WorldWideScience
 
 
1

DIURETIC ACTIVITY OF COLEUS AROMATICUS BENTH ON RATS  

Water extract of the leaves of Coleus Aromaticus Benth was tested for its diuretic activity in male albino rats. The study was carried out on normal rats using furosemide as a standard reference drug. Rats were treated with furosemide (4 mg/kg. p.o) and Coleus aromaticus (0.5 g/kg and 1.0 g/kg, p/o)...

2

A progressive glomerulosclerosis occurring in partial five-sixths nephrectomized rats.  

A chronic renal disease was induced by 5/6 nephrectomy in young adult Wistar albino male rats. Groups of 3 rats were killed at varying time intervals from 10 to 50 weeks after nephrectomy, and the glomerular structure was studied by light and electron microscopy. By light microscopy, increase in glo...

3

HEPATOTOXICITY OF EUGENOL  

EUGENOL a widely used pharmaceutical agent proceeds toxicity on inhalation in rats. Two different doses 20 & 30 ?g/100g body weight/ day of eugenol were given intramuscularly to male albino rats for 10 days and the liver function was assessed by measuring the specific enzyme activities, and total an...

4

Synthesis, radiolabeling and biodistribution of morphine glucuronide (mor-glu)  

The aim of this study was to synthesize a glucuronide conjugated morphine derivative which could be labeled with 131I, as a radiopharmaceutical, and to investigate its radiopharmaceutical potential using biodistribution studies in male Albino Wistar rats. Morphine was extracted from dry capsules of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). It was conjugated with UDP-glucuronic acid by using UDP-glucuronyl transferase (UDPGT) enzyme rich microsomes, purified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared (IR) spectroscopy and liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS). Normal and receptor blockage biodistribution studies were performed in male Albino Wistar rats. The results of the tissue distribution studies showed th...

5

Ultrastructure of neurons and interneuronal connections in the sensomotor cortex of progeny of alcohol-addicted rats  

This paper studies the ultrastructure of neurons and interneuronal connections in the sensomotor cortex of the progeny of alcohol-addicted rats. Experiments were carried out on 12 female and four male albino rats; they were given alcohol solutions for 4 months and then mated. The female rats continued to ingest alcohol until the young rats acquired vision. The sensomotor cortex of experimental young rats aged 21 and 30 days and of intact animals of the same age was investigated; the sections were stained with uranyl acetate and studied. It is shown that alcoholic intoxication of females and males causes significant disturbances of the structural organization of the sensomotor cortex in the progeny.

6

Antiurolithiatic activity of coleus Aromaticus Benth. In Rats  

Water extract of the leaves of Coleus aromaticus  Benth. Was tested for its antiurolithiatic activity against calcium oxalate stones in male albino rats. Calcium oxalate stones were induced by feeding 3% w/w sodium oxalate along with normal feed. The water extract of coleus aromaticus (0.5 g/kg and ...

7

Antithrombin III Prevents Early Bacterial Translocation in Burn Injury  

We experimentally studied the effects of antithrombin III (AT III) on bacterial translocation (BT) and intestinal morphology in the early period of burn injury. For this aim, 30 male albino rats were used. A sham burn group (group 1, no. 10) was exposed to 21 °C water. A burn group (group 2, no. 10)...

8

Doxorubicin Toxicity can be Ameliorated during Antioxidant L-Carnitine Supplementation  

Doxorubicin is an antibiotic broadly used in treatment of different types of solid tumors. The present study investigates whether L-carnitine, antioxidant agent, can reduce the hepatic damage induced by doxorubicin. Male Wistar albino rats were divided into six groups: group 1 was intraperitoneal in...

9

Protective Effect of L-Carnitine and Coenzyme Q10 on CCl4-Induced Liver Injury in Rats  

This study provides an information about the mechanisms of liver injury induced by CCl4, and determines the influence of administration of L-carnitine or/and CoQ10 as prophylactic agents against CCl4 deteriorative effect. The study was carried out on 80 adult male albino rats divided into eight grou...

10

Toxic Impacts of Cypermethrin on Behavior and Histology of Certain Tissues of Albino Rats  

In the present investigation, the behavioral, morphological, and histopathological effects of cypermethrin, a widely used synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, was ascertained in male and female albino rats (Rattus norvegicus). Cypermethrin administered at repeated oral doses of 5 and 20 mg/kg/day for 3...

11

Acute Oral Toxicity of DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) Process Stream Samples in Male and Female Rats.  

The acute toxicities of a single oral dose of the DMSO process stream samples, DMSO Evaporator Sludge, DMSO Recycle Solvent, and Virgin DMSO, were determined in male and female albino Sprague-Dawley rats. The DMSO Evaporator Sludge and Virgin DMSO solutio...

12

An extract of the pleurotus ostreatus mushroom bolsters the glutathione redox system in various organs of aged rats.  

This study is to investigate the putative effect of an extract of the oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, on reduced glutathione (GSH) and its metabolic enzymes in major organs of male albino rats. A significant (P mushroom extract compared to aged untreated rats. The results of this study may suggest that an extract of P. ostreatus, a potential antioxidant, can prevent the oxidation of GSH and protect its related enzymes during aging. PMID:20673055

13

Effect of ethanolic extract of Paederia foetida Linn. leaves on sexual behavior and spermatogenesis in male rats  

Background: Paederia foetida Linn. (P. foetida) is considered to be an aphrodisiac, but its ability to stimulate sexual behavior has not been reported. In the present study, the effects of an ethanolic extract of P. foetida on sexual behavior and testosterone level in male rats was investigated. Methods: Ethanolic extract of the leaves (50, 100 and 200mg/kg body weight) was studied for their effect on body and secondary sexual organ weight, sexual behavior, spermatogenesis and serum testosterone level in male albino rats. Results: Oral administration of the extract in albino rats showed pronounced anabolic and spermatogenic effects in animals in the treated groups. The extract significantly increased both mount and intromission frequency. In addition, it also significantly reduced both mou...

14

Viper venom-induced inflammation and inhibition of free radical formation by pure compound (2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzoic acid) isolated and purified from anantamul (Hemidesmus indicus R. BR) root extract.  

The present investigation explored the possible venom neutralizing effect of a pure compound (2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzoic acid) isolated and purified from the methanolic root extract of Hemidesmus indicus R.Rr. 2-OH-4-MeO benzoic acid possessed potent anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and antioxidant properties. The compound effectively neutralized inflammation induced by Vipera russelli venom in male albino mice and reduced cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rats. The compound produced a significant fall in body temperature in yeast-induced pyrexia in rats but did not change the normothermic body temperature. The compound effectively neutralized viper venom-induced changes in serum phosphatase and transaminase activity in male albino rats. It also neutralized free radical formation as estimated by TBAPS and superoxide dismutase activities. The antisnake venom activity of the pure compound is partly mediated through the above physiological process. PMID:9604294

15

Comparative study regarding the association of alpha-2U globulin with the nephrotoxic mechanism of certain petroleum-based Air Force fuels. Final report, 1 September 1986-31 August 1987  

Alpha-2U globulin is a low-molecular-weight urinary protein which may be associated with a hydrocarbon-induced proximal tubular cell degeneration in the male rat kidney. A new method was developed to obtain monospecific immunologic reagents for alpha-2U globulin using diafiltration, anion exchange and hydroxylapatite chromatography. Isoelectric focusing techniques were developed to isolate the major isoelectric variants of the alpha-2U globulin molecule and to assess changes in alpha-2U globulin after experimental exposure to hydrocarbon compounds. Alpha-2U globulin was isolated from the urine of albino and pigmented male rats to study strain susceptibility to the nephrotoxic process. An alpha-2u globulin isoelectric variant profile distinguishing albino from non-albino male rats was not apparent, however, strain differences were revealed. Fischer 344 male rats appear to have higher levels of the isoelectric variants than the other strains studied. These findings suggest that if a strain susceptibility to the hydrocarbon-induced nephrotoxic lesion exists, it may be associated with the alpha-2U globulin isoelectric variant profile.

16

Effect of chronic exposure to aspartame on oxidative stress in brain discrete regions of albino rats  

This study was aimed at investigating the chronic effect of the artificial sweetener aspartame on oxidative stress in brain regions of Wistar strain albino rats. Many controversial reports are available on the use of aspartame as it releases methanol as one of its metabolite during metabolism. The present study proposed to investigate whether chronic aspartame (75 mg/kg) administration could release methanol and induce oxidative stress in the rat brain. To mimic the human methanol metabolism, methotrexate (MTX)-treated rats were included to study the aspartame effects. Wistar strain male albino rats were administered with aspartame orally and studied along with controls and MTX-treated controls. The blood methanol level was estimated, the animal was sacrificed and the free radical changes...

17

Isolation and antihyperglycemic activity of flavonoid from flower petals of Opuntia stricta  

The fresh flowers of Opuntia stricta were collected and extracted with 85% methanol under reflux. The concentrated extract was fractionated with Et2O, EtOAc and petroleum ether. Rhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside was obtained from EtOAc fraction, as confirmed through 1H and 13C NMR, 1H-1H NOESY, 1H-13C HSQC, and mass spectra. The isolated flavonoid glycoside was investigated for its antihyperglycemic activity on alloxan-induced diabetic male albino rats.

18

Potential preventive effect of carvacrol against diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats  

Antioxidants are one of the key players in tumorigenesis, several natural and synthetic antioxidants were shown to have anticancer effects. The aim of the present study is to divulge the chemopreventive nature of carvacrol during diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced liver cancer in male wistar albino rats. Administration of DEN to rats resulted in increased relative liver weight and serum marker enzymes aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (?GT). The levels of lipid peroxides elevated (in both serum and tissue) with subsequent decrease in the final body weight and tissue antioxidants like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (G...

19

Ameliorative effect of methanol extract of Rubia cordifolia in N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma  

Context: Rubia cordifolia Linn. (Rubiaceae) is a medicinal plant used in the ayurvedic system of medicine. It is also known as Indian Madder or Manjistha and is traditionally used as an antiinflammatory, antiseptic, and galactopurifier, but its anticancer propertis are yet not known. Objective: The ameliorative effect of the Rubia cordifolia methanol extract on N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced experimental hepatocellular carcinogenesis in rats. Materials and methods: Changes in liver weight, serum markers of liver damage, hydroxyl radicals, lipid peroxidation, levels of enzymic and nonenzymic antioxidants; mitochondrial and respiratory chain enzymes were also investigated using various biochemical parameters and histopathological studies. Male albino rats of Wistar strain were divided into fo...

20

The protective effect of royal jelly against cisplatin-induced renal oxidative stress in rats  

Background The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of royal jelly on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats. Methods Adult male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into eight groups: the control, cisplatin, royal jelly, and royal jelly plus cisplatin groups. Biochemical and histopathological methods were utilized for evaluation of the nephrotoxicity. Blood was collected and analyzed for blood urea nitrogen (BUN), alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, triglyceride, total cholesterol, uric acid, total bilirubin, and total protein levels. The kidney samples were stored for the measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities and processed for histopathologica...

 
 
 
 
21

An Extract of the Pleurotus ostreatus Mushroom Bolsters the Glutathione Redox System in Various Organs of Aged Rats  

Abstract This study is to investigate the putative effect of an extract of the oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, on reduced glutathione (GSH) and its metabolic enzymes in major organs of male albino rats. A significant (P?rats compared to young rats. Activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) were significantly (P?rats. The isoform pattern of these enzymes in aged rats also revealed variations in relative concentrations, presumably due to oxidative stress during aging. Administration of the extract of P. ostreatus to aged rats resulted in a significant (P?

22

The modulatory influence of p-methoxycinnamic acid, an active rice bran phenolic acid, against 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced lipid peroxidation, antioxidant status and aberrant crypt foci in rat colon carcinogenesis  

We investigated the chemopreventive effect of p-methoxycinnamic acid (p-MCA), an active phenolic acid of rice bran, turmeric, and Kaemperfia galanga against 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced rat colon carcinogenesis. Male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups. Group 1 consisted of control rats that received a modified pellet diet and 0.1% carboxymethyl cellulose. The rats in Group 2 received a modified pellet diet supplemented with p-MCA [80mg/kg body weight (b.wt.) post-orally (p.o.)] everyday. The rats in Groups 3-6 received 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) (20mg/kgb.wt.) via subcutaneous injections once a week for the first 4weeks; additionally, the rats in Groups 4, 5 and 6 received p-MCA at doses of 20, 40 and 80mg/kgb.wt./day p.o., respectively, everyday for 16weeks. The ra...

23

Inhibition of hyaluronidase activity of human and rat spermatozoa in vitro and antispermatogenic activity in rats in vivo by Terminalia chebula, a flavonoid rich plant  

Our interest in development of hyaluronidase inhibitors as male antifertility agents led to identification of Terminalia chebula (T. chebula) plant with hyaluronidase (HAase) inhibitory activity of human spermatozoa (~93% inhibition) and rat caudal epididymal spermatozoa (~86% inhibition) in vitro at 30mg/ml. We further demonstrated inhibition of hyaluronidase activity of testis and epididymal spermatozoa in vivo coincident with antispermatogenic activity and contraceptive efficacy of TC extract administered at 50 and 100mg/kg/day orally for 60 days in male albino rats. The significant decrease in motility, count and increase in morphological abnormalities of epididymal spermatozoa and severe reduction in fertility (-100%) of male rats treated with T. chebula fruit extract at 100mg/kg dose...

24

Inhibition of hyaluronidase activity of human and rat spermatozoa in vitro and antispermatogenic activity in rats in vivo by Terminalia chebula, a flavonoid rich plant.  

Our interest in development of hyaluronidase inhibitors as male antifertility agents led to identification of Terminalia chebula (T. chebula) plant with hyaluronidase (HAase) inhibitory activity of human spermatozoa ( approximately 93% inhibition) and rat caudal epididymal spermatozoa ( approximately 86% inhibition) in vitro at 30 mg/ml. We further demonstrated inhibition of hyaluronidase activity of testis and epididymal spermatozoa in vivo coincident with antispermatogenic activity and contraceptive efficacy of TC extract administered at 50 and 100mg/kg/day orally for 60 days in male albino rats. The significant decrease in motility, count and increase in morphological abnormalities of epididymal spermatozoa and severe reduction in fertility (-100%) of male rats treated with T. chebula fruit extract at 100mg/kg dose could be attributed to either direct effect on testis or direct or indirect interference with sperm maturation in epididymis, and/or inhibition of testicular and epididymal sperm hyaluronidase enzyme in vivo probably caused by flavonoids like tannins present in T. chebula. PMID:19903524

25

Effect of Mucuna pruriens (Linn.) on Oxidative Stress-Induced Structural Alteration of Corpus Cavernosum in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rat  

Abstract Introduction.- Erectile dysfunction is one of the major secondary complications of diabetes. Mucuna pruriens (M. pruriens), a leguminous plant identified for its antidiabetic, aphrodisiac, and fertility enhancing properties, has been the choice of Indian traditional medicine. Aim.- The objective of the present study was to analyze the efficacy of M. pruriens on free radicals-mediated penile tissue alterations in hyperglycemic male rats. Methods.- Male albino rats were divided as group I (sham) control, group II (STZ) diabetes-induced (streptozotocin 60-mg/kg of body weight [bw] in 0.1-M citrate buffer), group III (STZ-+-MP) diabetic rats administered with 200-mg/kg-bw of ethanolic extract of M. pruriens seed, group IV (STZ-+-SIL) diabetic rats administered with 5-mg/kg-bw of silde...

26

Effect of Chlorophytum Borivilianum Santapau and Fernandes on sexual dysfunction in hyperglycemic male rats  

Objective To investigate the effects of Chlorophytum borivilianum (CB) on sexual dysfunction, loss of body weight, and lack of libido in hyperglycemic rats induced with streptozotocin or alloxan. Methods Wistar strain male albino rats were divided into five groups of six animals each: the control group (2% polyvinylpyrollidone solution), the streptozotocin control group (50 mg/kg), the alloxan control group (100 mg/kg), the streptozotocin + CB treated group (200 mg/kg), and the alloxan + CB treated group (200 mg/kg). Only after confirming the induction of diabetes, the animals of test groups were treated with CB. The sexual behavior of male rats of in presence of female rat in a special cage was recorded. The effects of induced diabetes in control groups and on simultaneous extract treatme...

27

Effects of Long-term Exposure of Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Field on Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress in Rat Liver  

Thirty-two adult Wistar-Albino female and male rats were used to investigate the long-term (45 days) effects of extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF; 50Hz, 1mT, 4h/day) exposure on oxidative/nitrosative stress in liver tissues of rats. The rats were divided randomly into four groups: female control (FC; n = 8) and MF-exposed female rats (F-MF; n = 8); male control (MC; n = 8) and MF-exposed male rats (M-MF; n = 8). Liver tissue from each animal was harvested and utilized for malondialdehyde (MDA) and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) detection. MDA levels were measured by MDA-TBA method, while the 3-NT levels were determined by the HPLC-UV system. There were no significant differences between the MDA levels of the control (FC; MC) and MF-exposed (F-MF; M-MF) rats (P > 0.05). In the F-MF rats, 3-NT levels were significantly increased when compared to those of the FC rats (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the 3-NT levels of the MC and M-MF rats. In conclusion, our study suggests that the long-term ELF-MF exposure may enhance the oxidative/nitrosative stress in liver tissue of the female rats and could have a deteriorative effect on cellular proteins rather than lipids by enhancing 3-NT formation.   

28

Elevated cardiac oxidative stress in newborn rats from mothers treated with atosiban  

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cardiac and cerebral oxidative stress in the offspings of pregnant rats treated with oxytocin antagonist atosiban. Methods Experimentally naive, adult female Wistar-albino rats (200?250?g) were mated with adult male rats for copulation. After confirming pregnancy, eight gravid rats were then randomly assigned into two equal groups. The animals were treated from days 15 to 20 of gestation. One group acted as a control group, and received intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of saline in a daily dose volume of 6?mg/kg/day. The second group received 6?mg/kg/day i.p. atosiban. On day 21 of gestation, pups were delivered by cesarean. The heart and brain tissues of the newborn rats were dissected and sent for the measurement of total oxidant sta...

29

Effect of Rebaudioside A, a diterpenoid on glucose homeostasis in STZ-induced diabetic rats.  

Rebaudioside A (Reb A), a major constituent of Stevia rebaudiana, was recently proposed as an insulinotropic agent. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the antihyperglycemic effect of Reb A on the activities of hepatic enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in adult male Albino Wistar rats, weighing 180-200 g, by a single intraperitoneal injection at a dose of STZ (40 mg/kg body weight). Diabetic rats showed significant (Phexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in the liver along with glycogen. Oral treatment with Reb A to diabetic rats significantly (P<0.05) decreased blood glucose and reversed these hepatic carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes in a significant manner. Histopathology changes of pancreas confirmed the protective effects of Reb A in diabetic rats. Thus, the results show that Reb A possesses an antihyperglycemic activity and provide evidence for its traditional usage in the control of diabetes. PMID:22374587

30

Biochemical and histopathological effects of dietary oxidized cholesterol in rats  

Cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) have been associated with the genesis of chronic degenerative diseases, such as atherosclerosis. The purpose of this work was to study the histological changes by toxic effects of dietary COPs in liver and kidney. Five-week-old male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into three groups of 10 rats each. Standard rat chow was supplemented with either 1% (w/w) pure cholesterol or 1% oxidized cholesterol and fed to the rats for 8 weeks. Control animals were fed standard rat chow. At the end of the treatment period, the serum lipid profile was determined. The aorta, liver and kidneys were excised immediately, frozen with liquid nitrogen, and held at -70 degreeC. The histological study was carried out using conventional hematoxylin-eosin staining, and h...

31

Selenium and l-Carnitine Reduce Oxidative Stress in the Heart of Rat Induced by 2.45-GHz Radiation from Wireless Devices  

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible protective role of selenium and l-carnitine on oxidative stress induced by 2.45-GHz radiation in heart of rat. For this purpose, 30 male Wistar Albino rats were equally divided into five groups namely controls, sham controls, radiation-exposed rats, radiation-exposed rats treated with intraperitoneal injections of sodium selenite at a dose of 1.5?mg/kg/day, and radiation-exposed rats treated with intraperitoneal injections of l-carnitine at a dose of 1.5?mg/kg/day. Except for the controls and sham controls, the animals were exposed to 2.45-GHz radiation during 60?min/day for 28?days. The lipid peroxidation (LP) levels were higher in the radiation-exposed groups than in the control and sham control groups. The lipid peroxidation level in...

32

Cloning of the gene for ocular albinism type 1 from the distal short arm of the X chromosome  

Albino and hooded (or piebald) rats are one of the most frequently used laboratory animals for the past 150 years. Despite this fact, the origin of the albino mutation as well as the genetic basis of the hooded phenotype remained unclear. Recently, the albino mutation has been identified as the Arg299His missense mutation in the Tyrosinase gene and the hooded (H) locus has been mapped to the ?460-kb region in which only the Kit gene exists. Here, we surveyed 172 laboratory rat strains for the albino mutation and the hooded (h) mutation that we identified by positional cloning approach to investigate possible genetic roots and relationships of albino and hooded rats. All of 117 existing laboratory albino rats shared the same albino missense mutation, indicating they had only one single ancestor. Genetic fine mapping followed by de novo sequencing of BAC inserts covering the H locus revealed that an endogenous retrovirus (ERV) element was inserted into the first intron of the Kit gene where the hooded allele maps. A solitary long terminal repeat (LTR) was found at the same position to the ERV insertion in another allele of the H locus, which causes the so called Irish (hi) phenotype. The ERV and the solitary LTR insertions were completely associated with the hooded and Irish coat patterns, respectively, across all colored rat strains examined. Interestingly, all 117 albino rat strains shared the ERV insertion without any exception, which strongly suggests that the albino mutation had originally occurred in hooded rats. PMID:7647783

33

Phytochemical evaluation and antispermatogenic activity of Thevetia peruviana methanol extract in male albino rats  

This study was conducted to evaluate the antifertility potential of Thevetia peruviana (Apocynaceae) in male albino rats with their phytochemical evaluations. Phytochemical examination showed that plant is rich in active constituents, i.e. a?-amyrin acetate, lupeol acetate, a?-amyrin, b?-amyrin, lupeol and thevetigenin. T. peruviana stem bark methanol extract (TPMtE) administered orally to male rats at the dose level of 100 mg/rat/day did not cause any significant reduction in body weight, while the weight of reproductive organs reduced significantly. A significant fall in the total protein and sialic acid content of the testes, epididymides, seminal vesicle and ventral prostate, as well as in the glycogen content of testes was also observed; however, cholesterol was increased significantl...

34

Alpha-lipoic acid rebalances redox and immune-testicular milieu in septic rats  

In the present study, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as an immune modulator in male adult rats and alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), as a powerful biological antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, are examined to help understanding the role of the immune and redox perturbation in testicular dysfunction with a possible protection. A total of 60 male Swiss albino rats were divided into 5 groups (10/group) respectively as follows Saline, ALA-vehicle, ALA (200 mg/kg), LPS (5 mg/kg) started with 20 rats and LPS + ALA. Obtained data from previously reported study, in our laboratory, and from the present one revealed that LPS induced marked reductions in sperm's count, motility and resulted in deterioration of the testicular histological features. In addition, LPS decreased testicular reduced glutathione (GSH) lev...

35

Abortifacient activity of a medicinal plant "moringa oleifera" in rats.  

Dried powder of leaf extract of common Indian plant Moringa Oleifera of Moringaceae family was tested experimentally in albino rats in our laboratory for its antifertility activity. Cant per cent abortifacient activity was found when administered orally in aqueous solution at dose of 175 mg/kg body weight daily to Charles foster strain albino rats from days 5-10 post mated. PMID:22557610

36

Effect of sildenafil citrate (Viagra) on trace element concentration in serum and brain of rats  

As a vasodilator with good hemodynamic effects, sildenafil has been successfully used in the treatment of patients with pulmonary hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. By selectively inhibiting phosphodiestrase type 5 (PDE-5) and thus effectively reducing the breakdown of c GMP, sildenafil administration can markedly improve the erectile dysfunction. Sildenafil also elevates localized cerebral blood flow in rat brain. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of sildenafil on the level of trace elements (Zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), selenium (Se), cobalt (Co), and chromium (Cr)) in blood and brain of rats. Sixteen male albino rats weighing 180-200g were divided into two groups (8 rats/group). Sildenafil (Viagra, Pfizer Inc.) was dissolved in saline and admi...

37

Full-Field Electroretinography Obtained Using a Contact Lens Electrode with Built-In High-Intensity White-Light-Emitting Diodes Can Be Utilized in Toxicological Assessments in Rats  

Abstract Full-field electroretinography (ERG) using contact lenses with built-in LED was performed on albino rats, and used to evaluate the visual toxicity of sodium iodate (NaIO3). Experiment 1 was carried out to determine the optimal conditions in rats relating to stimulus intensity, background illumination, and light adaptation period. As a result, we found that a full-field ERG was recorded under the following conditions: stimulus intensity: -3.5 log cd s/m2 in rod response; background intensity and light adaptation period: 10 cd/m2 and 10 min in cone and flicker responses. Experiment 2 was carried out to confirm the usefulness of full-field ERG using rats with retinal toxicities induced by NaIO3. Male rats were given NaIO3 intravenously at a dose of 50 mg/kg. ERG was recorded before a...

38

Effects of Chlorophytum borivilianum on sexual behaviour and sperm count in male rats  

This study was designed to evaluate the aphrodisiac and spermatogenic potential of the aqueous extract of dried roots of Chlorophytum borivilianum (CB) in rats. Male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups. Rats were orally treated with (1) Control group: distilled water; (2) CB 125 mg/kg/day; (3) CB 250 mg/kg/day; and (4) Viagra group: 4 mg/kg/day sildenafil citrate and their sexual behaviour was monitored 3 h later using a receptive female. Their sexual behaviour was evaluated on days 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 of treatment by pairing with a pro-oestrous female rat. For sperm count the treatment was continued further in all groups except the Viagra group for 60 days. At 125 mg/kg, CB had a marked aphrodisiac action, increased libido, sexual vigor and sexual arousal. Similarly, at the h...

39

Protective effect of dexmedetomidine in a rat model of a-naphthylthiourea-induced acute lung injury  

BackgroundWe assessed the effects of dexmedetomidine in a rat model of a-naphthylthiourea (ANTU)-induced acute lung injury. MethodsForty Wistar Albino male rats weighing 200-240 g were divided into 5 groups (n = 8 each), including a control group. Thus, there were one ANTU group and three dexmedetomidine groups (10-, 50-, and 100-mg/kg treatment groups), plus a control group. The control group provided the normal base values. The rats in the ANTU group were given 10 mg/kg of ANTU intraperitoneally and the three treatment groups received 10, 50, or 100 mg/kg of dexmedetomidine intraperitoneally 30 min before ANTU application. The rat body weight (BW), pleural effusion (PE), and lung weight (LW) of each group were measured 4 h after ANTU administration. The histopathologic changes were evalu...

40

Syringic acid ameliorates l-NAME-induced hypertension by reducing oxidative stress  

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of syringic acid (SA), a phenolic acid, on N?-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME)-induced hypertensive rats. Hypertension was induced in adult male albino rats by oral administration of l-NAME (40?mg/kg/day) dissolved in drinking water daily for 4?weeks. Rats were treated with different doses of SA (25, 50, and 100?mg/kg body weight (b.w.)). Systolic blood pressure of control and experimental rats was recorded. Plasma nitric oxide metabolites (NOx), lipid peroxidative products such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, lipid hydroperoxides, conjugated dienes, and antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, vitamin C, vitamin E, and reduced glutathione were estimated in erythrocytes, ...

 
 
 
 
41

Potential role of p38-mitogene-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappa B expression in testicular dysfunction associated with varicocele: an experimental study  

Summary The aim of this study was to investigate p38-mitogene-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK), nuclear factor-kappa B (p65-NF-kB) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in an experimental model of varicocele in the rat testis. Male Wistar albino rats (n-=-18) were divided into three equal groups: control group, sham operated group and left varicocele-induced group. Malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were biochemically assessed, and the p38-MAPK and NF-kB activity, and iNOS expression were immunohistochemically studied in the right and left testicles of rats from each group. The GSH levels were significantly decreased, whereas the level of MDA and NO was significantly increased in the testicular tissues of rats in varicocele grou...

42

Regression of altitude-produced cardiac hypertrophy.  

The rate of regression of cardiac hypertrophy with time has been determined in adult male albino rats. The hypertrophy was induced by intermittent exposure to simulated high altitude. The percentage hypertrophy was much greater (46%) in the right ventricle than in the left (16%). The regression could be adequately fitted to a single exponential function with a half-time of 6.73 plus or minus 0.71 days (90% CI). There was no significant difference in the rates of regression for the two ventricles.

43

Transfer of cadmium through the rat's intestinal wall  

The transfer of /sup 115//sup m/Cd through the wall of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum in 6-week-old male albino rats was studied by the in vitro method of the ''everted gut sac.'' Cadmium transport through the duodenal and jejunal wall was practically the same, but it was significantly lower through the ileum. Although being highest in the duodenal wall, cadmium retention did not depend significantly on any particular intestinal segment. No cadmium transport against a chemical gradient seems to have taken place through the wall of any segment.

44

Immunosuppressive Effect of Subchronic Exposure to a Mixture of Eight Heavy Metals, Found as Groundwater Contaminants in Different Areas of India, Through Drinking Water in Male Rats  

Immunotoxicity is an important health hazard of heavy metal exposure. Because the risk of combined exposure in the population cannot be neglected, we examined whether subchronic exposure to a mixture of metals (arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, chromium, nickel, manganese, and iron) via drinking water at contemporary Indian groundwater contamination levels and at concentrations equivalent to the WHO maximum permissible limit (MPL) in drinking water can induce immunotoxicity in male rats. Data on groundwater contamination with metals in India were collected from literature and metals were selected on the basis of their frequency of occurrence and contamination level above the MPL. Male albino Wistar rats were exposed to the mixture at 0, 1, 10, and 100 times the mode concentrations (the most...

45

Hypolipidemic, hepato-protective and renal damage recovering effects of catechin isolated from the methanolic extract of Cassia fistula stem bark on Streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats: a biochemical and morphological analysis  

Traditional systems of medicine and medicinal plants research are the most promising areas of research in the modern drug discovery technologies. Today, drugs have taken their roots from the phytoconstituents. This study is aimed at the establishment of the hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, and renal damage restoring efficacies of catechin isolated from Cassia fistula using bioassay guided fractionation on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic male albino Wistar rats. Catechin was administered to STZ (60 mg/kg b. wt)-induced diabetic male Wistar rats at 20 mg/kg b. wt for 45 days. Plasma glucose level was significantly reduced when compared with the control. In addition, oral administration of catechin significantly decreased glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), serum total cholesterol, tri...

46

Effect of Catha edulis foresk (khat) extracts on male rat sexual behavior  

Khat chewing is a widespread habit that has a deep-rooted socio-cultural tradition in East Africa and in the Middle East. Although a number of investigations have been carried out using cathinone, the psychoactive component of khat, these may not wholly reflect the behavioral effects observed after administering khat in a dosage similar to those used traditionally. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of sub-chronically administered khat extract with or without alcohol on sexual behavior in male rats. Adult albino wistar male rats were administered either with khat extracts (100, 200, 400mg/kg), amphetamine (1mg/kg), sildenafil (1mg/kg), ethanol (2ml/kg of 2% and 10%), or a combination of khat and ethanol (2%+10%) by intragastric gavage orally for 15 days. Khat (400mg/kg...

47

The Touchscreen Cognitive Testing Method for Rodents: How to Get the Best out of Your Rat  

The touchscreen testing method for rodents is a computer-automated behavioral testing method that allows computer graphic stimuli to be presented to rodents and the rodents to respond to the computer screen via a nose-poke directly to the stimulus. The advantages of this method are numerous; however, a systematic study of the parameters that affect learning has not yet been conducted. We therefore sought to optimize stimuli and task parameters in this method. We found that when parameters were optimized, Lister Hooded rats could learn rapidly using this method, solving a discrimination of two-dimensional stimuli to a level of 80% within five to six sessions lasting approximately 30 min each. In a final experiment we tested both male and female rats of the albino Sprague-Dawley strain, which are often assumed to have visual abilities far too poor to be useful for studies of visual cognition. The performance of female Sprague-Dawley rats was indistinguishable from that of their male counterparts. Furthermore, performance of male Sprague-Dawley rats was indistinguishable from that of their Lister Hooded counterparts. Finally, Experiment 5 examined the ability of Lister Hooded rats to learn a discrimination between photographic stimuli. Under conditions in which parameters were optimized, rats were remarkably adept at this discrimination. Taken together, these experiments served to optimize the touchscreen method and have demonstrated its usefulness as a high-throughput method for the cognitive testing of rodents.

48

Aspartate and glutamate prevents isoproterenol-induced cardiac toxicity by alleviating oxidative stress in rats  

The protective effect of aspartate and glutamate in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction (MI) was investigated in experimental animals. Male albino wistar rats were pretreated with aspartate [100mg (kg body weight)-1day-1] or glutamate [100mg (kg body weight)-1day-1] intraperitoneally for a period of 7 days. Following amino acid treatment, MI was induced in rats by subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol [200mg (kg body weight)-1day-1] for 2 days. After 24h following the last injection, the animals were sacrificed and the biochemical analysis was carried out. The activities of cardiac marker enzymes (alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase) were increased significantly (P<0.05) in the serum of MI induced rats as compared...

49

Effect of Costus igneus stem extract on calcium oxalate urolithiasis in albino rats  

The effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Costus igneus (stem) and isolated compounds lupeol and stigmasterol on calcium oxalate urolithiasis have been studied in male albino Wistar rats. Ethylene glycol feeding resulted in hyperoxaluria as well as increased renal excretion of calcium and oxalate. The increased deposition of stone-forming constituents in the urine, serum, and kidney homogenate of urolithic rats was significantly (p C. igneus (stem), and isolated compounds lupeol and stigmasterol. The calcium oxalate crystal deposition in the kidney was significantly greater in ethylene glycol-induced urolithic rats. After administration of aqueous and ethanolic extract of C. igneus, the deposition of calcium and oxalate was significantly lowered. Treatment with lupeol and stigmaster...

50

La contusion pulmonaire expose-t-elle au risque de proliferation bacterienne a pneumocoque ? Resultats d'une etude experimentale  

Objective: To create a reliable and reproducible model of pulmonary contusion (PC) in rats in order to evaluate the influence of PC on bacterial lung proliferation. Study design: Experimental. Animals: Male albino CD rats. Methods: Animals were anesthetized and a PC was performed using a spring-loaded metal bar. The existence of an isolated right PC was confirmed by macroscopic, histological and radiological analysis. This model was used to compare four randomized groups of animals. These were either injured or only anesthetized and inoculated with a pneumococcal solution concentrated in 2 or 4 log(CFU/mL). The animals' lungs were collected for microbiological culture at 24 hours. The bacterial count evolution per gram of lung was the primary endpoint. Results: Twelve rats were needed to v...

51

Iron bioavailability of rats fed liver, lentil, spinach and their mixtures.  

To study the effects of dietary iron source (basal diet-FeSO4 x 7H2O, liver, lentil, spinach, liver + lentil, liver+spinach and lentil+spinach) on iron bioavailability, fifty-six Albino Sprague Dawley derived male 21 days old rats were fed on iron-deficient diet (7.8 mg Fe kg(-1) diet) and the mentioned seven iron containing diets (40 mg Fe kg(-1) diet) for 10 days. Rats fed liver diet showed higher iron apparent absorption (52.1%), hemoglobin (Hb) gain (0.94 g/100 mL), Hb-iron gain (1.2 mg), Hb-regeneration efficiency (HRE%) (50.8%), relative efficiency of HRE% (106.5%), packed cell volume gain (2.22%) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (0.64 g dL(-1)). Liver resulted in an increase in these parameters when mixed with lentil and spinach diets. However, rats fed iron free diet showed the higher dry matter absorption. PMID:19579971

52

Labeling of Acetaminophen with I-131 and Biodistribution in Rats  

The aim of the present study was to label acetaminophen (APAP) with I-131 and to determine its radiopharmaceutical potential in rats. Acetaminophen was labeled with I-131 using the iodogen method. The radiochemical purity of 131I-APAP was determined by RTLC and paper electrophoresis. The labeling yield was 94±4%. The biodistribution studies of the labeled compound (specific activity; 56.60 GBq/mmol) were performed in male Albino Wistar rats. The uptake of 131I-APAP in some organs were determined at different time after injection to the rats. The radioactivity in each organ was counted and the percentage of injected activity per gram of tissue weight (%ID/g) for each organ and blood was calculated. 131I-APAP uptake in the lung, liver, kidneys, pancreas, blood, stomach and some brain region, were observed. Thus, 131I-APAP may be radiopharmaceutical for the imaging of the brain.   

53

Histopathologic results of long-term sildenafil administration on rat inner ear  

Objectives: Sildenafil, a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type 5, is widely used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Although cochlear effects of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors remain still unclear because of inadequate data, some evidence that recently emerged indicates that these medications may be responsible for hearing impairment. In the present study, we aimed to examine the histopathologic effects of long-term sildenafil use on the cochlea in a rat model. Methods: The study was performed with adult male Wistar albino rats. The control group was fed on standard laboratory diet. The study group was applied orally with sildenafil therapy, 1.5 mg/kg once a day for 45 days. Rats were anesthetized and decapitated. Each temporal bone was dissected, and the cochleas wer...

54

Effect of Costus igneus stem extract on calcium oxalate urolithiasis in albino rats  

The effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Costus igneus (stem) and isolated compounds lupeol and stigmasterol on calcium oxalate urolithiasis have been studied in male albino Wistar rats. Ethylene glycol feeding resulted in hyperoxaluria as well as increased renal excretion of calcium and oxalate. The increased deposition of stone-forming constituents in the urine, serum, and kidney homogenate of urolithic rats was significantly (p?C. igneus (stem), and isolated compounds lupeol and stigmasterol. The calcium oxalate crystal deposition in the kidney was significantly greater in ethylene glycol-induced urolithic rats. After administration of aqueous and ethanolic extract of C. igneus, the deposition of calcium and oxalate was significantly lowered. Treatment with lupeol and stigmaster...

55

Effects of the folk medicinal plant extract Ankaferd Blood Stopper on the ocular surface  

Purpose: To investigate the effects of Ankaferd Blood Stopper (ABS) on the ocular surface. Methods: Twenty adult male Wistar albino rats, weighing 390-530 g, were used in this prospective, controlled trial. One drop of ABS and one drop of balanced salt solution (BSS) were instilled into the lower conjunctival sac of the right and left eyes, respectively. After the rats were anesthetized, the ocular surface was evaluated based on the Draize criteria, and fluorescein tests were performed at 1, 2, 4, 18, 24, and 48 h. Subsequently, the rats were killed and all eyes were enucleated for histopathological examination. Results: The outcome of the Draize and fluorescein tests revealed that ABS caused more irritation of the ocular surface than BSS (P < 0.001). The highest mean ABS score was 4.9 for...

56

Simvastatin Improves Wound Strength after Intestinal Anastomosis in the Rat  

Background Simvastatin is a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor commonly known as a cholesterol-lowering drug with additional pleiotropic effects. Also, it is demonstrated that it prevents postoperative peritoneal adhesions in rat. This study was designed to assess its effects on the healing process of colonic anastomosis. Methods Thirty-two male Wistar albino rats were randomized into two groups and subjected to colonic anastomosis. The study group was treated with simvastatin and the control group received only tap water instead. The rats were killed 3 and 7?days postoperatively. Wound complications, intra-abdominal abscesses, and anastomotic leaks and stenosis were recorded. Four types of assessment were performed: bursting pressure, hydroxyproline content, histopa...

57

Morphology of the Non-Sensory Tissue Components in Rat Aging Vomeronasal Organ  

Summary The vomeronasal organ (VNO) is a chemosensory organ that detects environmental pheromones. The morphology of the -non-sensory- epithelium (NSE) of the VNO and its lamina propria, as well as how it relates to ageing has received little attention. Histological, histochemical, morphometric and ultrastructural techniques were used to study the morphological structure of the rat NSE in five adult (3-months old) and five aged (2-2.5-years old) male albino rats. In adult rats, the NSE contained dark and light columnar cells with predominance of the latter. The surface of the epithelial cells was covered with microvilli and/or cilia. The lamina propria contained serous vomeronasal glands (VNGs), smooth muscles with numerous variable-sized mitochondria, vessels including lymphatic capillari...

58

Effects of Gender on Stress Ulcer Formation in Rats  

In the experimental stress literature, the results of investigations have not shown a specific sex-dependent vulnerability to stress ulceration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of sex differences on stress ulcer development. Related to gender, the contributing factors for stress ulcer production such as luminal acidity, sialic acid as an marker of gastric mucosal protection, oxygen (O2)-derived free radicals and endogenous antioxidant defence mechanisms were also investigated. Fifty Wistar Albino rats weighting about 230 g and aged 7 or 8 months were divided equally into five groups: Group I normal male rats, group II castrated male rats, group III normal female rats in estrus phase, group IV normal female rats in diestrus phase and group V castrated female rats. Cold restraint model was used for 6 hours to produce stress ulcer. No statistically significant difference was found out between groups in view of gross and histopathologic damage. There was no significant difference between groups according to gastric luminal acidity, gastric mucosal sialic acid, gastric malonaldehyde (MDA) and catalase values. Gastric superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was significantly lower in Group I in comparison to those of Group III and IV. Sex differences do not interfere stress ulcer formation. SOD activity in rat gastric tissue has varied significantly by hormonal milieu.   

59

Role of ginger against the reproductive toxicity of aluminium chloride in albino male rats.  

The aim of the current study was to evaluate reproductive disorders concomitant with aluminium chloride (AlCl(3) ) toxicity in Albino male rats. Attention was also directed to study the protective influence of ginger against this toxicity. Forty-five mature Albino Wistar male rats were equally divided into three groups; the first group was served as control group while those of the second group (AlCl(3) ) were daily treated with 34 mg/kg bw. AlCl(3) orally. The third group (AlCl(3) ?+?ginger) was treated daily with AlCl(3) as in group 2 in combination with ginger (40 mg/kg bw), which started 2 weeks prior to AlCl(3) . Five animals from each group were sacrificed on days 30, 45 and 60 of treatment. AlCl(3) administration significantly decreased serum testosterone levels, increased testicular homogenate malondialdehyde and deteriorated semen picture with increased testicular DNA fragmentation. Histopathological examination revealed degenerative changes of the seminiferous tubules with focal areas of necrosed spermatogenic cells, marked degeneration and desquamation of the lining epithelial cells of epididymis as well as multiple calcified material in prostate gland following 60 days of aluminium treatment. Ginger treatment started to improve significantly all studied parameters after 60 days as compared with AlCl(3) -treated group. In the current study, it was concluded that AlCl(3) had a destructive effect on all the studied reproductive parameters. Treatment with ginger has an ameliorating effect against AlCl(3) toxicity after 60 days post-treatment. PMID:21790801

60

Evaluation of antiulcer activity of indole-3-carbinol and/or omeprazole on aspirin-induced gastric ulcer in rats.  

The present work is an attempt to elucidate the antiulcer activity of indole-3-carbinol (I3C), which is one of the anticarcinogenic phytochemicals found in the vegetables of Cruciferae family such as broccoli and cauliflower, alone or in combination with omeprazole (OMP), a proton pump inhibitor, to diminish the effects of induced acute gastric ulcer by aspirin (ASA) in male albino rats. A total of 48 adult male albino rats were used in the present study. Animals were divided into eight experimental groups (six animals each group). They were given different experimental inductions of ASA at a dose of 500 mg/kg/body weight, OMP at a dose of 20 mg/kg/body weight and I3C at a dose of 20 mg/kg/body weight either alone or in combination with each other orally for a duration of 7 days. Inner stomach features, ulcer index, pH activity, body weight, stomach weight, hematological investigations, serum total protein albumin and reduced glutathione activity were investigated in addition to the histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical stain of cyclooxygenase-2 to the stomach tissue of normal control, ulcerated and treated ulcerated rats. The results of this study revealed that oral administration of ASA to rats produced the expected characteristic mucosal lesions. OMP accelerated ulcer healing but the administration of I3C either alone or in combination with OMP to ASA-ulcerated rats produced a profound protection to the gastric mucosa from injury induced by ASA. Our results suggested that administration of antiulcer natural substances such as I3C in combination with the perused treatment such as OMP is a very important initiative in the development of new strategies in ulcer healing. PMID:22914261

 
 
 
 
61

Influence of minerals on lead-induced alterations in liver function in rats exposed to long-term lead exposure  

The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of minerals on lead-induced effect on the liver. Differentiation of minerals and heavy metals pose an inherent problem due to certain common properties shared by them. With this approach to the problem of heavy metal toxicity, in the present study two groups of male Wistar albino rats, one group (well-nourished) fed on mineral rich diet and other group (undernourished) fed on diet without mineral supplements were used. Both the groups of rats were subjected to long-term lead exposure. The diet of well-nourished group was supplemented with calcium (Ca); 1.2%, phosphorous (P); 0.6%, iron (Fe); 90mg/kg, zinc (Zn); 50mg/kg, magnesium (Mg); 0.08%, manganese (Mn); 70mg/kg, selenium (Se); 0.2mg/kg, copper (Cu); 5mg/kg, molybdenum (Mo); 0.8mg/kg...

62

Studies on comparative efficacy of a-linolenic acid and a-eleostearic acid on prevention of organic mercury-induced oxidative stress in kidney and liver of rat  

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of a-linolenic acid and a-eleostearic acid, two isomers of linolenic acid, against oxidative stress induced by organic mercury in kidney and liver cells of rat. Male albino rats were divided into six groups. Groups 1, 2 were normal control and methyl mercury chloride (MeHgCl) treated (5mg/kg BW/day) control, respectively. Groups 3, 4, 5 and 6 were orally treated with different doses of two fatty acids (0.5% and 1.0% of total lipid given for each isomer) along with MeHgCl (5mg/kg BW). Results showed that activity of antioxidant enzymes viz. catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH) in liver and kidney decreased significantly due to oxidative stress generated by MeHg. Administrat...

63

Radiolabeling of Bleomycin-Glucuronide with 131I and Biodistribution Studies Using Xenograft Model of Human Colon Tumor in Balb/C Mice  

Abstract Bleomycin-glucuronide (BLMG) is the glucuronide conjugate of BLM. In the present study, BLMG was primarily enzymatically synthesized by using a microsome preparate separated from rat liver, labeled with 131I by iodogen method with the aim of generating a radionuclide-labeled prodrug, and investigated its bioaffinities with tumor-bearing Balb/C mice. Quality control procedures were carried out using thin-layer radiochromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. Tumor growing was carried out by following Caco-2 cell inoculation into mice. Radiolabeling yield was found to be about 65%. Results indicated that 131I-labeled BLMG (131I-BLMG) was highly stable for 24 hours in human serum. Biodistribution studies were carried out with male Albino Wistar rats and colorectal aden...

64

Radioprotective effect of S-2(3-aminopropylamino)ethyl phosphorothioic acid(WR-2721) on lipid metabolism in X-ray irradiated rats  

Male rats of Albino strain were divided into four groups. The radioprotective effect of treatment with S-2(3-aminopropylamino)ethylphosphorothioic acid(WR-2721) using the dose of 200 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection on rats for 20 min prior to whole body x-ray irradiation (8 Gy) was studied. The hazardous effects of x-ray irradiation were greatly corrected in the treated group. The concentrations of total serum cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, and phospholipid were greatly affected, showing insignificant changes in the treated group of animals. The drastic hyperglycemic effect of x-ray irradiation in the untreated group decreased to a normal level. These results show the potentiality of WR-2721 as a radioprotective agent.

65

Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract Prevents Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Damage in Rats: Evidence for an Antioxidant, Antiperoxidative, and Cardioprotective Intervention  

ABSTRACT The present study evaluated cardioprotective effect of lyophilized hydroalcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera in the isoproterenol (ISP)-induced model of myocardial infarction. Wistar albino male rats were divided into three groups and orally fed saline once daily alone (sham) or with ISP (ISP control) or ISP with M. oleifera (200 mg/kg), respectively, for 1 month. On days 29 and 30 of administration, rats of the ISP control and M. oleifera-ISP groups were administered ISP (85 mg/kg, s.c.) at an interval of 24 hours. On day 31, hemodynamic parameters (mean arterial pressure [MAP], heart rate [HR], left ventricular end-diastolic pressure [LVEDP], and left ventricular peak positive [(+) LV dP/dt] and negative [(-) LV dP/dt] pressures were recorded. At the end of the experiment, the ...

66

Protective effects of Sonchus asper (L.) Hill, (Asteraceae) against CCl4-induced oxidative stress in the thyroid tissue of rats  

Background Sonchus asper (L.) Hill, (Asteraceae) is used in Pakistan as a traditional (“folk”) medicine for the treatment of hormonal disorders and oxidative stress. The present study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Sonchus asper (L.) Hill, (Asteraceae) methanolic extract (SAME) on hormonal dysfunction in thyroid tissue after carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced oxidative stress. Methods To examine the effects of SAME against the oxidative stress of CCl4 in thyroid tissue, 30 male albino rats were used. Protective effects of SAME were observed on thyroid hormonal levels, activities of antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and DNA damage. Results Treatment with CCl4 significantly (Pactivities of antioxidant enzymes but increased lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. Co-administration of SAME significantly (Pactivities of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation close to those seen in control rats. Conclusion These results suggest that SAME can protect thyroid tissue against oxidative damage, possibly through the antioxidant effects of its bioactive compounds.

67

Spontaneous malignant craniopharyngioma in an albino rat.  

Craniopharyngioma is a rare neoplasm in the rat, and few cases have been described. These lesions are thought to originate from squamous cell remnants of Rathke's pouch, an evagination of primitive stomatodeum. This neoplasm is usually locally invasive, and neither cranial nor extracranial metastases have been described. A spontaneously occurring malignant, metastasizing craniopharyngioma arising from the neurohypophysis was detected in a 2-year-old male albino rat. The infiltrative growth was observed in the wall of the vessels of the circle of Willis, in the perivascular space of Virchow and Robin, in the submeningeal space near the hypothalamus, through the fissura chorioidea, in the medulla oblongata, and along the optic nerve into the periocular region. Metastases were detected in the thalamus and hippocampus. The diagnosis was made on the basis of microscopic, immunocytochemical and ultrastructural findings. PMID:9066081

68

Short-term levosimendan treatment protects rat testes against oxidative stress  

Abstract in english The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of short-term levosimendan exposure on oxidant/antioxidant status and trace element levels in the testes of rats under physiological conditions. Twenty male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into two groups of 10 animals each. Group 1 was not exposed to levosimendan and served as control. Levosimendan (12 µg/kg) diluted in 10 mL 0.9% NaCl was administered intraperitoneally to group 2. Animals of both groups we (more) re sacrificed after 3 days and their testes were harvested for the determination of changes in tissue oxidant/antioxidant status and trace element levels. Tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly lower in the levosimendan group (P

69

A Comparative Study on Aphrodisiac Activity of Some Ayurvedic Herbs in Male Albino Rats  

The roots of Asparagus racemosus, Chlorophytum borivilianum, and rhizomes of Curculigo orchioides are popular for their aphrodisiac and immunostimulatory properties. The herbs have been traditionally used as Vajikaran Rasayana herbs because of their putative positive influence on sexual performance in humans. Lyophilized aqueous extracts obtained from the roots of A. racemosus, C. borivilianum, and rhizomes of C. orchioides were studied for sexual behavior effects in male albino rats and compared with untreated control group animals (total N?=?60). The rats were evaluated for effect of treatments on anabolic effect. Seven measures of sexual behavior were evaluated. Administration of 200?mg/kg body weight of the aqueous extracts had pronounced anabolic effect in treated animals as evidenced...

70

Effect of radiation on the response of dental pulp to operative and endodontic procedures: an experimental study  

Thirty-six 56-day-old male Sprague-Dawley albino rats served as two groups of experimental animals. Group 1 was irradiated with 400 rads delivered as total-body radiation from a cesium source. Group 2 served as the control group and was not irradiated. Three weeks later, the dental microscope was used to facilitate various dental procedures in both groups of animals (cavity preparation filled with zinc oxide-eugenol, pulp exposure capped with zinc oxide-eugenol, and pulp exposure left open). Two animals for each procedure from Groups 1 and 2 were killed at time intervals of 2, 4, and 8 weeks. The results showed that (1) radiation at this dose resulted in a depression of the normal response of the dental pulp to the trauma and infection induced by pulpal exposure, (2) there were no pathologic changes in the untreated molars of the irradiated animals, and (3) the use of the dental microscope greatly facilitated cavity preparation in the molars of rats.

71

Effects of sildenafil citrate on torsion/detorsion-induced changes in red blood cell and plasma lipid peroxidation, antioxidants, and blood hematology of male rats  

Objective: The aim of this work was to determine effects of intrapertoneally-administered sildenafil citrate (SC) for prevention testicular injury after unilateral testicular torsion/detorsion (T/D) in rats on red blood cell (RBC) and plasma lipid peroxidation, antioxidants and blood hematology. Study design: Thirty seven adult male wistar albino rats were divided into four groups: sham operated (group 1), T/D+saline (group 2), T/D+0.7mg SC (group 3) and T/D+1.4mg SC (group 4). Testicular torsion was created by rotating the right testis 720^o in a clockwise direction for 2h in all the groups, except for group 1. Results: Our results showed that that testicular injury significantly induced erythrocyte reduced glutathion (GSH) (p<0.05), malondialdehyde (MDA) in RBC (p<0.01) and plasma (p<0.0...

72

Diagnosis of Testicular Torsion by Measuring Attenuation of Dual Wavelengths in Transmission Geometry Across the Testis: An Experimental Study in a Rat Model  

Objective To develop a noninvasive and real-time dual-wavelengths optic system to detect testicular torsion in an animal model. Diagnosis of testicular torsion is challenging in emergency conditions and frequently ends with surgical exploration. Materials and Methods In this study, 9 male 8-month-old Wistar albino rats weighing an average of 400 g were used. A transverse incision on the upper scrotum was done and the right testis was torsed with a 720° medial rotation. The other testis of each rat was used as the control or sham group. In the sham group, the testicle was moved out of the body but no torsion was applied before repositioning into the scrotum. Transmission of continuous-wave light through all testes at wavelengths of 660 nm and 940 nm were measured. Results The ratio o...

73

Protective effects of quercetin on testicular torsion/detorsion induced ischaemia reperfusion injury in rats  

Summary The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of quercetin (QE) on testicular torsion/detorsion induced ischaemia reperfusion (I/R) injury. A total of 24 male Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups: control, I/R and I/R treated with QE; each group contain eight animals. Testicular torsion was created by rotating the left testis 720 in a clockwise direction. The ischaemia period was 5 h and orchiectomy was performed after 5 h of detorsion. QE (15 mg kg 1, i.p.) was administrated only once, 40 min prior to detorsion. Left orchiectomy was performed in all I/R groups. To date, no histopathological changes on testicular torsion/detorsion induced I/R injury in rats by QE treatment have been reported. Spermatogenesis and mean seminiferous tubule diameter were s...

74

Protective effects of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) on testicular torsion/detorsion-induced ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats  

The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) on testicular torsion/detorsion induced ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. A total of 24 male Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups: control, I/R and I/R treated with EGb 761; each group contains 8 animals. Testicular torsion was created by rotating the left testis 720^o in a clockwise direction. The ischemia period was 5h and orchiectomy was performed after 5h of detorsion. EGb 761 (50mg/kg, orally) was administrated only once, 40min prior to detorsion. To date, no more histopathological changes on testicular torsion/detorsion induced ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats by EGb 761 treatment have been reported. Spermatogenesis and mean seminiferous tubule diameter (MSTD) were signifi...

75

Microwave irradiation of rats at 2. 45 GHz activates pinocytotic-like uptake of tracer by capillary endothelial cells of cerebral cortex  

Far-field exposures of male albino rats to 2.45-GHz microwaves (10-microseconds pulses, 100 pps) at a low average power density (10 mW/cm2; SAR approximately 2 W/kg) and short durations (30-120 min) resulted in increased uptakes of tracer through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The uptake of systemically administered rhodamine-ferritin complex by capillary endothelial cells (CECs) of the cerebral cortex was dependent on power density and on duration of exposure. At 5 mW/cm2, for example, a 15-min exposure had no effect. Near-complete blockade of uptake resulted when rats were treated before exposure to microwaves with a single dose of colchicine, which inhibits microtubular function. A pinocytotic-like mechanism is presumed responsible for the microwave-induced increase in BBB permeability.

76

The effects of homocysteine-related compounds on cardiac contractility, coronary flow, and oxidative stress markers in isolated rat heart  

Research on the effects of homocysteine on the vascular wall, especially in endothelial and smooth muscle cells, has indicated that increased homocysteine levels lead to cellular stress and cell damage. Considering the adverse effects of homocysteine on vascular function and the role of oxidative stress in these mechanisms, the aim of this study was to estimate the influence of different homocysteine isoforms on cardiac contractility, coronary flow, and oxidative stress markers in isolated rat heart. The hearts of male Wistar albino rats (n = 36, age 8 weeks, body mass 180?200 g), were excised and retrogradely perfused according to the Langendorff technique at a constant perfusion pressure (70 cmH2O) and administered with three isoforms of 10 ?M homocysteine [dl-Hcy, dl-Hcy thiolactone-hyd...

77

The effects of Saw palmetto on flumethrin-induced lipid peroxidation in rats  

In the present study, 40 male Wistar albino rats were used and divided into 4 groups. The first group served as the control group; the second group was administered Saw palmetto extract at the dose of 20mg/kg/bw; the third group was administered flumethrin at the dose of 15mg/kg/bw; and the fourth group was administered a combination of 20mg/kg/bw Saw palmetto extract and 15mg/kg/bw flumethrin, for 21days, orally. After the trial period, blood and tissue (liver, kidney and brain) samples were taken from the rats. Saw palmetto extract did not cause significant alterations in plasma and tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, serum and tissue nitric oxide (NO) levels, erythrocyte and tissue superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities when compared t...

78

Effect of ursolic acid on cardiac marker enzymes, lipid profile and macroscopic enzyme mapping assay in isoproterenol-induced myocardial ischemic rats  

This study investigates the antihyperlipidemic effect of ursolic acid (UA) on isoproterenol (ISO) induced male albino Wistar rats. Myocardial ischemia was induced by subcutaneous injection of ISO (85mg/kg BW) twice at an interval of 24h, for two consecutive days. A significant increase in the activities of the serum marker enzymes [creatine kinase, creatine kinase-MB and lactate dehydrogenease (LDH)], a prominent expression of LDH 1 and LDH 2 isoenzymes, increased levels of plasma total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), free fatty acids (FFA), phospholipids (PL) and atherogenic index and decreased level of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol were observed in ISO-induced rats. The levels of TC, TG and FFA in...

79

Effects of a Carotene-Tocopherol Complex on Behavioral Activity of Gamma-Irradiated Rats  

We examined the behavioral activity of male albino rats in the open field test during an early period (up to 30?days) after total gamma irradiation (5?Gy). Irradiated rats were characterized by significantly decreased intensity of all types of motor and orientational/research activity and noticeable disorders in the emotional state. The suppression of behavioral activity was less significant in animals obtaining a carotene-tocopherol complex (CTC) with food (before and after irradiation); trends toward restoration of the indices of this activity on the 30th post-irradiation day were obvious. Thus, the use of the CTC (which contains antioxidant agents) interfered with irradiation-induced negative modifications of the behavioral motor activity and emotional state of the animals,

80

Inhibition of calcium oxalate crystal deposition on kidneys of urolithiatic rats by Hibiscus sabdariffa L. extract  

The present study aims at systematic evaluation of the calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa to establish its scientific validity for anti-urolithiatic property using ethylene glycol-induced hyperoxaluria model in male albino rats. Administration of a mixture of 0.75% ethylene glycol and 2% ammonium chloride resulted in hyperoxaluria as well as increased renal excretion of calcium and phosphate. The decrease in the serum calcium concentration indicates an increased calcium oxalate formation. Supplementation of aqueous extract of H. sabdariffa at different doses (250, 500 and 750?mg/kg body weight) significantly lowered the deposition of stone-forming constituents in the kidneys and serum of urolithiatic rats. These findings have been confirmed through histological investigations. Results of in vi...

 
 
 
 
81

Beneficial effect of myricetin on renal functions in streptozotocin-induced diabetes  

Myricetin is a naturally occurring flavonoid that is known to decrease plasma glucose levels in diabetes; however, its influence on renal functions has not yet been determined. This study investigated the effect of myricetin on structural and functional changes occurring in diabetic nephropathy. Male Albino Wistar rats were divided into three groups: normoglycemic, diabetic and myricetin-treated diabetic. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal (ip) injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg), and rats having fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels greater than 200 mg/dl were included in the study. Treatment of myricetin (6 mg/day ip) was initiated 16 weeks after diabetes was confirmed. Light microscopy was performed on hematoxylin?eosin- and Masson?s trichrome-stained sections to evaluate the effec...

82

Effects of ocreotide on intestinal mucosa in rats with portal hypertensive enteropathy  

Summary To clarify the effects of long-term ocreotide (a long-acting somatostatin analogue) treatment on mucosal changes in a rat model of portal hypertensive enteropathy, groups of male Swiss albino rats (n=15 each) were randomly assigned to one of three treatment arms. These were: sham laparotomy+twice daily subcutaneous saline 0.5mL (Group 1); portal hypertension induction+twice daily subcutaneous saline 0.5mL (Group 2); and portal hypertension induction+subcutaneous ocreotide 100mg/kg/12h (Group 3). After 12 weeks of treatment, jejunal and ileal tissue specimens were obtained and evaluated histopathologically (villus/crypt ratio, mean diameter of dilated vessels, mucosal edema, and fibromuscular proliferation in the lamina propria) and immunohistochemically (vascular endothelial growth...

83

The effects of homocysteine-related compounds on cardiac contractility, coronary flow, and oxidative stress markers in isolated rat heart  

Research on the effects of homocysteine on the vascular wall, especially in endothelial and smooth muscle cells, has indicated that increased homocysteine levels lead to cellular stress and cell damage. Considering the adverse effects of homocysteine on vascular function and the role of oxidative stress in these mechanisms, the aim of this study was to estimate the influence of different homocysteine isoforms on cardiac contractility, coronary flow, and oxidative stress markers in isolated rat heart. The hearts of male Wistar albino rats (n?=?36, age 8?weeks, body mass 180?200?g), were excised and retrogradely perfused according to the Langendorff technique at a constant perfusion pressure (70?cmH2O) and administered with three isoforms of 10??M homocysteine [dl-Hcy, dl-Hcy thiolactone-hyd...

84

Lead-induced cardiac and hematological alterations in aging Wistar male rats: alleviating effects of nutrient metal mixture  

Age related mitochondrial impairments are considered to be contributors of cardiovascular disease. This study was designed to examine whether early life exposure to lead (Pb) would lead to the Pb induced age related hematological and cardiac mitochondrial changes in rats, and to further examine the protective effect of nutrient metal mixture containing zinc, iron and calcium. Male albino rats were lactationally exposed to 0.2?% Pb-acetate or 0.2?% Pb-acetate together nutrient metal mixture (0.02?%) in drinking water of the mother from postnatal day 1 (PND1) to PND 21. The hemoglobin level, the activities of serum ceruloplasmin oxidase, cardiac mitochondrial enzymes catalase, manganese superoxide dismutase, copper zinc superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, succinate dehydrogenase, l...

85

Beneficial effect of myricetin on renal functions in streptozotocin-induced diabetes  

Myricetin is a naturally occurring flavonoid that is known to decrease plasma glucose levels in diabetes; however, its influence on renal functions has not yet been determined. This study investigated the effect of myricetin on structural and functional changes occurring in diabetic nephropathy. Male Albino Wistar rats were divided into three groups: normoglycemic, diabetic and myricetin-treated diabetic. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal (ip) injection of streptozotocin (50?mg/kg), and rats having fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels greater than 200?mg/dl were included in the study. Treatment of myricetin (6?mg/day ip) was initiated 16?weeks after diabetes was confirmed. Light microscopy was performed on hematoxylin?eosin- and Masson?s trichrome-stained sections to evaluate the effec...

86

Radiolabeling of Morphine with 131I and Its Biodistribution in Rats  

Abstract This study was conducted to determine the possible radiopharmaceutical potential of morphin labeled with 131I. Morphine was extracted from dry capsules of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.), purified by high-performance liquid chromatography, and characterized with nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy. The purified compound was labeled with 131I. Male Albino Wistar rats (18) were used for receptor blockage and unblockage biodistribution studies. Tissue distribution studies showed that radiolabeled morphine had higher uptake in lung, liver, small intestines, large intestines, and stomach than the other tissues. The highest uptake of radiolabeled compounds in rats' brain was found to be in the midbrain and hypothalamus. After receptor blockage with morphine, upt...

87

Effects of alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists dexmedetomidine and guanfacine on morphine analgesia and tolerance in rats  

Abstract Background. Alpha 2 (a2)-adrenoceptor agonists may be useful for their potential to increase or prolong opioid analgesia while attenuating the development of opioid tolerance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dexmedetomidine and guanfacine (a2-adrenoceptor agonists) on morphine analgesia and tolerance in rats. Methods. Adult male Wistar albino rats weighing 195-205 g were used. To constitute morphine tolerance, animals received morphine (50 mg/kg) once daily for 3 days. After the last dose of morphine had been injected on day 4, morphine tolerance was evaluated by analgesia tests. The analgesic effects of dexmedetomidine (20 mg/kg), guanfacine (0.5 mg/kg), MK-467 (0.25 mg/kg), and morphine were estimated at 30-min intervals (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min) b...

88

Lead-induced cardiac and hematological alterations in aging Wistar male rats: alleviating effects of nutrient metal mixture  

Age related mitochondrial impairments are considered to be contributors of cardiovascular disease. This study was designed to examine whether early life exposure to lead (Pb) would lead to the Pb induced age related hematological and cardiac mitochondrial changes in rats, and to further examine the protective effect of nutrient metal mixture containing zinc, iron and calcium. Male albino rats were lactationally exposed to 0.2 % Pb-acetate or 0.2 % Pb-acetate together nutrient metal mixture (0.02 %) in drinking water of the mother from postnatal day 1 (PND1) to PND 21. The hemoglobin level, the activities of serum ceruloplasmin oxidase, cardiac mitochondrial enzymes catalase, manganese superoxide dismutase, copper zinc superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, succinate dehydrogenase, l...

89

Effect of L-carnitine and meloxicam treatment on testicular leydig cell numbers of varicocelized rats  

Objective: Varicocele is a pathobiological condition associated with abnormal tortuosity and dilatation of the veins of the pampiniform plexus within the spermatic cord; it is one of the leading causes of male infertility. Although several studies have considered the relationship between varicocele and semen L-carnitine concentrations, no study on the effects of L-carnitine on testicular number of Leydig cells which are important in fertility of the individual has been reported. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Institute of the Embryo Research and Infertility Treatment, College of Medicine, AL-Nahrain University. Materials and methods: Thirty male albino Wister rats divided into three groups, 10 animals each. The groups A and B underwent a left experimental varicocele induction. Group C...

90

Comparative study between parietal peritoneum suture and nonsuture in midline laparotomies in rats/ Estudo comparativo entre sutura e não sutura do peritônio parietal nas laparotomias medianas em ratos  

Abstract in portuguese OBJETIVO: Comparar a sutura e não sutura do peritônio parietal nas laparotomias medianas em ratos, quanto à formação de aderências. MÉTODOS: Foram operados 40 ratos albinos Wistar (20 machos e 20 fêmeas), adultos, pesando entre 350 e 400 gramas. Após a anestesia, foi realizada laparotomia mediana seguida de fechamento da cavidade com sutura do peritônio e sem sutura do peritônio. Após 40 dias, os animais foram re-operados para a inspeção do peritônio e a co (more) nstatação da presença ou não de aderências e, em seguida, sacrificados. RESULTADOS: A análise estatística demonstrou que não houve diferença significativa entre a ocorrência ou não de aderências com sutura e não sutura do peritônio, nem com relação ao sexo dos animais operados. CONCLUSÃO: O fechamento ou não do peritônio não interfere na formação de aderências após laparotomias medianas em ratos de ambos os sexos. Abstract in english PURPOSE: Compare the parietal peritoneum suture and nonsuture in midline laparotomies in rats, as for the formation of adhesions. METHODS: 40 adult albino Wistar rats (20 males and 20 females) underwent a surgery, weighing between 350 and 400 grams. After anesthesia, a midline laparotomy was performed, followed by cavity closure with and without peritoneum suture. After 40 days, the rats underwent a new surgery in order to verify the peritoneum and check if there were any (more) adhesions, and the rats were then sacrificed. RESULTS: Statistical analysis showed there was no significant difference between the adhesions occurring or not with peritoneal suture or nonsuture, including in relation to the rats' gender. CONCLUSION: Closing the peritoneum or not does not interfere with the formation of adhesions after midline laparotomies in rats from both genders.

91

Phytochemical evaluation and antispermatogenic activity of Thevetia peruviana methanol extract in male albino rats.  

This study was conducted to evaluate the antifertility potential of Thevetia peruviana (Apocynaceae) in male albino rats with their phytochemical evaluations. Phytochemical examination showed that plant is rich in active constituents, i.e. ?-amyrin acetate, lupeol acetate, ?-amyrin, ?-amyrin, lupeol and thevetigenin. T. peruviana stem bark methanol extract (TPMtE) administered orally to male rats at the dose level of 100 mg/rat/day did not cause any significant reduction in body weight, while the weight of reproductive organs reduced significantly. A significant fall in the total protein and sialic acid content of the testes, epididymides, seminal vesicle and ventral prostate, as well as in the glycogen content of testes was also observed; however, cholesterol was increased significantly. TPMtE also caused a decline in spermatogenic elements, i.e. preleptotene and pachytene spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, round spermatids and mature Leydig cells. At this dose level Leydig cell nuclear diameter, seminiferous tubular diameter and Sertoli area were significantly reduced (p?rats, indicating the possibility of developing a herbal male contraceptive. PMID:21466267

92

Alpha-lipoic acid rebalances redox and immune-testicular milieu in septic rats.  

In the present study, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as an immune modulator in male adult rats and alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), as a powerful biological antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, are examined to help understanding the role of the immune and redox perturbation in testicular dysfunction with a possible protection. A total of 60 male Swiss albino rats were divided into 5 groups (10/group) respectively as follows Saline, ALA-vehicle, ALA (200mg/kg), LPS (5mg/kg) started with 20 rats and LPS+ALA. Obtained data from previously reported study, in our laboratory, and from the present one revealed that LPS induced marked reductions in sperm's count, motility and resulted in deterioration of the testicular histological features. In addition, LPS decreased testicular reduced glutathione (GSH) level and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme-x (LDH-x) activity. However, it increased testicular levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-HDG) in testicular DNA, along with increased serum IL-2 level. In contrast, rats pretreated with ALA showed almost complete normalization of all the tested parameters. In conclusion, LPS induced perturbation of the immune-testicular barrier as a result of redox imbalance with a subsequent testicular dysfunction. Pretreatment with ALA ameliorated all these effects by its immune-modulator and antioxidant mechanisms suggesting a protective role against male infertility in septic or severely infected patients. PMID:21195065

93

aerospace - NASA Technical Reports Server  

ponent of the rat limb, namely the tibialis anticus muscle, to survive freezing. ... muscles kept frozen for even only 1 minute at - 10" C. Author. N65-18972# American ... Adult albino mice were given Coxsackie B virus via intra- thoracic ...

94

Hypothetical mode of action of earthworm extract with hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties  

The hepatoprotective potential of earthworm extract (EE) (Lampito mauritii, Kinberg) was evaluated against paracetamol-induced liver injury in Wistar albino rat, in comparison with silymarin, the standard hepatoprotective drug. We observed a reduction in liver antioxidants, such as glutathione (GSH)...

95

Piroxicam-induced hepatic and renal histopathological changes in mice  

Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug widely used in rheumatic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate Piroxicam-induced histopathological changes in livers and kidneys of male albino mice.

96

The role of the copulatory plug in reproduction of the guinea pig.  

Two methods of artificial insemination and removal of copulatory plugs were used to investigate the role of the plug in the guinea pig. In addition, the effectiveness of the copulatory plug in blocking the passage of spermatozoa from the second mating was tested in albino females, where coat color was used as a genetic marker. Thirteen female guinea pigs that were either in proestrus, estrus, or metestrus, and inseminated with freshly collected copulatory plugs containing living spermatozoa, did not conceive. In a group of six females from which the copulatory plus was immediately removed, five conceived. Of nine estrous females artificially inseminated, five conceived. In five albino females, copulatory plugs from albino males completely blocked spermatozoa deposited by colored males, and 20 offspring, all albino were born. In a second group of four albino females where the plugs of albino males were removed prior to copulation with colored males, resulting litters were sired by either male or a combination of both males. PMID:932657

97

Beneficial effect of myricetin on renal functions in streptozotocin-induced diabetes.  

Myricetin is a naturally occurring flavonoid that is known to decrease plasma glucose levels in diabetes; however, its influence on renal functions has not yet been determined. This study investigated the effect of myricetin on structural and functional changes occurring in diabetic nephropathy. Male Albino Wistar rats were divided into three groups: normoglycemic, diabetic and myricetin-treated diabetic. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal (ip) injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg), and rats having fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels greater than 200 mg/dl were included in the study. Treatment of myricetin (6 mg/day ip) was initiated 16 weeks after diabetes was confirmed. Light microscopy was performed on hematoxylin-eosin- and Masson's trichrome-stained sections to evaluate the effect of myricetin on structural changes in the kidney, while creatinine clearance, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), kidney weight, urine volume and protein were measured to assess kidney functions. Activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and xanthine oxidase (XO) were also measured in renal tissues obtained from all experimental groups. Myricetin treatment significantly decreased glomerulosclerosis and reduced BUN, urinary volume and protein excretion, which was profoundly increased in diabetic rats. Decreased creatinine clearance measured in diabetic rats was significantly increased following myricetin treatment. Myricetin also restored altered renal activities of GPx and XO, which were decreased and increased in diabetic rats, respectively. In conclusion, myricetin improved altered renal functions and restored renal activities of GPx and XO in diabetic rats. Obtained data suggest that myricetin could be of therapeutic potential in diabetic nephropathy. PMID:22083509

98

Protective effects of N-acetyl cysteine on membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatases and minerals in isoproterenol-induced myocardial-infarcted rats: an in vivo and in vitro study.  

The present study was aimed to evaluate the protective effects of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) on changes in the activities/levels of adenosine triphosphatases and minerals in isoproterenol-induced myocardial-infarcted rats. Male albino Wistar rats were pretreated with NAC (10 mg/kg body weight) daily for a period of 14 days. After pretreatment period, rats were induced myocardial infarction (MI) by isoproterenol (100 mg/kg body weight). The activity of sodium/potassium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase was decreased, and the activities of calcium- and magnesium-dependent adenosine triphosphatases were increased in the heart of isoproterenol-induced myocardial-infarcted rats. Furthermore, the levels of potassium were lowered and the levels of sodium and calcium were increased in the heart of isoproterenol-induced rats. Increased plasma lipid peroxidation was observed in isoproterenol-induced rats. Pretreatment with NAC showed protective effects on adenosine triphosphatases, minerals, and lipid peroxidation. The in vitro study confirmed the reducing property of NAC. The observed effects are due to the membrane-stabilizing and antioxidant effects of NAC. The results of this study will be useful for the prevention of MI. PMID:22696312

99

Analysis of emotionality and locomotion in radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation exposed rats.  

In the current study the modulatory role of mobile phone radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) on emotionality and locomotion was evaluated in adolescent rats. Male albino Wistar rats (6-8 weeks old) were randomly assigned into the following groups having 12 animals in each group. Group I (Control): they remained in the home cage throughout the experimental period. Group II (Sham exposed): they were exposed to mobile phone in switch-off mode for 28 days, and Group III (RF-EMR exposed): they were exposed to RF-EMR (900 MHz) from an active GSM (Global system for mobile communications) mobile phone with a peak power density of 146.60 ?W/cm(2) for 28 days. On 29th day, the animals were tested for emotionality and locomotion. Elevated plus maze (EPM) test revealed that, percentage of entries into the open arm, percentage of time spent on the open arm and distance travelled on the open arm were significantly reduced in the RF-EMR exposed rats. Rearing frequency and grooming frequency were also decreased in the RF-EMR exposed rats. Defecation boli count during the EPM test was more with the RF-EMR group. No statistically significant difference was found in total distance travelled, total arm entries, percentage of closed arm entries and parallelism index in the RF-EMR exposed rats compared to controls. Results indicate that mobile phone radiation could affect the emotionality of rats without affecting the general locomotion. PMID:22976773

100

Safety evaluation of pigment containing Aspergillus carbonarius biomass in albino rats.  

Aspergillus carbonarius, an ascomycetes fungus, is known to produce pectinase in solid-state fermentation. A mutant strain of A. carbonarius UV-10046 selected for temperature tolerance over produced polygalacturonase and during growth accumulated an yellow pigment in its biomass. Since the colored fungus suggested its application for food use, the freeze-dried biomass was evaluated to assess its safety in experimental animals. Acute and sub-acute toxicity studies were conducted on both sexes of albino rats. Feeding acute doses of A. carbonarius freeze-dried biomass at 0.5-5.0g/kg body weight to adult rats did not show any symptoms of toxicity or mortality of the rats. Similarly, dietary feeding of A. carbonarius at 0.25-2.0% level (w/w) for 14 weeks did not produce any significant changes in food intake or gain in body weight of the experimental rats compared to control rats. There were no significant differences in the relative weight of vital organs, hematological parameters, macroscopic and microscopic changes in vital organs and serum enzyme levels between the experimental and control groups. The results clearly showed that acute and sub-acute oral feeding of freeze-dried whole cells of A. carbonarius mutant for 14 weeks did not produce any toxic effects in male and female rats. PMID:17084008

 
 
 
 
101

The effects of dexamethasone on oxidant/antioxidant status in kidneys of rats administered mercuric chloride.  

The study was aimed to evaluate the possible effects of dexamethasone on oxidant/antioxidant status in kidney tissues of rats administered mercuric chloride (HgCl2). Thirty male Wistar-albino rats were enrolled in this study. Rats were divided into 4 groups: G1 (n=7) underwent no therapy (control group), G2 (n=8) received HgCl2 + physiological saline, G3 (n=7) dexamethasone (DM) + physiological saline and G4 (n=8) received HgCl2 + DM. HgCl2 was injected subcutaneously into rats in the G2 and G4 on the first day of the study. Dexamethasone was injected intraperitoneally into rats in the G3 and G4 for 3 days. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), xanthine oxidase (XO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were evaluated in the kidney tissues. Serum creatinine levels were also measured. Xanthine oxidase activity was increased in the G2 compared to the control group. Catalase activity in the control group was significantly higher compared to the other groups. In the histopathological examination of kidneys, there was a tubular degeneration in G2 and G4. It was concluded that HgCl2 administration may cause oxidative stress through increasing XO and decreasing CAT activities. Dexamethasone injection may partially protect the rat kidneys against oxidative reactions by preventing the increase in XO activity (Tab. 1, Ref. 33). PMID:22380494

102

Biochemical and histopathological effects of dietary oxidized cholesterol in rats.  

Cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) have been associated with the genesis of chronic degenerative diseases, such as atherosclerosis. The purpose of this work was to study the histological changes by toxic effects of dietary COPs in liver and kidney. Five-week-old male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into three groups of 10 rats each. Standard rat chow was supplemented with either 1% (w/w) pure cholesterol or 1% oxidized cholesterol and fed to the rats for 8 weeks. Control animals were fed standard rat chow. At the end of the treatment period, the serum lipid profile was determined. The aorta, liver and kidneys were excised immediately, frozen with liquid nitrogen, and held at -70 degrees C. The histological study was carried out using conventional hematoxylin-eosin staining, and histochemical red oil 'O' was applied. COPs were analyzed by gas chromatography. Intake of dietary COPs altered biochemical parameters involved in lipid metabolism associated with atherogenesis in rats: total cholesterol, triacylglycerols and low density lipoproteins in serum. COPs detected in the liver and kidneys modified the organ original structure, caused an inflammatory process and promoted atherogenesis and atrophy of the tissue. PMID:19742744

103

Protective effects of thymol on altered plasma lipid peroxidation and nonenzymic antioxidants in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarcted rats.  

This study evaluates the protective effects of thymol on altered plasma lipid peroxidation products and nonenzymic antioxidants in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarcted rats. Male albino Wistar rats were pre and cotreated with thymol (7.5 mg/kg body weight) daily for 7 days. ISO (100 mg/kg body weight) was subcutaneously injected into rats on 6th and 7th day to induce myocardial infarction (MI). Increased activity/levels of serum creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, lipid hydroperoxides, and conjugated dienes with decreased levels of plasma reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin C, and vitamin E were observed in ISO-induced myocardial infarcted rats. Pre and cotreatment with thymol (7.5 mg/kg body weight) showed normalized activity of serum CK-MB and near normalized levels of plasma lipid peroxidation products, reduced GSH, vitamin C, and vitamin E in myocardial infarcted rats. Furthermore, the in vitro study on reducing power of thymol confirmed its potent antioxidant action. Thus, thymol protects ISO-induced MI in rats by its antilipid peroxidation and antioxidant properties. PMID:22890907

104

Syringic acid ameliorates L-NAME-induced hypertension by reducing oxidative stress.  

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of syringic acid (SA), a phenolic acid, on N(?)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-induced hypertensive rats. Hypertension was induced in adult male albino rats by oral administration of L-NAME (40 mg/kg/day) dissolved in drinking water daily for 4 weeks. Rats were treated with different doses of SA (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)). Systolic blood pressure of control and experimental rats was recorded. Plasma nitric oxide metabolites (NOx), lipid peroxidative products such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, lipid hydroperoxides, conjugated dienes, and antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, vitamin C, vitamin E, and reduced glutathione were estimated in erythrocytes, plasma, and tissues of experimental rats. Hepatic marker enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase and renal functional markers such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine were also estimated in serum. The increased levels of blood pressure, lipid peroxidation products, hepatic and renal function markers, and the decreased level of NOx and antioxidants in L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats were reversed upon SA treatment. The protective effect at the dose of the three tested doses (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) of SA at a dose of 50 mg/kg b.w. exerts optimum protection. Biochemical findings are substantiated by the histological observation. The protective effects of SA are mediated by reducing oxidative stress and retaining the bioavailability of NO in the cardiovascular system. PMID:23079793

105

Running-wheel activity and avoidance in the mongolian gerbil1  

In the first of two experiments, running-wheel activity and unsignaled (Sidman) avoidance were studied in gerbils and albino rats. All gerbils ran at higher rates than any of the four rats studied. Under the avoidance procedure, four rats developed effective responding; the other two performed much ...

106

Preventive effect of caffeic acid on lysosomal dysfunction in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarcted rats.  

We evaluated the preventive effect of caffeic acid (CA) on lysosomal enzymes in isoproterenol (ISO)-treated myocardial infarcted rats. Male albino Wistar rats were pretreated with CA (15 mg/kg) daily for a period of 10 days. After the pretreatment period, ISO (100 mg/kg) was subcutaneously injected to rats twice at an interval of 24 h. The activity of serum creatine kinase-MB and lactate dehydrogenase was increased significantly (P acid reactive substances and lipid hydroperoxides were significantly (P stability of membranes, which was reflected by lowered activities of beta-glucuronidase and cathepsin-D in different fractions except cytosol. Pretreatment with CA (15 mg/kg) to ISO-treated rats significantly (P lipid peroxidation products, reduced glutathione and the activities of lysosomal enzymes in the serum, heart, and subcellular fractions. Oral treatment with CA (15 mg/kg) to normal control rats did not show any significant effect. Thus, the results of our study showed that CA prevented the lysosomal membrane damage against ISO-induced myocardial infarction. The observed effects of CA are due to membrane-stabilizing, antilipo peroxidative, and antioxidant effects. PMID:20391626

107

Effect of ursolic acid on cardiac marker enzymes, lipid profile and macroscopic enzyme mapping assay in isoproterenol-induced myocardial ischemic rats.  

This study investigates the antihyperlipidemic effect of ursolic acid (UA) on isoproterenol (ISO) induced male albino Wistar rats. Myocardial ischemia was induced by subcutaneous injection of ISO (85mg/kg BW) twice at an interval of 24h, for two consecutive days. A significant increase in the activities of the serum marker enzymes [creatine kinase, creatine kinase-MB and lactate dehydrogenease (LDH)], a prominent expression of LDH 1 and LDH 2 isoenzymes, increased levels of plasma total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), free fatty acids (FFA), phospholipids (PL) and atherogenic index and decreased level of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol were observed in ISO-induced rats. The levels of TC, TG and FFA increased and the level of PL decreased in the heart tissue of ISO-induced rats. Further, there was an increased DNA damage (Comet assay) and myocardium infarct size as observed by staining with triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC). UA was administered subcutaneously for 7days at a dose of 40mg/kg BW. UA administration to ischemic rats brought all these parameters to near normality showing the protective effect of UA on ISO-induced rats. PMID:22898613

108

Social isolation rearing of rats decreases the nervous system's resistance to the psychogenic stress stimuli.  

Established that one of the factors promoting development of the psycho-nervous diseases, are various kinds of social deprivation. The purpose of this study was investigation of importance of social interactions at the early period of postnatal in development of resistance of the nervous system against the psychogenic stress in the adult rats. At weaning, male albino outbred rats from three litters were housed socially (control rats) (n=12) or in isolation (n=14) for 8 weeks. Modeling the psychogenic stress was performed with the modified active avoidance response method. Judging by the speed of acquisition of the active avoidance response, i.e. the learning speed, the isolated rats significantly lagged behind the control animals. Behavioral acts in the control animals manifested with different duration and ratio, depending on the complexity of the task and situation, which should point at differential activities of the self-regulatory mechanisms, at different stages of psychogenic stress. In all situations: in acquisition-stabilization of the active avoidance responses and in conditions of the 14-days stressing, behavior of the isolated animals did not change and the horizontal standings were dominating, while the vertical standings and grooming were poorly displayed. Thus, the isolated rats are characterized with insufficient development of the self-regulatory mechanisms of the brain. Therefore, social deprivation decreases the nervous system's resistance to the stressogenic stimuli. PMID:16980754

109

Effect of an aqueous extract of Scoparia dulcis on blood glucose, plasma insulin and some polyol pathway enzymes in experimental rat diabetes  

Abstract in english The effects of an aqueous extract of the plant Scoparia dulcis (200 mg/kg) on the polyol pathway and lipid peroxidation were examined in the liver of streptozotocin adult diabetic male albino Wistar rats. The diabetic control rats (N = 6) presented a significant increase in blood glucose, sorbitol dehydrogenase, glycosylated hemoglobin and lipid peroxidation markers such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and hydroperoxides, and a significant decrease in p (more) lasma insulin and antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and reduced glutathione (GSH) compared to normal rats (N = 6). Scoparia dulcis plant extract (SPEt, 200 mg kg-1 day-1) and glibenclamide (600 µg kg-1 day-1), a reference drug, were administered by gavage for 6 weeks to diabetic rats (N = 6 for each group) and significantly reduced blood glucose, sorbitol dehydrogenase, glycosylated hemoglobin, TBARS, and hydroperoxides, and significantly increased plasma insulin, GPx, GST and GSH activities in liver. The effect of the SPEt was compared with that of glibenclamide. The effect of the extract may have been due to the decreased influx of glucose into the polyol pathway leading to increased activities of antioxidant enzymes and plasma insulin and decreased activity of sorbitol dehydrogenase. These results indicate that the SPEt was effective in attenuating hyperglycemia in rats and their susceptibility to oxygen free radicals.

110

Hypoglycemic and insulin mimetic impact of catechin isolated from Cassia fistula: a substantiate in silico approach through docking analysis  

A study of ancient literature indicates that diabetes was fairly well known and well conceived as an entity in India. The nature has provided abundant plant wealth for all the living creatures, which possess medicinal virtues. Therefore, there is a necessity to explore their uses and to conduct pharmacognostic and pharmacological studies to ascertain their therapeutic properties. In fact, nowadays diabetes is a global problem. Hence, this study aims to open new avenues for the improvement of medicinal uses of catechin isolated from the methanol extract of Cassia fistula stem bark for the selected area of diabetes. Oral administration of catechin (20?mg/kg?b.wt) for 60?days produce a better glucose tolerance pattern in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic male albino Wistar rats. Another importa...

111

Double-frequency impedance measurement method of determination of body hydration  

The aim of the present study is to estimate the changes in cell hydration in different conditions using impedance measurements. Experiments were performed on adult and young male albino rats. Tissue hydration level was estimated as a difference between tissue wet and dry weight. Ouabain concentrations from 10?11 to 10?4 M, physiological solution (PS), mannit and distillated water (DW) were used. The impedance measurements were taken with ?Biophys-Expert-1?. The increase in water content in the brain cortex (through the injection) raises the active conductivity after intraperitoneally injections of PS, mannit and DW. The more pronounced increase was observed in case of DW injection. The values of reactive conductivity were higher when mannit injection was made. In case of different ouabain ...

112

Effect of Some Vajikaran Herbs on Pendiculation Activities and In?vitro Sperm Count in Male  

Ayurveda holds a special position amongst the various traditional systems of medicine. Vajikaran is a speciality in Ayurvedic system of medicine in India dealing with herbs possessing rejuvenative and revitalizing properties for improving sexual dynamics. In the present study, the effect of five vajikaran herbs on pendiculatory activity and in-vitro sperm count was assessed. The lyophilized aqueous extracts of Asparagus racemosus Willd., Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. F., Curculigo orchioides Gaertn., Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soo and Orchis latifolia Linn.(200?mg/Kg b.w.) were administered orally to wistar strain male albino rats. Following this the effect of all the five drugs was evaluated for pendiculatory activity. The effect of extract on in-vitro sperm count was also assessed...

113

Improvement of penile erection, sperm count and seminal fructose levels in vivo and nitric oxide release in vitro by ayurvedic herbs  

Summary In the present study, the effect of four Vajikaran Rasayana herbs on penile erection, sperm count, seminal fructose content in vivo and nitric oxide (NO) release in vitro was assessed. Lyophilised aqueous extracts of Asparagus racemosus Willd. (AR), Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. F. (CB), Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. (CO), and Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soo (DH) were orally administered at 100-mg/kg body weight to Wistar strain male albino rats. Penile erection index and sperm count were determined by visual observation; the seminal fructose concentration was measured spectrophotometrically using resorcinol reagent; and NO release was assessed in a mouse macrophage cell line (RAW264) spectrophotometrically using a commercial Griess reagent kit. Penile erection index, sperm co...

114

Dose-dependent protective effect of sildenafil citrate on testicular injury after torsion/detorsion in rats  

Summary This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of sildenafil citrate on testicular injury after unilateral testicular torsion/detorsion (T/D). Thirty-seven adult male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups: sham operated group (group 1), T/D+ saline (group 2), T/D+ 0.7-mg sildenafil citrate (group 3) and T/D+ 1.4-mg sildenafil citrate (group 4). Testicular torsion was created by rotating the right testis 720 in a clockwise direction for 2-h in other groups, except for group 1, which was served as sham group. The level of GSH (P-P-P-P->-0.05). Also, mean values of seminiferous tubules diameters, germinal cell layer thicknesses and mean testicular biopsy score were significantly better in group 3 than groups 2 and 4. These results suggest that T/D injury occurred in...

115

Beneficial effects of taurine and carnosine in experimental ischemia/reperfusion injury in testis  

Purpose Testicular torsion can be thought of as an ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury to the testis. This study aimed to investigate the effects of taurine (TAU) and carnosine (CAR), which are strong antioxidants, on experimental testicular I/R injury model. Methods Male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups with eight animals in each. A sham operation was performed in group 1. To create testicular I/R, the left testis was torsioned 720° for 2 h followed by 2 h of detorsion. Groups 2 (I/R), 3 (I/R + TAU) and 4 (I/R + CAR) received intraperitoneal saline, TAU (250 mg/kg) and CAR (250 mg/kg), respectively, 1 h before detorsion. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), diene conjugate (DC), protein carbonyls (PC), nonprotein sulfhydryl (NPSH), and vitamin C levels ...

116

Beneficial effects of taurine and carnosine in experimental ischemia/reperfusion injury in testis  

Purpose Testicular torsion can be thought of as an ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury to the testis. This study aimed to investigate the effects of taurine (TAU) and carnosine (CAR), which are strong antioxidants, on experimental testicular I/R injury model. Methods Male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups with eight animals in each. A sham operation was performed in group 1. To create testicular I/R, the left testis was torsioned 720° for 2 h followed by 2 h of detorsion. Groups 2 (I/R), 3 (I/R + TAU) and 4 (I/R + CAR) received intraperitoneal saline, TAU (250 mg/kg) and CAR (250 mg/kg), respectively, 1 h before detorsion. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), diene conjugate (DC), protein carbonyls (PC), nonprotein sulfhydryl (NPSH), and vitamin C levels ...

117

Absorption, distribution and excretion of orally administered cadmium in rat  

The present studies on the fecal excretion of /sup 115m/Cd in male albino rats further strengthen the idea that over-all absorption of orally ingested /sup 115m/Cd from the digestive tract is markedly low. More than 70% of the total isotope administration passed out within the first five days. However, there occurred a sharp decrease in the rate of fecal excretion till the 7th day, whereafter it levelled off. The rate of excretion was the highest on the second day. The rapid decline in the fecal excretion after 2nd day suggests that bulk of /sup 115m/Cd is absorbed and distributed to the tissues of the body by 2nd day. Poor absorption of orally ingested cadmium have been observed by others too.

118

Changes in RNA-polymerase activity in heart and liver cells in immobilization stress  

To study the character of function of the protein-synthesizing system of cells under the influence of stress factors the activity of RNA-polymerase I, an enzyme transcribing ribosomal genes, and of RNA-polymerase II, an enzyme responsible for mRNA synthesis, were studied. Experiments were carriedout on male albino rats. Changes in activity of the RNA-polymerases were judged from incorporation of radioactive UMP (tritium-UMP) into the acid-insoluble fraction of the nuclei. It is shown that stress induces different changes in activity of RNA-plymerases I and II. At the beginning of the poststress reaction activity of both enzymes is depressed; activity of RNA-polymerase I is reduced more than that of RNA-polymerase II. Later, activity of RNA-polymerase I rises significantly above the control level, whereas activity of RNA-polymerase II is restored only to the original values.

119

Protective effect of l-carnitine versus amifostine against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats  

We aimed to compare the protective effect of l-carnitine (CAR) and amifostine (AMF) against cisplatin (CDDP)-induced nephrotoxicity through biochemical markers and histopathological evaluation. Fifty-seven Wistar albino male rats were randomly classified into six groups, which were AMF+CDDP (n?=?11; 200?mg/kg AMF 30?min prior to 7?mg/kg CDDP), CAR+CDDP (n?=?11; 300?mg/kg CAR 30?min prior to 7?mg/kg CDDP), CDDP (n?=?11; 1?mL/kg isotonic saline 30?min prior to 7?mg/kg CDDP), AMF (n?=?8; 200?mg/kg AMF alone), CAR (n?=?8; 300?mg/kg CAR alone), and control (n?=?8; 1?mL/kg isotonic saline alone). All drugs were given intraperitoneally. Five days after medication, animals were killed, and samples of blood and kidney tissues were collected for biochemical and histopathological evaluation. The seru...

120

Effect of cadmium on meiosis. [Rats  

Adult male albino Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with cadmium as cadmium chloride at dosages of 5 and 10 ..mu..moles/kg. After sacrifice, testes were removed and cells prepared for microscopic analysis. Counts of chromosome number at dysjunction or precocious separation of homologous and sex chromosomes were made. The degeneration of sex vesicles at early prophase and tetraploid cells at metaphase I and II was scored and compared with control data. At least three hundred cells were counted from each slide. Results indicate that cadmium produces degeneration of sex vesicles, precocious separation of sex chromosomes, and tetraploidy. Increased occurrence was observed at 72 hours after cadmium injection and at the higher dosage of 10 ..mu..moles/kg compared with a post-injection time of 48 hours and a dosage of 5 ..mu..moles/kg. However, a significant tetraploidy was observed only at 10 ..mu..moles/kg. (JMT)

 
 
 
 
121

Use of a Modified Chitosan-Dextran Gel to Prevent Peritoneal Adhesions in a Rat Model  

BackgroundIntra-abdominal adhesions are a major cause of morbidity and a significant drain on healthcare resources. Numerous anti-adhesion products have reached clinical use but none has been wholly satisfactory. This study examines the application of a modified chitosan-dextran (CD) gel to the intraperitoneal cavity to reduce adhesion formation. This is a unique synthetic gel, its active ingredients being succinyl chitosan and dextran aldehyde. Materials and MethodsEighty adult male Wistar albino rats were randomized to undergo surgery alone or to receive CD gel at the time of surgery. Control groups using modified dextran only gel were also included. The surgical procedures comprised of laparotomy and either cecal abrasion or anastomotic simulation by enterotomy of the cecum with primary...

122

Effects of N-Butyl-2-Cyanoacrylate on High-Level Jejunojejunostomy  

Abstract Background: Morbidity and mortality due to anastomotic complications in gastrointestinal surgery remain important problems. The tissue adhesive N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (NB2CA) is used in many fields of surgery. This study was designed to assess the effects of NB2CA on high-level jejunojejunostomy. Materials and Methods: Forty male albino Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups of 10 each. The groups were treated as follows: group 1 underwent only a jejunojejunostomy, group 2 underwent jejunojejunostomy followed by NB2CA application around the anastomosis, group 3 underwent jejunojejunostomy after a 60-min ischemia and a 60-min reperfusion, and group 4 underwent jejunojejunostomy after a 60-min ischemia and a 60-min reperfusion followed by NB2CA application around the anastomosis. A...

123

Mitochondrial dysfunction in an animal model of hyperoxaluria: A prophylactic approach with fucoidan  

Oxalate/calcium oxalate toxicity is mediated through generation of reactive oxygen species in a process that partly depends upon events that induce mitochondrial damage. Mitochondrial dysfunction is an important event favoring stone formation. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether mitochondria is a target for oxalate/calcium oxalate and the plausible role of naturally occurring glycosaminoglycans from edible seaweed, fucoidan in ameliorating mitochondrial damage. Male albino rats of Wistar strain were divided into four groups and treated as follows: Group I: vehicle treated control, Group II: hyperoxaluria was induced with 0.75% ethylene glycol in drinking water for 28?days, Group III: fucoidan from F. vesiculosus (5?mg/kg b.wt, s.c) from the 8th day of the experime...

124

The Morphology of the Healing Tendon: A Comparison of the Effects of Intrasound Therapy and Therapeutic Pulsed Ultrasound  

Background and Purpose: This study investigated the effects of low- and high-intensity intrasound therapy (LITR and HITR) and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) on the morphology of the healing tendon. Methods: Forty-five male Sprague-Dawley albino rats, randomized into five groups, were further subdivided into groups A and B except Group 1. Groups 2-5 underwent an induced crush injury to the Achilles tendon. The groups were allocated to serve as controls (Group 1), received no treatment (Group 2), LIPUS once daily (Group 3), LITR twice daily (Group 4), and HITR twice daily (Group 5). Treatment commenced 24 hr post-injury over the first 14 days. Subgroup A animals were killed on day 15 and those in subgroup B were killed on day 31. The tendons were excised and processed for histologic...

125

Carnitine deficiency: a possible risk factor in paracetamol hepatotoxicity  

We have addressed in the current study the postulate whether or not carnitine deficiency would represent a risk factor in hepatotoxicity. Carnitine-deficient male Swiss albino rats were obtained following administration of d-carnitine (500?mg/kg, IP) for 10 consecutive days. Serum and liver carnitine levels, both total and free, were assessed to confirm carnitine depletion. Hepatotoxicity was induced by challenging animals with a single dose of paracetamol (1 g/kg, IP). Serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF-?) concentration, and serum activities of aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were undertaken as biomarkers for toxicity. Liver contents of reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), total nitric oxide (NO) and myeloperoxid...

126

Light and ultrastructural study in the propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroid rat heart ventricles and the ameliorating role of folic acid.  

Thyroid hormones have marked effects on the growth, development, and metabolic function of virtually all organs and tissues. Thyroid status is an important determinant of cardiovascular function. The present work studied the histopathological and ultrastructural changes in the hypothyroid rat left ventricle at post-pubertal stage, in addition to the ameliorating role of folic acid. A total of 50 male albino rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (group I, control; group II, folic acid; group III, propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroid rats; group IV, co-treatment with folic acid; group V, post-treatment). In order to ensure the hypothyroid state, the level of serum triiodothyronine (T(3)) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) through the dose period was regularly determined. The TSH levels were significantly higher while T(3) levels were significantly lower in hypothyroid rats when compared to control group. The high-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed an increase in homocysteine (Hcy) in the hypothyroid rats group when compared to the control group. The histopathological studies of the ventricle in hypothyroid rats revealed hydrophobic changes in myofibrillar structure with striations, myocardial atrophy, nuclear pyknosis, cytoplasmic vacuoles, and cytoplasmic eosinophilia. Transmission electron micrographs in the myocardium of hypothyroid rats revealed a marked reduction in muscle fibre mass, a marked degeneration of muscle fibres, swollen mitochondria, dilated sarcoplasmic reticulum and more prominent perinuclear oedema observed in the cardiac myocytes. In co-treated hypothyroid rats with folic acid, a regular arrangement of muscle fibres, mild swelling of myofibrillar structure with striations and no continuity with adjacent myofibrils were observed while the post-treated hypothyroid rat with folic acid showed normal architecture of myofibrillar structure with striations and continuity with adjacent myofibrils. In conclusion, our results indicated that folic acid had ameliorative effect against cardiac damage induced by 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil and the best results were found in case of using the folic acid as an adjuvant therapy after returning to the euthyroid state. PMID:22331425

127

A SIMPLE EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF HEAT SHOCK RESPONSE IN RATS  

Abstract in portuguese OBJETIVO: Obter um modelo simples para tentar esclarecer a resposta ao choque térmico em ratos. LOCAL: Laboratório de pesquisa da Universidade. MÉTODO: Amostra: 79 ratos albinos, adultos, entre 200g a 570g. Procedimentos: Exposição ao calor, em banho quente, por 5 minutos, após a temperatura retal chegar a 42 graus centigrados. Biópsias de fígado e pulmão foram obtidas para detectar a proteina 70 (HSP 70), pelo "Western blot". RESULTADOS: As análises foram posit (more) ivas nos animais aquecidos, com uma correlação entre aquecimento e constatação da HSP 70. Foi mais elevada no primeiro dia e não houve óbitos nos animais aquecidos. CONCLUSÃO: Os ratos aquecidos a 45 graus centígrados respondem eficientemente ao choque térmico. Abstract in english Objective: To obtain a simple model for the elicitation of the heat shock response in rats. Design: Laboratory study. Setting: University research laboratories. Sample: Seventy-nine adult male albino rats (weight range 200 g to 570 g). Procedures: Exposure to heat stress by heating animals in a warm bath for 5 min after their rectal temperatures reached 107.60 F (420 C). Liver and lung samples were collected for heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) detection (Western analysis). (more) Results: Western analysis was positive for HSP70 in the liver and in the lungs of heated animals. There was a temporal correlation between heating and HSP70 detection: it was strongest 1 day after heating and reduced afterwards. No heated animals died. Conclusion: These data show that heating rats in a warm (45o C) bath, according to parameters set in this model, elicits efficiently the heat shock response.

128

Dose-dependent effect of galangin on fructose-mediated insulin resistance and oxidative events in rat kidney.  

Galangin is an antioxidant flavonol present in high concentrations in the rhizome of Alpinia galanga. We investigated the effect of galangin on whole-body insulin resistance and kidney oxidative stress in a fructose-induced rat model of metabolic syndrome. Male albino Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups containing six animals each. Groups I and VI received a starch-based control diet, while groups II, III, IV and V were fed a high fructose diet (60 g/100 g). Groups III, IV and V additionally received galangin (50, 100 and 200 ?g/kg body weight, respectively) while group VI received 200 ?g galangin/kg body weight. At the end of 60 days, fructose-fed rats exhibited insulin resistance, increased levels of peroxidation end products and diminished antioxidant status. galangin, dose-dependently normalized blood glucose and insulin levels. The minimum effective dose was 100 ?g galangin/kg body weight. At this dose, galangin also prevented the development of insulin resistance and the exaggerated the response to oral glucose challenge. The oxidant-antioxidant balance was maintained by galangin. Micro-albuminuria and tubular and glomerular changes observed in fructose-treated rats were significantly prevented by galangin (100 ?g/kg body weight). These findings imply that galangin potentiates insulin sensitivity and antioxidant capacity and reduces renal damage in this dietary model of metabolic syndrome. PMID:21062538

129

Sesame as a hypocholesteraemic and antioxidant dietary component.  

Purpose of this study was to examine the dose dependant effects of sesame seed powder as a dietary supplement on hypercholesteraemic and oxidative stress conditions in male albino rats. Sesame seed (Sesamum indicum) powder was administered at 5% and 10% dose levels along with either normal or hypercholesteraemic diet for duration of four weeks. Administration of sesame seed powder to hypercholesteraemic rats resulted in a significant decline in plasma, hepatic total lipid and cholesterol levels and, plasma LDL-cholesterol levels with an increase in plasma HDL-cholesterol levels. Further, these animals also showed increased fecal excretion of cholesterol, neutral sterol and bile acid along with increases in hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity and bile acid content. Additionally sesame seed feeding improved the hepatic antioxidant status (catalase and SOD enzyme activities) with a reduction in lipid peroxidation. No significant changes in lipid and antioxidant profiles occurred in the normocholesteraemic rats administered with sesame seed powder. These beneficial effects of sesame seed on hypercholesteraemic rats appeared to be due to its fiber, sterol, polyphenol and flavonoid content, enhancing the fecal cholesterol excretion and bile acid production and as well as increasing the antioxidant enzyme activities. PMID:18353516

130

Effects of Chlorophytum borivilianum on sexual behaviour and sperm count in male rats.  

This study was designed to evaluate the aphrodisiac and spermatogenic potential of the aqueous extract of dried roots of Chlorophytum borivilianum (CB) in rats. Male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups. Rats were orally treated with (1) Control group: distilled water; (2) CB 125 mg/kg/day; (3) CB 250 mg/kg/day; and (4) Viagra((R)) group: 4 mg/kg/day sildenafil citrate and their sexual behaviour was monitored 3 h later using a receptive female. Their sexual behaviour was evaluated on days 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 of treatment by pairing with a pro-oestrous female rat. For sperm count the treatment was continued further in all groups except the Viagra((R)) group for 60 days. At 125 mg/kg, CB had a marked aphrodisiac action, increased libido, sexual vigor and sexual arousal. Similarly, at the higher dose (250 mg/kg) all the parameters of sexual behaviour were enhanced, but showed a saturation effect after day 14. On day 60 the sperm count increased significantly in both the CB groups, 125 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg, in a dose dependent manner. Thus, roots of Chlorophytum borivilianum can be useful in the treatment of certain forms of sexual inadequacies, such as premature ejaculation and oligospermia. PMID:18412148

131

Ameliorative effect of Chlorophytum borivilianum root on lipid metabolism in hyperlipaemic rats.  

1. The present study examined the efficacy of Chlorophytum borivilianum root (powder) in modulating the hyperlipaemic/hypercholesteraemic conditions in male albino rats. 2. Administration of C. borivilianum (0.75 and 1.5 g root powder/rat per day for 4 weeks) to hypercholesteraemic rats significantly increased high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels and decreased plasma and hepatic lipid profiles. 3. In addition, there were significant increases in faecal cholesterol, neutral sterol and bile acid excretion with elevated hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity and bile acid production. 4. Furthermore, the hypercholesteraemic rats treated with both doses of C. borivilianum also exhibited increases in superoxide dismutase and ascorbic acid levels. 5. Normocholesteraemic animals treated with both doses of C. borivilianum root powder did not show any significant variation in either lipid or anti-oxidant profiles, except for an increase in the hepatic ascorbic acid concentration compared with their untreated counterparts. 6. The hypolipaemic/hypocholesteraemic effect of C. borivilianum root powder appears to be mediated by an increase in cholesterol turnover via increased faecal cholesterol excretion and, second, through an endogenous cholesterol conversion into bile acid. 7. Administration of C. borivilianum root powder also increased the activities of anti-oxidant enzymes and vitamin C levels, which may have enhanced the anti-oxidant capacity of the liver. PMID:17250646

132

Protective effects of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) on testicular torsion/detorsion-induced ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.  

The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) on testicular torsion/detorsion induced ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. A total of 24 male Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups: control, I/R and I/R treated with EGb 761; each group contains 8 animals. Testicular torsion was created by rotating the left testis 720° in a clockwise direction. The ischemia period was 5 h and orchiectomy was performed after 5 h of detorsion. EGb 761 (50 mg/kg, orally) was administrated only once, 40 min prior to detorsion. To date, no more histopathological changes on testicular torsion/detorsion induced ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats by EGb 761 treatment have been reported. Spermatogenesis and mean seminiferous tubule diameter (MSTD) were significantly decreased in I/R groups were compared to the control group. Furthermore, EGb 761 treated animals showed an improved histological appearance in I/R group. Our data indicate a significant reduction in the activity of TUNEL and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in testes tissue of I/R treated with EGb 761 therapy. Electron microscopy of the testes of rats demonstrated that EGb 761 pretreatment was particularly effective in preventing the mitochondrial degeneration, dilatation of SER and enlarged intercellular spaces in both Sertoli and spermatid cells in I/R treated animals. We believe that further preclinical research into the utility of EGb 761 may indicate its usefulness as a potential treatment on testes injury after I/R in rats. PMID:21930126

133

Antioxidant and antihepatotoxic effect of Spirulina laxissima against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats.  

The vast biodiversity of nature provides bioactive compounds that may be useful in the fight against chronic diseases. This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of the ethanol extract of Spirulina laxissima West (Pseudanabaenaceae) (EESL) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) induced hepatotoxicities in rats. Male albino rats of Sprague-Dawley strain were treated orally with the ethanol extract of S. laxissima (50, 100 mg kg(-1) body wt.) 1 h before each CCl(4) administration. The ethanol extract of S. laxissima showed the maximum antioxidant property in vitro. There were statistically significant losses in the activities of antioxidant enzymes and an increase in TBARS and liver function marker enzymes in the serum of the CCl(4)-treated group compared with the control group. However, all the tested groups were able to counteract these effects. The antioxidant activity of the extracts might be attributable to its proton-donating ability, as evidenced by DPPH. In the present study, the decline in the level of antioxidant observed in CCl(4)-treated rats is a clear manifestation of excessive formation of radicals and activation of the lipid peroxidation system resulting in tissue damage. The significant increases in the concentration of antioxidant enzymes in tissues of animals treated with CCl(4) + EESL indicate the antioxidant effect of EESL. This study suggests that EESL can protect the liver against CCl(4)-induced oxidative damage in rats, and the hepatoprotective effect might be correlated with its antioxidant and radical-scavenging effects. PMID:21779578

134

The antifibrotic drug halofuginone reduces ischemia/reperfusion-induced oxidative renal damage in rats.  

AIM: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the protective effects of halofuginone against renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Wistar albino rats were unilaterally nephrectomized and the left renal pedicles were occluded for 45 min to induce ischemia and then reperfused for 6 h (early) or for 72 h (late). The rats were treated intraperitoneally with either halofuginone (100 ?g/kg/day) or saline 30 min prior to ischemia and the dose was repeated in the late reperfusion groups. In the sham groups, rats underwent unilateral nephrectomy and were treated at similar time points. The animals were decapitated at either 6 h or 72 h of reperfusion and trunk blood and kidney samples were obtained. RESULTS: I/R injury increased renal malondialdehyde levels, myeloperoxidase activity and reactive oxygen radical levels, and decreased the renal glutathione content. Halofuginone treatment was found to reduce oxidative I/R injury and improve renal function in the rat kidney, as evidenced by reduced generation of reactive oxygen species, depressed lipid peroxidation and myeloperoxidase activity, and increased glutathione levels. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings demonstrate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of halofuginone in renal I/R injury, supporting its potential use where renal I/R injury is inevitable. PMID:22373656

135

Effects of Chronic Grayanotoxin-I Administration on Hepatic and Renal Functions in Rats  

Effects of chronic grayanotoxin-I (GTX-I) administration have been investigated on hepatic and renal functions in rats. Fourtyfive 12-15 week old Swiss Albino male rats, weighing 170-300 g were housed at 23-25°C and fed with standard diet for a period of 3 months. The rats were divided into 3 groups of 15 animals each. Animals in group 1 received i.p. GTX-I at a dose of 0.075 mg/kg daily for 3 months. Group 2 received i.p. GTX-I at a dose of 0.15 mg/kg daily and control rats received i.p. saline solution (0.9%) only, for 3 months. At the end of the 3 month experimental duration, urine analysis (leukocytes, urobilinogen, protein, pH, blood, ketone, glucose, nitrites), was performed. Then the animals were sacrified and serum was obtained for the following determinations: the activities of glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), ?-glutamyl transferase (?-GT), isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (as a percentage of total LDH) and transferrin, ceruloplasmin, total protein concentrations. In addition histopathologic changes in liver, kidney and heart were examined. Findings of urine analysis showed that the chronic GTX-I administration produced proteinuria and hematuria and decrease in level of urine ketone bodies. It was also observed that there were increases in serum GPT and LDH4 activities, but decrease in serum total protein levels occured in a dose releated manner. There was no significant histopathologic alterations, detectable by light microscopy, in examined tissues.   

136

Flaxseed oil as a neuroprotective agent on lead acetate-induced monoamineric alterations and neurotoxicity in rats.  

Lead remains a considerable occupational and public health problem, which is known to cause a number of adverse effects in both man and animals. Here, the neuroprotective effect of flaxseed oil (1,000 mg/kg) on lead acetate (20 mg/kg) induced alternation in monoamines and brain oxidative stress was examined in rats. The levels of lead, dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT), lipid peroxidation, nitrite/nitrate (NO), and glutathione (GSH) were determined; also, the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase were estimated on different brain regions of adult male albino rats. The level of lead was markedly elevated in different brain regions of rats. This leads to enhancement of lipid peroxidation and NO production in brain with concomitant reduction in AChE activity and GSH level. In addition, the levels of DA, NE, and 5-HT were decreased in the brain. These findings were associated with BAX over expression. Treatment of rats with flaxseed oil induced a marked improvement in most of the studied parameters as well as the immunohistochemistry features. These data indicated that dietary flaxseed oil provide protection against lead-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxic effects. PMID:22395955

137

Effect of VMH Lesion on Sucrose-Fed Analgesia in Formalin Pain  

The ingestion of sucrose (ad libitum) produces an immediate analgesic response to phasic noxious stimuli. The underlying mechanism for the analgesic effect of sucrose is attributed to its palatability, which mediates analgesia probably by the release of ?-endorphin in the hypothalamus. The present study was designed to explore the role of ventromedial hypothalamus in the mediation of sucrose-fed analgesia. Adult male albino rats each received (20%) sucrose solution orally through a separate bottle until they had ingested 4–5 ml. Their behavioral responses to tonic noxious stimulus in a formalin test were studied in pre- and postsucrose-fed rats of control and in the VMH lesion groups . The average pain rating of a 60-min session significantly (p < 0.01) decreased after sucrose feeding in control rats, from 1.94 ± 0.13 to 1.45 ± 0.14, but sucrose feeding by the VMH lesion rats did not alter their tonic nociceptive response from a 1.70 ± 0.07 presucrose-fed state to a 1.71 ± 0.08 postsucrose-fed state. VMH lesion per se did not alter the nociceptive response in comparison with controls. The results suggest that sucrose feeding produces analgesia to tonic noxious stimulus, which is abolished by lesion of the VMH, thereby indicating a significant role of VMH in sucrose-fed analgesia.   

138

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Urtica pilulifera extracts in type2 diabetic rats.  

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: "Urtica pilulifera (U.P.) has been traditionally used in Egyptian system as an herbal remedy to be a diuretic, antiasthmatic, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, haemostatic, antidandruff and astringent" AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the potential effects of ethyl acetate (EA), chloroform (CHLOR) and hexane (HEXA) extracts of U.P. as oral anti-diabetic agents as well as to evaluate their possible anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in type2 diabetic rat model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Type2 diabetes was induced by a high fat diet and low dose streptozotocin (STZ). Diabetic adult male albino rats were allocated into groups and treated according to the following schedule; Pioglitazone HCL (PIO), EA, CHLOR and HEXA extracts of U.P. at two doses of 250 and 500mg/kg were used. In addition, a normal control group and a diabetic control one were used for comparison. Blood glucose, insulin resistance, antioxidant enzymes, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) as well as C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor-? levels were evaluated. RESULTS: EA and CHLOR extracts of U.P. exhibited a significant hypoglycemia associated with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in diabetic rats; however HEXA extract showed no beneficial effect. These activities are responsible, at least partly, for improvements that have been seen in hyperglycemia and insulin resistance of diabetic rats. CONCLUSION: Our results encourage the traditional use of U.P. extract as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent as an additional therapy of diabetes. PMID:23159471

139

Alguns eventos morfológicos do processo de reparo de falha óssea diafisária no rádio esquerdo de ratos tratados com fenobarbital/ Some morphological events of the healing of diaphisary bone failure in the left radius of rats under phenobarbital treatment  

Abstract in portuguese O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar os efeitos morfológicos do tratamento prolongado com fenobarbital, na consolidação de falha óssea diafisária, induzida no rádio esquerdo de rato. Ratos machos albinos da linhagem Wistar, com 40 dias de idade, foram divididos em dois grupos. O grupo experimental foi tratado com fenobarbital (Gardenal®) na dose de 105 mg/kg de peso corpóreo, por via subcutânea, no período de até 90 dias. O grupo controle foi tratado, de mo (more) do similar, com solução de NaCl 0,9%. No 30º dia de tratamento, os animais foram submetidos a cirurgia para produção de falha óssea diafisária de 2 mm, no rádio esquerdo. Após 20, 40 e 60 dias de cirurgia, os ratos foram sacrificados por inalação de éter etílico, e o rádio esquerdo foi coletado, fixado e processado para rotina histológica de microscopia óptica com análises morfométricas. As falhas ósseas diafisárias dos ratos experimentais mostravam menor fração de volume de tecido ósseo neoformado, comparativamente com as falhas ósseas diafisárias dos ratos controle. Os resultados observados foram indicativos de que o tratamento prolongado com fenobarbital inibe a osteogênese em osso longo, retardando o processo de reparo de falha óssea diafisária em rato. Abstract in english The aim of this report was to investigate in the albino rat the morphological effects of prolonged treatment with phenobarbital on the repair of induced diaphysary bone failure of the left radius. Forty-day-old experimental male rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus) were treated daily with subcutaneous dose of 105 mg/kg weight of phenobarbital (Gardenal, Rhodia®), for 50, 70 and 90 days of treatment. A control group was treated daily with 0.9% NaCl isotonic solution for the s (more) ame periods, similar to the experimental rats. On the 30th day of treatments a 2 mm diaphysary bone failure was surgically made in the left radius of the rats of the both groups. The left radius was collected post-mortem on 20th, 40th and 60th days after the surgeries and was processed histologically for light microscope studies, with emphasis to morphometric analyses. The diaphysary bone failures of experimental rats showed a lesser volumetric range of renewed osseus tissue, when compared to the osseous tissue regeneration presented in diaphysary bone failures of control rats. The results allowed to conclude that phenobarbital prolonged treatment inhibits the osteogenesis in long bones, retarding the process of diaphysary bone failure repair in rat.

140

Effect of Terminalia catappa on lipid profile in transplanted fibrosarcoma in rats  

To evaluate the effect of an antitumor activity of Terminalia catappa on lipid lowering activity in transplanted fibrosarcoma in Wistar albino rats. Methylcholantherene–induced fibrosarcoma was transplanted in rats. After 30th day when tumor became palpable, started the treatment of ethanolic extrac...

 
 
 
 
141

Antimoniosis: a particular form of pneumoconiosis. II. Experimental investigation.  

In a pilot experiment 0.5 ml of antimony oxide (Sb2O3 and Sb2O5) dust was injected intraperitoneally and endotracheally in two groups of "Wistar" type female albino rats. After two months, the rats were sacrificed and microtome slices were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and PAS. Morphology investigation revealed changes of pneumoconiosis of a noncollagenous nature. PMID:6862643

142

Toxicological Effects of Cypermethrin on Female Albino Rats  

A study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of cypermethrin on reproduction of female albino rats. The experimental rats were fed cypermethrin at 50 mg/kg b. wt. continuously for a period of 2 and 4 weeks. Feed and water intake was also noted daily for control, vehicle treated and cypermethrin-tr...

143

COMPENSATORY HYPERTROPHY OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX  

1. Removal of one adrenal in the albino rat is followed by hypertrophy of the remaining gland. In the case of female rats 90 days of age this compensatory hypertrophy amounted to 61 per cent. 2. The increase in size of the whole gland is due entirely to hypertrophy of the cortex. This increase in c...

144

Effect of royal jelly on experimental colitis induced by acetic acid and alteration of mast cell distribution in the colon of rats  

This study investigated the effects of royal jelly (RJ) on acetic acid-induced colitis in rats. Twenty adult female Wistar albino rats were divided into four treatment groups of 5 animals each, including a control group (Group I); Group II was treated orally with RJ (150 mg kg?1 body weight); Group ...

145

Clomiphene citrate potentiates the adverse effects of estrogen on rat testis and down-regulates the expression of steroidogenic enzyme genes.  

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the antiestrogenic effect of clomiphene citrate (CC) in male rats estrogenized with estradiol-3-benzoate (EB). DESIGN: Prospective experimental study. SETTING: Laboratory. ANIMALS: Adult male albino rats (Holtzman strain). INTERVENTION(S): CC was given alone or in combination with EB. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Testicular function and steroidogenic enzyme gene expression were evaluated in control versus treated groups. RESULT(S): EB after 30 days of treatment induced a rise in TUNEL-positive germ cells adversely affecting spermatogenesis with complete absence of elongated spermatids or sperms. CC alone had only a moderate effect. In contrast, CC+EB synergistically inflicted more adverse effects as apoptotic germ cells per tubule rose further. Significant down-regulation in expression of testicular steroidogenic enzyme genes StAR, p450scc, 3?-HSD, and p450c17 was observed. In the EB-alone group, aromatase gene expression in the testis was up-regulated but reversed in brain and liver tissues. CC alone had little modulatory effect on aromatase expression. On the other hand, CC+EB countered the EB-induced rise of aromatase expression in the testis. CONCLUSION(S): The above findings indicate that CC in the presence of estrogen synergistically potentiates more adverse effects in testis, inhibiting expression of upstream steroidogenic enzyme genes and leading to disruption of steroidogenesis. PMID:22999797

146

Effect of manganese deficiency on wound healing glycosaminoglycans  

Manganese deficiency has been shown to depress proteglycan biosynthesis in the bone matrix in several species. Since the process of wound healing involves increased glycosaminoglycan (GAG) biosynthesis, the authors have made studies of the biosynthesis of GAGS in a wound healing model used in rats fed a diet deficient in manganese. Twelve female albino rats, 22-25 days old were divided into two groups of 6 each. One group was fed the manganese deficient diet; the second group was fed Purina Rodent diet. At maturation these females were mated with males on the Purina diet. Females were maintained on the same respective diets during gestation, delivery and lactation. From the offspring at weaning time, 12 males and 12 females were selected from each diet group. These animals were continued on the respective diets of their dams for 120 days. Each animals was then implanted with an acrylic wound healing cylinder. After 14 days each was injected with 20 microcuies of 1-{sup 14}C-glucosamine. After 24 hours, the cylinders were removed and tissue stripped from the inside of the cylinders. GAGS were separated by cellulose acetate electrophoresis and the radioactivity associated with each fraction determined. Weights of the tissue from the deficient group were significantly decreased. Chondroitin-4-sulfate and the radioactivity associated with this fraction were also decreased in the deficient group.

147

Variable E-Cadherin Expression in a MNU-Induced Colon Tumor Model in Rats Which Exposed with 50 Hz Frequency Sinusoidal Magnetic Field  

Inactivation of the E-cadherin system by multiple mechanisms, including both genetic and epigenetic events, plays a significant role in multistage carcinogenesis. We have investigated the effects of sinusoidal electromagnetic fields (SMF) on E-cadherin expression in an MNU (N-methyl-N-nitrosurea)-induced colon tumor model. Male wistar albino rats were used for the study. The rats were classified into four groups: I (MNU), II (SMF+MNU), III (SMF) and IV (control). After administered at MNU in 1st and 2nd groups, 2nd and 3rd groups were exposed to a sinusoidal magnetic field (SMF, 50Hz, 5mT) for 6 hours/day for 8 months. The expression of E-cadherin were examined in four groups of rat colon tissues by immunohistochemistry on paraffin sections. For inmunohistochemical analysis, the labeled streptavidin biotin method was performed using a Vectastain Universal Quick Kit with microwave accentuation. Fisher’s exact test was used for statistical analysis between proportions. Immunohistochemical studies of E-cadherin expression in this model demonstrated significant differences for cytoplasmic expression pattern. These results suggest that the electromagnetic fields result in significant alterations in cell adhesion mechanisms. This study has implications for understanding the role of fields in cell detachment in cancer metastasis. Further work is required to determine the relative effect of the magnetic fields on these phenomena.   

148

A comparative study on aphrodisiac activity of some ayurvedic herbs in male albino rats.  

The roots of Asparagus racemosus, Chlorophytum borivilianum, and rhizomes of Curculigo orchioides are popular for their aphrodisiac and immunostimulatory properties. The herbs have been traditionally used as Vajikaran Rasayana herbs because of their putative positive influence on sexual performance in humans. Lyophilized aqueous extracts obtained from the roots of A. racemosus, C. borivilianum, and rhizomes of C. orchioides were studied for sexual behavior effects in male albino rats and compared with untreated control group animals (total N = 60). The rats were evaluated for effect of treatments on anabolic effect. Seven measures of sexual behavior were evaluated. Administration of 200 mg/kg body weight of the aqueous extracts had pronounced anabolic effect in treated animals as evidenced by weight gains in the body and reproductive organs. There was a significant variation in the sexual behavior of animals as reflected by reduction of mount latency, ejaculation latency, post ejaculatory latency, intromission latency, and an increase of mount frequency. Penile erection (indicated by Penile Erection Index) was also considerably enhanced. Reduced hesitation time (an indicator of attraction towards female in treated rats) also indicated an improvement in sexual behavior of extract treated animals. The observed effects appear to be attributable to the testosterone-like effects of the extracts. Nitric oxide based intervention may also be involved as observable from the improved penile erection. The present results, therefore, support the folklore claim for the usefulness of these herbs and provide a scientific basis for their purported traditional usage. PMID:19139984

149

Protective effects of quercetin on testicular torsion/detorsion-induced ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rats.  

The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of quercetin (QE) on testicular torsion/detorsion-induced ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. A total of 24 male Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups: control, I/R and I/R treated with QE; each group contain eight animals. Testicular torsion was created by rotating the left testis 720° in a clockwise direction. The ischaemia period was 5 h and orchiectomy was performed after 5 h of detorsion. QE (15 mg kg(-1) , i.p.) was administered only once, 40 min prior to detorsion. Left orchiectomy was performed in all I/R groups. To date, no histopathological changes on testicular torsion/detorsion-induced I/R injury in rats by QE treatment have been reported. Spermatogenesis and mean seminiferous tubule diameter were significantly decreased in I/R groups were compared with the control group. Furthermore, QE treated animals showed an improved histological appearance in I/R group. Our data indicate a significant reduction in the activity of TUNEL, endothelial nitric oxide synthase and a rise in the expression of testosterone in testes tissue of I/R treated with QE therapy. We believe that further preclinical research into the utility of QE may indicate its usefulness as a potential treatment on testes injury after I/R in rats. PMID:21105888

150

Lithium Induced Toxicity in Rats: A Hematological, Biochemical and Histopathological Study  

Lithium (Li+) salts are commonly used in treating bipolar diseases. As physicians frequently keep the patients on long-term lithium therapy, awareness of the numerous side effects and pathogenesis of this lightest alkali metal is needed for such treatments. The current study was designed to evaluate the toxic effect of small doses of lithium nitrate in rats. In the present study we showed that the oral gavage feeding of lithium nitrate (20 mg Li/kg body wt) for 7 weeks on every alternate day to male albino wistar rats elicited a significant alterations in gross hematological values owing to hypochromic anemia and leucocytosis. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and clotting time depicted higher values and animals exhibited icteric condition. Serum levels of hexose, cholesterol and blood urea elevated; however, proteins depleted markedly. A significant increase in serum calcium and phosphorus has also been registered in lithium salt treated animals. The enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase (Alpase) and acid phosphatase (Acpase) diminished depicting the disturbed general physiological status while there was a marked rise in the activities of transaminases (GOT and GPT) reflecting a stimulating transamination reaction in hepatic and renal tissues. The histopathological picture of the kidney tissues revealed many deformative alterations. Necrosis, binucleated cells and Kuffer's cells are visible in renal tissue. The epithelium lining of renal tissue was damaged and there were also some marked changes in glomerular region apart from intracellular alterations in corticomedulary region. The results of present study suggest that small doses of lithium induce toxicity in rats.   

151

Influence of dihydroergotoxine, bromocriptine, and ergotamine on penile erection in wistar rats.  

The pilot study presented was conducted to determine as to whether ergot alkaloids (alpha-adrenergic blockers) have a potential effect on penile erectile function. The influence of dihydroergotoxine, bromocriptine, and ergotamine was studied on the erection ability in intact, two-grade outbred male Wistar albino rats that were out of their estrous phase. The experimental animals were injected intrapenially with the substances under examination: dihydroergotoxine mesylate (0.1 mg/0.1 mL, 0.3 mg/0.1 mL, and 1 mg/0.1 mL), bromocriptine mesylate (0.3 mg/0.1 mL, 1 mg/0.1 mL, and 3 mg/0.1 mL), and ergotamine tartrate (0.1 mg/0.1 mL, 0.3 mg/0.1 mL, and 1mg/0.1 mL). Every dose was tested on a pattern of 30 rats. These mentioned substances were injected in the amount of 1 mm to the left of the proximal part of the superficial dorsal vein of the penis, in the region of the penis root. After injection, the animals were then observed within the next 90 minutes. In the trial, the following was observed: the number of rats with an erection achieved, the period of time from intrapenial application to the appearance of the first erection, and the duration of the erection. Ultimately, the research results confirm the efficiency of dihydroergotoxine and bromocriptine as erectogenic agents, as well as ergotamine as a detumescent compared with saline solutions. PMID:22441761

152

Sucrose ingestion causes opioid analgesia  

Abstract in english The intake of saccharin solutions for relatively long periods of time causes analgesia in rats, as measured in the hot-plate test, an experimental procedure involving supraspinal components. In order to investigate the effects of sweet substance intake on pain modulation using a different model, male albino Wistar rats weighing 180-200 g received either tap water or sucrose solutions (250 g/l) for 1 day or 14 days as their only source of liquid. Each rat consumed an avera (more) ge of 15.6 g sucrose/day. Their tail withdrawal latencies in the tail-flick test (probably a spinal reflex) were measured immediately before and after this treatment. An analgesia index was calculated from the withdrawal latencies before and after treatment. The indexes (mean ± SEM, N = 12) for the groups receiving tap water for 1 day or 14 days, and sucrose solution for 1 day or 14 days were 0.09 ± 0.04, 0.10 ± 0.05, 0.15 ± 0.08 and 0.49 ± 0.07, respectively. One-way ANOVA indicated a significant difference (F(3,47) = 9.521, P

153

Hypoglycemic Effect of Aqueous Shallot and Garlic Extracts in Rats with Fructose-Induced Insulin Resistance  

The present study has been carried out to investigate the effect of aqueous extract of shallot (Allium ascalonicum) and garlic (Allium satium) on the fasting insulin resistance index (FIRI) and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) of fructose-induced insulin resistance rats. Male albino Wistar rats were fed either normal or high-fructose diet for a period of eight weeks. Fasting blood glucose level, fasting blood triglyceride level, FIRI, and the area under the glucose tolerance curve were significantly elevated in fructose-fed animals. Fructose-induced insulin resistance rats treated by aqueous shallot or garlic extract (500 mg/kg body weight/day, i.p.) for duration of eight weeks. Control animals only received normal saline (0.9%). The results showed that neither shallot nor garlic extracts significantly altered the FIRI and the IPGTT at the fourth week after treatment. The fasting blood glucose in fructose-induced insulin resistance animals has been significantly decreased in 8-week treated animals by both shallot and garlic extracts. Shallot extract administration, but not garlic extract, for a period of eight weeks can significantly improve the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance and diminish the FIRI. These results indicate that shallot and garlic extracts have a hypoglycemic influence on the fructose-induced insulin resistance animals and aqueous shallot extract is a stronger hypoglycemic agent than the garlic extract.   

154

Subchronic toxicity studies of the antidiabetic herbal preparation ADD-199 in the rat: absence of organ toxicity and modulation of cytochrome P450.  

The subchronic toxicity of the aqueous antidiabetic herbal extract ADD-199, prepared from Maytenus senegalensis, Annona senegalensis, Kigelia africana and Lanneawelwitschii, and administered at a daily dose of 100 or 500 mg/kg body weight over 30 days, was investigated in male Wistar albino rats. Certain haematological, urine and plasma biochemical parameters, and modulation of some hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes were measured as indices of organ specific toxicity or potential for drug interactions. ADD-199 did not affect plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and albumin or creatinine kinase (CK) levels. It also did not affect plasma creatinine and urea levels. Furthermore, ADD-199 neither affected PCV nor blood Hb, RBC, reticulocytes, platelets, lymphocytes and granulocyte levels. It, however, caused significant dose-dependent reductions in WBC counts at day 15 with varying degrees of recovery by day 30. It also reduced the rate of body weight increases after week 3. However, no changes were observed in organ weights at termination. ADD-199 did not significantly affect zoxazolamine-induced paralysis and pentobarbital-induced sleeping times as well as certain CYP isozyme activities in rats. These findings suggest that ADD-199 had no overt organ specific toxicity and did not demonstrate a potential for drug interactions via CYP-mediated metabolism in the rat on subchronic administration. PMID:15707772

155

Effect of Costus igneus stem extract on calcium oxalate urolithiasis in albino rats.  

The effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Costus igneus (stem) and isolated compounds lupeol and stigmasterol on calcium oxalate urolithiasis have been studied in male albino Wistar rats. Ethylene glycol feeding resulted in hyperoxaluria as well as increased renal excretion of calcium and oxalate. The increased deposition of stone-forming constituents in the urine, serum, and kidney homogenate of urolithic rats was significantly (p calcium oxalate crystal deposition in the kidney was significantly greater in ethylene glycol-induced urolithic rats. After administration of aqueous and ethanolic extract of C. igneus, the deposition of calcium and oxalate was significantly lowered. Treatment with lupeol and stigmasterol significantly reduced the deposition of calcium and oxalate in the kidney, and also in the blood serum; the lipid profile serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels at 50 and 100 mg/kg were significantly (p calcium oxalate urinary stone. Lupeol and stigmasterol were identified from the stem of C. igneus by high-performance thin layer chromatography technique. The isolated compounds were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and (13)C NMR spectra. PMID:22298189

156

Inhibition of calcium oxalate crystal deposition on kidneys of urolithiatic rats by Hibiscus sabdariffa L. extract.  

The present study aims at systematic evaluation of the calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa to establish its scientific validity for anti-urolithiatic property using ethylene glycol-induced hyperoxaluria model in male albino rats. Administration of a mixture of 0.75% ethylene glycol and 2% ammonium chloride resulted in hyperoxaluria as well as increased renal excretion of calcium and phosphate. The decrease in the serum calcium concentration indicates an increased calcium oxalate formation. Supplementation of aqueous extract of H. sabdariffa at different doses (250, 500 and 750 mg/kg body weight) significantly lowered the deposition of stone-forming constituents in the kidneys and serum of urolithiatic rats. These findings have been confirmed through histological investigations. Results of in vivo genotoxicity testing showed no significant chromosomal aberrations in the bone marrow cells of ethylene glycol-induced rats. The plant extracts at the doses investigated induced neither toxic nor lethal effects and are safe. It can be concluded that the calyces of H. sabdariffa are endowed with anti-urolithiatic activity and do not have genotoxic effects. Thus, it can be introduced in clinical practices and medicine in the form of orally administered syrup after further investigations and clinical trials. PMID:22057204

157

Effects of ocreotide on intestinal mucosa in rats with portal hypertensive enteropathy.  

To clarify the effects of long-term ocreotide (a long-acting somatostatin analogue) treatment on mucosal changes in a rat model of portal hypertensive enteropathy, groups of male Swiss albino rats (n=15 each) were randomly assigned to one of three treatment arms. These were: sham laparotomy+twice daily subcutaneous saline 0.5 mL (Group 1); portal hypertension induction+twice daily subcutaneous saline 0.5 mL (Group 2); and portal hypertension induction+subcutaneous ocreotide 100 microg/kg/12h (Group 3). After 12 weeks of treatment, jejunal and ileal tissue specimens were obtained and evaluated histopathologically (villus/crypt ratio, mean diameter of dilated vessels, mucosal edema, and fibromuscular proliferation in the lamina propria) and immunohistochemically (vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), von Willebrand factor (F8), and cluster of differentiation 34 (CD34) labelling). In jejunal specimens, the villus/crypt ratio was markedly lower in Group 2 (2.38+/-0.46 microm) than in Group 1 (5.07+/-2.25 microm) or Group 3 (4.97+/-2.19 microm); mean diameter of dilated vessels was markedly higher in Group 2 (43.30+/-5.71 microm) than in Group 1 (33.53+/-4.00 microm) or Group 3 (36.76+/-3.96 microm); mucosal edema and fibromuscular proliferation were universally absent in Group 1 when compared with the other groups. There were statistically significant differences (pocreotide treatment ameliorates histomorphological changes in a rat model of portal hypertensive enteropathy. PMID:18554688

158

Radiolabeling of morphine with (131)i and its biodistribution in rats.  

This study was conducted to determine the possible radiopharmaceutical potential of morphin labeled with (131)I. Morphine was extracted from dry capsules of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.), purified by high-performance liquid chromatography, and characterized with nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy. The purified compound was labeled with (131)I. Male Albino Wistar rats (18) were used for receptor blockage and unblockage biodistribution studies. Tissue distribution studies showed that radiolabeled morphine had higher uptake in lung, liver, small intestines, large intestines, and stomach than the other tissues. The highest uptake of radiolabeled compounds in rats' brain was found to be in the midbrain and hypothalamus. After receptor blockage with morphine, uptake of (131)I-morphine decreased in the lungs, liver, kidney, testis, prostate, spinal cord, cerebellum, hippocampus, striatum, and temporal cortex with respect to receptor unblockage studies of rats. This study concludes that the labeling yield of (131)I-morphine was high, high amount of (131)I-morphine was found in the hypothalamus, and (131)I-morphine has enough stability for diagnostic scanning. PMID:20707720

159

Effects of Analogues of Hydra Peptide Morphogen on DNA Synthesis in the Myocardium of Newborn Albino Rats  

DNA-synthetic activity of myocardial cells was studied by 3H-thymidine autoradiography in newborn albino rats after intraperitoneal injection of hydra peptide morphogen and its analogues. Administration of hydra peptide morphogen stimulated proliferative activity in the myocardium. Short analogues of hydra peptide morphogen, 6C and 3C peptides, produced a similar effect. Administration of arginine-containing analogue of hydra peptide morphogen significantly reduced the number of DNA-synthesizing nuclei in the ventricular myocardium of newborn albino rats. The role of the structure of the peptide molecule in the realization of the morphogenetic effects of hydra peptide morphogen is discussed.

160

Morphological Characteristics and Haematological Studies in Wistar Rats Subjected to Prolonged Treatment of Chloramphenicol/ Características Morfológicas y Estudios Hematológicos en Ratas Wistar Sometidas a un Tratamiento Prolongado con Cloranfenicol  

Abstract in spanish Fueron estudiadas las características morfológicas y hematológicas de 15 ratas albinas Wistar, macho, entre 12 y 14 semanas y con un peso corporal de 150 - 180g. Las ratas fueron alimentadas con pellet preparado comercialmente y con agua fresca ad libitum. Las ratas fueron divididas en tres grupos de 5 ejemplares cada uno. El Grupo A sirvió como control; Grupo B fue tratado con cloranfenicol en dosis de 25mg/kg de peso corporal durante 20 días, mientras que el Grupo (more) C recibió este tratamiento durante 25 días. El esperma utilizado en este estudio se obtuvo desde la cauda del epidídimo, donde las aberraciones morfológicas fueron determinadas a partir del conteo de espermatozoides, después de ser teñidos con la tinción de Wells y Awa. Los resultados del espermiograma puso de manifiesto que el volumen fue disminuyendo a medida que la dosis de cloranfenicol aumentaba. El porcentaje de motilidad en el grupo A (89,0 ± 2,45%), fue diferente significativamente (p Abstract in english The morphological characteristics and haematological studies were studied in fifteen male albino rats (Wistar Strain) aged between 12 and 14 weeks and with a body weight of 150- 180g. The rats were allowed to feed on commercially prepared rat pellet and provided with fresh water ad libitum. The rats were divided into three groups; the rats were in groups A, B and C of 5 rats each. Group A served as control of the study; Group B was treated with Chloramphenicol at the dose (more) rate of 25mg/kg body weight per os for 20 days; while Group C was treated for 25 days. Semen used in this study was obtained from the caudal epididymides while morphological aberrations were determined from spermatozoa counted after stained with Wells and Awa stain. Results of the spermiogram showed that the volume was decreasing as the prolonged dosage of chloramphenicol increases. The percentage motility in Group A (89.0 + 2.45%), differed significantly (p

 
 
 
 
161

In vivo biological evaluation of {sup 131}I radiolabeled-paclitaxel glucuronide ({sup 131}I-PAC-G)  

Paclitaxel (PAC) is a natural occurring diterpene alkoloid originally isolated from the bark of Taxus Brevifolia. It is one of the most important antitumor agents for clinical treatment of ovarian, breast non-small cell lung and prostate cancers. It is known that these types of cancer cells have high {beta}-glucuronidase enzyme which can catalyze the hydrolysis of glucuronides. This is why the synthesis compounds which undergo glucuronidation come into question in the imaging and therapy of these cancer cells. The aim of current study is conjugation of glucuronic acid (G) to the starting substance PAC, labeling with {sup 131}I and to perform its in vivo biological evaluation. Glucuronic acid derived paclitaxel compound [paclitaxel-glucuronide (PAC-G)] was labeled with {sup 131}I using iodogen method. According to thin layer radio chromatography (TLRC) method, the radiochemical yield of {sup 131}I-PAC-G was 84.30 {+-} 7.40% (n=10). The biodistribution of {sup 131}I-PAC-G in healthy female and male Wistar Albino rats has been investigated. Imaging studies on male Balb-C mice were performed by using the Kodak FX PRO in vivo Imaging System. The range of the breast/blood, breast/muscle; ovary/blood, ovary/muscle ratios is approximately between 1.29 and 11.34 in 240 min, and between 0.71 and 8.24 in 240 min for female rats. The prostate/blood and prostate/muscle ratio is between 1.94 and 6.95 in 30 min for male rats. All these experimental studies indicate that {sup 131}I-PAC-G may potentially be used in breast, ovary and prostate tissues as an imaging agent. Also it is thought that {sup 131}I-PAC-G bears a therapy potential because of the {sup 131}I radionuclide and can be improved with further investigations. (orig.)

162

Safety Evaluation of Alcoholic Extract of Boswellia ovalifoliolata Stem-bark in Rats.  

The safety profile of alcoholic extract of stem-bark of B. ovalifoliolata was investigated in male Wistar albino rats as per OECD guidelines 407. A total of 24 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups of six rats each. Group 1 served as control and was given 0.3% carboxymethylcellulose, groups 2, 3 and 4 were given alcoholic extract of B. ovalifoliolata @ 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg respectively in 0.3% carboxymethylcellulose orally for 28 days. The animals were observed daily for clinical signs, mortality, physiological and behavioral changes. Body weights were measured at weekly intervals and various hematological parameters like Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC and serum biochemical profile which included AST, ALT, creatine phosphokinase, creatinine, total protein and antioxidant parameters like TBARS and GSH in liver were estimated at the end of experimental period. There were no clinical signs of abnormality. The weekly body weights, organ weights and hematological parameters did not vary significantly amongst the groups. The mean activity of AST, ALT and CPK, and the concentration of serum creatinine, total protein, TBARS and GSH did not differ significantly among the groups. Histological abnormalities of toxicological significance were not detected in groups 2 and 3. However, mild histopathological alterations were observed in higher dose group 4. In conclusion, the present study revealed that the alcoholic extract of stem-bark of B. ovalifoliolata is safe at lower doses of 100 and 500 mg/kg. Hence, alcoholic extract of stem bark of B. ovalifoliolata is safe and no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) is found to be 500 mg/kg following repeated oral administration for 28 days in rats. PMID:22778507

163

Thirteen-week oral toxicity study of carotenoid pigment from Rhodotorula glutinis DFR-PDY in rats.  

Carotenoids from some of the coloured yeasts like Rhodotorula, Phaffia rhodozyma have attracted commercial interest as a natural pigment for foods. Red yeast isolated from contaminated Potato dextrose agar plate (PDA), designated as Rhodotorula glutinis DFR-PDY has been found to produce carotenoids. In the present study toxicological evaluation of carotenoid pigment has been reported. Experiment was conducted on 3 groups of albino rats. One group with vehicle control (palm oil) and 2 groups with two different doses of red yeast pigment (lower and higher dose) were fed to rats (both male and female) by gavages for 13 weeks. Gain in body weight of rats and food consumption were monitored at regular intervals. Hematological studies revealed that there is no much difference in erythrocytes, packed cell volume, Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), platelets and differential counts. Total leucocyte count (TLC) is less in case of higher dose group than the lower and control groups. Whereas, hemoglobin is more in case of higher dose than the lower dose group and least in control group. Even clinico-chemical parameters and urine analysis of vehicle control group and pigment fed rats revealed that there were no major differences between them as well as between two different genders of rats and also interaction between different doses and the genders. Histopathology of these experimental animals revealed that there are no major histological changes found between the groups. It may be concluded that the whole pigment extract from R. glutinis DFR-PDY may be used safely in food preparations as food colourant with an added benefit of antioxidant activity. PMID:23140023

164

Effect of galangin supplementation on oxidative damage and inflammatory changes in fructose-fed rat liver.  

The study examined the effects of galangin (GA) on oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokine levels and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-?B) activation in fructose-fed rat liver. Adult male albino Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups. Groups 1 and 4 received the control diet containing starch as the source of carbohydrate while groups 2 and 3 were fed a diet containing fructose. Groups 3 and 4 additionally received GA (100?g/kg, p.o) from the 15th day. At the end of 60 days, the levels of plasma glucose, insulin and triglycerides, insulin sensitivity indices and oxidative stress markers in the liver were determined. Cytokines of interest were assayed by ELISA and RT-PCR and NF-?B p65 nuclear translocation by Western blot and RT-PCR. Compared to control diet-fed animals, fructose-fed animals developed hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia and insulin resistance (IR) (all p<0.01). GA prevented the rise in plasma glucose, insulin and triglycerides and improved insulin sensitivity. Tumor necrosis factor-? (TNF-?) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in plasma and the mRNA and protein levels of TNF-? and transforming growth factor-?1(TGF-?(1)) in liver were significantly higher in fructose-fed rats than control rats. However, treatment with GA downregulated the expression of these cytokines. Translocation of NF-?B into the nucleus was also increased in fructose diet-fed animals, which was prevented by GA. These results suggest that GA prevents oxidative damage and has a downregulatory effect on the inflammatory pathway in liver of fructose-fed rats. PMID:21708140

165

Use of radiolabeled acetate to evaluate the rate of clearance of cerebral oxidative metabolites  

Radiolabel derived from glucose (GLC) has been shown to have different cerebral retention kinetics than radiolabel derived from deoxyglucose (DG). In particular, activated structures with high metabolic rates have more rapid loss of GLC-derived radiolabel than DG-derived radiolabel. Because GLC-derived radiolabel can be lost from the brain glycolytically through lactate or oxidatively through CO{sub 2}, the cause of the difference between GLC and FDG is uncertain. We investigated the isolated oxidative pathway using radiolabeled acetate, which is only metabolized through the Krebs cycle. Male albino rats were anesthetized with halothane and femoral vein and artery catheters were placed. The rats were allowed to awaken for two hours prior to the studies. 100 uCi of {sup 14}C-acetate was administered as a 30 second IV infusion to each rat. Arterial samples were obtained at regular intervals. Groups of rats were killed at 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 minutes. Brains were rapidly removed, sectioned, and used to produce autoradiograms. The extracted and retained radiolabel was calculated as the brain concentration at time of death divided by the integral of the arterial tracer concentration. No detectable loss of radiolabel was found over the initial 10 minutes. Thereafter the rate of loss gradually increased reaching a maximum of 1.2% per minute by 60 minutes. This corresponds to a k4 rate constant of 0.012 min{sup -1}. The rate of loss of oxidative metabolites from rat brain was found to be very slow. This probably results from exchange of radiolabel with amino acid pools as the tracer is metabolized through the Krebs cycle. Therefore in conditions were glycolysis is increased out of proportion to oxidation and cerebral lactate concentration rises, radiolabel loss through lactate efflux can be a substantial fraction of overall loss.

166

Inhibition of endogenous CO by ZnPP protects against stress-induced gastric lesion in adult male albino rats.  

Carbon monoxide (CO) has been found to be produced in every living cell in a biochemical reaction catalyzed by heme-oxygenase (HO) enzyme which degrades heme into biliverdin, CO, and iron. Endogenous CO is not a waste product, but acts as a chemical messenger mediating and modulating many intracellular biochemical reactions that regulate physiological functions. This study was designed to investigate the effect of inhibition of endogenous CO production by zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP), an HO inhibitor, on the gastric secretion and ulceration induced by cold-restraint stress (CRS) in adult male albino rats. Rats were pylorically ligated and divided randomly into the following groups (six rats each): control, ZnPP treated (50 ?mol/kg/day, s.c. for 10 days), CRS, and stressed ZnPP treated groups. Blood samples were collected from the retro-orbital sinus of anesthetized rats for determination of CO concentration. We found that ZnPP pretreatment significantly decreased HO-1 level, CO level, and volume of gastric juice as compared to the control non-stressed rats. In the present study, ZnPP pretreatment proved to be protective against development of ulcerative lesions in CRS model as evidenced by reduction of the ulcer index, and this could be mediated through reduction of free and total acidity of gastric secretion and decreased lipid peroxidation but with significantly decreased gastric protective nitric oxide and prostaglandin E(2) levels. In conclusion and according to our results, the protective effect of ZnPP on CRS-induced gastric ulcers despite of inhibition of endogenous CO could be attributed to the presence of zinc which is known to have a protective anti-ulcer effect. PMID:22247033

167

Effects of the leaf decoction of Momordica charantia (bitter melon) on Mitochondrial Membrane Permeability Transition Pore (MMPTP) and fertility in normal male albino rats.  

Momordica charantia (M. charantia), a medicinal plant of the family, Cucurbitaceae, is used in treating an array of ailments including diabetes, heamorrhoids, fevers and various cancers. Programmed cell death may be modulated by an intrinsic pathway involving the release of cytochrome C when the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition (MMPTP) pore is opened. Opening of MMPT pore was assayed using the method of Lapidus and Sokolove. The results obtained revealed that there was a dose-dependent and significant increase in the opening of the MMPT pore in rats orally administered the decoction with maximum induction (11-fold increase) at 55mg/100g body weight (bw), although the extent of opening of the pore was reduced at 65mg/100g bw (9-fold increase). An assessment of the blood parameters of animals orally exposed to the decoction showed significant decrease (pcharantia in albino rats and may therefore pose some danger to humans especially in regard to male fertility in individuals who rely on oral administration of the decoction in treating various ailments. PMID:22416644

168

Effect of a plant origin drug on the biodistribution of 99mTc-DTPA in Wistar albino rats  

Abstract in english In recent years all over the world, medicinal plants are used quite a lot but side effects of biological and chemical contents and radiopharmaceutical interactions for each consumer in question aren't entirely well-known. The studies of plant origin drug interaction with radiopharmaceuticals are highly relevant and desired. One of them is passiflora syrup (Passiflora incarnata L., Passifloraceae) which is widely used for depression, insomnia, anxiety and menopause period. (more) The aim of current study is to evaluate possible effects of passiflora syrup on the biodistribution of 99mTc-DTPA and its blood cells uptake. DTPA was labeled with 99mTc radionuclide. Biodistribution studies were performed on male Wistar albino rats which were treated via oral feeding-gavage-method with either passiflora syrup or 0.9 % NaCl as control group for ten days. Blood samples were obtained by cardiac blood withdrawal from the rats and they were radiolabeled. The biodistribution results showed that the passiflora syrup decreased the uptake of 99mTc-DTPA in kidneys and in blood cells. 99mTc-DTPA being used widely as a kidney diagnostic agent in nuclear medicine seems to be interacting with orally taken passiflora. Passiflora syrup may modify the uptake of 99mTc-DTPA by kidney. The knowledge of this negative effect may contribute to reduce the risk of misdiagnosis and/or repetition of the examinations in nuclear medicine.

169

Can methanolic extract of Nigella sativa seed affect glyco-regulatory enzymes in experimental hepatocellular carcinoma?  

BACKGROUND AND AIM: To investigate the possible modulating role of "Nigella sativa" (NS), a plant commonly used in Egyptian traditional medicine, on premalignant perturbations in three glycol-regulatory enzymes in an experimental rat model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: Thirty-six (36) male albino rats were divided into four groups (n = 9). Group 1 served as a normal control, group 2 was treated with methanolic extract of Nigella sativa (MENS) (1 g/kg/day, orally) for 14 weeks, group 3 received a single intraperitoneal dose of diethyl nitrosamine (DENA) (200 mg/kg), followed 2 weeks later by a subcutaneous injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4), 3 ml/kg/week/6 weeks) and group IV was treated with MENS for 2 weeks prior to administration of the carcinogenic combination (DENA + CCl(4), as in group 3) until the end of the experiment. The total period of the experiment was 14 weeks. RESULTS: In the DENA + CCl(4)-treated group, there was a significant increase in the relative liver weight, serum alpha fetoprotein level and the activities of hexokinase, glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase and glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase in both the serum and liver homogenate; this was accompanied by a subsequent decrease in body weight. Pre-treatment with MENS significantly maintained these parameters close to the normal condition. CONCLUSION: Based on these results, we conclude that MENS has a chemo-preventive effect against the progression into liver malignancy through its modulation of the energy metabolic pathways (i.e. glycolysis) that may be involved in hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:22767221

170

The effect of citrus flavonoids on the redox state of alimentary-induced fatty liver in rats.  

Both chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) and fatty liver may develop at the same time. Hesperidin and diosmin are used for the treatment CVI. There is no information, however, on the effect of these flavonoids in the redox state of fatty liver. In this study, male Wistar albino rats were fed a lipid-rich diet with or without 450 mg diosmin-50 mg hesperidin-containing drug (60 mg kg(-1) body weight/day, per os) for 9 days to determine the impact of treatment on antioxidant defence system of the fatty liver. We detected free SH-group concentration (SHC), hydrogen-donating ability (HDA), and natural scavenger capacity were decreased and hepatic malonaldehyde content and dien conjugate (DC) content in rats with fatty liver were increased compared to the control. After treatment in fatty liver, these parameters (except DC) significantly improved and approached the control value. Our results indicate that diosmin-hesperidin-containing drug may be a useful agent in improving the antioxidant defensive system in alimentary-induced fatty liver disease. PMID:17365719

171

Effect of carnosine on erythrocyte deformability in diabetic rats.  

It is known that oxidative stress plays an important role in the chronic complications of diabetes. Lipid peroxidation is one of the consequences of oxidative stress. Erythrocyte deformability abilities are reduced as a result of lipid peroxidation. Conversely, a decrease nitric oxide (NO) production seems to be responsible in endothelial dysfunction which occurs in diabetic vascular complications. Carnosine is a molecule with anti-oxidant properties. The aim of this study was to investigate erythrocyte deformability indices and the effects of carnosine on erythrocyte deformability in diabetes and to determine a possible relationship between carnosine and nitric oxide. Male Wistar albino rats were used in the study. Injections were administered to seven groups consisting of eight rats each. The groups were: Control, Carnosine, L-NAME (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester), Diabetic, STZ (Streptozotocin) +Carnosine, STZ+L-NAME and STZ+Carnosine+L-NAME. In addition, glucose, insulin, MDA (Malondialdehyde) and NO levels were measured and erythrocyte deformability indices were calculated in all groups. Erythrocyte deformability indices and NO levels were decreased and MDA levels were found to be increased in diabetic group. It was also found that carnosine can significantly reverse erythrocyte deformability, reduce lipid peroxidation and increase NO levels in diabetes. It can be concluded that carnosine can recover from microvascular circulation problems by increasing erythrocyte deformability, can protect cells and tissues against lipid peroxidation and can be used as a multi-functional anti-oxidant in the treatment of diabetes mellitus to prevent the complications of diabetes. PMID:22946660

172

Protective effects of Asparagus racemosus on oxidative damage in isoniazid-induced hepatotoxic rats: an in vivo study.  

To investigate the hepatoprotective activity of Asparagus racemosus against isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity in male albino rats. Rats (n = 6 per group)were divided into four groups: saline-treated control, saline-treated control with A. racemosus extract (50 mg/kg), isoniazid treatment alone (100 mg/kg, intraperitoneal [i.p.]), and isoniazid-A. racemosus extract (50 mg/kg)administered orally as cotreatment. Animals were treated for 21 days and euthanized 1 h after the last drug administration. Evaluated body weight, serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, g-glutamyl transferase, total protein, albumin, hepatic malondialdehyde content, superoxide dismutase, catalase, cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)activity and glutathione (GSH). A. racemosus extract prevented isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity, indicated by both diagnostic indicators of liver damage, liver functional profile, significantly (p < 0.05)inhibited CYP2E1 activity, markedly attenuated oxidative stress by improved enzymatic, non-enzymatic antioxidants levels and mitigate malondialdehyde, lipid hydroperoxide significantly (p < 0.05). These results suggest that A. racemosus extract exerts its hepatoprotective activity by inhibiting the production of free radicals and acts as a scavenger, reducing the free radical generation via inhibition of hepatic CYP2E1 activity, increasing the removal of free radicals through the induction of antioxidant enzymes and improving non-enzymatic thiol antioxidant GSH. PMID:21724661

173

Comorbidity  

Background Alpha 2 (?2)-adrenoceptor agonists may be useful for their potential to increase or prolong opioid analgesia while attenuating the development of opioid tolerance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dexmedetomidine and guanfacine (?2-adrenoceptor agonists) on morphine analgesia and tolerance in rats. Methods Adult male Wistar albino rats weighing 195–205 g were used. To constitute morphine tolerance, animals received morphine (50 mg/kg) once daily for 3 days. After the last dose of morphine had been injected on day 4, morphine tolerance was evaluated by analgesia tests. The analgesic effects of dexmedetomidine (20 ?g/kg), guanfacine (0.5 mg/kg), MK-467 (0.25 mg/kg), and morphine were estimated at 30-min intervals (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min) by tail-flick and hot-plate analgesia tests. Results Our findings indicate that dexmedetomidine and guanfacine attenuated the expression of morphine tolerance. In addition, administration of dexmedetomidine with morphine increased morphine analgesia. On the contrary, data suggested that MK-467 (an ?2-adrenoceptor antagonist) decreased morphine analgesia and increased morphine tolerance in analgesia tests. Conclusion In conclusion, we observed that co-injection of dexmedetomidine or guanfacine with morphine attenuated the expression of tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine and that dexmedetomidine enhanced the morphine analgesia. PMID:16841631

174

Biochemical dynamics and hypocholesterolemic action of Hibiscus sabdariffa (Karkade).  

Male albino rats were fed on a mixture of cholesterol and cholic acid for 12 weeks to induce hypercholesterolemia, then Karkade was administered at 5 and 10% for 9 weeks to evaluate its hypocholesterolemic and hypolipemic effect. The experimental parameters include total lipids, cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids. Liver and kidney functions were also investigated in normal, hypo- and hypercholesterolemic rats administered Karkade. A remarkable progress (lowering effect) in the level of different lipid fractions was noticed in spite of the continued cholesterol and cholic acid loading during the treatment. However, blood phospholipids were increased after Karkade administration. Hypercholesterolemia has resulted in an effect on the activity of liver and kidney functions. Therefore, the measurement of serum enzyme activity has provided a useful tool for hepatic recovery. Although the administration of Karkade at 5 and 10% induced a significant decrease in the activity of serum GOT and serum GPT, alkaline and acid phosphatase as well as total serum protein, the values nearly returned to the initial levels after 9 weeks of Karkade administration. PMID:1787844

175

Biologic effects of prolonged exposure to ELF electromagnetic fields in rats. 2: 50 Hz magnetic fields  

To provide possible laboratory support to health risk evaluation associated with long-term, low-intensity magnetic field exposure, 256 male albino rats and an equal number of control animals (initial age 12 weeks) were exposed 22 h/day to a 50 Hz magnetic flux density of 5 {micro}T for 32 weeks (a total of about 5,000 h). Hematology was studied from blood samples before exposure to the field and at 12 week intervals. Morphology and histology of liver, heart, mesenteric lymph nodes, and testes as well as brain neurotransmitters were assessed at the end of the exposure period. In two identical sets of experiments, no significant differences in the investigated variables were found between exposed and sham-exposed animals. It is concluded that continuous exposure to a 50 Hz magnetic field of 5 {micro}T from week 12 to week 44, which makes up {approximately}70% of the life span of the rat before sacrifice, does not cause changes in growth rate, in the morphology and histology of liver, heart, mesenteric lymph nodes, testes, and bone marrow, in hematology and hematochemistry, or in the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin.

176

Experimental Studies of Achyranthes aspera (L) Preventing Nephrotoxicity Induced by Lead in Albino Rats  

The present study was designed to evaluate the nephroprotective role of methanolic extract of Achyranthes aspera (A. aspera) an important herb in the Indian system of medicine against lead acetate-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Toxicity was induced in male albino rats (Wistar strain) by administering lead acetate (0.2%) in drinking water for 6 weeks, followed by extract of A. aspera (200 mg/kg body weight). Changes in kidney weights encountered upon lead administration improved after extract with A. aspera. Lead damage to the urine was evident from increase in the activity of ?-glutamyltranspeptidase (?-GT), Cathespin D, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), ?-glucuronidase lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and N-acetyl-?-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) in urine along with some urinary constituents (urea, uric acid, creatinine, protein and phosphorous). The effects of lead were also studied in kidney (?-GT, ?-glucuronidase, NAG, Cathespin D and LDH) and showed a decline upon extract administration. Increased activities of urinary enzymes were accompanied by increase in the urinary constituents. Treatment with methanolic extract of A. aspera after lead induction completely ameliorated the lead-induced renal damage.   

177

Radio frequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) from GSM (0.9/1.8GHz) mobile phones induces oxidative stress and reduces sperm motility in rats  

Abstract in english INTRODUCTION: Mobile phones have become indispensable in the daily lives of men and women around the globe. As cell phone use has become more widespread, concerns have mounted regarding the potentially harmful effects of RF-EMR from these devices. OBJECTIVE: The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of RF-EMR from mobile phones on free radical metabolism and sperm quality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male albino Wistar rats (10-12 weeks old) were exposed to RF-EMR (more) from an active GSM (0.9/1.8 GHz) mobile phone for 1 hour continuously per day for 28 days. Controls were exposed to a mobile phone without a battery for the same period. The phone was kept in a cage with a wooden bottom in order to address concerns that the effects of exposure to the phone could be due to heat emitted by the phone rather than to RF-EMR alone. Animals were sacrificed 24 hours after the last exposure and tissues of interest were harvested. RESULTS: One hour of exposure to the phone did not significantly change facial temperature in either group of rats. No significant difference was observed in total sperm count between controls and RF-EMR exposed groups. However, rats exposed to RF-EMR exhibited a significantly reduced percentage of motile sperm. Moreover, RF-EMR exposure resulted in a significant increase in lipid peroxidation and low GSH content in the testis and epididymis. CONCLUSION: Given the results of the present study, we speculate that RF-EMR from mobile phones negatively affects semen quality and may impair male fertility.

178

Vibration and Acute Anoxia.  

The influence of vibration on the oxygen deficit tolerance was dealt with. In a decompression run to a simulated altitude of 12,000 m, 240 albino rats were exposed to a quasi-sinusoidal oscillation with a frequency of 34 Hz and an amplitude of 1,075 mm. T...

179

Diuretic activity of the leaves of Coleus aromaticus Benth  

The aqueous and ethanolic extract of leaves of Coleus aromaticus was evaluated for diuretic activity. Both extracts were evaluated by determination of urine volume and electrolyte concentration in albino rats. Results revealed that both the aqueous and ethanolic extract at dose 500mgl kg showed sign...

180

Glucose Absorption and Transport by the Intestinal Ileum of Albino Rats.  

In previous studies the absorption and transport of glucose by the lower small intestine of albino rats has been shown to be markedly less than that of the duodenum and jejunum. By jejunectomy, and direct end to end anastomosis of the duodenum and ileum, ...

 
 
 
 
181

ABORTIFACIENT ACTIVITY OF A MEDICINAL PLANT “MORINGA OLEIFERA” IN RATS  

Dried powder of leaf extract of common Indian plant Moringa Oleifera of Moringaceae family was tested experimentally in albino rats in our laboratory for its antifertility activity. Cant per cent abortifacient activity was found when administered orally in aqueous solution at dose of 175 mg/kg body ...

182

This pineal gland does not mediate phase shifts in the disc shedding rhythm of the rat retina  

Albino rats were subjected to pinealectomy, superior cervical ganglionectomy, or the appropriate sham preparation and were placed in lighting conditions so that light onset was advanced by 10 hr. After 6 days of this regimen, all animals exhibited a complete shift in their outer segment disc shedding rhythm, indicating that the pineal gland is not a factor in mediating such a shift.

183

Nephroprotective Effect of Ursolic Acid in a Murine Model of Gentamicin-Induced Renal Damage  

The present study evaluates the nephroprotective effects of ursolic acid in a murine model of gentamicin induced renal damage. Wistar albino rats of either sex, weighing 150–200?g were divided into 5 groups; normal saline, gentamicin 80?mg/kg, intraperitoneally for 8 days, ursolic acid at 2, 5, and ...

184

A Comparative Study of the Burn Wound Healing Properties of Saline-Soaked Dressing and Silver Sulfadiazine in Rats  

The purpose of this study was to further investigate that phenomenon and to explore the effect silver sulfadiazine on wound healing. Full-thickness burn wounds were created on the dorsum of Wistar albino rats under anesthesia. The wounds were treated with silver sulfadiazine and saline-soaked dressi...

185

Hepatoprotective Activity of Kadhaka Kadhiradi Kashayam  

Kadhaka Kadhiradi Kasayam (KKK) was screened for hepatoprotective activity against carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury in albino rats at a dose of 0.5ml/kg body weight. The drug reduced weight alkaline phosphatase and GOT activity in liver, cholesterol and GPT activity in serum. There was no e...

186

LIBS-Based Detection of Antioxidant Elements in Seeds of Emblica officinalis  

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the elements of the extract of seed from Emblica officinalis on antioxidant enzymes and osmotic fragility of erythrocytes membrane in normal as well as streptozotocin-induced severely diabetic albino Wister rats. The results revealed that the untre...

187

THE REGENERATION OF AUTOPLASTIC LYMPH NODE TRANSPLANTS  

The reticulum plays an important part in the regeneration of lymph nodes autoplastically transplanted into the abdominal wall of the albino rat. The necrosis which follows transplantation involves mainly the lymphocytes. A margin of lymphocytes is preserved only at the periphery. This may be due to...

188

Nutritional quality of yam (Dioscorea dumetorum and D rotundata) flours for growing rats  

The digestibility and metabolism of diets based on flours prepared from raw, boiled or steamed tubers of the sweet yam (#Dioscorea dumetorum$) were evaluated in growing albino rats by the balance method in comparison with diets containing similar flours from the popular white yam (#D. rotundata$). T...

189

Conditioning-specific membrane changes of rabbit hippocampal neurons measured in vitro.  

Intracellular recordings were made from hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons within brain slices of nictitating membrane conditioned, pseudoconditioned, and naive adult male albino rabbits. All neurons included (26 conditioned, 26 pseudoconditioned, and 28 naive) had stable penetration and at least 60 ...

190

Effect of chrysotile asbestos fibers on germ cells of mice  

An Indian form of chrysotile asbestos procured from a local asbestos factory (Hyderabad) was tested for its toxic effects on spermatocytes and sperm of mice. Swiss albino male mice were fed orally with chrysotile asbestos suspended in water. The concentration tested was 20 mg/kg/day. Chronic oral administration of chrysotile failed to induce chromosomal aberrations and abnormal sperms in mice.

191

Prolongation of the Life-Span in Mice Adapted to Large Amounts of L-Dopa  

Various concentrations of L-dopa (levodopa, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) were incorporated in the diets of young male Swiss albino mice, and the highest concentrations to which these mice became adapted within 3 weeks were determined. One such concentration administered indefinitely eventually indu...

192

Effect of ammonia on Swiss albino mice  

Times to incapacitation and death and LC /50/ values were determined for Swiss albino male mice exposed to different concentrations of ammonia in a 4.2 liter hemispherical chamber. The LC/50/ for a 30 minute exposure was 21,430 ppm.

193

Effect of sulfur dioxide on Swiss albino mice  

Times to incapacitation and death and LC50 values were determined for male Swiss albino mice exposed to different concentrations of sulfur dioxide in a 4.2 liter hemispherical chamber. The LC50 for a 30 minute exposure was about 3000 ppm SO2.

194

Effect of carbon monoxide on Swiss albino mice  

Times to incapacitation and death and LC50 values were determined for male Swiss albino mice exposed to different concentrations of carbon monoxide in a 4.2 liter hemispherical chamber. These values are compared to values reported in the literature. The LC50 for a 30 minute exposure was 3570 ppm CO.

195

Effect of nitrogen dioxide on Swiss albino mice  

Times to incapacitation and death and LC50 values were determined for male Swiss albino mice exposed to different concentrations of nitrogen dioxide in a 4.2 liter hemispherical chamber. The LC50 for a 10 minute exposure was about 1000 ppm NO2.

196

Acute Oral Toxicity of DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) Process Stream Samples in Male and Female Mice.  

The acute toxicity of a single oral dose of the dimethyl sulfoxide stream samples DMSO Evaporator Sludge, DMSO Recycle Solvent, and Virgin DMSO was determined in male and female albino ICR mice. The DMSO Evaporator Sludge solution produced no deaths in ma...

197

Difference in leptin hormone response to nutritional status in normal adult male albino rats.  

The present study investigated the effect of 14 days diet, enriched in butter, vitamin E (vit. E) and green tea, on the major regulators of energy expenditure. Leptin is the product OB gene. This 16 KDa protein is produced by mature adipocytes and is secreted in plasma. Its plasma levels are strongly correlated with adipose mass in rodents as well as in humans. Leptin inhibit food intake, reduces body weight and stimulates energy expenditure. In order to evaluate the effect of diet enriched in butter, vit. E and green tea on body weight, adipose tissue weight and organs weight, serum lipids, lipoproteins content and serum leptin levels in male albino rats supplemented for 14 days on the previous diet. This study showed that high fat diet significantly increased body weight and adipose tissue weight, while vit. E and green tea enriched diet significantly lowered body weight and adipose tissue weight, kidney and spleen weights didn't show significant changes in all the experimental groups. While liver weight decreased in diet supplemented with high fat diet. Also, the results showed that high fat diet and vit. E supplemented diet induced significant increase in total cholesterol, LDLc., triglyceride level with significant decrease in HDLc. level as compared to normal control rats. Finally green tea supplemented diet induced significant decrease in total cholesterol, LDLc., triglyceride level with insignificant increase in HDLc. level in control rats. On the other hand, high fat supplemented diet significantly increased serum leptin levels in rats compared to control group, while vit. E and green tea enriched diet significantly lowered serum leptin levels at the end of experimental period. In conclusion, improving the biological activity of leptin by diet modification may exist as a practical strategy for the treatment of obesity and related disorders and a diet rich in green tea to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) obesity and also protect the liver against free radicals. PMID:19579931

198

Acute cardiotoxic effects of high dose toluene: an experimental study.  

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the acute cardiotoxic effects of high dose toluene and its damage mechanisms on heart tissue in the acute period. METHODS: Twenty adult male Wistar Albino rats (200-220 g) were used in this controlled experimental animal study. Animals were divided into two equal groups: a control group (Group 1) and a high dose (6 mL/kg/gavage) toluene-administered group (Group 2). Arterial blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) values were measured at 30th, 60th and 90th minutes after toluene was administered. At the end of the experimental period, blood samples and heart tissues were taken from the rats. Serum troponin T levels were assayed. Heart tissue sections were stained using routine histological methods and examined under a light microscope. In addition, the sections were immunohistochemically stained using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase method to determine caspase-3 immunoreactivity and TUNEL to detect apoptosis. To compare the apoptotic index, the Mann-Whitney U test was used. For comparisons between the two groups, the independent t- test was used. In addition, time-based changes of intra-group parameters were evaluated using paired t tests. RESULTS: BP and HR values were low in toluene-treated rats compared to the control group. Troponin T levels were increased in toluene-administered animals as compared with controls [Toluene group: 0.140 (0.010-2.000) ng/mL vs control group: 0.010 (0.010-0.010) ng/mL, p=0.01]. Histopathologic examination of heart tissue sections showed congestion and edema in toluene administrated rats. Higher TUNEL positivity and (+++) immunoreactivity for caspase-3 protein were observed in the toluene group compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that high doses of toluene cause apoptosis and may lead to impairment of cardiac function in the acute period. PMID:23070630

199

Neuropharmacological activity of hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of Colocasia esculenta  

Context: Although Colocasia esculenta Linn. (Araceae), commonly known as elephant ear (English), possesses diverse pharmacological activities in animals, little is known about its neuropharmacological activity. Objective: The present study evaluated the neuropharmacological activities of hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of Colocasia esculenta (HECE) using several experimental models. Materials and methods: Adult Wistar albino rats were subjected to behavior despair and elevated plus maze (EPM) tests. Thiopental-induced sedation and rotarod tests were conducted on Swiss albino mice. Results and discussion: The effects of HECE on anxiety, depression, thiopental-induced sleeping time, and rotarod performance were evaluated. The anxiolytic activity of HECE (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) per os (p.o...

200

Anticonvulsant activity of solasodine isolated from Solanum sisymbriifolium fruits in rodents  

Context: Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. (Solanaceae), commonly known as sticky nightshade, is traditionally used for central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Although solasodine has been isolated from this plant, little is known about its anticonvulsant and CNS depressant actions. Objective: We investigated anticonvulsant and CNS depressant effects of solasodine isolated from S. sisymbriifolium using several experimental models. Materials and methods: Swiss albino mice (n â??== â??6) were employed for pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and picrotoxin (PCT)-induced convulsions and thiopental-induced sleep time. Different groups of Wistar albino rats (n â??== â??6) were subjected to maximal electroshock (MES) test. Solasodine, a steroidal glycoalkaloid, was isolated from dried fruits of S. sisymbriifoliu...

 
 
 
 
201

Effect of N-acetylcysteine on pulmonary cell death in a controlled hemorrhagic shock model in rats/ Efeito da N-acetilcisteína na morte celular pulmonar em um modelo de choque hemorrágico controlado em ratos  

Abstract in portuguese OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito da N-acetilcisteína (NAC) combinada ao fluido de reposição volêmica na morte celular pulmonar de ratos submetidos ao choque hemorrágico (CH) controlado. MÉTODOS: Duas artérias (cálculo da PAM e exsanguinação) e uma veia (tratamentos) foram cateterizadas em 22 ratos anestesiados. Dois grupos de ratos machos albinos foram induzidos ao CH controlado com PAM de 35mmHg por 60 min. Após este período, o grupo RL foi ressuscitado com Ringer (more) lactato e o grupo RL+NAC foi ressuscitado com Ringer lactato associado com 150mg/Kg de NAC. O grupo controle sofreu somente o procedimento cirúrgico de cateterização. Os animais sofreram eutanásia após 120 min. da ressuscitação. Amostras de tecido pulmonar foram coletadas para histopatologia, TUNEL e a imuno-expressão da caspase 3. RESULTADOS: RL apresentou maior número de células marcadas pelo TUNEL do que RL+NAC, porém sem alteração na expressão da caspase 3 em nenhum dos grupos estudados. CONCLUSÃO: A N-acetilcisteína teve um papel protetor na morte celular em modelo de choque hemorrágico controlado. Abstract in english PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) combined with fluid resuscitation on pulmonary cell death in rats induced with controlled hemorrhagic shock (HS). METHODS: Two arteries (MAP calculation and exsanguination) and one vein (treatments) were catheterized in 22 anesthetized rats. Two groups of male albino rats were induced with controlled HS at 35mmHg MAP for 60 min. After this period, the RL group was resuscitated with Ringer's lactate and the RL+NAC g (more) roup was resuscitated with Ringer's lactate combined with 150mg/Kg NAC. The control group animals were cannulated only. The animals were euthanized after 120 min of fluid resuscitation. Lung tissue samples were collected to evaluate the following: histopathology, TUNEL and imunohistochemical expression of caspase 3. RESULTS: RL showed a greater number of cells stained by TUNEL than RL + NAC, but there was no change in caspase 3 expression in any group. CONCLUSION: N-acetylcysteine associate to fluid resuscitation, after hemorrhagic shock, decreased cell death attenuating lung injury.

202

O oleo essencial de Lippia gracilis Schauer, Verbenaceae, em ratos diabeticos/ The essential oil from Lippia gracilis Schauer, Verbenaceae, in diabetic rats  

Abstract in portuguese O óleo essencial das folhas de Lippia gracilis Schauer, Verbenaceae, foi examinado por CG e CG-MS. Quinze constituintes foram identificados, onde o carvacrol, p-cimeno e o ?-terpineno foram as substâncias majoritárias. No estudo in vitro, a solução a 5% do óleo de L. gracilis Schauer apresentou atividade antibacteriana para Staphylococcus aureus isolado de úlcera infectada de paciente diabético. O estudo avaliou a atividade antibacteriana da solução a 5% do (more) óleo de L. gracilis Schauer em modelo experimental em diabetes utilizando ratos albinos Wistar machos com membro pélvico infectado com cepa de Staphylococcus aureus. No experimento foram utilizados 28 ratos Wistar distribuídos em quatro grupos (G1-branco, G2-controle negativo, G3-controle positivo, G4-teste) de sete ratos. Quando comparado o grupo G4 com G3, observou-se que a solução a 5% promoveu uma redução nas CFU/mL após 24h da administração do inóculo (S.aureus sem L. gracilis Schauer 10(8) ± 313 versus S.aureus com L. gracilis Schauer 13,28 ± 4,03). Os resultados foram expressos através do cálculo da média±EPM) e análise de variança (ANOVA). A diferença entre a concentração inibitória mínima no estudo in vitro foi determinada pelo teste Turkey (p Abstract in english The essential oil from Lippia gracilis Schauer (Verbenaceae) leaves was examined by GC and GC-MS. Fifteen constituents were identified. Carvacrol, p-cymene and ?-terpinene were found to be the major components. In the in vitro study, 5% solution of the Lippia gracilis Schauer oil presented antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus isolated from diabetic patients with infected ulcers. The study evaluated the antibacterial activity of the 5% solution of the (more) Lippia gracilis Schauer oil on the experimental model of diabetic adult male albino Wistar rats with leaft pelvic limb infected by Staphylococcus aureus strain. In this experiment, 28 diabetic Wistar rats were used, randomly distributed in four different groups of seven rats, (G1-white; G2-negative control; G3-positive control and G4-test). When comparing group G4 with G3, it was observed that the 5% solution presented a reduced CFU/mL level showing the antibacterial effect of the oil 24 hours after the administration of the inoculum (S .aureus without Lippia gracilis Schauer 108 ±313 versus S.aureus with Lippia gracilis Schauer 13.28±?4.03). The results were expressed as mean±S.E.M. One-way analysis of the variance (ANOVA) was used. The differences between the minimum inhibitory concentration in vitro test were determined by the Tukey test (p

203

Chemical modification of radiation-induced changes in erythroid cells of mouse bone marrow  

Adult male Swiss albino mice were given 20 mg/kg body weight of MGP (2-mercaptopropionylglycine) intraperitoneally 15-30 minutes before /sup 45/Ca injection at dose 37 kBq/g body weight. MPG was also administered at various repeated doses. Radioprotective effects of MPG were studied on total erythroid cells (pronormoblasts and normoblasts) at various autopsy intervals (1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days) posttreatment. It has been observed that MPG in repeated doses is effective in reducing the radiation-induced changes in the erythroid cells of bone marrow in Swiss albino mice following /sup 45/Ca internal irradiation.

204

Experimental anti-ulcer activity of Veronica officinalis L. extracts.  

In indomethacin-induced ulcers in albino rats, the anti-ulcerogenic effects of some extracts prepared from Veronica officinalis L. were investigated. The extracts had a significant anti-ulcerogenic activity. In ulcer healing experiments performed in rats by administering reserpine, the extracts were found to enhance the regeneration of the gastric mucosa. These results seem to confirm the popular observations according to which the decoction from Veronica officinalis L. possessed useful properties in the treatment of gastric ulcers. PMID:4021513

205

Is subdiaphragmatic aortic cross-clamping a suitable model for spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury study in rats?/ O pinçamento sub-diagragmático da aorta é um modelo adequado para o estudo da lesão medular de isquemia/reperfusão em ratos?  

Abstract in portuguese OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia do pinçamento da aorta subdiafragmática no modelo experimental de isquemia/reperfusão da medula espinhal em ratos. MÉTODOS: Trinta e seis ratos Wistar, machos, foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em 2 grupos (n=18) e submetidos ao pinçamento subdiafragmático da aorta, durante 30 minutos (Grupo-2 -Isquemia/Reperfusão). Os ratos do Grupo-1 (G-1 - Sham) foram utilizados como controles e submetidos a laparotomia sem pinçamento arterial. As (more) amostras (medula e sangue arterial) foram coletadas ao término do período de isquemia (T-0) e 10 (T-10) e 20 (T-20) minutos mais tarde e nos mesmos intervalos, no grupo G-1. As concentrações teciduais e sanguíneas de piruvato, lactato, glicose e as concentrações medulares de trifosfato de adenosina (ATP) foram determinadas por ensaios enzimáticos. RESULTADOS: As concentrações de piruvato e glicose (sangue e tecido) e de lactato e ATP (medula) não foram diferentes,comparando G-1 versus G-2. A lactacemia elevou-se significantemente no G-2, comparado ao G-1, durante a reperfusão (T-10). CONCLUSÃO: O modelo experimental de pinçamento subdiafragmático da aorta não é adequado para o estudo da lesão de isquemia/reperfusão na medula de ratos, uma vez que não proporciona alterações nas concentrações in vivo de metabólitos teciduais, por exemplo de lactato ou ATP, compatíveis com aquelas encontradas em tecidos sujeitos à isquemia/reperfusão. Abstract in english PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of subdiaphragmatic aortic cross-clamping in an experimental model of ischemia/reperfusion injury of the spinal cord in albino rats. METHODS: Thirty-six male Wistar rats were randomized in two groups (n=18): G-1 (Sham) and G-2 (Ischemia/Reperfusion, I/R). G-2 rats were submitted to 30 min subdiafragmatic aortic cross-clamping. G-1 rats served as controls and were submitted to surgical trauma (laparotomy) without ischemia. Samples (spinal (more) cord and arterial blood) were collected at the end of ischemic period and 10 (T-10) and 20 (T-20) min later in G-2 rats. Sham rats (G-1) samples were collected at the same time-points. Blood and tissue metabolites concentrations of pyruvate, lactate, glucose and medullary adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were assayed. RESULTS: Blood and tissue concentrations of pyruvate and glucose as well as lactate and medullary ATP were not different when comparing G1 to G2. Lactacemia was significantly elevated in G-2 compared with G-1 rats during reperfusion (T-10). CONCLUSION: Subdiaphragmatic aortic cord cross-clamping is not a suitable rat model for spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury study as it does not ensure changes in in vivo tissue metabolites concentrations similar to those found in tissues subjected to ischemia/reperfusion.

206

Evaluation of the potential carcinogenic action of radiocalcium internal irradiation in Swiss albino mice  

The carcinogenic action of /sup 45/Ca on inducing hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) in Swiss albino mice has been statistically evaluated. HCC proved to be radiation-induced and not due to spontaneous origin. Also, the higher incidence of male hepatocarcinogenesis due to internal irradiation has been found to be significant. The precise possible mechanism regarding the higher male susceptibility to liver cancer has been discussed in the light of available literature.

207

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of conjugated linolenic acid isomers against streptozotocin-induced diabetes.  

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of ?-eleostearic acid and punicic acid, two isomers of conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA) present in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) and snake gourd oil (Trichosanthes anguina), respectively, against oxidative stress, inflammatory challenge and aberration in erythrocyte morphology due to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Male albino rats were divided into four groups consisting of eight animals in each group. The first group served as control and diabetes was induced in rats in groups 2-4 by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ. Moreover, rats in groups 3 and 4 were treated with 0·5 % of ?-eleostearic acid and 0·5 % of punicic acid of the total lipid given, respectively, by oral administration once per d. After administration, CLnA isomers had significantly reduced oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and restored antioxidant and pro-inflammatory enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione, NO synthase level in pancreas, blood and erythrocyte lysate. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay of plasma showed that CLnA treatment caused improvement in the FRAP value which was altered after STZ treatment due to an increased level of free radicals. Expression of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-? and IL-6 in blood and expression of hepatic NF-?B (p65) increased significantly after STZ treatment due to increased inflammation which was restored with the administration of CLnA isomers. From the obtained results, it could be concluded that ?-eleostearic acid and punicic acid showed potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity with varying effectivity. PMID:22182422

208

Catechin induced modulation in the activities of thyroid hormone synthesizing enzymes leading to hypothyroidism.  

Catechins, the flavonoids found in abundance in green tea, have many beneficial health effects such as antioxidative, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, and hypotensive properties. However, flavonoids have antithyroid/goitrogenic effect, although less information is available about the effect of pure catechin on thyroid physiology. The present investigation has been undertaken to explore the effect of catechin administration on thyroid physiology in rat model. For the in vivo experiment catechin was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) at doses of 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg body to male albino rats for 15 and 30 days, respectively, and thyroid activities were evaluated with respect to determination of serum levels of thyroid hormones, thyroid peroxidase, 5'-deiodinase I (5'-DI), and Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activities that are involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormone. Catechin decreased the activities of thyroid peroxidase and thyroidal 5'-deiodinase I, while Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity significantly increased in dose-dependent manner; substantial decrease in serum T3 and T4 levels coupled with significant elevation of serum TSH were also noted. Histological examinations of the thyroid gland revealed marked hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia of the thyroid follicles with depleted colloid content. In in vitro study, short-term exposure of rat thyroid tissue to catechin at the concentrations of 0.10, 0.20, and 0.30 mg/ml leads to decrease in the activities of thyroid peroxidase and 5'-deiodinase I, while the activity of thyroidal Na(+), K(+)-ATPase remains unaltered even at high concentration of catechin treatment. The present study reinforces the concept that catechin, tea flavonoids possess potent antithyroid activity as evidenced from in vivo and in vitro studies. PMID:23117228

209

Role of l-carnitine in the prevention of seminiferous tubules damage induced by gamma radiation: a light and electron microscopic study  

The present study, we hypothesized that l-carnitine can minimize germ-cell depletion and morphological features of late cell damage in the rat testis following gamma ({gamma})-irradiation. Wistar albino male rats were divided into three groups. Control group received physiological saline 0.2 ml intraperitoneally (i.p.), as placebo. Radiation group received scrotal {gamma}-irradiation of 10 Gy as a single dose plus physiological saline. Radiation + l-carnitine group received scrotal {gamma}-irradiation plus 200 mg/kg i.p. l-carnitine. l-carnitine starting 1 day before irradiation and 21 days (three times per week) after irradiation. Testis samples of the all groups were taken at day 21, 44 and 70 post-irradiation. All samples were processed at the light and electron microscopic levels. Morphologically, examination of {gamma}-irradiated testis revealed presence of marked disorganization and depletion of germ cells, arrest of spermatogenesis, formation of multinucleated giant cells, and vacuolization in the germinal epithelium. The type and extent of these changes varied at different post-treatment intervals. The damage was evident at the 21st day and reached maximum level by the 44th day. By day 44 post-irradiation, the changes were most advanced, and were associated with atrophied seminiferous tubules without germ cells, the increase in the number and size of vacuolizations in germinal epithelium, and the absent multinucleated giant cells due to spermatids had completely disappeared. The increase in nucleus invaginations, the dilatation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum cysternas and the increase in the number and size of lipid droplets in the Sertoli cells were determined at the electron microscopic level. In conclusion, l-carnitine supplementation during the radiotherapy would be effective in protecting against radiation-induced damages in rat testis, and thereby may improve the quality of patient's life after the therapy. (orig.)

210

Influence of copper and iron on subacute cadmium intoxication in protein-malnourished rats  

Male albino rats maintained on low-protein (9%) diets were dosed intraperitoneally with 0.75 mg Cd/kg, as cadmium chloride, for 20 days. Groups of these animals were provided with diets supplemented with 40 ppm Cu, 400 ppm Fe or a combination of both during the exposure period. Hepatic and renal distribution of Cd, Zn, Cu, and Fe along with activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases and ribonuclease and glutathione content were studied. Uptake of Cd both in liver and in kidney was significant and was accompanied by increased Zn and depletion of Fe concentration. The Cu level remained unaltered. Dietary supplementation of Cu or Fe interacted effectively and influenced the metal distribution. Acid and alkaline phosphatases in both liver and kidney were inhibited by Cd exposure. However, Cu and/or Fe supplements could to a varying degree offset the Cd-induced inhibition. Cadmium exposure did not, however, elicit any effect on hepatic and renal ribonuclease activity of low-protein-fed animals. The glutathione concentration registered profound increase on Cd exposure, possibly to act as a defense mechanism.

211

Cytotoxicity and antitumour activity of 5-fluorouracil-loaded polyhydroxybutyrate and cellulose acetate phthalate blend microspheres.  

Pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and antitumour activity of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-loaded polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) blend microspheres were investigated in chemically induced colorectal cancer in albino male Wistar rats and compared with pristine 5-FU given as a suspension. The microspheres were characterised for particle size, encapsulation efficiency, in vitro release and in vitro cytotoxicity on human HT-29 colon cancer cell line. Spherical particles with a mean size of 44?±?11?µm were obtained that showed sustained release of 5-FU. A high concentration of 5-FU was achieved in colonic tissues and significant reduction in tumour volume and multiplicity were observed in animals treated with 5-FU-loaded microspheres. The decreased levels of plasma albumin, creatinine, leucocytopenia and thrombocytopenia were observed in animals for 5-FU microspheres compared to the standard 5-FU formulation. The results suggest the extended release of 5-FU from the PHB-CAP blend microspheres in colonic region to enhance the antitumour efficacy. PMID:23078151

212

Improvement of penile erection, sperm count and seminal fructose levels in vivo and nitric oxide release in vitro by ayurvedic herbs.  

In the present study, the effect of four Vajikaran Rasayana herbs on penile erection, sperm count, seminal fructose content in vivo and nitric oxide (NO) release in vitro was assessed. Lyophilised aqueous extracts of Asparagus racemosus Willd. (AR), Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. F. (CB), Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. (CO), and Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soo (DH) were orally administered at 100 mg/kg body weight to Wistar strain male albino rats. Penile erection index and sperm count were determined by visual observation; the seminal fructose concentration was measured spectrophotometrically using resorcinol reagent; and NO release was assessed in a mouse macrophage cell line (RAW264) spectrophotometrically using a commercial Griess reagent kit. Penile erection index, sperm count, seminal fructose concentration and in vitro NO release were the parameters measured. A significant effect on the sperm count, seminal fructose content and penile erection index was observed upon treatment with the extracts. The effect of extracts on inducible NO release in vitro directly correlated with the enhanced erectile function in vivo. The aphrodisiac claims attributed to the four Vajikaran Rasayana herbs were tested and a distinctive effect of all extracts tested was observed, with C. borivilianum showing a highly significant response for all parameters measured in vivo and in vitro. The present study also provides a good correlation between the in vivo improvement of penile erection and in vitro NO releasing activity of the extracts. Increase in seminal fructose levels and sperm count further validates the role of these herbs in improving reproductive function. PMID:21486409

213

Dose-dependent protective effect of sildenafil citrate on testicular injury after torsion/detorsion in rats.  

This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of sildenafil citrate on testicular injury after unilateral testicular torsion/detorsion (T/D). Thirty-seven adult male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups: sham operated group (group 1), T/D+ saline (group 2), T/D+ 0.7 mg sildenafil citrate (group 3) and T/D+ 1.4 mg sildenafil citrate (group 4). Testicular torsion was created by rotating the right testis 720° in a clockwise direction for 2 h in other groups, except for group 1, which was served as sham group. The level of GSH (P testis in the group 2 were significantly lower (P testis were significantly higher when compared with those of the group 1. Administration of low dose sildenafil citrate prevented the increases in MDA and NO levels and decreases in GSH values induced by testicular torsion. However, administration of high dose sildenafil citrate did not have any effect on these testicular tissue parameters (P > 0.05). Also, mean values of seminiferous tubules diameters, germinal cell layer thicknesses and mean testicular biopsy score were significantly better in group 3 than groups 2 and 4. These results suggest that T/D injury occurred in testis after unilateral testicular T/D and that administration of low dose sildenafil citrate before detorsion prevents ischemia/reperfusion cellular damage in testicular torsion. Sildenafil citrate probably acts through reduction of reactive oxygen species and support antioxidant enzyme systems. PMID:21749432

214

Phytic acid plus calcium, but not phytic acid alone, decreases fluoride bioavailability in the rat  

Results of in vitro studies have suggested that fluoride becomes insoluble when some soy-based infant formulas are diluted with fluoridated water because of the presence of phytate, added calcium or a combination of these factors. The present study was designed to test this hypothesis in vivo. Male albino rats were fed a purified diet containing phytic acid, calcium and fluoride for 4 weeks in a factorial design of treatments. Phytic acid was added to the diet by chemically reacting a phytic acid concentrate with casein prior to diet preparation to mimic a soy-protein. Food intake, weight gain and femur P were unaffected by dietary treatments. Both phytic acid and supplemental calcium alone had little or no effect upon fluoride uptake into either bone or teeth. The combination of phytic acid plus supplemental calcium, however, significantly increased % of fluoride intake found in the feces which was reflected in a significant decrease in fluoride concentration of femur, 2nd molar teeth and vertebrate bone. These results provide evidence that insoluble complex formation produced by a calcium and phytate interaction can explain reduced fluoride solubility in some soy-based infant formulas as well as decreased fluoride absorbability in vivo.

215

INHIBITORY EFFECT OF PREIRRADIATION SACCHARIN HABITUATION ON CONDITIONED AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR  

A total of 40 male and female albino rats were assigned to four treatment groups with 10 subjects in each group. Three groups were given a 6-day period of habituation to a 0.1% saccharin solution with an interpolated interval of 0, 3, or 6 days on tap water between the end of the 6-day habituation period and the irradiation exposure. The control group had no preirradiation habituation to the saccharin solution. All groups were permitted to drink the 0.1% saccharin solution for 30 minutes and then were exposed to whole-body irradiation for 15 minutes, which resulted in a summated exposure dose of 102 r in air. Preirradiation habituation to saccharin solution was found to have a signiflcant inhibitory effect on conditioned avoidance behavior. Intervals of 3 and 6 days on tap water between the end of the habituation period and radiation exposure showed mixed effects over days, but all habituated groups were significantiy different from the nonhabituated group except the 6-day interval group on the first postirradiation day. (auth)

216

Whole body autoradiographic and quantitative tissue distribution studies with /sup 14/C-cefotaxime in the rat  

The absorption, distribution and elimination of radioactivity following intravenous (i.v.) or intramuscular (i.m.) administration of /sup 14/C-cefotaxime (/sup 14/C-HR 756) to the rat has been examined by qualitative and quantitative techniques. After i.v. and i.m. doses to male albino animals radioactivity was extensively distributed throughout the body and rapidly eliminated with a predominant half-life of approximately 30 to 40 min. Maximum plasma levels for the i.m. dose were reached within 20 min and approximately 85% of the dose was recovered from the urine (74%) and faeces (11%) within 8 h after dosing. In all quantitative studies 100+-5% of the dose was recovered within 24 h. Whole body autoradiography studies showed good distribution of radioactivity from the blood into the tissues including lung, liver, kidney, heart, bone marrow and the gastrointestinal tract. Lowest levels were seen in the eye and brain. There was limited placental transfer of radioactivity in 14-days pregnant animals although by day 18 of the gestation period radioactivity was detected in the foetus but distribution into individual organs and tissues could not be seen. There was no evidence to show that retention of radioactivity in pigmented tissues had occurred nor was there any suggestion of accumulation of radioactivity in any organ or tissues as a consequence of multiple dosing /sup 14/C-cefotaxime.

217

Formulation, evaluation, and pharmacokinetics of isradipine proliposomes for oral delivery.  

Proliposomes loaded with isradipine were prepared successfully to enhance the oral bioavailability of isradipine. In this study, proliposomes were prepared by film deposition by the carrier method with varying ratios of hydrogenated soy phosphatidyl choline (HSPC) and cholesterol using spray-dried mannitol (Pearlitol SD 200) as the carrier. The formulation containing an equimolar ratio of HSPC and cholesterol showed smaller vesicle size, high surface charge, and entrapment efficiency. The formation of liposomes and surface morphology of optimized proliposome formulation was studied by optical and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Fourier transform infrared, differential scanning calorimetry, and powder X-ray diffractometry studies were performed to assess the solid-state characteristics of the formulation. Ex vivo permeation enhancement assessed from flux, permeability coefficient, and enhancement ratio were significantly higher for proliposomes, compared to control. The pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated in male albino Wistar rats, and a significant improvement in bioavailability (2.4-fold) was observed from the optimized proliposome formulation, compared to control (oral suspension). The stability study revealed that the formulations are stable when stored at 4°C. PMID:22762199

218

Effect of petroleum ether and ethanol fractions of seeds of Abrus precatorius on androgenic alopecia  

Abstract in english Seeds of Abrus precatorius L., Fabaceae, are commonly used as purgative, emetic, aphrodisiac and in nervous disorder in traditional and folk medicines. In present study petroleum ether and ethanolic extracts of A. precatorius seeds are evaluated for reversal of androgen (testosterone by i.m route) induced alopecia in male albino wistar rats and compared to topical administration of standard antiandrogenic drug finasteride for 21 days. The results were reflected from visua (more) l observation and histological study of several skin sections via various parameters as anagen to telogen ratio and follicle density/mm area of skin surface. The animal of group 1 who were treated with only testosterone became alopecic on visual observation. Animals of Group 2, 3 and 4 who were treated with finasteride, petroleum ether and ethanolic extract of seed respectively topically along with testosterone (i.m) did not developed alopecia. To investigate the mechanism of observed activity, in vitro experiments were performed. Inhibition of 5?-reductase activity by extracts and finasteride suggest that they reversed androgen induced alopecia by inhibiting conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (potent androgen responsible for androgenic alopecia). So it may be concluded that petroleum ether and ethanolic extract of A. precatorius seed posses anti androgenic alopecia activity due to inhibition of 5?-reductase enzyme.

219

Floating-Mucoadhesive Beads of Clarithromycin for the Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection  

An objective of the present study was to develop alginate/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) based floating-mucoadhesive beads of clarithromycin to provide prolonged contact time of antibiotic to treat stomach ulcer. Floating-mucoadhesive beads were prepared and characterized for in vitro performance followed by investigation of ex vivo study in albino-wistar rats. Beads were prepared by ionic gelation technique where calcium chloride used as gelating agent and incorporated liquid paraffin for floating of the beads. Prepared beads were evaluated extensively for particle size, drug entrapment; swelling and surface morphology by using scanning electron microscopy. X-ray radioimaging study in rabbits, in vitro mucoadhesion using rat stomach mucosal membrane and in vitro drug release studies were carried out. Ex vivo performance of alginate-HPMC beads were studied using albino rats in comparison to simple alginate-calcium beads. Alginate-HPMC beads may be suitable floating-muco-adhesive drug delivery system for delivering clarithromycin to treat stomach ulcers.   

220

Acute and sub-chronic toxicity study of standardized extract of Fumaria indica in rodents  

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Despite Fumaria indica (FI) widespread medicinal uses in the Indian traditional medicine, no systematic study of the potential toxicity of the plant has been described. Aim of the study: To assess acute and sub-chronic toxicity of a 50% ethanolic extract of FI in mice and rats respectively. Materials and methods: In acute toxicity study, Swiss strain albino mice of either sex were administered orally FI doses of 1, 2.5 and 5g/kg and observed for behavioural changes and mortality, if any. In sub-chronic toxicity study, Charles Foster albino rats of either sex were administered two doses of FI i.e., 100 and 400mg/kg, p.o. for 30 consecutive days. During 30 days of treatment, rats were observed for any change in body weight and daily food and water intake. Afte...

 
 
 
 
221

The Effect of Melatonin on Morphological Changes in Liver Induced by Magnetic Field Exposure in Rats  

In this study, we aimed to investigate the possible effect of melatonin on morphological changes in liver induced by magnetic fields exposure.Thirty albino young male Wistar Albino rats were used in the study. They were divided into 3 groups. Control group (C) (n: 10) received daily intraperitoneal injections of saline (0.1 ml/100 g) containing 5% ethanol for two weeks.Only magnetic field exposed (MF) group (n: 10); only magnetic field exposed had daily intraperitoneal injections of physiologic saline (0.1 ml/100 g) containing 5% ethanol for two weeks. Magnetic field exposed and melatonin treated (MF+m) group (n: 10); melatonin was dissolved in ethanol with further dilution in physiological saline. The animals in this group were exposed magnetic fields for two weeks. The magnetic fields exposed animals had intraperitoneal single dose of 4 mg/kg melatonin (0.1 ml/100 g) at 10:00 o'clock daily for two weeks following magnetic fields exposure.We used commercial CB handheld portable transceiver, Midland (USA) labelled, of 4 Watts, 40 channel. This channel frequency has been measured 27.17 MHz with frequency counter. According to the IRPA exposure standards; for 27 MHz, for 6 min, exposure limit is 0.2 mW/cm2. This value is for General Public. For occupational exposure limit is 1 mW/cm2. We have to consider General Public exposure limit. Therefore our limit is 0.2 mW/cm2. In other words; in this study; our exposure is always over the recommended limit. All the animals were decapitated. Liver samples were fixed in buffered neutral formalin. Paraffin sections were dyed with hematoxylen-eosin. Sections were examined under light microscopy.In MF group; sinusoidal dilatations, mixed cell infiltrations noticed in the periportal area, necrosis and vacuoler degeneration were determined in liver samples.However, parenchymal and stromal structures were observed to be prevented partially from effects of magnetic fields in melatonin treated group.In conclusion, it is suggested that melatonin has a mild preventive effect on magnetic field exposed changes in liver tissue in the rats.   

222

Effect of bovine hydroxyapatite on early stages of bone formation/ Efeito da hidroxiapatita bovina no período inicial de formação óssea  

Abstract in portuguese OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar o efeito das partículas de hidroxiapatita bovina (HA) nos estágios iniciais da reparação óssea em modelo de defeito ósseo em fêmur de ratos. METDOLOGIA: Defeito ósseo não crítico de 2 mm de diâmetro foi feito em cada fêmur de 25 ratos Wistar albinos. O defeito do fêmur esquerdo foi preenchido com HA enquanto a cavidade direita foi preenchida apenas com sangue. Cinco animais foram sacrificados no 1º, 3º, 5º (more) , 7º e 14º dia pós-cirúrgico. Os cortes histológicos do tecido ósseo foram corados com hematoxicilina e eosina para comparação da resposta inflamatória por microscopia óptica. Análise histomorfométrica do tecido ósseo neoformado foi avaliado nos três últimos períodos utilizando o teste t de Student para comparação de ambos os grupos em cada período de avaliação (a=0,05). RESULTADOS: A análise histológica mostrou o mesmo padrão de reparação óssea no 1º e 3º dia; entretanto, no 5º dia pós-cirúrgico houve um maior depósito de fibras de colágeno ao redor dos cristais de hidroxiapatita e uma maior espessura do perióstio oposto. Não houve diferença histomorfométrica significativa entre os grupos em todos os períodos avaliados. CONCLUSÃO: Pode ser concluído que a hidroxiapatita não acelera os estágios inicias da reparação óssea, apesar de induzir a um maior depósito de fibras de colágeno. Abstract in english PURPOSE: This study aimed to characterize the effect of bovine hydroxyapatite particles (HA) on the early stages of bone repairing in a rat femur defect model. METHODS: A non-critical 2 mm diameter bone defect was made in both femurs of 25 male albino Wistar rats. The left femurs defects were filled with HA and the right femurs defects were just let to fill with blood. Five animals were sacrificed at the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th or 14th post-surgery day and bone tissue sections (more) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for comparison of inflammatory response by light microscopy. Histomorphometrical analysis of the newly formed bone was evaluated at the three last periods, using independent t-student test to compare both groups at each period (a=0.05). RESULTS: Histological analyses showed same standard of bone repair on first and third day; however, from the fifth post-surgery day there was a higher deposit of collagen fibers surrounding the hydroxyapatite particles and a greater thickness of the opposite side periosteum. There was no significant histomorphometrical difference between groups at all periods. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that hydroxyapatite does not accelerate the early-stage of bone repairing, despite of induction of a higher deposit of collagen fibers.

223

The Influence of Self-fertilization performance and Copulation Behaviour in Reproduction by Cross-fertilization in Groups of Biomphalaria tenagophila (Mollusca, Planorbidae)  

Abstract in english The following hypotheses were tested for groups of simultaneous hermaphrodites Biomphalaria tenagophila: (a) snails that have low reproductive success during the process of self-fertilization do not increase their reproductive success after the end of grouping; (b) the copulation behaviour and the presence of one snail whose eggs have a low viability rate influence the partner's reproductive success by cross-fertilization. Groups were constituted by a homozygous pigmented (more) snail and two albinos: one with a viability rate higher than 70% ("good reproducers") and the other less than 10% ("bad reproducers"). All pigmented snails had viability rates higher than 70%. The "good" and "bad" reproducer albino snails had similar copulation behaviour. However, after the end of grouping, the "bad reproducers" continued to have viability rates less than 10% over 30 days. In 100% of the cases that pigmented snails copulated (performing either a male role or simultaneously male and female roles) exclusively with "good" reproducer albinos, they presented high reproductive success (producing, on average of 8.4 pigmented embryos/egg-mass). However, in 100% of the cases that pigmented snails copulated with both partners, the "good" reproducer albino snails produced none or very few embryos (the highest average was 2.2 pigmented embryos/egg-mass). Therefore, the production of viable embryos by cross-fertilization was more influenced by self-fertilization performance than by copulation behaviour. The presence of a snail whose eggs have a low viability rate could decrease their partners reproductive success

224

Insertional Mutagenesis by a Hybrid piggyBac and Sleeping Beauty Transposon in the Rat.  

A hybrid piggyBac/Sleeping Beauty transposon-based insertional mutagenesis system that can be mobilized by simple breeding was established in the rat. These transposons were engineered to include gene trap sequences and a tyrosinase (Tyr) pigmentation reporter to rescue the albinism of the genetic background used in the mutagenesis strategy. Single copy transposon insertions were transposed into the rat genome by co-injection of plasmids carrying the transposon and RNA encoding piggyBac transposase into zygotes. The levels of transgenic Tyr expression were influenced by chromosomal context, leading to transgenic rats with different pigmentation that enabled visual genotyping. Transgenic rats designed to ubiquitously express either piggyBac or Sleeping Beauty transposase were generated by standard zygote injection also on an albino background. Bigenic rats carrying single copy transposons at known loci and transposase transgenes exhibited coat color mosaicism, indicating somatic transposition. piggyBac or Sleeping Beauty transposase bigenic rats bred with wild-type albino rats yielded offspring with pigmentation distinct from the initial transposon insertions as a consequence of germline transposition to new loci. The germline transposition frequency for Sleeping Beauty and piggyBac was ~10% or about one new insertion per litter. ~50% of the insertions occurred in introns. Chimeric transcripts containing endogenous and gene trap sequences were identified in Gabrb1 mutant rats. This mutagenesis system based on simple crosses and visual genotyping can be used to generate a collection of single gene mutations in the rat. PMID:23023007

225

Effect of Lead Intoxication and D-Penicillamine Treatment on Hematological Indices in Rats/ Efectos de Intoxicación con Plomo y Tratamiento de D-Penicilamina en índices Hematológicos en Ratas  

Abstract in spanish El plomo es uno de los más importantes contaminantes ambientales, tóxico para la mayoría de los sistemas orgánicos. La D-penicillamina (D-P) es una droga quelante, la cual se ha usado para el tratamiento de la toxicidad por plomo durante varios años. Este estudio fue dirigido para evaluar la eficacia de la D-P en la reducción de los efectos del plomo en los índices hematológicos. Este estudio se realizó en 36 machos adultos de ratas Wistar albinas de 6-8 semanas, (more) en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Gorgan, Irán. Al inicio, las ratas machos adultas fueron expuestas al acetato de plomo en el agua de beber. Después de 8 semanas, 6 ratas se seleccionaron para evaluar los efectos de la toxicidad del plomo en muestras sanguíneas. Las restantes ratas expuestas fueron divididas para su recuperación, a las cuales se les administró agua destilada y un grupo con tratamiento al que se le suministró D-P. Después de la exposición al plomo, el conteo de glóbulos rojos se incrementó ligeramente, pero la hemoglobina y el hematocrito disminuyeron. También el MCV y el valor de MCH disminuyeron significativamente (P Abstract in english Lead is one of the most important environmental pollution which is toxic to many organ systems. D-penicillamine (D-P) is a chelator drug which is used for treatment of lead toxicity for several years. This study was conducted in order to evaluate the efficacy of D-P in reducing the effects of lead on hematological indices. This study was done on 36 male adult, 6-8 weeks albino Wistar rats in Gorgan University of Medical Sciences. At first male adult rats were exposed to l (more) ead acetate in their drinking water. After 8 weeks, 6 rats were selected and blood samples were prepared to assess the effects of lead toxicity. The remained lead exposed rats were divided into recovery and treatment groups where distilled water and D-P was administered for them, respectively. After lead exposure, red blood cell count increased slightly, but hemoglobin and hematocrite were decreased. Also MCV and MCH were significantly decreased (P

226

Pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways which compromise sperm motility and survival may be altered by L-carnitine.  

The testis is an immunologically privileged organ. Sertoli cells can form a blood-testis barrier and protect sperm cells from self-immune system attacks. Spermatogenesis may be inhibited by severe illness, bacterial infections and chronic inflammatory diseases but the mechanism(s) is poorly understood. Our objective is to help in understanding such mechanism(s) to develop protective agents against temporary or permanent testicular dysfunction. Lipopolysaccaride (LPS) is used as a model of animal sepsis while L-carnitine (LCR) is used as a protective agent. A total of 60 male Swiss albino rats were divided into four groups (15/group). The control group received Saline; the 2(nd) group was given LCR (500 mg/kg i.p, once). The third group was treated with LPS (5 mg/kg i.p once) and the fourth group received LCR then LPS after three hours. From each group, five rats were used for histopathological examination. Biochemical parameters were assessed in the remaining ten rats. At the end of the experiment, animals were lightly anaesthetized with ether where blood samples were collected and testes were dissected on ice. Sperm count and motility were evaluated from cauda epididymis in each animal. Also, oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring testicular contents of reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-HDG, the DNA adduct for oxidative damage) in testicular DNA. The pro-inflammatory mediator nitric oxide (NO) in addition to lactate dehydrogenase (LDHx) isoenzyme-x activity as an indicator for normal spermatozoal metabolism were assessed in testicular homogenate. Serum interlukin (IL)-2 level was also assessed as a marker for T-helper cell function. The obtained data revealed that LPS induced marked reductions in sperm's count and motility, obstruction in seminiferous tubules, hypospermia and dilated congested blood vessels in testicular sections concomitant with decreased testicular GSH content and LDHx activity. Moreover, the testicular levels of MDA, 8-HDG (in testicular DNA) and NO as well as serum IL-2 level were increased. Administration of LCR before LPS returned both sperm count and motility to normal levels. Also, contents of testicular GSH, MDA, 8-HDG and NO returned back to the corresponding control values. In addition, serum IL-2 level as well as histological abnormalities were markedly improved in LCR + LPS-treated rats. In conclusion, LPS increased proinflammatory and oxidative stress markers in the testis leading to a marked testicular dysfunction. L-carnitine administration ameliorates these effects by antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory mechanisms suggesting a protective role against male infertility in severely infected or septic patients. PMID:20357928

227

Adaptogenic activity of Siotone, a polyherbal formulation of Ayurvedic rasayanas.  

Siotone (ST) is a herbal formulation comprising of Withania somnifera, Ocimum sanctum, Asparagus racemosus, Tribulus terristris and shilajit, all of which are classified in Ayurveda as rasayanas which are reputed to promote physical and mental health, improve defence mechanisms of the body and enhance longevity. These attributes are similar to the modern concept of adaptogenic agents, which are, known to afford protection of the human physiological system against diverse stressors. The present study was undertaken to investigate the adaptogenic activity of ST against chronic unpredictable, but mild, footshock stress induced perturbations in behaviour (depression), glucose metabolism, suppressed male sexual behaviour, immunosuppression and cognitive dysfunction in CF strain albino rats. Gastric ulceration, adrenal gland and spleen weights, ascorbic acid and corticosterone concentrations of adrenal cortex, and plasma corticosterone levels, were used as the stress indices. Panax ginseng (PG) was used as the standard adaptogenic agent for comparison. Additionally, rat brain levels of tribulin, an endogenous endocoid postulated to be involved in stress, were also assessed in terms of endogenous monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and MAOB inhibitory activity. Chronic unpredictable footshock induced marked gastric ulceration, significant increase in adrenal gland weight and plasma corticosterone levels, with concomitant decreases in spleen weight, and concentrations of adrenal gland ascorbic acid and corticosterone. These effects were attenuated by ST (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) and PG (100 mg/kg, p.o.), administered once daily over a period of 14 days, the period of stress induction. Chronic stress also induced glucose intolerance, suppressed male sexual behaviour, induced behavioural depression (Porsolt's swim despair test and learned helplessness test) and cognitive dysfunction (attenuated retention of learning in active and passive avoidance tests), and immunosuppression (leucocyte migration inhibition and sheep RBC challenged increase in paw oedema in sensitized rats). All these chronic stress-induced perturbations were attenuated, dose-dependently by ST (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) and PG (100 mg/kg, p.o.). Chronic stress-induced increase in rat brain tribulin activity was also reversed by these doses of ST and by PG. The results indicate that ST has significant adaptogenic activity, qualitatively comparable to PG, against a variety of behavioural, biochemical and physiological perturbations induced by unpredictable stress, which has been proposed to be a better indicator of clinical stress than acute stress parameters. The likely contribution of the individual constituents of ST in the observed adaptogenic action of the polyherbal formulation, have been discussed. PMID:11218827

228

Production of Donor-Derived Offspring by Transfer of Primordial Germ Cells in Japanese Quail  

We transfused concentrated primordial germ cells (PGCs) of the black strain (D: homozygous for the autosomal incomplete dominant gene, D) of quail into the embryos of the wild-type plumage strain (WP: d+/d+) of quail. The recipient quail were raised until sexual maturity and a progeny test of the putative germline chimeras was performed to examine the donor gamete-derived offspring (D/d+). Thirty-one percent (36/115) of the transfused quail hatched and 21 (13 females and 8 males) of them reached maturity. Five females and 2 males were germline chimeras producing donor gamete-derived offspring. Transmission rates of the donor derived gametes in the chimeric females and males were 1.8-8.3% and 2.6-63.0%, respectively. Germline chimeric and the other putative chimeric males were also test-mated with females from the sex-linked imperfect albino strain (AL: d+/d +, al/W, where al indicates the sex-linked imperfect albino gene on the Z chromosome, and W indicates the W chromosome) for autosexing of W-bearing spermatozoa: No albino offspring were born.   

229

Antifertility screening of plants. 3. Effect of six indigenous plants on early pregnancy in albino rats.  

The effect of 6 indigenous plants on early pregnancy in albino rats was tested by a screening procedure standardized in this laboratory. Pe troleum ether, alcoholic, and aqueous extracts of each plant were tested for antifertilizing, antizygotic, blastocystotoxic, antiimplantation, and early abortifacient activity. The aqueous extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn. leaves and alcoholic extract of Polygonum hydropiper Linn. roots showed encouraging results while the extracts of Abroma augusta Linn. roots, Calotropis gigantea Linn. flowers and leaves, Michaelia champaka Linn. unripe fruit, and Plumbago rosea Linn. roots did not show any antiimplantation activity. None of the rats delivered to experimental rats showed evidence of teratogenicity up to the age of 1 month. PMID:5820437

230

Effect of selenium on carbimazole-induced testicular damage and oxidative stress in albino rats  

Carbimazole is an antithyroid drug used in treatment of hyperthyroidism. The present investigation studied the effect of carbimazole on testicular activity in albino rats and the ameliorative role of selenium. Treating rats with carbimazole (1.35mg/kg b.w) daily for 8 weeks caused reduction in the body and testes weight. Moreover, the diameters of the seminiferous tubules and heights of their germinal epithelium were significantly reduced. Testes of treated rats showed many histological alterations included congestion of blood vessels, hemorrhage, degeneration of interstitial tissue and degeneration of spermatogenic cells with apoptosis and necrosis. Histochemical results revealed reduction in polysaccharides, total proteins and nucleic acids contents in testicular tissue. In addition, the...

231

Moringa oleifera leaf extract prevents isoproterenol-induced myocardial damage in rats: evidence for an antioxidant, antiperoxidative, and cardioprotective intervention.  

The present study evaluated cardioprotective effect of lyophilized hydroalcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera in the isoproterenol (ISP)-induced model of myocardial infarction. Wistar albino male rats were divided into three groups and orally fed saline once daily alone (sham) or with ISP (ISP control) or ISP with M. oleifera (200 mg/kg), respectively, for 1 month. On days 29 and 30 of administration, rats of the ISP control and M. oleifera-ISP groups were administered ISP (85 mg/kg, s.c.) at an interval of 24 hours. On day 31, hemodynamic parameters (mean arterial pressure [MAP], heart rate [HR], left ventricular end-diastolic pressure [LVEDP], and left ventricular peak positive [(+) LV dP/dt] and negative [(-) LV dP/dt] pressures were recorded. At the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed, and hearts were excised and processed for biochemical, histopathological, and ultrastructural studies. Chronic treatment with M. oleifera demonstrated mitigating effects on ISP-induced hemodynamic [HR, (+) LV dP/dt, (-) LV dP/dt, and LVEDP] perturbations. Chronic M. oleifera treatment resulted in significant favorable modulation of the biochemical enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase-MB) but failed to demonstrate any significant effect on reduced glutathione compared to the ISP control group. Moringa treatment significantly prevented the rise in lipid peroxidation in myocardial tissue. Furthermore, M. oleifera also prevented the deleterious histopathological and ultrastructural perturbations caused by ISP. Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that M. oleifera extract possesses significant cardioprotective effect, which may be attributed to its antioxidant, antiperoxidative, and myocardial preservative properties. PMID:19298195

232

Influence of some bioflavonoids on the transport of nitrendipine.  

Flavonoids form a large class of phenolic substances widely distributed in nature and exhibit several biological effects. P-glycoprotein is part of a large family of efflux transporters found in the gut, gonads and other organs. Male albino rats were used for this study. The whole small intestine was flushed with 50 ml of ice-cold saline after sacrificing the animal with an overdose of pentobarbital. The small intestine was isolated and divided into duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Each segment was everted, a 5-cm long sac was prepared, 1 ml of nitrendipine solution was introduced into the everted sac (serosal side), and both ends of the sac were ligated tightly. The sac containing nitrendipine solution was immersed in 30 ml of Dulbecco's phosphate buffer solution (D-PBS) containing 25 mM glucose and the same concentration of different bioflavonoids, viz., diosmin, quercetin, chrysin, methyl hesperidin and gossypin, was introduced into the mucosal side. Transport of nitrendipine from serosal to mucosal surfaces across the intestine was determined by collecting samples from the mucosal medium periodically at different intervals: 0, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. The samples were analyzed by HPLC. Diosmin and quercetin decreased the transport rate of nitrendipine to nearly the same extent in all regions. Chrysin and gossypin decreased the transport rate of nitrendipine to a greater extent in the ileum than in the duodenum and jejunum. Methyl hesperidin caused inhibition of nitrendipine transport in the ileum and jejunum, but not in the duodenum. All bioflavonoids, i.e., quercetin, diosmin, methyl hesperidin, gossypin and chrysin, decreased the transport of nitrendipine, a P-gp substrate in the rat intestine. The highest expression of P-gp was found in the ileum followed by the jejunum and duodenum. PMID:19326773

233

Therapeutic Effects of Alpha-lipoic Acid and Vitamin C on Alveolar Bone Resorption After Experimental Periodontitis in Rats. A Biochemical, Histochemical and Stereologic Study.  

Background: Alpha-Lipoic acid (ALA) and Vitamin C (Vit-C) are very important vitamin and powerful antioxidant which have been used for the treatment of many diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the role of ALA and Vit-C substances in the treatment of alveolar bone resorption in periodontal diseases. Methods: Thirty six Wistar albino male rats were randomly divided into four groups as follows: Control (C), experimental periodontitis group (PED), experimental periodontitis treated with ALA (ALA) and experimental periodontitis group treated with ALA+Vit-C combination (ALA+Vit-C). Experimental periodontitis was simulated by placing ligatures around the necks of teeth for 5 weeks. After ligature removal, PED group was given a single intra gastric dose of 1 ml saline, while ALA and ALA+Vit-C groups were treated with intra-gastric dose of 50 mg/kg of ALA and ALA+Vit-C for 15 days, respectively. Serum Bone Alkaline Phosphatase (B-ALP) levels and myeloperoxidase activity in gingival tissues were analyzed. In order to evaluate the osteoclast activation, expression of activated receptor activator nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) and bone density index (BDI) were examined stereologically in the bone sections obtained from the mandibles of the rats. Results: The results showed statistically significant differences between the PED group and antioxidant treated groups according to B-ALP, MPO, RANKL and BDI values (p<0.05). ALA and ALA+Vit-C treatments exhibited beneficial effects on the mesial/distal periodontal bone support at the ligature-induced periodontitis tooth areas. Conclusion: This study evidenced that ALA and Vit-C treatment provided therapeutic effects on inhibition of alveolar bone resorption and periodontal tissue destruction. PMID:22702517

234

Effect of flaxseed supplementation and exercise training on lipid profile, oxidative stress and inflammation in rats with myocardial ischemia.  

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Flaxseed has recently gained attention in the area of cardiovascular disease primarily because of its rich contents of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), lignans, and fiber. Although the benefits of exercise on any single risk factor are unquestionable, the effect of exercise on overall cardiovascular risk, when combined with other lifestyle modifications such as proper nutrition, can be dramatic.This study was carried out to evaluate the protective role of flaxseed and exercise on cardiac markers, lipids profile and inflammatory markers in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial ischemia in rats. METHODS: The research was conducted on 40 male albino rats, divided into 4 groups (n=10): group I served as control, group II has acute myocardial ischemia induced by isoproterenol, groups III and IV have acute myocardial ischemia induced by isoproterenol pretreated with flaxseed supplementation orally for 6 weeks, additionally group IV practiced muscular exercise through swimming. RESULTS: Alterations of lipid profile, cardiac and inflammatory markers (Il-1beta, PTX 3 and TNF- alpha) were observed in myocardial ischemia group. Flaxseed supplementation combined with exercise training showed significant increase of HDL and PON 1, on the other hand cardiac troponin, Il- 1beta and TNF- alpha levels significantly decreased as compared to myocardial ischemic group. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis of cTnI, PTX 3, Il-1beta and TNF- alpha revealed a satisfactory level of sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSION: Regular exercise enhances the improvement in plasma lipoprotein levels and cardiovascular protection that results from flaxseed supplementation by mitigating the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Elevation of HDL, the antioxidant PON 1 and the cardioprotective marker PTX 3 emphasizes the protective effects of flaxseed and muscular exercise mutually against the harmful effects of acute myocardial ischemia. PMID:23036047

235

Cicatrização da membrana timpânica na timpanocentese com laser de argônio comparado à técnica com microlanceta: estudo experimental em ratos/ Tympanic membrane healing in myringotomies performed with argon laser or microknife: an experimental study in rats  

Abstract in portuguese Otite média secretora (OMS) e otite média aguda recorrente (OMAR) podem necessitar tratamento cirúrgico para adequada ventilação da orelha média. A abertura clássica do tímpano (timpanocentese) requer incisão por microlanceta sob controle de microscópio cirúrgico e mantém-se patente por alguns dias. Estudos recentes sugerem que a timpanocentese feita por diferentes lasers pode permanecer permeável por maior tempo, o que possibilitaria a normalização da otit (more) e média. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Neste estudo experimental 34 ratos linhagem Wistar, albinos, machos adultos pesando cerca de 300g, foram anestesiados com cetamina 27 mg/kg e xilazina 2,7 mg/kg. A seguir, foram submetidos à timpanocentese incisional com microlanceta no ouvido direito (ML-OD), e à timpanocentese mediada por laser de argônio no ouvido esquerdo (LA-OE). RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença significativa no tempo de cicatrização das timpanocenteses feitas com laser de argônio ou microlanceta. Todas as timpanocenteses cicatrizaram em 10 dias. CONCLUSÃO: A timpanocentese com laser de argônio apresentou patência e cicatrização semelhantes à técnica clássica com microlanceta realizada em ratos Wistar sem enfermidades de orelha média. Abstract in english Secretory otitis media (SOM) and recurrent acute otitis media (RAOM) may require surgical treatment to proper ventilate the middle ear. Incisional myringotomy is usually done under microscopy with a micro-knife , but it remains patent for just a few days. Recent research indicates that laser assisted myringotomies remain open much longer, allowing middle ear ventilation and healing. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this experimental study 34 white, male, adult, Wistar rats, witho (more) ut middle ear disease were submited to anesthesia with ketamine 27 mg/kg and xylazine 2,7 mg/kg. Incisional myringotomy was done on the right ear, while laser myringotomy was done on the left. Myringotomies were evaluated periodically until healing. RESULTS: The healing times were equivalent. All myringotomies healed within 10 days. CONCLUSION: Argon laser assisted myringotomy healed just as early on as incisional myringotomy on Wistar rats without middle ear diseases.

236

Bcl-2 and Bax Messenger RNA Gene Expression Detected by Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction after Partial Hepatectomy and Licorice in Rats  

Liver regeneration is a complex physiological response that takes place after the loss of hepatocytes caused by toxic or viral injury or secondary to liver resection. This work purposed to investigate the implication of bcl-2 and bax expression as an important contribute in liver transplant donors and also the possible modulatory effect of licorice on their expression. Forty eight male albino rats weighing 250–320 g were divided into 6 groups (8 animals for each). The rats underwent partial hepatectomy (PH) represents 3 groups (sacrificed after 24, 48 and 72 h after PH) and other 3 groups after oral receiving of licorice extract for 4 weeks (2.4 g/kg b.w.). The resected liver was considered as control (zero time). The expression of bcl-2 and bax mRNA of normal liver and liver of PH were measured by reversed transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The distinct changes in the expression of the mRNA encoding these 2 genes were confirmed by an immunohistochemical staining of the liver tissues (streptavidin-biotin method). The analysis of mRNA level revealed a significant increase of anti-apoptotic bcl-2 mRNA expression after 24 h (p<0.05), while, it was declined in the following 2 d. In contrast, bax mRNA expression showed delayed increase reaching a peak at 48 h after PH. The pretreatment with licorice caused a statistically significant increase in bax mRNA expression; meanwhile, the change in bcl-2 expression was not significant when compared to the control. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining of regenerating liver with bcl-2 and bax antibodies showed that the changes in the bcl-2 and bax protein levels were similar and consistent to that found for mRNA. It was suggested that licorice may provide a mechanism in the induction of apoptosis through modulation of bcl-2 and bax expression in regenerating liver as a model for chemopreventive drug of cancers.   

237

Normal and delayed wound healing is improved by sesamol, an active constituent of Sesamum indicum (L.) in albino rats  

Ethno-pharmacological relevance: The seeds of Sesamum indicum Linn. (Pedaliaceae) has been used traditionally for the treatment of wounds in Buldhana district of Maharashtra state. Sesamol is the main anti-oxidative constituent contained mainly in the processed sesame seed oil which has not been explored scientifically for its wound healing activity. Aim of the study: To investigate the influence of sesamol (SM) on wound repair, both in normal and dexamethasone (DM) delayed healing processes in albino rats. Materials and methods: Incision, excision and dead space wounds were inflicted on albino rats (180-220g) of either sex, under ketamine anaesthesia. Group I served as control, group II received SM 50mg/kg i.p., group III was treated with dexamethasone (DM) i.m. (0.17mg/kg) and SM+DM was ...

238

Ameliorative effect of tamarind leaf on fluoride-induced metabolic alterations  

Objectives Fluoride is a serious health hazard across several nations, and chronic intake of fluoride deranges the carbohydrate, lipid and antioxidant metabolism in general. As there are limited remedial measures to prevent fluorosis, we investigated the role of tamarind leaf as a food supplement in restoration of carbohydrate, lipid and antioxidant metabolism in fluoride-exposed albino rats. Methods Albino rats were exposed to fluoride (100 ppm sodium fluoride) through drinking water and fed diet supplemented with tamarind leaf powder (2.5, 5 and 10 g %) for 4 weeks. Carbohydrate, lipid and antioxidant profiles were investigated in both controls and fluoride-exposed animals. Results While 4-week exposure to fluoride elevated plasma glucose and lipid profiles, simulating diabetic and hyper...

239

Ameliorative effect of tamarind leaf on fluoride-induced metabolic alterations  

Objectives Fluoride is a serious health hazard across several nations, and chronic intake of fluoride deranges the carbohydrate, lipid and antioxidant metabolism in general. As there are limited remedial measures to prevent fluorosis, we investigated the role of tamarind leaf as a food supplement in restoration of carbohydrate, lipid and antioxidant metabolism in fluoride-exposed albino rats. Methods Albino rats were exposed to fluoride (100?ppm sodium fluoride) through drinking water and fed diet supplemented with tamarind leaf powder (2.5, 5 and 10?g?%) for 4?weeks. Carbohydrate, lipid and antioxidant profiles were investigated in both controls and fluoride-exposed animals. Results While 4-week exposure to fluoride elevated plasma glucose and lipid profiles, simulating diabetic and hyper...

240

Diuretic activity of the leaves of Coleus aromaticus Benth.  

The aqueous and ethanolic extract of leaves of Coleus aromaticus was evaluated for diuretic activity. Both extracts were evaluated by determination of urine volume and electrolyte concentration in albino rats. Results revealed that both the aqueous and ethanolic extract at dose 500mgl kg showed significant diuretic activity by increasing the total volume of urine and concentration electrolyte. Furosamide (10 mg/kg) was used as reference drug while normal saline (0.9%) solution was used as control. PMID:22557339

 
 
 
 
241

Structure and activities of a steroidal saponin from Chlorophytum nimonii (Grah) Dalz  

A new steroidal saponin, chloragin (1), was isolated and characterised from the aerial part of Chlorophytum nimonii. The structure of chloragin (1) was established as tigogenin-3-O-?-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 ? 4)-?-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 ? 3)-?-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 ? 4)-?-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 ? 4)-?-D-xyloopyranoside on the basis of detailed chemical and spectral evidence. The saponin showed potent antihyperglycaemic and antidyslipidaemic activities in albino rats.

242

Structure and activities of a steroidal saponin from Chlorophytum nimonii (Grah) Dalz.  

A new steroidal saponin, chloragin (1), was isolated and characterised from the aerial part of Chlorophytum nimonii. The structure of chloragin (1) was established as tigogenin-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 --> 4)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 --> 3)-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 --> 4)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 --> 4)-beta-D-xyloopyranoside on the basis of detailed chemical and spectral evidence. The saponin showed potent antihyperglycaemic and antidyslipidaemic activities in albino rats. PMID:19521911

243

The effect of rostromedial hypothalamus coagulation on the O2 uptake, rectal temperature, heat transfer, blood sugar, muscle and liver glycogen as well as on chemical thermogenesis in juvenile albino rats  

Immediate, indirect, and remote consequences of a bilateral electrolytic coagulation of the area pracoptica medialis were investigated. Oxygen uptake, body temperature, heat transfer, blood sugar levels, liver and muscle glycogen were studied at a constant ambient temperature of 32 C in three major groups of juvenile albino rats. A model of thermogenetic metabolism at a constant cooling speed was also used. The results were compared with those from experimental animals coagulated at a different site.

244

Metabolic shifts in the myocardium in the long-term effect of atmospheric pollution on the body  

Metabolic shifts in the myocardium under conditions of long-term exposure of the body to air pollution were studied in experiments on albino rats. Study of the content of protein, RNA, DNA, glycogen, ATP, lactic and pyruvic acids and the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase in the heart muscle allowed the conclusion that the glycolytic processes are intensified, the bioenergic processes are inhibited and the synthesis of protein and RNA are increased in the myocardium of the experimental animals.

245

Topical anti-inflammatory activity of pinda thailam, a herbal gel formulation.  

The present study aims to evaluate the topical anti-inflammatory activity of "Pinda thailam", a herbal gel formulation containing aqueous extract of roots of Rubia cordifolia (Rubiaceae) and Hemidesmus indicus (Asclepiadaceae) which are known for their anti-inflammatory activity using the technique of carrageenin induced paw oedema in albino rats. The herbal gel formulation showed significant anti-inflammatory activity comparable to the reference standard Diclofenac sodium gel. PMID:22557143

246

Anti-diabetic Activity of Methanol Leaf Extract of Costus pictus D. DON in Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats  

The methanol extract of Costus pictus (C. pictus) D. DON (Family: Zingiberaceae) leaf was investigated for its anti-diabetic effect in Wistar Albino rats. Diabetes was induced in Albino rats by administration of single doses of alloxan monohydrate (120 mg/kg, i.p.). The methanol extract of C. pictus (MECP) at a dose of 120 mg/kg, p.o. was administered as single dose per day to diabetes-induced rats for a period of 21 days. The effect of MECP leaf extract on blood glucose, plasma insulin, serum lipid profile [cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)], serum enzymes [serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminases (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminases (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP)], total protein, and liver glycogen were measured in the diabetic rats. Histopathological studies of liver, pancreas and kidney were also carried out. MECP elicited significant (p<0.001) reductions of blood glucose, lipid parameters except HDL, and serum enzymes and significantly (p<0.001) increased HDL level. MECP also caused significant (p<0.001) increases in plasma insulin levels in the diabetic rats. Furthermore, MECP significantly (p<0.05), (p<0.001) increased total protein and liver glycogen in diabetic rats. Histopathological observations revealed that leaf is non-toxic and regenerates the toxic effect of alloxan. From the above results, it is concluded that MECP possesses significant anti-diabetic effects in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.   

247

Problems of cell death in neurodegeneration and Alzheimer’s disease  

Purpose Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), an active component of honeybee propolis, has a wide range of beneficial properties. The purpose of this study was to test the protective role of CAPE in 661W cells (in vitro) against H2O2-mediated cell death and in albino rats (in vivo) against various light conditions. Methods The 661W cells were pretreated with CAPE and then stressed with H2O2. Cell death was measured with lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay, and mRNA and proteins were analyzed. Sprague Dawley rats were raised on either a control or CAPE (0.02%) diet and exposed to various light conditions for short or long periods. Retinal histology, mRNA, protein, lipid composition, and retinal function by electroretinography (ERG) were measured at the end of feeding. Results Pretreatment of 661W cells with CAPE reduced H2O2-mediated cell death in a dose-dependent manner and induced expression of heme oxygenase-1 (Ho1). Albino rats fed with CAPE had greater expression of Ho1 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (Icam1), less expression of FOS-like antigen (Fosl) and lipoxygenase 12 (Lox12) genes in the retina, less translocation of nuclear factor kappaB protein to the nucleus, and a lower molar ratio of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Further, the ERGs of the retinas of CAPE-fed rats were significantly higher than those of the control-fed rats when raised in dim light. Conclusions CAPE can activate the antioxidative gene expression pathway in retinal cells in vitro and in vivo. Feeding CAPE to albino rats can enhance ERG responses and change the lipid profile in the rats’ retinas. PMID:12657434

248

Sex differences in pharmacokinetics of cilostazol in rats  

The pharmacokinetics of cilostazol was investigated after oral and intravenous administration in both male and female rats. After oral administration, area under serum concentration-time curve (AUC) was about 35-fold higher in female rats than in male rats, and absolute bioavailability was about 5.8-fold higher in female rats than in male rats. Total body clearance (CLtotal) for female rats was around one-sixth of that for male rats. In vivo hepatic clearance (CLh) calculated based on isolated liver perfusion studies was even higher than or around 90% of the in vivo CLtotal of cilostazol for female and male rats, respectively, indicating that cilostazol is mainly eliminated by the liver in both male and female rats. In vitro metabolism studies utilizing hepatic microsomes and recombinant c...

249

Alteraciones en las características morfométricas del riñón de ratas albinas machos provocadas por la ingestión crónica de etanol desde la adolescencia/ Alterations in the morphometric features of kidney of male albino rats provoked by chronic ingestion of ethanol from the adolescence  

Abstract in spanish En el presente trabajo se pretendió determinar las variaciones que sobre las características morfométricas del riñón provoca la ingestión crónica de etanol en ratas adolescentes, para lo cual se utilizaron 42 ratas albinas machos de 30 días de nacidas con las cuales se conformaron dos grupos de 21 animales cada uno y con tiempos de tratamiento de tres y cinco meses y con estos, dos subgrupos: experimental y control. A las ratas experimentales se les suministró et (more) anol a dosis de 5 g/kg de peso corporal mediante cánula intraesofágica. A las controles se les administró agua en lugar de etanol, en iguales condiciones. Se emplearon cortes histológicos coloreados con técnica PAS y se estudiaron las porciones contorneadas de los túbulos proximales y distales. Se calculó el área de sección transversal tubular y se midieron los volúmenes nucleares de las células de ambos túbulos. Se comprobó que las ratas experimentales mostraron volúmenes nucleares menores que las controles. El grupo experimental mostró valores de áreas de sección transversal de los túbulos renales mayores que los controles, siendo estos valores superiores en los túbulos proximales en las ratas de cinco meses, y los distales en las ratas de tres meses. Se concluyó que en la muestra estudiada el alcoholismo crónico iniciado en la adolescencia provocó variaciones morfométricas en los túbulos proximales y distales del riñón. Abstract in english Present paper allowed us to determine the variations exerted by the chronic ingestion of ethanol from the adolescence on the kidney morphometric features in 42 male albino rats of 30 days born divided into two groups of 21 animal each and with the treatment times of three and five months and with these 42 animals into two subgroups: one of experimental type and other as control. The experimental rats received ethanol at 5 g/kg doses according to the body weight using an i (more) ntraesophageal cannula. The control ones received water instead of ethanol in similar conditions. We used histological sections stained with PAS technique to study the outlined portions of the proximal and distal tubules. The tubular transversal section area was estimated measuring the nuclear volumes of cells in both tubules. It was demonstrated that the experimental rats showed higher values of the transversal section of renal tubules higher than the control ones, where these values were superior in proximal tubules in the five months old rats and the distal ones in the three months old. We conclude that in study sample the chronic alcoholism started during adolescence provoked morphometric variations in proximal and distal tubules of kidney.

250

Antidiabetic effect of Punica granatum flowers: Effect on hyperlipidemia, pancreatic cells lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in experimental diabetes  

The present study investigated the effects of Punica granatum aqueous extract (PgAq) on streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats by measuring fasting blood glucose, lipid profiles (atherogenic index), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and activities of both non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants. Diabetes was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60mg/kg) to albino Wistar rats. The increase in blood glucose level, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), LPO level with decrease in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), reduced glutathione (GSH) content and antioxidant enzymes namely, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismut...

251

Effect of Terminalia chebula aqueous extract on oxidative stress and antioxidant status in the liver and kidney of young and aged rats  

We evaluated the preventive effects of Terminalia chebula (T. chebula) aqueous extract on oxidative and antioxidative status in liver and kidney of aged rats compared to young albino rats. The concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA), lipofuscin (LF), protein carbonyls (PCO), activities of xantione oxidase (XO), manganese-superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), levels of glutathione (GSH), vitamin C and vitamin E were used as biomarkers. In the liver and kidney of aged animals, enhanced oxidative stress was accompanied by compromised antioxidant defences. Administration of aqueous extract of T. cheubla effectively modulated oxidative stress and enha...

252

Effects of diabetes and/or hypercholesterolemia on skin development of rat fetuses  

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of diabetes and/or hypercholesterolemia on skin development during in utero life at 15, 17 & 19 days old. MethodsSixty pregnant female albino Wistar rats were arranged into three groups: control, diabetic (single i.p. 60 mg streptozotocin/kg B.wt) and hypercholesterolemic (diet supplement 3% cholesterol 6 week prior to conception and throughout gestation). Pregnant rats were sacrificed at 15, 17 & 19 days prenatal). Vibrissae skin biopsies were removed and allowed for scanning (SEM), light, and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) investigation. Also, DNA fragmentation and sodium dodecyl polyacrylamides gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) were carried out. ResultsScanning electron microscopic observations revealed retarded hair follicle growth and deformat...

253

Evaluation of protective effects of the alpha lipoic acid after spinal cord injury: An animal study  

Purpose: Many of the hypotheses have been suggested to explain the mechanism of the secondary effects of traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) as follows: ischaemia/reperfusion disability theory, free radicals theory, exitotoxicity theory, immunological destruction theory, apoptosis theory. Recently, free radicals, lipid peroxidation reactions and apoptosis theories have been much more accepted than others. In this study, possible protective effects of the alpha lipoic acid were evaluated in the traumatic spinal cord of rats. Methods: Using a well characterised weight drop technique, spinal cord contusions were formed to 48 Wistar albino rats at thoracal 8-10 level. After alpha lipoic acid and methylprednisolone were administered intraperitoneally, the spinal cord tissues were harvested for ...

254

Preclinical evaluation of the antidiabetic effect of Eugenia jambolana seed powder in streptozotocin-diabetic rats  

Abstract in english The world is facing an explosive increase in the incidence of diabetes mellitus and cost-effective complementary therapies are needed. The effects of Eugenia jambolana, a household remedy for diabetes, were studied. Streptozotocin diabetic female albino Wistar rats weighing 150-200 g (N = 6) were fed E. jambolana seed powder (250, 500 or 1000 mg/kg) for 15 days. Diabetic rats fed 500 and 1000 mg/kg seed powder showed an increase in body weight on day 20 in relation to day (more) 5 (6 ± 4.7, 9 ± 7.8 vs diabetic control -16 ± 7.1 g, P

255

Determination of the nonnutritive sweetener sodium cyclopentylsulfamate and three of its metabolites, cyclopentylamine, cyclopentanone, and cyclopentanol, in urine of rats and rabbits.  

The nonnutritive sweetener sodium cyclopentylsulfamate was fed to Wistar albino rats and New Zealand White rabbits. Urine was collected for 3 days after feeding, combined, and examined for the metabolites cyclopentylamine, cyclopentanone, and cyclopentanol and for sodium cyclopentylsulfamate was assayed by hydrolysis in acidified dioxane-water and subsequent measurement of the absorbance of the product formed (lambdamax = 490 nm) by the liberated amine with p-benzoquinone. The average conversion to cyclopentylamine, cyclopentanone, and cyclopentanol was 0.103, 0.171, and 0.054% in the rabbit and 0.057, 0.016, and 0.008% in the rat, respectively. PMID:1032676

256

Biological, haematological, and histological observations in copper poisoned rats  

The pathological changes of liver and kidney in addition to some changes in biological hematological parameters in copper poisoned rats, Rattus rattus albino are reported. Physical examination of copper treated rats revealed a change in the color of paws (from pink to white). Retarded animal growth further indicates adverse effects on its health. Hemoglobin percentage and hematocrit value were also decreased, whereas a slight elevation was noticed in the number of WBCs. Necrosis was the important lesion noticed in the liver and kidney. Present findings also show the sites of copper retention in these two tissues.

257

Comparison of the Two Types of Bioresorbable Barriers to Prevent Intra-Abdominal Adhesions in Rats  

Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two absorbable film barriers, polylactic acid and sodium hyaluronate?carboxymethyl cellulose, in preventing postoperative intra-abdominal adhesions, inflammation, and fibrosis in an animal model. Methods Forty Wistar albino rats were grouped as polylactic acid, sodium hyaluronate?carboxymethyl cellulose, and control. All rats underwent laparotomy with subsequent cecal wall abrasion and abdominal wall injury. The two treatment groups received polylactic acid or sodium hyaluronate?carboxymethyl cellulose film barriers, while control group received nothing. On postoperative day?21, three observers graded the intra-abdominal adhesions and resected specimens. Fibrosis, inflammation, and adhesions were graded using quantitative scorin...

258

[Effect of miliacin oil in the treatment of trophic ulcers].  

The effect of topical treatment of trophic ulcers with oleum miliacei was studied for the first time on 87 albino rats and 74 rabbits. The oil is obtained from millet scraps which are a by-product of groats processing. Oleum miliacei was found to possess a marked antiinflammatory property and stimulate considerably regeneration processes. The therapeutic effect of oleum miliacei was higher than that of oleum hippophae and oleum rosae. In treatment with this oil the term of healing of the ulcers reduced, on the average, by 12 and 16 days in rats and by 18 and 23 days in rabbits. PMID:2057230

259

Anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of Crataegus oxyacantha on isoproterenol-induced myocardial damage  

This study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of the alcoholic extract of the berries of Crataegus oxyacantha (AEC), a medicinal herb, on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction (MI) in a rat model. Three groups of Wistar albino rats, each comprising six animals, were selected for this study. Group I rats served as control. Group II rats were given isoproterenol (85?mg/kg body weight) subcutaneously on 59th and 60th?days. Group III rats were given AEC (0.5?ml/100?g body weight/day), orally on a daily basis for 60?days, and isoproterenol (85?mg/kg body weight, subcutaneously) was given on 59th and 60th?days. On the 61st?day, the animals were sacrificed, and marker enzymes like lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) were estimated in s...

260

In vivo effect of an antilipolytic drug (3,5'-dimethylpyrazole) on autophagic proteolysis and autophagy-related gene expression in rat liver  

Autophagy is an intracellular pathway induced by starvation, inhibited by nutrients, that is responsible for degradation of long-lived proteins and altered cell organelles. This process is involved in cell maintenance could be induced by antilipolytic drugs and may have anti-aging effects [A. Donati, The involvement of macroautophagy in aging and anti-aging interventions, Mol. Aspects Med. 27 (2006) 455-470]. We analyzed the effect of an intraperitoneal injection of an antilipolytic agent (3,5'-dimethylpyrazole, DMP, 12 mg/kg b.w.), that mimics nutrient shortage on autophagy and expression of autophagic genes in the liver of male 3-month-old Sprague-Dawley albino rats. Autophagy was evaluated by observing electron micrographs of the liver autophagosomal compartment and by monitoring protein degradation assessed by the release of valine into the bloodstream. LC3 gene expression, whose product is one of the best known markers of autophagy, was also monitored. As expected, DMP decreased the plasma levels of free fatty acids, glucose, and insulin and increased autophagic vacuoles and proteolysis. DMP treatment caused an increase in the expression of the LC3 gene although this occurred later than the induction of authophagic proteolysis caused by DMP. Glucose treatment rescued the effects caused by DMP on glucose and insulin plasma levels and negatively affected the rate of autophagic proteolysis, but did not suppress the positive regulatory effect on LC3 mRNA levels. In conclusion, antilipolytic drugs may induce both autophagic proteolysis and higher expression of an autophagy-related gene and the effect on autophagy gene expression might not be secondary to the stimulation of autophagic proteolysis.

 
 
 
 
261

In vivo assessment of bacteriotherapy on acetaminophen-induced uremic rats.  

Objectives: Acetaminophen is a commonly used antipyretic agent which, at high doses, causes renal tubular damage and uremia. Bacteriotherapy affords a promising approach to mitigating uremic intoxication by ingestion of live microbes able to catabolize uremic solutes in the gut. The present study evaluates the nonpathogenic soil-borne urease-positive bacterium Sporosarcina pasteurii (Sp) as a potential urea-targeted component for such an "enteric dialysis" formulation. Methods: Twenty-four albino male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: The control group (group NC) received distilled water intraperitoneally for 7 days. The positive control group (group U) received 500 mg/kg acetaminophen intraperitoneally for 7 days. The tested group (group UP) was administered Sp at a dosage of 109 cells/day for 5 weeks, after receiving 500 mg/kg per day of acetaminophen intraperitoneally for 7 days. Vehicle control (group VC) received only Sp at a dosage of 109 cells/day for 5 weeks without acetaminophen treatment. Blood, kidney, liver and stool samples were collected after scarification, for biochemical (urea, creatinine, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase [GOT] and glutamate pyruvate transaminase [GPT] of blood, kidney and liver) tests. Limited fecal analysis was performed. Results: Blood urea nitrogen (urea, creatinine) and toxicity indicators (GOT, GPT) were increased, and antioxidant enzymes were decreased in group U. Blood urea nitrogen and toxicity indicators were reduced, and antioxidant enzymes were increased significantly in the group UP (p<0.05) compared with group U. The number of Sp was increased in Sp-treated groups compared with groups NC and U. Conclusions: The study demonstrated that the bacteria tested reduced blood urea nitrogen levels significantly. PMID:22782327

262

Acacia Senegal gum exudate offers protection against cyclophosphamide-induced urinary bladder cytotoxicity.  

Cylophosphamide (CYCL) is a strong anticancer and immunosuppressive agent but its urotoxicity presents one of the major toxic effects that limit its wide usage particularly in high dose regimens. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate Acacia Senegal gum exudate ,Gum Arabic (GA), for its possible role as a natural, nontoxic agent against CYCL-induced urotoxicity. Male Swiss albino rats were exposed to CYCL (150 mg/kg BW, once i.p) with or without GA oral supplementation (7.5 g/kg/day for 6 days) through drinking water. Glutathione (GSH), Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Nitric oxide (NO) bladder contents were assessed. Responsiveness of the bladder rings to acetylcholine (ACh) in vitro, microscopic and macroscopic features are also investigated. CYCL produced pronounced harmful effects on bladder urothelial lining with significant increases in (MDA) and NO levels in the tissue homogenates. Bladder-GSH content is dropped by over 60% following CYCL injection. Bladder contractility, as measured by its responsiveness to ACh, recorded a marked reduction. The isolated bladders exhibited such macroscopic changes as severe edema, inflammation and extravasation. The bladder weight increased as well. Histological changes were evident in the form of severe congestion, petechial hemorrhage and chronic inflammatory reaction in the lamina propria accompanied with desquamated epithelia. GA, a potential protective agent, produced an almost complete reversal of NO induction, lipid peroxidation or cellular GSH bladder contents in the GA+CYCL-treated group. Likewise, bladder inflammation and edema were reduced. Bladder rings showed a remarkable recovery in their responsiveness to ACh. Bladder histological examination showed a near normal configuration and structural integrity, with a significant reduction in inflammation and disappearance of focal erosions. These remarkable effects of GA may be attributed to its ability to neutralize acrolein, the reactive metabolite of CYCL and/or the resultant reactive oxygen metabolites, through a scavenging action. GA may limit the cascading events of CYCL -induced damage, initiating a cytoprotective effect leading to structural and functional recovery of the bladder tissues. PMID:20716906

263

Protective effects of Allium sativum against defects of hypercholesterolemia on pregnant rats and their offspring.  

Sixty fertile female and male albino rats of Wistar strain (I male/ 3 females) were used in the present study. The females were divided into four groups of ten rats each. Group 1 received water and standard feeds for thirty-four days. Group 2 was fed with a cholesterol-containing diet (1%) for two weeks prior to onset of gestation and maintained administration till parturition, produce atherosclerosis (34 days). Group 3 received intragastric administration of 100mg homogenate of garlic (Allium sativum)/kg body weight for three weeks prior to onset of gestation as well as throughout the gestation period. Group 4 intragastrically administered garlic for one week of group B and maintained with combined garlic-treatment for the mentioned period. At parturition, the pregnant were sacrificed and serum total cholesterol (TCL), triglycerides (TG), HDL, LDL and creatine kinase activity (CK) were determined. The total numbers of offspring were recorded and examined morphological for congenital abnormalities. Biopsies of heart and dorsal aorta of both pregnant and their offspring (1 day-age) were processed for investigation at light and transmission electron microscopy. The skeleton of the newborn of different experimental groups were stained with alizarin red s and mor-phometric assessment of mandibular and appendicular bone length. The study revealed that the myocardium of atherosclerotic mother exhibited leuhkocytic inflammatory cell infiltration associated with necrosis, eosinophilia of myocardiai fibers, and edema of blood vessels. Ultrastructural studies revealed swelling of mitochondria, disruption of cristae in the myocardiai muscle fibers. The dorsal aorta possessed accumulation of extra-cellular lipid in intima lining of endothelium. The collagenous fibrils in the tunica adventitia became fragile and loosely separated from each other. Numerous foamy lipid loaden cells were detected within the tunica intima causing deterioration of the elastic fibers, resulting in fibrinoid necrosis. Oral supplementation with Allium sativum (100 mg/ kg) ameliorated these effects in myocardium muscle of mothers and offspring; however the dorsal aorta of mothers showed partial amelioration. Hypercholesterolemic mothers exhibited marked alterations in serum TCL, TG, LDL and CK activity. Supplementation with Allium sativum ameliorated the drastic biochemical alterations. Concerning pregnancy, hypercholesterolemia increased the incidence of abortion and abnormalities of the newborn including decreased body weight, reduced ossification of axial (mandible) and appendicular bones. All these effects were markedly ameliorated by supplementation with Allium sativum. The author finally concluded that hypercholesterolemia exhibits pathological alterations of myocardiai muscles reducing its optimal capacity for pumping blood to different body organs along with atherosclerosis of dorsal aorta which intern affect the progress of gestation and development of both morphological and skeletal abnormalities. Allium sativum-supplementation leads to amelioration of both mother and their offspring investigated parameters as a result of its antioxidant activity. PMID:20607041

264

Protective role of the triterpenoid-enriched extract of Trichosanthes dioica root against experimentally induced pain and inflammation in rodents.  

Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae), called pointed gourd in English, is a dioecious climber grown in the Indian subcontinent. This study evaluated the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of triterpenoid-enriched extract of T. dioica root (CETD) in rodents at the doses of 50 and 100?mg?kg(-1) body weight po. Anti-nociceptive activity was evaluated by acetic acid-induced writhing and tail flick methods in Swiss albino mice. CETD was evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity in experimental acute (carrageenan-, histamine- and serotonin-induced paw oedema) and chronic models (cotton pellet-induced granuloma) in Wistar albino rats. In writhing test, CETD dose dependently and significantly inhibited writhes; in tail flick test, CETD demonstrated significant increase in reaction time (after 60 and 120?min). In all the anti-inflammatory models, CETD exhibited promising anti-inflammatory activity in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, T. dioica root afforded remarkable anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory protections in the tested rodent models. PMID:22288562

265

Histological and Histochemical Studies on the Effects of Methotrexate on the Liver of Adult Male Albino Rat/ Estudios Histológico e Histoquímico del Efecto del Metotrexato en el Hígado de Rata Macho Albina Adulta  

Abstract in spanish El metotrexato es ampliamente usado en la terapia de varias enfermedades malignas. El presente trabajo fue diseñado para investigar los cambios histológicos e histoquímicos del hígado de rata albina, después de administrar dicho fármaco. Se usaron 15 ratas albinas, machos, adultas, que fueron divididas en 3 grupos: El grupo I no tuvo tratamiento correspondiendo al control. A los grupos II y III se les administró, por vía intraperitoneal, una solución salina norma (more) l y metotrexato, respectivamente, con una dosificación de 0,5 mg por Kg de peso, dos veces por semana, con una duración total de 3, 6 y 9 semanas. Las ratas fueron sacrificadas y los hígados extraídos y procesados para los estudios histológico e histoquímico. El examen de los hígados del grupo III mostró infiltración celular mononuclear y un incremento en la cantidad de fibras colágenas en la vía portal. Hubo áreas focales de necrosis de células hepáticas con distorsión de la arquitectura hepática normal. Además, hubo un gradual y progresivo decrecimiento del contenido de glicógeno en los hepatocitos. La actividad de deshidrogenasa succínica y fosfatas alcalinas también disminuyó, pero sí hubo un aumento de la actividad de las fosfatasas ácidas en las áreas degeneradas y pérdida de actividades en áreas de necrosis celular masiva. En conclusión, inyecciones repetidas de metotrexato causan daño hepático de maginitud definida. Esta hepatotoxicidad progresó a medida que las dosis se fueron acumulando. El presente estudio muestra evidencias claras de la potencia citotóxica de este medicamento. Abstract in english Methotrexate (MTX) is widely used in the therapy of various types of malignancy. The present work was designed to investigate the histological and histochemical changes in the liver of albino rat following methotrexate administration. Fifteen adult male albino rats were used in the present work. They were divided into three main groups: Group I was kept without treatment and served as control. Groups II and III were given intraperitoneal injections of normal saline and MT (more) X, respectively, at a dosage of (0.5 mg/Kg) twice weekly for total durations of 3, 6 and 9 weeks. The rats were sacrificed and the livers were excised and processed for histological and histochemical study. Examination of sections of the livers of group III showed mononuclear cell infiltration and an increase in the amount of collagen fibers in the portal tracts. There were focal areas of liver cell necrosis with distortion of the normal hepatic architecture. Moreover, there was a gradual and progressive decrease of glycogen content in the hepatocytes. Furthermore, succinic dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activity were also decreased. In addition there was an increase in acid phosphatase activities in the degenerated areas and loss of activities in areas of massive cellular necrosis. It was concluded that repeated injections of MTX causes hepatic damage of a definite magnitude. This hepatotoxicity progressed with increasing cumulative doses of methotrexate. The present study provided further evidence to the cytotoxic potency of this antifolate

266

Sex differences in pharmacokinetics of cilostazol in rats.  

The pharmacokinetics of cilostazol was investigated after oral and intravenous administration in both male and female rats. After oral administration, area under serum concentration-time curve (AUC) was about 35-fold higher in female rats than in male rats, and absolute bioavailability was about 5.8-fold higher in female rats than in male rats. Total body clearance (CL(total)) for female rats was around one-sixth of that for male rats. In vivo hepatic clearance (CL(h)) calculated based on isolated liver perfusion studies was even higher than or around 90% of the in vivo CL(total) of cilostazol for female and male rats, respectively, indicating that cilostazol is mainly eliminated by the liver in both male and female rats. In vitro metabolism studies utilizing hepatic microsomes and recombinant cytochrome (CYP) isoforms clearly indicated that major metabolites of cilostazol were generated extensively with hepatic microsomes of male rats and that male-predominant CYP3A2 and male-specific CYP2C11 were mainly responsible for the hepatic metabolism of cilostazol. Therefore, the great sex differences in the pharmacokinetics of cilostazol were mainly attributed to the large difference in hepatic metabolism. Our experimental results also suggested that the substantial metabolism of cilostazol in the small intestine and its possible saturation would be responsible for dose-dependent bioavailability in both male and female rats. PMID:21718207

267

SNP frequency, haplotype structure and linkage disequilibrium in elite maize inbred lines.  

Background: India is considered as the diabetic capital of the world. The study of plants having antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activities may give a new approach in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Objective: The study was intended to evaluate the antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of aqueous extract of leaves of Carica papaya Linn. (AECPL) in alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats. Materials and Methods: Diabetes was induced in albino rats by administration of alloxan monohydrate (120 mg/kg, i.p.). Rats were divided into 6 groups of 6 animals each. First group served as non-diabetic control, second group as diabetic control, third group as standard and was treated with 0.1 mg/kg/day of glibenclamide. Group 4, 5, and 6 received 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight of AECPL. Blood samples were analyzed for blood glucose on day 0, 1, 7, 14, 21 and lipid profile on day 21. Results: The AECPL showed significant reduction (P<0.01) in blood glucose level and serum lipid profile levels with 400 mg/kg body weight in alloxan-induced diabetic rats as compared with the control. Conclusion: It is concluded that AECPL is effective in controlling blood glucose levels and in improving lipid profile in diabetic rats. PMID:12366868

268

Changes in the activity levels of glutamine synthetase, glutaminase and glycogen synthetase in rats subjected to hypoxic stress  

Exposure to high altitude causes loss of body mass and alterations in metabolic processes, especially carbohydrate and protein metabolism. The present study was conducted to elucidate the role of glutamine synthetase, glutaminase and glycogen synthetase under conditions of chronic intermittent hypoxia. Four groups, each consisting of 12 male albino rats (Wistar strain), were exposed to a simulated altitude of 7620 m in a hypobaric chamber for 6 h per day for 1, 7, 14 and 21 days, respectively. Blood haemoglobin, blood glucose, protein levels in the liver, muscle and plasma, glycogen content, and glutaminase, glutamine synthetase and glycogen synthetase activities in liver and muscle were determined in all groups of exposed and in a group of unexposed animals. Food intake and changes in body mass were also monitored. There was a significant reduction in body mass (28-30%) in hypoxia-exposed groups as compared to controls, with a corresponding decrease in food intake. There was rise in blood haemoglobin and plasma protein in response to acclimatisation. Over a three-fold increase in liver glycogen content was observed following 1 day of hypoxic exposure (4.76+/-0.78 mg.g-1 wet tissue in normal unexposed rats; 15.82+/-2.30 mg.g-1 wet tissue in rats exposed to hypoxia for 1 day). This returned to normal in later stages of exposure. However, there was no change in glycogen synthetase activity except for a decrease in the 21-days hypoxia-exposed group. There was a slight increase in muscle glycogen content in the 1-day exposed group which declined significantly by 56.5, 50.6 and 42% following 7, 14, and 21 days of exposure, respectively. Muscle glycogen synthetase activity was also decreased following 21 days of exposure. There was an increase in glutaminase activity in the liver and muscle in the 7-, 14- and 21-day exposed groups. Glutamine synthetase activity was higher in the liver in 7- and 14-day exposed groups; this returned to normal following 21 days of exposure. Glutamine synthetase activity in muscle was significantly higher in the 14-day exposed group (4.32 µmol ?-glutamyl hydroxamate formed.g protein-1.min-1) in comparison to normal (1.53 µmol ?-glutamyl hydroxamate formed.g protein-1.min-1) this parameter had decreased by 40% following 21 days of exposure. These results suggest that since no dramatic changes in the levels of protein were observed in the muscle and liver, there is an alteration in glutaminase and glutamine synthetase activity in order to maintain nitrogen metabolism in the initial phase of hypoxic exposure.

269

Development and characterization of local anti-inflammatory implantation for the controlled release of the hexane extract of the flower-heads of Euryops pectinatus L. (Cass.).  

A hexane extract of the flower-heads of Euryops pectinatus L. (Cass.) was formulated into local anti-inflammatory implantation patches with controlled release. Cross-linked sodium hyaluronate patches (F1-F3) and chitosan patches (F4-F6) were prepared by a casting/solvent evaporation technique. Morphological and mechanical characterizations including the components ratio, surfactant and the loaded amount of the hexane extract (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg b.wt.) were investigated. Release studies were performed during 24 h using a diffusion cell. Films with optimum in vitro release rate have been investigated for testing the anti-inflammatory activity and the sustaining effect of the formulations. The sustained anti-inflammatory effect of the hexane extract of E. pectinatus flower-heads from the selected films was studied by inducing paw edema in rats with 1% (w/v) carrageenan solution. The results indicated the compatibility of hexane extract with both sodium hyaluronate and chitosan patches forming yellowish transparent films. Based on variations in drug release profiles throughout the 24-h among the formulations (F1-F6) studies, F3 and F6 were selected for further investigation. When the films were applied 1 h before the subplantar injection of carrageenan in the hind paw of male Albino rats, formulation (F3) provided its maximum inhibition of paw edema in rats (91.3%) 4 h after edema induction whereas, formulation (F6) showed less inhibition after 4 h (70.6%). The previous two formulations (F3 and F6) produced potent results (95.3 and 89.5%, respectively) after 24 h when compared with a local market preparation containing 25% ?-sitosterol used as positive control. Histophathological investigation was conducted for 1, 4, and 12 weeks to study the tissue response for the two formulations (F3 and F6) at the implantation site. Chemical investigation of the hexane extract was achieved for both unsaponifiable matter (USM) and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) using gas liquid chromatography (GLC). The USM was dominated by n-pentacosane (14.40%), phytosterols (Cholesterol, Campesterol, Stigmasterol, ?-sitosterol, ?-amyrin) reached 33.44% and the FAME was dominated by Linoleinic (49.97%). Quality control of the local implantation was evaluated by GLC using cholesterol as an analytical marker and phytosterols as an active marker compared to the plain extract. PMID:22466147

270

Acute Effects of Sulphur Mustard Gas on the Number of Lymphocytes in the Rat's Spleen/ Efectos Agudos del Gas Mostaza sobre el Número de Linfocitos en el Bazo de Rata  

Abstract in spanish El sulfuro de mostaza (SM), comúnmente conocido como gas mostaza, es un agente alquilante que causa graves ampollas en contacto con la piel humana. SM se utiliza con frecuencia como un agente de guerra química. Hay algunas evidencias que indican que el SM induce efectos en el sistema linfático en seres humanos. Entre los años 2000-2001, fueron utilizadas 42 ratas albinas Wistar macho. Después de la acomodación con el medio ambiente, las ratas se dividieron en grupos (more) control, impostor y experimental (2,5 mg / kg, 5 mg / kg, 10 mg / kg, 20 mg / kg y 40 mg / kg). Luego se inyectó aceite de SM en el espacio intraperitoneal de las ratas. A continuación, sus bazos fueron removidos para la verificación histológica. Los resultados mostraron una diferencia significativa en el número de linfocitos en el grupo experimental después de 24 horas. El número de linfocitos en los grupos de 5, 10, 20 y 40 mg / kg fue mayor siendo este incremento en el grupo de 40 mg / kg más alto que en los otros grupos. Concluimos que el número de linfocitos aumenta debido a la exposición de gas mostaza existiendo una relación entre el aumento de linfocitos y la dosis de exposición. Abstract in english Sulphur mustard (SM), commonly known as mustard gas is an alkylating agent that causes serious blisters upon contact with human skin. SM is frequently used as a chemical warfare agent. There is some evidence for sulfur mustard-induced lymph system effects in humans. Between 2000-2001, 42 male albino Wistar rats were used. After accommodation with environment, we divided rats to control, sham and experimental groups (2.5 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg). Th (more) en we injected sulphur mustard oil in rat's intraperitoneal space. Then their spleens were removed for histological verification. Our results showed that significant difference in lymphocytes number in experimental groups after 24 hours. The number of lymphocytes in 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg groups was increased and this increase in 40 mg/kg group was more than the other groups. We concluded that the number of lymphocytes increased due to exposure of mustard gas and there is a relationship between the increase of lymphocytes and dose of exposure.

271

The effects of varicocele and its surgical correction on vas deferens motility.  

Varicocele is the abnormal dilation of venous pampiniform plexus and internal spermatic vein. Its prevalence in the adolescent period is almost equal to the prevalence of adult age. That is why the disease is accepted to appear in early adolescence and does not disappear spontaneously. Varicocele is established to be the most common cause of infertility in the adulthood period in terms of the testicular and/or epididymal damages it causes. Besides, malfunctioning of testis and/or epididymis cannot be blamed as the one and only reason of infertility. One major reason of the male infertility is vas deferens motility disorders. There is limited data in the literature investigating the effects of varicocele on the vas deferens motility. The aim of the study is to evaluate not only the motility defects of vas deferens for the period of varicocele, but also the effects of surgical varicocele correction on vas deferens motility. Thirty male Wistar-Albino rats were allocated to five groups. In the control group (Gr C, n = 6) bilateral vas deferens strips were harvested without any surgical intervention. Using the partial left renal vein obstruction technique, the experimental varicocele model was performed for the other four groups. Varicocele was apparent for these animals after the fourth week of the venous ligation. Bilateral vas deferens strips of varicocele group (Gr V, n = 6) were harvested. The rest of the animals having varicocele underwent relaparotomies. Three different surgical procedures were performed to these animals. The animals of group P (Gr P, n = 6) and group I (Gr I, n = 6) underwent Palomo and Ivanissevich procedures, respectively, for varicocele correction. And the animals of group S (Gr S, n = 6) underwent sham operation. After 4 weeks of relaparotomies, bilateral vas deferens strips of all three groups harvested. The electrical field stimulation (EFS) induced responses of all vas deferens strips as well as exogenous drug induced responses were recorded and analysed. The results of the study showed that the varicocele significantly inhibited the first phase of biphasic response of vas deferens in the ipsilateral side. However the correction of varicocele, free from surgical technique, ameliorated the affected first phase of EFS induced biphasic response in the ipsilateral side. The results of this study suggest that varicocele can be the reason of male infertility by not only causing testicular and/or epididymal damages but also triggering vas deferens motility defects. The correction of varicocele free from surgical technique may reverse the damaging of the vas deferens. Therefore when indicated surgical correction of varicocele is essential. It seems that varicocele surgery does not only prevent late term testicular and/or epididymal damages but also avoids vas deferens motility defects. PMID:18040696

272

Iron Content of Rat Serum Ferritin  

The serum ferritin concentration was significantly higher in female than in male rats, reflecting higher iron stores in females than in males. The mean iron/protein ratio of serum ferritin was 0.018 ± 0.008 (SD) (?g of Fe/?g of protein) in female rats and 0.011 ± 0.011 in male rats, being much lower than that of liver ferritin (0.233 ± 0.014 in females and 0.227 ± 0.020 in males). Iron loading of rats significantly increased serum ferritin concentration, but did not influence the iron content of serum ferritin. These results indicate that rat serum ferritin contains only a small amount of iron independent of body iron stores.   

273

Activity of cholinesterases of blood and heart in rats of different sex and age during muscular loads and hypokinesia  

The activity of acetylcholinesterase (Ache) and butyrilcholinesterase (Bche) in the blood and the heart of 3 and 13 month old control male rats is considerably lower than in female rats. In 25 month old rats, no sex differences in the Ache and Bche were revealed in the heart. In 3 and 13 month old male and female rats, under conditions of muscular exercises, the Ache and Bche activity is lower, and in hypokinetic male rats -- higher than that in respective control animals. In all the rats, irrespective of sex, age, and motor conditions, Ache and Bche activity tended to decrease from the sinoatrial node to the heart apex.

274

Lycopene in the Prevention of Gastrointestinal Toxicity of Radiotherapy  

We conducted a study to investigate if lycopene could reduce gastrointestinal toxicity of abdominal and pelvic radiation in Wistar albino rats. Animals received either a control diet (Group 1), lycopene-supplemented diet (Group 2), control diet and radiation (Group 3), and lycopene-supplemented diet plus radiation (Group 4). In Groups 2 and 4, the rats received 5 mg/kg/day lycopene for 10 days. In Groups 3 and 4, the rats received single fraction 8 Gy abdominal and pelvic radiation (RT) on Day 10. Study endpoints included weight loss, diarrhea, duration of diarrhea, survival, and an oxidative stress marker, plasma level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS). The rats receiving RT only had significantly higher weight loss rate compared to the lycopene plus RT group (P = 0.001). ...

275

Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Modulates Gentamicin-Induced Oxidative Nephrotoxicity in Kidney of Rats  

In this study, the modulator effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on the oxidative nephrotoxicity of gentamicin in the kidneys of rats was investigated by determining indices of lipid peroxidation and the activities of antioxidant enzymes as well as by histological analyses. Forty female Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups, namely control, gentamicin, CAPE, and gentamicin plus CAPE. On the 12th day of the study, all rats were sacrificed and then blood samples and kidneys were taken. Lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide levels, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities, and histological evaluation were measured in kidneys of rats. Levels of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine were studied in serum. CAPE with...

276

Bioavailability of Calcium, Iron and Zinc Fortified Whole Wheat Flour Chapatti  

The bioavailability and interactive effects of calcium, iron and zinc fortified whole wheat flour chapattis on female Sprague?Dawley albino rats were determined. The whole wheat flour was fortified with CaCO3, FeSO4 and ZnSO4 at 1000, 40 and 20?mg/kg, respectively and fed to 64 female Sprague?Dawley rats for 4?weeks. Retention of Ca, Fe and Zn was determined in plasma, femur and liver tissues. Ca levels in plasma and liver did not alter significantly while the Ca retention in femur changed significantly with the change in fortificants. The calcium retention was higher in the femur of rats fed on the diet supplemented with Ca?+?Zn (221???13.61?mg/g) than the rats fed on the diet supplemented with Ca?+?Fe (219???18.92?mg/g). The iron in plasma, liver and femur ranged from 2.19???0.11 to 2.77...

277

The impact of trastuzumab on radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis: results of an experimental study  

There are no data regarding the late toxicity of trastuzumab (T) administration with radiotherapy (RT). In this experimental study, we aimed to asses if concurrent or sequential administration of T has any impact for the development of radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Fifty-four female Wistar-albino rats were divided into 6 groups. First group of rats (Group 1; concurrent T) had irradiation to whole thoracic region concurrently with T. Second group (Group 2: sequential T?RT) received thoracic irradiation, 1?week after T. Third group (Group 3: sequential RT?T) had thoracic irradiation first and they had T injection 1?week after RT. Fourth group (Group 4: T only) had only T application. Fifth group (Group 5: RT) had only RT. The last group (Group 6: sham) of rats were observed w...

278

Oxidative stress induced by 1.8 GHz radio frequency electromagnetic radiation and effects of garlic extract in rats  

Abstract Purpose: We aimed to study the oxidative damage induced by radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) emitted by mobile telephones and the protective effect of garlic extract used as an anti-oxidant against this damage. Materials and methods: A total of 66 albino Wistar rats were divided into three groups. The first group of rats was given 1.8 GHz, 0.4 W/kg specific absorption rate (SAR) for 1 h a day for three weeks. The second group was given 500 mg/kg garlic extract in addition to RF-EMR. The third group of rats was used as the control group. At the end of the study, blood and brain tissue samples were collected from the rats. Results: After the RF-EMR exposed, the advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP) levels of brain tissue increased compared with the control group ...

279

Efficacy of aphrodisiac plants towards improvement in semen quality and motility in infertile males.  

Infertility is the inability to conceive after one year of unprotected intercourse. In the present study, herbal composition prepared by using medicinal plants having aphrodisiac potentials was administered orally to the albino rats for 40 days and to the oligospermic patients for 90 days in order to prove the efficacy of herbal composition. Herbal composition was the mixture (powder form) of the medicinal plants namely, Mucuna pruriens (Linn), Chlorophytum borivillianum (Sant and Fernand), and Eulophia campestris (Wall). In the neem oil treated albino rats, there was significant reduction in almost all the parameters viz. body weight, testes and epididymes weight, sperm density and motility, serum levels of testosterone, FSH, and LH compared with control rats. Treatment with said herbal composition for 40 days results significant increased in the body weight, testis, and epididymes weight in rats. Concomitantly the sperm motility and the sperm density were significantly increased. After 90 days of treatment with this herbal composition, sperm density vis-a-vis motility was increased in oligozoospermic patients as a result of elevation in serum testosterone levels. No side effects were noticed during the entire duration of the trial. PMID:22499723

280

Investigation into the Haematologic and Hepatotoxic Effects of Rinbacin in Rats  

An evaluation of the effects of rinbacin on the liver and blood of albino rats was carried out. Low (26.25 g/l) and high (52.50 g/l) dose levels of rinbacin were administered in the drinking water of albino rats for 13 weeks. Food and fluid intake were measured daily, and animal body weight taken weekly. Biochemical analysis of the liver function was carried out as well as some haematological parameters and histology of the liver. Results showed a significant (p ? 0.05) increase in all the liver function parameters tested at both dose levels. There was also an increase in packed cell volume (PCV) in the high dose group. Histological examination indicates that rinbacin at both dose sizes induced severe pathologic changes in the forms of degeneration of hepatocytes, necrosis, oedema, cellular infiltration, nuclear fragmentation and chromatinolysis. Administration of rinbacin, though could raise the PCV, may lead to hepatic damage, which might result in increased bilirubin and liver enzymes in rats. Rinbacin is toxic to the rat liver.   

 
 
 
 
281

Efeitos da associação propafenona - propofol na contratilidade miocárdica, freqüência cardíaca, fluxo coronariano e incidência de arritmia em corações isolados de ratos/ Effects of propafenone associated with propofol on myocardial contractility, heart rate, coronary flow, and the incidence of arrhythmia in isolated hearts of rats  

Abstract in portuguese OBJETIVO: Estudar a influência da propafenona associada ao propofol na contratilidade miocárdica (dP/dt e freqüência cardíaca), fluxo coronariano e incidência de arritmia em corações isolados de ratos. MÉTODOS: Estudados 40 corações de ratos albinos anestesiados com éter sulfúrico, adaptados a sistema de perfusão, tipo Langendorff modificado, nutridos com solução de Krebs-Henseleit (K-H), (95% de O2, 5% de CO2, pH de 7,4±0,1, pressão de perfusão entre 9 (more) 0 e 100cm de água e temperatura de 37±0,5º C), obtidos registros de controle após período de estabilização e distribuídos em quatro grupos: I (controle), II (propafenona, na dose de 100mcg), III (propofol, na dose de 25mcg) e IV (propafenona-propofol). RESULTADOS: Verificou-se diminuição (p Abstract in english OBJECTIVE: To study the influence of propafenone associated with propofol on myocardial contractility (dP/dt and heart rate), coronary flow, and the incidence of arrhythmia in isolated rat hearts. METHODS: Forty albino rats were anesthetized with sulfuric ether, a modified Langendorff method was performed, and the rats were fed with Krebs-Henseleit (K-H) solution, (95% O2, 5% CO2, pH 7.4±0.1, perfusion pressure between 90 and 100cm of water, and temperature 37± 0.5ºC). (more) Control records were obtained after a stabilization period and rats were distributed into the following 4 groups: I (control), II (100mcg propafenone), III (25mcg propofol), and IV (propafenone-propofol). RESULTS: A decrease (P

282

Effect of fenugreek seed extract on adriamycin-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in albino rats.  

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of fenugreek seeds against hepatotoxicity induced in albino rats by the anticancer drug adriamycin (ADR). Animals were given single dose of ADR (10 mg/kg body weight) and were killed after 2 and 4 weeks. Liver of ADR-treated animals showed histopathological and biochemical alterations. The histopathological changes include hepatic tissue impairment, cytoplasmic vacuolization of the hepatocytes, congestion of blood vessels, leucocytic infiltrations and fatty infiltration. Moreover, the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen was increased in ADR-treated rats. The liver enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase (ALT) and alanine aminotransferase (AST) were increased in the sera of treated rats. Moreover, ADR significantly increased the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in hepatic tissue. Treating animals with ADR and aqueous extract of fenugreek (0.4 g/kg body weight) seeds led to an improvement in histological and biochemical alterations induced by ADR. The biochemical results showed that AST and ALT appeared normal together with reduction in the level of MDA (lipid peroxidation marker) and increase in SOD and CAT activities. It was concluded from this study that the aqueous extract fenugreek seeds has a beneficial impact on ADR-induced hepatotoxicity due to its antioxidant effect in albino rats. PMID:22082829

283

Reproductive success and mate choice in Long?Evans rats  

In the present study, mating behavior was observed in female rats that were given the opportunity to mate with two male rats simultaneously. Eleven sexually na?ve, naturally cycling rats were assigned to one pair of sexually experienced cohabitating male rats. Each female rat was mated during proestrous with her assigned pair of males. Eight females successfully became pregnant and gave birth to healthy pups (~9 pups/litter). After the offspring were weaned, paternity of each pup was determined using microsatellite DNA markers. Based on this analysis, it was determined that one male in each pair sired the majority of the pups in the litter. No male sexual behaviors or characteristics distinguished male rats that sired the majority of pups from those that sired few or none of the pups. Furt...

284

The effects of homocysteine-related compounds on cardiac contractility, coronary flow, and oxidative stress markers in isolated rat heart.  

Research on the effects of homocysteine on the vascular wall, especially in endothelial and smooth muscle cells, has indicated that increased homocysteine levels lead to cellular stress and cell damage. Considering the adverse effects of homocysteine on vascular function and the role of oxidative stress in these mechanisms, the aim of this study was to estimate the influence of different homocysteine isoforms on cardiac contractility, coronary flow, and oxidative stress markers in isolated rat heart. The hearts of male Wistar albino rats (n = 36, age 8 weeks, body mass 180-200 g), were excised and retrogradely perfused according to the Langendorff technique at a constant perfusion pressure (70 cmH(2)O) and administered with three isoforms of 10 ?M homocysteine [DL-Hcy, DL-Hcy thiolactone-hydrochloride (TLHC) and L-Hcy TLHC). After the insertion and placement of the sensor in the left ventricle, the parameters of heart function: maximum rate of pressure development in the left ventricle (dP/dt max), minimum rate of pressure development in the left ventricle (dP/dt min), systolic left ventricular pressure (SLVP), diastolic left ventricular pressure (DLVP), mean blood pressure (MBP) and heart rate (HR)] were continuously registered. Flowmetry was used to evaluate the coronary flow. Markers of oxidative stress: index of lipid peroxidation measured as TBARS, nitric oxide measured through nitrites (NO(2) (-)), superoxide anion radical (O(2) (-)), and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) in the coronary venous effluent were assessed spectrophotometrically. Our results showed that administration of Hcy compounds in concentration of 10 ?M induced depression of cardiac contractility, manifested by a decrease in dp/dt max after administration of any Hcy compound, decrease in dp/dt min after administration of L-Hcy TLHC, decrease in SLVP after administration of DL-Hcy TLHC and DL-Hcy, and the drop in CF after administration of any Hcy compound. Regarding the effects of Hcy on oxidative stress parameters, only L-Hcy TLHC significantly affected O(2) (-) release. L-Hcy TLHC showed a cardiotoxic effect by affecting heart contractility, but surprisingly, it decreased the release of O(2) (-). PMID:22821198

285

[Measurement of ileal protein digestibility using 15N-labeled rats].  

After 15N-labelling over 7 days male albino rats (92-95 g live weight) received either a wheat or whole egg diet (10 animals each) for 4 days. On the following day of the experiment 5 animals each continued to receive their diets as their morning meal (group 1 whole egg, group 3 wheat) and 5 animals each after the previous feeding of a wheat diet received a 2.9 g whole egg diet (group 2) and after the previous feeding of a whole egg diet a 2.85 g wheat diet (group 4) resp. This morning meal was supplemented with chromium(III)oxide. The rats consumed their meals within 20 minutes. The animals were killed 3.5 hours after the beginning of feed intake. At that time the following relative amounts (in % of the intake) could be detected in the stomach in the sequence of groups 1 to 4: Cr2O3 = 22.5; 26.5; 57.5 and 64.2; dry matter = 25.4; 22.1; 43.2 and 38.5. The better agreement between the whole egg diet and Cr2O3 can be explained with the hydrophobic qualities of Cr2O3 and the small disposition of the Cr2O3 to decompose in combination with the whole egg diet. In the first third of the small intestines less than 1% of the intake of Cr2O3 and a maximum of 3.5% of the DM could be detected. Between 20 and 36% of the Cr2O3 and between 15 and 20% of the dry matter intake were ascertained in the small intestines as a whole; in the large intestines the values were 12-20% of the Cr2O3 and 16-23% of the DM. Endogenous 15N-secretion could be ascertained in all parts of the digestive tract. According to the method suggested by U. Bergner and H. Bergner (1982), protein digestibility in the last third of the small intestines was calculated as follows: (formula; see text) The following ileal digestibility values were calculated for crude protein: whole egg = 95.6%; whole egg (wheat previously) = 95.5%; wheat = 94.1%; wheat (whole egg previously) = 85.1%. It is a precondition for the application of this method that at the time of killing representative quotas of the diet sample to be tested can be detected both in the stomach and the large intestine so that the decrease of 15N-labelling in the ileum is actually caused by the test protein. PMID:6087771

286

77 FR 15101 - Results From Inert Ingredient Test Orders Issued Under EPA's Endocrine Disruptor Screening...  

...Human Recombinant): 6. Estrogen Receptor Binding: 6. Estrogen Receptor Transcriptional Activation (Human Cell Line (HeLa-9903)): 6. Fish Short-term Reproduction: 12. Hershberger (Rat): 9. Female Pubertal (Rat): 15. Male...

287

77 FR 15015 - Revocation of Tolerance Exemptions for Diethyl Phthalate and Methyl Ethyl Ketone; No Data Being...  

...Human Recombinant): 6. Estrogen Receptor Binding: 6. Estrogen Receptor Transcriptional Activation (Human Cell Line (HeLa-9903)): 6. Fish Short-term Reproduction: 12. Hershberger (Rat): 9. Female Pubertal (Rat): 15. Male...

288

Effects of prenatal stress on lever-press acquisition with delayed reinforcement in male and female rats  

The prenatally stressed (PS) rat shows enhanced conditioned fear and increased behavioral inhibition in response to footshock compared to control (CON) rats. It is unclear whether this facilitated learning will occur only with aversive stimulation, or if it will also be observed in the context of positive reinforcement. There are limited and inconsistent data regarding sex differences and the impact of prenatal stress on learning. The present study was designed to examine lever-press acquisition with a 10-s delay to food reinforcement in male and female PS and CON rats. Overall, twice as many PS male rats acquired the lever-press response than the PS female rats, CON male rats, and CON female rats. PS male rats also earned significantly more reinforcers and responded on the operative lever...

289

21 CFR 700.18 - Use of chloroform as an ingredient in cosmetic products.  

...Cancer Institute have demonstrated that the oral administration of chloroform to mice and rats induced hepatocellular carcinomas (liver cancer) in mice and renal tumors in male rats. Scientific literature indicates that chloroform is...

290

NASA Technical Reports Server  

device which regulates the function of other organs and systems and reacts sensitively to ... may be seen. Two-and-a-half month old inbred animals -- mice and male rats (to ... Wistar rats. After the background animal group was sacrificed (10 ...

291

The Effects of Hypergravic Fields on Neural Signalling in the ...  

rat, dog, and monkey have an impaired ability to regulate their body temperature when exposed .... Peripheral and brainstem auditory responses in squirrels arousing from hibernation. FASEB,. 1987. ...... to cold in newborn male Zucker rats. In: ...

292

Immunosuppressive effect of subchronic exposure to a mixture of eight heavy metals, found as groundwater contaminants in different areas of India, through drinking water in male rats.  

Immunotoxicity is an important health hazard of heavy metal exposure. Because the risk of combined exposure in the population cannot be neglected, we examined whether subchronic exposure to a mixture of metals (arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, chromium, nickel, manganese, and iron) via drinking water at contemporary Indian groundwater contamination levels and at concentrations equivalent to the WHO maximum permissible limit (MPL) in drinking water can induce immunotoxicity in male rats. Data on groundwater contamination with metals in India were collected from literature and metals were selected on the basis of their frequency of occurrence and contamination level above the MPL. Male albino Wistar rats were exposed to the mixture at 0, 1, 10, and 100 times the mode concentrations (the most frequently occurring concentration) of the individual metals in drinking water for 90 days. In addition, one group was exposed to the mixture at a concentration equal to the MPL of the individual metal and another group was used as positive control for immune response studies. The end points assessed were weights of organs, hematological indices, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, and histopathology of skin and spleen. The MPL and 1x doses did not significantly affect any of the parameters and none of the doses induced any significant changes after 30 days of exposure. The mixture at 10x and 100x doses increased the relative weight of the spleen, but that of thymus, adrenals, and popliteal lymphnodes were increased with the 100x dose. After 90 days, 10x and 100x doses decreased serum protein and globulin contents and increased the albumin:globulin ratio; the albumin level was decreased only with the 100x dose. After 60 days, the total erythrocyte count (TEC), hemoglobin (Hb) level, and packed cell volume (PCV) were decreased with the 100x dose, whereas after 90 days, 10x and 100x doses reduced the TEC, total leukocyte count, Hb level, PCV, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. With the 100x dose, the lymphocyte count was decreased after 60 and 90 days, but the neutrophil number was increased after 90 days. Antibody titer was decreased after 75 days with the 100x dose, but after 90 days, it was decreased with both the 10x and 100x doses. In delayed-type hypersensitivity response, these two doses decreased ear thickness after 24 and 48 h and skin biopsies showed a dose-dependent decrease in inflammatory changes. Histologically, the spleen revealed depletion of lymphoid cells and atrophic follicles with reduced follicular activity with higher doses. The findings suggest that hematopoietic and immune systems are toxicologically sensitive to the mixture, which could lead to anemia and suppression of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in male rats at 10 and 100 times the mode concentrations of the individual components in contaminated groundwater. PMID:17657459

293

Comparative Inhalation Toxicology of Selected Materials. Phase 2.  

Male and female F344/N rats were exposed nose-only to a respirable powder of copper-zinc alloy. No rats died as a result of the exposures. Body weights were reduced relative to sham-exposed rats for rats exposed to 240 and 480 mg. hr Cu-Zn/cu.m week. All ...

294

SOCIAL PLAY BEHAVIOR IS ALTERED IN THE MALE RAT DUE TO PERINATAL EXPOSURE TO THE ANTIANDROGEN VINCLOZOLIN  

Abstract: During mammalian sexual differentiation, androgens, and specifically, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, are critical for the organization of the male phenotype. In rats, social play behavior is organized by androgens during the neonatal period. Males play more ...

295

COMPARATIVE G.I. ENZYME ACTIVITY AND ACTIVATION OF THE PROMUTAGEN 2,6-DINITROTOLUENE IN MALE CD-1 MICE AND MALE FISCHER 344 RATS  

Comparative intestinal nitroreductase, azo reductase, B-glucuronidase, dechlorinase, and dehydrochlorinase activities in young male Fischer 344 rats and young male CD-l mice were measured in vitro while the comparative biotransformation of 2,6 dinitrotoluene to mutagenic metaboli...

296

Chitosan nanoparticles encapsulated vesicular systems for oral immunization: preparation, in-vitro and in-vivo characterization.  

BSA-loaded chitosan nanoparticles were prepared and encapsulated in vesicles (liposomes and niosomes) to make them acid resistant upon oral administration. Prepared systems were characterized in-vitro for shape, size, entrapment efficiency and stability in simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.2) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH 7.5). The immune stimulating activity was studied by measuring serum IgG titre and secretory IgA (sIgA) levels in mucosal secretions following oral administration of various formulations in albino rats. Significantly higher (P mucosal secretions advocated a possible application of chitosan nanoparticle encapsulated in vesicles as an oral vaccine delivery carrier-adjuvant system. PMID:16536896

297

MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN ALBINO RATS IN REMOTE PERIODS AFTER Po$sup 210$ ADMINISTRATION  

Upon morphological investigation of organs of 24 albino rats subjected to a single Po/sup 210/ administration (subcutaneously into the hip 0.005 and 0.0025 mC/kg) 282--590 days later tumors were found in the soft tissues of the hip, kidneys, perirenal fatty cellular tissue, and thyroid gland. Microscopic investigation disclosed that the tumors were cancers, sarcomas with metastases into the lung, heart, mesenteric lymph node, omentum, and adrenal gland. Histoautoradiograms confirmed the development of tumors from the tissues of organs where Po/sup 210/ is retained protractedly, irrespective of its quantity. (auth)

298

Thymoquinone ameliorates bacterial translocation and inflammatory response in rats with intestinal obstruction  

BackgroundIntestinal obstructions might cause mucosal disruption, motility dysfunction, increasing intestinal volume, and intestinal bacterial overgrowth; it might also result in bacterial translocation. Thymoquinone is a bioactive substance that might affect antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effectiveness of thymoquinone against bacterial translocation and inflammatory response induced by mechanical intestinal obstruction. MethodsThirty Wistar albino rats (200-250 g) were divided into three groups, as follows: Group 1 (sham), with only ileocaecal junction dissection; Group 2 (intestinal obstruction), with complete ileal ligation; Group 3 (intestinal obstruction + thymoquinone), with comple...

299

Moringa oleifera induced potentiation of serotonin release by 5-HT3 receptors in experimental ulcer model  

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae), a perennial plant is widely cultivated throughout the world. Extensive pharmacological studies revealed its promising role in modulation of various disorders like antispasmodic, diuretic, abortifacient, antimicrobial antibacterial, antitubercular, antiviral, antifertility, depressant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer property which promoted us to conduct the study to elucidate its role on experimental gastric ulceration. Aim of the study: The aim of the present study was to assess the efficacy of its aqueous leaf extract on protection of gastric ulceration and characterize the possible modulatory mechanism underlying the phenomenon. Materials and methods: Adult Holtzman strain albino rats (weight 150-200g) of either sex were u...

300

Synthesis of 2-azetidinone derivatives of 6-nitro-1H-indazole and their biological importance  

Abstract in english A new series of 3-chloro-1-{[2-(6-nitro-1H-indazol-1-yl)ethyl]amino}-4-(substituted phenyl)-2-azetidinones (4a-j) was synthesized in four steps from 6-nitro-1H-indazole and characterized by IR, ¹H NMR, 13C NMR, FAB-mass spectrometry and chemical methods. Compounds 4(a-j) were screened in vitro for their antibacterial, antifungal and antitubercular activities against some selected microorganism and for their antiinflammatory activity (in vivo) against albino rats (either sex). All above activities of compounds 4(a-j) showed acceptable results.

 
 
 
 
301

Qualitative and quantitative study of few enzymes in the liver of cadmium fed rats  

Cadmium when administered to animals is known to accumulate in the liver and kidney, causing identifiable toxic effects. These effects on enzyme systems have been described in the present investigation selecting few of them viz. alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase and cholinesterase in the liver of rat, Rattus rattus albino. Topographical studies dysenzymia thus made have been found helpful in understanding the mechanism of Cd toxicity. Variations in the level of enzyme protein, and the state of cellular organelles together with processes of phosphorylation, adenylation and oxidative phosphorylation have been discussed, explaining the cause and significance of these changes in enzyme activity.

302

Therapeutic effect of Linum usitatissimum (flaxseed/linseed) fixed oil on acute and chronic arthritic models in albino rats  

The present study was undertaken to assess the activity/anti-inflammatory potential of Linum usitatissimum fixed oil against castor oil-induced diarrhoea, turpentine oil-induced joint oedema, formaldehyde and Complete Freund?s Adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis in Wistar albino rats. The oil intraperitoneally, significantly inhibited the castor oil-induced diarrhoea and turpentine oil-induced exudative joint oedema in a dose-dependent manner. Significant inhibitory effect of L. usitatissimum fixed oil was observed in formaldehyde-induced proliferative global oedematous arthritis when given intraperitoneally, with significant checking of the serum glutamic oxaloacetic acid transaminase and serum glutamic pyruvic acid transaminase. Further, L. usitatissimum fixed oil showed a significant dose-...

303

The effect of ambient temperature on metabolism and heart rate in resting albino rats  

Heart rate and oxygen consumption were measured simultaneously in albino rats. These measurements were carried out in the resting animal at different temperatures between 18 and 33 C. Thermal neutrality was placed at 29 C. Results show that resting heart rate varies with metabolism. It shows the lowest values around the thermoneutrality point and increases rapidly as the environment cools. On the other hand, the non-linear relationship between metabolism and heart rate indicates that the increase in heart rate is not the only factor involved in increased oxygen consumption in the regulation of body temperature.

304

Effects of ethanolic extract of Syzygium cumini (Linn) seed powder on pancreatic islets of alloxan diabetic rats.  

The ethanolic extract of seeds of S. cumini increased body weight and decreased blood sugar level in alloxan diabetic albino rats. Level of significance for decrease in blood sugar after feeding alcoholic extract of S. cumini seeds in various doses was highly significant. The extract feeding showed definite improvement in the histopathology of islets. The most important finding is that the blood sugar level, which once dropped to normal levels after extract feeding was not elevated when extract feeding was discontinued for 15 days. PMID:17948734

305

Pulmonary toxicity of beryllium in albino rat  

Arsenic compounds, if chronically exposed to human beings, significantly increase incidences of epidermoid carcinomas of the skin and lung. Nickel has been considered to be an important metallic carcinogen. Regarding beryllium, different opinions are held so far as its carcinogenic nature is concerned. While it is reported that there is an equivocal increase in the incidences of respiratory cancers in patients with chronic pulmonary berylliosis, investigation shows no increase in the incidence of respiratory cancer. Among experimental animals, intravenous injections of suspensions of beryllium salts to rabbits have been shown to induce osteogenic sarcomas. This abstract deals with the histopathological and enzymological study of lungs of albino rats after prolonged beryllium treatment.

306

Histopathology of kidney of albino rat poisoned with uranyl nitrate  

Heavy metals input into the media either terrestrial or aquatic is an important aspect of environmental pollution. Heavy metals are known to produce toxic effects on the different tissues of various terrestrial and aquatic animals. Some of these are highly toxic at even very low concentrations and they alter the cellular architecture of many organs including the kidney. Little has been done on the effect of rare earth metals, particularly that of uranium on the kidney of animals. In the present paper histopathological changes produced by uranium on the kidney of albino rats are discussed.

307

Effect of Single and Repeated Injections of Selective D2-Antagonist Clebopride on Maternal Behavior of Albino Rats  

This study examined the effect of clebopride at low concentration that did not modify the motor activity on the parental care in female albino rats. Single injection of the drug attenuated the parental care reactions on postinjection minute 20, but not one day thereafter. The daily injection of the drug during the post partum period (1-6 days) resulted in significantly more pronounced and stable effects. The data obtained substantiated the views on the major contribution of D2-receptors in the development of behavioral manifestations of puerperal depression.

308

Lowering Effect of an Isoflavone-Rich Fermented Soybean Extract on the Serum Cholesterol Concentrations in Female Rats, with or without Ovariectomy, but Not in Male Rats  

We examined the effect of administering an isoflavone-rich fermented soybean extract (FSBE) on the serum cholesterol concentrations in male rats and in intact and ovariectomized (OVX) female rats. Dietary FSBE decreased the serum cholesterol concentrations in intact female and OVX rats, but did not affect the concentrations in male rats. Dietary FSBE increased the hepatic total and esterified cholesterol contents in the intact female rats, but decreased them in the OVX rats. This hypocholesterolemic effect was not a simple estrogenic effect because it has appeared in some reports that estrogen administration decreased serum cholesterol both male and female rats. Dietary FSBE increased the hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene expression in the intact female rats as has previously been reported from many studies, but did not affect that of the OVX rats. Further investigation is needed into the hypocholesterolemic mechanism of FSBE.   

309

Antispermatogenic and androgenic activities of various extracts of Hibiscus rosa sinesis in albino mice.  

The benzene chloroform and alcoholic extracts of the flowers of H.r.sinensis were administered (i.p.) at two different dose levels of 125 and 250 mg/kg body weight to adult male albino mice for 20 days. The results have shown decrease in the spermatogenic elements of testis and epididymal sperm count. High content of testicular cholesterol may be due to lowered androgen synthesis. The increase in the weight of accessory reproductive organs indicates the androgenicity of the plant extract itself, which is proved in the present study by testing the benzene extract in immature mice. PMID:9567744

310

Long-term exposure to incense smoke alters metabolism in Wistar albino rats  

Abstract The burning of incense is an important source of indoor air pollution in Asia. We assessed the effect of long-term exposure to incense smoke on the body weight and levels of circulating glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, insulin, adiponectin and leptin in Wistar albino rats. Two groups of rats were used. First group (n-=-12) was exposed daily to incense smoke for 4 months at the rate of 4-g-day-1 in the exposure chamber. Another group of rats (n-=-12), was used as non-exposed control. Blood samples were collected from all animals after 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks of exposure. Serum glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol insulin, adiponectin and leptin were measured. Our results showed that incense smoke exposure was associ...

311

Radiation-induced chronic oxidative renal damage can be reduced by amifostine  

In the current study, amifostine is evaluated for its radioprotective role in serum and kidney tissue by oxidative (malondialdehyde-MDA, advanced oxidation protein product-AOPP) and antioxidative markers (catalase, glutathione-GSH, free-thiols-F-SH). Thirty Wistar albino 3?4?months old, female rats, were randomly divided into Group I (n?=?10): Control, Group II (n?=?10): Irradiation-alone, Group III (n?=?10): Amifostine before irradiation. In Group II and III, right kidneys of the rats were irradiated with a single dose of 6?Gy using a 60Co treatment unit. Rats in Group III received 200?mg/kg amifostine intraperitoneally, 30?min prior to irradiation. Following sacrification at 24th?week, blood and kidney tissue samples were collected. Statistical analysis was done by One-way ANOVA, Post ho...

312

Naturally acquired systemic dual infection caused by Candida famata (Debaryomyces hansenii) and Candida catenulata in albino rats bred for sale in the market at Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh), India  

Summary Naturally acquired disseminated dual infection caused by Candida famata and Candida catenulata was observed in a group of albino rats bred in an animal house for sale at Jabalpur, India. Out of 200 rats examined, 40 (20%) revealed disseminated infection from which 10 (5%) exhibited infection of the brain. Mixed colonies of C. famata and C. catenulata were isolated in culture from brain, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen and stomach of the diseased animals. Histopathology revealed the presence of necrotic lesions containing yeast cells. Epidemiological studies showed the presence of the pathogens in the soil of the animal's breeding place. It is suggested that the rats may have acquired infection from the soil either through contaminated food, drinking water or aerosol. This is t...

313

Early influx of macrophages determines susceptibility to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Dark Agouti (DA) rats  

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is characterized by inflammatory infiltrates of myelin antigen(s) specific T cells and consecutive demyelination. Injection of encephalitogen into the footpads induces disease in genetically susceptible Dark Agouti rats (DA) but not in Albino Oxford (AO) rats although mild inflammatory infiltrates are observed in both strains early after disease induction. In addition, only DA rats develop disease when cells from (AOxDA) F1 hybrids are passively transferred into sub-lethally radiated AO and DA parent hosts. The aim of the study was therefore to examine the participation of accessory cells, macrophages, dendritic cells and microglia in EAE development at the level of the target tissue in these two strains using specific membrane markers. We demo...

314

Effects of combined estrogen and progesterone replacement treatment on detrusor contractility and histology in oophorectomized rats  

Abstract Aim:- The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of estrogen plus progesterone treatment administered after surgical menopause on morphological and muscarinic receptor sensitivity in detrusor muscle bands of rats. Materials and Methods:- A total of 40 female Albino-Wistar rats were assigned into two groups to undergo surgical menopause with sham operation (n-=-10) and bilateral oophorectomy (n-=-30). Thirty oophorectomized rats were assigned into three groups for different treatments administered for 8-weeks beginning from the 7th postoperative day. At the end of the 8th postoperative week, laparotomy was performed in all of them and the urinary bladders were excised and investigated with light microscope. All statistical analysis and graphs were performed using GraphPad...

315

Ameliorative Effect of-Grewia tenax-(Forssk) Fiori Fruit Extract on CCl4-Induced Oxidative Stress and Hepatotoxicity in Rats  

Abstract:- The ethanol extract of-Grewia tenax-(GTE) fruit was tested for possible efficacy against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver toxicity in Wistar albino rats. GTE at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg were administered orally to CCl4-treated rats. Acute toxicity test and sleeping time determination were done with mice. The results showed that oral administration of GTE for 3 wk to rats significantly reduced the CCl4-induced elevated levels of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, very low density lipoproteins, and triglycerides. Moreover, it was found that the treatment with GTE significantly elevated the hemoglobin leve...

316

Antidiarrhoeal effects of methanolic root extract of Hemidesmus indicus (Indian sarsaparilla)--an in vitro and in vivo study.  

Methanolic extract of H. indicus root (MHI) was screened for its antimicrobial activity against S. typhimurium, E. coli and S. flexneri, in vitro and in experimentally induced diarrhoea in albino rats, in vivo. MHI had an anti enterobacteriae effect as evident from agar well diffusion method and decrease in CFU/ml in MHI treated LB broth culture. MHI inhibited the castor oil induced diarrhoea in rats as judged by a decrease in the amount of wet faeces in MHI-pretreated rats at a dose of 500-1500 mg/kg. The results indicated that MHI was more active than standard antidiarrhoeal drug, lomotil. Phytochemical tests revealed the main constituents as tannins, steroids, triterpenoids and carbohydrates. Present findings suggested that MHI might elicit an antidiarrhoeal effect by inhibition of intestinal motility and by its bacteriocidal activity. PMID:15255649

317

The Effect of Selenium and +(-)Catechin on Lipid Peroxidation and Glutathione in Cadmium Fed Rats  

Cadmium performs its effect on living organisms by accumulating in various tissues and effects tissue antioxidant enzyme systems. The testes are critical target organ following cadmium exposure. The present study was planned to determine the possible protective roles of selenium and +(-) catechin against the toxic effects of cadmium. The study has been performed in Wistar Albino rats which divided into four groups as control, cadmium, cadmium+selenium and cadmium+ catechin received groups. Each experimental group consisted of ten rats. The experimental group rats have received cadmium sulphate, sodium selenite and +(-) catechin via there drinking water for thirty days. Cadmium concentration, lipid peroxidation and glutathione were measured in the homogenate of testes and blood. As a result of the study it may be said that: The cadmium accumulates in testes and its concentration increases in blood and possibly selenium administration is helpful against cadmium but not +(-)catechin.

318

Antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of Amaranthus viridis Linn in alloxan induced diabetic rats  

The aim of this study was to investigate the antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of whole plant of Amaranthus viridis (MEAV) in alloxan (ALX) induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was confirmed after 5 days of single intraperitoneal injection of ALX (140mg/kg) in albino Wister rats. MEAV (200 and 400mg/kg) and glibenclamide (10mg/kg, p.o.) orally administered daily for 15 days, blood was withdrawn for glucose determination on 0, 1, 10 and 15 days respectively. On the 15th day, overnight fasted rats were sacrificed and blood was collected for the determination of high density lipoproteins cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), total glycerides (TG) an...

319

Evaluation of the Effect of Acetyl L-Carnitine on Experimental Cisplatin Ototoxicity and Neurotoxicity  

Abstract Introduction: Cisplatin (CDDP) is an effective and widely used chemotherapeutic agent for pediatric tumors, and ototoxicity is one of the dose-limiting side effects. Objective: It was the aim of our study to investigate the effect of acetyl L-carnitine (ALCAR) on experimental CDDP ototoxicity by audiologic tests, histomorphologic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural examinations and to investigate the apoptotic pathways. Materials and Methods: Wistar albino rats (n = 28) were studied. Baseline audiological tests were performed in 4 groups: group 1, control; group 2, ALCAR; group 3, CDDP; group 4, CDDP + ALCAR-administered rats. Control audiological tests were performed on the 3rd day, and then the rats were sacrificed. Ear and brain specimens were examined by transmission elec...

320

Comparative effect of carotenoid complex from Golden Neo-Life Dynamite (GNLD) and carrot extracted carotenoids on immune parameters in albino Wistar rats.  

The immunomodulatory effect of Carotenoid complex from Golden Neo-Life Dynamite (GNLD) and carrot extracted Carotenoid was assessed using 24 albino Wistar rats. The rats were assigned to 4 groups of 6 rats each consisting of group 1(control group treated with distilled water), group 2 (treated with olive oil), group 3 (treated with carrot extract + olive oil) and group 4 (treated with GNLD Carotenoid complex + olive oil). The concentration of carrot extracted Carotenoid and that of the GNLD Carotenoid complex were 559 mg/kg. The animals were sacrificed after 21 days of treatment and whole blood collected for analysis of immune parameters. The parameters included; percentage lymphocytes, percentage eosinophils, percentage monocytes and platelet count. There were significant increases [P GNLD carotenoid complex which consists of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene and alpha-tocopherol is more potent in its immunomodulatory effect compared to the carrot extracted carotenoid which contained mostly alpha-carotene and beta-carotene alone. PMID:17242725

 
 
 
 
321

The effect of Syzygium cumini (L.) skeels on post-prandial blood glucose levels in non-diabetic rats and rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus.  

This study was undertaken to investigate whether a tea prepared from Syzygium cumini, reported to be used by diabetics in Porto Alegre, Brazil, might have an antihyperglycemic effect in experimental models. Teas prepared from leaves and seeds of S. cumini, in concentrations ranging from 2-64 g/l, were administered, as water substitute for 14-95 days, to 16 groups with 8-9 normal albino rats and to four groups with 10-12 rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Post-prandial blood glucose levels were determined by the glucose oxidase method on blood samples obtained by decapitation. None of the tea concentration had any detectable antihyperglycemic effect either in normal or in diabetic rats, suggesting that this plant, prepared in a manner similar to that employed by humans, is destitute of an antihyperglycemic effect. PMID:9201610

322

Nutritional and functional evaluation of wheat flour cookies supplemented with gram flour.  

Protein-enriched cookies were prepared by supplementing gram flour into wheat flour at levels of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% and analysed for physicochemical properties. The protein quality of the cookies was assessed by feeding gram flour-supplemented cookies to albino rats for 10 days. The supplementation resulted in a significant increase in protein, fat, crude fibre and ash contents of the cookies. The thickness and spread factor of cookies differ significantly while non-significant effect was observed in the width of the cookies. The protein efficiency ratio, net protein utilization, biological value and true digestibility differed significantly among diets containing cookies with gram flour fed to rats. Cookies with 30% substitution of straight grade flour and gram flour produced acceptable cookies as compared to control. The cookies containing 40-50% gram flour were best regarded as protein bioavailability for rats. PMID:22676707

323

Protective Potential of Montelukast Against Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats  

Ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury is characterized by significant oxidative stress, characteristic changes in the antioxidant system and organ injury leading to significant morbidity and mortality. This study was designed to assess the possible protective effect of montelukast, a selective antagonist of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLT1), on hepatic I/R injury in rats. Wistar albino rats through clamping hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct, were subjected to 45 min of hepatic ischemia followed by 60 min reperfusion period. Montelukast (10 mg/kg; i.p.) was administered 15 min prior to ischemia and immediately before reperfusion period. At the end of the reperfusion period, the rats were killed by decapitation. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT...

324

Effect of Terminalia chebula aqueous extract on oxidative stress and antioxidant status in the liver and kidney of young and aged rats.  

We evaluated the preventive effects of Terminalia chebula (T. chebula) aqueous extract on oxidative and antioxidative status in liver and kidney of aged rats compared to young albino rats. The concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA), lipofuscin (LF), protein carbonyls (PCO), activities of xantione oxidase (XO), manganese-superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), levels of glutathione (GSH), vitamin C and vitamin E were used as biomarkers. In the liver and kidney of aged animals, enhanced oxidative stress was accompanied by compromised antioxidant defences. Administration of aqueous extract of T. cheubla effectively modulated oxidative stress and enhanced antioxidant status in the liver and kidney of aged rats. The results of the present study demonstrate that aqueous extract of T. cheubla inhibits the development of age-induced damages by protecting against oxidative stress. PMID:19548245

325

A New Screening Model Using F1(AWE × WE) Japanese Quail Embryo for Evaluating Sex Reversal Effects  

F1(AWE × WE) strain of Japanese quail (Corturnix japonica) is produced from a mating between male AWE (albino plumage color) and female WE (wild plumage color) strains of Japanese quail. Male and female offspring exhibit wild and albino plumage colors, respectively, ruled by a criss-cross inheritance. F1(AWE × WE) eggs received 17 beta-estradiol (E2) or methyltestosterone (MT) at 0, 20, 200, 2000, and 20000 ng/egg just before incubation. At 16 days of incubation, embryos were subjected to a complete necropsy and their gonads were grossly observed and examined histopathologically. Viabilities of the embryos at 16 days of incubation were not significantly different between the control and all E2 groups and between the control and the MT 20, 200 and 2000 ng groups, whereas viability of the MT 20000 ng group was significantly lower than that of the control group. Grossly, genetic sex confirmed by plumage colors coincided completely with sex phenotype of the gonads in all embryos of the control and treated groups. Histopathologically, E2 exposure induced a dose-dependent feminization such as ovotestis of the left testis. No abnormalities were detected in any male embryos of all the MT groups. E2 and MT exposures induced no noticeable changes in the ovaries of any embryos. The present study suggests that the sex reversal test using F1(AWE × WE) Japanese quail embryos may be a rapid and cost-effective tool to evaluate screening feminization effects of the estrogenic endocrine disrupters.   

326

Exposure to low level of arsenic and lead in drinking water from Antofagasta city induces gender differences in glucose homeostasis in rats.  

Populations chronically exposed to arsenic in drinking water often have increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this study was to compare the glucose homeostasis of male and female rats exposed to low levels of heavy metals in drinking water. Treated groups were Sprague-Dawley male and female rats exposed to drinking water from Antofagasta city, with total arsenic of 30 ppb and lead of 53 ppb for 3 months; control groups were exposed to purified water by reverse osmosis. The two treated groups in both males and females showed arsenic and lead in the hair of rats. The ?-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase was used as a sensitive biomarker of arsenic toxicity and lead. The activity of ?-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase was reduced only in treated male rats, compared to the control group. Treated males showed a significantly sustained increase in blood glucose and plasma insulin levels during oral glucose tolerance test compared to control group. The oral glucose tolerance test and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance demonstrated that male rats were insulin resistant, and females remained sensitive to insulin after treatment. The total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol increased in treated male rats vs. the control, and triglyceride increased in treated female rats vs. the control. The activity of intestinal Na+/glucose cotransporter in male rats increased compared to female rats, suggesting a significant increase in intestinal glucose absorption. The findings indicate that exposure to low levels of arsenic and lead in drinking water could cause gender differences in insulin resistance. PMID:22354675

327

Age-Related Changes in Heart Rate during Copulatory Behavior of Male Rats  

As members of Western societies age, sexual function of older (elderly) individuals becomes an important issue, particularly for men. Specifically, copulatory behavior increases circulatory load, which may be related to reports of cardiac sudden death following ejaculation. To further examine this relationship, we compared heart rate (HR) before and after ejaculation in 48-week-old (aged) and 10-week-old (young) male rats. As compared with resting HR, HR after ejaculation was increased by 54.2 ± 3.5 and 41.7 ± 2.7%, respectively, among aged and young male rats. These values were significantly higher than baseline levels (P<0.01). The increases in HR at each time point during copulation were significantly higher in aged male rats than in young male rats (P<0.05 or P<0.01). We also studied decreases in HR following ejaculation and found that aged male rats had a significantly higher HR at 1 and 2 min after ejaculation than young rats (P<0.01). These results suggest that the circulatory load on the aged rat heart is greater than that on a young rat heart during copulatory behavior, especially at ejaculation. In addition, the decrease in HR in aged rats after ejaculation was more gradual than in young male rats. These results suggest that there is a higher risk of sudden cardiac death during sexual behavior in older males.   

328

Cadmium-induced alterations in the antioxidant defense system of the rat eye in relation to dietary selenium intake  

Studies were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary cadmium (Cd)upon enzymatic antioxidant function in the ocular tissues of the albino rat. Activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), Se-independent GSH-Px and catalase, and concentrations of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), glutathione, and the elements Se, Cd and copper (Cu) were determined in ocular tissues from each group. Feeding rats a low Se diet resulted in a significant decrease in GSH-Px activity irrespective of Cd treatment. Activity of Se-independent GSH-Px in rats maintained on the low Se diet decreased when compared to Se-adequate controls. Cd treatment of rats fed low Se resulted in increased activity when compared to low-Se controls. When comparisons were made between ocular TBARS in rats maintained at either level of dietary Se, with or without Cd treatment, decreased ocular TBARS were observed in Cd-treated groups. A significant decrease in the ocular concentration of Se occurred in rats fed 0.05 ppm Se when compared to rats supplemented with 0.10 ppm Se. Administering Cd to the low Se group increased ocular Se levels 100%. A negative correlation between ocular Se concentration and the level of TBARS was observed, suggesting a possible alternate role for Se as an antioxidant in the eye.

329

Hypolipidemic Activities of Dietary Pleurotus ostreatus in Hypercholesterolemic Rats.  

This work was conducted to investigate dietary supplementation of oyster mushroom fruiting bodies on biochemical and histological changes in hyper and normocholesterolemic rats. Six-week old female Sprague-Dawley albino rats were divided into three groups of 10 rats each. Feeding a diet containing a 5% powder of Pleurotus ostreatus fruiting bodies to hypercholesterolemic rats reduced plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total lipid, phospholipids, and LDL/high-density lipoprotein ratio by 30.18, 52.75, 59.62, 34.15, 23.89, and 50%, respectively. Feeding oyster mushrooms also significantly reduced body weight in hypercholesterolemic rats. However, it had no adverse effects on plasma albumin, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, creatinin, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, glucose, total protein, calcium, sodium, potassium, chloride, inorganic phosphate, magnesium, or enzyme profiles. Feeding mushroom increased total lipid and cholesterol excretion in feces. The plasma lipoprotein fraction, separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, indicated that P. ostreatus significantly reduced plasma ? and pre-?-lipoprotein but increased ?-lipoprotein. A histological study of hepatic cells by conventional hematoxylin-eosin and oil red O staining revealed normal findings for mushroom-fed hypercholesterolemic rats. These results suggest that a 5% P. ostreatus diet supplement provided health benefits by acting on the atherogenic lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic rats. PMID:22783072

330

Antitumor polysaccharides from a Chinese mushroom, "Yuhuangmo", the fruiting body of Pleurotus citrinopileatus  

This work was conducted to investigate dietary supplementation of oyster mushroom fruiting bodies on biochemical and histological changes in hyper and normocholesterolemic rats. Six-week old female Sprague-Dawley albino rats were divided into three groups of 10 rats each. Feeding a diet containing a 5% powder of Pleurotus ostreatus fruiting bodies to hypercholesterolemic rats reduced plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total lipid, phospholipids, and LDL/high-density lipoprotein ratio by 30.18, 52.75, 59.62, 34.15, 23.89, and 50%, respectively. Feeding oyster mushrooms also significantly reduced body weight in hypercholesterolemic rats. However, it had no adverse effects on plasma albumin, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, creatinin, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, glucose, total protein, calcium, sodium, potassium, chloride, inorganic phosphate, magnesium, or enzyme profiles. Feeding mushroom increased total lipid and cholesterol excretion in feces. The plasma lipoprotein fraction, separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, indicated that P. ostreatus significantly reduced plasma ? and pre-?-lipoprotein but increased ?-lipoprotein. A histological study of hepatic cells by conventional hematoxylin-eosin and oil red O staining revealed normal findings for mushroom-fed hypercholesterolemic rats. These results suggest that a 5% P. ostreatus diet supplement provided health benefits by acting on the atherogenic lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic rats. PMID:7765244

331

Hypolipidemic and antiatherogenesis effect of culinary-medicinal pink oyster mushroom, Pleurotus salmoneostramineus L. Vass. (higher Basidiomycetes), in hypercholesterolemic rats.  

The present study was conducted to investigate dietary supplementation of Pleurotus salmoneostramineus fruiting bodies on biochemical and histological effects in hyper- and normocholesterolemic rats. Six-week-old female Sprague-Dawley albino rats were divided into three groups of 10 rats each. Feeding of diet containing a 5% powder of the fruiting bodies of P. salmoneostramineus in hypercholesterolemic rats reduced plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, total lipid, phospholipids, and LDL/HDL ratio by 22.55, 51.38, 69.23, 29.67, 16.61, and 65.31%, respectively. The mushroom also significantly reduced body weight in hypercholesterolemic rats. Moreover, it had no adverse effects on plasma albumin, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, glucose, total protein, calcium, sodium, potassium, chloride, inorganic phosphate, magnesium, and enzyme profiles. Feeding mushroom increased total lipid and cholesterol excretion in feces. The plasma lipoprotein fraction, separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, indicated that P. salmoneostramineus significantly reduced plasma ? and pre-?-lipoprotein, while it increased ?-lipoprotein. A histological study of liver tissues by conventional hematoxylin-eosin and oil red O staining showed normal in mushroom feed hypercholesterolemic rat. This study suggests that the P. salmoneostramineus diet supplement provided health benefits by acting on the atherogenic lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic rats. PMID:22339705

332

Effects of ebselen on radiocontrast media-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.  

Oxidative stress is accepted as a potential responsible mechanism in the pathogenesis of radiocontrast media (RCM)-induced hepatotoxicity. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the protective effects of ebselen against RCM-induced hepatotoxicity by measuring tissue oxidant/antioxidant parameters and histological changes in rats. Wistar albino rats were randomly separated into four groups consisting of eight rats per group. Normal saline was given to the rats in control group (group 1). RCM was given to the rats in group 2, and both RCM and ebselen were given to the rats in group 3. Only ebselen was given to the rats in group 4. Liver sections of the killed animals were analyzed to measure the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), as well as histopathological changes. In RCM group, SOD and CAT levels were found increased. In RCM-ebselen group, MDA, SOD and CAT levels were found decreased. In RCM-ebselen group, however, GSH-Px activities of liver tissue increased. All these results indicated that ebselen produced a protective mechanism against RCM-induced hepatotoxicity and took part in oxidative stress. PMID:22491720

333

Yes, I Am Ready Now: Differential Effects of Paced versus Unpaced Mating on Anxiety and Central Oxytocin Release in Female Rats  

Sexual activity and partner intimacy results in several positive consequences in the context of stress-coping, both in males and females, such as reduced state anxiety in male rats after successful mating. However, in female rats, mating is a rewarding experience only when the estrous female is able...

334

Opuntia humifusa Supplementation Increased Bone Density by Regulating Parathyroid Hormone and Osteocalcin in Male Growing Rats  

We investigated the effect of Opuntia humifusa (O. humifusa) supplementation on bone density and related hormone secretion in growing male rats. Sixteen six-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups; control diet group (CG, n = 8), and experimental diet group (EG, n = 8...

335

Investigations of factors influencing exposure and response to lead, mercury, and cadmium in man and in animals.  

The susceptibility of the heme biosynthetic pathway to lead, as reflected by increased free erythrocyte porphyrin (FEP) concentration, is in humans as well as in rats in the order of young greater than or equal to female greater than male. The difference between adult male and female rats can be exp...

336

Purification and characterization of two extracellular endochitinases from Massilia timonae  

The aim of this study was to determine if there are sex-related differences in the acute kidney injury induced by HgCl2 since female rats express lower levels of renal Oat1 and Oat3 (transporters involved in renal uptake of mercury) as compared with males. Control males and females and Hg-treated male and female Wistar rats were employed. Animals were treated with HgCl2 (4 mg/kg body weight (b.w.), intraperitoneal (i.p.)) 18 h before the experiments. HgCl2 induced renal impairment both in male and female rats. However, female rats showed a lower renal impairment than male rats. The observed increase in kidney weight/body weight ratio seen in male and female rats following HgCl2 treatment was less in the female rats. Urine volume and creatinine clearance decreased and Oat5 urinary excretion increased in both males and females, but to a lesser degree in the latter. Urinary alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity and histological parameters were modified in male but not in female rats after HgCl2 administration. These results indicate that the lower Oat1 and Oat3 expression in the kidney of females restricts Hg uptake into renal cells protecting them from this metal toxicity. These gender differences in renal injury induced by mercury are striking and also indicate that Oat1 and Oat3 are among the main transporters responsible for HgCl2-induced renal injury. PMID:19962135

337

Enhancement of the hepatotoxicity of chloroform in B6C3F1 mice by corn oil: implications for chloroform carcinogenesis.  

A recent study of the ability of chloroform in drinking water to produce cancer reported that male Osborne-Mendel rats developed renal tumors, but that female B6C3F1 mice failed to develop hepatocellular carcinomas. The results obtained in the male Osborne-Mendel rats were comparable to those observ...

338

Persistent liver lesions in rats after a single oral dose of polybrominated biphenyls (firemaster FF-1) and concomitant PBB tissue levels.  

In a preliminary study, 12 male and 12 female weanling Sherman strain rats were given a single dose of 1000 mg polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) FireMaster FF1 Lot 7042 kg/body weight as a 5% solution in corn oil. Three male and three female weanling rats were given corn oil. One day after dosing PBB ...

339

Involvement of testosterone in the induction of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 2B1/2 (P-450 2B1/2) by 1-benzylimidazole in male and female rats: sex-differentiated induction of P-450 2B1/2 species.  

We examined the effect of 1-benzylimidazole on the induction of cytochrome P-450 1A1/2 (P-450 1A1/2) and cytochrome P-450 2B1/2 (P-450 2B1/2) in normal, castrated, ovariectomized and hypophysectomized male rats, and in castrated rats treated with testosterone. 1-Benzylimidazole markedly increased P-450 content in male and female rats. Parallel to the dose-dependent increase in P-450 content, 1-benzylimidazole produced a significant increase in P-450 2B1/2 in male rats, but not in female rats. 1-Benzylimidazole failed to induce P-450 2B1/2 in castrated male and ovariectomized female rats. Treatment of castrated male rats with testosterone restored the induction of P-450 2B1/2 by 1-benzylimidazole. Treatment of ovariectomized female rats with 1-benzylimidazole or phenobarbital led to the increase in P-450 content, accompanying by the induction of P-450 2B1/2 by the latter treatment, but not the former. In hypophysectomized male rats, 1-benzylimidazole was able to induce P-450 2B1/2 in contrast to castrated male rats. Neonatal male and female rats responded well to the induction of P-450 2B1/2 by 1-benzylimidazole. The present findings suggest that P-450 2B1/2 induction by 1-benzylimidazole would be coupled with circulating testosterone regulated by hypophysis-testis axis. 1-Benzylimidazole produced sex-differentiated induction of P-450 2B1/2 in pubertal rats, but not in neonatal animals. The present findings would be provide information on a unique effect of 1-benzylimidazole on P-450 2B1/2 induction in rats. PMID:8186227

340

Alterações celulares na glândula pineal de ratas albinas: efeito da estimulação sonora diária  

Abstract in portuguese Foi observado haver uma relação entre o estímulo sonoro intenso e alterações morfológicas na glândula (g.l) pineal de ratas adultas. Estes animais foram estimulados por uma campainha elétrica, com nível de intensidade sonora em torno de 110 db, por 1, 2, 4 e 7 dias e como também por mais 10 estímulos sucessivos no sétimo dia. Foram observadas alterações celulares, tais como: núcleos picnóticos, vacuolizações e perda do aspecto lobular da distribuição dos pinealócitos, sendo que estas alterações se agravam com o aumento do número de estimulações. Abstract in english The authors studied the effect of noise (110 dB), delivered by an eletric bell, upon parenchima cells of pineal gland of albino female rats. Several experimental groups were previously formed and stimulated during, 1, 2, 4 and 7 days. In addition another group was formed and stimulated during 7 days plus 10 additional stimulations of about 3 minutes each after the routine stimulations in the seventh day. The authors observed that a single stimulation of about 3 minutes wa (more) s sufficient to determine alterations in the parenchima cells of the pineal of experimental animals; the changes were characterized by picnolisis in some groups, whereas in others groups picnolisis and interstitials vacuolizations were evidently increased directly with stimulation. The results suggest that the sound stimulation has a destructible effect upon the parenchima cells of the pineal gland of the female albino rats.

 
 
 
 
341

Protective effect of Triphala on cold stress-induced behavioral and biochemical abnormalities in rats.  

Stress is one of the basic factors in the etiology of number of diseases. Cold-stress occurs when the surrounding temperature drops below 18 degrees C, the body may not be able to warm itself, and hence serious cold-related illnesses, permanent tissue damage and death may results. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of Triphala (Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica and Emblica officinalis) against the cold stress-induced alterations in the behavioral and biochemical abnormalities in four different groups (saline control, Triphala, cold-stress and Triphala with cold-stress) of Wistar strain albino rats. In this study cold-stress (8 degrees C for 16 h/d/15 days) was applied and the oxidative stress was assessed by measuring the extent of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and the changes in corticosterone levels. Upon exposure to the cold-stress, a significant (P<0.05) increase in immobilization with decrease in rearing, grooming, and ambulation behavior was seen in open field. Following cold-exposure, significant increase in the LPO and corticosterone levels was observed. Oral administration of Triphala (1 g/kg/animal body weight) for 48 days significantly prevented these cold stress-induced behavioral and biochemical abnormalities in albino rats. The results of this study suggest that Triphala supplementation can be regarded as a protective drug against stress. PMID:17978562

342

Targeting tacrolimus to deeper layers of skin with improved safety for treatment of atopic dermatitis-Part II: in vivo assessment of dermatopharmacokinetics, biodistribution and efficacy.  

The objective of present investigation was to study in vivo behavior of tacrolimus-loaded lipid-nanoparticles (T-LN) to understand its targeting potential for treatment of atopic-dermatitis-(AD). T-LN have shown significantly improved drug penetration to deeper epidermal and dermal skin-layers than commercial ointment-Protopic(®) and effectively reached target dendritic-immune-cells, responsible for immunopathogenesis of AD. Due to enhanced penetrability of T-LN, it became necessary to evaluate the toxicity of the nanocarrier and the drug at non-target tissues. This paper evaluates dermatopharmacokinetics (DPK), biodistribution, efficacy and safety of T-LN in comparison to Protopic(®) as reference. In vivo DPK in guinea pigs showed 3.02-fold higher bioavailability while ?-scintigraphy in albino-rats demonstrated 1.5-fold rapid penetration of radioactivity in skin for T-LN. Biodistribution in albino-rats revealed restricted localization at the target-skin-area with no general spreading to other body organs suggesting targeting potential of T-LN. In vivo efficacy studies in BALB/c mice showed highly efficient suppression of inflammatory AD-like skin-lesions with T-LN than reference and placebo. Dermal toxicity-studies revealed keratosis and collagenous mass-infiltration with repeated application of reference however interestingly, T-LN treated group showed no evident toxicity demonstrating significantly improved safety. Thus T-LN offered improved penetration to the target site without any toxic-effects and would represent an efficient and commercially viable alternative for AD treatment. PMID:22609427

343

Natural products: Their chemistry and biological significance  

Objectives: The objective of this study is to investigate the feasibility of transdermal drug delivery of Labetalol Hydrochloride (LHCl) and to study the effect of different penetration enhancers on the skin permeability of LHCl. Methods: The permeability experiments were conducted using a horizontal glass diffusion cell with a diffusional area of 2.37 cm-2 on albino rat skin. The effect of various penetration enhancers namely turpentine oil, dimethyl formamide (DMF), menthol, dimethyl sulfoxide, pine oil, and 2-pyrollidone, and the effect of the concentration of drug and enhancer in the donor phase on the skin permeability of LHCl was studied. Results: The apparent partition coefficient of the drug was found to be 6.95, suggesting it to be a lipophilic drug. The preliminary skin permeation studies revealed that the permeation of LHCL through albino rat skin was moderate (Kp = 6.490 × 10-2 cm hr-1) from isotonic phosphate buffer of pH 7.4. An appreciable increase in the LHCl permeability coefficient was observed on using a co-solvent (ethanol 95%) with the penetration enhancers in the donor phase. DMSO (10% v/v) was found to be the most effective enhancer for Labetalol hydrochloride (Enhancement Factor = 1.165). An increase in the concentration of drug and enhancer in the donor cell accentuated the permeability coefficient of LHCl. Conclusions: It was concluded that LHCl could be delivered via the dermal route with the use of 10% DMSO as the penetration enhancer. PMID:15342616

344

Disruption of a rice pentatricopeptide repeat protein causes a seedling-specific albino phenotype and its utilization to enhance seed purity in hybrid rice production.  

The pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) gene family represents one of the largest gene families in higher plants. Accumulating data suggest that PPR proteins play a central and broad role in modulating the expression of organellar genes in plants. Here we report a rice (Oryza sativa) mutant named young seedling albino (ysa) derived from the rice thermo/photoperiod-sensitive genic male-sterile line Pei'ai64S, which is a leading male-sterile line for commercial two-line hybrid rice production. The ysa mutant develops albino leaves before the three-leaf stage, but the mutant gradually turns green and recovers to normal green at the six-leaf stage. Further investigation showed that the change in leaf color in ysa mutant is associated with changes in chlorophyll content and chloroplast development. Map-based cloning revealed that YSA encodes a PPR protein with 16 tandem PPR motifs. YSA is highly expressed in young leaves and stems, and its expression level is regulated by light. We showed that the ysa mutation has no apparent negative effects on several important agronomic traits, such as fertility, stigma extrusion rate, selfed seed-setting rate, hybrid seed-setting rate, and yield heterosis under normal growth conditions. We further demonstrated that ysa can be used as an early marker for efficient identification and elimination of false hybrids in commercial hybrid rice production, resulting in yield increases by up to approximately 537 kg ha(-1). PMID:22430843

345

Comparative toxicity of /sup 226/Ra, /sup 239/Pu, /sup 241/Am, /sup 249/Cf, and /sup 252/Cf in C57BL/Do black and albino mice  

Groups of C57BL/Do (black and albino) mice were injected with graded activities of /sup 226/Ra, /sup 239/Pu, /sup 241/Am, /sup 249/Cf, or /sup 252/Cf and were followed throughout life. Bone sarcoma was the principal radiation-induced end point, and the risks associated with average skeletal doses of the four transuranium radionuclides, relative to radium, were determined. The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) was calculated for each emitter by dividing its risk coefficient (bone sarcomas per 10(/sup 6/) mouse-rad) by the risk coefficient for /sup 226/Ra. Combined data for males and females in both black and albino mice gave the following values +/- SD for the RBE relative to /sup 226/Ra . 1.0: /sup 239/Pu . 15.3 +/- 3.9, /sup 241/Am . 4.9 +/- 1.4, /sup 249/Cf . 5.0 +/- 1.4, and /sup 252/Cf . 2.6 +/- 0.8. About 70% of the tumors occurred in the axial skeleton, and the risk coefficient for females averaged about four times higher than for males when all five nuclides were included. The RBE of fission fragment irradiation from /sup 252/Cf for cancer induction, relative to alpha irradiation, for the combined data in all of the animals given /sup 252/Cf and /sup 249/Cf, was 0.02 +/- 0.28, in agreement with the calculated theoretical value of 0.03, based on the ratio of summed track lengths in tissue.

346

Development of resistance against hexachlorobutadiene in the proximal tubules of young male rat.  

Hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) is a potent nephrotoxin in rodents that can cause degeneration, necrosis and regeneration in renal tubular epithelial cells. Its toxicity is due to its conjugation by glutathione (GSH) to form glutathione S-conjugate, by the enzyme glutathione S-transferase and finally to the related cysteine-conjugate. This metabolite is then actively taken up by kidney and cleared in the renal tubular epithelial cells, rich in beta-lyase, to a reactive thiol derivative that covalently binds to the macromolecules. In this study, different groups of 28-day male Wistar albino (W/A) rats were dosed daily with 25 mg/kg HCBD for 2, 3, 4 and 7 days; control group dosed with corn oil. Data showed that in the 2- and 3-day treated groups there was substantial necrosis to the straight portion of the proximal tubules (pars recta or S3 segment), rich in glutamine transaminase K (GTK/beta-lyase). In the 4-day treated group, the renal proximal tubules had regenerated and showed a basophilic appearance. In animals treated for 7 days, it was observed that the kidney appeared to have returned to normal and had become resistant to further doses of HCBD. To define the time for the kidney to regain susceptibility to HCBD, 18- and 25-day studies with both low (25 mg/kg) and high (100 mg/kg) doses of HCBD (following two initial doses of 25 mg/kg) were performed. In the 18-day study, histopathological examination of the kidneys in animals of this group and also animals in the 25-day study, which received two further doses of HCBD, showed that the severity of kidney damage is much less than in the 2-day treated animals, a clear indication that the tubular cells were still resistant to the low dose of HCBD. Concentration of blood urea nitrogen, as a marker of kidney damage, in these two groups also confirmed the results. In animals re-exposed to the high dose of HCBD, data showed that the susceptibility to HCBD was starting to return. PMID:15012908

347

Sex-related differences in NADPH-dependent lipid peroxidation induced by cadmium  

Male and female rats were dosed once a day for 2 days with injections of 1.5 mg Cd/kg. Formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBA-RS) was significantly increased in male rat liver but not in the females. NADPH-dependent lipid peroxidation in vitro in microsomes derived from untreated rat liver was greater in males than in females. Furthermore, addition of cadmium (Cd) to microsomes isolated from male rat liver produced a dose-dependent potentiation of NADPH-dependent lipid peroxidation from low concentrations of CD. In microsomes derived from females a significant increase in lipid peroxidation was observed only at high Cd concentrations. NADPH-dependent lipid peroxidation enhanced by Cd was greater in the males than in the females. These data suggest that a sex-related difference in the ability of Cd to induce lipid peroxidation in vivo in rat liver appears to be mediated partly through differences in hepatic microsomal NADPH-dependent lipid peroxidation.

348

Effects of prenatal stress on lever-press acquisition with delayed reinforcement in male and female rats.  

The prenatally stressed (PS) rat shows enhanced conditioned fear and increased behavioral inhibition in response to footshock compared to control (CON) rats. It is unclear whether this facilitated learning will occur only with aversive stimulation, or if it will also be observed in the context of positive reinforcement. There are limited and inconsistent data regarding sex differences and the impact of prenatal stress on learning. The present study was designed to examine lever-press acquisition with a 10-s delay to food reinforcement in male and female PS and CON rats. Overall, twice as many PS male rats acquired the lever-press response than the PS female rats, CON male rats, and CON female rats. PS male rats also earned significantly more reinforcers and responded on the operative lever at a significantly greater rate than the other three rat groups. These findings suggest that PS rats exhibit altered learning with a task involving positive reinforcement, and this effect of PS is sex specific for male rats. PMID:22178450

349

Effect of vitamins a, C, and e supplementation in the treatment of metabolic syndrome in albino rats.  

Obesity and metabolic syndrome increase the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Oxidative stress seems to be involved in the path physiology of cardiovascular complications of metabolic syndrome. In this study we investigated the effects of vitamins A, C, and E in the management of metabolic syndrome traits condition in albino rats fed with high salt diet. The rats were placed on 8% NaCl diet for 5 weeks and then supplemented with these vitamins for additional 4 weeks in the presence of salt diet. Supplementation with vitamins significantly (P Salt diet significantly (P < 0.05) induced features of metabolic syndrome. The result, therefore, indicated strong relationship between obesity and metabolic syndrome and underscores the role of these vitamins in the management of metabolic syndrome. PMID:22953063

350

Effect of Ethanol Extract of Trigonella foenum graecum (Fenugreek) Seeds on Freund's Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis in Albino Rats  

Trigonella foenum graecum is an Iranian medicinal plant used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and inflammation. The present study was designed to investigate the beneficial outcome of the plant T. foenum graecum on adjuvant-induced arthritis in albino rats. Ethanol extract of T. foenum graecum was tested against Freund's complete adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. In the present study, paw volume was measured on the 4th, 8th, 14th and 21st day. On day 22, animals were anaesthetized, and blood samples were collected for the estimation of haemoglobin, white blood cells (WBC), differential white blood cells, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), red blood cells (RBC), interleukins (IL-1?, IL-1?, IL-2, IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-? (TNF-?). The animals were sacrificed, and ...

351

Analysis of spike-wave discharges in rats using discrete wavelet transform.  

A feature is a distinctive or characteristic measurement, transform, structural component extracted from a segment of a pattern. Features are used to represent patterns with the goal of minimizing the loss of important information. The discrete wavelet transform (DWT) as a feature extraction method was used in representing the spike-wave discharges (SWDs) records of Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats. The SWD records of WAG/Rij rats were decomposed into time-frequency representations using the DWT and the statistical features were calculated to depict their distribution. The obtained wavelet coefficients were used to identify characteristics of the signal that were not apparent from the original time domain signal. The present study demonstrates that the wavelet coefficients are useful in determining the dynamics in the time-frequency domain of SWD records. PMID:19230874

352

Dose-related immunohistochemical and ultrastructural changes after oral methylphenidate administration in cerebrum and cerebellum of the rat  

Methylphenidate is a piperidine derivative and is the drug most often used to treat attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder of children and young adults. Our aim is to investigate dose-dependent dopamine-2 receptor and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression and ultrastructural changes of the rat brain, to demonstrate possible toxicity of the long-term and high dose use of the methylphenidate. In this study, 27 female prepubertal Wistar albino rats, divided into three different dose groups (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) were treated orally with methylphenidate dissolved in saline solution for 5 days per week during 3 months. At the end of the third month, tissues were removed and sections were collected for immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. We believe that methylphenidate causes d...

353

Dose-Dependent Immunohistochemical Changes in Rat Cornea and Retina after Oral Methylphenidate Administration  

Summary Methylphenidate hydrochloride (MPH), more commonly known as Ritalin, is a piperidine derivative and is the drug most often used to treat attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, one of the most common behavioural disorders of children and young adults. The aim of this study was to investigate dose-dependent immunohistochemical Dopamine 2 receptor (D2) expression and apoptosis in the rat cornea and cornea. In this study, 27 female pre-pubertal Wistar albino rats, divided into three different dose groups (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) and their control groups, were used. They were treated orally with methylphenidate dissolved in saline solution for 5 days per week during 3 months. At the end of the third month, after perfusion fixation, eye tissue was removed. Paraffin sections were collected...

354

Dose-Dependent Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Changes After Oral Methylphenidate Administration in Rat Heart Tissue  

Summary Methylphenidate, more commonly known as Ritalin, is a piperidine derivative and is the drug most often used to treat attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, one of the most common behavioural disorders of children and young adults. Our aims were to investigate dose-dependent immunohistochemical D2 expression and ultrastructural changes of the rat heart tissue, and to demonstrate possible toxicity of the long-term and high dose use of the methylphenidate. In this study, 27 female pre-pubertal Wistar albino rats, divided into three different dose groups (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) and their control groups, were used. They were treated orally with methylphenidate dissolved in saline solution for 5 days/week during 3 months. At the end of the third month, after perfusion fixation, left vent...

355

Evaluation of antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera in experimental diabetes  

Abstract Background:- Moringa oleifera, a widely cultivated species in India, is an exceptionally nutritious vegetable with a variety of potential uses in treating rheumatism, venomous bites, and microbial infections. In the present study, we investigated the antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of methanol extracts of M.oleifera pods (MOMtE) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic albino rats. Methods:- Diabetic rats were treated with 150 or 300-mg/kg MOMtE for 21-days and the antidiabetic effects of the extract were evaluated by measuring changes in biochemical parameters in the serum and pancreatic tissue. Two phytoconstituents, namely quercetin and kaempferol, were isolated from the MOMtE extract and their structures were determined using nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectr...

356

Synthesis and biological activity of new series of N-modified analogues of the N/OFQ(1-13)NH2 with aminophosphonate moiety.  

New series of N-modified analogues of the N/OFQ(1-13)NH(2) with aminophosphonate moiety have been synthesized and investigated for biological activity. These peptides were prepared by solid-phase peptide synthesis-Fmoc-strategy. The N/OFQ(1-13)NH(2) analogues were tested for agonistic activity in vitro on electrically stimulated rat vas deferens smooth-muscle preparations isolated from Wistar albino rats. Our study has shown that the selectivity of the peptides containing 1-[(methoxyphosphono)methylamino]cycloalkanecarboxylic acids to the N-side of Phe is not changed-they remain selective agonists of NOP receptors. The derivative with the largest ring (NOC-6) demonstrated efficacy similar to that of N/OFQ(1-13)NH(2), but in a 10-fold higher concentration. The agonistic activity of newly synthesized N-modified analogues of N/OFQ(1-13)NH(2) with aminophosphonate moiety was investigated for the first time. PMID:22143428

357

Immunodetection of Thyroid Hormone Receptor (Alpha1/Alpha2) in the Rat Uterus and Oviduct  

The aim of this study was to investigate the immunolocalization and the existence of thyroid hormone receptors (THR) (alpha1/alpha2) in rat uterus and oviduct. For this purpose 6 female Wistar albino rats found in estrous period were used. Tissue samples fixed in 10% neutral formalin were examined immunohistochemically. Sections were incubated with primary mouse-monoclonal THR (alpha1/alpha2) antibody. In uterus, THR (alpha1/alpha2) immunoreacted strongly with uterine luminal epithelium, endometrial gland epithelium and endometrial stromal cells and, moderately with myometrial smooth muscle. In oviduct, they were observed moderately in the epithelium of the tube and the smooth muscle cells of the muscular layer. In conclusion, the presence of THR in uterus and oviduct suggests that these organs are an active site of thyroid hormones.   

358

A study comparing the effects of rosiglitazone and/or insulin treatments on streptozotocin induced diabetic (type I diabetes) rat aorta and cavernous tissues  

Our aim was to investigate the role of oxidative stress and inflammation on the functional and biochemical changes caused by hyperglycemia in the aorta and corpus cavernosum tissues of streptozotozin diabetic rats and to determine if rosiglitazone and/or insulin treatment has any preventive effect on organ dysfunction. Wistar Albino rats were divided into 2 groups. I) Control group: a) Vehicle, 0.1M citrate buffer, the solvent of streptozotocin injected intraperitoneally (i.p) and b) Rosiglitazone group: (4mg/kg/day, i.p.) for 8weeks. II) Diabetic group: streptozotocin (60mg/kg) was administered i.p. to induce diabetes. 48h after streptozotocin injection, animals were divided into 4 subgroups (n=6 for each group); a) no treatment group (D), b) treated with rosiglitazone (4mg/kg/day) (DR), ...

359

ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN THE RAT. EFFECT OF X-RAY AND A HIGH FAT DIET  

BS>Forty-two albino Wistar rats, average weight 133 g, fed on a supplemerted high fat diet, were divided into 2 groups. One group was treated with 2500 r x rays to the thorax, and the other kept on the high fat diet, but not irradiated. The rats were killed 20 to 28 weeks after completion of irradiation. Marked atherosclerotic lesions were observed in the coronary arteries of 38.8% of the irradiated group and in 22.7% of the group on the high fat diet alone. In the pulmonary arteries similar changes were noted in 25% of the irradiated group and none in the unirradiated group. Previous studies showed that in 8 to 15 weeks post-irradiation marked coronary lesions were present in 26.8% of the irradiated group and none in the unirradiated. It is suggested that x irradiation accelerates the process that develops with diet and with time. (auth)

360

The effect of monosodium glutamate on the cerebellar cortex of male albino rats and the protective role of vitamin C (histological and immunohistochemical study)  

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a natural constituent of many foods and was reported to have neurotoxic effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible toxic effect of MSG on histological and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunohistochemical features of cerebellar cortex of albino rats and to evaluate the possible protective role of vitamin C against this effect. Thirty rats were divided into 3 equal groups. Group I, control; Group II, treated with 3?g/kg/day of MSG and Group III, received 100?mg/kg/day of vitamin C simultaneously with MSG. After 14?days, cerebellar tissues were obtained and processed to prepare sections stained with H&E, toluidine blue. The GFAP was detected immunohistochemically. Histological examination of group II showed degenerative changes as py...

 
 
 
 
361

Comparison of enteroprotective efficacy of triphala formulations (Indian Herbal Drug) on methotrexate-induced small intestinal damage in rats  

Triphala is categorized as a rejuvenator and antioxidant-rich Ayurvedic herbal formulation and has traditionally been used in various gastric problems including intestinal inflammation. The aim of the present study was to examine the comparative enteroprotective effect of Triphala formulations against methotrexate-induced intestinal damage in rats. Triphala formulations were prepared by mixing equal (1:1:1) and unequal (1:2:4) proportions of Terminalia chebula Retz., Terminalia belerica (Gaertn.) Roxb. and Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Intestinal damage was induced by administering methotrexate (MTX) in a dose of 12 mg/kg, orally for 4 days to albino rats. The intestinal damage response was assessed by gross and microscopical injury, measuring the intestinal permeability to phenol red and ti...

362

Bioavailability of {sup 99m}Tc-paclitaxel-glucuronide ({sup 99m}Tc-PAC-G)  

An antitumor agent paclitaxel (PAC) has been proved to be efficient in the treatment of breast and ovarian cancer. Glucuronic acid-derived paclitaxel compound (paclitaxel-glucuronide (PAC-G)) was enzymatically synthesized using microsome preparate separated from rat livers. The biodistribution mechanism of PAC-G in healthy female Albino Wistar rats has been investigated. The expected structure is confirmed according to LC/MS results, and the possible attachment is to C2-hydroxyl group. PAC-G was labeled with {sup 99m}Tc and the radiochemical yield of radiolabeled compound ({sup 99m}Tc-PAC-G) was 98.0 {+-} 02.74% (n=9). The range of the breast/blood and breast/muscle ratios is approximately between 3 and 35 in 240 min. All these experimental studies indicate that {sup 99m}Tc-PAC-G may potentially be used in breast tissue as an imaging agent. (orig.)

363

Impacts of the coexistence of diabetes and hypothyroidism on body weight gain, leptin and various metabolic aspects in albino rats  

The present study was conducted to assess the interrelationship and the influence of the coexistence of diabetes and hypothyroidism on thyroid hormone levels, insulin levels and biochemical variables related to carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism in addition to thyroid gland and Islets of Langerhans histological changes and antioxidant defense system. Diabetes mellitus was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin to fasting albino rats at dose level of 45mg/kg b. w. Hypothyroidism in diabetic and normal rats was induced by adding methimazole in drinking water (0.02% w/v) for 4weeks. The obtained results revealed that hypothyroidism interacts with diabetes in a way that prevents the progress of the hyperglycemic state. This may be due to the increase in the insulin secr...

364

Caspase 1, Caspase 3, TNF-alpha, p53, and Hif1-alpha gene expression status of the brain tissues and hippocampal neuron loss in short-term dichlorvos exposed rats  

Dichlorvos (DDVP) is an organophosphate compound that causes neurotoxicity. Apoptosis plays an important role in neurotoxic cell death in the brain. The aim of this study was to examine caspase 1, caspase-3 and also cell apoptosis related genes as p53, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1-alpha expressions in hippocampus, cerebellum, cortex, and to estimate total hippocampal neuron number in DDVP treated rats. Ten female albino rats were divided into control (n:5) and dose (n:5) groups. In dose group, single dose of DDVP (25 mg/kg) was administered to the animals via oral gavage. A week later, brains were removed and total neuron number was estimated in the left hippocampus using by optical fractionator method. The right part of the brain was used for gene expression ana...

365

Effect of landfill leachate on oxidative stress of brain structures and liver from rodents: Modulation by photoelectrooxidation process  

The decomposition of solid waste in landfill is responsible for the formation of leachate, a dark liquid with an unpleasant odor; studies investigating its toxicity on mammals are rare. Oxidative stress has been considered as an important biochemical mechanism of the toxicity of several xenobiotics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of landfill leachate on oxidative parameters in striatum, hippocampus and liver homogenates of mice and rats. In order to propose a clean technology for the treatment of leachate, we also investigated the effects of landfill leachate submitted to photoelectrooxidation process (PEO). The homogenates of cerebral structures and liver of Swiss albino mice and Wistar rats were incubated with different concentrations of non-PEO landfill leachate and P...

366

In vitro and in vivo studies on degradation of quinalphos in rats  

A pharmacokinetic in vitro and in vivo degradation study has been carried out in rat to evaluate the deleterious effects of exposure to quinalphos on a target population. Degradation of quinalphos in simulated gastric and intestinal phases has been investigated. The metabolic intermediates of quinalphos in serum and urine of albino rats at different time intervals were identified after dosing the animals with 5mgkg^-^1 body weight. All the samples were lyophilised, extracted and analysed by HPLC and GC-MS. The rate of degradation of quinalphos was accelerated in the presence of the enzymes pepsin and pancreatin contained in the gastric and intestinal simulations, respectively. Quinalphos oxon, O-ethyl-O-quinoxalin-2-yl phosphoric acid, 2-hydroxy quinoxaline and ethyl phosphoric acid are am...

367

Radioprotective effect of rhizome extract of Zingiber montanum in Rattus norvegicus  

The present study aims at determining the ability of 60 % ethanol extract of the rhizome of Zingiber montanum (J. König) A. Dietr. to protect bone marrow cells in vivo from radiation-induced chromosomal aberrations. Albino rats (Rattus norvegicus, 2n = 42) were used to carry out investigations on the radioprotective properties of Z. montanum. Acute toxicity of the extract was determined, and a suitable injectable dose was selected for intra-peritoneal administration. The LD50 of the extract calculated for 72 h was 2.9 g/kg, and the calculated LD10 dose was 1.7 g/kg. The calculated maximum tolerated dose of the rhizome extract was 1.3 g/kg. Rats were divided into 12 groups (with or without the administration of extract) and exposed to different radiation doses from 1 to 5 Gy. Whole...

368

CHANGES IN ALBINO RAT TESTICLE INTERSTITIAL CELLS AFTER PITUITARY STIMULATION IN VIVO WITH HeNe LASER  

Population I Leydig cells of the central part of the Albino rat testicle showed signs of increased but nonspecific activity in the entire series of experimental animals compared with sham irradiated controls (n = 30 in each group) after anterior pituitary stimulation with low incident energy levels of the HeNe laser at 632.8 nm with an incident power at the pituitary calculated as 2.75 ± 0.25 mW. The authors conclude that LLLT applied to the pituitary in the rat model at the parameters used in the present study may have an effect on testosterone production. Further quantitative and qualitative work is required to assess the significance of the increase in activity of type I Leydig cells and their morphological changes following LLLT applied transdurally to the pituitary gland.   

369

Toxicological assessment of Ricinus communis Linn root extracts  

Ricinus communis Linn (Euphorbiaceae) plant parts are claimed to be used as carminative, asthma, bronchitis, leprosy, anti-inflammatory, cathartic, and aphrodisiac. The toxicological study was carried out in the root part of the plant. The collected root was extracted with methanol and water. The extracts were vacuum-dried to yield the respective aqueous (AE) and methanol (ME) extracts. Toxicological assessment sought to determine the safety of Ricinus communis root extracts. The extracts were evaluated in the acute toxicity study (OECD-423 guidelines) and 90 days repeated dose toxicological assessment in Wistar albino rats. The acute oral toxicity of the aqueous (AE) and methanol (ME) extracts did not produce any toxic symptoms or mortality at the dose level of 2000 ?mg/kg in rats. In the...

370

Antiosteoporotic effect of ethanol extract of Cissus quadrangularis Linn. on ovariectomized rat.  

Ethanol extract of Cissus quadrangularis was evaluated for its anti-osteoporotic activity in ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis at two different dose levels of 500 and 750 mg/kg per day. Healthy female albino rats were divided into five groups of six animals each. First group was sham operated and served as control. All the remaining groups were ovariectomized. Group 2 was fed with equivolume of saline and served as ovariectomized control. Groups 3-5 were orally treated with Raloxifen (5.4 mg/kg) and ethanol extract of Cissus quadrangularis (500 and 750 mg/kg), respectively. The findings assessed on the basis of biomechanical, biochemical and histopathological parameters showed that the ethanol extract of the plant had a definite antiosteoporotic effect. PMID:14611887

371

Prevention of peritoneal adhesions by intraperitoneal administration of vitamin E and human amniotic membrane  

Background Our objective was to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of intraperitoneally administered vitamin E and human amniotic membrane in preventing postoperative intraperitoneal adhesion formation. Material and Methods 75 Wistar-albino rats were separated into 5 groups: Group 1 (control), Group 2 (intraperitoneal olive oil, the diluent of vitamin E), Group 3 (Intraperitoneal vitamin E diluted in olive oil), Group 4 (Amniotic membrane group) and Group 5 (Amniotic membrane and Intraperitoneal vitamin E diluted in olive oil). The same experimental method, consisting of cecal abrasion and ligature of the adjacent parietal peritoneum, was used in all rats to produce adhesions. Relaparotomy was performed on the 15th postoperative day. intra-abdominal adhesions were scored according to m...

372

Prevention of Postoperative Peritoneal Adhesions by Administration of Estrogen  

Aim: Postoperative abdominal adhesions represent one of the most common causes of intestinal obstruction in surgical patients. In this study, the effects of intraperitoneal administration of estrogen on the development of postoperative intraabdominal adhesions and peritoneal leucocytes in a rat adhesion model were investigated. Methods: Sixty Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups. Group 1 (control group) had their abdomen closed after surgery without administration of any material or drug. Group 2 (saline group) received 2 ml of 0.9% NaCl, and group 3 (estrogen group) animals received a single intraperitoneal dose of 2 cc (1 mg) estrogen (Estradiol propionate, 50.000U, Akrofilline, Biofarma, Turkey). All the groups were exposed to the same adhesion-creating procedure (Swolin K....

373

The effectiveness of local anesthetics in preventing postoperative adhesions in rat models  

Background Intra-abdominal adhesions are fibrous bands that develop after abdominal surgery or inflammation and cause significant surgical morbidity and mortality. In this study, the effectiveness of lidocaine, prilocaine and bupivacaine in preventing experimental intra-abdominal adhesions in rats was studied. Methods After obtaining the approval of our local institutional review board, 50 female Wistar-Albino rats weighing 250?320?g underwent laparotomy via a standard 5-cm midline incision under intramuscular anesthesia with ketamine (40?mg/kg) and xylazine (10?mg/kg). The cecal serosa and adjacent abdominal wall were superficially injured using sterile gauze. The laparotomy incision was closed after irrigation of the peritoneal cavity with the following: 5?ml saline in Group II, (the sha...

374

Pathogenetic mechanisms of posttraumatic fibrosis of the uterus of white rats  

Aim This study is a pathomorphological investigation the influence of factors that modulate the intensity of post-traumatic fibrosis of the rat uterus and peritoneal adhesions formation process, as well as a comparative evaluation of experimental models of formation of post-traumatic adhesions, based on the intraperitoneal injection of an aqueous suspension of barium sulfate or talc. Study subjects: female outbred albino rats weighting 200?250 g. Methods Peritoneal adhesions were induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of an aqueous suspension of barium sulfate or talc in the pelvic area. Animals were divided into four groups: group 1 received only talc; group 2, 7-day daily administration of vitamin D; group 3 received only barium sulfate; and group 4 were administered barium sulfat...

375

Effect of multiple fortification on the bioavailability of minerals in wheat meal bread  

Bioavailability of calcium, iron and zinc as calcium carbonate (CaCO3), ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) and zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) @ 1,000, 40 and 20?mg kg?1 respectively from fortified bread of 72% extraction straight grade flour was assessed. Fortified bread diets were fed to 64 female Sprague-Dawley Albino rats for a period of 28?days. The retention of Ca, Fe and Zn was measured in plasma, femur and liver tissues of rats. The results showed that the feed intake and live body weight of the experimental animals increased significantly with the time period. The Ca levels in plasma and liver did not change significantly while in femur, Ca retention changed significantly with changing type of the fortificants. Similarly, the results for percent apparent absorption (AA) of Ca also remained unchanged (...

376

Caspase 1, Caspase 3, TNF-alpha, p53, and Hif1-alpha gene expression status of the brain tissues and hippocampal neuron loss in short-term dichlorvos exposed rats  

Dichlorvos (DDVP) is an organophosphate compound that causes neurotoxicity. Apoptosis plays an important role in neurotoxic cell death in the brain. The aim of this study was to examine caspase 1, caspase-3 and also cell apoptosis related genes as p53, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1-alpha expressions in hippocampus, cerebellum, cortex, and to estimate total hippocampal neuron number in DDVP treated rats. Ten female albino rats were divided into control (n:5) and dose (n:5) groups. In dose group, single dose of DDVP (25?mg/kg) was administered to the animals via oral gavage. A week later, brains were removed and total neuron number was estimated in the left hippocampus using by optical fractionator method. The right part of the brain was used for gene expression ana...

377

Targeting cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes: management of dyslipidemia  

Objective: To investigate the medicative effects of medium-polar (benzene:acetone, 1:1, v/v) extract of leaves from Stevia rebaudiana (family Asteraceae) on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Diabetes was induced in adult albino Wistar rats by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of alloxan (180 mg/kg). Medium-polar extract was administered orally at daily dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg body wt. basis for 10 days. The control group received normal saline (0.9%) for the same duration. Glibenclamide was used as positive control reference drug against Stevia extract. Results: Medium-polar leaf extract of S. rebaudiana (200 and 400 mg/kg) produced a delayed but significant (P Stevia extract was found to antagonize the necrotic action of alloxan and thus had a re-vitalizing effect on ?-cells of pancreas. PMID:15740731

378

Neuroprotective effects of racemic ketamine and (S)-ketamine on spinal cord injury in rat  

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate and to compare the potential neuroprotective effects of racemic ketamine, (S)-ketamine and methylprednisolone after an experimental spinal cord injury model in rats. Methods: Fifty-nine Wistar albino rats were divided into three main groups as acute stage (A), subacute stage (SA) and sham groups and then acute and subacute stage groups were divided into four groups regarding the used drug as control (CONT), racemic ketamine (RK), (S)-ketamine (SK) and methylprednisolone (MP) groups. A dorsal laminectomy was performed; and spinal cord injury was induced by using a temporary aneurysm clip. Four hours later from the clip compression, except those of the sham and control groups, the drugs (60mg/kg racemic ketamine, 60mg/kg (S)-ketamine or 30...

379

The Unilateral Urogenital Anomalies (UUA) Rat: A New Mutant Strain Associated with Unilateral Renal Agenesis, Cryptorchidism, and Malformations of Reproductive Organs Restricted to the Left Side  

We established an inbred rat strain with unilateral urogenital anomalies from an incidentally identified male rat with unilateral renal agenesis and an undescended left testis. These rats were characterized by unilateral renal agenesis in both sexes, undescended testes with agenesis and hypoplasia o...

380

?-Tocopherol Accelerated Sodium Excretion in a Dose-Dependent Manner in Rats with a High Sodium Intake  

We have previously reported that ?-tocopherol (?-Toc) displays a natriuretic potency in rats fed a NaCl diet and administered 20 mg ?-Toc. In this study, we investigated whether ?-Toc has natriuretic potency at a dose lower or higher than 20 mg in rats given a NaCl diet. Male rats were fed a control...

 
 
 
 
381

Effect of Chlorella vulgaris on lipid metabolism in Wistar rats fed high fat diet  

This study was performed to investigate effects of Chlorella vulgaris on lipid metabolism in rats fed high fat diet. Sixty 6-week-old male Wistar rats were divided into two groups; normal diet group and high fat diet group, then the rats in each group were further divided into three subgroups and fe...

382

The Hypoglycemic Effect of the Kelp on Diabetes Mellitus Model Induced by Alloxan in Rats  

Hypoglycemic effects and the use of kelp in diabetes mellitus (DM) model rats induced by alloxan were investigated. Sixty healthy male rats were used to establish DM models by injecting alloxan intraperitoneally. Kelp powder was added to the general forage for the rats. The levels of fasting blood g...

383

Changes in Serum Electrolytes, Urea, and Creatinine in Aloe Vera-treated Rats  

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Aloe vera extract (AvE) on serum electrolytes, urea, and creatinine as indices of renal function in Sprague-Dawley rats. Twelve male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing between 80 and 130 g were used. Rats were divided into two groups: The control and...

384

Bacterial translocation in cirrhotic rats. Its role in the development of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis  

Bacterial translocation occurs in ascitic cirrhotic rats, but its association with ascites infection is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the relation between bacterial translocation and ascites infection in cirrhotic rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were induced to cirrhosis with intragast...

385

The effects of chronic AC magnetic field on contraction and relaxation of isolated thoracic aorta rings of healthy and diabetic rats  

Abstract in english The aim of in this study was to determine the effect of chronic alternating current (AC) magnetic field on the contraction and relaxation parameters of isolated thoracic aorta rings in healthy and diabetic rats. Sixty rats (Wistar albino spp) weighing between 250-300 g were used. The rats were divided into four groups: 1-Control (C), 2- control + magnetic field (C+MA), 3- experimental diabetic (DIA), 4- experimental diabetic and magnetic field (DIA+MA). Magnetic fields of (more) 5 mT intensity and 50 Hz frequency oriented in the north-south direction was applied to the C+MA and DIA+MA groups for 2 hours each day for one month, after which rats were killed by decapitation and the thoracic aorta dissected. This showed attenuated contraction responses to phenylephrine (PE) and elevated relaxation responses to acetylcholine (ACh) of the thoracic aorta rings of rats in the C+MA and DIA+MA groups compared to group C but no changes in the relaxation responses to sodium nitroprruside (SNP) of thoracic aorta rings relative to group C and DIA. The weights of rats in DIA+MA or C+MA groups compared to the DIA and C groups decreased.

386

Study on anti-diabetic activities of crude methanolic extracts of Loranthus micranthus (Linn.) sourced from five different host trees.  

The hypoglycaemic and anti-hyperglycemic activities of dried leaves of Loranthus micranthus (Linn.) (Loranthaceae), parasitic on Persea americana, Baphia nitda, Kola acuminata, Pentaclethra macrophylla, Azadirchta indica, were evaluated in normoglycemic and alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats. Normoglycemic and alloxan-induced diabetic rats were treated (intraperitoneally) with 200 mg/kg of the respective methanolic extracts of Loranthus micranthus (Linn.), glibenclamide (positive control), and 20% (v/v) Tween 20 solution (negative control). The sugar levels of the withdrawn blood samples were determined by o-toluidine spectrophotometric method. The studies indicate that the crude methanolic extract of Loranthus micranthus (Linn.) exhibited statistically significant hypoglycaemic (P < 0.001) and anti-hyperglycemic (P < 0.001) activities in normoglycemic and alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats, respectively. The hypoglycaemic effect was found to be dose-dependent. The maximum effect of the mistletoe extract (400 mg/kg) from Persea americana on alloxan-induced diabetic rats was found to be statistically comparable with that of the positive control, glibenclamide, at 24 h after administration, with a percentage reduction of blood sugar levels of 82.59 and 83.34%, respectively. Acute toxicity tests of the methanolic extracts of Persea americana, Baphia nitda, Kola acuminata, Pentaclethra macrophylla, Azadirchta indica host trees in mice gave LD(50) values of 11650, 11650, 5900, 5900 and 5900 mg/kg, respectively, which are all within the practically non-toxic range. The methanolic extract of African mistletoe was found to be a good candidate for alternative and/or complimentary medicine in the management of diabetes mellitus. The leaves of the Eastern Nigerian species of the African mistletoe harvested from Kola acuminata, Azadirchta indica and Baphia nitda host trees exhibited comparatively better anti-hyperglycemic activities among the host trees studied. PMID:15507325

387

Aflatoxin-induced biochemical changes in liver of mice and its mitigation by black tea extract.  

Aflatoxin belongs to the class of naturally occurring mycotoxins, food contaminants having potent carcinogenicity. We have evaluated the ameliorative role of black tea extract on aflatoxin-induced biochemical changes in the liver of albino male mice. Adult male mice were orally administered with 750 and 1500 pg of aflatoxin in 0.2 mL olive oil/kg b.w./day for 30 days. Oral administration of aflatoxin caused, as compared with controls, significant, dose-dependent reduction in DNA, RNA, protein and glycogen contents; however, cholesterol content and phsphorylase activity were significantly increased. Black tea is one of the most potent antioxidants containing numerous bioactive phytonurtients having therapeutic applications. Aflatoxin-induced changes in the liver of mice were significantly ameliorated on co-treatment of black tea extract (2% infusion in water). PMID:23061280

388

Male Rat Genital Tract Infection With Chlamydia Muridarum has No Significant Consequence on Male Fertility  

Purpose Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the male genital tract was proposed to alter male fertility. We studied the putative consequences of chlamydial male genital tract infection on semen quality and male fertility in an experimental rat model of infection. Materials and Methods We used 36 male and 40 female Wistar rats. Male genital infection was created by inoculating Chlamydia muridarum in the meatal urethra. The presence of C. muridarum was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction in semen and male genital tract organs early (15 days) and late (80 days) after infection. Sperm quality parameters were assayed in seminal and epididymal sperm from sham infected and infected rats. Mating studies with sexually mature females were performed and fertility parameters were assayed, including ...

389

Radiolabeling of methanol extracts of yarrow (Achillea millefolium l) in rats/ Radiomarcação do extrato metanólico de yarrow (Achillea millefolium l) em ratos  

Abstract in portuguese OBJETIVO: O atual estudo tem por objetivo a extração com metanol, purificação, marcação com I131 usando o método direto de marcação da planta Achillea, para investigar in vivo a atividade biológica usando biodistribuição e estudos de imagem em modelos animais saudáveis. O objetivo do estudo é contribuir com extratos de plantas para descobrir novas drogas para o diagnóstico e tratamento de várias doenças. MÉTODOS: Nove fêmeas e nove machos ratos Wistar a (more) lbino saudáveis, com aproximadamente 100 a 150g de peso foram usados para estudos de biodistribuição. Para estudos de imagem, quatro camundongos Balb-C machos e saudáveis foram usados. Estudos de controle de qualidade foram realizados usando métodos de cromatografia de camada fina e cromatografia líquida de alta performance. Para estudos de biodistribuição, pico 5 radiografado com I131 (I131-Peak 7) foi esterilizado e injetado na veia da cauda dos ratos e estudos de imagem foram obtidos usando Sistema de Imagem Kodak FX PRO in vivo. RESULTADOS: O retorno radiomarcado de cada extrato bioativo purificado da planta Achillea sete picos estavam entre 79 e 92%. O retorno com maior marcação foi calculado para I131 sétimo pico (I131-Peak 7) (92,78±5,04, n=5). Por esta razão os estudos de biodistribuição e de imagem foram feitos para I131-Peak 7. CONCLUSÃO: Peak 7 foi radiomarcado com I131 em alto retorno para uso em estudos terapêuticos e de imagens nas aplicações médicas nucleares. Abstract in english PURPOSE: Current study is focused on extraction with methanol, purification, labeling with 131I using iodogen method of the yarrow plant and investigating in vivo biological activity using biodistribution and imaging studies on healthy animal models. The aim of the study is to contribute plant extracts to discover new drugs in the diagnosis and treatment of several diseases. METHODS: Nine female and nine male healthy Wistar albino rats, which were approximately 100-150 g (more) in weight, were used for biodistribution studies. For imaging studies four healthy male Balb-C mice were used. Quality control studies were done utilizing thin layer radio chromatography (TLRC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods. For biodistribution studies, 131I radiolabeled Peak 7 (131I-Peak 7) was sterilized and injected into the tail veil of rats and imaging studies were obtained using Kodak FX PRO in vivo Imaging System. RESULTS: The radiolabeling yield of each purified the bioactive extracts of the yarrow plant, seven peaks was between 79 and 92%. The highest radiolabeling yield was calculated for 131I radiolabeled seventh peak (131I-Peak 7) (92.78±5.04, n=5). For this reason the biodistribution and imaging studies were done for 131I-Peak 7. That's why; these studies with Peak 7 were carried out. CONCLUSION: Peak 7 was radiolabeled with 131I in high yield for using imaging and therapeutic studies in nuclear medical applications.

390

Influência da cola Bioglue® na deiscência de anastomose colônica: estudo experimental/ Influence of Bioglue® surgical adhesive on colonic anastomosis dehiscence: experimental study  

Abstract in portuguese A grande parte da morbimortalidade associada com a cirurgia colorretal, é associada com a deiscência anastomótica. Trabalhos experimentais sobre a utilidade de adesivos tissulares nas anastomoses colônicas são controversos, assim como estudos clínicos prospectivos randomizados são ausentes. O adesivo cirúrgico BioGlue®, formado por dois componentes - albumina sérica bovina purificada e glutaraldeído, forma uma ligação co-valente entre esses dois componentes e (more) as proteínas teciduais no local de aplicação. O objetivo do estudo é avaliar a eficácia da BioGlue® na prevenção da deiscência anastomótica colônica em ratos. Foram utilizados 30 ratos machos da raça Wistar albino. A anastomose colocolônica foi confeccionada com sutura em pontos separados com polipropileno 5-0 (grupo 1) e aplicação da cola BioGlue® envolvendo a anastomose (grupo 2). Avaliaram-se a formação e extensão das aderências, a pressão de ruptura nas anastomoses e as alterações histológicas. Apenas um animal do grupo 1 (7%) faleceu, sendo constatada na necropsia, obstrução intestinal com grande distensão de alças. A mortalidade no grupo 2, por outro lado, foi de 10 animais (67%), sendo observado: distensão de alças intestinais, vazamento anastomótico e, em algumas situações, franca peritonite fecal por deiscência quase que total da anastomose. O presente trabalho nos permitiu concluir que, o uso da Bioglue® nas anastomoses colônicas realizadas em ratos, promoveu um aumento na morbimortalidade que foi estatisticamente significante comparado à sutura convencional. Abstract in english The great part of the morbimortality associated with the colorretal surgery, is related with the anastomotic dehiscence. Experimental trials on the utility of tissue adhesives in the colonic anastomosis are controversial, as well as prospective randomized clinical studies are absent. BioGlue® Surgical Adhesive(BSA) is a two-component surgical adhesive composed of purified bovine serum albumin and glutaraldehyde. The glutaraldehyde molecules covalently bond (cross-link) t (more) he BSA molecules to each other and, upon application, to the tissue proteins at the repair site. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the BioGlue® in the prevention of the anastomotic colonic dehiscence in rats. Thirty male Wistar rats had been used. The colocolonic anastomosis was confectioned with separate stitches with polypropylene 5-0 (group 1) and the application of the BioGlue® Surgical Adhesive (group 2). The formation and extension of the adhesions, the histological alterations and the rupture pressure had been evaluated. In the group 1, we have only 7% of mortality (01 animal), being evidenced in the autopsy, intestinal obstruction with major bowel distension. The mortality in group 2, on the other hand, was 67% (10 animals), being observed: bowel distension, anastomotic dehiscence and, in some situations, fecal peritonitis because of anastomotic total dehiscence. We concluded in the present study that, the use of BioGlue® Surgical Adhesive in colonic anastomosis in rats, is associated with an increase of the morbimortality in comparison with conventional suture which was statistically significant.

391

Morphometric and Morphological Analysis of Neuromuscular Junction Alterations in the Denervated Rat Diaphragm/ Evaluación de las Alteraciones Morfológicas y Morfométricas de las Uniones Neuromusculares del Diafragma Denervado en Ratas  

Abstract in spanish En este trabajo se estudiaron las alteraciones morfológicas y estructurales de las uniones neuromusculares en el diafragma denervado de ratas. Se utilizaron 15 ratas albinas (Rattus norvegicus), machos, adultos, con peso promedio de 200g y cerca de 60 días de edad. Los diafragmas crónicamente denervados fueron obtenidos y los animales se sacrificaron después de 4, 8 y 12 semanas de denervación. El antímero izquierdo del diafragma fue denervado por sección del nervi (more) o frénico y el antímero derecho fue utilizado como control. Cada antímero fue dividido en 3 fragmentos: uno fue utilizado para el estudio histoquímico (esterasa inespecífica) y morfométrico. Los otros dos se destinaron al estudio de microscopía electrónica de transmisión (MET) y microscopia electrónica de barrido (MEB) de las uniones neuromusculares. El estudio histoquímico de las uniones neuromusculares posterior a la denervación, muestra que la morfología de esas uniones sufre pequeñas alteraciones. Con la evolución del tiempo de denervación esas uniones muestran tamaños menores, son alargadas y con contornos menos nítidos. La ultra-estructura de las uniones neuromusculares después de 12 semanas, demostró que la superficie de la fibra muscular exhibe pliegues de unión más o menos organizados. La región del citoplasma de unión exhibe alteraciones importantes, con degeneración mitocondrial y presencia de muchos filamentos. En MEB se observa que los botones sinápticos primarios son profundos, presentan escavaciones periféricas donde estaban alojados los botones de las terminaciones nerviosas y exhiben internamente, los espacios sinápticos secundarios presentes entre los pliegues de unión del sarcolema. Este estudio mostró que algunos patrones morfológicos demostrados en otros músculos estriados esqueléticos denervados no se repiten con la misma intensidad y curso temporal en el diafragma de ratas. Abstract in english The morphological and structural alterations that occur in the neuromuscular junctions of the denervated rat diaphragm were studied. Fifteen adult male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) aged about 60 days and with a mean weight of 200 g were used. Chronically denervated diaphragms were obtained and the animals were sacrificed after 4, 8 and 12 weeks of denervation. The left antimere of the diaphragm was denervated by section of the phrenic nerve and the right antimere was u (more) sed as control. Each antimere was divided into three fragments: one was used for histochemical (nonspecific esterase) and morphometric study of neuromuscular junctions, and the other two were used for transmission and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Histochemical analysis of the diaphragm neuromuscular junctions after denervation showed only small changes in junction morphology. However, these junctions became smaller and elongated and presented less visible contours with increasing time of denervation. Ultrastructural analysis of neuromuscular junctions after 12 weeks showed more or less organized junctional folds on the muscle fiber surface. The junctional cytoplasm exhibited important alterations such as mitochondrial degeneration and the presence of numerous filaments. SEM revealed the presence of deep primary synaptic grooves with peripheral excavations which housed the nerve terminal boutons and exhibited internally the secondary synaptic clefts present among the junctional folds of the sarcolemma. This study showed that some of the morphological changes demonstrated in other denervated striated skeletal muscles are not repeated at the same intensity or in the same temporal pattern in the rat diaphragm.

392

The spermatogenic and ovogenic effects of chronically administered Shilajit to rats.  

This study examined the possibility of using Shilajit as a fertility agent. The effects of Shilajit on spermatogenesis and ovogenesis were studied using male and female rats. Shilajit was administered orally to 7-week-old rats over a 6-week period. In the male rats, the number of sperms in the testes and epididymides was significant higher than in the control. A histological examination revealed an apparent increase in the number of seminiferous tubular cell layers in the testes of the treated rats. However, there were no significant differences in the weights of heart, spleen, liver, kidney, brain, testes and epididymides. In the female rats, the effect of Shilajit was estimated by the ovulation inducing activity. Over a 5-day, ovulation was induced in seven out of nine rats in the Shilajit administration group and in three out of nine rats in the control. It was estimated that Shilajit had both a spermiogenic and ovogenic effect in mature rats. PMID:16698205

393

Interactions of amylinergic and melanocortinergic systems in the control of food intake and body weight in rodents  

Aims: Amylinergic and melanocortinergic systems have each been implicated in energy balance regulation. We examined the interactive effects of both systems using gene knockout and pharmacological approaches. Methods: Acute food consumption was measured in overnight fasted male wild-type (WT) and melanocortin-4 receptor (MC-4R) deficient rats and in male and female WT and amylin knockout mice (AmyKO). Changes in food intake, body weight and composition in male WT and MC-4R deficient rats and in male diet-induced obese (DIO) rats. Pharmacological treatments included either rat amylin, murine leptin and/or the MC-4R agonist, Ac-R[CEH-dF-RWC]-amide. Results: Amylin (10 g/kg, IP) decreased food intake in WT but not in MC-4R deficient rats (30 and 60 min post-injection). Ac-R[CEH-dF-RWC]-amide (...

394

The effects of chronic corticosterone on hippocampal astrocyte numbers: a comparison of male and female Wistar rats.  

Chronic stress an/or glucocorticoid administration produces atrophy of hippocampal neurons. However, evidence of the impact of glucocorticoids on glial cells, especially in both males and females, is limited. In the present study, we investigated the total percentage body weight, hippocampal volume and hippocampal astrocyte numbers following chronic corticosterone treatment in male and female Wistar rats. Males had greater left and right hippocampal volumes overall, but no effect on hippocampal volume was seen after corticosterone treatment. Total body weight was dose-dependently lower in both sexes, but the decrease was more prominent in male rats. Corticosterone treatment dose-dependently increased astrocyte numbers in the CA1 region, but not in the lateral and medial CA3 hippocampal regions. This increase was similar in both male and female rats. The astrogliosis observed following chronic corticosterone may have implications for extrasynaptic communication and neuron-glia interactions and is similar to changes in the astrocytic population observed in aged rats. PMID:18511949

395

DMI-induced sexual effects in male rats: Analysis of DMI's acute and chronic actions on copulatory behavior and on the genital motor pattern of ejaculation  

Desipramine (DMI) is a tricyclic antidepressant that alters male sexual function. This work was designed to study the effects of acute and chronic DMI treatments on male rat copulatory behavior, discriminating between spinal and behavioral DMI actions on the ejaculatory response. To this aim, sexually experienced male Wistar rats received DMI (7.5 or 15mg/kg, i.p.) for 14days and were tested for sexual behavior on Days 1, 7 and 14 of treatment. Besides, the genital motor pattern of ejaculation (GMPE) was recorded in anaesthetized, spinal male rats after acute (1-10 g, i.v.) or 14-day chronic DMI (15mg/kg, i.p.) treatment. Results showed that acute and chronic DMI treatments reduced the ejaculatory threshold by decreasing intromission number and ejaculation latency of male rats, in successi...

396

Exogenous androgen during development alters adult partner preference and mating behavior in gonadally intact male rats  

In the rat, neonatal administration of testosterone propionate to a castrated male causes masculinization of behavior. However, if an intact male is treated neonatally with testosterone (hyper-androgen condition), male sexual behavior in adulthood is disrupted. There is a possibility that the hyper-androgen treatment is suppressing male sexual behavior by altering the male's partner preference and thereby reducing his motivation to approach the female. If so, this would suggest that exposure to supra-physiological levels of androgen during development may result in the development of male-oriented partner preference in the male. To test this idea, male rats were treated either postnatally or prenatally with testosterone, and partner preference and sexual behavior were examined in adulthood...

397

Acute and Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity of Chloroform in Rats and Mice  

In order to better characterize acute and subchronic toxicities of chloroform and to provide its basic toxicity data for risk assessment of humans exposed to chloroform in work and living environments, mice and rats of both sexes were exposed by inhalation to chloroform at different concentrations from 500 to 8,000 ppm for 6 h/d × 5 d/wk × 2 wk and from 12 to 400 ppm for 6 h/d × 5 d/wk × 13 wk. The kidneys, liver and nasal cavity were primarily damaged by the inhalation exposure. Acute death occurred at 12 ppm in male mice, 1,000 ppm in female mice and 2,000 ppm in male and female rats. The 13-wk exposures induced renal lesions in male mice, hepatic and nasal lesions in female mice and renal, hepatic and nasal lesions in male and female rats. Susceptibility to the acute and subchronic toxicities was higher in male mice than female mice, and higher in mice than in rats. No-observed-adverse-effect-levels (NOAELs) and lowest-observed-adverse-effect-levels (LOAELs) were determined for the renal, hepatic and nasal endpoints of animals exposed to chloroform for 13 wk. For the hepatic endpoint, NOAEL was 100 ppm in male mice, 50 ppm in female mice and female rats and 100 ppm in male rats. For the renal endpoint, LOAEL was 12 ppm in male mice, and NOAEL was 25 ppm in male rats and 100 ppm in female rats. For the nasal endpoint, LOAEL was 12 ppm and 25 ppm in the mice and the rats of both sexes, respectively.   

398

Terminalia arjuna Improves Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats.  

The present study was designed to examine the therapeutic potential of Terminalia arjuna bark extract in improving cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Wistar Albino rats. The baroreflex was evaluated by measuring the changes in heart rate with changes in arterial blood pressure induced by bolus injections of phenylephrine (vasoconstrictor) and sodium nitroprusside (vasodilator). T. arjuna bark extract, Rosuvastatin and Insulin were tested/administered therapeutically in rat model of uncontrolled diabetes. After 8 weeks of STZ administration, the reflex bradycardia and tachycardia response to hypertension and hypotension, respectively, were impaired in the diabetic group. The reflex bradycardia improved significantly after 1 month treatment of T. arjuna while the reflex tachycardia could not improve. The decreased body weight, heart rate, blood pressure and raised blood sugar in diabetic rats were not improved by T. arjuna therapy. Rosuvastatin treatment exerted similar effects while Insulin improved all the parameters. Further T. arjuna, Rosuvastatin and Insulin significantly reduced oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine levels in diabetic rats. Results suggest that T. arjuna bark extract improves the altered baroreflex sensitivity in diabetic rats possibly through maintaining endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities and decreasing cytokine levels. PMID:23001577

399

Experimental infection with Paragonimus heterotremus metacercariae in laboratory animals in Manipur, India.  

This study was aimed to find out the host-parasite relationship between Paragonimus heterotremus isolated as metacercariae from mountain crabs, Indochinamon manipurensis, in Manipur, India and laboratory animals such as puppies, albino rats, Swiss mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits, as experimental animals. The animals were fed with the metacercariae. Infected animals were sacrificed 35 to 430 days after feeding to recover worms, which were used to determine the developmental stages. Adult worms (n = 14) were recovered from 3 puppies > or = 70 days after feeding and immature worms (n = 25) were recovered from 2 other puppies 35 or 43 days after infection. The infection rate in puppies was 100%. Juvenile worms were recovered from 3 of 13 rats: 1 of 11 rats whose viscera and cavities were examined and both of two rats whose muscles were examined. Rats were not a suitable animal model for pulmonary infection with P. heterotremus. Mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits were also found to be insusceptible to pulmonary infection with P. heterotremus. PMID:21323162

400

Syzygium cumini ameliorates insulin resistance and ?-cell dysfunction via modulation of PPAR, dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, and TNF-? in type 2 diabetic rats.  

Syzygium cumini (SC) is well known for its anti-diabetic potential, but the mechanism underlying its amelioration of type 2 diabetes is still elusive. Therefore, for the first time, we investigated whether SC aqueous seed extract (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg) exerts any beneficial effects on insulin resistance (IR), serum lipid profile, antioxidant status, and/or pancreatic ?-cell damage in high-fat diet / streptozotocin-induced (HFD-STZ) diabetic rats. Wistar albino rats were fed with HFD (55% of calories as fat) during the experiment to induce IR and on the 10th day were injected with STZ (40 mg/kg, i.p.) to develop type 2 diabetes. Subsequently, after confirmation of hyperglycemia on the 14th day (fasting glucose level > 13.89 mM), diabetic rats were treated with SC for the next 21 days. Diabetic rats showed increased serum glucose, insulin, IR, TNF-?, dyslipidemia, and pancreatic thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances with a concomitant decrease in ?-cell function and pancreatic superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase antioxidant enzyme activities. Microscopic examination of their pancreas revealed pathological changes in islets and ?-cells. These alterations reverted to near-normal levels after treatment with SC at 400 mg/kg. Moreover, hepatic tissue demonstrated increased PPAR? and PPAR? protein expressions. Thus, our study demonstrated the beneficial effect of SC seed extract on IR and ?-cell dysfunction in HFD-STZ-induced type 2 diabetic rats. PMID:22786584

 
 
 
 
401

Influence of uracil on bacterial translocation in an intestinal obstruction model in rats.  

INTRODUCTION: Bacterial translocation occurs when intestinal mucosa and the intestinal wall lose their barrier properties against bacteria such as in the case of intestinal obstruction. Enteral nutrition with immunonutrients strengthens the immune system and thickens the intestinal barrier thus preventing bacterial translocation. AIM: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of uracil which is an immunonutrient on bacterial translocation using rats with intestinal obstruction as a model. METHODS: Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups. The control group was fed with standard chow diet, while the other two groups were fed with uracil-supplemented chow diet. The rats were fed with these diets for seven days. And the end of the feeding period all groups were submitted intestinal obstruction and injected with (99m)Tc labeled E. coli into the rats' terminal ileum under anesthetic. The rats were sacrificed twenty four hours later. Their blood, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), liver, spleen, lung and ileum were removed to determine level of radioactivity. RESULTS: When compared with the control group it was determined that uracil supplementation reduced the level of bacterial translocation. CONCLUSION: Uracil may be used in the prevention of bacterial translocation in cases of intestinal obstruction because it strengthens the intestinal barrier and the immune system. However, more studies are needed to clearly explain the mechanism behind uracil's beneficial role here. PMID:23164988

402

Sex Difference in Ischemic Acute Renal Failure in Rats: Approach by Proteomic Analysis  

It is known that female rats are resistant to ischemic acute renal failure (ARF), compared with male rats. To elucidate sex differences in ischemic ARF, we searched global protein expression in post-ischemic kidneys using proteomic techniques. Ischemic ARF was induced by 45-min ischemia followed by reperfusion. By proteomic analysis, many male- or female-dominant proteins were detected in sham-operated rat kidneys, and significantly increased or decreased proteins were found in post-ischemic kidneys 2 h after reperfusion, at which there were no significant deterioration in renal function of both sexes. We detected 86 proteins showing more than 1.5-fold significant alterations (p<0.01) in both sexes by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) treatment. Among the altered proteins, we identified a significantly up-regulated protein in male rat kidneys, meprin ?, a subunit of meprin which had been reported to play a role in the pathophysiology of I/R-induced ARF. In addition, it is known that a potent meprin ? inhibitor, actinonin, can protect against I/R-induced renal injury when administered to male rats. We therefore compared the effect of actinonin on I/R-induced renal dysfunction between male and female rats. Renal function of both males and females showed significant deterioration when measured at 24 h after the reperfusion, although the degree of renal dysfunction was much less in females than in males. Pre-ischemic treatment with actinonin (30 mg/kg, i.v.) prevented the I/R-induced renal dysfunction in males but not in females. Our results provide information on differences in protein expression at an early phase after the reperfusion between male and female rats. Moreover, the present study suggests that up-regulation of meprin ? in the post-ischemic kidney is at least partly involved in aggravation of I/R-induced renal injury in male rats. The possibility that meprin ? is a key component of the sex difference in ischemic ARF, warrants further attention.   

403

Análise tecnológica, nutricional e sensorial de macarrão elaborado com farinha de trigo adicionada de farinha de feijão-guandu/ Technological, nutritional and sensorial analysis of macaroni elaborated with wheat and pigeon pea flours  

Abstract in portuguese Foram produzidos macarrões tipo "padre nosso" utilizando farinha de trigo complementada com farinha de feijão-guandu nas proporções de 5, 10 e 15%. Os macarrões obtidos nos ensaios foram submetidos à avaliação através das determinações de umidade, acidez, teste de cozimento e análise sensorial. Foram desenvolvidos ensaios biológicos com ratos albinos para a avaliação da qualidade protéica das misturas empregadas na formulação do macarrão. Os valores enc (more) ontrados, para os diferentes macarrões, para a umidade e acidez podem ser considerados normais e dentro da faixa de aceitação. Os dados obtidos nos testes de cozimento indicam que os macarrões testados são de qualidade média baixa. A análise biológica revelou que a melhor suplementação de aminoácidos ocorreu com a mistura contendo 5% farinha de feijão-guandu. Abstract in english Elbow type macaroni was produced with wheat flour and supplemented with pigeon pea bean flour in the ratios of 5, 10, and 15%. The macaroni obtained was evaluated through humidity and acidity determinations, cooking test and sensorial analysis. Biological assays with albino rats were developed to evaluate the protein quality of the mixtures used in the macaroni formulation. The values found for different macaroni as to humidity and acidity can be considered normal and wit (more) hin an acceptable range. The data found in the cooking test indicated that the tested macaroni had regular-low quality. The biological analysis revealed that the mixture containing 5% of pigeon pea flour was the best amino acid supplement.

404

Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system for enhanced bioavailability and improved hepatoprotective activity of biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate.  

Biphenyl Dimethyl Dicarboxylate (BDD) is insoluble in aqueous solution and the bioavailability after oral administration is low. Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) containing BDD has been successfully prepared using carefully selected ingredients which are less affected by pH and ionic strength changes to improve its bioavailability. SNEDDS is an isotropic mixture of lipid, surfactant, and cosurfactant which are spontaneously emulsified in aqueous medium under gentle digestive motility in the gastrointestinal tract. Pseudo ternary phase diagrams composed of various excipients were plotted to identify self -nano -emulsifying area. Droplet size changes upon dilution with aqueous media and in vitro release of BDD from SNEDDS in 0.1N HCl and phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) were studied and compared with commercial chinese pilules and Pennel capsules. The hepatoprotective activity upon oral administration of SNEDDS against carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative stress in albino rats was assessed by measuring biochemical parameters like serum glutamic oxalacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Results showed that using a proper ratio of Tween 80 to Transcutol as surfactant and co-surfactant respectively and Miglyol 812 as oil to surfactants mixture resulted in production of infinitely diluted formulations in nano droplet size range. BDD self nano emulsified formula composed of 20% Miglyol 812, 60% Tween 80 and 20% Transcutol released 99% of the drug very rapidly within 10-15 minutes regardless of the pH condition. The oral absorption and bioavailability of BDD self nano emulsified formula in albino rats were significantly enhanced (P<0.01) with an average improvement of 1.7 and 6-folds that of commercial chinese pilules and Pennel capsules respectively. This improvement was also confirmed histopathologically in chemically injured rats and by the significant decrease in elevated liver enzymes level. PMID:18673260

405

Irradiated cocoa beans  

Groups of 40 male and 40 female CD rats were fed powdered rodent diet containing 25% (w/w) of either non-irradiated, irradiated or fumigated cocoa beans. The diets were supplemented with certain essential dietary constituents designed to satisfy normal nutritional requirements. An additional 40 male and 40 female rats received basal rodent diet alone (ground) and acted as an untreated control. After 70 days of treatment, 15 male and 15 female rats from each group were used to assess reproductive function of the F/sub 0/ animals and growth and development of the F/sub 1/ offspring up to weaning; the remaining animals were killed after 91 days of treatment.

406

Dietary Yucca schidigera supplementation reduces arsenic-induced oxidative stress in Swiss albino mice.  

The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of dietary supplementation with Yucca schidigera (Ys) on lipid peroxidation (LPO), antioxidant activity, some biochemical parameters and histopathological changes in arsenic-exposed mice. Forty Swiss albino male mice were divided into five equal groups. Group I (control group) was given normal diet and tap water for 28 days. Group II (arsenic group) was given normal diet and 100 mg/L arsenic along with drinking water for 28 days. Groups III-V were given three different doses of Ys (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) in supplemented diet and arsenic (100 mg/L) along with drinking water throughout the entire period of 28 days. The arsenic significantly increased serum biochemical parameters and malondialdehyde levels in blood and tissue. However, arsenic significantly decreased tissue glutathione concentration, erythrocyte superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. In contrast, dietary supplementation of Ys, in a dose-dependent manner, resulted in reversal of arsenic-induced oxidative stress, LPO and activities of antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, Ys also exhibited protective action against the arsenic-induced focal gliosis and hyperemi in brain, necrosis and degeneration in liver, degeneration and dilatation in Bowman's capsule of kidney and hyaline degeneration in heart tissue of mice. Consequently, our results demonstrate that Ys especially high-dose supplementation in diet decreases arsenic-induced oxidative stress and enhances the antioxidant defence mechanism and regenerate of tissues in Swiss albino mice. PMID:22609855

407

Purification and characterization of an extracellular phenol oxidase from culture filtrates of Pyricularia oryzae  

Extracellular phenol oxidase activity was characterized and compared in Pyricularia oryzae wild-type and albino cell types to determine if this phenol oxidase was responsible for lack of melanization in the albino culture. Filtrates of the albino mutant Alb-5 showed activity similar to those of the ...

408

Carcinogenicity examination of inflorescence of Zingiber mioga Roscoe.  

The carcinogenicity of mioga was examined in ACI and Fischer 344 rats. In Experiment I, a test group of ACI rats received diet containing mioga for 365 days, and the control group received normal basal diet. The experiment was terminated 480 days after the start of feeding. In Experiment II, a test group of Fischer 344 rats received diet containing mioga throughout the experiment of 639 days and the control group received normal diet. Female ACI rats in Experiment I developed significantly more urinary bladder tumors than the control group. No carcinogenic activity was observed in males in Experiment I or males or females in Experiment II. PMID:7116325

409

Effect of Treatment with Testosterone Derivatives on Morphometric Characteristics and Free Radical Oxidation in Rat Cerebral Cortex  

Morphometric characteristics and free radical oxidation in neurons of the neocortex and hippocampus of male and female rats were studied 1 month after administration of Sustanon-250 in a dose of 8 mg/kg during the pubertal period of ontogeny. The weight of the brain was shown to decrease in males. In both female and male rats, the width of the anterior parietal lobe and the numerical density of neocortical and hippocampal neurons decreased. Sex differences were found in free radical oxidation in the cerebral cortex. The intensity of this process increased significantly in females, but decreased in males.

410

Binding of hexachlorobutadiene to alpha 2u-globulin and its role in nephrotoxicity in rats.  

Hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) is nephrotoxic in rats causing damage to the proximal tubules. Renal toxicity is presumed to be due to bioactivation by glutathione S-conjugate formation and further processing by the enzymes of the mercapturic acid pathway to reactive intermediates. Recent studies revealed major sex-dependent differences in the pattern of urinary metabolites and gave evidence for the excretion of unmetabolized HCBD in the urine of male, but not female, rats. The objective of this study was to investigate the basis for the excretion of unchanged HCBD in the urine. We administered [14C]-HCBD (200 mg/kg bw, po) to male and female Sprague-Dawley (SD) and NCI Black-Reiter rats (NBR), an alpha 2u-globulin-deficient strain. No major differences in the disposition and in the rates of excretion of [14C]-derived radioactivity were observed between animals of both strains. Previously observed sex-specific differences in the formation of urinary metabolites in Wistar rats were now confirmed in SD rats and were also found in NBR rats. In contrast to male SD rats, however, NBR rats did not excrete unmetabolized HCBD with urine. [14C]-HCBD (10% of total urinary metabolites) was only present in the urine of male SD rats. Anion-exchange HPLC showed radioactivity associated with the alpha 2u-globulin fraction in urine and renal cytosol of male SD rats; the radioactive compound was identified as HCBD bound to the protein. The results indicate that the male-specific urinary excretion of HCBD is associated with its binding to alpha 2u-globulin. Light microscopic examination revealed the formation of hyaline droplets indicative of the accumulation of alpha 2u-globulin in the kidney of male SD rats after staining with Lee's methylene blue basic fuchsin. H&E staining additionally confirmed the finding of more pronounced necrotic changes in renal tubules of male SD rats than in females as previously described for Wistar rats. Binding of HCBD to alpha 2u-globulin may contribute to the pronounced nephrotoxicity in male rats. PMID:9439732

411

Histopathological analysis of gangliosides use in peripheral nerve regeneration after axonotmesis in rats/ Análise histopatológica da regeneração nervosa periférica com uso de gangliosídeos após axonotmese em ratos  

Abstract in portuguese OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos de gangliosídeos na regeneração nervosa periférica em nervo isquiático de ratos após axonotmese. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 96 ratos machos albinos (Wistar). Os animais foram anestesiados e após constatação do plano anestésico, foi realizada incisão na face posterior da coxa direita do animal. Em seguida, foi realizada a dissecção cirúrgica da pele e do músculo e divulsão dos músculos. O nervo isquiático direito foi isolado e (more) sofreu compressão por 2 minutos. Efetuou-se a sutura contínua da pele. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 2 grupos: experimental (GE) que receberam gangliosídeos pela via sub-cutânea e controle (GC) que receberam soro fisiológico 0,9% com a finalidade de mimetizar os efeitos de administração da droga de estudo. A análise histopatológica foi realizada em 8, 15, 30 e 60 dias. RESULTADOS: Não se evidenciaram diferenças significantes entre os grupos controle e experimental avaliados com 8 dias. Nos grupos experimentais de 15 e 30 dias observou-se uma diminuição da atividade das células de Schwann e aparente melhora na organização das fibras nervosas; com 60 dias havia discreta presença células de Schwann no espaço endoneural e as fibras nervosas estavam organizadas sinalizando a regeneração nervosa. Nos grupos controles de 15 e 30 dias o padrão de reação celular diminuiu, entretanto havia muitas células com citoplasmas em atividade e mistose; com 60 dias observou-se ainda a presença de hiperplasia de células de Schwann, atividade mitótica ainda presente e regeneração nervosa presente, porém em menor grau comparando-se com aquele visto no grupo experimental. CONCLUSÃO: A administração de gangliosídeos exógenos parece incrementar a regeneração nervosa. Abstract in english PURPOSE: To analyze the action of gangliosides in peripheral nerve regeneration in the sciatic nerve of the rat. METHODS: The sample was composed of 96 male Wistar rats. The animals were anaesthetized and, after identification of the anaesthesic plane, an incision was made in the posterior region of the thigh, followed by skin and muscle divulsion. The right sciatic nerve was isolated and compressed for 2 minutes. Continuous suture of the skin was performed. The animals w (more) ere randomly divided into two groups: the experimental group (EG), which received subcutaneous injection of gangliosides, and the control group (CG), which received saline solution (0.9%) to mimic the effects of drug administration. RESULTS: No differences were observed between the experimental and control groups evaluated on the eighth day of observation. At 15 and 30 days the EG showed an decrease in Schwann cell activity and an apparent improvement in fibre organization; at 60 days, there was a slight presence of Schwann cells in the endoneural space and the fibres were organized, indicating nerve regeneration. At 15 and 30 days, the level of cell reaction in the CG had diminished, but there were many cells with cytoplasm in activity and in mitosis; at 60 days, hyperplastic Schwann cells and mitotic activity were again observed, as well as nerve regeneration, but to a lesser extent than in the EG. CONCLUSION: The administration of exogenous gangliosides seems to improve nerve regeneration.

412

Efeito da administração de cogumelo tibetano, um consórcio microbiano, sobre a peristalse intestinal em ratos/ Effect of the administration of Tibetan mushroom, a microbial consortium, on the intestinal peristalsis in rats  

Abstract in portuguese O cogumelo tibetano (CT) é uma bebida probiótica fermentada por um grande conjunto de bactérias e leveduras, algumas das quais de conhecida atividade antimicrobiana, imunomodulatória, pró-digestiva e auxiliar da peristalse intestinal. Neste sentido, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a possível ação da suspensão produzida pelo CT sobre a motilidade intestinal de ratos. Foram utilizados grupos de animais (ratos Wistar albinos machos, n = 6/grupo) pesando 200 (more) ± 20 g. Os diferentes grupos foram tratados v.o. durante 15 dias (1,5 mL/animal de fermentado de 24 h de CT em cultivo contínuo em 50 g/l de açúcar mascavo comercial em água destilada), e os demais grupos tratados com água destilada (1,5 mL/animal). Após 15 dias os animais foram mantidos em jejum por 24 hs, e tratados com suspensão de CT (1,5 mL/animal/v.o), água destilada (controle, 1,5mL/animal/v.o), acetilcolina (1mg/kg/s.c.) e atropina (1mg/kg/i.m.). Após 30 min, os animais receberam uma suspensão de carvão ativo 10 % (0,1 mL/10 g, v.o), seguindo-se eutanásia após 45 min, excisão da porção do piloro até o início do ceco, e determinação da distância percorrida pelo carvão. A administração da suspensão de CT aumentou o trânsito intestinal em 68,7 % e os demais tratamentos apresentaram as seguintes percentagens: atropina 20,2 %, acetilcolina 78,7 % e controle 42,9 % (p Abstract in english The Tibetan mushroom (CT) is a probiotic beverage fermented by a big group of bacteria and yeasts, some of which of well-known anti-bacterial activity, immunomodulatory, pro-digestive and to aid of the intestinal peristalsis. In this sense, this work had the aim of evaluating the possible action of the suspension produced by CT on the peristalsis intestinal of rats. Animal groups weighing 200 ± 20 g were used (Wistar rats (male, n = 6/group)). The different groups were t (more) reated v.o. for 15 days (1,5 mL/animal of 24h fermented of CT in continuously cultured into molasses solutions (50 g/l)), and the other groups treated with distilled water (1,5 mL/animal). After 15 days the animals were maintained in fast for 24h, and treated with suspension CT (1,5 mL/animal/v.o), distilled water (control, 1,5mL/animal/v.o), acetylcholine (1mg/kg/s.c) and atropine (1mg/kg/i.m). After 30 min, the animals received a suspension of active coal 10% (0,1 mL/10g, v.o), after the euthanasia, excision of the portion of the pylorus to the beginning of the cecum, and determination of the distance traveled by the coal. The administration of the CT suspension increased the intestinal peristalsis in 68,7% and the other treatments presented the following percentages: atropine 20,2%, acetylcholine 78,7% and control 42,9% (p

413

The Influence of Dietary Restriction on the Development of Diabetes and Pancreatitis in Female WBN/Kob-Fatty Rats  

Original WBN/Kob male rats commonly develop chronic pancreatitis by the age of 3 months, while diabetes mellitus occurs at 9 months. In contrast, female rats of this strain do not show pancreatitis or diabetes. The WBN/Kob-fatty rat is a homozygous (fa/fa) congenic strain for the fa allele of the leptin receptor gene (Lepr). In WBN/Kob-fatty rats, both females and males provide a model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes with obesity. The leptin receptor fatty gene (Leprfa) induces obesity and hyperphagia. In the present study, we examined the effect of dietary restriction on pancreatitis and diabetes in female WBN/Kob-fatty rats. Five female fatty rats comprised a restricted feeding group with paired-feeding from 3 to 13 weeks of age, and five female lean rats comprised a control group with paired-feeding. At 13 weeks of age, two of the five female fatty rats of the control group developed diabetes mellitus, while no female fatty rats of the restricted feeding group developed diabetes mellitus. At this stage, pathological changes of the pancreas were observed in female fatty rats. All female fatty rats showed severe interlobular, intra-lobular and intra-islet fibrosis. In female fatty rats of the restricted feeding group, pathological changes of the pancreas were milder those of the free-feeding fatty group. Although dietary restriction could not completely prevent pancreatitis in female fatty rats, the development of diabetes was inhibited by its reduction of the severity of pancreatitis.   

414

Pituitary-Adrenal Functions in a Hereditary Hypothyroid (rdw) Rat  

The rdw rat is a hereditary hypothyroid strain isolated from Wistar-Imamichi rats. In the present study, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone responses to restraint stress (120 min) were examined in rdw adult male rats. ACTH response to restraint stress was higher in rdw rats than in hetero control rats. The plasma concentrations of corticosterone were lower in rdw rats than in control rats during the first 30 min after the onset of stress. Both ACTH and corticosterone responses to restraint stress in rdw rats recovered to control levels after thyroxine (T4) replacement therapy. These results suggest that hereditary hypothyroidism causes adrenal dysfunction directly and that hypersecretion of ACTH is a result of reduced corticosterone in rdw rats.   

415

Conhecimento da anatomia da orelha de cobaias e ratos e sua aplicação na pesquisa otológica básica/ Understanding the anatomy of ears from guinea pigs and rats and its use in basic otologic research  

Abstract in portuguese O uso de mostras animais é importante na pesquisa otológica e o conhecimento da anatomia de sua orelha permite sua utilização adequada. OBJETIVO: Estudar a anatomia da orelha da cobaia e do rato por microscopia óptica de luz (MOL) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e suas vantagens anatômicas na pesquisa otológica básica. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Os ossos temporais, as bulas timpânicas e cócleas de três cobaias e ratos albinos foram fotografados e analisad (more) os ao MOL e MEV. RESULTADOS: O rato não é tão simples de manipular como a cobaia, e freqüentemente apresenta otite média. O rato apresenta uma junção frágil da bula timpânica, duas e meia espiras na cóclea e a membrana timpânica não veda todo o conduto auditivo externo. A cobaia possui uma bula inteiriça, martelo e bigorna fundidos e três e meia espiras na cóclea. Pela MEV a cobaia e o rato possuem Membrana Tectória, Membrana de Raissner e o Órgão de Corti. As Células de Hensen estão presentes somente na cobaia. CONCLUSÃO: A cobaia foi considerada de fácil manipulação para a microdissecção, pelo tamanho e rigidez do osso temporal, e para experimentos cirúrgicos envolvendo o estribo, janela oval e a membrana timpânica. Pela MEV nota-se semelhança entre cobaia e rato, podendo ambos serem utilizados em estudos da orelha interna. Abstract in english The use of animal samples is important in otologic research and understanding the anatomy of their e