurement techniques. FT-IR results indicated that the mechanism involved in the biosorption of lead(II) ions and AB40 onto biosorbent was mainly attributed to lead(II) ions and dye binding of amino, carboxylic, hydroxyl and carbonyl groups. The biosorption abilities of P. granatum L. peels for lead(II) ions and Acid Blue 40 (AB40) were then investigated. Biosorption equilibrium and kinetic data fit well by the Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic models, respectively. The maximum biosorption capacities were 193.9 mg g(-1) for lead(II) ions and 138.1 mg g(-1) for AB40. Biosorption processes were spontaneous and endothermic in nature according to the thermodynamic results and the equilibrium was attained within 50 min. The validity of used kinetic models in this study can be quantitatively checked by using a normalized standard deviation ?q(%). Finally, the biosorption procedure was adopted to treat the real and simulated wastewaters including several metal salts and dyes. The wastewater applications have shown that the biosorbent indicated a reasonable biosorption capability to remove lead(II) ions (98.07%) and AB40 (94.76%) from industrial wastewaters. PMID:22766298

Abstract in portuguese Informações sobre a composição de alimentos de origem agrícola cultivados em solos brasileiros são escassas, e mais ainda de alimentos provenientes do Nordeste. O desconhecimento dos princípios nutritivos dos alimentos induz ao mau aproveitamento, o que ocasiona o desperdício de toneladas de recursos alimentares. Com o objetivo de incentivar o reaproveitamento de alimentos e oferecer uma alternativa nutritiva de dieta a baixo custo, foram analisadas as cascas de a (more) lgumas frutas que normalmente são desprezadas. No presente trabalho, foi determinada a composição centesimal de 7 elementos minerais com importância nutricional (Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Zn) em 7 tipos diferentes de cascas de frutas: abacate, abacaxi, banana, mamão, maracujá, melão e tangerina, cultivadas no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. As análises químicas mostraram que as cascas das frutas apresentam, em geral, teores de nutrientes maiores do que os das suas respectivas partes comestíveis, conforme verificado na literatura. Desta forma, pode-se considerar que as cascas das frutas analisadas podem ser úteis como fontes alternativas de alimento ou como ingredientes para obtenção de preparações processadas. Abstract in english Information on the composition of Brazilian foods is scant, mainly of Northeastern origin. Still, the ignorance of the nutritious principles of the foods, as well as improper use, cause the waste of tons of alimentary resources. With the objective of motivating the reuse of foods and offering a nutritious alternative of diet at a low cost, the peels of some fruits were analyzed, which are usually discarded. In the present work, it was determined the centesimal composition (more) and 7 mineral elements with nutritious importance (Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Zn) in 7 different types from peels of fruits: avocado, pineapple, banana, papaya, passion fruit, melon and tangerine, cultivated in Rio Grande do Norte State. The chemical analyses showed that the peels of the fruits present, in general, larger content of nutrients than the respective edible parts verified in the literature. This way, it can be considered that the peels of the analyzed fruits can be used as alternative source of food or as ingredients as to obtain processed preparations.

Odor detection thresholds of optically active compounds and other volatile compounds found in the oil of yellow Keaw mangoes were determined. Odor intensity of individual components was evaluated by Lod (limited odor unit) based on data of the odor detection threshold and the concentration of individual components at the recognition threshold level of the volatile oils. ?-Damascenone and terpinolene were found to have Lod values greater than one and were identified as the components most responsible for the characteristic aroma. Odor recognition threshold of a mixture of 15 chemicals having larger Lod values against natural Keaw mango oils was 1.8 ppm, which exceeded that of Keaw mango oils (0.62 ppm) against Ok-rong mango oils. The mixture of fifteen compounds comprising ?-damascenone, terpinolene, ethyl hexanoate, (E,Z)-(2,6)-nonadienal, 2,5-dimethyl-4-methoxy-3(2H)-furanone, (3R)-(2)-linalool, ethyl butyrate, ethyl octanoate, ethanol, (1S)-(1)-?-3-carene, (1S,5S)-(2)-?-pinene, trans-linalool oxide, (3S)-(1)-linalool, butyric acid, and p-methylacetophenone was judged to possess an aroma very similar to that of the natural Keaw mango. Thus, these fifteen compounds were the key contributors to the aroma of Keaw mango.   

... cracks and fissures and start to soften and peel, all along this area. And then, some previous ... long this area here, where it’s starting to peel off. So, this is some early arthritic changes ...

... rejuvenation procedures such as laser skin resurfacing, chemical peels, laser hair removal and dermabrasion. Ethnic patients should ... cosmetic procedures are Botox ® , injectable fillers, and chemical peels. African Americans: African Americans had more than 1 ...

Peeling is one of the most important unit operations in tomato processing. Most recently, three novel tomato peeling methods were reported: infrared, ohmic heating and power ultrasound. Steam/hot water and lye peeling have been the most commercialized methods, but compared to steam peeling, lye peeling is more preferred and has gained widespread application among processors due to its association with higher product yields and better product quality. However, with the ever-tightening environmental protection laws, concerns have arisen in the recent years regarding lye usage as well as its disposal, which calls for alternative chemical-free peeling methods that can effectively peel the tomato while minimizing peeling losses and improving product quality. This review highlights the conventio...

The tests performed include voltage drop, peel strength, di ..... the effects of a sustained high temperature environment on solder sleeve connections. b. ... especially on the opposite side of the conductor from the pigtail. C. SHEAR AND PEEL ...

Abstract in portuguese Introdução. Os resíduos agroindustriais foram considerados um problema ambiental, e seu uso foi incipiente, em parte, porque seu valor é ainda desconhecido. Uma das tarefas dos profissionais do área de alimentos é gerar alternativas que permitam aproveitar eficientemente ditos resíduos no marco do desenvolvimento de novos produtos com valor agregado e de sustentabilidade. Objetivo. Avaliar a viabilidade de desenvolver um produto com características funcionais a pa (more) rtir das fibras da laranja, por incorporação de vitamina D e E, utilizando a engenharia de matrizes através da técnica de impregnação a esvaziamento. Materiais e métodos. As crostas de laranja foram desamargadas e impregnadas a esvaziamento com uma emulsão que continha vitamina D e E. Para o desenho da emulsão foi necessário avaliar a resposta à impregnação com uma solução de sacarose a 45° Brix; em termos da fração volumétrica de impregnação (X), fração másica de impregnação (XMHD) e porosidade eficaz (?IV), sobre o propósito de atingir níveis de vitaminas D e E superiores ao 10% do valor diário de referência (VDR) em 50 g de crosta. As mostras se caracterizaram física-químicamente em termos de cor, textura e microestrutura antes e depois do processo de impregnação. Resultados. A avaliação dos parâmetros de cor (L, a e* b*) para os tratamentos de crostas desamargadas e crostas desamargadas e impregnadas apresentaram diferenças significativas com respeito às crostas frescas. Conclusão. A análise estatística de textura mostrou diferenças significativas entre todos os tratamentos (fibras frescas sem nenhum tratamento, fibras desamargadas e impregnadas com solução isotónica e fibras desamargadas e impregnadas com solução de VITAMINA E e D). Abstract in spanish Introducción. Los residuos agroindustriales han sido considerados un problema ambiental, y su uso ha sido incipiente, en parte, porque su valor es aún desconocido. Una de las tareas de los profesionales del área de alimentos es generar alternativas que permitan aprovechar eficientemente dichos residuos en el marco del desarrollo de nuevos productos con valor agregado y de sostenibilidad. Objetivo. Evaluar la viabilidad de desarrollar un producto con características fu (more) ncionales a partir de cortezas de naranja, por incorporación de vitamina D y E, utilizando la ingeniería de matrices a través de la técnica de impregnación a vacío. Materiales y métodos. Las cortezas de naranja fueron desamargadas e impregnadas a vacío con una emulsión que contenía vitamina D y E. Para el diseño de la emulsión fue necesario evaluar la respuesta a la impregnación con una solución de sacarosa a 45° Brix; en términos de la fracción volumétrica de impregnación (X), fracción másica de impregnación (XMHD) y porosidad eficaz (?IV), sobre el propósito de alcanzar niveles de vitaminas D y E superiores al 10% del valor diario de referencia (VDR) en 50 g de corteza. Las muestras se caracterizaron fisicoquímicamente en términos de color, textura y microestructura antes y después del proceso de impregnación. Resultados. La evaluación de los parámetros de color (L, a* y b*) para los tratamientos de cortezas desamargadas y cortezas desamargadas e impregnadas presentaron diferencias significativas respecto a las cortezas frescas. Conclusión. El análisis estadístico de textura mostró diferencias significativas entre todos los tratamientos (cortezas frescas sin ningún tratamiento, cortezas desamargadas e impregnadas con solución isotónica y cortezas desamargadas e impregnadas con solución de vitamina E y D). Abstract in english Introduction. Agricultural and livestock waste products have been considered as an environmental problem and their use has not been extensive, partly because their value is still unknown. One of the tasks food professionals have, is to generate alternatives to efficiently use that waste within a framework for developing new products with added value and sustainability. Objective. To evaluate the feasibility of developing a product with functional characteristics from oran (more) ge peels, by incorporating D and E vitamins to them, by the use of matrixes engineering through the vacuum impregnation technique. Materials and methods. Orange peels were debittered and impregnated under vacuum with an emulsion that had D and E vitamins. For designing the emulsion it was necessary to evaluate the response to the impregnation with a solution of saccharose at 45° Brix, under the impregnation volumetric fraction (X), mass impregnation fraction (XMHD) and effective porosity (?IV), over the purpose of reaching D and E vitamins levels above 10% of the daily reference value in 50 g of peel. The samples were physically and chemically classified by color, texture and microstructure before and after the impregnation process. Results. The evaluation of the color parameters (L, a* and b*) for the debittered peels and the debittered and impregnated peels, showed significant differences in comparison with fresh peels. Conclusion. The statistic analysis of texture showed significant differences between treatments (fresh peels with no treatment, debittered peels impregnated with an isotonic solution and peels debittered and impregnated with a D and E vitamins solution).

Oranges, bell peppers and apples were treated with different coatings, and the peel permeance coeffiecients were measured for ethane, CO2 and ethylene. The shellac and wood resin coatings reduced ethane permeance of orange and apple peels by approximately 95% from the values for non-coated peel, an...

... rosacea. The following may be prescribed: Glycolic acid peels - Given every 2 to 4 weeks, these peels are applied to the face for up to ... concentrations to further enhance the effectiveness of a peel. Oral Medications The following oral (taken by mouth) ...

Apple pomace is the processing waste generated after apple juice manufacturing and represents up to 30% of the original fruit. This solid residue consists of a complex mixture of peel, core, seed, calyx, stem, and soft tissue. This residual material is a poor animal feed supplement because of its extremely low protein content and high amount of sugar. The application of agroindustrial by-products in bioprocesses offers a wide range of alternative substrates, thus helping solve pollution problems related to their disposal. Attempts have been made to use apple pomace to generate several value-added products, such as enzymes, single cell protein, aroma compounds, ethanol, organic acids, polysaccharides, and mushrooms. This article reviews recent developments regarding processes and products t...

In order to solve the citrus peel resource waste problem and minimize the drawbacks of chemical extraction of pectin, a protopectinase-overproducing strain CD-01 for pectin production was isolated from a pit soil dumped with perished orange in Changde City, Hunan Province of China. The strain CD-01 had the same morphology and 28S rRNA gene sequence (FJ184995) as that of Aspergillus niger (ATCC 64028). It was thus identified and named as Aspergillus niger CD-01. The fermentation condition was optimized based on L9(34) orthogonal experimental design and the variances analyses. The results show that the optimal condition for producing pectin is as follows: time 36 h, temperature 35 °C, pH 5, and urea as the nitrogen source. Under this condition, the pectin yield can reach up to 24.5%. This sh...

Three types of agricultural waste, citrus maxima peel (CM), passion fruit shell (PF) and sugarcane bagasse (SB), were used to produce biosorbents for removing the heavy metal ions of copper(II), cadmium(II), nickel(II) and lead(II) from a pH 5.0 solution. The properties of biosorbents were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential analyzer, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, elemental analyzer and tests of cation exchange capacity (CEC). The result indicated that the selected biosorbents possess rich carboxyl (COOH) and hydroxyl (OH) groups to produce a complexation with the heavy metals. Moreover, the negative surface charge of the biosorbent might adsorb the metal ions through the ion exchange. All of the adsorption isotherms indicated that L-typ...

The effect of a chitosan coating on antifungal activity and rate of respiration, chitinase and ?, 1-3 glucanase activities with reference to papaya variety ?Rathna? was investigated. One percent chitosan, extracted from locally available prawn waste, was selected as the effective concentration to inhibit spore germination via a series of experiments on potato dextrose agar. Rate of respiration and the concentration of CO2 in the internal cavity of chitosan-treated and untreated papaya were tested via gas chromatography. Chitinase and ?,1-3 glucanase activities were tested in peel samples using gel diffusion and spectrophotometric assays, respectively. Complete inhibition of spore germination was observed in-vitro at treatments of 1% chitosan and above. This concentration significantly (P?P...

In order to solve the citrus peel resource waste problem and minimize the drawbacks of chemical extraction of pectin, a protopectinase-overproducing strain CD-01 for pectin production was isolated from a pit soil dumped with perished orange in Changde City, Hunan Province of China. The strain CD-01 had the same morphology and 28S rRNA gene sequence (FJ184995) as that of Aspergillus niger (ATCC 64028). It was thus identified and named as Aspergillus niger CD-01. The fermentation condition was optimized based on L9(34) orthogonal experimental design and the variances analyses. The results show that the optimal condition for producing pectin is as follows: time 36 h, temperature 35 ?C, pH 5, and urea as the nitrogen source. Under this condition, the pectin yield can reach up to 24.5%. This sh...

Five industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains were evaluated for their suitability for strain improvement for future use in ethanol production processes. Principal components analysis of growth-related and production-related fermentation parameters of the 5 strains grown on glucose demonstrated the superiority of the Y9 strain in terms of its rapid growth and highest ethanol yields on both biomass and glucose. The growth and ethanol production performances of these strains on various agro-industrial wastes (including sugar beet pulp, starch and sugar beet molasses) and biological residues (including carrot, tomato and potato peel) were also determined. Ethanol tolerance studies, using both solid and liquid cultures, revealed the remarkable abilities of the BC187 and Y9 strains to surviv...

Nearly 36 million tons of apples are produced annually in the US. Approximately 45% of the total US apple production is used for processing purposes. The primary by-product of apple processing is apple pomace. It consists of the presscake resulting from pressing apples for juice or cider, including the presscake obtained in pressing peel and core wastes generated in the manufacture of apple sauce or slices. More than 500 food processing plants in the US produce a total of about 1.3 million metric tons of apple pomace each year, and it is likely that annual disposal fees exceed $10 million. Apple pomace has the potential to be used for the production of fuels (ethanol and biogas containing 60% methane) and food-grade chemicals. These uses will be reviewed in this article.

Electro-Hydraulic Scabbling (EHS) technology and equipment for decontaminating concrete structures from radionuclides, organic substances, and hazardous metals is being developed by Textron Systems Division (TSD). This wet scabbling technique involves the generation of powerful shock waves and intense cavitation by a strong pulsed electric discharge in a water layer at the concrete surface. The high pressure impulse results in stresses which crack and peel off a concrete layer of a controllable thickness. Scabbling produces contaminated debris of relatively small volume which can be easily removed, leaving clean bulk concrete. This new technology is being developed under Contract No. DE-AC21-93MC30164. The project objective is to develop and demonstrate a cost-efficient, rapid, controllable process to remove the surface layer of contaminated concrete while generating minimal secondary waste. The primary target of this program is uranium-contaminated concrete floors which constitute a substantial part of the contaminated area at DOE weapon facilities.

Furanocoumarins (FCs) such as bergamottin (BG) and 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin (DHBG) contained in grapefruits are known to be cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibitors. These are contained in larger quantity in peel than in pulp, and therefore, processed peel products possibly have strong CYP3A4 inhibitory activity. The CYP3A4 inhibitory potency of these processed peel products, however, remains to be elucidated. The FC content and CYP3A inhibitory activities of various processed fruit peel products were investigated. CYP3A inhibitory activities of crystallized grapefruit peel, grapefruit marmalade, lemon peel and bitter orange slice were close to that of 100% grapefruit juice, while the activities of yuzu slice, pomelo (buntan) marmalade and crystallized iyokan peel were very weak, 1/8-1/20 of 100% grapefruit juice. The maximum BG content was 5.6 µg/g in lemon peel. The maximum DHBG content was 7.2 µg/g in crystallized grapefruit peel, about 1/30 that of raw peel. Grapefruit marmalade and crystallized grapefruit peel contained similar amounts of FCs to 100% grapefruit juice, but FCs were not detected in pomelo (buntan) marmalade or crystallized iyokan peel. Good correlation (r=0.78) was observed between the FC contents of these peel products and those CYP3A inhibitory activities. Preparation of homemade grapefruit marmalade and crystallized peel revealed that considerably lower DHBG content in these products and lower CYP3A inhibitory activity than anticipated were attributable to outflow of DHBG to broth during boiling of the raw peel. PMID:21532264

Free and bound-form phenolics were isolated from potato (cv. Toyoshiro) flesh and peel. The free and bound-form phenolics in the peel showed high DPPH radical scavenging activity, while those in the flesh showed low activity. The total amount of chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid in the free-form phenolics from the peel was highly correlated with the DPPH radical scavenging activity. Ferulic acid was identified as the active radical scavenging compound in the bound-form phenolics from the peel. The potato peel may therefore offer an effective source of an antioxidative.   

We investigate the peel front dynamics and acoustic emission of an adhesive tape within the context of a recent model by including an additional dissipative energy that mimics bursts of acoustic signals. We find that the nature of the peeling front can vary from smooth to stuck-peeled configuration depending on the values of dissipation coefficient, inertia of the roller, mass of the tape. Interestingly, we find that the distribution of AE bursts shows a power law statistics with two scaling regimes with increasing pull velocity as observed in experiments. In this regimes, the stuck-peeled configuration is similar to the `edge of peeling' reminiscent of a system driven to a critical state.

Forty-eight rabbits used to investigate the response of growing rabbits to diets containing differently processed cassava peel meals were divided into four groups balanced for sex and weight. These groups were then assigned at random to the experimental treatments. Four diets were formulated such that the diets contained 200 g/kg of the experimental feedstuffs, sun-dried cassava peel meal (S), ensiled cassava peel meal (E) and retted cassava peel meal (R), and the control did not contain any cassava peels. Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) concentration in the processed cassava peel meal was lower relative to the unprocessed meal. It was, however, lowest in R and highest in E. With the exception of S, fibre fractions were lower in the processed meal compared to the unprocessed meal. The E depressed (p peel detoxification than ensiling, and dietary HCN concentration and intake of 56 and 4 mg/kg BW, respectively, were not toxic under the conditions of the experiment. PMID:22086411

Bacteriological quality of individually quick frozen (IQF) shrimp products produced from aquacultured tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) has been analysed in terms of aerobic plate count (APC), coliforms, Escherichia coli, coagulase-positive staphylococci, Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes. Eight hundred forty-six samples of raw, peeled, and deveined tail-on (RPTO), 928 samples of cooked, peeled, and deveined tail-on (CPTO), 295 samples of headless, undeveined shell-on (HLSO), and 141 samples of raw, peeled, and deveined tail-off (RPND) shrimps were analysed for the above bacteriological parameters. Salmonella was isolated in only one sample of raw, peeled tail-on. Serotyping of the strain revealed that it was S. typhimurium. While none of the cooked, peeled tail-on shrimp samples exceeded the aerobic plate count (APC) of 10(5) colony forming units per gram (cfu/g), 2.5% of raw, peeled, tail-on, 6.4% of raw, peeled tail-off, and 7.5% of headless shell-on shrimp samples exceeded that level. Coliforms were detected in all the products, though at a low level. Prevalence of coliforms was higher in headless shell-on (26%) shrimps followed by raw, peeled, and deveined tail-off (19%), raw, peeled tail-on (10%), and cooked, peeled tail-on (3.8%) shrimps. While none of the cooked, peeled tail-on shrimp samples were positive for coagulase-positive staphylococci and E. coli, 0.6-1.3% of the raw, peeled tail-on were positive for staphylococci and E. coli, respectively. Prevalence of staphylococci was highest in raw, peeled tail-off (5%) shrimps and the highest prevalence of E. coli (4.8%) was noticed in headless shell-on shrimps. L. monocytogenes was not detected in any of the cooked, peeled tail-on shrimps. Overall results revealed that the plant under investigation had exerted good process control in order to maintain superior bacteriological quality of their products. PMID:12593924

Abstract in portuguese Na industrialização da manga, a casca é um dos componentes de descarte. No entanto, a mesma pode ser utilizada como fonte de nutrientes, na composição de diversos outros produtos. Logo, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade de doces de corte, formulados com 0% (controle), 25%, 50%, 75% e 100% de cascas, em substituição à polpa de manga (Mangifera indica L. cv. Haden). Os critérios de qualidade utilizados foram: umidade, cinzas, proteínas, lipídios, (more) carboidratos totais, açúcares totais, açúcares redutores, açúcares não redutores, pH, acidez total, acidez titulável e em ácido cítrico, sólidos solúveis totais, fibras (totais, solúveis e insolúveis), antioxidantes, características microbiológicas e aceitabilidade sensorial (aparência, aroma, sabor e cor). Nos doces formulados com casca de manga, foram observados teores significativamente maiores de minerais (cinzas), pH, fibra alimentar, sólidos solúveis e sacarose. O incremento de casca de manga, nas formulações, elevou a atividade antioxidante, permitindo sugerir que a casca da manga é uma fonte alternativa de antioxidantes naturais. Os resultados das análises microbiológicas foram satisfatórios para todos os tratamentos, estando dentro dos padrões estabelecidos. No aspecto sensorial, houve boa aceitação, com notas acima de 7, para aparência, sabor, cor e aroma. Portanto, a substituição parcial ou total da polpa por cascas, na formulação de doce de corte de manga Haden é uma alternativa viável, sob os aspectos nutricional, sensorial e microbiológico. Abstract in english Concerning the mango industrial processing, skin is a disposal component. However, it can be used as a nutrient source in many by-products.The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of sweets formulated with 0% (control), 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of mango skin in substitution to the mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Haden) pulp. The quality features evaluated were: moisture, ashes, proteins, lipids, total carbohydrates, total sugars, reducing and non-reducing sug (more) ars, pH, total acidity, titratable and citric acid acidity, total soluble solids, fibers (total, soluble, and insoluble), antioxidants, microbiological features, and sensorial acceptability (appearance, aroma, flavor, and color). For the sweets formulated with mango skin, significantly higher levels of minerals (ashes), pH, dietary fiber, soluble solids, and sucrose were observed. Furthermore, the increase of mango skin in the formulations also increased the antioxidant activity, what suggests that the mango skin is an alternative source of natural antioxidants. The microbiological analyses results were satisfactory for all treatments, according to established standards. For the sensorial aspect, there was a good consumer acceptance, with notes above 7, for aspect, flavor, color, and aroma. Therefore, the partial or total substitution of the mango pulp by mango skin, for the formulation of Haden mango sweet is a viable alternative, when considered its nutritional, sensorial, and microbiological aspects.

Okinawa Island had old mango trees of unknown cultivars before the introduction of ‘Irwin’ which is the most important cultivar for commercial production. The continuous wet climate in Okinawa during the flowering season requires roof protection for stable fruit production, however, local Okinawa mango trees set fruit without protection. To identify these old mango trees, the morphological and physiological characteristics were recorded and their backgrounds of the introductions were interviewed to the local people. Their distributions were intensive around Nago and southern area from Urazoe, with thin distribution from Yomitan to Urazoe. Trees of about 100 years old were found such as in gardens and private homes. Some set fruit out of roof protection, and some set fruit off-season. ISSR analysis found that Okinawa mango trees exceeded the international standard cultivars in both the number of bands and polymorphism ratio, indicating wider diversity than the world major commercial cultivars. Interviews to the local people on the background of introduction and the result of ISSR suggest the relevance between most local Okinawa mango trees and Taiwanese resources.   

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) and their components are commonly used in folk medicine for many curative effects. The protective effects of different concentrations of aqueous extract of Mangifera indica L. fruit (Mango Extract) (20, 50 and 100 microg/ml) and also gallic acid (100 microM) as a pure compound in the extract were examined against oxidative stress toxicity induced by cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) in isolated rat hepatocytes. The extracts and gallic acid (100 microM) protected the hepatocyte against all oxidative stress markers including cell lysis, ROS generation, lipid peroxidation, glutathione depletion, mitochondrial membrane potential decrease, lysosomal membrane oxidative damage and cellular proteolysis. Mango Extracts (20, 50 and 100 microg/ml) were more effective than gallic acid (100 microM) in protecting hepatocytes against CHP induced lipid peroxidation. On the other hand gallic acid (100 microM) acted more effective than Mango Extracts (20, 50 and 100 microg/ml) at preventing lysosomal membrane damage. In addition H(2)O(2) scavenging effect of all extracts were determined in hepatocytes and compared with gallic acid (100 microM). There were no significance differences (Pplant extracts and gallic acid (100 microM) in H(2)O(2) scavenging activity. These results suggest a hepatoprotective role for Mango Extract against liver injury associated with oxidative stress. PMID:20204522

Abstract in portuguese Introdução. Os seres humanos não chegam a consumir nem um terço das frutas e vegetais que se produzem no mundo, situação que se apresenta em grande parte pelas perdas pós-colheita. Um dos cultivos que apresentam uma percentagem elevada de produção de resíduos pela alta exigência de qualidade nas exportações é o de banana (cavendish), resíduos que foram aproveitados para a obtenção de farinha de banana verde com casca, como insumo para a preparação de fa (more) rinhas compostas com alto valor nutritivo com potencial para a indústria de panificación. Objetivo. Desenvolver um produto de padaria elaborado com diferentes misturas de farinha de banana verde com casca, como opção para o aproveitamento dos resíduos da indústria bananeira e alternativa nutricional para populações com diferentes graus de desnutrição. Materiais e métodos. Desenvolveuse um pão de forma sob a aplicação de uma formulação convencional a partir de diferentes misturas de farinha de trigo e farinha de banana verde com casca (10 a 16%); a melhor mistura se elegeu empregando um desenho experimental baseado em misturas de vértices extremos, que obedece às variações da atividade aquosa com respeito à temperatura e a substituição adequada de farinha de trigo por farinha de banana verde com casca, como também aos coeficientes estimados da superfície de resposta para as variáveis dependentes. Resultados. Determinaram-se as percentagens de substituição da farinha de trigo por farinha de banana verde com casca para obter os valores mínimos de atividade aquosa em função da temperatura (14.5% e 16% de farinha de banana verde com casca, respectivamente). Conclusão. Os valores obtidos são um ponto de referência para a estandardização e otimização do desenvolvimento de um produto de panificação, a partir do aproveitamento de um alimento com propriedades funcionais obtido do resíduo orgânico de um dos cultivos mais importantes no mundo e especialmente na Colômbia, como o é a banana. Abstract in spanish Introducción. Los seres humanos no llegan a consumir ni un tercio de las frutas y vegetales que se producen en el mundo, situación que se presenta en gran medida por las pérdidas post-cosecha. Uno de los cultivos que presentan un porcentaje elevado de producción de residuos por la alta exigencia de calidad en las exportaciones es el de banano (cavendish), residuos que han sido aprovechados para la obtención de harina de banano verde con cáscara, como insumo para la (more) preparación de harinas compuestas con alto valor nutritivo con potencial para la industria de panificación. Objetivo. Desarrollar un producto de panadería elaborado con diferentes mezclas de harina de banano verde con cáscara, como opción para el aprovechamiento de los residuos de la industria bananera y alternativa nutricional para poblaciones con diferentes grados de desnutrición. Materiales y métodos. Se desarrolló un pan tajado bajo la aplicación de una formulación convencional a partir de diferentes mezclas de harina de trigo y harina de banano verde con cáscara (10 a 16%); la mejor mezcla se eligió empleando un diseño experimental basado en mezclas de vértices extremos, que obedece a las variaciones de la actividad acuosa respecto a la temperatura y la sustitución adecuada de harina de trigo por harina de banano verde con cáscara, como también a los coeficientes estimados de la superficie de respuesta para las variables dependientes. Resultados. Se determinaron los porcentajes de sustitución de la harina de trigo por harina de banano verde con cáscara para obtener los valores mínimos de actividad acuosa en función de la temperatura (14.5% y 16% de harina de banano verde con cáscara, respectivamente). Conclusión. Los valores obtenidos son un punto de referencia para la estandarización y optimización del desarrollo de un producto de panificación, a partir del aprovechamiento de un alimento con propiedades funcionales obtenido del residuo orgánico de uno de los cultivos más importantes en el mundo y especialmente en Colombia, como lo es el banano. Abstract in english Introduction. Human beings do not get to consume not even a third of the fruits produced in the world, and one of the main reasons for this are the losses after harvesting. One of the crops that produces a high number of waste material given the high demands under quality terms is banana (Cavendish) and that waste has been used to produce four from green banana with its peel as an input to produce composed fours with a high nutritional value, and with a potential use in b (more) akery. Objective. To develop a bakery product made with several green banana with its peel mixtures, as an option for the use of waste from banana industries and as a nutritional alternative for people with different malnutrition degrees. Materials and methods. A sliced bread was developed under the application of a conventional formula departing from different mixtures of wheat four and green banana with its peel four (10 to 16%). The best mixture was chosen by the use of an experimental model based on extreme vertices mixtures, which responds to the variations of the aqueous activity according to the temperature and the proper substitution of the wheat four with green banana with its peel four, as to the coefficients of the response surface estimated for the depending variables. Results. The substitution percentages of the wheat four with the four made from green banana with its peel, in order to obtain the minimum aqueous activity values according to the temperature (14.5% and 16% of green banana with its peel four, respectively) were determined. Conclusion. The values obtained are a benchmark for the standardization and the optimization of the development of a bakery product, departing from the use of a food with functional properties obtained from the organic waste of one of the most important crops worldwide, and especially in Colombia: The banana.

This study was designed to investigate the effects of dietary onion flesh or onion peel on lipid peroxides and DNA damage in aged rats. Sprague Dawley male rats (n=40, 16 mo old) were blocked into five groups and raised for 3 mo with either an onion-free control diet or onion diets (Allium cepa L., intermediate-day variety) containing either 5% (w/w) powdered dried onion flesh, 5% (w/w) powdered dried onion peel or ethanol extracts of the two powdered forms of onion. Total antioxidant status (TAS) and levels of total polyphenols and quercetin were greatest in onion peel ethanol extract, followed by onion peel powder, onion flesh ethanol extract, and onion flesh powder. Plasma quercetin and isorhamnetin levels were markedly increased by onion peel powder and onion peel ethanol extract. Rats fed onion flesh powder or onion peel powder had a higher plasma TAS than rats fed the control diet. Onion peel powder reduced liver thiobarbituric reactive substances relative to those of the control diet in aged rats (p<0.05). Brain 8-isoprostane levels were markedly decreased by all four onion diets and the decrease was significant for the onion flesh powder and onion peel powder diets (p<0.05). There was no significant decrease in cellular DNA damage in the kidney or brain tissue among rats fed the four onion diets. Onion flesh or onion peel enhanced antioxidant status in aged rats and may be beneficial for the elderly as a means of lowering lipid peroxide levels.   

Rapid heating by microwave (MW) and radio frequency (RF) energy offers the possibility to reduce thermal treatment times in post-harvest pest control of mangoes. In order to understand interaction between the fruit and electromagnetic energy, dielectric properties (DPs) of mangoes were measured using an open-ended coaxial-line probe with an impedance analyzer. The influence of frequency (1-1800MHz), temperature (20-60degreeC) and ripening (16 days storage at 21degreeC) on dielectric constant Formula Not Shown and loss factor Formula Not Shown was evaluated. Additionally, moisture content, soluble solids, acidity, pH, maturity index and electrical conductivity of the mango fruit after 0, 4, 8 and 16 days of storage were determined. DP values decreased with increasing frequency, but this red...

Mangoes of uniform genetics (Lippens variety) cultivated in the Gomera Island (Canary Islands) by conventional and organic farming were used to analyze the mineral content in order to differentiate crops cultivated in the same geographic area by the cultivation practices. Farming differences as well as soil differences may be reflected in the mineral content of the mangoes cultivated in these extensions. Concentration metal profiles consisting of the content of Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni and Zn in mangoes were obtained by using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Pattern recognition classification procedures were applied for discriminating purposes. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) allows to a classification performance of about 73% and support vector machines (SVM) found up to a 93% of prediction ability. The classification success when applying support vector machines techniques is due to their ability for modeling non-linear class boundaries. PMID:22841087

Sweet potato, green beans, Tommy Atkins mango, and blue potato were fried in a vacuum frying process at a temperature of 120-130±1degreeC. Before frying, green beans and mango slices were soaked in a 50% maltodextrine 0.15% citric acid solution. The products were also fried in a traditional (atmospheric pressure) fryer at 160-165±1degreeC for 4 min. A 30-member consumer panel rated the sensory quality of both types of fried snacks using a 1-9 hedonic scale. Compared with traditional frying, oil content of vacuum-fried sweet-potato chips and green beans was 24% and 16% lower, respectively. Blue potato and mango chips had 6% and 5% more oil, respectively, than the traditional-fried samples. Anthocyanin (mg/100 g d.b.) of vacuum-fried blue potato chips was 60% higher. Final total carote...

This study was carried out to ascertain the behavior and fermentation performance of mixed yeasts in mango juices of three varieties. Saccharomyces cerevisiae MERIT.ferm and Williopsis saturnus var. mrakii NCYC500 at a ratio of 1:1000 were simultaneously inoculated into juices of three mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties (R2E2, Harum Manis and Nam Doc Mai). Both yeasts grew well in all juices and there was no early growth arrest of either yeast, but there was late death of W. saturnus var. mrakii NCYC500 in the Nam Doc Mai juice. Fructose, glucose and sucrose were consumed to trace levels in all juices. Changes in citric, tartaric, malic, acetic and succinic acids varied with mango varieties. While the changes of major volatiles were similar in all varieties, there were significant varie...

Abstract. Although most studies on fruit fly oviposition behaviour focus on horizontal interactions with competitors and cues from host plants, vertical interactions with predators are poorly documented. The present study provides direct evidence indicating that the oviposition behaviour of the two main mango fruit fly species, Ceratitis cosyra (Walker) and Bactrocera invadens Drew-Tsurata &White, is affected by secretions of the dominant arboreal ant Oecophylla longinoda (Latreille). When offered ant-exposed and unexposed mangoes in the absence of the ants, both fly species are reluctant to land on ant-exposed fruits and, when having landed, often take off quickly and fail to oviposit. The number of puparia collected from unexposed mangoes is approximately eight-fold higher than from ant-...

Abstract in spanish El compostaje aerobio es el proceso biológico más frecuentemente utilizado para la conversión de los residuos orgánicos a un material húmico estable conocido como composta y que se utiliza como un producto mejorador de suelo. En este estudio, se compararon dos técnicas de aireación para la degradación de la materia orgánica compuesta de residuos de jardinería y cáscara de cítricos. Una fue, pila estática con aireación forzada (dos aireaciones diarias) y otra (more) pila con el método tradicional de volteo periódico manual (dos volteos semanales). Cada pila contenía 1500 kg de residuos de jardinería y 220 kg de cáscaras de cítricos triturados. Los residuos de jardinería fueron obtenidos en el Campus de la División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, y las cáscaras de cítricos recolectadas en una frutería de Villahermosa, Tabasco. El proceso de degradación duró 120 d. Las determinaciones analíticas de Temperatura, Humedad, pH, Conductividad Eléctrica, Materia Orgánica, Carbono Orgánico, Nitrógeno Total y Fósforo fueron según la NOM-021-RECNAT-2000. Los resultados mostraron que el comportamiento de la temperatura al final del proceso fue similar en ambos tratamientos (36 °C). La Humedad, Conductividad eléctrica, pH, Materia orgánica, Carbono orgánico, Nitrógeno, relación C/N y Fósforo finales en el tratamiento de aireación forzada fue de 57.22%, 1.73 dS m-1, 7.95, 39,27%, 21.82%, 1.21%, 18.70, y 277 mg kg-1 respectivamente y de 64.74%, 1.0 dS m-1, 8.23, 42.80%, 23.78%, 1.46%, 16.51 y 217 mg kg-1 para el volteo manual respectivamente. Abstract in english Aerobic composting is the most frequently used biological process for the conversion of organic waste into a stable humic material known as compost, that is used as a product to improve soil. In this study, two ventilation techniques for the decomposition of organic matter composed of gardening waste and citric fruit peels were compared. One was a static pile with forced ventilation (two daily ventilations) and the other pile followed the traditional method of periodic ma (more) nual turning over (two weekly turnings). Each pile contained 1500 kg of gardening waste and 220 kg of chopped citrus peel. The garden waste was obtained from the campus of the División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, and the citrus peels were gathered from a fruit store in Villahermosa, Tabasco. The decomposition process lasted 120 d. The analytical determinations of Temperature, Humidity, pH, Electrical Conductivity, Organic Matter, Organic Carbon, Total Nitrogen and Phosphorus were carried out according to the NOM-021-RECNAT-2000. Results showed that the temperature at the end of the process was similar in both treatments (36 °C). The final values of Humidity, Electrical conductivity, pH, Organic matter, Organic Carbon, Nitrogen, C/N ratio and Phosphorus in the treatment with forced ventilation were 57.22%, 1.73 dSm-1, 7.95, 39.27%, 21.82%, 1.21%, 18.70 and 277 mg kg-1 respectively, and those for the treatment with manual turning were 64.74%, 1.0 dS m-1, 8.23, 42.80%, 23.78%, 1.46%, 16.51 and 217 mg kg-1 respectively.

In this study, nerve conduction, organochlorine (OC) pesticide residues in blood and cholinesterase activity levels of pesticide sprayers employed in mango plantations at Lucknow, North India, were determined. Fifty-two sprayers from mango plantations who regularly spray mixture of pesticides like organophosphates (OP), OCs, and carbamates were considered as exposed group. Eighteen subjects with similar socio-economic status of exposed group, who do not handle pesticides, were selected as controls. Questionnaire-based interviews related to personal and occupational histories of the study subjects were carried out. Sprayers did not use any personal protective equipment during pesticide handling. The blood-pesticide analyses of sprayers show higher mean values of hexachlorohexane (HCH), ...

Abstract in english Most compounds reinforcements have been used to improve thermals, mechanical and barrier properties of biopolymers films, whose performance is usually poor when compared to those of synthetic polymers. Biodegradables films have been developed by adding mango and acerola pulps in different concentrations (0-17,1% w/w) as antioxidants active compounds to cassava starch based biodegradable films. The effect of pulps was studied in terms of tensile properties, water vapor per (more) meability, DSC, among other analysis of the films. The study demonstrated that the properties of cassava starch biodegradable films can be significantly altered through of incorporation mango and acerola pulps.

Several solar food dryer modules have been constructed. Their design has been based on a low-cost, small-scale solar dryer using a unique parabolic reflector construction to increase radiation on the drying surface. Each module has a drying surface of 1.1 M/sup 2/ and a parabolic reflector area of 3.3 M/sup 2/. Some modules are being used to dry mango slices (a potential new food product) for market testing, while others are used for experiments to improve drying efficiency. A description is given of the operating conditions of the modules drying mango slices and the most effective modifications.

Measurements were made of biogas yields from anaerobic digestion of various crops and organic wastes in 20-litre continuous digesters at 35 degrees C and at various loading rates and retention times. With a loading rate of 2.5 kg TS/cubic m digester/day and a retention time of 20 days, the mean volumes of biogas (in litres) and methane contents (% methane) obtained from each kilogram of TS added to the digester were as follows: banana (fruit plus stem) 938(53), potato waste (peelings plus rejects 820(50), meat processing waste (minced paunch contents, intestines, hearts, and lungs) 603(59), kale (whole plant) 545(53), pasture grass (ryegrass plus clover) 498(56), pressed lucerne (residue after extraction of protein) 487(63), oats 476(54), lucerne 460(56), poultry manure 439(57), maize 406(57), synthetic garbage (minced paper, food scraps, and garden rubbish) 383(48), ground barley straw 285(54), newspaper 243(52), and chopped ryegrass straw 177(62). Biogas yields per kilogram of total solids decreased as the loading rate increased. Continuous digestion was more stable than batch digestion, but biogas yields obtained by both methods were very similar. Highly digestible materials could be continuously digested, whereas they could not be batch digested. The high biogas yields obtained from digestion of banana and potato wastes resulted from almost complete destruction of volatile solids and represented respectively 99% and 95% conversion of the energy in the original material into methane. Biogas yields from continuous digestion were closely related to the proportion of soluble cell contents in the respective materials. 24 references.

The quali-quantitative distribution of phenolic compounds varies considerably between apple flesh and peel, but the concentration of phenolics is substantially higher in the peel than flesh. Because the peel comprises only a small percentage of the entire fruit weight, its significance as a donor of phenolics is disputable. We assessed the contribution of the peel to the total phenolic yield of 19 apple cultivars. Calculations were based on the weight of the whole fruit and the peel (which is frequently discarded) and the concentration of individual phenolic compounds. On average, 8, 24, 32, 50 and 66% of chlorogenic acid, (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, phloridzin, and rutin, respectively, were present in the peel, which constitutes about 6-8% of the whole apple weight. With the exception ...

Flimsy ultrathin sheets are mounted on glass for peel-strength measurements. Technique makes it easier to perform peel tests on metalized plastic films. Technique was developed for determining peel strength of thin (1,000 A) layers of aluminum on Kapton film. Previously, material has been difficult to test because it is flimsy and tends to curl up and blow away at slightest disturbance. Procedure can be used to measure effects on metalization bond strength of handling, humidity, sunlight, and heat.

Arvustus: Baigell, Renee. Baigell, Matthew. Peeling potatoes, painting pictures : women artists in post-Soviet Russia, Estonia, and Latvia : the first decade. New Brunswick : Rutgers University Press, 2001

University of Florida researchers are looking for methods of using citrus peel to produce fuel for the citrus industry by using the methane gas given off in a special continuous digestion vessel. They are trying to discover ways to reduce the peel oil content of oranges as this oil inhibits the growth of organisms which produce the methane. The citrus industry currently utilizes orange peel and pulp to make cattle feed, but since the peel has to be dried this step consumes a lot of energy.

This paper describes the peel-off characteristics of spin-coating film transfer and hot-pressing (STP) technology. STP technology is a new film-formation technology that enables the transfer of a dielectric on a base film onto a wafer by hot pressing. The base film is then peeled off at the interface between the base film and the dielectric. It is examined to control the peel force by the surface treatment of the base film of a fluoropolymer and STP process conditions. An apparatus for measuring peel force during peel off is also devised. The measurement results clarified that the magnitude of the normalized peel force ranges from about 2 to 3 N/cm for a 1-?m-thick dielectric, depending on the surface treatment and STP process conditions. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectrum of the surface of the base film after peel off indicated that peel off was carried out at the interface. Therefore, it is confirmed that STP technology enables the control of the characteristics of peel off.   

The presence of Alicyclobacillus in fruit juices and concentrates poses a serious problem for the juice industry. This study was undertaken to determine the (i) prevalence, concentration, and species of Alicyclobacillus in tropical and subtropical concentrates; (ii) efficacy of aqueous chlorine dioxide in reducing Alicyclobacillus spp. spores on tropical and subtropical fruit surfaces; and (iii) fate of and off-flavor production by Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris in mango and pineapple juices. One hundred and eighty tropical and subtropical juice concentrates were screened for the presence and concentration of Alicyclobacillus spp. If found, the species of Alicyclobacillus was determined by 16S rDNA sequencing and analysis with NCI BLAST. Of these samples, 6.1% were positive for Alicyclobacillus, and nine A. acidoterrestris strains and two Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius strains were identified. A five-strain cocktail of Alicyclobacillus spp. was inoculated onto the surface of fruits (grapefruit, guava, limes, mangoes, oranges and pineapple), which were then washed with 0, 50, or 100 ppm aqueous chlorine dioxide. Significant reductions due to chlorine dioxide were only seen on citrus fruits. A five-strain cocktail of A. acidoterrestris was inoculated into mango and pineapple juices. Microbial populations were enumerated over a 16-day period. Aroma compounds in the juice were analyzed by GC-olfactometry (GC-O) and confirmed using GC-MS. GC-O of mango juice identified previously reported medicinal/antiseptic compounds. GC-O of pineapple juice revealed an unexpected "cheese" off-aroma associated with 2-methylbutyric acid and 3-methylbutyric acid. PMID:21356453

The thin layer solar drying of mango slices of 8 mm thick was simulated and experimented using a solar dryer designed and constructed in laboratory. Under meteorological conditions of harvest period of mangoes, the results showed that 3 'typical days' of drying were necessary to reach the range of preservation water contents. During these 3 days of solar drying, 50%, 40% and 5% of unbound water were eliminated, respectively, at the first, second and the third day. The final water content obtained was about 16 {+-} 1.33% d.b. (13.79% w.b.). This final water content and the corresponding water activity (0.6 {+-} 0.02) were in accordance with previous work. The drying rates with correction for shrinkage and the critical water content were experimentally determined. The critical water content was close to 70% of the initial water content and the drying rates were reduced almost at 6% of their maximum value at night. The thin layer drying model made it possible to simulate suitably the solar drying kinetics of mango slices with a correlation coefficient of r{sup 2} = 0.990. This study thus contributed to the setting of solar drying time of mango and to the establishment of solar drying rates' curves of this fruit. (author)

A potentiometric electronic tongue with 36 cross-sensibility lipo/polymeric membranes was built and applied for semi-quantitative and quantitative analysis of non-alcoholic beverages. A total of 16 commercial fruit juices (e.g., orange, pineapple, mango and peach) from five different brands were stu...

Abstract in spanish A partir de embriones inmaduros de mango se obtuvieron plántulas in vitro libres de contaminantes externos y transmitidos por semilla; luego se trasplantaron a suelo usando sólo materiales esterilizados. Se sembraron embriones de mango de 45 a 60 días de edad en medio B5 modificado; cuando las plántulas alcanzaron 10 cm de altura se trasplantaron a suelo + perlita expandida en recipientes de plástico especialmente diseñados y ahí se regaron con solución nutritiva (more) universal. En la etapa in vitro se presentó 10% de contaminación por Penicillium, Aspergillus, Xanthomonas y Cladosporium. La contaminación en los recipientes asépticos alcanzó gradualmente 15% después de cinco meses. En el sustrato se determinó a Cladosporium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Rhizopus y Fusarium, mientras que en los recipientes se identificó a Helminthosporium, Curvularia, Penicillium y Syncephalastrum. Abstract in english In vitro mango seedlings free of external and seed-transmitted contaminants were obtained from immature embryos. Then, they were transplanted to soil using only sterilized materials. Mango embryos 45-60 days old were plated in modified B5 medium; and after seedlings attained 10 cm height, they were transplanted to soil + expanded perlite in specially designed plastic containers. Plants were irrigated with nutritive universal solution. During the in vitro stage 10% contami (more) nation with Penicillium, Aspergillus, Xanthomonas and Cladosporium was observed. Contamination in plastic containers gradually reached 15% after five months. Cladosporium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, and Fusarium were identified in the substrate, whereas Helminthosporium, Curvularia, Penicillium, and Syncephalastrum appeared in the plastic containers.

AbstractThe aim of this master thesis was to dry fruits using two types of solar driers and to study changes in composition of the fruits during the process. The drying and parts of the analyses were performed in Tanzania; whereas the finishing analyses were performed in Norway.Mango, pineapple and ...

Oxidative stress status and Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were studied in blood samples obtained from 61 agricultural workers engaged in spraying organophosphorus (OP) insecticides in the mango plantation, with a minimum work history of one year, in the age range of 12-55 years. Controls were...

Energy balance measurements were carried out in a mango orchard during two growing seasons in the semi-arid region of Brazil. The actual evapotranspiration (ET) was acquired by eddy correlation (EC) and Bowen ratio energy balance (BR) techniques. The daily energy balance closure in the EC measuremen...

Abstract in english The biology of Anastrepha obliqua Macquart in mango Mangifera indica cv. Carlota, was investigated in the laboratory. Data showed that females layed, in average, 137 eggs. Maximum oviposition period lasted from 15-25 days. The average incubation period ranged from 54-72 h. Males and females had an average longevity of 100 and 105 days, respectively.

A simple and effective extraction method based on matrix solid-phase dispersion was developed to determine trichlorfon, pyrimethanil, methyl parathion, tetraconazole, thiabendazole, imazalil, and tebuconazole in papaya and mango using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring. Different parameters of the method were evaluated, such as type of solid-phase (silica-gel, neutral alumina, and Florisil), the amount of solid-phase, and eluent [dichloromethane, ethyl acetate-dichloromethane (4:1, 1:4, 1:1, 2:3, v/v)]. The best results were obtained using 2.0 g of mango or papaya, 3.0 g of silica as dispersant sorbent, and ethyl acetate-dichloromethane (1:1, v/v) as eluting solvent. The method was validated using mango and papaya samples fortified with pesticides at different concentration levels (0.05, 0.10, and 1.0 mg/kg). Average recoveries (4 replicates) ranged from 80% to 146%, with relative standard deviations between 1.0% and 28%. Detection and quantification limits for mango and papaya ranged from 0.01 to 0.03 mg/kg and 0.05 to 0.10 mg/kg, respectively. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of these compounds in commercial fruit samples from a local market (Aracaju/SE, Brazil), and residues of the pesticides were not detected on the samples. PMID:20875237

Apple 454g Bananas 454g Oranges Strawberries (NP) Mango Satsuma/similar Pears Tinned tomatoes 400g Onions 454g Fresh tomatoes 454g Carrots Cabbage Potatoes(old) Potatoes (new) 454g Lettuce 1 Cucumber 1 Peppers (NP) Brocolli (NP) Spinach Frozen mixed vegetable

Los ácaros constituyen un grupo abundante y diverso que ocupa diferentes hábitats en árboles frutales y la estructura y disposición del follaje y ramas del mango, contribuyen significativamente a que se presente gran diversidad de ácaros benéficos y dañinos asociados a esta especie frutal. En Colomb...

Vt. ka Infopress, 27.02.2004, lk. 34, 131. Muuseumi "KGB kongid" loojast ja õpilasvabadusvõitlejast Päivu Kullist, kes vangistati 1950. aastal ning saadeti asumisele Siberisse. Lisatud sõnum "President autasustab Eesti iseseisvuspäeva puhul seitset ammust vabadusvõitlejat", kus ordeni saajatena on loetletud Aime Espenberg, Valev Kaska, Päivu Kull, Juhan Lumiste, Mango Daniel, Johannes Kivimäe, Lea Rebane

ABSTRACT Bacterial black spot, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae, is an important disease of mango (Mangifera indica). Several other plant genera of the family Anacardiaceae were described as host species for xanthomonads. We studied pathological variations among strains in a worldwide collection from several Anacardiaceae genera. Strains were classified into three pathogenicity groups. Group I strains (from the Old World) multiplied markedly in leaf tissue of mango and cashew (Anacardium occidentale). Group II strains (from Brazil) multiplied markedly in cashew leaf tissue, but not in mango. Moreover, mango leaves inoculated with group I and group II strains exhibited lesions with different morphologies, consistent with variations in symptomology previously reported on mango under field conditions. Group I strains produced black, raised lesions, consistent with the original description of the pathovar, whereas group II strains produced brownish, flat lesions. Group III strains produced a unique syndrome on ambarella (Spondias dulcis) and mombin (Spondias mombin). Based on evolutionary genome divergence derived from amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) data, the three groups were genetically distinct and were related to groups 9.5, 9.6, and 9.4 of X. axonopodis identified by Rademaker, respectively. As each group was characterized by unique symptomology and/or host range, we propose that X. campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae be split into three pathovars of X. axonopodis: X. axonopodis pv. mangiferaeindicae, X. axonopodis pv. anacardii, and X. axonopodis pv. spondiae. Within pv. mangiferaeindicae sensu novo, AFLP data were consistent with that previously published for restriction fragment length polymorphism groups and suggested long-distance movement of the pathogen, likely through propagative material. PMID:18943717

Sucrier¿ bananas (Musa acuminata, AA Group) show peel spotting when the peel is just about as yellow as green, which coincides with optimum eating quality. As consumers might relate the spotting to overripe fruit, early spotting is considered undesirable, especially for export markets. Fruit were le...

As the hydrolysis of mandarin orange peel with macerating enzyme (40/sup 0/C,24 h)produced 0.59 g g/sup -1/ reducing sugar per dry peel compared to 0.36 by acid-hydrolysis (15 min at 120/sup 0/C with 0.8 N H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/), the production of single cell protein (SCP) from orange peel was studied mostly using enzymatically hydrolyzed orange peel. When the enzymatically hydrolyzed peel media were used, the utilization efficiency of reducing sugars (%) and the growth yield from reducing sugars (gg/sup -1/)were: 63 and 0.51 for Saccharomyces cerevisiae; 56 and 0.48 for Candida utilis; 74 and 0.69 for Debaryomyces hansenii and 64 and 0.70 for Rhodotorula glutinis. SCP production from orange peel by D. hansenii and R. glutinis were further studied. Batch cultures for 24 h at 30/sup 0/C using 100 g dried orange peel produced 45 g of dried cultivated peel (protein content, 33%) with D. hansenii and 34 g (protein content, 50%) with R. glutinis, and 38 g (protein content, 44%) with a mixture of both yeasts.

The Capsule Report discusses the modified dry caustic process which uses rapidly rotating rubber discs to mechanically wipe the caustic treated peel from clingstone peaches. This report covers two-seasons of evaluation during which the dry caustic peeling system was operated in p...

We demonstrate the ``peeling property'' of the Weyl tensor in higher dimensions in the case of even dimensions (and with some additional assumptions), thereby providing a first step towards understanding of the general peeling behaviour of the Weyl tensor, and the asymptotic structure at null infinity, in higher dimensions.

Musa sp. peels are widely used by smallholders as complementary feeds for cattle in the tropics. A study of the influence of the variety and the maturation stage of the fruit on fermentability and metabolisable energy (ME) content of the peels was performed using banana (Yangambi Km5) and plantain (...

...Model AS332L2 helicopters, with a main rotor mast assembly (mast) that has not been...the plastic peel shim with a stainless steel peel shim, installing improved swashplate...Code (i) The JASC Code is 6230--Main Rotor Mast/Swashplate. Material...

After removal of soluble sugars and other compounds by washing, citrus peel is largely composed of pectin, cellulose and hemicellulose. In order to utilize the greatest amount of citrus peel product, it would appear reasonable that one or all three of these polysaccharides be converted to a useful p...

... are needed to see the desired results. Possible Side Effects Chemical peels have been used for more than 50 years ... of a dermatologist who has performed numerous chemical peels. Probably the greatest risk of side effects comes from not following your dermatologist’s instructions. Sun ...

Dec 7, 2010 ... Whiskers Lift and Peel Conformal Coat. Until Whisker ... To peel conformal coating up and away from the ... adhesion of the coating to the tin, and the effect ... 'Tenting' was counted on coated side as sign of whisker nucleation ...

Tomato industries yield a high amount of by-products mainly tomato peel and seeds. Since tomato peel is rich in lycopene, the direct addition of peel to food products could be a way to use this by-product to obtain a new products enriched in lycopene. This work describes experiments performed to develop dry fermented sausages (salchichón) containing this carotene. 0%, 0.6%, 0.9% and 1.2% (w/w) of dry tomato peel was added to the meat mixture used in sausage manufacture. A slight losts of lycopene was detected after 21 days ripening, however, levels remained between 0.26 and 0.58mg of lycopene/100g of sausage. The sensory and textural properties and overall acceptability of all sausages were good, indicating that tomato peel could be added to dry fermented sausages to produce a meat product enriched in lycopene. PMID:22063319

The objectives of this study were to determine the distribution of functional components in peel and pulp of Luffa cylindrica and evaluate their anti-inflammatory activity on RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. Phenolics and flavonoids were present in abundant amounts in aqueous extract of peel, but in ethyl acetate extracts of peel, oleanolic acid, carotenoids and chlorophylls dominated. Both ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts in peel and pulp decreased production of nitric oxide in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells, whereas the ethanol extract mitigated secretion of prostaglandin E2. Furthermore, all the extracts significantly inhibited IL-6 production, but remained ineffective in retarding generation of IL-1b and TNF-a. Ethyl acetate extract of peel reduced expression of inducible nitric oxide...

This paper describes results on an experimental study of faint light emission produced by separation of an adhesive tape from a glass or from a polymer film. Spectroscopic measurements of the faint light were carried out using a monochromator and a photomultiplier. The results indicated that the light emission was caused by discharges near the tape-air-glass triple junction. We found that the frequency of the light emission was strongly changed by changing the peeling speed of the tape. Discharge lights were detected in many times in the case of high-speed peeling, whereas no light was detected in the case of low-speed peeling. We also measured surface potential distributions on the film after separation from the tape using a XY-movable probe and an electrostatic voltmeter. The surface potential on the film after the fast-speed peeling became slightly higher than that on the film after the low-speed peeling.

BACKGROUND Many clinicians have used glycolic acid (GA) peels for facial acne, scarring, and hyperpigmentation, mainly in lighter skin types. Salicylic-mandelic acid combination peels (SMPs) are a newer modality, and there have been no well-controlled studies comparing them with other conventional agents. OBJECTIVE To compare the therapeutic efficacy and tolerability of 35% GA peels and 20% salicylic-10% mandelic acid peels in active acne and post-acne scarring and hyperpigmentation. METHODS AND MATERIALS Forty-four patients with facial acne and post-acne scarring and hyperpigmentation were divided into two groups, with one receiving GA peels and the other SMPs at fortnightly intervals for six sessions. The treating physician performed objective evaluation of treatment outcomes. The patien...

BACKGROUND Chemical peels are used as adjuvants for treatment of facial acne. No well-controlled studies have compared a- and b-hydroxy acid peels in the treatment of mild to moderately severe facial acne. OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy of a- and b-hydroxy acid chemical peels in the treatment of mild to moderately severe facial acne vulgaris. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty patients were recruited in this split-face, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. An a-hydroxy acid (30% glycolic acid) was applied to one-half of the face and a b-hydroxy acid peel (30% salicylic acid) was applied contralaterally every 2 weeks for a total of six treatments. A blinded evaluator performed quantitative assessment of papules and pustules. RESULTS Both chemical peels were significantly effective by th...

The purpose of the present study is to evaluate possibilities of the production of biogas from the process of codigestion of industrial organic waste with purification station sludges or with liquid manure. The most interesting waste will be selected from its potential energy value, from the fact that the ways of its elimination are unsatisfactory, and by checking whether its codigestion is not well known yet. Fifteen types of waste products have been examined, of which seven have been studied with more details. Among these, five have not been retained (peelings or spoilt vegetables, coffee-grounds, waste from the manufactory of condiments, contains of cattle paunch,'Marc' of grapes), mainly because of their small production or their satisfactory elimination. The two remaining waste products, the 'Marc' of fruits and the whey, are materials that are worth further study because they are produced in great quantity and for the following reasons: (i) the proportions of blending of fruit's Marc as well as the limits of charges to respect in order to optimise their codigestion, from the biological as well as the energetic point of view, are not well known; (ii) the whey represents an important energetic potential in Switzerland. If for today it doesn't give much problem of elimination, it could give some in a middle term. (author) [French] Cette etude a pour but d'evaluer les possibilites de production de biogaz en Suisse par la codigestion de dechets organiques d'origine industrielle avec des boues de station d'epuration ou des purins. Elle vise a selectionner les dechets les plus interessants du point de vue energetique, dechets pour lesquels les filieres d'elimination sont peu satisfaisantes ou dont la codigestion est mal connue. Quinze types de dechets ont ete examines: legumes, fruits, champignons, brasserie, abattoirs, fromagerie, raisin, industrie sucriere, the et cafe, condiments, papier, cereales, industrie textile, tabac et tanneries; sept ont fait l'objet d'investigations plus approfondies. Parmi ces derniers, cinq n'ont pas ete retenus, entre autres parce qu'ils beneficient de filieres satisfaisantes ou sont produits en trop petites quantites (legumes, marc de cafe, dechets de fabrication de condiments, contenus de panses de bovins, marc de raisin). Finalement, ce sont les marcs de fruits et le petit lait qui presentent le plus d'interet, en raison des grandes quantites produites, et parce que (i) les proportions de melange de marcs de fruits ainsi que les limites de charge a respecter pour optimiser leur codigestion des points de vue biologique et energetique sont mal connues, et (ii) le petit lait represente un potentiel energetique important en Suisse et son ecoulement est episodiquement problematique. (author)

Simulation results of an energy efficient evaporation process are reported for the treatment of bleach effluents in the pulp and paper industry. Due to the low concentration of the effluent stream, the evaporation process must have a high degree of energy efficiency in order to compete with other treatment alternatives, such as ultrafiltration, adsorption, ion exchange and biological treatment. For a pulp and paper mill with an annual capacity of 335,000 ton of bleached kraft pulp, the capacity of the spent black liquor evaporation plant is about 7.5 ton water/ton pulp if its concentration is increased from 16 to about 65 wt% dry substance. An evaporation plant for the bleach effluent was simulated for a flow rate corresponding to 7.2 m{sup 3}/ton pulp and a concentration of 1.4 wt% dry substance. This stream is to be concentrated to 16 wt% resulting in an evaporation capacity of 245 ton water/h. The total evaporation capacity for both evaporation plants would be increased by 91%. An economic analysis resulted in a cost of 23 SEK/ton of pulp for the first alternative where the pre-concentrated 16 wt% effluent stream is concentrated further to 65 wt%, within the existing black liquor evaporation plant, and then recycled to the recovery boiler. The corresponding cost of 49 SEK/ton of pulp would result for the second alternative, where the 16 wt% effluent stream is sprayed on the waste from bark peeling and co-burned in the bark boiler. (author)

The main concern of this study is to develop a feasible and economical technique to microbially recover metals from oxide low-grade ores. Owing to the significant quantities of metals that are embodied in low - grade ores and mining residues, these are considered new sources of metals. On the other hand, they potentially endanger the environment, as the metals they contain may be released to the environment in a hazardous form. Hence, mining industries are seeking an efficient technique to handle these ores. Pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical techniques are either very expensive, energy intensive or have a negative impact on the environment. For these reasons, biohydrometallurgical techniques are coming into perspective. In this study, by employing Aspergillus niger, the feasibility of recovery of metals from a mining residue is shown. A. niger exhibits good potential in generating a variety of organic acids effective for metal solubilization. Organic acid effectiveness was enhanced when sulphuric acid was added to the medium. Different agricultural wastes such as potato peels were tested. In addition to this, different auxiliary processes were tried in order to either elevate the efficiency or reduce costs. Finally, maximum solubilization of 68%, 46% and 34% were achieved for copper, zinc and nickel, respectively. Also iron codissolution was minimized as only 7% removal occurred. (author)

Abstract in spanish Un estudio reciente sugiere una significativa reducción de la herbivoría de la hormiga arriera, Atta cephalotes, en plantaciones de arboloco (Montanoa quadrangularis (Asteraceae)) asociadas y abonadas con follaje verde de botón de oro (Tithonia diversifolia (Asteraceae)). Estas observaciones plantean un efecto disuasivo de esta planta sobre el forrajeo de las hormigas. Con el fin de poner a prueba dicha hipótesis, bajo condiciones de laboratorio, a siete colonias expe (more) rimentales de A. cephalotes se les ofrecieron tres dietas vegetales con opción de selección (i.e.: follaje de mango Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae), camarón Pachystachys lutea (Anacardiaceae) y botón de oro (Asteraceae) durante tres periodos de 21 días. Se estimó el consumo midiendo y pesando el follaje antes de ser depositado en cada colonia. En el primer ensayo, se observó una preferencia significativa (P 0,05), aunque el follaje de mango fue el primero en ser consumido por las hormigas. Los resultados permiten concluir que bajo condiciones de laboratorio A. cephalotes presenta mayor preferencia por el follaje de mango pero que, cuando la disponibilidad de este recurso es mínima, forrajea en forma oportunista sobre otros recursos como T. diversifolia, así éstos no sean de su preferencia. Este estudio provee más elementos que evidencian que esta planta es poco atractiva para la hormiga arriera. Abstract in english A recent study suggests a significant reduction of herbivory by the leaf cutting ant, Atta cephalotes, in plantations of the pioneer tree (Montanoa quadrangularis (Asteraceae)) when associated and fertilized with green foliage of the Mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia (Asteraceae)). These observations suggest a dissuasive effect of this plant on foraging by the ants. In order to test this hypothesis, under laboratory conditions seven experimental colonies of A. ceph (more) alotes were offered three plant diets to choose among (i.e.: foliage of mango, Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae), yellow candle Pachystachys lutea (Nees) (Anacardiaceae) and T. diversifolia (Asteraceae) during three periods of 21 days. Consumption was estimated by measuring and weighing the foliage before and after being deposited into each colony. In the first assay, there was a significant (P 0.5) were observed in the percent consumption of the diets, although mango foliage was the first to be consumed by the ants. The results allow us to conclude that under the experimental conditions, A. cephalotes has a greater preference for mango foliage, but when the availability of this resource is minimal, they forage in an opportunistic way on other resources such as T. diversifolia, even if these are not preferred. The study provides more evidence that this plant is not attractive to leaf-cutting ants.

Abstract in spanish La impregnación al vacío es una tecnología eficaz para la incorporación de compuestos fisiológicamente activos (CFA) en la matriz porosa de un alimento dentro del marco de los mínimamente procesados, proporcionando nuevas categorías de productos funcionales que responden a las necesidades de mejorar la calidad nutricional de la población con carencia en micronutrientes. Fueron utilizados cilindros de mango fresco impregnados a vacío con una solución de lactato d (more) e calcio 6% y cloruro de calcio 1%. Las condiciones del proceso (presión y tiempo de vacío) y tamano de la muestra fueron definidas a través del estudio cuyas interacciones afectaron significativamente los parámetros de impregnación X y 8e. La técnica permitió incorporar un 37,6% de la Ingesta Diaria Recomendada (IDR) de calcio en 200 g de mango fresco, variedad Tommy Atkins, sin afectar las características sensoriales del producto final. La determinación de calcio fue realizada por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica. El proceso generó pérdidas de líquidos nativos, expansión de la fruta y disminución de los valores de X y 8e por la presencia de iones calcio en el mango impregnado. Abstract in english Vacuum impregnation is an effective technology for the incorporation of physiologically active compounds in a food porous matrix within the framework of minimally processed, providing new productfunctionality to meet the needs of improving the nutritional quality of micronutrient-deficient populations. Fresh mango cylinders were vacuum impregnated with a solution of calcium lactate 6 %% and 1 % calcium chloride, the process conditions (pressure and vacuum time) and sample (more) size were defined by studying the interactions of which significantly affected parameters X and ee impregnation. The technique allowed the incorporation of37.6% (recommended daily intake) RDA of calcium in 200 g of fresh mango, variety Tommy Atkins, without affecting the sensory characteristics of the final product. The determination of calcium was performed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Process generated native fluid losses, expansion offruit and low levels ofX and ee by the presence of calcium ions in the soaked mango.

Using a high speed camera, we study the peeling dynamics of an adhesive tape under a constant load with a special focus on the so-called stick-slip regime of the peeling. It is the first time that the very fast motion of the peeling point is imaged. The speed of the camera, up to 16000 fps, allows us to observe and quantify the details of the peeling point motion during the stick and slip phases: stick and slip velocities, durations and amplitudes. First, in contrast with previous observations, the stick-slip regime appears to be only transient in the force controlled peeling. Additionally, we discover that the stick and slip phases have similar durations and that at high mean peeling velocity, the slip phase actually lasts longer than the stick phase. Depending on the mean peeling velocity, we also observe that the velocity change between stick and slip phase ranges from a rather sudden to a smooth transition. These new observations can help to discriminate between the various assumptions used in theoretical...

Bioactive compounds of peels and peeled red Star Ruby (Sunrise) and blond qualities of Jaffa grapefruits were analyzed and their antioxidant potential was assessed. The dietary fibers were determined according to Prosky et al., the total polyphenol content by Folin-Ciocalteu method and measured at 765 nm, minerals and trace elements by atomic absorption spectrometer, phenolic and ascorbic acids by HPLC and the antioxidant potential by two different antioxidant assays (DPPH and beta-carotene linoleate model system). It was found that the contents of most studied bioactive compounds in both qualities are comparable. Only the contents of total polyphenols and flavonoids were higher in red grapefruits, but not significant. The antioxidant potentials of red peeled grapefruits and their peels were significantly higher than of blond peeled grapefruits and their peels (PJaffa grapefruits and their peels have increased the plasma antioxidant capacity and improved plasma lipid levels, especially in rats fed with cholesterol added diet. In conclusion, both qualities of Jaffa grapefruits contain high quantities of bioactive compounds, but the antioxidant potential of red grapefruits is significantly higher. Diets supplemented with both qualities of Jaffa grapefruits improve the plasma lipid levels and increase the plasma antioxidant activity, especially in rats fed with cholesterol added diets. Jaffa grapefruits, especially their red Star Ruby quality, could be a valuable supplementation for diseases-preventing diets. PMID:15964022

Several investigations have suggested that a sterile inflammatory reaction in a skin flap enhances flap survival. A chemical peel produces a mild chemical burn, which is one form of nonbacterial inflammatory response. Some authors advocate the concomitant use of face lift and chemical peel, while others caution that the peel might jeopardize the facial flaps. To determine whether the reaction caused by a chemical peel enhances or impairs skin flap survival, a study using miniature pigs was undertaken. Survival length of flaps treated with a chemical peel was compared to that of untreated flaps. A total of 36 dorsally based random flaps were used on three miniature pigs. Six identical 14 X 4 cm flaps were designed on each side of the pigs. A chemical peel was applied to the area of 18 of the proposed flaps 2 days prior to elevation. Alternate flaps on each side of the pigs were treated. As the flaps were elevated, the tips were examined to document the inflammatory response histologically. After 14 days, the surviving length of the flaps was measured. As determined by the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test, there was no significant difference between the treated and untreated groups. Our study shows that a nonbacterial inflammatory response produced by a chemical peel does not improve skin flap survival, at least not in pigs. PMID:3106901

The quenching capacities of Vitus vinifera seed extract, Citrus limon peel extract, Punica granatum peel extract, and Citrus sinensis peel extract were studied together with their antioxidant activity in goat fish (Parupenaeus indicus). The functionality of the extracts was evaluated using ?-carotene-linoleic acid model system, reducing power assay, DPPH, hydroxyl, and nitrite radical scavenging assay. V. vinifera and P. granatum extract demonstrated best radical scavenging potential in all multifunctional antioxidant assays. Radical scavenging activity measured by electron paramagnetic resonance against a stable radical 1,1,-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil revealed radical peaks of lower intensity in antioxidant-infused samples. Compounds possessing antioxidant properties were identified from p...

Ethanol extracts of powdered genipap (Genipa americana L.), umbu (Spondia tuberosa A.) and siriguela (Spondia purpurea L.) prepared from separate pulp, seeds and peel were investigated for their (i) antioxidant capacity, which was evaluated by various known methods; (ii) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity; and (iii) cytotoxic effect on corneal epithelial cells of sheep. The highest values of total phenolic content were obtained with peel and seed extracts. Siriguela and umbu (seeds and peel) extracts displayed the highest antioxidant activities. Lipid peroxidation assays using mimetic biomembranes and mouse liver homogenates indicated that genipap pulp is a promising antioxidant. The investigation of phenols and organic acid contents revealed the presence of quercetin, citric ...

Volatile compounds in the peel of calamansi (Citrus microcarpa) from Malaysia, the Philippines and Vietnam were extracted with dichloromethane and hexane, and then analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy/flame ionisation detector. Seventy-nine compounds representing >98% of the volatiles were identified. Across the three geographical sources, a relatively small proportion of potent oxygenated compounds was significantly different, exemplified by the highest amount of methyl N-methylanthranilate in Malaysian calamansi peel. Principal component analysis and canonical discriminant analysis were applied to interpret the complex volatile compounds in the calamansi peel extracts, and to verify the discrimination among the different origins. In addition, four common hydroxycinnamic acids...

Medium chain (MC) and behenic fatty acids were incorporated into kokum, sal and mango fats using 1,3-specific lipase catalysed acidolysis. The incorporation of fatty acids increased with increase in concentration of fatty acids and duration of reaction. The order of incorporation of fatty acids was C22:0>C10:0>C8:0, to the extent of 53%, 42.5%, 35.8%, respectively, after 16h, using kokum as substrate. The same trend was observed with sal or mango fats as substrates though the percentages incorporated were different. The modified products with higher contents of MC were liquids with no solid fats, even at 0degreeC, and which showed low cloud point due to an increase in triacylglycerols containing lower chain fatty acids. The modified products after incorporating both MC and C22:0 showed lon...

Drying characteristics of Amelie mango were investigated through slices shrinkage behaviour at 50, 60 and 70degreeC and drying kinetics at temperatures ranging from 50 to 70degreeC and for slices of 2.5, 5 and 10mm thick. Results showed that mango slices shrinkage was less influenced by temperature and best fitted by the linear model of volume additivity. The density of solid matrix and the linear shrinkage coefficient were evaluated respectively at 1468kg/m3 and 1.468. The fitting of experimental data with two models (Page and Henderson & Pabis) showed that drying curves were best described by the Page model. Both water diffusivity values and drying rates curves were strongly influenced by shrinkage. Drying rates were underestimated and diffusivities overestimated when drying data are not...

Bacterial apical necrosis (BAN), caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv.syringae (Pss), is currently the most limiting disease affecting the mango crop in the Mediterranean area. The copper-based compound Bordeaux mixture (BM) is considered to be the conventional treatment against BAN, but it does not act as a bactericide. Alternative experimental treatments to BM that are compatible with organic farming were tested for their ability to control BAN disease. Field trials were conducted over six seasons in different mango orchards with natural infestation of Pss. The experimental treatments included applications of Silicon gel (a commercial formulation of aqueous potassium silicate), dicalcium phosphate, Kaolinite, and Ulmasud B (bentonite, powder); BM was applied as the conventiona...

Floral induction (FI) has been intensively studied in mango, more under sub-tropical than under tropical environments. Decreases in temperature below 20??C, which is common in sub-tropical regions but seldom occurs in many tropical ones, has been considered a critical factor for FI in this species. Trying to understand the way by which two FI treatments, potassium nitrate (KNO3) and paclobutrazol (PBZ), can regulate flowering by modulating the endogenous concentrations of plant hormones, the following compounds were analyzed in terminal buds, wood and bark sections of lateral branches from treated and untreated ?Tommy Atkins? mango trees growing under tropical conditions: indole-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellins (GAs), zeatin/zeatin riboside (Z/ZR) and N 6 (?2-isopentenyl) adenine/N 6 (?2-is...

Abstract A sensitive and efficient solid-phase microextraction method, based on liquid chromatography and UV-Vis detection, was developed and validated as an alternative method for sample screening prior to LC-MS analysis. It enables the simultaneous determination of ten pesticides in mango fruits. The fiber used was polydimethylsiloxane while optimum SPME conditions employed have been developed and optimized in a previous work. The desorption process was performed in static mode, using acetonitrile as a solvent. The results indicate that the DI-SPME/HPLC/UV-Vis procedure resulted in good linear range, accuracy, precision and sensibility and is adequate for analyzing pesticide residues in mango fruits. The limits of detection (0.6-3.3-g/kg) and quantification (2.0-10.0-g/kg) were achieved ...

Summary The effect of yoghurt bacteria and probiotic culture on the textural characteristics of mango soy fortified probiotic yoghurt (MSFPY) is studied. The TA-XT2 Texture Analyser was used to measure the textural characteristics of MSFPY prepared from blends containing varying proportions of yoghurt bacteria [Streptococcus thermophilus (ST), Lactobacillus bulgaricus (LB)] and probiotic culture [Bifidobacterium bifidus (BB), Lactobacillus acidophilus(LA)]. MSFPY samples were prepared by using blends of 78.3% toned milk, 14.5% soy milk and 7.2% mango pulp. Texture profile data were used to develop regression models for dependent variables - hardness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, springiness and gumminess. The optimisation of culture addition was done by comparing the yoghurt with the MSFY a...

The history of the development of generic phytosanitary irradiation (PI) treatments is discussed beginning with its initial proposal in 1986. Generic PI treatments in use today are 150Gy for all hosts of Tephritidae, 250Gy for all arthropods on mango and papaya shipped from Australia to New Zealand, 300Gy for all arthropods on mango shipped from Australia to Malaysia, 350Gy for all arthropods on lychee shipped from Australia to New Zealand and 400Gy for all hosts of insects other than pupae and adult Lepidoptera shipped to the United States. Efforts to develop additional generic PI treatments and reduce the dose for the 400Gy treatment are ongoing with a broad based 5-year, 12-nation cooperative research project coordinated by the joint Food and Agricultural Organization/International Atom...

Abstract Hypocryphalus mangiferae Stebbing is one of the most destructive insect pests of mango trees and is found to be associated with the transmission of causal organisms of mango sudden death disease. The present study was carried out to evaluate the toxicity of deltamethrin, bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos, emamectin benzoate, imidacloprid and spinosad in laboratory and field trials. Bioassay results showed that the toxicity of chlorpyrifos was significantly higher than deltamethrin but similar to bifenthrin. Deltamethrin and bifenthrin toxicity, however, increased significantly (P < 0.01) from day 1 to day 3. Spinosad was the least toxic compound while emamectin was the most toxic among new chemical insecticides tested, but its toxicity increased significantly from day 1 to day 5. Compariso...

The presence of genetic determinants homologous to rulAB genes for ultraviolet (UV) radiation resistance was determined in a collection of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strains isolated from mango. The potential role of these plasmids in UV tolerance and ecological fitness in the mango phyllosphere was also evaluated. Nearly all of the 62-kb plasmids present in the P. syringae pv. syringae strains hybridized with a rulAB probe, but these 62-kb plasmids showed differences in restriction patterns. In vitro assays of tolerance to UV radiation of P. syringae pv. syringae strains showed a higher survival of the strains harboring the 62-kb plasmids compared to strains lacking plasmids when exposed to UVC or UVA+B fractions. Similar results were observed when transconjugants harboring the 62-...

The agricultural production systems leading to loss of soil organic carbon (SOC) might be contributing to release of CO2 into the atmosphere. Therefore, an attempt was made to assess the organic carbon stock in the soil profile and related soil properties under different cropping systems like rice?fallow, rice?groundnut, rice?potato, rice?rice, mango and guava orchard in the Deras command in Odisha province, India. Analyses on particle size distribution and pH revealed that soil was sandy loam to sandy clay loam and acidic in nature. The bulk density ranged from 1.54 to 1.79?Mg?m?3 depending on the soil depth and cropping system; it was lower in the soils of mango and guava orchards. Available water capacity of soils was significantly highest in the rice?rice system in almost every soil de...

The main objectives of this paper are firstly to investigate the behaviour of the thin layer drying of plantain banana, mango and cassava experimentally in a direct solar dryer and secondly to perform mathematical modelling by using thin layer drying models encountered in literature. The variation of the moisture content of the products studied and principal drying parameters are analysed. Seven statistical models, which are empirical or semi-empirical, are tested to validate the experimental data. A non-linear regression analysis using a statistical computer program is used to evaluate the constants of the models. The Henderson and Pabis drying model is found to be the most suitable for describing the solar drying curves of plantain banana, mango and cassava. The drying data of these products have been analysed to obtain the values of the effective diffusivity during the falling drying rate phase. (author)

Although the mechanism of accumulation of C8-C16 saturated fatty acids in seed oils has been well-studied, the control of stearic (C18:0) acid deposition in high stearate seed fat is still unclear. We investigated the mechanism that regulates high level of stearate and oleate (C18:1) accumulation in mango (Mangifera indica) seeds during its development, and examined the seed plastid extracts for induction of any specialized fatty acyl-ACP thioesterase (Fat) that may control this high level of deposition. Though the specificity of the Fat enzymes does not account directly for the fatty acid composition of mango seeds, our result suggested that an induced synthesis of a FatA type of thioesterase could be responsible for the high content of oleate and stearate in its seed fat. The major thioe...

Medium chain (MC) and behenic fatty acids were incorporated into kokum, sal and mango fats using 1,3-specific lipase catalysed acidolysis. The incorporation of fatty acids increased with increase in concentration of fatty acids and duration of reaction. The order of incorporation of fatty acids was C22:0>C10:0>C8:0, to the extent of 53%, 42.5%, 35.8%, respectively, after 16h, using kokum as substrate. The same trend was observed with sal or mango fats as substrates though the percentages incorporated were different. The modified products with higher contents of MC were liquids with no solid fats, even at 0°C, and which showed low cloud point due to an increase in triacylglycerols containing lower chain fatty acids. The modified products after incorporating both MC and C22:0 showed long melting ranges and were suitable for use in bakery, confectionery, etc. as vanaspati substitutes. PMID:23122141

This paper reports on Mango 1, which is an exploration well started in September 1990 on a block adjacent to Lake Chad by Esso, Chevron and Shell was suspended after the coup in that nation's capital later in the year. The small Sedigi oil field, discovered in the 70s, will be developed with a pipeline to a 3,000-bpd refinery. Improved relations with Libya and future internal stability may further open the door to exploration.

The mango (Mangifera indica L.) has shown the highest growth rates among the fruit exported by Brazil. This exportation implies specific treatments to attend phytosanitary requirements to attend USA and Europe market. Among them there are thermal treatments (hot water dip or vapor treatment) or irradiation witch it has ability to promote disinfestations and delaying the ripening of the mango. The main objective of this paper was to report the color behavior among treatments covering irradiation alone, thermal treatment combined with irradiation and control. The mangoes were irradiated in a Multipurpose Gamma Source from the Radiation Technology Center, CTR, of IPEN/CNEN-SP and divided in four groups - the control (C) , dose 0,75 KGy (I), dose 0,75 KGy with hot water dip (46 deg C during 70 min) (2A) and dose 0,75KGy with hot water dip (52 deg C during 5 min) (2B). All fruits were stored at 11 deg C in acclimatized chamber during 14 days, after this period the fruits were kept at environmental conditions (25 deg C) during more 14 days. The results showed that the group 2A had the color of the skin delayed by treatment, not reaching stage 4 on the 26th. This group showed significant difference compared to groups C (p <= 0.05) however there was no difference among the others groups (2B and I). In general, these results indicate that the group 2A showed satisfactory results, concluding that combined treatment was beneficial for the mango, prolonging the process of development of its color. (author)

Abstract in spanish Se determinó el comportamiento de estabilidad de los pigmentos y la actividad de la polifenoloxidasa en frutas sometidas a tratamiento con energía de microondas (escaldado). Se extrajeron los pigmentos correspondientes obteniéndose las absorbancias por espectroscopia. La absorbancia aumentó al aumentar el tiempo de tratamiento con microondas, en especial las clorofilas del aguacate y carotenos del mamey y mango. Las antocianinas en fresa y ciruela se mantuvieron estab (more) les y en kiwi no hay una relación lineal en las absorbancias. Las velocidades de inactivación de la polifenoloxidasa fueron mayores para el aguacate y mango, y menores para el mamey, kiwi, fresa y ciruela. Se concluyó que el escaldado con microondas en las frutas favorece el incremento de color y lo mantiene estable e inversamente disminuye la actividad de la polifenoloxidasa con lo que se asegura que el color no sea afectado por el oscurecimiento enzimático Abstract in english The stability behavior of pigments and polyphenyloxidase activity were determined in fruit which had undergone microwave energy treatment (scalding). Pigments were extracted from each type of fruit, obtaining spectroscopic absorbancies. Absorbancy increases with increase in time of microwave treatment, particularly the chlorophylls of aguacate, and mamey and mango carotenes. The anthocyanins of strawberries and plums remained stable, while in the kiwi, there was no linear (more) relation in the absorbancies. The rates of inactivation of the polyphenyloxidase were greater for aguacates and mangos, and lower for mamey, kiwi, strawberry and plum. It is concluded that scalding of fruit with microwaves favors color increase and maintains stability, and inversely diminishes the activity of polyphenyloxidase which ensures that color is not affected by enzymatic darkening

... IMPACT MASTER PERMIT APPLICATION for MATERIALS AND WASTE MANAGEMENT AND WASTE DISPOSAL March 2, 1994 ... and wastes. When issued, the waste management permit approves the proposed waste management ...

A method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of 14 pesticide residues (clofentezine, carbofuran, diazinon, methyl parathion, malathion, fenthion, thiabendazole, imazalil, bifenthrin, permethrin, prochloraz, pyraclostrobin, difenoconazole and azoxystrobin) in mango fruit, based on solid-phase micro extraction (SPME) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Different parameters of the method were evaluated, such as fiber type, extraction mode (direct immersion and headspace), temperature, extraction and desorption times, stirring velocities and ionic strength. The best results were obtained using polyacrylate fiber and direct immersion mode at 50 degrees C for 30 min, along with stirring at 250 rpm and desorption for 5 min at 280 degrees C. The method was validated using mango samples spiked with pesticides at concentration levels ranging from 33.3 to 333.3 microg kg(-1). The average recoveries (n=3) for the lowest concentration level ranged from 71.6 to 117.5%, with relative standard deviations between 3.1 and 12.3%, respectively. Detection and quantification limits ranged from 1.0 to 3.3 microg kg(-1) and from 3.33 to 33.33 microg kg(-1), respectively. The optimized method was then applied to 16 locally purchased mango samples, all of them containing the pesticides bifenthrin and azoxystrobin in concentrations of 18.3-57.4 and 12.7-55.8 microg kg(-1), respectively, although these values were below the MRL established by Brazilian legislation. The method proved to be selective, sensitive, and with good precision and recovery rates, presenting LOQ below the MRL admitted by Brazilian legislation. PMID:20188930

The percentage of infested mango fruits of five selected mango varieties was evaluated during three years under field conditions. Three varieties with field resistance to fruit flies had less then 10% of fruits infested. Tommy Atkins, the susceptible commercial check, had 42,9% and the susceptible check had 98.9 % of infested fruits. The three field resistant varieties plus the susceptible commercial check, Tommy Atkins, were further tested in laboratory, under caged conditions, with artificial infestation of Anastrepha obliqua. The attempts of oviposition and the number of pupae developed from each fruit were evaluated. Under caged conditions, the cultivar Alfa maintained its field resistance and Espada Stahl and IAC 111 lost the field resistance and were as susceptible as Tommy Atkins. The attempts of oviposition were positively and highly correlated with the number of pupae developed in the fruits. Non preference for oviposition was confirmed as the main mechanism of resistance of mango fruits to fruit flies. In the absence of a more susceptible variety (no choice test) the cultivar Alfa has kept the resistance (author)

Shared, segmented, on-chip interconnection networks, known as networks-on-chip (NoC), may become the preferred way of interconnecting intellectual property (IP) cores in future giga-scale system-on-chip (SoC) designs. A NoC can provide the required communication bandwidth while accommodating the effects of scaling microchip technologies. Equally important, a NoC facilitates a truly modular and scalable design flow. The MANGO (message-passing asynchronous network-on-chip providing guaranteed services over open core protocol (OCP) interfaces) NoC is presented, and how its key characteristics (clockless implementation, standard socket access points, and guaranteed communication services) make MANGO suitable for a modular SoC design flow is explained. Among the advantages of using clockless circuit techniques are inherent global timing closure, low forward latency in pipelines, and zero dynamic idle power consumption. Time division multiplexing, generally used to provide bandwidth guarantees in clocked NoCs, however, is not possible in a clockless environment. MANGO provides an alternative, high-performance solution to providing hard, connection-oriented service guarantees, using clockless circuit techniques. In-depth circuit details are presented, and the 0.13 /spl mu/m standard cell implementation of a 5/spl times/5 routing node, for use in a mesh type NoC, is described.