Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Revolving type fluidized-bed technology, developed by Ebara Corp., is installed in more than 100 facilities worldwide. The technology is applied for waste, coal and in situations where a conventional fluidized bed is difficult to use. Waste and/or coal can be treated and valuable energy can be recovered from a non-renewable source. This paper describes the application of the revolving fluidized bed for waste, coal and tyres.

Science.gov (United States)

The magnetically fluidized bed (MFB) was used as the reactor in a novel semidry flue gas desulfurization (FGD) process to achieve high desulfurization efficiency. Experiments in a laboratory-scale apparatus were conducted to reveal the effects of approach to adiabatic saturation temperature, Ca/S molar ratio and applied magnetic field intensity on SO(2) removal. Results showed that SO(2) removal efficiency can be obviously enhanced by decreasing approach to adiabatic saturation temperature, increasing Ca/S molar ratio, or increasing applied magnetic field intensity. At a magnetic field intensity of 300Oe and a Ca/S molar ratio of 1.0, the desulfurization efficiency (excluding desulfurization efficiency in the fabric filter) was over 80%, while spent sorbent appeared in the form of dry powder. With the SEM, XRD and EDX research, it can be found that the increase ...

Science.gov (United States)

Fluidized bed technology was experimentally evaluated for the combustion and gasification of cotton gin waste. The isothermal bed temperatures in the reactors could be maintained below the ash fusion point of the waste. Raw stripper harvested cotton gin trash could be metered directly into the fluidized-bed reactors indicating that little feed preparation is required. H and CO were the primary products of gasification, and approximately 3200-400 Btu of gas were produced per lb of cotton gin waste. These techniques offer the potential of providing small-scale energy conversion systems for use on farms.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In the atmospheric pressure coal combustion area, the Internally Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler (ICFB) had already been proven to possess superior performance features in terms of the ease with which load conditions can be controlled and because of its low pollution level. Based on the particular merits of the ICFB furnace and the application of this technology to pressurized fluidized bed boiler technology, it was possible to achieve a pressurized fluidized bed boiler with superior ease of operation, reliability and low-pollution characteristics. From fiscal 1992, the authors have conducted extensive research work, including cold model tests and computer simulations to investigate the possibility of applying ICFB technology to the pressurized fluidized bed boiler technology in an attempt to develop the Pressurized ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The coal-fired combined cycle with partial gasification and fluidized bed combustion (PGFBC-CC), also referred to as a hybrid cycle, has advantages of staged energy conversion and utilization, which can attain high thermal efficiency with low emissions. Four kinds of PGFBC-CC are studied in this paper, two based on pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC) and two on atmospheric fluidized bed combustion (AFBC). Thermal performance calculations and parametric analyses were performed. On the basis of the results, from the above analyses, the best integration system for China is suggested. In addition, a preliminary exergetic analysis is carried out for three of the PGFBC-CC variants.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This report is to present the progress made on the project ''Establishment of an Environmental Control Technology Laboratory (ECTL) with a Circulating Fluidized-Bed Combustion (CFBC) System'' during the period July 1, 2004 through September 30, 2004. The following tasks have been completed. First, renovation of the new Combustion Laboratory and the construction of the Circulating Fluidized-Bed (CFB) Combustor Building have started. Second, the design if the component parts of the CFBC system have been reviewed and finalized so that the drawings may be released to the manufacturers during the next quarter. Third, the experiments for solid waste (chicken litter) incineration have been conducted using a Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA). This is in preparation for testing in the simulated fluidized-bed combustor. The experimental results from this study are presented in this report. Finally, ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A fluidized bed combustor of 0.146 m diameter and 1 m length was fabricated from stainless steel to burn olive cake. Initially, and in order to obtain fluidization, the system was operated under cold conditions using a sand with particle size in the range of 500 to 710 microns. The continuous combustion experiments were carried out under controlled conditions, such that the effects of bed temperature, olive cake feed rate, fluidization velocity, and particle size on combustion efficiency and flue gas composition were investigated. It was found that the combustion efficiency decreases with the bed temperature, fluidization velocity, and the feed rate, while it increases with the particle size used. Further, the gas products analysis carried out using a gas chromatography analyzer have shown a nonmeasured amount of SO2, and small amounts of ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Carbonaceous solid material such as coal is gasified in a fast fluidized bed gasification system utilizing dual fluidized beds of hot char. The coal in particulate form is introduced along with oxygen-containing gas and steam into the fast fluidized bed gasification zone of a gasifier assembly wherein the upward superficial gas velocity exceeds about 5.0 ft/sec and temperature is 1500.degree.-1850.degree. F. The resulting effluent gas and substantial char are passed through a primary cyclone separator, from which char solids are returned to the fluidized bed. Gas from the primary cyclone separator is passed to a secondary cyclone separator, from which remaining fine char solids are returned through an injection nozzle together with additional steam and oxygen-containing gas to an oxidation zone located at the bottom of ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Hydrodynamic regimes and characteristics of air-sand flow were studied in a cone-shape swirling fluidized bed for two types of air entry, or swirl generator: through a four-nozzle system (tangential entry) and using an annular-spiral air distributor (axial entry). Quartz sand of four particle sizes, 180-300, 300-500, 500-600 and 850-1180mm, was used as the bed material in experimental tests on a cold model of a conical swirling fluidized bed combustor. During each test run, the pressure drop across the bed (Dp) was measured versus superficial velocity at the lower bed basis (u) for three static bed heights (20, 30 and 40cm). Four regimes were found in the bed behavior for both swirl generators. The Dp-u diagrams were compared between tangential and axial air entries for different operating...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The fossil fuel consumption and pollutant emissions in a coal fired fluidized bed boiler could be reduced by biomass pyrolysis gas reburning. The influence of three kinds of biomass pyrolysis gases on the emission of N2O in a laboratory scale fluidized bed was investigated using the mechanism of GRI3.0 in this paper. The results showed that: the effect of sawdust pyrolysis gas reburning on N2O was more significant than that of rice husk and orange peel under the same conditions; the increase of initial oxygen content from 1% to 8% in flue gas would restrain the decomposition of N2O; the N2O decomposition was enhanced by increasing reaction temperature from 1073.15 K to 1323.15 K, and the decomposition rate may reach 99% at 1223.15 K.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The technology being evaluated is the Modified In-Situ (MIS) retorting process for raw shale oil production, combined with a Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustor (CFBC), for the recovery of energy from the mined shale. (VC)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This purpose of this report is to present the progress made on the project ''Establishment of an Environmental Control Technology Laboratory (ECTL) with a Circulating Fluidized-Bed Combustion (CFBC) System'' during the period April 1, 2005 through June 30, 2005. The following tasks have been completed. First, the new Combustion Laboratory was occupied on June 15, 2005, and the construction of the Circulating Fluidized-Bed (CFB) Combustor Building is in the final painting stage. Second, the fabrication and manufacturing contract for the CFBC Facility was awarded to Sterling Boiler & Mechanical, Inc. of Evansville, Indiana. Sterling is manufacturing the assembly and component parts of the CFBC system. The erection of the CFBC system is expected to start September 1, 2005. Third, mercury emissions from the cofiring of coal and chicken waste was studied experimentally in the laboratory-scale simulated ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Various volume-reduction methods are discussed and their capabilities evaluated. The following volume-reduction methods have the greatest potential at this time: forced-circulation evaporator/crystallizer; incinerator (conventional type); compactor; fluidized-bed calciner/incinerator; fluidized-bed dryer/incinerator; thin-film evaporator; extruder/evaporator; drum mixer; ribbon blender; inert-carrier evaporative process; molten-glass incinerator. The first eight system types listed above have been improved to the point of commercial viability.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

With relation to the coals delivered as common samples in the coal fundamental technology development project, an experimental study was conducted on agglomeration characteristics and reaction characteristics in the fluidized-bed coal gasifier. For the experiment, used was a fluidized bed gasifier inserted with a cone-shape dispersion plate with a nozzle in the center. After raising the temperature of the gasifier up to 773K, gasification was conducted sending to the gasifier air from the nozzle and steam from the dispersion plate. The mean particle diameter and gas concentration of chars were measured till the temperature reaches 1373K. As a result of the experiment, it was confirmed that the carbon conversion ratio increases with a decrease in coalification degree of the coal. Moreover, influence of the coal kind was markedly observed at the grid zone of the lower part of the bed, and it was clarified ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This work reports an experimental study on the steam gasification of an anthracite coke in a fluidized bed reactor, with the aim of evaluating the reaction kinetics. Isothermal runs were carried out with samples of 91 to 275 g of coke, at temperatures between 799 and 928{sup 0}C and for steam partial pressures between 0.3 and 0.9 atm. The conversion decreases as the amount of coke is increased and it is very sensitive to the temperature. Neither the volumetric reaction model nor the unreacted shrinking core model can satisfactorily fit the experimental results. That is why empirical models have been used. The first one is derived from the unreacted shrinking core model. An activation energy of 219 kJ. mol{sup -1} and a reaction order with respect of steam of 0.57 have been identified. In the second model, the conversion has been correlated as a function of a dimensionless time. A comparison of the results obtained in the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The growth kinetics constants and concentration of active attached biomass in an anaerobic fluidized bed which decomposes acetic, propionic and butyric acid were estimated. The mixture of above mentioned fatty acids was supplied to the fluidized bed in the range of hydraulic retention time (HRT) from 0.25 to 2 days. After the effluent reached in a steady state in quality, batch experiments were conducted separately with each fatty acid as a substrate in order to investigate the decomposition characteristics of each substrate by attached biomass. In order to estimate the parameter values of the growth kinetics of the bacteria, batch experiments were also conducted under the completely mixed condition using detached biomass from a support material. The changes of fatty acid concentrations with time were clearly expressed with the Monod growth model. Maximum specific substrate decomposition rates and ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Experimental and theoretical investigation on drying of a single coal particle in fluidized bed combustor is presented. Coal particle drying was considered via the moist shrinking core mechanism. The results of the drying test runs of low-rank Serbian coals were used for experimental verification of the model. The temperature of the coal particle center was measured, assuming that drying was completed when the temperature equalled 100{sup o}C. The influence of different parameters (thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of coal, fluidized bed temperature, moisture content and superheating of steam) on drying time and temperature profile within the coal particle was analyzed by a parametric analysis. The experimentally obtained results confirmed that the moist shrinking core mechanism can be applied for the mathematical description of a coal particle drying, while dependence between drying time ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sasol, a South-African company, has converted coal into synthetic fuels for 40 years; in order to increase by 6 pc its annual production (40 Mt coal are processed), Sasol has launched the Sky High project and intends to replace the ancient Sasol Synthol reactors by Advanced Synthol reactors using conventional fluidized beds instead of circulating fluidized beds. Coal is first gasified under high pressure and high temperature conditions (the Secunda site uses the Fischer-Tropsch conversion process) and is then processed in the reactor through a single phase process using an iron-base catalyst, leading to significant cost reductions.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Operation and maintenance cost estimating methodologies for advanced coal-fired atmospheric circulating fluidized-bed and advanced natural gas-fired combined cycle electric power plants are presented. The purpose of these cost estimating relationships is for use in long range planning and evaluation of the economics of use of these technologies for electric power generation. Projected annual costs of reference plants at ten different sites in the United States, one in each of the ten DOE regions, are given as of 1989, and comparisons are made with existing technologies. A listing of a computer program implementing the methodologies is included. 14 refs., 4 figs., 13 tabs.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Both the KRW fluidized-bed gasifier and the transport gasifier case studies were used for this assessment. The transport technology is a high-velocity circulating fluidized-bed reactor currently under development by The M.W. Kellogg Company. In the earlier assessment, seven design concepts or cases were identified; a process design was developed; major equipment items were identified; estimates of capital cost, operation and maintenance cost, and cost of electricity were developed; reliability was predicted; and development issues were identified for six studies. Three of the most probable cases were further evaluated for a Greenfield assessment in this report to adequately determine all costs independent of facilities at Plant Wansley.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This report summarizes the progress made on the development of an integrated multistage fluidized bed retorting process (KENTORT II) during the period of October 1, 1992 through September 30, 1993 under Cooperative Agreement No. DE-FC21-90MC27286 with the Morgantown Energy Technology Center, US Department of Energy. The KENTORT II process includes integral fluidized bed zones for pyrolysis, gasification, and combustion of the oil shale. The purpose of this program is to design and test the KENTORT II process at the 50-lb/hr scale. The PDU was assembled, instrumented and tested during this fiscal year. Along with the major activity of commissioning the 50-lb/hr retort, work was also completed in other areas. Basic studies of the cracking and coking kinetics of model compounds in a fixed bed reactor were continued. Additionally, as part of the effort to investigate niche market ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The present invention provides an improvement in the art of combined steam turbine and gas turbine power plants of the type wherein the principal source of energy is a fluidized bed combustor fueled by coal. More specifically, the invention pertains to supplemental firing of the gas turbine cycle with a clean hydrocarbon fuel (CHF) at a high incremental efficiency to significantly increase overall plant efficiency.

Science.gov (United States)

A steam producing system based on fluidized-bed gasification of biomass materials is discussed. Limited experimental results are discussed and show that steam has been produced at rates of 334.3 kg/hr. (737 lbs/hr.) with 2.8 kg of stream produced for each kilogram of cotton gin trash (2.8 lb/lb.). ref.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A final report is presented on the design, environmental characteristics, performance and maintainability, and economic analysis of a commercial 663 MWe coal-fired combined cycle power plant using pressurized fluidized bed combustion, and advanced technology in the hot gas cleanup system and gas turbines. Experimental data on the performance of each of the major components are included. (LCL)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This paper presents a brief overview of refuse derived fuel (RDF) processing systems, and the different types of RDF. The quality of RDF, combustion of RDF in fluidized beds, and moving grate reactors, operating conditions, emissions (sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride) and thermal efficiency are discussed. (UK).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The use of pressurised fluidized-bed coal combustion (fbc) in a combined cycle is seen as a most attractive technology for increasing the efficiency of electricity generation. The concept of pressurised fbc is described and the technical problems that are encountered in its operation and in limiting it to a gas turbine are discussed. Details are given of pilot plant facilities and current R and D programmes.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The KENTORT II process includes integral fluidized bed zones for pyrolysis, gasification, and combustion of the oil shale. The purpose of this program is to design and test the KENTORT II process at the 50-lb/hr scale. Along with the major activity of assembling the components of the 50-lb/hr retort, work was also completed in other areas this quarter. Basic studies of the cracking and coking kinetics of model compounds in a fixed bed reactor were continued. Additionally, as part of the effort to investigate niche market applications for KENTORT II-derived products, a study of the synthesis of carbon fibers from the heavy fraction of KENTORT II shale oil was initiated.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The objectives of this program are to evaluate the Coal Fired Combined Cycle (CFCC) power plant conceptual design and to conduct supporting development programs for pressurized fluidized bed technology advancement in combustion/steam generator, gas turbine and hot gas cleanup technologies. The Coal-Fired Combined Cycle is the unique power plant concept developed under the leadership of the General Electric Company to provide a direct coal-burning gas turbine and steam turbine combined-cycle power plant. The advantages of the combined cycle for higher efficiency and the potential of the pressurized fluidized bed combustor improvements in emissions could offer a new and attractive option to the electric utility industry. The CFCC approach provides for cooling the fluid bed combustor through the use of steam tubes in the bed which supply a steam turbine generator. ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This study aims to develop a particulate model combining solid waste particle combustion and heavy metal vaporization from burning particles during MSW incineration in a fluidized bed. The original approach for this model combines an asymptotic combustion model for the carbonaceous solid combustion and a shrinking core model to describe the heavy metal vaporization. A parametric study is presented. The global metal vaporization process is strongly influenced by temperature. Internal mass transfer controls the metal vaporization rate at low temperatures. At high temperatures, the chemical reactions associated with particle combustion control the metal vaporization rate. A comparison between the simulation results and experimental data obtained with a laboratory-scale fluid bed incinerator and Cd-spiked particles shows that the heavy metal vaporization is correctly predicted by the model. The predictions are better at higher ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The physical structure of a limestone or dolomite to be used in in-bed sulfur capture in fluidized bed boilers has great impact on the efficiency of sulfur capture and sorbent use. Therefore in process optimization and model calculations parameters describing the pore structure of these sorbents must be included. In this study an unreacted shrinking core model with variable effective diffusivity is applied to sulfation test data from a pressurized thermogravimetric apparatus (P-TGA) for various limestone and dolomite samples. The particle size was 250--300 {micro}m for all sorbents. The tests were done under typical conditions for a pressurized fluidized bed combustor, i.e. 850 C or 950 C, 15 bar, and were reported earlier at the 12th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. At these conditions the limestone remains uncalcined, ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In the research of a more efficient, less costly, more environmentally responsible and less technically difficult method for generating electrical power from coal, `the Partially Gasified Coal Fired Combined Cycle with a CFBC with Different Speeds (DFBC)` is introduced by Tsinghua University. The high efficiency cycle includes gasification, compressed air heating in a fluidized bed immersed air heater followed by a combustor and the heat recovery of gas turbine exhausted gas used as the combustion of coal in the differential-velocity atmospheric circulating fluidized bed. Superheated steam is raised in the DFBC boiler. A preliminary analysis is made for the choice of combined cycle components. The computer program can be used to evaluate the design and off-design performance of the power plant. The simulation results show that the new system is a valuable coal fired combined cycle system for China, ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Candidate materials for components of a fluidized-bed waste heat recovery system (FBWHRS) include plain carbon steel, types 405 and 316 stainless steel, and alloy 800. These materials were exposed to synthetic flue gas at anticipated FBWHRS temperatures and higher for 3000 h to determine corrosion rates. The synthetic flue gas was a combustion atmosphere to which Cl/sub 2/ and HCl were added. The projected annual corrosion rate for plain carbon steel is about 0.08 mm/year (0.003 in./year) at 250 to 290/sup 0/C, but it would exceed 0.5 mm/year (0.02 in./year) at 560/sup 0/C. The projected annual corrosion rates of the other materials were less than 0.25 mm/year (0.01 in./year) at the maximum test temperatures of 560, 660, and 665/sup 0/C for type 405, type 316, and alloy 800, respectively. These results indicate that corrosion of candidate FBWHRS materials will not be significant at anticipated operating temperatures for various components unless other factors, not ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Devolatilization, char combustion and emission characteristics of different single fuel particles were studied under various fluidized bed combustor conditions, in order to develop a classification system which enables prediction of the behaviour of different fuels ranging from fixed carbon rich coals to volatile rich woods and plastics. To investigate formation reaction, the concentration of CO, CO{sub 2}, total hydrocarbons, O{sub 2}, NO and N{sub 2}O were measured continuously. Additionally, temperature histories of the particles were recorded by implanting thermocouples. Devolatilization and char combustion were analysed by an integral and differential method. The integral analysis uses global rates which were compared with the ultimate and proximate analyses and used to classify the fuels. In the differential analysis the single physical and chemical steps viz mass transfer from the bulk gas to the particle surface, mass transfer through ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The article profiles developments in pollution control resulting from the strict emissions control standards due to be set by the European Commission in 1992. In particular technology to meet new emissions targets for mercury and dioxins is described. Control technologies covered included fixed-bed, direct injection, circulating fluidized bed and spray adsorption all of which use activated charcoal to absorb dioxin and mercury. Unfortunately activated charcoal processes still leave waste to be disposed of. Options include recycling the spent activated charcoal to the incinerator, vitrifying the activated charcoal and fly ash into a glassy unleachable substance and cracking the dioxins catalytically. It is hoped the developments will increase public acceptance of incineration. 4 figs., 1 tabs.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The integration of a gas turbine into a new type of coal-fired combined cycle power plant necessitates a multiplicity of far-reaching changes compared with a normal design. The extremely high pre-heating temperature of the air emanating from the heat exchanger of the fluidized bed for the gas turbine combustion chamber has necessitated extensive development work and associated combustion trials. It was possible for these results to influence the design of the burners whereas the manufacture of other components which was on the critical path was already far advanced.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Visualizations by real-time neutron radiography are demonstrated of various flow patterns of nitrogen gas-water two-phase flow in a stainless-steel tube, water inverted annular flow in a stainless-steel tube, flashing flow in an aluminium nozzle and fluidized bed in aluminium tube and vessels. Photographs every 1/60 s are presented by an image processing method to show the dynamic behaviours of the various flow patterns. It is shown that this visualization method can be applied efficiently to multiphase flow researches and will be applicable to multiphase flows in industrial machines. (author).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The concept of using agricultural residues, especially cotton gin trash (CGT), as a fuel for a small cogeneration power plant based on fluidized bed gasification (FBG) requires that three problems be solved: (1) ash must be removed from the low calorific value (LCV) gas prior to combustion; (2) the high NO/sub x/ emissions associated with many biomass fuels must be significantly reduced; (3) a systems analyses of engineering/economic feasibility for potential applications must be developed. This paper addresses current research at TAMU pertaining to these problems.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Initially, the decision of the operator in Dortmund-Derne to select the impact-type separator concept is explained. None of the tenderers for this 52 t/h boiler could supply references for this fluidized bed steam generator concept with staged combustion in a high-expansion fluidized bed. Under the circumstances, the simple configuration of the Steinmueller fluidized bed steam generator, its compact construction, the reduced amount of refractory and the operational behaviour of the boiler resulting therefrom were decisive in the operator`s decision to select this concept. The development schedule shows the individual stages from cold and hot trials in various test rigs and pilot plants to the final design. So far, this fluidized bed steam generator concept has been realized in the plants Derne (52 t/h), commissioned in ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The feasibility of using three different solid fuels in chemical-looping combustion (CLC) has been investigated using NiO as oxygen carrier. A laboratory fluidized-bed reactor system for solid fuel was used, simulating a chemical-looping combustion system by exposing the sample to alternating reducing and oxidizing conditions. In each reducing phase 0.2g of fuel was added to the reactor containing 20g oxygen carrier. The experiments were performed at 970{sup o}C. Compared to previously published results with other oxygen carriers the reactivity of the used Ni-particles was considerably lower for the high-sulphur fuel and higher for the low-sulphur fuel. Much more unconverted CO was released and the fuel conversion was much slower for high-sulphur fuel such as petroleum coke, suggesting that the nickel-based oxygen carrier was deactivated by the presence of sulphur. The NiO particles also showed good reactivity with methane and a syngas mixture of 50% H{sub 2} and ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The effect of combustion conditions on conversion of char nitrogen to N2 was studied in the combustion experiment of char obtained by pyrolysis of coal. Char specimen was prepared by holding ZN coal of Chinese lignite in Ar atmosphere at 1123K for one hour. A batch scale quartz-made fluidized bed reactor was used for combustion experiment. After the specimen was fluidized in reaction gas, it was rapidly heated to start combustion reaction. CO, CO2 and N2 in produced gases were online measured by gas chromatography (GC). As the experimental result, under the incomplete combustion condition where a large amount of CO was produced by consuming almost all of O2, no NOx and N2O produced from char were found, and almost all of N-containing gas was N2. At the final stage of combustion, pyridinic-N disappeared completely, and pyrrolic-N decreased, while O-containing nitrogen complexes became a main component. It was thus suggested ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In the past shredder fluff from automobile recycling was discarded in landfills, but shrinking landfill space and the partly hazardous content of the fluff as well as its caloric value, all resulted in efforts to turn this waste problem into an energy resource. In order to produce a fuel, the inorganic compounds have to be removed. Extensive analyses and particle size measurements were made on fluff from various shredder. For optimal separation all particles are reduced to a uniform, relatively small size. In a subsequent combined screening and air classification process, successful separation into organic and inorganic fractions is achieved. The inorganic fraction is treated in a heavy media or an eddy-current separator to recover the valuable metals, while the organic fraction is now suitable for thermal processing, such as fluidized bed gasification and using the resulting carbon as a chemical reagent.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Abstracts are presented for about 40 papers. The Fossil Energy Advanced Research and Technology Development Materials program is an integrated materials research activity of the fossil energy coal program, whose objective is to conduct R and D for all advanced coal conversion and utilization technologies. The program is aimed at understanding materials behavior in coal system environments and the development of new materials for improving plant operations and reliability. A generic approach is used for addressing multiple coal technologies; for example, the hot-gas particulate filter development is applicable to pressurized fluidized bed combustion, integrated coal gasification combined-cycle, coal combustion, and indirectly fired combined-cycle systems.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Wastewater from a food-manufacturing plant with a low concentration of organic matter was treated at 37 centigrade in an anaerobic fluidized-bed reactor or in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket. As the influent TOC (total organic carbon) concentration decreased, the TOC removal efficiency in these reactors decreased from 85% to 65%. The concentration of suspended solids in the effluent could be reduced to 20 mg/l, which corresponded to 7% of that in the influent. The effluent from both reactors was treated aerobically in a fixed-bed reactor. The TOC concentration and optical density of effluent from the aerobic treatment were reduced to 5 mg/l and 0.005, respectively. When the effluent treated anaerobically or aerobically was passed over an activated carbon column, the effluent TOC concentration was reduced to 2 to 3 mg/l. The conductivity in raw wastewater was remarkably reduced on an ion-exchange resin column. Ultra-pure water for industrial ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In China, the conventional utilization of oil shale is concentrated mainly on oil shale retorting, and burning oil shale in pulverized furnaces, or bubbling fluidized beds. To improve the availability of oil shale, many specialists have advocated burning oil shale in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB), which has a satisfactory combustion efficiency, low NOx and SO{sub 2} emission, adaptability to low-grade coal, etc. In Huadian, China, a plant incorporating three units of 65 th{sup -1} oil shale-fired CFB began successful commercial operation in 1996, proving that burning oil shale in a CFB produces both high combustion efficiency and environmental protection. For effective utilization of oil shale, its pyrolysis and combustion characteristics, emission performance of gaseous pollutants from an oil shale-fired CFB pilot setup, co-combustion characteristics of oil shale and high sulfur coal as well as the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Devonian oil shales of the Eastern United States are a significant domestic energy resource. The overall objective of the multi-year program, initiated in October 1987 by the US Department of Energy is to perform the research necessary to develop the Pressurized Fluidized-Bed Hydroretorting (PFH) process for producing oil from Eastern oil shales. The program also incorporates research on technologies in areas such as raw shale preparation, beneficiation, product separation, and waste disposal that have the potential of improving the economics and/or environmental acceptability of recovering oil from oil shales using the PFH process. The results of the original 3-year program, which was concluded in May 1991, have been summarized in a four-volume final report published by IGT. DOE subsequently approved a 1-year extension to the program to further develop the PFH process specifically for application to beneficiated shale as feedstock. Studies have shown that ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A joint materials test program developed by the Institute for Mining and Minerals Research (IMMR) and the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) involved the postexposure mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of candidate structural materials in an experimental, atmospheric fluidized-bed combustor (AFBC). This combustor was operated by Accurex Corporation at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, under the direction of TVA. The materials studied were Type 304, Type 310, and INCOLOY alloy 800 in the form of disc coupons with and without crevice configurations. Type 304 was also used for mechanical property measurements. The alloys were exposed to the combustor environment at about840/sup 0/C for approximately 330 hours. The ranking in terms of decreasing weight loss was: (1) Type 304, (2) Type 310, and (3) INCOLOY alloy 800. The presence of tight crevices did not enhance the corrosion rate. In addition, the corrosion rates, based on the weight loss (typically 1 to ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In Uganda, biomass comprises more than 95 per cent of the total energy supply. Agricultural residues are a major source of energy that can be converted into producer gas in biomass gasifiers. The high poverty levels in Uganda can be attributed in part to the fact that more than 90 per cent of the population does not have access to electricity due to limited and unreliable electricity produced in the country. A circulating fluidized bed (CFB) gasification system was designed in this study in order to generate a system for the effective use of agricultural wastes for energy production. Rice husks were used as the feedstock for a power output of 60 MW. The gasification system was designed using ERGUN CFB software with available theoretical and experimental data. The design comprises a reactor subsystem, air distribution plate, cyclone, air inlet and fuel feeding systems. The reactor is 10 m high and has a fuel flow rate of 8.1 kg/s. The inlet air ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

When biomass is used as fuel for thermal conversion plants, minerals from the fuel can be responsible for major problems. Generally, these problems are associated with the existence and development of low melting compounds or eutectics, which form sticky layers. In a fluidised bed, this can result in bed-agglomeration and defluidisation. This causes local high temperature, which often accelerates the process. It ultimately can lead to a completely sintered bed content with a glassy phase gluing the bed particles together and shut-down of the plant. The main objective of the title project is to develop a methodology to predict ash/bed agglomeration and sintering problems, to indicate related problems and, furthermore, to identify solution methods to make different types of biomass streams more viable for energy production. Within the present study, selected fuels are subjected to ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Co-combustion tests for recycled fuels and peat were made at a 15 kW fluidized bed reactor at VTT Energy in Jyvaeskylae. Peat was used as reference fuel. 25 tests in total were performed during 1994 - 1996. A part of the peat energy was substituted by coal in five tests, in order to change the sulphur/chlorine ratio of the fuel mixture. Fuel mixtures (25% recycled fuel and 75% peat, at energy ratio) were pelletized in order to get homogeneous fuel mixtures. The tests in the year 1994 were air staging experiments (with and without tertiary air). All test were performed with air staging in the years 1995 and 1996. The aim of the research was to determine whether the co-combustion of waste materials will cause additional emission problems, as compared to combustible emissions from conventional air-staged fluidized bed combustion. Further, the aim was to study which large-volume components can be burned ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Concerning the transient phenomenon of solid-gas two-phase flow, an attempt was made to visualize and measure a flow phenomenon in which three-dimensional bubbles occurred, grew and collapsed in the vicinity of a gas injection nozzle while solid particles were circulating. Such a phenomenon could not or hardly be visualized and measured by conventional methods. Such two-phase flow was visualized using neutron radiography, its characteristics measured and the usefulness of the visualization by neutron radiography confirmed. For this purpose, three-dimensional fluidized bed vessels, rectangular or cylindrical-shaped, made of steel or aluminum sheet, were prepared. Polyethylene or glass beads were used as solid particles and activated carbon particles as the tracer. In the experiment, nitrogen gas was blown into the vessel from one nozzle and distributors provided at the bottom of the vessel and exhausted from the top via the exhaust valve, by ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In the context of the research project, the physical basis of the direct decoupling of highly concentrated solar radiation in materials without the detour via absorbing heat exchanger walls was examined. Also, the first chemical processes suitable for the effective long-term storage of solar energy were analysed, relevant experiments were carried out and the necessary receiver techniques for high temperature applications were provided. The principle of direct coupling was examined on fluidized beds on the one hand and on cavity receivers, on the other hand. The contribution shows the results achieved in detail. It is recorded that first processes for storing solar energy in chemical reactions were able to be examined. Alkaline earth hydroxides accommodated in ceramic honeycomb structures seem to be possible as stores for medium temperature ranges around 500deg C. Investigations on receiver structure materials are also making progress. Highly ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

To address the need for integrated models of advanced power generation systems and for improved analysis techniques, the US Department of Energy (DOE), through the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC), has supported the development of performance, emissions, and cost models of several advanced power generation systems, including integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC), externally-fired combined cycle (EFCC) and pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC) concepts. Simultaneously, numerical methods for simulation of uncertainties and optimization of process flowsheets have been implemented in the DOE`s public version of ASPEN. The new process models and computational capabilities have been applied to demonstrate the benefits of quantitative approaches to dealing with uncertainty and for optimizing technologies in the face of uncertainty. This paper focuses on modeling and assessment of the EFCC system concept. The purpose of the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In China, the conventional utilization of oil shale is concentrated mainly on retorting oil shale to produce shale oil and fuel gas, and burning oil shale to generate electricity. The growth of petroleum price, and the development in heavy industry, make these conventional utilization facilities become unavailable on the energy market. In this paper, a new comprehensive utilization system is recommended for the future use of Huadian oil shale, based on the current status of energy and the characteristics of oil shale. The system involves three subsystems: retort subsystem, where coarse oil shale (8-80 mm) is retorted to shale oil, hydrocarbon gases and oil shale semicoke; combustion subsystem, where the mixture fuel of oil-shale semicoke and fine oil shale (0-8 mm) is fed to a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) furnace to burn, in order to generate high-pressure steam which is used to supply heat and generate electricity via a traditional ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Under typical conditions found in Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion (PFBC), the calcination reaction of limestones is thermodynamically inhibited, and the sorbent reacts with SO{sub 2} by a direct mechanism. Direct sulfation reactivity of different Spanish sorbents was studied by high-pressure thermogravimetric analysis. It was found that the physical structure of the surface of the particles influence the sulfation behaviour of the sorbents. Total pore volume and pore surface area correlated well with the reactivity of the sorbents. Temperatures between 800 and 925{degree}C, and pressure between 12 and 25 bar, promoted an increase in reactivity, while the gas composition had no effect when changed from 15% CO{sub 2}, 3% O{sub 2}, 0.5% SO{sub 2}, balance N{sub 2} to 12% CO{sub 2}, 7% O{sub 2}, 0.5% SO{sub 2}, balance N{sub 2}. It was found that the unreacted shrinking core model could not satisfactorily describe the sulfation reaction under ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Liquid radioactive raffinates from nuclear fuel reprocessing at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory were solidified, or calcines, in a fluidized bed reactor at approximately 500 C to form a dry granular material. This calcine has been provisionally stored near-surface in concrete-encased stainless steel bins at the Idaho Nuclear Technology Engineering Center. Research addressing the permanent immobilization of radioactive waste has been ongoing. One option is to separate the radioactive constituents from the calcine, thereby reducing the radioactive waste volume to be ultimately stored at a national nuclear waste repository. Nitric acid dissolution of the calcine is a key front-end unit operation in the separations option. In order to design calcine dissolution equipment, quantification of dissolution reaction rate parameters is required. A pilot-plant-produced, non-radioactive calcine was utilized to study the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Methods were studied for using sugar as a feed additive for converting the sodium-bearing wastes stored at the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant into granular, free flowing solids by fluidized-bed calcination at 500{degrees}C. All methods studied blended sodium-bearing wastes with Fluorinel wastes but differed in the types of sugar (sucrose or dextrose) that were added to the blend. The most promising sugar additive was determined to be sucrose, since it is converted more completely to inorganic carbon than is dextrose. The effect of the feed aluminum-to-alkali metal mole ratio on calcination of these blends with sugar was also investigated. Increasing the aluminum-to-alkali metal ratio from 0.6 to 1.0 decreased the calcine product-to-fines ratio from 3.0 to 1.0 and the attrition index from 80 to 15%. Further increasing the ratio to 1.25 had no effect.

Science.gov (United States)

A rapidly hydrated sorbent for moderate-temperature dry flue gas desulfurization was prepared by rapidly hydrating adhesive carrier particles and lime. The circulation ash from a circulating fluidized bed boiler and chain boiler ash, both of which have rough surfaces with large specific surface areas and specific pore volumes, can improve the adhesion, abrasion resistance, and desulfurization characteristics of rapidly hydrated sorbent when used as the adhesive carrier particles. The adhesion ability of sorbent made from circulation ash is 67.4% higher than that of the existing rapidly hydrated sorbent made from fly ash, the abrasion ratio is 76.2% lower, and desulfurization ability is 14.1% higher. For sorbent made from chain boiler ash, the adhesion ability is increased by 74.7%, the desulfurization ability is increased by 30.3%, and abrasion ratio is decreased by 52.4%. The abrasion ratios of the sorbent made from circulation ash having ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Chemical-looping combustion is an indirect combustion technology with inherent separation of the greenhouse gas CO{sub 2}. The feasibility of using NiO as an oxygen carrier during chemical-looping combustion of coal has been investigated experimentally at 800-960{degree}C in the present work. The experiments were carried out in a fluidized bed, where the steam acted as the gasification-fluidization medium. Coal gasification and the reaction of oxygen carrier with the water gas take place simultaneously in the reactor. The oxygen carrier particles exhibit high reactivity above 900{degree}C, and the dry basis concentration of CO{sub 2} in the exit gas of the reactor is nearly 95%. The flue gas composition as a function of the reactor temperature and cyclic reduction number is discussed. At 800-960{degree}C, the dry basis concentration of CO{sub 2} in the flue gas presents a monotonously increasing trend, whereas the dry basis ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Coal Fired Combined Cycle (CFCC) is the unique powerplant concept developed under the leadership of the General Electric Company to provide a direct coal-burning gas turbine and steam turbine combined cycle powerplant. On the basis of previous studies and confirming work under this contract, General Electric continues to believe that the CFCC approach offers important advantages over alternate approaches: higher powerplant efficiency in the combustor temperature range of interest; reduced combustor/steam generator corrosion potential, due to low fluid-bed tube temperature (as contrasted to the air in tube cycle); and increased gas turbine bucket life from improved material protection systems. The objective of this program is to evaluate the coal fired combined cycle powerplant conceptual design, and to conduct a supporting development program. The supporting development is required for evaluating the pressurized fluidized ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

To expand the information base on molecular accessibility in solvent swelled coal, Argonne Premium Coal Samples (APCS) were swelled in polar, basic solvents before and after moisture loss and upon air oxidation. So far studies have been reported on the changes in pore size distribution as a function of temperature when polar basic swelling solvents are used. Additional studies employing EPR spin probe techniques performed on the breaking up of the hydrogen bonding between bedding planes were later confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging at Argonne National Lab and the University of Illinois.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The most developed systems for the generation of electricity from coal are the Integrated coal Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) and the Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion (PFBC) system. They both represent state-of-the-art technology and provide electric power at 41-46% LHV efficiency. However, the high level of complexity leads to lower reliability and higher costs. A simpler system, based on a coal-fired steam boiler integrated with a gas turbine, has been proposed. In such a plant, known as the externally fired combined cycle (EFCC), compressed air is heated indirectly in a heat exchanger located in the coal furnace. The hot air is then expanded in a turbine, and the exhaust is passed on to the coal furnace as preheated combustion air. Steam produced in the boiler generates additional power in a steam turbine. The exclusion of coal combustion products from the gas turbine avoids hot gas clean-up and turbine blade corrosion by coal ash. ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The first part of the conference dealt with environmental effects of using coal. Papers dealt with the use of fly ash in agriculture and its effect on plant growth; the effect of airborne emissions on fish and wildlife resources, on watersheds, and on airsheds; the effects of surface mining on the ecology; blast effects; and health hazards associated with coal. The session on policy studies addressed the issue of cost of synthetic fuels and discussed the state and federal pollution regulations on burning coal and waste disposal. The session on combustion presented papers on atmospheric and pressurized fluidized-bed combustion for industrial and utility boilers. It also included papers on MHD power plants, coal-oil and coal-water mixtures, emission characterization and control, and catalytic combustors. The design of gasification plants, reaction kinetics, specific heats of coals and chars, simultaneous production of liquid and gaseous fuels, and economics of fuel ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This report discusses Test Campaign TC07 of the Kellogg Brown & Root, Inc. (KBR) Transport Reactor train with a Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation (Siemens Westinghouse) particle filter system at the Power Systems Development Facility (PSDF) located in Wilsonville, Alabama. The Transport Reactor is an advanced circulating fluidized-bed reactor designed to operate as either a combustor or a gasifier using a particulate control device (PCD). The Transport Reactor was operated as a pressurized gasifier during TC07. Prior to TC07, the Transport Reactor was modified to allow operations as an oxygen-blown gasifier. Test Run TC07 was started on December 11, 2001, and the sand circulation tests (TC07A) were completed on December 14, 2001. The coal-feed tests (TC07B-D) were started on January 17, 2002 and completed on April 5, 2002. Due to operational difficulties with the reactor, the unit was taken offline several times. The reactor temperature was varied between ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This thesis surveys the concepts of exergy and extends the exergy method of analysis from the standpoint of its applications to the power plant systems. After a brief historical review of exergy concepts, the general exergy equation is derived from the combined equation of First and Second Law, and it is shown that any special case of exergy equation is a simplified form of the general exergy equation. The mathematical method for the exergy analysis of a steady-state, steady-flow system, analogous to that of the First Law, is given. The exergy losses in a power plant are discussed. Then in order to examine these losses, the Second Law performance of major processes of combustion, compression, heat transfer, mixing and throttling have been analyzed analytically, and the exergy efficiencies are defined that accurately assess the thermodynamic performance of the corresponding processes. The methods for computation of exergy loss and exergy efficiency are given and simplified for practical ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

One of the five projects selected for funding within the Clean Coal Technology Program is a project proposed by the Pennsylvania Electric Company (Penelec) of Johnstown, Pennsylvania. Penelec proposes to enter into a cooperative agreement with DOE to design, construct and operate a 600 ton-per-day, 66-megawatt (MWe), coal-fueled, externally-fired combined cycle (EFCC) electric power generation facility. The EFCC is an emerging technology with promise for operating highefficiency combined gas- and steam-turbine cycles on coal. The central feature of EFCC is its coupling of the gas turbine to an external, atmospheric-pressure, coal combustor via a hightemperature ceramic heat exchanger (CerHx{reg_sign}) developed by Hague International. The EFCC technology is attractive because, unlike competing combined cycles such as Integrated Gasification (IGCC) and Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion (PFBC), it eliminates the need for a costly gas cleanup ...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Animal facilities generate a large amount of used bedding containing excrement as medical waste. We developed a recycling system for used bedding that involves soft hydrothermal processing. In this...Full Text Available

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

... range magnetic fields magnetic susceptibility magnetization neutron diffraction

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A zinc-air battery in a case including a zinc particle bed supported adjacent the current feeder and diaphragm on a porous support plate which holds the particles but passes electrolyte solution. Electrolyte is recycled through a conduit between the support plate and top of the bed by convective forces created by a density of differential caused by a higher concentration of high density discharge products in the interstices of the bed than in the electrolyte recycle conduit.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A prototype hydride storage bed, using LaNi{sub 4.25}Al{sub 0.75} as the storage material, was fitted with strain gages to measure strains occurring in the stainless steel bed vessel caused by expansion of the storage powder upon uptake of hydrogen. The strain remained low in the bed as hydrogen was added, up to a bed loading of about 0.5 hydrogen to metal atom ratio (H/M). The strain then increased with increasing hydrogen loading ({approximately} 0.8 H/M). Different locations exhibited greatly different levels of maximum strain. In no case was the design stress of the vessel exceeded.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This thesis deals with the evaluation of Solar Grade Silicon (SoG-Si) purified by different techniques, and also the fabrication and characterization of high efficiency and advanced bifacial solar cells. In the beginning of Chapter 1, various SoG-Si production methods relevant for this work are qualitatively described. The three feedstock materials used in this work are from the Fluidized Bed Reactor (FBR) process, metallurgical feedstock-I and feedstock-II process. In metallurgical feedstock-I, the lifetime of the minority charge carriers in multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) samples at the grain boundaries are found to be higher than the grains themselves possibly due to lower resistivities in the grain boundaries. The efficiency of the best solar cell obtained using the mc-Si metallurgical feedstock-I is 16.1%. It has been identified that the fast light induced degradation, whose magnitude is lower than that of a reference cell suggests the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This study investigated the effectiveness of dealing with biological waste by composting. In particular, it examined the feasibility of recovering excess thermal energy produced in the process of composting biological waste in terms of mass and energy transport parameters required in the aerated compost bed. An experiment was performed in which a 100 dm{sup 3} adiabatic, leak-tight reactor equipped with a controlled aeration system was constructed to study the temperature and pressure distribution in the bed. Sensors were used to determine the amount and humidity of emitted gases under variable external physical conditions. The perforated bottom of the reactor allowed for bed aeration. As such, the humidity and heat were transported upwards, forced by the air pumped in and by natural convection. In terms of pressure distribution inside the composted and aerated bed, the study results showed that there ...

Scientific Electronic Library Online (English)

Abstract in english A simplified model for drying solids in the constant rate period in a batch fluidised bed was developed.It assumes the bed to be divided into dense and bubble phases with heat and mass transfer between the phases.The model predicts the constant-rate drying period, provided the fluid bed shape and material characteristics are known.The model is compared with experimental data reported in the literature covering a wide range of materials, gas flow rates, column diameters, m (more) aterial hold-ups, air temperatures and humidities.Model predictions compare satisfactorily with the experimental data.

Science.gov (United States)

The Wind Energy Division at Sandia National Laboratories recently completed a point design based on the 34-m Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) Test Bed. The 34-m Test Bed research machine incorporates several innovations that improve Darrieus technology, including increased energy production, over previous machines. The point design differs minimally from the Test Bed; but by removing research-related items, its estimated cost is substantially reduced. The point design is a first step towards a Test-Bed-based commercial machine that would be competitive with conventional sources of power in the mid-1990s.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract prepared.

Science.gov (United States)

in pulse applications such as magnetic forming. ... In magnetic-forming electric circuitry, the ..... Aspects of Electrohydraulic land Magnetic Forming. ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Summary Objective Community-based information on the delivery and use of health interventions is important to monitor the effectiveness of the Roll Back Malaria programme. However, community surveys to determine coverage for insecticide-treated bed nets are time-consuming and costly. We wanted to assess whether schoolchildren's reports of household ownership of a bed net and coverage among high-risk groups monitored by schoolteachers through a questionnaire could be used as a proxy of household ownership of bed net and coverage at community level, for routine monitoring of malaria control programmes. Method 3602 schoolchildren in 39 randomly selected schools and 2798 heads of households in 39 villages were interviewed about their use of either insecticide-treated or untreated bed nets. Res...

Science.gov (United States)

The concentration and distribution of a soil fumigant in the subsurface of field plots are two key factors in the determination of the fumigant efficacy. Subsurface concentrations of the biologically active compounds cis- and trans-1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and chloropicrin (CP) were determined in soil at two adjacent injection traces and midpoint between the two traces in plastic-covered field beds after injection of the fumigant Telone C35 by conventional chisels or by a coulter rig (Avenger coulters). Two of the four beds were covered with metallic polyethylene film (MPE) and the remaining two were covered with virtually impermeable film (VIF). Three hours after chisel injection, concentrations of the three compounds at the two adjacent injection traces in the two beds were highly variable. Large concentrations of the compounds were detected at the side traces, whereas the compounds were not detected at the middle ...

CERN Document Server

Specification of the steel sheet for the 300 GeV magnet system

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

... fields magnetic moments neel temperature neutron diffraction order-disorder

Science.gov (United States)

Magnetic forming coil design and development

CERN Document Server

Large scale magnetic field measurements and mapping

KoreaScience (Korea)

Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

For light water reactors, loss of coolant is an important point in safety analysis, whereas for gas-cooled reactors the ingress of water into the core region is an incident of safety relevance. The applicability of the computer code system GAMTEREX to pebble beds of spherical high-temperature gas-cooled reactor fuel elements with simulated water ingress is verified by experiment. The measurements were performed at a Siemens-Argonaut reactor, using its ring core as a driver zone for a pebble-bed core in the center of the reactor.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Direct electric heating by passing an electrical current directly through a bed of adsorbent may prove to be an efficient means of regenerating activated charcoal in continuous and batch adsorption processes. Obvious advantages of this type of regeneration are its almost complete lack of inertia, which makes it possible to reduce the number and dimensions of the adsorbers, and its highly efficient use of energy due to the small number of steps in the conversion of the energy, as well as the reduction of heat losses involved in warming the structure and making up for losses to the surroundings. The authors consider the kinetics of direct electric heating of a stationary bed of activated charcoal not containing adsorbed substances.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Available in abstract form only. Full text of publication follows: In this study. simulation of carbon dioxide absorption by Sodium Hydroxide solution in a packed bed has been investigated. At first, mass and energy balances were applied around a differential height of the bed. So, the governing equations were obtained. Surface renewal theory by Danckwerts was used to represent the mass transfer operation Finally, by changing the operating parameters like solvent temperature, inlet gas composition pressure and height of the bed, the effect of these parameters on the absorption and the composition of carbon dioxide in exit stream have been investigated. (authors)

Science.gov (United States)

your eye to the SCN in your brain, so that light ... Owls are individuals who go to bed late, like to get up late in the moming. And the moming types, ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Greenman J, Thorn RMS, Saad S, Austin AJ. In vitro diffusion bed, 3-day repeat challenge `capacity' test for antimicrobial wound dressings. Int Wound J 2006;3:322-329. Abstract The aim of this study was to develop an in vitro wound infection model that allows the comparison of the bacterial kill rate of antimicrobial wound dressings over the course of 3 days, with renewed microbial challenges each day, under realistic wound-like conditions. A test bed model of a moderately exuding wound was constructed from a hydrogel containing releasable foetal calf serum (FCS), and cellulose discs dosed with test microbes (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) suspended in 50% FCS applied at the interface between the test dressing and the hydrogel test bed. Freshly prep...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

(Sep 1971). Japan Yokotsuka, Seiichiro Mitsubishi Chemical Industries, Ltd.,

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The effect of air addition on biomass tar conversion in catalytic packed bed crackers was studied using both an isothermal micro reactor and a fluidised bed bench scale biomass gasification set up with down stream tar crackers. The micro reactor was applied for experiments with artificial biomass producer gas containing naphthalene as a model tar compound. Experiments were carried out with inert silica and catalytically active calcined dolomite bed material both with and without air addition. Experimental results with real tar from the fluidised bed bench scale gasification set up were in qualitative agreement with results from the micro reactor experiments. (author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This paper addresses the stability aspects of several successful dc superconducting magnets such as large bubble chamber magnets, and magnets for the Mirror Fusion Test Facility and MHD Research Facility. Specifically, it will cover Argonne National Laboratory 12-Foot Bubble Chamber magnets, the 15-foot Bubble Chamber magnets at Fermi National Laboratory, the MFTF-B Magnet System at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, the U-25B Bypass MHD Magnet, and the CFFF Superconducting MHD magnet built by Argonne National Laboratory. All of these magnets are cooled in pool-boiling mode. Magnet design is briefly reviewed. Discussed in detail are the adopted stability critera, analyses of stability and disturbance, stability simulation, and the final results of magnet ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

We investigate the magnetic braking of the core of an axisymmetric cloud whose rotation axis is parallel to the mean direction of the magnetic field. (author).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The magnetic fluid is a colloidal suspension of magnetite in kerosene, prepared by a low-cost process. Separation is accomplished in an open trough filled with magnetic fluid. A magnetic field is established in the fluid, by energizing an electromagnet having poles on each side of the trough. Due to the design of the magnet poles and air gaps, the magnetic field is strongest at the bottom, about 10,000 oersteds, and uniformly decreases in strength to about 2000 oersteds at the top of the fluid. Therefore, the magnetic field gradient increases with depth. The magnetic force attracts the entire separation medium (magnetic fluid) creating a reaction force of equal magnitude and acting in the opposite direction. This reaction created within a magnetic fluid/magnetic field combination ...

KoreaScience (Korea)

Full Text Available

KoreaScience (Korea)

Full Text Available

KoreaScience (Korea)

Full Text Available

J-STORE (Japan)

Full Text Available

KoreaScience (Korea)

Full Text Available

KoreaScience (Korea)

Full Text Available

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

... radiations isotopes magnetic moments nuclear cascades nuclear properties

Science.gov (United States)

... in the design of such devices as fusion reactors, magnetohydrodynamic generators, magnetically levitated vehicles, magnetic forming devices, and ...

Science.gov (United States)

Decoupling force exerted by magnetic forming Be coil assembly on metallic plate during forming

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The need is substantiated for using remote control of technological processes on blowout dangerous beds. A method is proposed for this control based on recording with the help of AGZ apparatus for gas release into the roadway. Distinguishing features are indicated for the change in methane concentration in the roadway with normal occurrence of the process and in the case of blowout of coal and gas.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The possibility of modifying the functional composition of humic acids by gas-phase ozonation of bed-oxidized brown coal was examined. About 90% of the organic matter of brown coal was converted to low-molecular weight soluble oxygen-containing products by stepwise liquid-phase ozonation (in chloroform and acetic acid).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Most of the Turkish lignites have undesired fuel properties and they are extremely polluting. In this study, Sweet Sorghum was chosen as the energy plant. Combustion experiments of lignite and lignite-Sweet Sorghum mixtures were carried out in a fluidised bed system. The fuel-feeding ratio was set such that the thermal output of the system remained constant. Addition of Sweet Sorghum to the lignite reduces the pollutant concentration. The results were supported by experimental results.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Cattle or chicken manure is pelletized, and a bed of the pellets is combusted at the bottom to create a temperature gradient and to generate a fuel gas. Thus, an approximately 25 cm-high bed of approximately 5 mm-diameter chicken manure pellets was combusted to produce a fuel gas of 1622 kcal/kg manure.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Background and Purpose: Total-body irradiation (TBI) is an important part of the conditioning regimen for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in patients with hematologic malignancies. The results after treatment with various TBI regimes were compared, and dose-effect relationships for the endpoints relapse incidence, disease-free survival, treatment-related mortality, and overall survival were derived. The aim was to define requirements for an optimal treatment schedule with respect to leukemic cell kill and late normal-tissue morbidity. Material and Methods: A literature search was performed. Three randomized studies, four studies comparing results of two or three TBI regimens, and nine reports with results of one specific TBI regimen were identified. Biologically effective doses (BEDs) were calculated. The results of the randomized studies and the studies comparing results of two or three TBI regimens were pooled, and the pooled relative risk (RR) was ...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

In the isolated rat mesenteric bed, the 1 min perfusion with 100 nm anandamide, a concentration that did not evoke vasorelaxation, elicited an acute release of 165.1 ± 9.2 pmol nitric...Full Text Available

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This paper traces the development and progress of magnetic suspension systems and magnetic bearings in the USSR. The paper describes magnetic bearings for turbomachines, magnetic suspension systems for vibration isolation, some special measuring devices, wind tunnels, and other applications. The design, principles of operation, and dynamic characteristics of the system are presented.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A gas-fired boiler plant comprises a burner bed extending over a flat surface and heat exchanger pipes arranged above the burner bed, parallel to the said surface. The heat exchanger tubes comprise pipes equipped with a pluraltiy of flat ribs which extend substantially radially from the said pipes and which are provided in space arrangement over the length of the said heat exchanger pipes. The ribs are provided with bent-off portions. The hot flue gases rising from the burner bed flow through the gaps formed between the said ribs and pipes. In order to improve both the convective heat transmission and the utilization of the radiant heat, the bent-over edges are inclined, at least partly, relative to the surface of said burner bed, the arrangement being selected in a manner to ensure that bent-over portions point towards the burner bed and the rising flue gased are guided around the ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

We have investigated the diffusion enhancement mechanism of boron-enhanced diffusion (BED), wherein boron diffusivity is enhanced four to five times over the equilibrium diffusivity at 1050 ampersand hthinsp;degree C in the proximity of a silicon layer containing a high boron concentration. It is demonstrated that BED is driven by excess interstitials injected from the high boron concentration layer during annealing. For evaporated layers, BED is observed above a threshold boron concentration between 1% and 10%, though it appears to be closer to 1% for B-implanted layers. For sub-keV B implants above the threshold, BED dominates over the contribution from transient-enhanced diffusion to junction depth. For 0.5 keV B, this threshold implantation dose lies between 3x10"1"4 and 1x10"1"5 cm"-"2. It is proposed that the excess interstitials responsible for BED are produced during the ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Several recent experiments on micro- (or nano-) structured samples of ferromagnetic materials are introduced. Magnetization reversal phenomena are investigated on submicron wire samples of trilayer structure using the giant magnetoresistance effect. Domain wall movements are sensitively monitored by resistivity measurements and the velocity of propagation is determined. The contribution of domain wall to the resistivity is argued from the results on artificially designed samples of a spring-magnet system. In circular dots of permalloy, the existence of vortex magnetization is confirmed and the reversal of the vortex core magnetization is studied from magnetic force microscopy measurements. (author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Interbedded limestones and dolomites of the Cambrian Conococheague Formation cropping out northwest of Lancaster exhibit contrasting rheological behavior during deformation. Dolomite beds are uncleaved and form concentric F[sub 1] recumbent folds with hinges trending northeast, parallel to the trend of the Appalachian orogen. Limestone beds show subhorizontal S[sub 1] cleavage with southeast-plunging extension lineations defined by fibrous calcite and ubiquitous smear lineations. In limestone beds, intrafolial F[sub 1] folds with curvilinear hinges are sheath folds flattened in the S[sub 1] cleavage. In zones of most intense shear, F[sub 1] hinges parallel the regional northwest directed tectonic transport direction. In 1969, the author attributed the variation in intrafolial F[sub 1] fold-hinge orientation to hinge-parallel buckling due to constrictional bulk strain. This interpretation, however, is not consistent with the ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Radon concentration in the bed rooms, kitchens, sitting rooms and TV lounges in some houses in the Lahore has been measured using CN-85 Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors in box type dosimeters. Maximum value of radon concentration is 93 Bq/m/sup 3/ in a bed room whereas the minimum value is 25 Bq/m/ sup 3/ in a TV lounge. The average value of radon concentration in bed rooms, kitchens, sitting rooms and TV lounges varies between 43 Bq/m/sup 3/ and 55 Bq/m/sup 3/. Comparison of radon concentration in the old and new houses has been done and no specific relationship has been observed. (author).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Three-dimensional dynamics of a compact toroid (CT) plasmoid, which is injected into a magnetized target plasma region is investigated by using magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) numerical simulations. It is found that the process of the CT penetration into this region is much more complicated than what has been analyzed so far by using a conducting sphere (CS) model. The injected CT suffers from a tilting instability, which grows with the similar time scale as the CT penetration. The instability is accompanied by magnetic reconnection between the CT magnetic field and the target magnetic field, which disrupts the magnetic configuration of the CT. Magnetic reconnection plays a role to supply the high density plasma initially confined in the CT magnetic field into the target region. Also, the penetration depth of the CT high density plasma is ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Potassium clusters arrayed in zeolite A are known to show ferromagnetic properties at low temperature. The origin of the spontaneous magnetization has been explained by a model of spin-canting in an antiferromagnetically ordered state. The direct information for the magnetic structure, however, has not been obtained so far. In the present work, we measure the neutron powder diffraction by using pulsed neutron source at KEK-KENS below and above the Curie temperature. No significant temperature-dependence was, however, obtained within the statistical errors, namely, magnetic scattering could not be detected separately. We also estimate the intensity of magnetic scattering by assuming some possible magnetic structures with considering the magnetic form factor of the cluster wave function. The intensity of magnetic scattering is estimated to be ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A number of interactions between magnetic fields and matter is reviewed. The resulting forces range in magnitude from the very large, obtained in high-energy fields, to the weak ones caused by the magnetostriction of ferromagnets. The fundamentals of these interactions are highlighted, and the examples discussed are forces on dipoles, particle alignment, magnetostrictive forces, magnetic forming, magnetic stirring, levitation melting, and magnetic pulsing of tool steels. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A computer code ICRKFLO was used to simulate the multiphase reacting flow of fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) riser reactors. The simulation provided a fundamental understanding of the hydrodynamics and heat transfer processes in an FCC riser reactor, critical to the development of a new high performance unit. The code was able to make predictions that are in good agreement with available pilot-scale test data. Computational results indicate that the heat transfer and droplet evaporation processes have a significant impact on the performance of a pilot-scale FCC unit. The impact could become even greater on scale-up units.

Science.gov (United States)

Thalassinid shrimp cause significant problems for oyster aquaculture in the Pacific Northwest (USA) where oysters succumb to the physical disruption of the sediment by the burrowing activity of these animals. While electrofishing is a commonly used technique to capture fish and some invertebrates i...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The gas-solid reaction and breakthrough curves in the fixed-bed reactor are of great importance, and being influenced by a number of factors makes the prediction of these factors a difficult problem. In this study, the reaction rate between solid sorbents and hydrogen chloride gas at high temperature was first investigated. On the basis of a fixed-bed reactor, the experimental results were analyzed by the shrinking core model of diffusion and surface chemical reaction control. The results showed that reaction rates of two sorbents with hydrogen chloride gas were controlled by the combination of the surface chemical reaction and diffusion of product layers, and the reaction rates nearly keep constant within 15 h of the initial reaction period and then decrease gradually. The results of the breakthrough curves show that solid sorbents in the fixed-bed reactor are capable of reducing the HCl level to near-zero levels at ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This article puts the case for coal fired combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) power plants. The need to gasify the coal for the CCGT, use of fluidised bed combustors or gasification systems, the difference in prices of coal and natural gas, and coal and natural gas reserves are discussed. (UK)

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Outpatient practice after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is gaining momentum due to constantly optimizing results. Furthermore, the availability of limited beds to handle the large volume...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Anaerobic treatment of a volatile fatty acid (VFA) mixture was investigated under psychrophilic (3 to 8°C) conditions in two laboratory-scale expanded granular sludge bed reactor stages in series....Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Thermophilic propionate-oxidizing, proton-reducing bacteria were enriched from the granular methanogenic sludge of a bench-scale upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactor operated at 55°C with a mixture...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

This paper presents the design and implementation of a clinical picture archiving and communication system (PACS) module within the radiology department of a 700-bed teaching hospital. The system is...Full Text Available

Scientific Electronic Library Online (English)

Abstract in english We present a detailed derivation of the effective dielectric constant to be used in the dispersion relation for electrostatic waves in the case of a plasma immersed in a inhomogeneous magnetic field, with inhomogeneity perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

An analytic model of magnetic torques applied to an accreting neutron star is employed to evaluate the magnetic dipole moments of x-ray pulsars. A new type of close binary system containing a neutron star is suggested.

Science.gov (United States)

The past decade has seen the development of eddy current probes for inspection of the mildly ferro-magnetic alloy Monel 400. Due to the rapid advances in permanent magnet technology similar probes have been upgraded to magnetically saturate, and hence ins...

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

In fluid bed processing in the chemical, food or pharmaceutical industries, pneumatic nozzles are typically used to convert binder or coating liquids into droplets. Producing fine droplets from liquids in a gas phase is termed atomisation, and it involves complex phenomena which are not yet fully understood. This paper provides a systematic and up-to-date review of two-fluid nozzle designs and principles together with a presentation of nozzle fundamentals introducing basic nozzle theory and thermodynamics. Correlations for the prediction of mean droplet diameters are reviewed, compared and accompanied by a discussion of their use.

Science.gov (United States)

In the prevention of atmospheric pollution by sulfur dioxide emissions from acid absorbers in contact process sulfuric acid plants in which the unconverted SO/sub 2/ is accumulated by adsorption in a zeolite adsorbent bed and desorbed back into the acid production system, it is found that ambient moist air, after partial dehydration in an acid scrubber is suitably used both to cool down and hot purge desorb the zeolite beds. In addition the pure water derived from the ambient air is advantageously used in the acid-making system.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The technology of nuclear direct propulsion orbit transfer systems based on the Particle Bed Reactor (PBR) is described. A 200 megawatt illustrative design is presented for LEO to GEO and other high #DELTA#V missions. The PBR-NOTV can be used in a one-way mode with the shuttle or an expendable launch vehicle, e.g., the Titan 34D7, or as a two-way reusable space tug. In the one-way mode, payload capacity is almost three times greater than that of chemical OTV's. PBR technology status is described and development needs outlined.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Diffusion of radon in a bed of activated charcoal is described by diffusion equations. An analytical solution of these equations is presented for the case of constant radon concentration in the atmosphere. The solutions are given separately for short term and long term exposure. An analytical form of the calibration constant f for long term exposure and constant radon concentration in air, was found. A numerical method and computer code based on the method of finite elements is developed for the case of variable radon concentration in air. This program simulates radon adsorption by the activated charcoal bed, enabling determination of sensitivity. The dependence of sensitivity on different parameters, such as temperature, thickness of the charcoal, etc. was studied using this program. (orig.) 10 refs.

Science.gov (United States)

No research has compared expressions of weight bias across different subgroups of obese individuals. This study compared attitudes toward and beliefs about obesity in women with and without binge eating disorder (BED) and examined whether these attitudes are related to psychological factors. Fifty obese women with BED were compared with an age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched group of 50 obese women without BED on a battery of established measures of anti-fat attitudes and beliefs about weight controllability and psychological factors (self-esteem, depression, and eating disorder features). The ageand BMI-matched groups did not differ with respect to beliefs about obesity or attitudes toward obese persons, or in self-esteem or depression. Correlational analyses conducted separately within each group revealed that women with BED who reported more favorable attitudes towards obese persons had higher ...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

OBJECTIVE--The study was performed to examine the influence of the exposure to magnetic fields in the potrooms of an electrolysis plant on the occurrence of musculoskeletal symptoms among the employees....Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE) focusing solenoid magnets focus the muon beam within the MICE cooling channel on a liquid or solid absorber that is within the warm bore of solenoid. The focusing magnet has a warm bore of 470 mm. his magnet consists of two coils 210-mm long that is separated by an aluminum mandrel that is 200 mm long. Each of the coils has its own leads. The coils may be operated in either the non-flip mode (solenoid mode with both coils at the same polarity) or the lip mode (quadrupole focusing mode where both coils are at opposite polarity). This report describes the focusing solenoid magnet design that will be built by the vendor. The progress on the construction of the first of the focusing magnets will also be discussed in this report. Ultimately three of these magnets will be built. These magnets will be ...

Science.gov (United States)

... 31. New electric forming methods offer potentials for light metals; magnetic forming and plasma forming. ... 3, 25 Magnetic Forming ..... ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Highly ordered arrays of Ni nanoholes and Fe20Ni80 antidots have been prepared, respectively, by replica/antireplica processing and sputtering techniques using nanoporous alumina membranes as templates. Geometrical characteristics as nanohole/antidot diameter, interpore distance and the overall hexagonal symmetry of arrays are controlled through the original templates. Experimental data on their hysteresis and magnetic domain structure have been taken by vibrating sample magnetometry and magnetic force microscopy, respectively. An analysis of the magnetization process, resulting magnetic anisotropy and magnetic domain structure is summarized considering the influence of those geometry aspects. In particular, the hexagonal symmetry and the density of nanohole/antidots determine the overall magnetic behavior, which is of interest in future high-density ...

Science.gov (United States)

... M(TH) in applied magnetic fields up to ± 7 T and for temperatures ranging from 2 to 300 K. The superparamagnetic (SPM) behavior of these metallic ...

International Science & Technology Center (ISTC)

Development of Portable Normobaric Hypoxia and Pulsed Magnetic Field Firmware System for Enhancement of Radio- and Non-specific Resistance in Workers of Environmentally Hazardous Industries

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

... dipole moments magnetic fields monocrystals neutron diffraction order-disorder

Science.gov (United States)

With the increased costs of maintaining boilers and chillers entrepreneurs around the country have offered magnetic and similar devices to facilities as viable alternatives to their maintenance program. This report gives a brief history of some of the pre...

Science.gov (United States)

Magnetic coil pressure wave generation for magnetic forming

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

From optical point of view and due to the magnetic interaction of the cold neutrons with the unpaired electron shell, magnetic materials hae a neutron spin-dependent refractive index n[sup +] [spin up] and n[sup -] [spin down]. Magnetic media such as Fe, Co and Ni react like birefringent uniaxial crystals in ordinary optica. n[sup +] and n[sup -] are the equivalent of the ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices. The specular reflection of spin polarized neutrons which is due to the discontinuity of the magnetic induction at the surface of the ferromagnet is a sensitive probe of surface and interface magnetism. We shall first give the background of the art of polarized neutron optics. Secondly, some recent examples from surface and interface magnetism will be given to illustrate the power of this technique such as the magnetic coupling ...

Science.gov (United States)

magnet research at several national laboratories through its Advanced Accelerator Technology Program. The HEP Conductor Development Program, a collaboration among national...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A study on development of magnetic drive packless valves for commercial purpose showed the results as follows; 1. Study on the radial rays effecting to the permanent magnets -Measurement of the strength of Nd-magnets according to irradiation of radial rays. 2. Effects of temperature on the magnetic driving device -Temperature dependency of the Nd-casting magnets. -Effects of temperature on the heat releasing fins of high-temperature valve. 3. Optimization of torque -Arranging method of permanent magnets -Measuring method and results of torque. 4. Design, manufacture and test for the pressure-resisting structure of magnetic power transmitting device -Calculation and design for the flat circular plates under pressure of the magnetic power transmitting device -Design, manufacture and test for the pressure-resisting ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Tests have recently been performed at Fermilab in order to measure the energy losses due to eddy currents and iron and superconductor magnetization. These measurements were performed on six 1.5m long model magnets and eight 15m long full scale collider dipole magnets. AC losses were measured as a function of ramp rate using sawtooth ramps from 500, to 5000 Amps for both types of magnets, while bipolar studies were additionally performed on some of the short magnets. The measured magnet voltage and current for a complete cycle are digitally integrated to yield the energy loss per cycle. Measurement reproducibility is typically 5%, with good agreement between long magnet measurements and extrapolations from short magnet measurement results. Magnetization loss measurements among similar ...

KoreaScience (Korea)

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Science.gov (United States)

... Title : THE APPLICATION OF STEEP PULSE CURRENTS TO THE ELECTROHYDRAULIC AND MAGNETIC FORMING OF METALS. ...

KoreaScience (Korea)

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KoreaScience (Korea)

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Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract prepared.

Science.gov (United States)

... decoherence. Descriptors : *QUANTUM COMPUTING, NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE, JOSEPHSON JUNCTIONS. Subject ...

Science.gov (United States)

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Science.gov (United States)

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KoreaScience (Korea)

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Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract prepared.

KoreaScience (Korea)

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International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The MOS-technology allows to make tiny electronic lenses for multibeam electron systems. In the paper results of research and principles of designing of tiny magnetic electron lenses are submitted. Electronic lenses with a nonconventional configuration of tiny magnetic circuit and electronic lenses with coincident electric and magnetic fields in nonconventional tiny performance are considered

KoreaScience (Korea)

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Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The influence of rigid-body and differential rotation and of a fine-scale chaotic magnetic field and a poloidal magnetic field on the minimum mass of a main-sequence star is investigated. It is shown that rotation and a magnetic field with an energy equal to 10--20% of the star's gravitational energy increase the minimum mass of a main-sequence star by 1.5--2 times.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract prepared.

KoreaScience (Korea)

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KoreaScience (Korea)

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KoreaScience (Korea)

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KoreaScience (Korea)

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KoreaScience (Korea)

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KoreaScience (Korea)

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Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Helical dipole magnets are required in a project for the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) to control and preserve the beam polarization in order to allow the collision of polarized proton beams. Specifications are for low current superconducting magnets with a 100 mm coil aperture and a 4 Tesla field in which the field rotates 360 degrees over a distance of 2.4 meters. A magnet meeting the requirements has been developed that uses a small diameter cable wound into helical grooves machined into a thick-walled aluminum cylinder.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The compound GdPd_2Si, which is reported to order antiferromagnetically at 13 K, has been investigated by heat capacity and electrical resistivity measurement in the presence of external magnetic fields. In contrast to an earlier report, the zero-field heat capacity and resistivity data indicate two magnetic transitions at 13 and 17 K. The external magnetic field substantially influences the resistivity and heat capacity of the compound around the magnetic ordering temperature. The magnetocaloric effect, which is calculated from in-field heat capacity data, is quite large around the magnetic transition temperature. The magnetoresistance is also large near the magnetic ordering temperature. The metamagnetic transition is observed for 10 kOe magnetic field both in magnetocaloric and in magnetoresistance data. The metamagnetic transition ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The characteristics of the local magnetic shear, a quantity associated with high-mode-number ballooning mode stability, are considered in heliotron/torsatron devices that have a large Shafranov shift. The local magnetic shear is shown to vanish even in the stellarator-like region in which the global magnetic shear is positive. The reason for this is that the degree of the local compression of the poloidal magnetic field on the outer side of the torus, which maintains the toroidal force balance, is reduced in the stellarator-like region of global magnetic shear because the global rotational transform in heliotron/torsatron systems is a radially increasing function. This vanishing of the local magnetic shear is a universal property in heliotron/torsatron systems with a large Shafranov shift since it results from toroidal force balance in the stellarator-like ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This research deals with in the study of the use of innovating magnetic sensors in eddy current non destructive inspection. The author reports an analysis survey of magnetic sensor performances. This survey enables the selection of magnetic sensor technologies used in non destructive inspection. He presents the state-of-the-art of eddy current probes exploiting the qualities of innovating magnetic sensors, and describes the methods enabling the use of these magnetic sensors in non destructive testing. Two main applications of innovating magnetic sensors are identified: the detection of very small defects by means of magneto-resistive sensors, and the detection of deep defects by means of giant magneto-impedances. Based on the use of modelling, optimization, signal processing tools, probes are manufactured for these both applications.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

We describe a class of organic molecular magnets based on zwitterionic molecules (betaine derivatives) possessing donor, p bridge, and acceptor groups. Using extensive electronic structure calculations we show the electronic ground-state in these systems is magnetic. In addition, we show that the large energy differences computed for the various magnetic states indicate a high Neel temperature. The quantum mechanical nature of the magnetic properties originates from the conjugated p bridge (only p electrons) in cooperation with the molecular donor-acceptor character. The exchange interactions between electron spin are strong, local, and independent on the length of the p bridge.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The magnetization of ultrathin bcc Fe films (two and three monolayers) on MgO was measured and compared with the behavior predicted for a two-dimensional ferromagnet. The experiment indicated that no hysteresis was present in the magnetization. Instead, the magnetization at low temperature was affected by a marked field cooling effect. These observations lead to the conclusion that films of Fe on MgO of such thickness exhibit superparamagnetic behavior as if they were not entirely continuous. In contrast, films thicker than five monolayers exhibit a magnetic response close to that of bulk iron.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Magnetic fluctuations present in the paramagnetic Mn{sub 0.81}Ni{sub 0.19} system have been investigated by measuring inelastic magnetic neutron scattering from a single crystal at temperatures of 450, 585 and 700 K. Antiferromagnetic correlations are observed to be present at all the temperatures studied. The spectral width of the magnetic scattering has been observed to increase with temperature, while the spatial range of the magnetic correlations is seen to decrease as the temperature is raised. The wave-vector-dependent susceptibility is found to follow a Curie-Weiss law near the (1 0 0) position, in agreement with theoretical predictions.

CERN Document Server

The homogeneity of the magnetic field in the LHC dipoles strongly depends on the correct position of the superconducting cables: this is related to the quality of the dipole components, such as the dimension of the coil spacers (copper wedges), of the cable and of the collars. The performance in operational conditions is also affected by the magnetization of the cables. In this work, we analyse the measurements of these quantities during the production of the 1276 LHC dipoles, their trends, and the relation to the measured magnetic field. A novel mtehod to locate electrical shorts based on the analysis of magnetic measurements is also presented, and applications to 15 dipoles reascued during the production is given.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Progress reports are presented for the following two areas: catalytic cracking studies with water-wet silica-alumina catalysts; and Fischer-Tropsch reactor studies where similarities and differences between fixed bed and slurry type reactors are investigated and further experiments conducted to measure mass transfer coefficients and reaction kinetics which are to be used in a model slurry reactor. The following are some of the conclusions. (1) The premise that the presence of liquid water might increase catalytic cracking activity was found to be invalid. It was demonstrated that cracking can occur at previously unobserved low temperatures (though at low conversions) and that an anomaly exists in that one of the catalysts tested shows an entirely different cracking behavior and probably follows a different cracking mechanism. (2) the diameter of a fixed-bed Fischer-Tropsch reactor critically affected the resistance of the reactor to plugging ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Anisotropic Nd{endash}Fe{endash}B magnet powders can be produced by the hydrogenationdecomposition-desorption-recombination (HDDR) process from Nd{endash}Fe@ xnB{endash}Co{endash}M ({ital M}=Ga, Zr, Nb, Hf, and Ta) alloys. The present status of those HDDR powders and the bonded magnets made from them are reviewed with regards to the powder particle size dependence of their magnetic properties, their magnetic thermal stability, and their magnetization behavior. The results of a mechanistic study on the recombination step are also presented. The magnetic properties of the anisotropic HDDR powder depend relatively little on the powder particle size. Bonded magnets with a density of {approximately}6.20 g/cm{sup 3} and a BH{sub max} of 18.5{endash}20.5 MGOe can be produced from anisotropic HDDR powders with particle sizes of below 300 {mu}m diam. ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This work presents comparative results of a numerical investigation of four possible models for the prediction of thermal performance of fixed bed storage units and their thermal design. These models includes Schumann's model, the radial dispersion model, a model that include both axial heat conduction in the fluid phase and admits thermal gradient in the solids particles and finally a two dimensional single phase model. For each of these models a computer code was written and tested to evaluate the computing time of same data and analyze any other computational problems. The tests of thermal performance included particle size, porosity, particle material, flow rate, inlet temperature and heat losses form tank walls and extremities. Dynamics behaviour of the storage units due to transient variation in either flow rate or inlet temperature was also investigated. The results presented include temperature gradients, pressure drop and heat storage. The results ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A three-dimensional mathematical model has been developed as a tool for furnace structure design and operation conditions optimization when the straw combustion is in oxygen-enriched or conventional air atmospheres. Mathematical methods have been used based on a combination of FLIC (A fluid Dynamic Incinerator Code) code for the in-bed incineration and commercial software FLUENT for the over-bed combustion. Oxygen-enriched atmospheres promote the destruction of most pollutants due to the high oxygen partial pressures and temperatures, which is reflected by very low residual amounts of organic combustion by-products in the bottom ash and flue gas of the straw-fired boiler unit. The predictions indicated that the maximum combustion temperature is around 1500 K, CO emission is 201 vppm and O{sub 2} concentration is about 6.9 vol% at furnace exit, and it is shown that mathematical models can serve as a reliable tool for detailed analysis of straw ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Measurements of the magnetic susceptibility betweeen 0.03 and 300 K and of the magnetization between 0.05 and 10 K for magnetic fields up to 60kOe have been used to investigate effects from the interaction between the conduction electrons and local magnetic moments in (Lasub(1-x)Cesub(x))B_6 alloys (0.0007<=x<=0.10). For Ce concentrations x<0.006 the data show Kondo-type single impurity behaviour at low temperatures with a transition from a magnetic to a non-magnetic regime of the Ce ions. In the magnetic regime the impurity susceptibility follows a Curie-Weiss law, and in the non-magnetic regime it varies with T"2. An external magnetic field gradually restores the free-ion behaviour of the Ce impurities. For more concentrated alloys interactions between the impurities are observed. The RKKY ...

Science.gov (United States)

Magnetic drug targeting, using core-shell magnetic carrier particles loaded with anti-cancer drugs, is an emerging and significant method of cancer treatment. Gold shell-iron core nanoparticles (Fe@Au) were synthesized by the reverse micelle method with aqueous reactants, surfactant, co-surfactant and oil phase. XRD, XPS, TEM and magnetic property measurements were utilized to characterize these core-shell nanoparticles. Magnetic measurements showed that the particles were superparamagnetic at room temperature and that the saturation magnetization decreased with increasing gold concentration. The anti-cancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) was loaded onto these Fe@Au nanoparticle carriers and the drug release profiles showed that upto 25% of adsorbed drug was released in 80 h. It was found that the amine (-NH2) group of DOX binds to the gold shell. An in vitro apparatus simulating the human ...