Our purpose was to determine pediatric endocrinologists' knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices (KABPs) regarding recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) treatment, examine care-related attitude consensus or discordance, and identify evidence-based practice gaps. We developed a survey for Nati...

...pre-diabetes management educational materials...5) educates healthcare professionals...understand knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs and...provides program management and administrative...decision-makers, healthcare professionals...administrative and management support for...

...SERVICES Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality...AGENCY: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality...intention of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality...that the Office of Management and Budget (OMB...current knowledge, attitudes and beliefs...

...include, but are not limited to, knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, behavioral intentions, practices, behaviors, skills, self-efficacy, and health information needs and sources. The proposed generic clearance is needed for DGMQ to...

Knowledge of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and attitudes toward teaching children with ADHD are compared across stages of Australian teachers' careers. Relative to pre-service teachers with (n = 218) and without (n = 109) teaching experience, in-service teachers (n = 127) show more overall knowledge of ADHD, more knowledge of characteristics and treatments for ADHD, and higher perceived knowledge. In-service teachers reported less favorable emotion about teaching children with ADHD than did pre-service teachers without experience and more favorable behaviors than pre-service teachers with experience. Groups did not differ in knowledge of causes of ADHD, overall attitudes, stereotypical beliefs, and beliefs about teaching children with ADHD. Identification of knowledge gaps and ambivalent attitudes will guide pre-service and in-service training courses.

This article describes an evaluation of interprofessional training in a stroke self-management program (SSMP) for health and social care professionals. Sixty-six practitioners from 8 teams and 11 professions received training. The aim was to evaluate the impact of the interprofessional training on participants' beliefs and attitudes to self-management and collaboration and knowledge sharing throughout the stroke pathway. Methods included contextual mapping of the stroke pathway, before and after questionnaires, analysis of practitioners' case reflections on their use of the SSMP and semi-structured interviews. Overall, practitioners' attitudes and beliefs about self-management had changed post-training, and the majority felt the program could be used successfully throughout the stroke path...

Early studies indicated that teachers' enacted beliefs, particularly in terms of classroom technology practices, often did not align with their espoused beliefs. Researchers concluded this was due, at least in part, to a variety of external barriers that prevented teachers from using technology in ways that aligned more closely with their beliefs. However, many of these barriers (access, support, etc.) have since been eliminated in the majority of schools. This multiple case-study research was designed to revisit the question, "How do the pedagogical beliefs and classroom technology practices of teachers, recognized for their technology uses, align?" Twelve K-12 classroom teachers were purposefully selected based on their award-winning technology practices, supported by evidence from personal and/or classroom websites. Follow-up interviews were conducted to examine the correspondence between teachers' classroom practices and their pedagogical beliefs. Results suggest close alignment; that is student-centered beliefs undergirded student-centered practices (authenticity, student choice, collaboration). Moreover, teachers with student-centered beliefs tended to enact student-centered curricula despite technological, administrative, or assessment barriers. Teachers' own beliefs and attitudes about the relevance of technology to students' learning were perceived as having the biggest impact on their success. Additionally, most teachers indicated that internal factors (e.g., passion for technology, having a problem-solving mentality) and support from others (administrators and personal learning networks) played key roles in shaping their practices. Teachers noted that the strongest barriers preventing other teachers from using technology were their existing attitudes and beliefs toward technology, as well as their current levels of knowledge and skills. Recommendations are made for refocusing our professional development efforts on strategies for facilitating changes in teachers' attitudes and beliefs. (Contains 5 tables and 1 figure.)

This article proposes and tests a model of the causes and consequences of Americans' judgments of the national seriousness of global warming. The model proposes that seriousness judgments about global warming are a function of beliefs about the existence of global warming, attitudes toward it, the certainty with which these beliefs and attitudes are held, and beliefs about human responsibility for causing global warming and people's ability to remedy it. The model also proposes that beliefs about whether global warming is a problem are a function of relevant personal experiences (with the weather) and messages from informants (in this case, scientists), that attitudes toward global warming are a function of particular perceived consequences of global warming, and that certainty about these attitudes and beliefs is a function of knowledge and prior thought. Data from two representative sample surveys offer support for all of these propositions, document effects of national seriousness judgments on support for ameliorative efforts generally and specific ameliorative policies, and thereby point to psychological mechanisms that may be responsible for institutional and elite impact on the public's assessments of national problem importance and on public policy preferences.

This study utilized data from an ongoing randomized controlled trial to compare a culturally tailored video promoting positive attitudes toward mammography among Chinese immigrant women to a linguistically appropriate generic video and print media. Intervention development was guided by the Health Belief Model. Five hundred and ninety-two immigrant Chinese Americans from the metropolitan Washington, DC, and New York City areas completed telephone interviews before and after intervention. Changes in knowledge, Eastern views of health care (fatalism and self-care), health beliefs (perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits and barriers) and screening intentions were measured. Results showed that both videos improved screening knowledge, modified Eastern views of health care, reduced percei...

The paper examines whether variables of HIV/AIDS related knowledge, attitude and beliefs of Dodoma University students (UDOM) can predict practices which risk HIV infection. A pre-designed questionnaire was administered in a sample of 547 (539 students and 8 staff members). Since variables involved were many and in many cases highly correlated and unobservable, data were analyzed using factor analysis. Multiple regression analysis were used to analyze factor scores obtained from factor analysis. Based on responses of students to practice questions, two factors emerged and were labeled as sex with high risk persons and common risk sexual behavior. The common predictors in the Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) for sex with high risk persons score (R2 = 5.1%, p knowledge on transmission through sexual contact, beliefs about HIV/AIDS and attitudes toward VCT testing. The MLR for common risk sexual behavior score (R2 = 5.4%, p attitudes toward condom use. Knowledge on transmission through sexual contact, beliefs about HIV/AIDS and attitudes toward VCT testing and condom use appeared to be common determinants of HIV/AIDS risk behaviors among students. PMID:23136707

This study examined the assistive technology needs of university students with disabilities and the availability of these technologies. It also explored the attitudes of the students with disabilities toward computers and the extent to which these are used by students with disabilities. Data was collected through a questionnaire, from 22 university students enrolled in one private and four public universities located in Ankara, Turkiye. The results of the study indicated that students with disabilities utilized assistive technology for different purposes, such as writing and conducting research, when the resources and support were available. Additionally, relationships between student knowledge, skills, attitudes, social norms, and beliefs were explored. (Contains 6 tables.)

AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors were assessed in female Mexican migrant laborers. Thirty-two women were administered a modified version of the Hispanic Condom Questionnaire. Respondents were knowledgeable about the major modes of HIV transmission, but one-third to one-half of the women believed that they could contract AIDS from unlikely casual sources. Although respondents reported few negative beliefs about condom use, actual condom use with sex partners was low and knowledge of proper condom use was problematic. Consequently, 75 percent reported never carrying condoms. Implications of these findings for future research and provision of services for female Mexican migrants are discussed. PMID:9598392

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the knowledge of Croatian traditional food consumers, their attitudes as well as their concerns regarding GM food. Design/methodology/approach - A face-to-face survey was conducted with 360 consumers in order to collect data on importance of food production technology, respondents' knowledge about GM food, consumers' beliefs about GM food, fear of genetic modifications, willingness to consume and pay for GM food and respondents' demographics. Data were analysed with univariate and multivariate analyses. Findings - The knowledge of Croatian traditional food consumers about GM food is relatively low, which affects their negative attitudes about consumption of GM food. Rejection of GM food is mostly associated with fear of possible negative im...

BackgroundBlack women have higher rates of cervical cancer and lower rates of HPV vaccination than White women in the United States, and Haitians may be an especially vulnerable subgroup of Black women. To reduce these disparities, understanding differences among subgroups of Black women is crucial. MethodsThe objective of our study was to assess similarities and differences in the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices toward HPV vaccination and actual vaccination rates among African-American and Haitian immigrant women and their daughters. We used validated surveys of HPV knowledge, trust in physicians, acculturation, and constructs of the health belief model: Perceived susceptibility, severity, and barriers. We probed womens thought processes about vaccination using open-ended que...

Identified barriers of organ donation advancement include lack of knowledge, personal beliefs, and a negative attitude from health professionals. This article reports on current knowledge and attitudes toward kidney donation among nurses and physicians in a Greek general hospital. A previously used questionnaire was applied. More physicians than nurses were donor card holders, with registration rates being lower than expected. Over half of the participants did not consider themselves well informed about registering as a kidney donor. Older nurses differed significantly from younger ones in their willingness to become live donors if an adult required a kidney. Nurses who were blood donors had higher odds ratio of feeling well informed when compared with nurses who were not blood donors. Int...

BACKGROUND: There have been many studies demonstrating patients' willingness to pay for medication therapy management services provided by pharmacists. There are few studies, however, evaluating the possible provision of a weight management service in the community pharmacy setting. OBJECTIVES: The objectives were to (1) determine patients' knowledge of obesity and its resultant health risks, (2) determine patients' beliefs about obesity, (3) determine interest in pharmacist-delivered weight management services, and (4) identify factors associated with knowledge, beliefs, and interest in obesity and/or weight management services. METHODS: One thousand patients were selected from 5 community pharmacies under a single chain located within a large metropolitan area to receive a mail survey. Survey items assessed patients' knowledge of obesity and the health risks associated with it by using the Obesity Risks Knowledge Scale and the Obesity Beliefs Scale. Additional survey questions were added to measure patients' willingness to pay for a pharmacist-managed weight management clinic. Descriptive statistics and linear regression models were used in analysis of the data. RESULTS: Nearly two-thirds (62%) of respondents were classified as overweight or obese based on self-reported height and weight. Most of the respondents demonstrated an average level knowledge regarding the health risks associated with obesity. Attitudes toward obesity were commensurate with prevailing knowledge. Only a small proportion (13%) of respondents were willing to pay out of pocket for a pharmacist-delivered weight management service. Very little variance in knowledge, beliefs, or interest in pharmacist-delivered weight management services were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the fact that patients are aware of the health risks associated with obesity and believe it is healthier to maintain ideal body weight, most are not doing so. Additionally, most patients are not willing to pay for pharmacist-delivered weight management services. The findings can begin to assist pharmacists in developing strategies for implementation of weight management services. PMID:22695218

A small but statistically significant positive correlation (r = .17) was found in a sample of 279 13- to 16-yr.-old students in Wales between scores on the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity and on a new Index of Paranormal Belief. These data suggest that there is little common variance between attitude toward Christianity and belief in the paranormal. PMID:17037478

Objectives: Practice tutors' evaluation to (i) establish current physical activity and exercise promotion and prescription curriculum content and (ii) their knowledge, attitudes and beliefs concerning physical activity and exercise prescription in clinical education, in terms of contemporary and emerging health trends and priorities. Design: A cross sectional survey employing a questionnaire and focus groups. Participants: All practice tutors delivering physiotherapy undergraduate education in four physiotherapy schools in Ireland (n=38) were invited to participate. Thirty participated giving a response rate of 79%. Methods: Two methods of data collection were employed. Clinical content questionnaires were administered, the results of which informed follow-up focus groups. Focus group tran...

Study ObjectiveThe current study presents findings from a qualitative examination of free text comments from a national survey of U.S. physicians on human papillomavirus vaccine recommendation beliefs and practices. Qualitative analyses of free text physician responses may offer a more complete and physician-driven description of influences on human papillomavirus vaccine recommendation. Design and ParticipantsIn 2009, a survey assessing physicians knowledge, attitudes, and human papillomavirus vaccination practices was conducted among a national sample of U.S. physicians practicing Family Medicine, Pediatrics, or Obstetrics/Gynecology (response rate 67.8%). Qualitative comments were analyzed using a Grounded Theory approach. ResultsOf 1008 completed surveys, 112 participants provided comm...

Moral, religious, and paranormal beliefs share some degree of overlap and play important roles in guiding peoples' behavior. Although partly cultural phenomena, they also have neurobiological components based on functional neuroimaging studies and research in clinical populations. Because all three show relationships to prefrontal system functioning, the current study examined whether they related to executive functions as measured by the Executive Function Inventory in a community sample. As in previous research, religious beliefs related positively to both moral attitudes and paranormal beliefs. Moral attitudes, however, did not relate to paranormal beliefs. Paranormal beliefs related inversely to impulse control and organization, whereas small positive correlations occurred between traditional religious beliefs, impulse control, and empathy. Moral attitudes, on the other hand, showed consistent positive correlations with all executive functions measured, independent of demographic influences. These findings concordantly support that prefrontal systems play a role in morality, religion, and paranormal beliefs. PMID:17365104

Though artificial intelligence scientists frequently use words such as belief and desire when describing the computational capacities of their programs and computers, they have completely ignored the philosophical and psychological theories of belief and desire. Hence, their explanations of computational capacities that use these terms are frequently little better than folk-psychological explanations. Conversely, though-philosophers and psychologists attempt to couch their theories of belief and desire in computational terms, they have consistently misunderstood the notions of computation and computational semantics. Hence, their theories of such attitudes are frequently inadequate. A computational theory of propositional attitudes (belief and desire) is presented here. It is argued that the theory of propositional attitudes put forth by philosophers and psychologists entails that propositional attitudes are a kind of abstract data type. This refined computational view of propositional attitudes bridges the gap between artificial intelligence, philosophy, and psychology. It is argued that this theory of propositional attitudes has consequences for meta-processing and consciousness in computers.

Background: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women. The Chinese Breast Cancer Screening Beliefs (CBCSB) questionnaire was developed to measure Chinese-Australian women's beliefs, knowledge and attitudes about breast cancer and breast cancer screening. Purpose: To assess the psychometrics of the modified version CBCSB in a Chinese-speaking community. Methods: Two items in the original CBCSB were removed because they were not applicable to the Hong Kong setting, which resulted in an 11-item CBCSB. A total of 730 women aged at least 18 years old without a history of breast cancer self-completed the questionnaire. Results: Based on 730 Chinese-speaking women with mean age of 43 years, the three hypothesized subscales of the CBCSB had Cronbach's alpha ranging between 0.69 and ...

Spiritual care is a vital part of holistic patient care. Awareness of common patient beliefs will facilitate discussions about spirituality. Such conversations are inherently good for the patient, deepen the caring staff-patient-family relationship, and enhance understanding of how beliefs influence care decisions. All healthcare providers are likely to encounter Muslim patients, yet many lack basic knowledge of the Muslim faith and of the applications of Islamic teachings to palliative care. Similarly, some of the concepts underlying positive Jewish approaches to palliative care are not well known. We outline Jewish and Islamic attitudes toward suffering, treatment, and the end of life. We discuss our religions' approaches to treatments deemed unnecessary by medical staff, and consider some of the cultural reasons that patients and family members might object to palliative care, concluding with specific suggestions for the medical team. PMID:17905866

To determine the knowledge, attitude and practices concerning family planning of students attending religious schools in Lebanon, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 450 male and female students. A validated structured questionnaire was completed by the students. The majority of the students (65%) had a moderate level of knowledge, males more than females, but females had more positive beliefs and attitudes. More females agreed with family planning programmes and methods than males, but 35% had a negative attitude to family planning; a significant percentage had negative attitudes to contraceptive methods based on their view that they are not allowed (haram) in Islam. Among the married students, less than 40% used a family planning method; of those, the majority used a female method. Religion plays an important role in the health behaviour of religious students. Religious leaders can therefore inhibit or promote family planning, which will affect the success of family planning programmes. Thus, they should be included in the development and promotion of family planning programmes. PMID:22891526

A total of 440 hypertensive patients participated in the study (57 years old +/-12, 66% women, 51% white, 57% married, 52% with primary school and 44% with income from 1 to 3 minimum salaries) to characterize biosocial, beliefs, attitudes and knowledge variables, absence to consultation and treatment interruption, and to associate the socioeconomic level to the variables studied. An index of accumulated goods, from the possession of household appliances converted in minimum salaries/mo., was elaborated in order to evaluate the economic status. The hypertensive people who disagreed with "there is nothing you can do to prevent high blood pressure" presented significantly higher levels of accumulated goods; those who affirmed never getting late to their consultations presented lower levels of accumulated goods; in the subjective well-being evaluation, sadness was associated to a lower accumulated goods index (p<0,05). Results showed that low economic status was associated with factors that can influence the attitude and adherence to anti-hypertensive treatment. PMID:18157444

Mental health literacy is the knowledge and beliefs about mental disorders that aid their recognition, management, or prevention and is considered to be an important determinant of help-seeking. This has relevance in suicide prevention, as depression, the clinical condition most frequently associated with suicidality, has been the target of community and professional education programs designed to enhance mental health literacy. In this study, whether such programs have influenced help-seeking attitudes and behavior in those who are depressed and suicidal was considered. The results indicate that despite intensive community education programs over the last two decades, there has been little change in those who are depressed and suicidal in terms of their attitudes toward treatment seeking and, more importantly, their treatment-seeking behavior. These results draw into question the value of current community education programs for those most vulnerable to suicidal behavior. (Contains 7 tables.)

...Office of Management and Budget...education of healthcare providers...disorders; (2) attitudes of healthcare professionals...skills of healthcare professionals...knowledge, attitudes, and indirect...Office of Management and...

This paper reports a study that explores Egyptian science teachers' views on religion and science within the context of Islam. It also highlights an ontological and epistemological consideration of these views, particularly the ways through which Egyptian Muslim teachers understand such a relationship with reference to the Qur'anic/Islamic attitude toward science and knowledge. The study built upon Barbour's categorization scheme to guide the data collection and analysis and to guide the interpretation of the teachers' responses in the interviews. Informed by a multigrounded theory of the teachers' views of science and religion, and using Roth and Alexander's analytical framework to interpret how teachers accommodate the relationship between science and religion within their belief system, the findings suggest that participants' views of the relationship between science and a specific religion (Islam) confirmed the centrality of teachers' personal religious beliefs to their own thoughts and views concerning issues of both science and Islam. This centralization, in some cases, appeared to lead teachers to hold a conflicting relationship, hence to a creation of a false contradiction between science and Islam. Therefore, it could be concluded that teachers' personal Islamic-religious beliefs inform their beliefs about the nature of science and its purpose. (Contains 3 tables and 3 figures.)

Citizen Science projects offer opportunities for non-scientists to take part in scientific research. Scientific results from these projects have been well documented. However, there is limited research about how these projects affect their volunteer participants. In this study, I investigate how participation in an online, collaborative astronomical citizen science project can be associated with the scientific literacy of its participants. Scientific literacy is measured through three elements: attitude towards science, belief in the nature of science and competencies associated with learning science. The first two elements are measured through a pre-test given to 1,385 participants when they join the project and a post-test given six months later to 125 participants. Attitude towards science was measured using nine Likert-items custom designed for this project and beliefs in the nature of science were measured using a modified version of the Nature of Science Knowledge scale. Responses were analyzed using the Rasch Rating Scale Model. Competencies are measured through analysis of discourse occurring in online asynchronous discussion forums using the Community of Inquiry framework, which describes three types of presence in the online forums: cognitive, social and teaching. Results show that overall attitudes did not change, p = .225. However, there was significant change towards attitudes about science in the news (positive) and scientific self efficacy (negative), p < .001 and p = .035 respectively. Beliefs in the nature of science exhibited a small, but significant increase, p = .04. Relative positioning of scores on the belief items did not change much, suggesting the increase is mostly due to reinforcement of current beliefs. The cognitive and teaching presence in the online forums did not change, p = .807 and p = .505 respectively. However, the social presence did change, p = .011. Overall, these results suggest that multi-faceted, collaborative citizen science projects can have an impact on some aspects of scientific literacy. Using the Rasch Model allowed us to uncover effects that may have otherwise been hidden. Future projects may want to include social interactivity between participants and also make participants specifically aware of how they are contributing to the entire scientific process.

Addressing the factors that discourage high school girls from pursuing careers in science, this intervention targeted young women from rural Appalachia, urging them to pursue scientific careers in drug and alcohol research. This three-year program, for 49 young women entering ninth grade in 12 southeastern Kentucky counties, included a summer camp, Saturday Academies (educational seminars held in their communities), and mentoring by university faculty and community leaders. As hypothesized, findings from analyses of baseline and postsummer session data show a reduction in participants' anxiety regarding science. Participants' scientific knowledge also increased. In turn, their science knowledge scores correlated with their third summer posttest confidence in their ability to learn science and motivation for science as well as the belief that teachers can help. The success of such a program demonstrates that the gender gap in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics can be ameliorated. Participants' first steps toward successful scientific careers included improving their attitudes toward science as well as increasing their knowledge.

Background Early detection of dementia aims to improve treatment outcomes. However, poor perception and understanding of dementia are significant barriers. We aim to investigate the public's perception of dementia and identify variables associated with the different profiles of public perception. Methods A custom-designed questionnaire was used to assess laypersons’ knowledge and perception of dementia during a health fair at a public hospital in Singapore, a developed Asian nation. Out of a sample of 370 subjects, 32 declined to participate (response rate = 91.4%). Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify meaningful subgroups of subjects from significant associations with multiple indicators of dementia awareness. Multinomial logistic regression was performed exploring variables associated with each of the subgroups derived from LCA. Results The majority of the study participants were female (66.9%), 65 years or older (71.1%), and ethnic Chinese (88.1%). LCA classified the study participants into 3 subgroups: Class 1 (good knowledge, good attitude), Class 2 (good knowledge, poor attitude), and Class 3 (poor knowledge, poor attitude), in proportions of 14.28, 63.83, and 21.88%, respectively. Compared to other classes, participants with good knowledge and good attitude towards dementia (Class 1) were more likely to know someone with dementia and understand the effects of the disease, be married, live in private housing, receive higher monthly income, and not profess belief in Buddhism, Taoism, or Hinduism. Conclusion Our results show that the public in Singapore may not be ready for screening initiatives and early dementia diagnosis. Education efforts should be targeted at lower socioeconomic groups, singles, and those of certain oriental religions. PMID:7791229

STUDY QUESTION: How good is fertility knowledge and what are treatment beliefs in an international sample of men and women currently trying to conceive? SUMMARY ANSWER: The study population had a modest level of fertility knowledge and held positive and negative views of treatment. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Few studies have examined general fertility treatment attitudes but studies of specific interventions show that attitudes are related to characteristics of the patient, doctor and context. Further, research shows that fertility knowledge is poor. However, the majority of these studies have examined the prevalence of infertility, the optimal fertile period and/or age-related infertility in women, in university students and/or people from high-resource countries making it difficult to generalize findings. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: A cross-sectional sample completed the International Fertility Decision-making Study (IFDMS) over a 9-month period, online or via social research panels and in fertility clinics. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Participants were 10 045 people (8355 women, 1690 men) who were on average 31.8 years old, had been trying to conceive for 2.8 years with 53.9% university educated. From a total of 79 countries, sample size was >100 in 18 countries. All 79 countries were assigned to either a very high Human Development Index (VH HDI) or a not very high HDI (NVH HDI). The IFDMS was a 45-min, 64-item English survey translated into 12 languages. The inclusion criteria were the age between 18 and 50 years and currently trying to conceive for at least 6 months. Fertility knowledge was assessed using a 13-item correct/incorrect scale concerned with risk factors, misconceptions and basic fertility facts (range: 0-100% correct). Treatment beliefs were assessed with positive and negative statements about fertility treatment rated on a five-point agree/disagree response scale. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Average correct score for Fertility Knowledge was 56.9%, with greater knowledge significantly related to female gender, university education, paid employment, VH HDI and prior medical consultation for infertility (all P 0.001). People who had given birth/fathered a child, been trying to conceive for less than 12 months, who had never consulted for a fertility problem and who lived in a country with an NVH HDI agreed less with negative beliefs. HDI, duration of trying to conceive and help-seeking were also correlates of higher positive beliefs, alongside younger age, living in an urban area and having stepchildren. Greater fertility knowledge was associated with stronger agreement on negative treatment beliefs items (P case in the general population. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Educational interventions should be directed at improving knowledge of fertility health. Future prospective research should be aimed at investigating how fertility knowledge and treatment beliefs affect childbearing and help-seeking decision-making. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): Merck-Serono S. A. Geneva-Switzerland (an affiliate of Merck KGaA Darmstadt, Germany) and the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC, UK) funded this project (RES-355-25-0038, 'Fertility Pathways Network'). L.B. is funded by a postdoctoral fellowship from the Medical Research Council (MRC) and the ESRC (PTA-037

Introduction: Although evidence-based practice (EBP) has been widely investigated, few studies compare physicians and nurses on performance. Methods: A structured questionnaire survey was used to investigate EBP among physicians and nurses in 61 regional hospitals of Taiwan. Valid postal questionnaires were collected from 605 physicians and 551 nurses during February to May 2007. Results: Physicians were more aware of EBP than nurses. Although both groups had high recognition of belief in and favorable attitudes toward EBP, their knowledge of and skill in EBP were relatively low. When compared with nurses, physicians were more willing to support the promotion of EBP implementations in clinical services. Physicians' knowledge and skills regarding the application of EBP principles were greater than nurses. Furthermore, physicians more often accessed the on-line evidence-retrieval databases, including the Cochrane Library. The most commonly ranked barriers to EBP applications for both groups included lack of designated personnel, lack of convenient kits, limited basic knowledge of EBP, and time. In general, nurses generated more barriers than physicians. Discussion: There were significant discrepancies between physicians and nurses in their awareness of, attitude toward, knowledge of, skill in, behavior toward, and barriers regarding EBP. In implementing EBP, strategies to overcome barriers and provide on-line evidence-retrieval systems should differ for physicians and nurses. (Contains 5 tables.)

...Division of Dockets Management (see ADDRESSES) and...GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, August 2007. http...A, et al., ``Attitudes and beliefs about secondhand...or the Art of Self-Management,'' American...

...Division of Dockets Management (HFA- 305), Food...Office of Information Management, Food and Drug Administration...from the Office of Management and Budget (OMB...target audience- its attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors-and...Members of the public, healthcare professionals;...

...consumer, patient, or healthcare professional perceptions...Division of Dockets Management (HFA- 305), Food...Office of Information Management, Food and Drug Administration...from the Office of Management and Budget (OMB...understanding of individuals' attitudes, beliefs,...

Many Haitian adhere to a traditional system of attitudes and beliefs about health and illness, which may result in delays in presentation for breast cancer and other serious illnesses, but are readily forthcoming about this adherence. Many Haitian immigra...

The NEP scale was used to assess teachers' attitudes and beliefs about the relationship between ... Like scientific Earth systems models, the traditional ... Survey items adapted from the Six Americas Survey (Yale Project on Climate Change ...

1. "Functional foods" is a relatively new term used to describe food products which have been enriched with natural substances/components with a specific physiological preventive and/or health-promoting effect. As yet, there are few actual functional foods in the Danish market, but in Japan and the USA, where these products are relatively common, sales are enjoying growth rates far above those for conventional products. 2. The aim of this study is to examine Danish consumers' attitudes to functional foods, including: whether enrichment with health-promoting substances results in a higher value perception among consumers; the relative importance consumers attach to enrichment compared with other product attributes; which beliefs consumers associate with enrichment; and, which beliefs influence and determine consumers' purchasing intentions and the relative importance of these beliefs. 3. The study consists of three analyses: focus-group interviews, the aim of which is to get an overview of the issue and generate input for the quantitative analyses. The quantitative analyses consist of a conjoint analysis and a survey based on the Theory of Reasoned Action. These analyses are based on concrete, non-existent examples of functional foods, a dairy product and a bread product, each of which has been enriched with three different substances: a) soluble food fibre, b) omega-3, and c) calcium and vitamin D. 4. The focus-group interviews show that the main beliefs which consumers associate with functional foods are the convenience of enrichment through daily diet, (un)naturalness, apprehension about changes in taste, higher price, uncertainty about belief in the effect of enrichment, dosage (when is there enough/ too much of the enrichment substance), own ignorance and uncertainty about manufacturers' knowledge of the health effects of eating enriched products. The respondents have very little knowledge of functional foods and were fairly sceptical. However, attitudes to concrete examples of functional foods were much morepositive than attitudes to the concept of functional foods. 5. The conjoint analyses show that, in general, consumers preferred the non-enriched variety, though with the exception of bread enriched with fibre, since the benefit of this is greater than for the conventional product. About 75% of consumers attach relatively more importance to enrichment than the other product attributes. For about 30% of consumers in the case of the dairy product and 50% in the case of the bread product, enrichment in one of the three forms resulted in a higher value perception, while about 25% and 40% respectively attached a lot of importance to the products not being enriched. 6. The cluster analysis identified several segments with a preference for the various enriched products. Two relatively large segments (25% and 20% of respondents respectively) had a higher value perception for the enriched than for the conventional product, especially as regards the calcium and vitamin D-enriched dairy product and the fibre-enriched bread product, and these segments also attach relatively more importance to enrichment than the other product attributes. The analysis also identified a large segment with a preference for the calcium and vitamin D-enriched bread product, about 30% of respondents saying they preferred this product variety and 35% saying they attached relatively great importance to enrichment. Only very few respondents preferred enrichment with omega-3, which was also the case for enrichment with fibre in the dairy product. 7. In general, attitudes to enrichment are more positive as regards the bread product and product varieties enriched with substances already present in the conventional product. However, attitudes are generally more negative as regards enrichment with omega-3 than with the two other substances. On the whole, consumers' attitudes to functional foods depend on both the type of product enriched, the enrichment substance and the combination of these. 8. The questionnaire survey shows that consumers' purchasing intentions as regards the various enriched products are almost solely explained by their attitudes to purchasing the respective product varieties (attitude to behaviour, AB), and only to a very small extent by the subjective norm (SN). The beliefs which explain AB, and thus also purchasing intentions, are: perceived convenience of getting the enrichment substance through the daily diet (explains on average 42% of the explained variation in AB for the various product varieties), price (21%) perceived naturalness of the enriched products (18%), and the perceived positive health effect of eating the enriched rather than the conventional product (14%). 9. There are no systematic differences or similarities in the relative importance of the individual beliefs for AB as regards product, enrichment substance or the combination of these. There are, on the other hand, systematic absolute differences between the mean values for the product varieties. The means are thus generally higher (more positive attitude and higher purchasing intentions) for enriched varieties of the bread product and in those cases where products have been enriched with a substance that already occurs naturally in the conventional product. An analysis of variance shows that the perceived naturalness of the enriched product is the most explanatory belief for how positive respondents' initial attitudes are to the concrete product varieties. 10. As regards demographic differences, the study shows that the elderly and women are more positive about functional foods than the other respondents. No differences were found with regard to income or educational level. 11. The most important implications of the study are that the development of functional foods should take a starting point in concepts which consumers regard as relatively natural. In this connection, both the conventional product itself, the enrichment substance and the combination of these have a certain importance. Thus, consumers are most positive about functional foods which have been enriched with a substance already present in the conventional product. With regard to price, the analyses show that some segments are willing to pay more for functional foods if they think there is a health effect. The marketing of functional foods should emphasise the convenience of getting enrichment substances through the daily diet and naturalness, since these factors are the most important in determining consumers' intention to buy functional foods.

Three different groups of students were surveyed (years 1995, 2002, and 2003) to determine their attitudes regarding the environment and environmental issues, and particularly energy use. Two groups (1995 and 2003) were purposely selected to be interviewed about energy issues. The survey revealed that all groups had bell-shaped spreads with the means skewed to the environmental side. Although all groups shared many similarities, those interviewees that expressed more positive environmental attitudes tended to be the ones that acted more on their knowledge. However, a notable trend was the lack of action overall, regardless of espoused beliefs. Factor analyses showed factors similar to a study from 1991, but were unique in themselves. In general, these factors showed a focus on governmental intervention to mandate regulations on energy conservation, yet a schism where business is too restricted and a belief that technology will resolve the issues. Consequences for educators are that students may feel disempowered to change their own behaviors if they perceive that others will, or should, resolve the energy problems we face. Education should focus on personal empowerment as well as the issue itself. (Contains 2 tables and 1 figures.)

...Agency for Healthcare Research and...the Agency for Healthcare Research and...the Office of Management and Budget...knowledge, attitudes, and barriers...knowledge and attitudes about workflow...Project Management and $96,449...performance of AHRQ healthcare research...

...submission to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB...after the Institute for Healthcare Improvement Collaborative...developed in 1996 to help healthcare organizations make...change in knowledge, attitudes, behavior, and consumption...change in knowledge, attitudes, behavior, and...

Results from a study conducted in two Danish communities with different waste handling systems are reported: Whereas one community introduced in the beginning of 1993 a system of combining economic incentives with structural improvements to promot separation, the other started in spring 1994 a system based solely on non-economic incentives. The main objective was to compare citizen`s beliefs and attitudes towards waste handling systems and their consequence for motivations to co-operate. Th groups of hypotheses concerning the beliefs-attitude relationship, differences in attitudes between cities, and the use of economic incentives were tested. Whereas beliefs influenced attitudes in the expected direction, the consequences of economi incentives for differences in attitudes were less clear.

The present study investigated knowledge of and beliefs about breastfeeding among Chinese female physicians and nurses and their breastfeeding practices. This study documented knowledge, attitudes and practices of breastfeeding among Chinese medical staff. A total of 367 female physicians and nurses completed a self-administered, anonymous questionnaire; 96.2% indicated that breastfeeding was natural, but 29.2% thought it difficult. Only 18.5% of the participants questioned breastfeeding women on feeding status, and 12.8% gave breastfeeding advice when asked. After graduation from school, 79.3% of the participants stated that they did not receive training in breastfeeding. In personal practice, 69.2% initiated breastfeeding; 19.1% were still breastfeeding at 4 months, and only three nurses continued breastfeeding for more than 1 year. In conclusion, breastfeeding-related knowledge is surprisingly poor, and attitudes are less positive. The exclusive breastfeeding rate was found to be low among Chinese female physicians and nurses. The findings highlight the need to re-educate medical staff on breastfeeding, and imply the need for Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative implementation/training. PMID:22827770

Introduction: Few studies have rigorously evaluated the effectiveness of health-related continuing education using satellite distribution. This study assessed participants' professional characteristics and their changes in knowledge, attitudes, and actions taken after viewing a public health preparedness training course on mass vaccination broadcast nationally by satellite. Methods: A three-part survey design was used to evaluate training effectiveness. Paper-based questionnaires were distributed at a stratified sample of downlink facilities to collect knowledge and attitude responses before and after the broadcast. Six weeks later, willing participants were invited by e-mail to complete a Web-based follow-up questionnaire to assess actions taken as a result of viewing the broadcast. Paired t-tests and McNemar's chi-square were used to compare changes in attitude from before to after the broadcast, after the broadcast to follow-up, and before the broadcast to follow-up. Results: A total of 544 paper-based questionnaires were received from 59 of 70 sampled sites. The pre- and post assessments administered the day of the broadcast demonstrated statistically significant knowledge gain (p less than 0.001) and an increased belief immediately following the broadcast that mass vaccination clinics are important to their organizations' public health activities (p less than 0.001). Of the 291 respondents who completed the follow-up online questionnaire, 44% (n = 128) reported they implemented or planned some form of action after the broadcast. Reported actions were higher among public health workers most likely to be directly involved in preparedness and immunization activities. Discussion: This evaluation assessed (1) participants' professional characteristics, (2) knowledge gain, (3) self-reported actions taken following the broadcast, (4) program satisfaction, and (5) suggested improvements for future satellite broadcast programs. The study's methodology of using a Web-based survey for follow-up is a relatively economical tool for assessing longer-term continuing education program objectives.

Increasing the length of class periods has become one of the most frequently implemented recommendations from the secondary school restructuring movement. Many schools have changed to a block schedule in which the students have four 90--100 minute periods each day. The needs of science classes, such as time to set up and perform lab experiments, suggest the block schedule may be particularly appropriate for science. A case study design was used to explore the instructional and attitudinal changes that accompany the restructuring of the daily schedule. Classroom observations were conducted before and after the implementation of block scheduling to document the student-teacher interactions and the instructional strategies used by the science teachers. Teacher and student surveys were administered to obtain information about attitudes towards the block schedule as well as self-reported instructional strategies. Interviews were conducted to elicit beliefs about good teaching practices. Changes in instructional strategies and learning climate were considered within the context of teacher beliefs, state standards, and the organizational change to the school schedule. The results support other studies that have found positive attitudes toward block scheduling. Teachers in this study changed their instructional strategies, although not necessarily in line with the theorized changes. In several instances, the changes were closely aligned with the teachers' beliefs about good science instruction. Test scores and grades were not strongly influenced. Teachers met more of the state science standards and spent more time interacting with small groups during the block schedule. The results suggest teachers' beliefs about good teaching practice play an important role in the influences of restructuring efforts. The block schedule, preferred by teachers, provides an opportunity for improvement in science instruction and learning climate. How this popular form of restructuring manifests itself at the classroom level is largely a function of the individual teacher. Practical implications can be used to guide teachers and administrators in making scheduling decisions. Theoretical implications based on increased knowledge of teacher change emerge from the results. This study adds to the literature on the relationships among teacher beliefs, practices, and the process of organizational change in secondary school restructuring efforts.

We discuss the Dempster-Shafer belief structure. We introduce the idea of a cumulative distribution induced by a Dempster-Shafer belief structure. We call these belief-cumulative distribution (B-CDs) functions. We study the properties of these distribution functions and show that they are interval functions. We investigate the possibility of using these distribution functions as a tool for knowledge representation. PMID:15503503

This study explores the impact of an urban ecology program on participating middle school students' understanding of science and pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors. We gathered pre and post survey data from four classes and found significant gains in scientific knowledge, but no significant changes in student beliefs regarding the environment. We interviewed 12 students to better understand their beliefs. Although student responses showed they had learned discrete content knowledge, they lacked any ecological understanding of the environment and had mixed perceptions of the course's relevance in their lives. Students reported doing pro-environmental behaviors, but overwhelmingly contributed such actions to influences other than the urban ecology course. Analyses indicated a disconnect between the course, the environment, and the impact on the students' lives. Consequently, this suggests the importance of recognizing the implications of context, culture, and identity development of urban youth. Perhaps by providing explicit connections and skills in urban environmental programs through engaging students in environmental scientific investigations that stem from their own issues and questions can increase student engagement, motivation, and self-efficacy of environmental issues.

We first formulate the problem of decision making under uncertainty. The importance of the representation of our knowledge about the uncertainty in formulating a decision process is pointed out. We begin with a brief discussion of the case of probabilistic uncertainty. Next, in considerable detail, we discuss the case of decision making under ignorance. For this case the fundamental role of the attitude of the decision maker is noted and its subjective nature is emphasized. Next the case in which a Dempster-Shafer belief structure is used to model our knowledge of the uncertainty is considered. Here we also emphasize the subjective choices the decision maker must make in formulating a decision function. The case in which the uncertainty is represented by a fuzzy measure (monotonic set function) is then investigated. We then return to the Dempster-Shafer belief structure and show its relationship to the fuzzy measure. This relationship allows us to get a deeper understanding of the formulation the decision function used Dempster- Shafer framework. We discuss how this deeper understanding allows a decision analyst to better make the subjective choices needed in the formulation of the decision function.

Abstract in portuguese INTRODUÇÃO: Estudos têm mostrado que as atitudes influenciam o comportamento. O desenvolvimento e a manutenção de determinadas atitudes dos estudantes durante o curso médico podem influenciar a qualidade do cuidado médico dado aos pacientes no exercício da profissão. As Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais do Curso de Graduação em Medicina reforçam a importância de aspectos atitudinais relevantes para a prática médica. OBJETIVO: Construção e validação de u (more) ma escala de atitude do tipo Likert, para avaliar atitudes de estudantes de Medicina considerando as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais, adaptadas à realidade sociocultural brasileira. MÉTODO: Na construção da escala foram considerados cinco aspectos: social, ambiência, crença, conhecimento e ética. Os sujeitos foram 202 estudantes do curso de graduação em Medicina, da primeira à oitava fase, sendo 52,85 % mulheres e 47,15% homens. Estudo de coorte, descritivo e quantitativo. Os dados foram coletados por meio da aplicação de um questionário e de uma escala de atitudes (do tipo Likert) com 102 proposições. A escala foi aplicada em dois momentos. RESULTADOS: A confiabilidade da escala, medida pelo coeficiente ?, de Cronbach, foi igual a 0,87. A escala foi validada (validade de construto) por cinco especialistas. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre as oito fases analisadas. As atitudes observadas foram predominantemente positivas. CONCLUSÃO: O trabalho desenvolvido resultou na definição de um instrumento válido e confiável para medir as atitudes de estudantes de Medicina segundo as dimensões social, ambiência, crença, conhecimento e ética. Abstract in english INTRODUCTION: Studies have shown that attitudes influence behavior. Developing and maintaining certain attitudes can influence the quality of health care delivered by medical students to their patients. The Brazilian National Guidelines for Medical Education emphasize the significance of the students' attitudes relevant for the medical practice. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed designing and validating an attitude scale to evaluate the impact of the medical curriculum on stud (more) ents' attitudes. METHODOLOGY: The subjects were 202 students (female = 52.85%, male = 47.15%), attending from the first to the eighth phase of the medical undergraduate course. The data for this descriptive and quantitative cohort study were collected using a questionnaire and an attitude measurement scale (5-point Likert scale) containing 102 propositions covering five different factors (social, environmental, belief, knowledge and ethics). RESULTS: Several analyses were undertaken to establish the internal validity of the instrument, including reliability (total = 0.87 and 0.89) and correlation studies. There were no statistically significant differences among the eight analyzed phases. The students showed predominantly positive attitudes. CONCLUSIONS: The final version of the scale was therefore regarded valid and reliable for the assessment of medical students' attitudes.

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to model Chinese consumers' purchase intentions for imported soy-based dietary supplements (DS) based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and the health belief model (HBM). The central hypotheses for this study are that purchase intentions of Chinese DS consumers are a result of attitudes toward using DS, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Health value and perceived susceptibility to illness, as well as product knowledge and marketer distrust, are integrated into the model. Design/methodology/approach - Data were collected from 251 consumers in Shanghai, China. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. Findings - The TPB model is effective in predicting Chinese consumers' imported soy-based DS purchase intentions....

We examined the feasibility and acceptability of an HIV prevention intervention for African American adolescents delivered via mobile cell phones and looked at intervention-related changes in beliefs and sexual behaviors. We used a longitudinal one-group comparison design with data collected at three points. Forty adolescents, 13-18 years old, participated in the Becoming a Responsible Teen intervention followed by the delivery of daily multimedia messages for 3 months. The mobile-cell-phone enhanced intervention was feasible and acceptable to the participants. Greater HIV knowledge, improved attitudes toward condoms, and increased perceived HIV risk scores were observed with older adolescents (16-18 years old). Behavior trends showed a decrease in the number of times participants reported engaging in unprotected sexual intercourse over the previous 2 months. Mobile-cell-phone multimedia-text-messaging boosters tested in this study provided preliminary evidence of efficacy of the enhanced HIV prevention intervention for African American youth. PMID:23122907

Developing countries account for 85% of the nearly 500,000 yearly cases of cervical cancer worldwide with approximately 250,000 deaths occurring in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Latin America. In South Africa, cervical cancer is the 3^r^d leading cause of death among women. Although cervical cancer can be screened for with regular Pap tests, access to preventive screenings may be nearly non-existent in resource poor settings that have limited public health infrastructure and where women may lack basic health education. Therefore, it is important to understand women's attitudes, knowledge, and beliefs about HPV, cervical cancer, and the HPV vaccine, and assess their access to preventive screening in order to mitigate their risk for developing the disease. Eighty-six women, ages 18-44 ...

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to assess respondents self-reported choices for vaccinating their young children; knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs (KABs) about vaccination; and communication with their childs vaccination provider. MethodsA national telephone survey of 1500 parents of children aged 6 to 23 months was conducted in 2010. We calculated proportions of parents who had chosen-or planned-to refuse or delay 1 or more recommended vaccines, and proportions for responses to KABs and communication questions, stratified by vaccination choice (ie, refuse or delay). ResultsThe response rate was 46%. Among the 96.6% of respondents (95% confidence interval [CI], 95.5%-97.4%; weighted n = 1453) who had chosen for their child to receive at least 1 vaccine, 80.6% (95% CI, 78.8%-83.0%) ...

The connotations of a language expression are pragmatic effects that arise from encyclopaedic knowledge about its denotation (or reference) and also from experiences, beliefs, and prejudices about the contexts in which the expression is typically used. The connotation of a language expression is clearly distinct from its sense, denotation and reference. For example, Mike and Michael can have the same reference but different connotations. John is an unsuitable name for your new-born daughter; so is Springtime in Paris an inappropriate name for a 1200cc Harley-Davidson motorbike or an auto-repair shop. Identifying the connotations of a term is to identify the community attitude towards it. For instance the connotations of English octopus and the Japanese translation equivalent tako are very ...

BACKGROUND: Misperceptions about the risk of contracting AIDS from donating blood may be preventing people from donating, while incorrect beliefs about AIDS screening tests or the appropriateness of donating with risk factors may place the blood supply at increased risk. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Questions about AIDS transmission and testing and the acceptability of test seeking and donating with risk factors were asked in the National Community Health Survey, a telephone survey of 9859 US adults. Results were weighted to represent the US population. Demographic and donor status (current, lapsed, never) differences in knowledge and attitudes were examined using chi-square and logistic regression. RESULTS: Nearly 25% of respondents thought it was somewhat or very likely that they could get ...

Occupational noise-induced hearing loss is the second most self-reported occupational illness or injury in the United States. Among coal miners, more than 90% of the population reports a hearing deficit by age 55. In this formative evaluation, focus groups were conducted with coal miners in Appalachia to ascertain whether miners perceive hearing loss as a major health risk and if so, what would motivate the consistent wearing of hearing protection devices (HPDs). The theoretical framework of the Extended Parallel Process Model was used to identify the miners' knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and current behaviors regarding hearing protection. Focus group participants had strong perceived severity and varying levels of perceived susceptibility to hearing loss. Various barriers significantly reduced the self-efficacy and the response efficacy of using hearing protection.

The alarming national data on the mortality and morbidity rates of cervical cancer as well as the results of a Hungarian survey demonstrating adolescents' low level of understanding of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and HPV vaccination encouraged the authors to conduct an educational intervention. The aim of this survey was to explore the impact of a brief, HPV-focused program on adolescents' knowledge, beliefs and attitudes. A self-administered anonymous questionnaire was completed by 394 male and female adolescents in September, 2010, in Hungary. Half of the students (48.5%) then had a one-off educational intervention on aspects cervical cancer lasting 45min lesson, while the rest of the participants, the control group, did not have the educational intervention. Three months follow...

In 2 studies, beliefs supporting the use of violence moderated the association between normative masculine activities and aggressive behavior (Study 1) and normative masculine attitudes and aggressive and homophobic behavior (Study 2) among adolescent boys. These beliefs also moderated the association between normative masculine activities and homophobic behavior among adolescent girls. Consistent with social information processing models, beliefs about the appropriateness and effectiveness of violence predicted aggressive behavior for boys and girls, including bullying, fighting, and relational aggression. Furthermore, the association between masculine norms and aggressive behavior and homophobic behavior was partly dependent on holding these beliefs among boys. Continued research is needed to identify other beliefs that may distinguish different expressions of masculinities and their association with other attitudes and behaviors. Within the broader aggression and homophobia literature among adolescents there is a need to include the study of gender norms, while recognizing the complexity with which these factors are associated. (Contains 6 figures and 6 tables.)

higgins a., callaghan p., devries j., keogh b., morrissey j., nash m., ryan d., gijbels h. & carter t. (2012)?Evaluation of mental health recovery and Wellness Recovery Action Planning education in Ireland: a mixed methods pre-postevaluation. Journal of Advanced Nursing68(11), 2418-2428. ABSTRACT: Aim.? To report a study evaluating the effectiveness of a Wellness Recovery Action Planning education programme. Background.? Internationally, mental health policy is advocating using recovery approaches to care. Underpinning these approaches is investment in education in recovery principles and methods and a need to provide evidence of the impact of this education. Design.? The study design employed a mixed methods approach. Methods.? Using questionnaires and focus groups, we evaluated 2- and 5-day Wellness Recovery Action Planning Education Programmes and assessed participants' attitudes towards recovery, knowledge of recovery and Wellness Recovery Action Planning beliefs. Data were collected between 2009 and 2010. Participants were people with personal experience of mental health problems, practitioners in mental health services and family members/carers of those with mental health problems. Results.? Comparing the pre and postmeasures showed that the programme increased participants' knowledge of and attitudes towards recovery and Wellness Recovery Action Planning. Although this increase was statistically significant for the 2-day programme, it was not so for the 5-day programme. Participants reported being very positive and enthusiastic about the programme and the benefits they had achieved personally and professionally as a result of participating. Conclusions.? This exploratory study shows that providing mental health practitioners and people with personal experience of mental health problems with a systematic education and training in recovery principles using the Wellness Recovery Action Planning approach leads to positive changes in people's knowledge, skills and attitudes towards recovery. This education appeared to inspire, invigorate and empower people, and for many, it was a life changing experience. PMID:22272944

Objective. To develop, implement, and assess the effectiveness of an online medication therapy management (MTM) program to train pharmacists and pharmacy students in providing MTM services for patients with diabetes and to increase their intent to perform these services. Design. An online program was created using an Internet-based learning platform to simulate 4 MTM meetings between a pharmacist and a virtual patient diagnosed with diabetes.Assessment. Eighty students and 42 pharmacists completed the program. After completing the program, scores on post-intervention assessments showed significant improvement in 2 areas: control over performing MTM, and knowledge of how to perform MTM. Students had a significantly less-positive attitude about MTM and a decline in their perception of the social expectation that MTM is part of the practice of pharmacy, while pharmacists' attitudes did not change significantly in these areas.Conclusion. This online program using a virtual patient improved both participants' belief that they have control over performing MTM, and their knowledge of how to perform MTM for diabetic patients, which may increase the likelihood that pharmacists and pharmacy students will perform MTM in the future. PMID:23049103

The basic aim of this research is to better understand homeowners' adoption of home-heating energy-conservation measures by analyzing a number of factors that are thought to be underlying determinants of adoption behavior. The basic approach is behavioral drawing on the knowledge built up in behavioral geography through studies on natural hazards and innovation diffusion, and borrowing from psychological theories of attitude formation and decision making. In particular, six factors (information, environmental personality, socio-economic and demographic factors, dwelling unit characteristics, psychological variables, and past experience) are shown to directly and indirectly affect adoption behavior. By this means, differences between adopters and nonadopters in the underlying cognitive structures and in the situational factors that affect their decisions are identified. The study focuses on the adoption of three measures: reducing winter night-time thermostat settings, changing or cleaning furnace filters, and installing an automatic setback thermostat. Personal interviews with a random sample of 159 homeowners in Decatur, Illinois serve as the main data base. Results indicate that adoption behavior is determined more by past experience, than by intention. Beliefs, attitudes, and social influences affect behavior indirectly through intention. These psychological variables also act as mediators between information, knowledge, environmental personality, situational variables and behavior. In particular, respondent's age, previous home ownership, and length of residence act indirectly on adoption behavior. Each of these reflects the amount of past experience the respondent is likely to have.

Slaughterhouse surveys are important in the detection and management of zoonotic diseases. Routine reports from the Kumasi slaughterhouse, in the Ashanti region of Ghana, include cases of zoonotic diseases. Due to its location and size, Kumasi is the major cattle market and an important transit point for cattle trade from places within and outside Ghana. This present study was designed to examine slaughterhouse reports and to explore the nature of the knowledge, attitude and practices of butchers who operate at this slaughterhouse, in relation to zoonoses. The study was largely descriptive, employing qualitative methods and tools. Butchers were interviewed and their practices along the production line observed. The study indicates that zoonotic diseases are frequently detected at the Kumasi slaughterhouse. However the knowledge, attitudes, practices and beliefs of the butchers are largely inadequate for their profession in view of the important public health role that butchers play. The butchers have never received any form of training. It is recommended that the butchers receive training on a regular basis and that laws be formulated and implemented to protect the health of the butchers and the general public. PMID:10913760

This study draws together two research traditions: John Greer's pioneering research among pupils in Protestant and Catholic schools in Northern Ireland and Leslie J. Francis's research concerning teenage religion and values in England and Wales. A sample of 1,585 13- to 15-year-old male pupils attending Catholic schools (n = 712) and Protestant schools (n = 873) completed the Teenage Religion and Values Survey. The present analyses highlight the significant differences in world views between the Catholic and Protestant adolescents across eight domains defined as: religious beliefs, paranormal beliefs, church-related attitudes, attitudes toward sex and family life, law-related attitudes, school-related attitudes, locality-related attitudes, and personal anxiety and depression. These data confirm that in many key ways young people growing up in these two religious communities are still living worlds apart. (Contains 8 tables.)

The two principal areas of natural language processing research in pragmatics are belief modelling and speech act processing. Belief modelling is the development of techniques to represent the mental attitudes of a dialogue participant. The latter approach, speech act processing, based on speech act theory, involves viewing dialogue in planning terms. Utterances in a dialogue are modelled as steps in a plan where understanding an utterance involves deriving the complete plan a speaker is attempting to achieve. However, previous speech act based approaches have been limited by a reliance upon relatively simplistic belief modelling techniques and their relationship to planning and plan recognition. In particular, such techniques assume precomputed nested belief structures. In this paper, we will present an approach to speech act processing based on novel belief modelling techniques where nested beliefs are propagated on demand.

...submitted to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB...understand the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of...influence target audience attitudes and behavior in a positive...interviews with public and healthcare 300 1 .25 75 professionals...Intercept interviews with healthcare...

velocity, attitude, or attitude rate at some particular end time. (fixed time of arrival). ..... rabies useful in midcourae narration is short: Range. (to eartb or moon). Rarge- .... result, the usual practice is to linearize equations ...... that the knowledge ...

An anonymous postal questionnaire survey studying the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and practices on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was conducted among all registered medical and dental practitioners in Singapore in 1996. In all, 1523 replies were received, yielding a response rate of 29.3%. The level of knowledge regarding transmission and prevention was generally good, although there were a number who believed that HIV could be transmitted by the respiratory and oral routes. However, knowledge regarding diagnosis and medical management was unsatisfactory. Although a large majority felt they had the ethical obligation to treat HIV patients, only half of them indicated their willingness to do so if they were given the choice. The majority (62.3%) supported the idea of routine preoperative HIV testing for patients, but fewer (40%) supported mandatory HIV testing for health care workers. Dentists seemed more sensitive to issues involving transmission in the workplace, and 95% of them practised universal precautions. Continuing medical education on HIV infection is required to improve and maintain the level of knowledge and competency of doctors and dentists in Singapore. PMID:9494661

Students bring with them to the classroom a wide variety of beliefs and attitudes about the environment and its associated issues. One worldview belief structure prominently discussed in ecological discussions is the worldview of orthodox Christianity. This study uses both quantitative and qualitative measures to analyze the degree to which the orthodox Christian worldview of students influences their environmental attitudes and beliefs. Surveys were conducted with 281 undergraduate pre-service elementary teaching students enrolled in a science methods course to determine the degree to which orthodox Christian worldviews and ecological worldviews interact with one another. From this pool of students, 16 students representing both positive and neutral-negative orthodox Christian worldviews and ecological worldviews were interviewed to determine how orthodox Christian students may differ from non-orthodox Christian students in their attitudes and beliefs about the environment. Analysis revealed that students with orthodox Christian worldview beliefs do not as a general rule use their orthodox Christian worldview beliefs in the discussion of their environmental beliefs and attitudes. Exceptions to this may occur when environmental issues touch on orthodox Christian worldview beliefs which have a bearing on matters of origin, life purpose, or destiny. These interactions between ecological and orthodox Christian worldviews have implications for the teaching of environmental issues to students in that the orthodox Christian worldview of students is not likely to hinder the appropriation of concepts associated with environmental issues. However, moving students with an orthodox Christian worldview to a view where they become actively involved in environmental issue resolution may require educators to situate curriculum in such a way as to invoke the students' orthodox Christian worldview beliefs.

The increasing incidence of breast cancer in the Arab world, coupled with a relatively early age of onset, raises concern for the presence of hereditary risk factors in this population. However, due to potential structural and cultural barriers, Arab Americans make up the smallest percentage of individuals tested for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome in the United States. The objectives of this qualitative pilot focus group of 13 Arab-American women were to explore attitudes, knowledge and beliefs regarding hereditary breast cancer in the Arab-American community in metropolitan Detroit, identify barriers that would prevent women from seeking hereditary cancer screening/testing and determine who women would talk to about inherited cancer. Results indicated that cultural beliefs and personal experiences with cancer influenced the women's perspectives on hereditary cancer risk. A high level of secrecy about cancer within Arab-American families was present, which may prevent accurate risk assessment and referral for genetic services. Other identified barriers that may influence hereditary risk assessment included stigma, fears and misconceptions of cancer. While these barriers were present, participants also expressed a strong need for education and tailored cancer risk information for their community. PMID:23054337

Calf mortality has remained at a high (risk approximately 7%) in Denmark, despite much knowledge disseminated to farmers. We conducted a qualitative interview to explore calf managers' perception of their own management and working situation, and how this related to calf mortality problems in their herds. Twenty-eight calf managers from herds with either no (NO) or high (HI; 17-31%) calf mortality in 2004 were included in the study. We used our judgement to create a model of the inter-relationships among the attitudes that seemed most different between the two groups of farmers. 'Flexible time,' (for activities such as management of crisis or unexpected events) was crucial; it allowed the farmer to intervene immediately at first sign of a crisis. Our interpretation suggests that focus on the farmers time planning and structure of everyday activities is, therefore, a key to understanding and solving problems related to calf disease and mortality. An important distinction between the groups was whether the calf manager had a basic belief that calf mortality is a permanent crisis that has to be expected to be present on a dairy farm. Previous experience in solving disease and mortality problems in calves had a strong positive influence on this belief. We suggest that the issues of empowerment and flexible time management be explored further to assist dairy-calf raisers. PMID:19303152

This exploratory study investigated the relationship between measures of Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) and the self-efficacy beliefs of preservice teachers about technology integration. Within a single-group, pretest-posttest design, a correlational analysis identified several knowledge domains in the TPACK model that the researcher found to have a significant and positive correlation with self-efficacy beliefs about technology integration. A multiple regression analysis of pretest and posttest data indicated a change over time in the predictive relationship between the measures of knowledge in TPACK domains and self-efficacy beliefs. Findings from the study illustrate the changing nature of the complex relationship between knowledge and self-efficacy beliefs and highlight the potential areas of knowledge in TPACK domains that influence preservice teachers' beliefs about technology integration. (Contains 1 figure and 6 tables.)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of epistemic beliefs and knowledge representations in cognitive and metacognitive processing when learning about physics concepts through text. Specifically, we manipulated the representation of physics concepts in texts about Newtonian mechanics and explored how these texts interacted with individuals' epistemic beliefs to facilitate or constrain learning. Results revealed that when individuals' epistemic beliefs were consistent with the knowledge representations in their assigned texts, they performed better on various measures of learning (use of processing strategies, text recall, and changes in misconceptions) than when their epistemic beliefs were inconsistent with the knowledge representations. These results have implications for how researchers conceptualize epistemic beliefs and support contemporary views regarding the context sensitivity of individuals' epistemic beliefs. (Contains 8 figures and 9 tables.)

The effects of epistemic beliefs and text structure on cognitive processes during comprehension of scientific texts were investigated. On-line processes were measured using think-aloud (Experiment 1) and reading time (Experiment 2) methodologies. Measures of off-line comprehension, prior knowledge and epistemic beliefs were obtained. Results indicated that readers adjust their processing as a function of the interaction between epistemic beliefs and text structure. Readers with misconceptions and more sophisticated epistemic beliefs engage in conceptual change processes, but only when reading refutation texts. Results also showed that memory for text is not affected by differences in epistemic beliefs or text structure. These findings contribute to our understanding of the relations among ...

This qualitative study explored pre-service teachers' behavioral, normative, and control beliefs regarding their intentions to use Web 2.0 technologies in their future classrooms. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was used as the theoretical framework (Ajzen, 1991) to understand these beliefs and pre-service teachers' intentions for why they want to use Web 2.0 technologies. According to Ajzen's TPB, the behavioral beliefs are based on attitude toward outcomes or consequences of using Web 2.0, the normative beliefs depend on social support and social pressure to use Web 2.0, and the control beliefs lay the foundation of perceived behavioral control over using Web 2.0 in a classroom. Data were collected from open-ended survey questions (n = 190), semi-structured interviews (n = 12) and end of semester reflections (n = 12). Findings suggest that pre-service teachers' intentions to use Web 2.0 technologies are related to their beliefs about the value of these technologies for improving student learning and engagement, its ease of use (behavioral beliefs), its ability to meet the needs/expectations of digital age students (normative beliefs), the participants' high self-efficacy in use, and its potential for affording students anytime/anywhere access to learning and interaction (control beliefs). From these results, we recommend that teacher educators should target these beliefs within teacher development programs to prepare pre-service teachers for successful use of Web 2.0 technologies in their future K-12 classrooms. (Contains 1 table and 1 figure.)

Scand J Caring Sci; 2012; 26; 545-552 Attitudes, beliefs and self-reported competence about postoperative pain among physicians and nurses working on surgical wards Aims:- To investigate attitudes, beliefs and self-reported competence with regard to pain management in nurses and physicians on surgical wards. Interprofessional differences between physicians and nurses were also examined. Methods:- A total of 795 physicians and nurses from different surgical departments in Norway were invited to complete a questionnaire measuring attitudes, beliefs and self-reported competence about postoperative pain. Findings:- In total, 128 physicians and 407 nurses completed the questionnaire (response rate 68%). Of these, 77% of physicians and 57% of nurses reported more than 4-years- work experience wi...

What role does social identity play in the transition from employed work to entrepreneurship? It was expected that social identity affects the cognitive processes that, according to the theory of planned behavior (TPB), underlie the formation of entrepreneurial intentions. Focusing on academic scientists' intentions to commercialize research knowledge, we investigated social identity (scientists' group identification with their workplace peers in academia) as a moderator in the TPB model. Our hypotheses were tested in a sample of 488 German scientists. The data revealed that entrepreneurial intentions were predicted by attitude, social norms, and perceived control and that group identification was negatively associated with perceived control. Multi-group structural equation modeling further showed that group identification moderated the TPB-intention link. Scientists with low group identification based their entrepreneurial intentions not so much on social norms and attitudes but on their self-initiative and control beliefs. Among scientists with high group identification, in turn, entrepreneurial intentions were mainly a function of social norms. These results, in sum, illustrate the long-neglected importance of identification with, and social cohesion within, peer groups at the workplace for the transition to entrepreneurship. (Contains 1 figure and 2 tables.)

This study examines epistemological beliefs of physics undergraduate and graduate students and faculty in the context of solving a well-structured and an ill-structured problem. The data collection consisted of a think aloud problem solving session followed by a semi-structured interview conducted with 50 participants, 10 participants at freshmen, seniors, masters, PhD, and faculty levels. The data analysis involved (a) identification of the range of beliefs about knowledge in the context of the well-structured and the ill-structured problem solving, (b) construction of a framework that unites the individual beliefs identified in each problem context under the same conceptual base, and (c) comparisons of the problem contexts and expertise level groups using the framework. The results of the comparison of the contexts of the well-structured and the ill-structured problem showed that (a) authoritative beliefs about knowledge were expressed in the well-structured problem context, (b) relativistic and religious beliefs about knowledge were expressed in the ill-structured problem context, and (c) rational, empirical, modeling beliefs about knowledge were expressed in both problem contexts. The results of the comparison of the expertise level groups showed that (a) undergraduates expressed authoritative beliefs about knowledge more than graduate students and faculty did not express authoritative beliefs, (b) faculty expressed modeling beliefs about knowledge more than graduate students and undergraduates did not express modeling beliefs, and (c) there were no differences in rational, empirical, experiential, relativistic, and religious beliefs about knowledge among the expertise level groups. As the expertise level increased the number of participants who expressed authoritative beliefs about knowledge decreased and the number of participants who expressed modeling based beliefs about knowledge increased. The results of this study implied that existing developmental and cognitive models of personal epistemology can explain personal epistemology in physics to a limited extent, however, these models cannot adequately account for the variation of epistemological beliefs across problem contexts. Modeling beliefs about knowledge emerged as a part of personal epistemology and an indicator of epistemological sophistication, which do not develop until extensive experience in the field. Based on these findings, the researcher recommended providing opportunities for practicing model construction for students.

This study examined the correspondence between parents' and children's orientations toward the use of physical punishment. A series of vignettes concerning child misbehavior was shown to children and their parents. Subjects were asked to assess the likelihood of their responding to the situation shown by spanking the child in the vignette. Attitudes toward spanking, and the frequency of spanking in the parent-child relationship, were assessed. Few sex differences were found. For 5-year-olds, there was a correlation between parents' spanking beliefs and children's reports of being spanked, but no correlation between parents' spanking beliefs and children's responses to the vignettes. For eight-year-olds, there was a decreased correlation between parents' beliefs and children's reports of being spanked. For college students, there were few correlations between parents' beliefs and children's reports of being spanked, but higher correlations between students' responses to the vignette and students' perceptions of their parents' intentions and attitudes. Students' perceptions of parental attitudes about physical punishment were found to predict students' own attitudes. The data appears to mean that children's perceptions of their parents' beliefs about punishment are more significant than actual parental practices. A list of five references is provided. (BC)

Objectives: The purpose of this project was to evaluate a water safety curriculum in a low-income, minority-focused, urban youth summer camp. The curriculum is available to Safe Kids Coalitions across the country; however, it has not previously been evaluated. Methods: Participants were pre-K to third-grade students (n = 166). Children watched a video and received the curriculum in a classroom setting. Each child was given a pre-, post-, and 3-week retention exam to assess knowledge change. Mean test scores and number of safety rules participants could list were analyzed using paired Student's t tests. Parents were given a baseline survey at the beginning (n = 140) and end of the weeklong curriculum (n = 118). Results: The participants were 50% male, 27.5% Hispanic, 68.7% African American, and 3.8% biracial. Children were divided into three groups: pre-K/kindergarten, first and second grade, and third grade. Children in each of the groups received higher knowledge scores at the posttest (p = .0097, p water safety after receiving this curriculum. This knowledge increase was maintained through the 3-week retention exam. Further evaluation of the curriculum's content and its impact on water safety beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors are needed, as well as evaluation of additional settings, risk areas, and the role of parental involvement. PMID:22193254

Physiotherapy is usually indicated for health promotion and the rehabilitation of individuals with paralytic poliomyelitis. The endemic nature of this condition in children in Zamfara State, Nigeria necessitated investigation into the utilization of physiotherapy services by parents or primary caregivers of children affected with polio in this sub-region. Parents and primary caregivers of children with paralytic poliomyelitis were recruited using a purposive multi-stage sampling procedure in a cross-sectional survey. Factors associated with the utilization of physiotherapy services were assessed based on questions extracted from a 4-part, 52-item structured questionnaire originally designed for a study which investigated knowledge, attitude, and beliefs of parents of children with paralytic poliomyelitis. A total of 217 participants were included in this study. The mean age was 32.29?±?9.89 years and the mean knowledge of polio score was 62.0?±?17.3%. The mean age of the children with paralytic poliomyelitis was 6.41?±?2.50 years. Only 27.2% of the parents or primary caregivers had utilized physiotherapy service for their children at some point. No association existed between utilization of physiotherapy service and 'knowledge of paralytic poliomyelitis', 'employment status', and 'family income' of respondents. Explanations for low utilization of physiotherapy services for children with paralytic poliomyelitis by parents or primary caregivers are discussed. PMID:22871225

The theory of planned behavior (TPB; Ajzen, 1985) was used to predict whether Reserve Component veterans reported seeking treatment for a psychological problem. In support of the TPB, perceived stigma and beliefs about psychological problems were related to the overall attitude toward treatment seeking, and practical barriers were related to perceived control. A series of logistic regressions revealed that overall attitude and beliefs that psychological problems should not be handled oneself were uniquely related to treatment for the psychological problem. Results are discussed in terms of novel interventions needed to change perceptions of psychological problems.

Individuals' attitudes and beliefs toward behaviors are key indicators of behavioral performance. The purposes of this study were to elucidate attitudes and beliefs about depression, HIV/AIDS, and HIV risk-related sexual behaviors among clinically depressed African American adolescent females and to develop an understanding of their context for HIV risk. For this descriptive qualitative inquiry, semistructured interviews and surveys were employed (N = 24). The narratives reveal that behavioral sequelae of depression (i.e., loneliness) can produce risk for HIV. These findings may guide psychiatric nurse educators, scientists, and practitioners to modify HIV risk among clinically depressed African American adolescent females.

Australia is a culturally and linguistically diverse country with a population derived from over 140 countries and including 240 language groups. Reflecting this, there has been a significant increase in cultural diversity among undergraduate dental students. It has been recognized that in order for dental students to interact and respond effectively to the diverse cultural needs of their patients, students themselves must be aware of cultural differences and respect patients' worldviews. In response to this challenge, dental students will need to have the theoretical knowledge to understand culturally-influenced health behaviours as well as the ability to communicate effectively with culturally diverse patients. Currently, the culture of dental students contrasts with the patients they treat, which may in turn affect the interaction between dental students and their patients. Given this context, new graduates need both to effectively communicate with patients from diverse communities and have an understanding of culturally influenced health behaviours. It has been proposed that dental graduates need to improve their knowledge of a variety of cultural values, beliefs, practices and attitudes. The literature in the area of cultural awareness and education for oral health professionals concentrates on both exploring health professionals' knowledge and attitudes toward transcultural care or the need for transcultural training. This paper provides an overview of the transcultural issues in oral health care which might confront dental students when treating culturally diverse patients. It will also discuss possible modifications to the dental curriculum to ensure that the future oral health workforce understands the complex health care needs of a multicultural society. This information will give planners and stakeholders an insight into the nature of the cultural issues which future dentists are likely to encounter while treating patients from diverse cultural backgrounds. This would help to establish the need to incorporate transcultural awareness modules to enhance quality of care and to respond effectively and sensitively to cultural issues. PMID:22998318

...submitted to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB...professional education of healthcare providers. This online...The knowledge of healthcare professionals about...disorders; (2) attitudes of healthcare professionals...

Despite evidence of widespread belief in conspiracy theories, there remains a dearth of research on the individual difference correlates of conspiracist ideation. In two studies, we sought to overcome this limitation by examining correlations between conspiracist ideation and a range of individual psychological factors. In Study 1, 817 Britons indicated their agreement with conspiracist ideation concerning the July 7, 2005 (7/7), London bombings, and completed a battery of individual difference scales. Results showed that stronger belief in 7/7 conspiracy theories was predicted by stronger belief in other real-world conspiracy theories, greater exposure to conspiracist ideation, higher political cynicism, greater support for democratic principles, more negative attitudes to authority, lowe...

This qualitative study explored pre-service teachers' behavioral, normative, and control beliefs regarding their intentions to use Web 2.0 technologies in their future classrooms. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was used as the theoretical framework (Ajzen, 1991) to understand these beliefs and pre-service teachers' intentions for why they want to use Web 2.0 technologies. According to Ajzen's TPB, the behavioral beliefs are based on attitude toward outcomes or consequences of using Web 2.0, the normative beliefs depend on social support and social pressure to use Web 2.0, and the control beliefs lay the foundation of perceived behavioral control over using Web 2.0 in a classroom. Data were collected from open-ended survey questions (n = 190), semi-structured interviews (n = 12) and e...

The knowledge and beliefs that teachers hold are an important determiner of what happens in the classroom. Ideally teacher cognition should be informed by research and theory about effective language learning. This paper examines the beliefs related to vocabulary teaching held by a cohort of 60 Malaysian pre-service teachers engaged in a multi-year trans-national teacher education programme. It also examines how these beliefs are reflected in descriptions of imagined teaching. This examination suggests that pre-service teachers hold beliefs that coincide with those of their trainers to some extent, but that they do not give effective expression to their beliefs in descriptions of teaching. It may therefore be more appropriate to focus on developing knowledge of language teaching practices in pre-service teacher education than on beliefs. (Contains 2 tables and 2 figures.)

Abstract in portuguese Esta pesquisa descreve e compara atitudes e conhecimentos sobre velhice em alunos de graduação, com uma amostragem de 277 alunos de Pedagogia, Educação Física, Medicina e Enfermagem, de 18 a 43 anos (M=23, DP=3,39), sendo 190 mulheres; 50,0% freqüentaram disciplina; 60,0% estudaram tópico sobre velhice; 62,0% convivem e 32,0% trabalham com idosos. Os instrumentos utilizados foram a) Diferencial semântico - 30 itens bipolares - domínios agência, cognição, rela? (more) ?ões sociais e persona; e b) Escala de conhecimentos - 25 itens - físicos, psicológicos e sociológicos. São apresentados os seguintes resultados: a) atitudes positivas, principalmente nos mais jovens, mulheres e que convivem com idosos; b) Baixo nível de acertos em conhecimentos (M=41,0%, DP=10,3%); c) Os que estudaram sobre velhice (cursos de Enfermagem, Educação Física e Medicina) sabem mais do que os que não estudaram (Educação); d) Atitudes e conhecimentos positiva e significantemente correlacionados. Portanto, educar e atender adequadamente os idosos dependem da oferta de estruturas de conhecimento e de oportunidades para desenvolver habilidades e valores específicos. Abstract in english The aim of this paper is describe and compare the undergraduates' attitudes and beliefs toward aging. Two hundred and seventy seven students (190 women) aged from 18 to 43 (M=23; SD=3,39) have participated in this investigation. Fifty percentagem of them had attended to disciplines; 60% studied aging issues; 62% had social contacts and 32% worked with aged people. The instruments were a) Semantic differential: 30 bi-polar items (DSS) reflecting agency, cognition, social r (more) elations and social image; b) Knowledge scale: 25 multiple choice items reflecting physical, psychological and sociological knowledge. The according to the results: a) Positive attitudes, mostly among the youngest, women and those who lived close to aged people; b) Aging right answers low rate (M=41%, SD=10,3%); c) Those that have studied aging matters( Nursing, Physical Education and Medicine students) knew more than those who did not (Education); d) Attitudes and knowledge were positively and significantly correlated. It was concluded that aging attendance and education depends on the offering of opportunities and knowledge structure.

Background: The American Psychiatric Association (APA) removed homosexuality from its official list of mental disorders in 1973. However, homosexuals face continuous discrimination in society. Studies have been conducted on societal attitudes toward homosexuals, and most of this research has focused on factors such as gender, educational level, religious beliefs, contact experiences, and type of occupation. This study attempts to analyze physical education teacher education candidates' attitudes toward lesbians and gay men as well as to explore any possible relationships between their level of religiousness and these attitudes. Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine the relationships between attitudes toward lesbians and gay men and the level of religiousness among Turkish physical education teacher majors. Participants: Participants were 78 female (M[subscript age] = 21.12 [plus or minus] 2.24) and 95 male (M[subscript age] = 22.32 [plus or minus] 2.19) undergraduate students enrolled in the physical education teacher education program for the 2010-2011 academic year. Data collection and analysis: The Turkish version of the Attitudes toward Lesbians and Gay Men Scale (short form) was used to measure students' attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. In addition, the Religiosity Scale was used to assess students' beliefs toward Islam. A one-way between-groups multivariate analysis of variance and a paired-samples t-test were conducted to analyze differences in variables, and a Pearson product-moment correlation was used to assess relationships between variables. Results: There was a significant difference between the attitudes of male and female students toward gay men. Male students hold more negative attitudes toward gay men than female students. Male and female students' attitudes toward lesbians and their religiosity levels were comparable. In addition, the results demonstrated significant intra-group differences in the attitudes of male students toward lesbian and gay men. Unlike the attitudes of females, who demonstrated comparative attitudes, the attitudes of males toward lesbians were significantly more positive than toward gay men. There was no significant difference between first-, second-, third-, and fourth-year students in their attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. Lastly, the results of the correlation analyses demonstrated a positive relationship between students' religiosity level and their negative attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. Conclusions: Physical education teacher majors in Turkey have negative attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. Gender differences and religiosity level, unlike year of school, have an impact on the students' attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. These findings reveal the importance of the inclusion of issues related to diverse populations in teacher training programs, which will decrease these negative attitudes. (Contains 3 tables.)

Past experience in dealing with biotechnology has suggested that public opinion plays an important role in determining the prosperity of emerging technologies. A great amount of money and energy, therefore, were invested to understand nanotechnology's impact on the society and the public, in addition to the technical advancement of the technology. However, most studies examining public opinion have focused on personal level factors and have ignored the potential influence of cultural factors. This study addresses this gap by analyzing public opinion in 21 countries, including the US and 20 European countries. Specifically, this study examines the impact of predispositional and cultural values on public support for nanotechnology, with the mediating roles of moral judgment and risk perception accounted for. This study also looks into the dynamics between cultural values and predispositional values; that is, how cultural values may moderate the effects of predispositional values in affecting attitudes toward nanotechnology. The results indicate that people rely on "information shortcuts," such as confidence and religious belief, for decision making. Individual-level factors still play an important role in shaping public attitudes even after country-level factors are controlled. Furthermore, aggregate cultural values provide people with important "mental programs" to interpret nanotechnology. They explain why people in different cultures have different moral and risk perceptions. However, most of the cultural values do not affect public support directly, suggesting that public support is contingent greatly on the core characteristics of nanotechnology, such as its usefulness, risk, and moral acceptability, which, in turn, is influenced by personal beliefs and cultural givens. The results also suggest that people in different cultures respond to survey questions in different manners. People living in cultures emphasizing uncertainty avoidance and individualism are more likely to provide substantive answers. Conversely, those living in cultures emphasizing masculinity have a higher chance of answering "don't know." In addition to these cultural factors, the lack of knowledge, ambivalence, and attitudes toward other controversial technologies at the personal level are also found to affect people's ability to provide substantive answers. These findings have significant implications for cross-cultural communication and risk communication with respect to emerging technologies.

Since 1980, the recruitment of teachers in many countries has followed a systematic certification procedure, i.e. a selection procedure according to criteria set by the State which are considered the minimum qualification for entrance into the profession. The term used in the last few years to define the desired level of qualification of teachers is competence. The purpose of this article is two-fold: a) to review the relevant literature and research in order to record those qualifications that ensure teachers' pedagogical competence at international level, and b) to present the Greek case--a State that evaluates teachers' pedagogical competence before they become a part of the teaching profession--in order to reveal the strengths and limitations of this evaluation process. In brief, assessing teachers' pedagogical competence is a difficult and complex procedure, as competence is ensured through the acquisition of multiple--in terms of amplitude and content--qualifications. Assessing the acquisition of these qualifications is based, to a great extent, on the procedures followed and the practices of evaluation adopted. Given that contemporary research has triggered a relevant discussion in a context of pedagogical knowledge that secures pedagogical competence, assessing the acquisition of this knowledge is, to a certain degree, possible. The evaluation of pedagogical and teaching skills and opinions is more difficult, and the monitoring of viewpoints, attitudes and beliefs, as well as capabilities, is even more difficult.

Abstract in spanish Con la intención de prevenir conflictos en el acto médico y desde el punto de vista bioético, éste, el manejo paliativo y de la muerte digna; situaciones que pueden ser fuente de demandas entre el paciente y el médico. Sostenemos que la actitud y aptitud del médico, del paciente, su familia, amigos y representantes legales, con apertura y honestidad, pueden prevenir la gran mayoría de las causas de conflicto y evitar las consecuencias del mismo entre los profesiona (more) les de la salud y los enfermos. La prevención es posible si hay buena voluntad y conocimiento de normas, leyes, usos y sentido común. Abstract in english We reviewed from a bioethical perspective and attempting prevention of potential conflicts derived communication failure during medical practice, palliative treatments and dignified death in the institutional practice as well as general practice; most of conflicts related to patient-doctor relationship could de prevented. We propose an attitude and aptitude plus in deep knowledge of patient, family, friends and legal representatives in terms fully honest communication to (more) prevent most of conflicts and avoid its consequences against doctors and other health workers. Prevention is better and it depends of knowledge of norms, laws, general beliefs and common sense in this country and maybe others.

The present study proposed an Environmental Literacy Components Model to explain how environmental attitudes, environmental responsibility, environmental concern, and environmental knowledge as well as outdoor activities related to each other. A total of 1,345 university students responded to an environmental literacy survey (Kaplowitz and Levine in "Environ Educ Res" 11:143-160, 2005). The structural equation model revealed that high levels of environmental knowledge stimulate a university student's concern, attitudes, and personal responsibility toward environmental protection. More specifically, environmental knowledge was reported to be a significant predictor of environmental concern, attitudes, and responsibility. Environmental knowledge had significant indirect relationships with environmental attitudes and responsibility. Moreover, while attitudes toward the environment were found to be a significant determinant of environmental responsibility, environmental concern held significant association with attitudes toward the environment and outdoor activities. Findings promise to give clues for finding an answer to the question "how education for sustainability can be improved in higher education curricula?"

In efficacy trials male circumcision (MC) protected men against HIV infection. Planners need information relevant to MC programmes in practice. In 2008, we interviewed 2915 men and 4549 women aged 15-29 years in representative cluster samples in Botswana, Namibia and Swaziland, asking about socio-economic characteristics, knowledge and attitudes about HIV and MC and MC history. We tested finger prick blood samples for HIV. We calculated weighted frequencies of MC knowledge and attitudes, and MC history and HIV status. Multivariate analysis examined associations between MC and other variables and HIV status. In Botswana, 11% of young men reported MC, 28% in Namibia and 8% in Swaziland; mostly (75% in Botswana, 94% - mostly Herero - in Namibia and 68% in Swaziland) as infants or children. Overall, 6.5% were HIV positive (8.3% Botswana, 2.6% Namibia and 9.1% Swaziland). Taking other variables into account, circumcised men were as likely as uncircumcised men to be HIV positive. Nearly half of the uncircumcised young men planned to be circumcised; two-thirds of young men and women planned to have their sons circumcised. Some respondents had inaccurate beliefs and unhelpful views about MC and HIV, with variation between countries. Between 9 and 15% believed a circumcised man is fully protected against HIV; 20-26% believed men need not be tested for HIV before MC; 14-26% believed HIV-positive men who are circumcised cannot transmit the virus; and 8-34% thought it was "okay for a circumcised man to expect sex without a condom". Inaccurate perceptions about protection from MC could lead to risk compensation and reduce women's ability to negotiate safer sex. More efforts are needed to raise awareness about the limitations of MC protection, especially for women, and to study the interactions between MC roll out programmes and primary HIV prevention programmes. PMID:21933035

This article assesses which factors underpin public attitudes towards two recent and controversial foreign policy issues: Britain's involvement in the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. Using data from the 2005 and 2010 British Election Studies, it undertakes a statistical examination of which sociological and political factors are related to support for and opposition to British involvement in these conflicts. It shows that attitudes are structured both by social characteristics and by beliefs and evaluations rooted in domestic politics. The former include gender, age and ethnic group, while the latter include partisanship and newspaper readership. It demonstrates the need for further investigation of foreign policy attitudes among the British public.

Little is known about how criminal justice officials perceive fairness, efficacy or scope of sex offender registration and community notification procedures, despite their importance in implementing such policies. There is also scant literature regarding parole board members and their attitudes or approaches to their work. This study addresses both issues by examining the attitudes and beliefs regarding sex offender registration and community notification among members of state parole boards. Using a survey methodology, including the Community Attitudes Toward Sex Offenders (CATSO) scale (Church, Wakeman, Miller, Clements, & Sun, 2008), parole board members are shown to hold moderate views of the importance of such practices and to frequently question the efficacy and scope of registration...

We presented a case study of an empirical investigation using the Fishbein attitude model to reveal the underlying dimensions of people's perception of nuclear energy. We compared the belief structure of each sample, tried to reveal the most significant factors that influence the general attitudinal...

The Behavioral Health & Performance Element (BHP) is one of six elements within the .... a literal transcription of the messenger's beliefs, attitudes, and requests (Schwartz, 1994). ...... the Singapore Armed Forces (Lim & Klein, 2006). ... directly available for analysis, whereas for oral communications, speech to text would be ...

Beck, A. T.: The Development of Depression: A Cognitive Model. ... Beliefs, Attitudes and Human Affairs, Daryl J. Bem, Brooks/Cole, Monterey, Calif., 1970, pp. .... N.; and Krasnykh, I. G.: The Change in the Optical Density of Bone Tissue ...... Department of Administrative Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Conn., 1974.

This study investigated the effects of problem-based learning on students' beliefs about physics and physics learning and conceptual understanding of Newtonian mechanics. The study further examines the relationship between students' beliefs about physics and their conceptual understanding of mechanics concepts. Participants were 124 Turkish university students (PBL = 55, traditional = 69) enrolled in a calculus-based introductory physics class. Students' beliefs about physics and physics learning and their physics conceptual understanding were measured with the Colorado Learning Attitudes about Science Survey (CLASS) and the Force Concept Inventory (FCI), respectively. Repeated measures analysis of variance of how PBL influence beliefs and conceptual understanding were performed. The PBL group showed significantly higher conceptual learning gains in FCI than the traditional group. PBL approach showed no influence on students' beliefs about physics; both groups displayed similar beliefs. A significant positive correlation was found between beliefs and conceptual understanding. Students with more expert-like beliefs at the beginning of the semester were more likely to obtain higher conceptual understanding scores at the end of the semester. Suggestions are presented regarding the implementation of the PBL approach.

Objectives: Evaluate change in ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) and nurse's attitudes, beliefs post implementation of an evidence based practice (EBP) oral hygiene protocol. Methodology/design/setting: Descriptive pre and post test design in two critical care units in a Level One Trauma Community Hospital. Oral hygiene protocol data was reanalysed to examine effects in medical surgical and trauma subgroups. Outcome measures: Oral care practices, attitudes and beliefs among nurses, and VAP rates according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines. Results: Trauma rates increased from 6.4% to 10.0% (p=0.346), and medical/surgical rates decreased from 3.3% to 1.0% (p=0.042). Results revealed changes in nurses' beliefs regarding pre-admission colonisation (p=0.027) and havi...

Examines the effects of an instructional video on knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of high school students concerning Lyme disease. Results indicate a positive and sustained increase of students' knowledge as a result of the short intervention but show less positive results for the long-term effect on students' attitudes and behaviors. (Author/AEF)

Investigates the effect of anabolic steroid education on preadolescents' knowledge of and attitudes toward anabolic steroids with 35 male athletes. Information on psychological and physiological aspects of anabolic steroid use, weight training techniques, nutrition, social decision making, and self-esteem training were provided. Participants showed more knowledge of anabolic steroids and stronger attitudes against using them in the future. (MKA)

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination offers a unique opportunity for the primary prevention of cervical cancer. Studies suggest that knowledge and attitudes about the vaccine are likely to influence uptake. One limitation of most studies assessing HPV vaccine knowledge, attitudes and acceptability...

Previous research has suggested that invalidating childhood environments are positively related to the symptoms of eating disorders. However, it is unclear how childhood environments might impact upon the development of eating disorder symptoms. This study examined the relationship between parental invalidation and eating disorder-related attitudes in a nonclinical sample and tested the mediating effect of attitudes towards emotional expression. Two hundred women, with a mean age of 21?years, completed measures of invalidating childhood environments, attitudes towards emotional expression, and eating pathology. Eating concerns were positively associated with recollections of an invalidating parental environment. The belief that the expression of emotions is a sign of weakness fully mediated the relationship between childhood maternal invalidation and adult eating concern. Following replication and extension to a clinical sample, these results suggest that targeting the individual's attitude towards emotional expression might reduce eating attitudes among women who have experienced an invalidating childhood environment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association. PMID:22933402

This study explored how an educational intervention related to organ donation affected the knowledge and attitude of a randomized two group sample of baccalaureate nursing students. A convenience sample of 101 subjects in the experimental group and 83 subjects in the control group were asked to complete a pretest. One week later the experimental group attended a one hour education intervention. Two weeks after intervention the pretest questionnaire was administered as a post test to the experimental and control groups. The introduction of specific education strategies improved the attitudes and knowledge base of the experimental group. SPSS results indicated a 40% increase in knowledge and an 8.5% increase in attitudes in the experimental group. Post-intervention knowledge was the sole significant predictor of post-intervention attitude scores. Results support nurse educator's use of a short term educational intervention as a means to improve knowledge and attitudes towards donation among nursing students. PMID:22987836

The communication deals wit 9 plant species used as a traditional medicine and the application of indigenous beliefs, knowledge is concerned with their health care practices by the anamalai ills aborigines.

Understanding user attitudes is key to the design, development, and production of online and printed computer documentation. User needs for documentation can be addressed best by classifying users according to the attitudes they bring to computing, rather than by their computing knowledge or skill level only. Attitudes are reflected in all types of computer users including scientists, engineers, programmers, administrative assistants, and managers. Attitudes are independent of computing skill level and frequency of use; they apply equally to new users, casual users, or expert users. Identified are three user attitudes at Los Alamos: no-time-to-learn attitude - users simply want to get the job done and have no time to learn about the topic; want-to-learn attitude - users want to learn everything about a topic; know-what-I-want attitude - users are already familiar with similar computing topics and know what information they need.

The purpose of this study was to determine the beliefs about biological evolution held by college freshman students in one Catholic university in the Philippines. After 4 weeks of constructivist-inspired instruction, interviews and journal entries revealed that the students have diverse beliefs about the theory of evolution. They posited rejection, acceptance or doubt about the evolutionary theory based on their scientific and theological beliefs, perceptions about the evidence of evolution and misconceptions about evolutionary theory, in particular, human evolution. Based on the results, it is discerned that there indeed is a clear interaction between science and religion in the teaching and learning of science. The authors also conclude that students' current worldviews, in the form of attitudes and beliefs, affect how they understand concepts.

Global climate change modelling has identified south-east Australia as a 'hot spot' for more frequent climatic extremes. Rural landholders may be vulnerable to the risks climate change presents. Australia's rural landholders are considered highly adaptable, with a history of responding to climatic uncertainty and variability. Yet it is possible that some of their adaptations will not be effective in reducing vulnerability, and may have downstream impacts. Rural landholder decision making is complex, and this is one of a limited number of papers examining rural landholder responses to climate change and the factors influencing their decisions. Data were gathered using semi-structured interviews and a mail survey of rural landholders in two districts. Established socio-psychological scales were employed to measure beliefs, values and attitudes that are expected to shape landholder behaviour. Most of the rural landholders surveyed were not climate change 'deniers' with 70% agreeing that the climate is changing and that human activity is a major influence. Climate change was nominated as an influence on six adaptive behaviours by 50% or more of survey respondents. However, there were no significant relationships between belief in climate change and adaptive actions. Personal values and worldviews were found to be the most frequent factors linked to adaptive behaviour. These findings illustrate the complex nature of rural landholder decision making: suggesting that many rural landholders do not need convincing of the existence of climate change; and that efforts to motivate rural landholders to respond to climate change risks should be based on sound knowledge of their values and worldviews. PMID:22982250

AHMED A. & EL GUINDY S.R. (2011) Breastfeeding knowledge and attitudes among Egyptian baccalaureate students. International Nursing Review58, 372-378 Aim:- To assess the breastfeeding knowledge, attitudes and perceived adequacy of breastfeeding education among baccalaureate nursing students in Cairo, Egypt. Self-confidence to provide breastfeeding support for mothers was also investigated. Background:- Nurses play a crucial role in promoting breastfeeding. Studies in Western countries have found inadequate breastfeeding knowledge among undergraduate nursing students. No published literature about breastfeeding knowledge and attitudes among nursing students in Egypt was found. Method:- An exploratory descriptive study used a sample of 110 baccalaureate nursing students from Cairo, Egypt. St...

In young adults, preparedness to accept improbable events as planned rather than due to chance is predictive of the level of belief in the paranormal, possibly underpinned by lower intelligence levels (Musch and Ehrenberg, 2002). The present study, using a sample of 73 older participants aged 60-84 years failed to find any relationship between age, intelligence, probability knowledge, and belief in the paranormal. The findings further question the assumptions that studies on knowledge and belief in younger adults can be unquestioningly transposed onto older adults. An explanatory model of the findings is presented.

Abstract in spanish OBJETIVO: Explorar los conocimientos, las creencias, las percepciones y las actitudes sobre la tuberculosis (TB) en un grupo de alto riesgo en Ecuador. Se abarcaron los signos y síntomas, la causalidad, la transmisión, el tratamiento, la adhesión al tratamiento, el impacto en el estilo de vida y el desempeño de funciones, y el estigma. MÉTODOS: Para el estudio se seleccionó una muestra de conveniencia de 212 adultos en proceso de diagnóstico de TB en una instituci? (more) ?n pública de salud de Quito, Ecuador. Los datos de los participantes se obtuvieron en entrevistas presenciales mediante una encuesta estructurada que contenía preguntas cerradas y abiertas. Se aplicó el análisis de contenido para procesar los datos cualitativos y se emplearon pruebas estadísticas descriptivas y bifactoriales para el análisis cuantitativo. RESULTADOS: La mayoría de los participantes estaban familiarizados con la TB, algunas de sus características y aspectos de su tratamiento. Sin embargo, muchos mantenían errores conceptuales o carecían de conocimientos clave que podrían influir negativamente sobre el diagnóstico temprano, el tratamiento y la adhesión al tratamiento, y por ende facilitaría la diseminación de la enfermedad. El nivel educacional de la persona fue el principal factor individual de predicción de los conocimientos, las creencias, las percepciones y las actitudes, seguido del sexo, la edad y las experiencias previas con la enfermedad. Las personas vinculaban la TB con numerosas consecuencias adversas, tanto para la salud y la economía personal, como psicológicas y sociales, incluida la estigmatización. A pesar de que al ser entrevistados ninguno sabía si tenía TB, muchos dijeron sentirse estigmatizados solo por someterse a la prueba. Los participantes reconocieron una gran necesidad de oportunidades educativas formales para aprender sobre la prevención y el control de la TB, pero tendrían poco acceso a ellas. CONCLUSIONES: Estos resultados destacan la necesidad de aumentar el acceso de la población a la educación sobre TB. La educación sanitaria y la mercadotecnia social dirigidas a aumentar los conocimientos sobre la TB y a cambiar las percepciones y actitudes podrían contribuir a mejorar el diagnóstico, la adhesión al tratamiento, la prevención y la disminución del estigma. Esto se podría lograr si la infraestructura de salud pública se adecuara a estas necesidades. Abstract in english OBJECTIVE: To explore knowledge, beliefs, perceptions, and attitudes about tuberculosis (TB) in a high-risk group in Ecuador. This included signs and symptoms, causation, transmission, treatment, treatment adherence, impact on lifestyle and role functioning, and stigma. METHODS: A convenience sample of 212 adults undergoing diagnostic TB testing at a public health facility in Quito, Ecuador, was recruited for the study. Data were collected from subjects during face-to-fac (more) e interviews using a structured instrument containing closed and open-ended questions. Descriptive and bivariate statistics were used for quantitative analyses; content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. RESULTS: Most subjects were familiar with TB and some of its characteristics and treatment aspects. However, many also held misconceptions or lacked key knowledge which could adversely affect early diagnosis and treatment and adherence to treatment, and thereby allow the disease to spread. Subject education was the single most important predictor of knowledge, beliefs, perceptions, and attitudes followed by gender, age, and prior disease experience. The subjects linked TB to multiple adverse health, economic, psychological, and social consequences, including stigma. Although none knew if they had TB when interviewed, many reported feeling stigmatized just by being tested. The subjects identified a strong need for formal educational opportunities to learn about TB prevention and control but had little access to these. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings highlight a need for enhanced population access to TB education. Health education and social marketing directed toward increasing TB knowledge and changing perceptions and attitudes could ultimately contribute to improved early diagnosis, treatment adherence, prevention, and decreased stigma. This could be accomplished providing that the public health infrastructure is adequate to meet demands.

Abstract in spanish OBJETIVO: Obtener información de base sobre los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas relacionados con la donación voluntaria de sangre, así como la capacidad instalada de los bancos de sangre para la atención de donantes. MÉTODOS: El estudio se realizó en 15 países de la Región: Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panamá, Paraguay, Perú, República Dominicana y Venezuela, con la cooperación técn (more) ica de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud, oficina regional de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se utilizó una metodología formativa cualitativa mediante entrevistas a donantes, público en general y personal de salud, así como observación directa, grupos focales, pruebas de conocimientos y revisión documental. RESULTADOS: Se identificaron el conocimiento de las personas sobre la donación, sus creencias, percepciones y actitudes, sus barreras y motivaciones, al igual que los medios más eficaces para transmitir el mensaje a favor de la donación voluntaria. CONCLUSIONES: Esta información servirá como base para diseñar una estrategia en los países encaminada a promover la captación y lealtad de los donantes voluntarios de sangre. Esta estrategia podrá ser el sustento para llevar a la práctica los cambios necesarios en la atención y motivar a los donantes a regresar con regularidad a donar sangre. Abstract in english OBJECTIVE: To obtain baseline data for countries of the Americas on knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to voluntary blood donation as well as on the current level and quality of services that blood banks provide to donors. METHODS: The study was conducted in 15 countries in the Americas: Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuela. Technical coop (more) eration for the study came from the Pan American Health Organization. A qualitative formative methodology was applied, utilizing interviews with donors, health workers, and members of the general public; direct observation; focus groups; knowledge tests; and a review of documents. RESULTS: Information was generated on people's knowledge of donation; their beliefs, perceptions, attitudes, and motivations; and their barriers to donating. Knowledge was also gained as to the best means for disseminating messages supporting voluntary donation. CONCLUSIONS: This information will serve as a foundation for designing a strategy in the countries of the Americas that is aimed at establishing and building the loyalty of voluntary blood donors. This strategy can support the implementation of changes needed in the care of donors, and it can also help in motivating donors to regularly return to donate blood.

How can empirical evidence of adverse effects from exposure to noxious agents, which is often incomplete and uncertain, be used most appropriately to protect human health? We examine several important questions on the best uses of empirical evidence in regulatory risk management decision-making raised by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)'s science-policy concerning uncertainty and variability in human health risk assessment. In our view, the US EPA (and other agencies that have adopted similar views of risk management) can often improve decision-making by decreasing reliance on default values and assumptions, particularly when causation is uncertain. This can be achieved by more fully exploiting decision-theoretic methods and criteria that explicitly account for uncertain, possibly conflicting scientific beliefs and that can be fully studied by advocates and adversaries of a policy choice, in administrative decision-making involving risk assessment. The substitution of decision-theoretic frameworks for default assumption-driven policies also allows stakeholder attitudes toward risk to be incorporated into policy debates, so that the public and risk managers can more explicitly identify the roles of risk-aversion or other attitudes toward risk and uncertainty in policy recommendations. Decision theory provides a sound scientific way explicitly to account for new knowledge and its effects on eventual policy choices. Although these improvements can complicate regulatory analyses, simplifying default assumptions can create substantial costs to society and can prematurely cut off consideration of new scientific insights (e.g., possible beneficial health effects from exposure to sufficiently low 'hormetic' doses of some agents). In many cases, the administrative burden of applying decision-analytic methods is likely to be more than offset by improved effectiveness of regulations in achieving desired goals. Because many foreign jurisdictions adopt US EPA reasoning and methods of risk analysis, it may be especially valuable to incorporate decision-theoretic principles that transcend local differences among jurisdictions. PMID:16459712

Previous studies have demonstrated that university students hold several paranormal beliefs and that paranormal beliefs can be best explained with core knowledge confusions. The aim of this study was to explore to what extent university students confuse the core ontological attributes of lifeless material objects (e.g. a house, a stone), living organisms (e.g. plants), and mental states (e.g., thoughts); whether some core knowledge confusions are more common than others; whether the confusions differ between students from different fields of study, and to replicate the finding that paranormal beliefs increase together with core knowledge confusions. The results showed that half of the participants considered at least four, and one quarter of the participants considered 8-30 confusion statements to be literally true and that the confusions were strongly and positively associated with the amount of paranormal beliefs. The findings indicate that university education does not abolish the misconceptions that characterize children's thinking.

This research breaks ground toward a revised theory of how collective environmental identity is associated with pro-environmental behaviors. My research comprises three activities that examined the experiences of three groups of people who claim zoo visiting as an important part of their life-story. The three studied groups were; conservation biologists who describe zoo experiences as having significant formative role in their childhood development of environmental values; parents who prioritize zoo visits as an important cultural experiences for their children; and a active zoo volunteers. This research also investigated whether the group experiences these participants had at zoos contributed to the value these people place on their current collective and environmental identities. Field conservationists' interest in learning from animals was validated by parents who also valued education and helped these children develop identities that included other animals in their scope of justice. Parents used zoos instrumentally to promote caring for others as a skill that will serve their children's socio-political future as part of human society. In both cases, these experiences appeared to be shaped around developing attitudes that would include animals in these children's scope of justice in later life. Zoo volunteers included animals in their scope of justice, believing that other species were also important sources of for their knowledge development. Shared positive attitudes toward animals were central to volunteers feeling part of a community and contributing to their collective self-esteem. The group may serve a restorative function in their lives, allowing them to take on a more activist role in society, seeking to promote social norms that are more inclusive of animal rights, and helping them to change their behaviors toward more environmentally responsible ends. This research contributes to the understanding of the theory of planned behavior and the values/beliefs/norms theory by demonstrating that pro-environmental behavior may originate with parenting activities in out-of-home cultural institutions like zoos, and is associated with involvement in social groups at later points in the life-course. It demonstrates that sharing a collective identity like that of a zoo volunteer is associated with engaging in pro-environmental behaviors even before those beliefs and values are fully understood. Although the contribution of parenting and group activity to pro-environmental behaviors demonstrated in this research was small, these results do suggest that focusing on out-of-home support for parents teaching social skills through animal based experiences, and support of activities that promote group attachment for environmentally concerned citizens, may be a possible strategies to advance more environmentally responsible behavior in society for both the short and long term.

Black (1979) writes about the inextricable interrelationships among language, perception, knowledge, experience and metaphor. An extension of this, grounded in Wittgenstein's (1953) notion of the symbolic, experiential basis of first language, is the view that metaphors are windows into this primitive, personal framework. The purpose of this paper is to take an exploratory look at preservice teachers' metaphors of teaching and learning and to examine some components of student teachers' own intuitions in this area. In this study, a questionnaire was administered to one hundred and fifty-one science education students at the beginning of their preservice training on which they were challenged to generate a personal metaphor for teaching and learning. Descriptive elements within the responses were differentiated and applied to the development of a classification scheme. Both the technique and the categorization are seen as useful devices for the identification of common conceptions about the teaching and learning process. The metaphors have been seen to communicate a richness of meaning which convey elements of mood, control, roles, attitudes and beliefs as they apply to teaching and learning and which, it is argued here, are grounded on more deeply rooted symbols than literal language. In the light of constructivist pedagogy, the elicitation of students' preconceptions is seen to be germane to the organization of learning experiences.Received: 27 June 1993; Revised: 2 August 1994;

Abstract in portuguese Para contextualizar o debate entre a visão mentalista tradicional e o behaviorismo radical acerca das concepções de causa e explicação no discurso coloquial e filosófico, o presente artigo revisa e comenta criticamente a teoria da ação de Peter Strawson, baseada em supostas ligações indissociáveis entre os conceitos de crença, atitude e desejo. Considerando que tais termos se referem a complexos processos comportamentais, tenta-se mostrar que eles podem ser co (more) ncebidos como fenômenos naturais e que exprimem relações funcionais entre regras, comportamento operante e operações estabelecedoras. Com isso, busca-se desmontar a distinção de Strawson entre os conceitos de causa e explicação. A ênfase é que, para o behaviorismo radical, o fato crucial é que nas contingências que promovem o conhecimento, não há nada além de estímulos e respostas, posto que não incluem processos mediadores. Abstract in english To contextualize the disagreement between the traditional mentalistic assumption and radical behaviorism about the concepts of causation and explanation, this paper presents a review and a critical analysis of Peter Strawson's action theory, based in supposed links between the concepts of belief, attitude, and desire. Such concepts can be seen as complex behavioral processes and as natural phenomena which involve functional relations between rules, operant behavior and es (more) tablishing operations. We try to eliminate the Strawson's distinction between causation and explanation. Our gist is that for radical behaviorism the important fact is that contingencies which promote the knowledge involve nothing more than stimuli and responses, without mediating processes.

Tobacco is a major preventable cause of premature morbidity and mortality. Health professionals are uniquely positioned to provide targeted interventions and should be empowered to provide cessation counselling that influence patient smoking. A cross-sectional national survey was administered to all third year students in four disciplines at the University of Malta. The Global Health Professional Student Survey (GHPSS) questionnaire was distributed to collect standardised demographic, smoking prevalence, behavioural, and attitudinal data. 81.9% completed the questionnaire (n = 173/211). A positive significant association between tobacco smoke exposure at home and current smoking status was identified. Non-smokers regarded anti-tobacco policies more favourably than smokers, being more likely to agree with banning of tobacco sales to adolescents (OR 3.6; 95% CI: 2.5-5.3; p ? 0.001); and with a smoking ban in all public places (OR 8.9; 95% CI: 6.1-13.1; p ? 0.001). Non-smokers favoured a role for health professionals in promoting smoking cessation (OR 5.1; 95% CI: 3.1-8.5; p ? 0.001). Knowledge of antidepressants as tools for smoking cessation was also associated with a perceived role for skilled health professionals in cessation counselling (OR 4.9; 95% CI: 1.8-13.3; p = 0.002). Smoking negatively influences beliefs and attitudes of students toward tobacco control. There is a need to adopt a standard undergraduate curriculum containing comprehensive tobacco prevention and cessation training to improve their effectiveness as role models. PMID:22851959

In a 1995 pivotal study, Kushner described the attitudes, practice behaviors, and barriers to the delivery of nutrition counseling by primary care physicians. This article recognized nutrition and dietary counseling as key components in the delivery of preventive services by primary care physicians. Kushner called for a multifaceted approach to change physicians' counseling practices. The prevailing belief today is that little has changed. Healthy People 2010 and the U.S. Preventive Task Force identify the need for physicians to address nutrition with patients. The 2010 objective was to increase to 75% the proportion of office visits that included ordering or providing diet counseling for patients with a diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, or hypertension. At the midcourse review, the proportion actually declined from 42% to 40%. Primary care physicians continue to believe that providing nutrition counseling is within their realm of responsibility. Yet the gap remains between the proportion of patients who physicians believe would benefit from nutrition counseling and those who receive it from their primary care physician or are referred to dietitians and other healthcare professionals. The barriers cited in recent years continue to be those listed by Kushner: lack of time and compensation and, to a lesser extent, lack of knowledge and resources. The 2010 Surgeon General's Vision for a Healthy and Fit Nation and First Lady Obama's "Let's Move Campaign" spotlight the need for counseling adults and children on diet and physical activity. PMID:20962310

Basic research and programs in substance abuse dealing directly with rural and small town populations lag far behind those aimed at urban groups, in both quality and quantity. A study was conducted to identify factors related to substance use by a preadolescent and early adolescent rural and small town population. Data were collected from 496 middle school students in rural Northern Michigan during October, 1981. Student responses concerning drug knowledge, personal drug use, peer drug use, moral issues, and drug health beliefs and attitudes were analyzed. The results of the survey suggest that a multitude of mood-modifying substances are being used by the early adolescents studied. Age was found to be the most important single indicator of drug use, but sex differences were also found to be related to drug use. A steady increase was found for alcohol and cigarette use in this sample with respect to age, while marihuana consumption increased significantly betwen the seventh and eighth grades. Sex was an important variable when related to the use or non-use and to the extent of use of certain drug substances. Girls reported more substance use than boys, possibly due to the earlier maturation of girls. Because drug use behaviors in general are perceived as "adult" behaviors by adolescents, usage increases as peer group expectations of adult behaviors increase. These results suggest that sex and grade level strongly influence an individual's decision to use a particular substance. (NB)

This study investigates components of eating attitudes in a sample of Belizean schoolgirls and argues for separate analysis of eating beliefs and eating behaviors using the EAT-26 in populations undergoing rapid cultural change. The EAT-26 was utilized in a novel manner, preserving the ethnographic and empirical distinction between belief and behavior components of eating attitudes. Participants included a sample of secondary schoolgirls (n = 80) undergoing acculturative stress. Participants reported more disordered eating beliefs than behaviors. Respondents having higher belief scores than behavior scores were more likely to prefer thinner body build and to be concerned about boys' assessments of their bodies. Girls with higher behavior scores were less likely to report eating when hungry and stopping when full. In conclusion, discriminant validity was found between attitudinal and behavioral aspects of the EAT-26 as evidenced by face validity and patterns in predicting body image preference and desired weight change. Such a distinction has implications for assessing risk for disordered eating among populations undergoing acculturative stress. Among such populations, while behavioral symptoms might be absent or present in subclinical levels, disordered beliefs associated with psychological distress or potential precursors to eating-disordered behavior might be detected and should be investigated further. PMID:19763800

The purpose of this research was to collect, analyze, and summarize all of the nuclear power-related surveys conducted in the United States through June 1981, that we could obtain. The surveys collected were national, statewide, and areawide in scope. Slightly over 100 surveys were collected for an earlier, similar effort carried out in 1977. About 130 new surveys were added to the earlier survey data. Thus, about 230 surveys were screened for inclusion in this report. Because of space limitations, national surveys were used most frequently in this report, followed distantly by state surveys. In drawing our conclusions about public beliefs and attitudes toward nuclear power, we placed most of our confidence in survey questions that were used by national polling firms at several points in time. A summary of the research findings is presented, beginning with general attitudes toward nuclear power, followed by a summary of beliefs and attitudes about nuclear power issues, and ended by a summary of beliefs and attitudes regarding more general energy issues.

This paper presents a model for the type of classroom environment believed to facilitate scientific conceptual change. A survey based on this model contains items about students' motivational beliefs, their study approach and their perceptions of their teacher's actions and learning goal orientation. Results obtained from factor analyses, correlations and analyses of variance, based on responses from 113 students, suggest that an empowering interpersonal teacher-student relationship is related to a deep approach to learning, a positive attitude to science, and positive self-efficacy beliefs, and may be increased by a constructivist approach to teaching.

Empirical research has found that exposure to specific fictional narratives exerts significant effects on attitudes and beliefs. However, there is little research about the persuasive impact of controversial movies. We present an experimental research study designed to analyze the attitudinal impact of one controversial film (Camino), according to narrative persuasion theoretical models. Because of its critical message toward Opus Dei, this film triggered some controversy in Spain during its release. The results reveal that the experimental exposure to the movie induced negative opinions toward Opus Dei and religion, and weakened the relationship between political self-positioning and the aforementioned beliefs. Furthermore, the attitudinal impact was mediated by identification with the pr...

A sample of 187 female students, attending a sixth-form study day on religious studies, completed a questionnaire containing four scales concerned with assessing: attitude towards theistic religion, attitude towards science, scientism and creationism. The data demonstrated a negative correlation between attitude towards religion and attitude towards science. However, this negative correlation was transformed into a positive correlation after taking into account individual differences in the students' views about scientism and creationism. The implications of this finding are discussed in the context of the increasing support within society for the teaching of alternatives to evolution within the science curriculum. The authors argue both that it is important to challenge scientism by developing a better understanding of the role and limits of scientific methods, and that religious belief about creation should be recognised as essentially a claim about the ontological dependence of nature rather than about the details of its origins and development. (Contains 3 tables.)

Objective To investigate the prevailing attitudes towards mental health help-seeking in Europe, their correlates, and whether these attitudes are associated with actual service use for mental health problems. Method Data were derived from the European Study of Epidemiology of Mental Disorders, a survey representative of the adult population of six countries: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain (n?=?8,796). The World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used to assess attitudes and DSM-IV diagnoses. The attitudes referred to beliefs that the respondents would seek professional help when faced with a serious emotional problem, would feel comfortable talking about personal problems with a professional, would not be embarrassed if friends knew a...

Teacher knowledge guides a teacher's behaviour in the classroom. Teacher knowledge for technology education is generally assumed to play an important role in affecting pupils' learning in technology. There are an abundant number of teacher knowledge models that visualise different domains of teacher knowledge, but clear empirical evidence on how these domains interact is lacking. Insights into the interaction of teacher knowledge domains could be useful for teacher training. In this study, the hypothesised relations between different domains of teacher knowledge for technology education in primary schools were empirically investigated. Subject matter knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge, attitude, and self-efficacy were measured with tests and questionnaires. Results from a path analysis showed that subject matter knowledge is an important prerequisite for both pedagogical content knowledge and self-efficacy. Subsequently, teachers' self-efficacy was found to have a strong influence on teachers' attitude towards technology. Based on the findings in this study, it is recommended that teacher training should first of all focus on the development of teachers' subject matter knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge. This knowledge will positively affect teachers' confidence in teaching and, in turn, their attitude towards the subject. More confidence in technology teaching and a more positive attitude are expected to increase the frequency of technology education, which consequently increases teaching experience and thereby stimulates the development of teachers' pedagogical content knowledge. This circle of positive reinforcement will eventually contribute to the quality of technology education in primary schools. (Contains 3 tables and 2 figures.)

Abstract Background:- Research on registered psychologists- knowledge of and attitudes toward Animal-Assisted Therapy (AAT) is virtually nonexistent. Aim:- To explore Australian psychologists' knowledge of and attitudes toward AAT. Materials and Methods:- This paper presents a thematic analysis of qualitative data collected from 9 psychologists speaking about AAT during individual interviews. Results:- The first research question explored psychologists- knowledge of AAT and identified 3 key themes: AAT use across the client lifespan in various health settings; training is inadequate; and efficacy studies are lacking. The second question exploring psychologists- attitudes towards AAT identified further themes: AAT enhances therapeutic relationships; AAT used purposefully or incidentally is ...

The purpose of this study was to translate the original version of the Epistemic Belief Inventory developed by Schraw, Bendixen, and Dunkle (2002) for pre-service teachers in a Turkish context and validate its construct. Studies on the epistemological beliefs of Turkish students have been heretofore limited in number and have been largely conducted using adapted versions of the Schommer (1990) instrument. First, the original questionnaire was translated from English to Turkish and then was scrutinized by experts in language, content, measurement, and evaluation. Then, the revised questionnaire was administered to 166 Turkish pre-service teachers. The results of exploratory factor analyses suggested 3 epistemological belief dimensions--quick learning, innate ability, and certain knowledge. The results of the study further revealed support for multidimensional theories of epistemological beliefs among pre-service teachers. In order to verify the results of the present study, further examination of pre-service teachers' epistemological belief systems is necessary. (Contains 2 tables and 1 figure.)

In the context of advanced instrumental learning, this study had two purposes: to investigate the relationships of epistemic beliefs to first-year music students' self-reported learning strategies in practising a musical instrument, and to examine the adaption of a measure of academic personal epistemology to the musical domain. One hundred and thirty music students (71 women and 59 men) from six music academies/conservatoires filled out questionnaires detailing their epistemic beliefs and strategy use. To some degree, the factor analysis showed cross-subject generalizability in the dimensions of epistemic beliefs in the music version of the original measure. The four dimensions found were: certainty of knowledge (alpha = 0.64); control of knowledge acquisition (alpha = 0.66); ambiguity of knowledge (alpha = 0.56); and simplicity of knowledge (alpha = 0.50). Beliefs about the control of knowledge acquisition and the simplicity of knowledge were significantly related to strategies, but the correlations were low. Gender and degree programme were also significantly related to epistemic beliefs. (Contains 3 tables.)

Abstract in spanish Introducción: los profesionales no sanitarios de centros hospitalarios representan un grupo de opinión importante, pues por el hecho de trabajar en un centro hospitalario su opinión tiene credibilidad entre la población, y sin embargo no tienen la preparación ni formación sanitaria en la mayoría de casos, lo cual hace que su actitud pueda estar basada en el desconocimiento o miedos no fundados. El objetivo es analizar la actitud hacia la donación hepática de vivo (more) de los profesionales no sanitarios de un hospital con programa de trasplante de órganos de cadáver y de donante vivo hepático, y analizar las variables que influyen en dicha actitud. Pacientes y método: muestra aleatoria y estratificada por servicio (n = 401) entre el personal no sanitario del hospital. La actitud se valoró mediante una encuesta validada en nuestro medio. Para su distribución se contactó en cada servicio con el representante del mismo al cual se le explicó el estudio y fue el responsable del reparto del cuestionario en los turnos seleccionados. La encuesta fue cumplimentada de forma anónima y autoadministrada. Estadística: test de Chi cuadrado, t de Student y análisis de regresión logística. Resultados: el grado de cumplimentación del cuestionario fue del 94% (n = 377). De los encuestados, el 20% (n = 74) está a favor de la donación de vivo de un hemi-hígado tanto relacionada como no relacionada, porcentaje que asciende hasta el 82% (n = 307) si la donación fuera relacionada. Del resto, el 8% (n = 30) no acepta dicha donación y el 11% (n = 40) restante está indeciso. Al analizar las variables que se relacionan con la actitud hacia la donación de vivo hepática se obtienen: la actitud hacia la donación de cadáver (p = 0,002), el creer el encuestado en la posibilidad de necesitar un trasplante en el futuro (p Abstract in english Introduction: ancillary hospital personnel represent an important body of opinion because as they work in a hospital their opinion has more credibility for the general public as a result of their activity in hospitals. However, in most cases they do not have any health care training which means that their attitude could be based on a lack of knowledge or unfounded fears. The objective of this study is to analyze the attitude toward living liver donation among ancillary pe (more) rsonnel in a hospital with a cadaveric and living liver organ transplant program and to analyze the variables that might influence such attitude. Patients and method: a random sample was taken which was stratified by service (n = 401) among ancillary personnel in the hospital. Attitude was evaluated using a survey that was validated in our geographical area. A representative from each service was contacted. This person was given an explanation of the study and was made responsible for the distribution of the questionnaire in selected work shifts. The survey was completed anonymously and was self-administered. The c2 test, Student's t-test and logistical regression analysis were used in the statistical analysis. Results: the questionnaire completion rate was 94% (n = 377). Of all the respondents, 20% (n = 74) are in favor of donating a living hemi-liver, but an additional 62% (n = 233) are in favor if donation is for a relative. Of the rest, 8% (n = 30) do not accept this type of donation and the remaining 11% (n = 40) are unsure. The following variables are related to attitude toward living liver donation: attitude toward cadaveric donation (p = 0.002); a respondent's belief that he or she might need a transplant in the future (p

Abstract Introduction. Workplace attitude, beliefs, and culture may impact the safety of patient care. This study characterized perceptions of safety culture in a nationwide sample of emergency medical services (EMS) agencies. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional survey involving 61 advanced life support EMS agencies in North America. We administered a modified version of the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ), a survey instrument measuring dimensions of workplace safety culture (Safety Climate, Teamwork Climate, Perceptions of Management, Job Satisfaction, Working Conditions, and Stress Recognition). We included full-time and part-time paramedics and emergency medical technicians. We determined the variation in safety culture scores across EMS agencies. Using hierarchical linear mode...

Abstract The present study examined public attitudes toward the sentencing, treatment, management, and perceived dangerousness of sex offenders. Seventy eight university undergraduates completed a 25 item attitude toward sex offenders survey developed for the present study, along with a five factor measure of personality (NEO Personality Inventory Revised), a demographic questionnaire, and the Paulhus Deception Scale, to control for social desirability. While participants most frequently endorsed the belief that sentences were not sufficiently severe, they tended to espouse treatment and risk management alternatives to longer sentences and eschewed exceptionally severe punishments (e.g., surgical castration). Participants estimated high rates of sexual recidivism (59%), although they also ...

This study investigated the attitudes, beliefs, and behavior of Canadian and American children in terms of television viewing of sports, preference for professional or amateur sport models, and proportion of violent to nonviolent television viewing. The written opinionnaire items used in the research determined: 1) demographic information on television viewing habits, 2) personal preferences on professional or amateur sports, and 3) television programs viewed, attitudes of children and parents toward these programs, and the effect of the programs on the children. Differences between Canadian and American children were demonstrated, as well as differences between males and females. Results of the survey are presented in tabular form. (JD)

...submitted to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB...understand the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of...influence target audience attitudes and behavior in a positive...interviews with public and healthcare 300 1 .25 75 professionals...Officer, Office of Management and Budget, at...

...review by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB...submitted to the Office of Management and Budget for review...Survey of Organ Donation Attitudes and Practices (OMB...Transplantation (DoT), Healthcare Systems Bureau, Health...knowledge of the public's attitudes and perceptions...

A new deterministic algorithm which estimates spacecraft attitude utilizing magnetometer data only is presented. This algorithm exploits the dynamic equations of motion to propagate attitude and thus requires knowledge of both internal and external torques, except in the special case of a spacecraft rotating with constant angular velocity. Preliminary results obtained for the uncontrolled Relay Mirror Experiment satellite utilizing real telemetry data are reported.

Abstract Williamson (1986) presents a troublesome example of the contingent a priori; troublesome, because it does not involve indexicals, and hence cannot be defused via the usual two-dimensional strategies. Here I explore how the example works, via an examination of crucial belief-forming method M, partly in response to Hawthorne (2002) and the questions there raised for `hyperreliable' belief-forming methods. I suggest that, when used to form a belief, M does its special work through creating a verifying state of affairs which guarantees the truth of the belief thus formed. This creative link can be said to account for the knowledge-conferring status of M. But it also provides us with a way to defuse the purported example of the contingent a priori. The knowledge at issue is only a prio...

This paper is concerned with energy use and conservation in the home in industrialized urban societies. The social factors affecting energy use and conservation behavior are discussed. Specifically, the relationships between attitudes, beliefs, intentions, and behavior are examined. A social survey carried out in Brisbane in June and July, 1977 demonstrated that some social factors were effective in influencing intentions towards energy-conserving practices, and patterns of energy-using behavior in the home, among the study population. The main factors influencing energy use and conservation behavior appeared to be socioeconomic status (income and education) and number of persons per household. Though the survey respondents were generally favorably oriented towards energy conservation, there was a general lack of correlation between beliefs and attitudes and energy-using behavior. The design, administration, results, and correlation analysis of the Brisbane results are presented. (MCW)

This study explores the beliefs and attitudes that university students enrolled in teacher education programmes in Spain, England and the US (Texas) hold about individuals who differ. A beliefs and attitudes toward difference scale (BATD) was constructed using nine dimensions of diversity; culture, language, socioeconomic status/social class, religion, gender, sexual orientation, political ideology, disability and special talent. A two-way factorial analysis of variance indicated significant main effects due to the respondent groups on culture, religion and sexual orientation; significant main effects of worldview of difference on political ideology; and no interaction between the two factors on each of the nine domains of difference. An exploratory factor analysis was also performed in or...

Elective abortion has become an issue of ethical and political debate in many countries including Mexico. As gynecologists are directly involved in the practice of abortion, it is important to know the psychological meaning that the term 'elective abortion' has for them. This study explores the psychological meaning and attitudes toward elective abortion of one hundred and twenty-three Mexican gynecologists. We used the semantic networks technique, which analyzed the words the participants associated with the term 'elective abortion'. The defining words most frequently used by participants implied a negative sanction. There were important differences by gender and religiosity: male gynecologists, as well as those with strong religious beliefs (mainly Catholics), revealed a more negative psychological meaning and more negative attitudes than females or physicians with weak religious beliefs. A contribution of the present study is that it highlights the importance of psychology to enhancing understanding of the issue of elective abortion. PMID:23170806

The content of violence within media has significantly increased over the years and has been approached using a diverse empirical research representation. Within these empirical attempts, the area of music violence has only been approached through the utilization of randomized experiments and thereby presses the need to explore the alternative empirical methodologies. In the present study, musical preference among undergraduate and adolescents was explored in its relation to behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs toward aggression. Participants were required to respond to a music preference questionnaire and the Music Violence Assessment (MVA) and the Normative Beliefs about Aggression Measure (NOBAG). Results suggest that there are strong relationships between music preference and attitudes, behaviors, and acceptance of aggression. Results also indicate that there are significant differences between the endorsement of aggression by adolescents and undergraduates. (Contains 14 tables.)

The hypothesis in this study was that different types of multiple-goal learners would have different patterns of learning. A sample of 797 adult distance learners enrolled in different programs offered by a distance learning university in Hong Kong completed a questionnaire assessing their goals, use of strategies, motivational beliefs, and attitudes towards the course they were doing. Two-stage cluster analyses found a group of single-goal learners (mastery focused) and three groups of multiple-goal learners with different focuses in their goal profiles: performance focus, work focus, and multiple focuses. These four clusters of learners differed in terms of use of learning strategies, regulatory strategies, motivational beliefs, and attitudes towards the course. Learners focusing on work-related goals or performance goals achieved better examination results than did those focusing on multiple goals or solely on mastery goals. (Contains 4 tables.)

We review recent anticipatory looking and violation-of-expectancy studies suggesting that infants and young preschoolers have spontaneous (implicit) understanding of mind despite their known problems until later in life on elicited (explicit) tests of false-belief reasoning. Straightforwardly differentiating spontaneous and elicited expressions of complex mental state understanding in relation to an implicit-explicit knowledge framework may be challenging; early action predictions may be based on behavior rules that are complementary to the mentalistic attributions under consideration. We discuss that the way forward for diagnosing early mentalism is to analyze whether young candidate mind-readers? visual orienting cohere across different belief-formation by belief-use combinations. Adopti...

Survey of 55 male and 32 female Mexican migrant workers found that respondents were knowledgeable about actual modes of HIV transmission but also believed in transmission in various unlikely ways; had limited knowledge of proper condom use; used condoms sometimes; and held few negative beliefs about condom use but felt that women carrying condoms are seen as promiscuous. (Author/SV)

Abstract in spanish El uso de plantas medicinales entre los pacientes nigerianos y la tendencia a combinarlas con los medicamentos alopáticos mientras están hospitalizados han ido en aumento. Anteriores estudios muestran que los farmacéuticos comunitarios de Nigeria creen que necesitan más formación para aconsejar pacientes en el uso de sus plantas medicinales. Objetivo: Evaluar el conocimiento, uso, aceptabilidad, actitudes y creencias de los farmacéuticos y médicos de hospital en el (more) Suroeste de Nigeria ante las plantas medicinales/fitoterapia/suplementos dietéticos (PM/FT/SD). Métodos: Se usó un cuestionario de 20 preguntas que incluía 8 de plantas medicinales para evaluar conocimiento de los médicos y farmacéuticos sobre la farmacología de PM/FT/SD. Mediante la prueba exacta de Fischer, se evaluaron los efectos de los datos demográficos tal como edad, sexo, año de graduación, años de experiencia y área de especialización, sobre las puntuaciones obtenidas. El nivel de significación se situó en p Abstract in english The use of herbal medicines among Nigerian patients and the tendency to combine this class of medicines with allopathic drugs while on hospital admission have been on the increase. Earlier studies show that community pharmacists from Nigeria believe that they need more training to counsel patients on their use of herbal medications. Objective: To evaluate knowledge base, use, acceptability, attitudes and beliefs of hospital pharmacists and physicians in South-western Nige (more) ria on herbal products / phytopharmaceuticals /dietary supplements (HP/PP/DS). Methods: A 20-odd questionnaire including an 8-item herbal medicine question was used to assess the knowledge of the physicians and pharmacists in the area of pharmacology of HP/PP/DS. Effects of demographic information such as age, sex, year post graduation, years of experience and area of specialization on the scores obtained were evaluated using Fisher?s exact tests. Level of significance was set at p

The Dempster-Shafer formalism allows us to update certainties (both beliefs and plausibilities) by taking into account indications from new knowledge sources. We show here that optical parallel Dempster's rule of combination computation is practical because all operations can be broken up into two which have previously been shown to be ideal for optics: vector outer product formation and spatial remapping. Easily available technologies lead us to a device capable of ~10(5) belief updates per second. PMID:20548475

Background: Malaria remains the most important public health problem in tropical and subtropical areas. Mothers' or caregivers' ability to recognize childhood malaria-related morbidity is crucial as knowledge, attitudes and health seeking behavior of caregivers towards childhood malaria could influe...

BACKGROUND: Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding antibiotic prescribing for upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) have not been well described among obstetrician-gynecologists (OB/GYNs). This information is useful for determining whether an OB/GYN-specific program promoting appropriate ...

Objectives: To determine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among specialists—that is, dermatologists, gynaecologists and urologists, and general practitioners (GPs) in Karachi, Pakistan.

...submitted to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for review...Assess audience knowledge, attitudes, behaviors and other characteristics...Healthcare Providers...Deputy Director for Science Management NIAID. [FR Doc....

...intention of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality...that the Office of Management and Budget (OMB...2009, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality...resources for data management and other research-related...knowledge, confidence or attitudes related to...

...AGENCY: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality...intention of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality...that the Office of Management and Budget (OMB...HICPAC Recommendations Healthcare Acquired Infections...staff knowledge of and attitudes toward KPC...

...under review by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in compliance...CDC Desk Officer, Office of Management and Budget, Washington...well-being, and knowledge, attitude, and behaviors; children...Congressionally-mandated reports on healthcare disparities and...

Aug 28, 1998 ... work and the attitudes which they hold ... for Best Practices in the Public Sector, Patricia Keehley, Steven Medlin,. Sue MacBride, ...... provide the itinerary, and share your knowledge ...... Rabies (Lvssa virus). None known ...

Teamwork is the cornerstone of rehabilitation medicine. Rehabilitation workers in European countries are well educated in their own disciplines and attain appropriate professional knowledge; however, they lack educational opportunities for acquiring skills and attitudes necessary for effective teamw...

...to evaluate the effectiveness of this training on provider behavior and/or patient outcome and the program's utility as a...terms of differential SBIRT-related knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, self-reported clinical practices, skills as...

OBJECTIVE: To describe Ontario emergency physicians' knowledge of colleagues' sexual involvement with patients and former patients, their own personal experience of such involvement, and their attitudes toward postvisit relationships. DESIGN: Mailed survey. SETTING: Ontario. PARTICIPANTS: Emergency ...

...tobacco use among adolescents (National...and private schools in grades 6-12...district-, and school-level administrators...the Family Smoking Prevention...products); knowledge and attitudes; media and...on access; school...

This study investigated how predictive the Cross Racial Identity Scale (CRIS; B. J. Vandiver, W. E. Cross, F. C. Worrell, & P. Fhagen-Smith, 2002), a measure of Black racial identity, was of African American cultural practices, beliefs, and attitudes (i.e., enculturation) as measured by the African American Acculturation Scale-33 (H. Landrine & E. Klonoff, 1995). Findings revealed that all but 1 of the CRIS subscales significantly predicted enculturation. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. (Contains 3 tables.)

In this study, the attitudes toward and beliefs about serious mental illness (SMI) held by a group of graduate social work students in the northwestern United States were examined. Mental health stigma was examined with relation to the following factors: participants' level of social contact with SMI populations, adherence to stereotypes about SMI populations, belief in the ability to recover from SMI, and the belief that SMI defines an individual's identity. Measures used to identify mental health stigma included the desire for social distance and restrictions with relation to the SMI population. Survey results from 71 graduate social work students found that a significant number of participants who engaged in friendships with SMI-diagnosed individuals had less desire for so...

The existence of free will has been both an enduring presumption of Western culture and a subject for debate across disciplines for millennia. However, little empirical evidence exists to support the almost unquestioned assumption that, in general, Westerners endorse the existence of free will. The few studies that measure belief in free will have methodological problems that likely resulted in underestimating the true extent of belief. Recently, Rakos et al. (Behavior and Social Issues 17:20â??????39, 2008) found a stronger endorsement of free will when demand characteristics were eliminated. The current study builds on this work by sampling incarcerated adolescents and adults, whose freedom to act is externally constrained. Belief in free will as well as attitudes toward punishment, sel...

Science and technology are an integral part of everyday life. Therefore it is necessary that the general population have some understanding and appreciation for science. Participating in activities that are science-related is one way a person could enhance their understanding and appreciation for science. According to the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the attitude and self-efficacy beliefs a person holds regarding an object or activity will influence behavioral intentions (Ajzen, 1991). Therefore, if science educators can have a positive influence on their students' attitude and sense of efficacy toward science, perhaps the result will be a populace who willingly participates in science-related activities, ultimately gaining a better understanding and appreciation for science. The present study examined the relationships between the classroom environment students experienced during a ten week period of introductory chemistry and their attitudes toward chemistry (and general science), chemistry self-efficacy, and intentions to participate in chemistry-related activities in the future. The participants of this study (N = 189) were Midwestern community college students enrolled in an introductory chemistry course. The efficacy scale of the Chemistry Attitude and Experiences Questionnaire (CAEQ) developed by Dalgety, Coll, and Jones (2003) was used to measure student chemistry self-efficacy. The attitude scale used in this study consisted of the attitude toward chemistry items of CAEQ and five additional items pertaining to general science attitude. The classroom environment scale was defined by two measures: (1) instructional pedagogies and (2) teacher immediacy behaviors. The items within the instructional pedagogies and teacher immediacy measures were based on previous research that focused on identifying teaching techniques and teacher attributes that were conducive to promoting an engaging, supportive classroom environment that would promote better attitude toward science and stronger science self-efficacy beliefs. Exploratory factor analysis of the attitude items revealed that students did not differentiate between general science attitude and chemistry attitude. Therefore, all twenty-six attitude items were combined into one attitude measure. Additionally, factor analysis revealed that the items designed to measure the separate dimensions of instructional pedagogies and teacher immediacy behavior both loaded highly on the same factor, resulting in the combing of these two sets of items into one measure of classroom environment. Structural equations modeling (SEM) analyses of the relationships between student perceptions of the classroom environment and their attitude, efficacy and intentions to participate in chemistry-related activities revealed that a positive classroom environment was associated with positive changes in both attitude toward chemistry/science and chemistry self-efficacy, as hypothesized. These analyses also supported the hypothesis that a positive change in chemistry self-efficacy beliefs mediated student intentions to participate in chemistry-related activities. However, the findings did not support the hypothesis that positive changes in attitude toward chemistry/science would mediate participation in chemistry-related activities.