Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Several proposals have been made on the method of calculating generation of formaldehyde released from plywood. In calculating generation per hour of a volatile organic compound of adhesives or coatings using a chamber method, such models are frequently used that the generation is largest when the specimen is exposed in the chamber and that the generation attenuates with lapse of time. In the meantime, a number of studies for calculating formaldehyde generation from construction materials are often those determining a specific quantity of generation in a stationary state, while few studies are the observation of time series variation from immediately after the exposure into the chamber. Accordingly, the subject studies used lauan plywood as the samples and examined the method of calculating the change with lapse of time of the formaldehyde generation. (translated by NEDO)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Authors already reported the integrated system so called SODAS (System Of Design and Assembling for Shipbuilding) which was based on product model concept. And products in shipbuilding industry today are not limited to ship structures alone. Therefore, it is desirable that a more global product model which can describe another products such as offshore structures should be considered. In this paper, a product model of offshore structures is discussed. Compared with the case of ship structures, the distinctive feature in the design stage of offshore structures lies in the initial design stage. Thus in this paper, some of the new model in initial design stage are introduced. Some of them are `Function Element Model` which expresses functional concept by designers. In the other design stage, product information such as `Room` and `Part` which were already introduced in SODAS are used effectively for a product model of offshore structures. By the use of product information such as ...

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The paper studied a possibility of estimating characteristics of coal liquefaction residue from liquefaction conditions in the case of fixing coal kind in the NEDOL process coal liquefaction PSU. Wyoming coal was used for the study, and the already proposed simplified liquefaction reaction models were used. Among material balances explained by the models, those of asphaltene, preasphaltene, THF insoluble matters are concerned with residue composition. Ash content is separately calculated from ash balance. Reaction velocity constants of simplified liquefaction reaction models which influence the residue composition were obtained by the multiple regression method from experimental results in the past. The estimation expression of residue viscosity was introduced from residue ash/composition. When the residue composition is estimated by the model from liquefaction conditions, and the residue viscosity is obtained using it, the higher the liquefaction temperature is, the higher the residue ...

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What utilizes the effect of electrohydrodynamical technique (EHD), as one of heat transfer augmentation methods, is methodically frequented and partially prepared to be put to practical use. Then, the heat transfer augmentation effect on nucleate boiling, utilizing the EHD effect, was both experimentally and theoretically studied from both the applicative and basic viewpoints. By adding fleon with 2wt% ethyl alcohol, higher in electric conductivity, in order to have the mitigation time of electric charge correspond to the bubbling frequency of bubble, the heat transfer augmentation was enabled to be about 8.5 times as high as that without impressing the electric field. As a result of observing the behavior of bubble in the electric field, was observed a phenomenon of bubble, moving from place to place, without ascending, on the plane electrode plate, by which could be found one of causes of the heat transfer augmentation. From analyzing the electric field around the bubble, it was ...

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Coal ash is a substance that has been mixed into minerals in the earth`s crust during their coalification process. Estimation was made on what kinds of mineral composition have been mixed into coals. Noted first was the kinds of compounds contained in the ash, wherein the ratios of mass in the compounds and minerals were correlated, and selection was made on minerals which are thought correlated. The selection criterion was based on minerals containing silica, alumina, iron oxide, lime and magnesium as compounds. Then, a phase equilibrium line diagram was used to estimate compositions and melting points of minerals which are thought to have been produced from these compounds. By comparing the estimation with the measured melting points of the ashes, mineral compositions thought reasonable were all selected. Assumption was possible on minerals that are thought to have been transferred into coal ash. Compound indications of ashes from 29 kinds of the world`s typical coals were replaced ...

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Single-electrode transient behavior was measured mainly during the discharging process for a model cell of electric double layer capacitor with nano-porous carbon electrodes and reference electrode. Apparent conductivity in the cell, which we call `effective conductivity,` is determined with approximation of current in transient behavior to a one-dimensional electrophoretic model. A comparison of effective conductivity with conductivity of bulk solution suggests an interesting mechanism of transfer of electrolyte ions. The difference in transient behavior between various electrolyte ions was not conspicuous in spite of distinctive differences in conductivity of each bulk solution. The large pore diameter of the carbon electrode results in rapid transient behavior and such an electrode should be suitable for rapid charge and discharge. The effect of origin of carbon electrode is found to be significant to bring considerable differences in discharge rate. However, the difference in ...

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This paper describes the comprehensive modeling method of fluid and heat flows in the hydrological system. Based upon the concept that the hydrological system is composed of the air-water 2-phase fluids, and the rock phase, various natural processes are modeled including surface/subsurface 2-phase mass transfer, heat exchanges between fluid phases, between fluid and solid phases, and sensible/latent heat exchanges on the ground surface. A field-oriented numerical simulator is developed, in which a set of governing equations is solved for different variables on the surface and in subsurface regions, respectively. Results of an experimental study are presented, in which transient formulation of heat exchange between fluid/solid phases is examined through matching of the observation and calculated performances. (author)

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In order to realize simultaneous reduction of NO{sub x} and Particulate emissions, effects of combustion chamber geometry were investigated in a high speed direct-injection diesel engine. The reentrant combustion chambers with different throat diameter were compared in terms of engine performance, combustion characteristics and emissions such as NO{sub x}, particulate and THC. The phenomena of combustion process were also observed with endoscopic high speed photography. The results showed that when the throat diameter of a reentrant combustion chamber was reduced to an extent, NO{sub x} and particulate decreased simultaneously due to retarded injection timing and the intensified squish. (author)

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It is necessary to establish scenarios for reducing CO2 emissions and for developing CO2 emission control technologies to obtain a global consensus, using appropriate analytical models. For modification of the DNE-21 (Dynamic New Earth 21) model, it has a category designated as innovative technologies not involving CO2 emission and an optional consideration for the absorption of atmospheric CO2 by biomass. A global carbon circulation model, including vegetation in its scope, is also incorporated. Major results of the simulation are shown. When 20% reduction in CO2 emissions is required for only OECD countries after the year 2020, it has been demonstrated that CO2 concentration in the atmosphere will reach as high as about 900 ppm in 2100 due to CO2 emission by developing countries, and will not be a tolerable level. Under the condition that CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is controlled at 450 ppm in 2100, the amount of renewable source of energy from photovoltaic power generation ...

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As an interim report on the study on vibration of transmission lines when gust is blowing, this paper introduces events of confused and other contacts between transmission lines, photographing of transmission line vibration, physical measurement on transmission line response, and development of simulation software. Events of confused contacts of high-voltage transmission lines with overhead ground wires have the following common conditions: gust blows nearly perpendicularly to the line direction; no obstacles exist in upwind directions; the wind blows upward or downward against high-voltage transmission lines; and size of the high-voltage transmission lines is 25 mm{sup 2}. According to photographs of transmission line vibration, it appears that gust caused a high-voltage transmission line on the upwind side to jump resulting in confused contact with the overhead ground wire. The physical measurement uses such devices as an image recording device, an anemometer, a tensimeter, an ...

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Experimental and numerical investigations were performed for the laminar burning velocity and the flame structure of laminar premixed CH{sub 4}/O{sub 2}/CO{sub 2} flames. Measurements of the laminar burning velocity were conducted by using a flame cone angle method for a circular nozzle burner. Numerical simulation was performed using one-dimensional plane flame code including radiation heat loss with an optically thin model. It was shown that the laminar burning velocity decrease with CO{sub 2} addition even though the adiabatic flame temperature is the same as that for CH{sub 4}/Air flames. The radiation heat loss is significant for the CH{sub 4}/O{sub 2}/CO{sub 2}, flames, and the flame temperature and laminar burning velocity decreases when the radiation heat loss is considered. Effects of thermal properties, radiation, and chemical reaction on the determination of the laminar burning velocity of CH{sub 4}/O{sub 2}/CO{sub 2} flames were discussed. (author)

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Experimental investigations are being conducted on a single-cylinder direct-injection diesel engine to examine the effects of combustion chamber specifications and swirl ratios on the heat release and transient heat transfer characteristics. Heat rejection was examined on the basis of heat release calculations using cylinder pressure time histories. Transient surface temperature data obtained from stationary locations in the piston and cylinder head were used as the basis for determining the transient heat flux rates. The results showed good agreement with the heat rejection calculated from cylinder pressure data and that transient heat flux in a piston cavity was reduced with the larger cavity diameter and a higher swirl ratio. On the other hand, a transient heat flux in a piston head was not changed by the cavity diameter and swirl ratio. 5 refs., 19 figs.

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Process solvent was hydrogenated in the brown coal liquefaction, to investigate the influence of it on the prethermal treatment and liquefaction. Consequently, it was found that the n-hexane soluble (HS) yield was improved. In this study, capacity of hydrogen transfer from solvent during prethermal treatment and effects of catalyst were investigated. Since prethermal treatment in oil was effective for improving the oil yield in the presence of hydrogen/catalyst or high hydrogen-donor solvent, influence of hydrogen-donor performance of solvent or addition of catalyst on the hydrogenation behavior of coal and the characteristics of products during prethermal treatment were investigated in relation to successive liquefaction results. As a result, it was found that the increase of HS yield was due to the acceleration of conversion of THF-insoluble using high hydrogen-donor solvent and/or by adding catalyst. It was also found that the use of high hydrogen-donor solvent and highly active ...

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In relation to coal liquefaction reaction, the effect of the coexistence of transferable hydrogen (TH) from process solvent on reduction of radical concentration and the effect of pre-heat treatment on average structure of coals were studied. In experiment, change in radical concentration with temperature rise was measured using the system composed of Yallourn coal and process solvent. The results are as follows. Process solvent with a wide boiling point range of 180-420{degree}C is effective in suppressing an increase in radical concentration even at higher temperature. The effect of hydrogen-donating solvent increases with TH. It was also suggested that high-boiling point constituents in solvent stabilize radicals even over 400{degree}C by vapor phase hydrogenation. The experimental results of pre-heat treatment are as follows. Although the conversion improvement effect of TH is equivalent to that of the model solvent, TH tends to produce soluble products with smaller ring numbers. ...

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Study was made on the city bus driven by the series hybrid system composed of a small ceramic gas turbine (100kW), generator and lead storage battery. Two driving modes were adopted, 10-driving mode and real driving mode assuming a certain bus route in Tokyo. The motor is driven mainly by generated power and additionally by battery power, however, the engine/generator system is controlled at an optimum operation point (driving mode and regenerating mode) with a maximum thermal efficiency considering depth of discharge. Design voltage of the battery had nearly no effect on fuel consumption, while its capacity as large as possible was desirable unless its weight has an adverse effect on the system. The real driving mode was lower in fuel consumption by 39% than the 10-driving mode. Since real fuel consumption is largely affected by recovery rate of regenerable energy, the operation point of the motor should be optimized according to driving mode. Fuel consumption at the real bus driving ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Industrial utilization of reaction mechanisms of microorganisms under anaerobic condition permits structuring energy saving type production processes. The present survey has investigated features of new microorganisms under anaerobic condition and the status of researches thereon inside and outside the country, and discussed their future applications. Chapter 1 compares anaerobic microorganisms and functions of microorganism under anaerobic condition with those aerobic to describe their general features, and describes the purpose of this survey and the summary of the investigations. Chapter 2 surveys the current status of technologies to utilize microorganisms under anaerobic condition. Chapter 3 outlines metabolic characteristics of the anaerobic microorganisms, and extracts functions effective for material production by different anaerobic microorganisms to describe their applicability. Chapter 4 evaluates the system classification for the anaerobic microorganisms utilizing the basic ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

With respect to concept of resolution in seismic exploration using the reflection method, detailed considerations were given on processes of forming the resolution as a result of arranging observation points at vibration transmitting and receiving points. In the discussion, numerical experiments were carried out, in which the scattering stacking process is applied in a model having one scatterer existing in homogeneous media. The experiments investigated an imaging formation process of the scatterer when arrangement of the vibration transmitting and receiving points were changed from a coarse condition to a dense condition while the number of transmitting and receiving points is being increased. Resolution is created if waveforms having finite frequencies are used as input, and the imaging is performed by utilizing the limited number of vibration receiving and transmitting points. If the concept of equi-travel plane is used under these conditions, the equi-travel planes perform ...

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In order to clarify the alkali-resistance of fibers to be utilized as reinforcing materials for concrete, such as glass fiber, Aramid fiber, and carbon fiber, accelerated aging tests in alkaline solution were conducted. In detail, the degree of degradation of the fracture strength and Young's modulus were investigated through static tensile strength tests after soaking in alkaline solution of these fibers and then the mechanism of degradation was examined by observation using a scanning electron microscope. The conclusion obtained was as follows. Glass fiber was easily degraded in the alkaline solution and the progress of degradation was simulated quantitatively by the method proposed in this paper, which was based on a diffusion theory. Both Aramid fiber and carbon fiber showed a significant alkali-resistance without degrading. The reaction of glass fiber with alkaline solution proceeded uniformly from the surface of glass fiber into the inner direction with passage of time. ...

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A unique method, previously proposed by the author, was applied to the heat transfer augmentation in the flow boiling field. In this method a screen sheet was put on the horizontal heated surface where bubble nucleation occurred. Generated vapor bubbles were trapped between the screen and the wall, became flat and moved along the surface. This restricted bubble behavior caused the heat transfer enhancement. Three types of the screen were tested in the present experiment and the effect of the screen was investigated on the heat transfer and two-phase flow characteristics. In two cases of them, the screen was displaced upward by the bubble nucleation. Compared with the ordinary flow boiling case, heat transfer was enhanced by a factor of 1.2 to 6 within the present experimental range. By using a simple flow model, it was made clear that the effect of the height of the displaced screen was important to evaluate the increase in pressure drop. (author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Investigations and studies are conducted seeking for a CO2 fixation method improved by utilizing the photosynthesizing function of higher vegetation. Details of higher vegetation genes are being disclosed thanks to the rapid progress of studies making use of molecular biological techniques, and the application of the genetic mechanism to scientific and technological fields is becoming increasingly feasible. In particular, the role of the CO2 fixation enzyme RuBisCO has been elucidated almost completely. It has been learned that, in terms of photosynthesizing capability, the C{sub 4} plants (corn etc.) are 2-3 times higher than the C{sub 3} plants (rice, wheat, etc.), and 5-10 times higher than the CAM plants (cactuses etc.). Studies are also under way about the rice genome so that a photosynthesizing capability so high as that of the C{sub 4} plants may be endowed the rice plant. The metabolism and control of useful substances produced in the CO2 fixation process etc. in the higher ...

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The Minami-Iwaki trunk line now under construction by Tokyo Electric Power Company is an UHV transmission line which covers 130km from the central region of the Abukuma highlands, Fukushima Prefecture, through the northern ridge of the Kanto Plain to Imaichi City, Tochigi Prefecture and has 235 steel towers. About 30% of the ground along the above route is mainly layers of sand and gravel. Accordingly it has become urgent to design rationally the pile foundations in the sand and gravel layers. Hence the company has studied an estimation method of the ultimate bearing power of cast-in-place piles penetrating the sand and gravel layers and the displacement of pile heads. In this report, the result of the above study is described. The company has so far used the equations in accordance to the Meyerhof equations for the estimations of the ultimate bearing power and this time, this equations have been examined for its application to the sand and gravel layers, and for designing the steel ...

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The liquefaction reaction system of an NEDOL process coal liquefaction 1t/d PSU was opened and checked to investigate the cause of the rise of differential pressure between liquefaction reactors of the PSU. The liquefaction test at a coal concentration of 50 wt% using Tanito Harum coal was conducted, and it was found that the differential pressure between reactors was on the increase. By the two-phase flow pressure loss method, deposition thickness of deposit in pipelines was estimated at 4.4mm at the time of end operation, which agreed with a measuring value obtained from a {gamma} ray. The rise of differential pressure was caused by deposit formation in pipelines connecting reactors. The main component of the deposit is calcite (CaCO3 60-70%) and is the same as the usual one. It is also the same type as the deposit on the reactor wall. Ca in coal ash is concerned with this. To withdraw solid matters deposited in the reactor, there are installed pipelines for the withdrawal at the ...

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With an objective to detect gas leaking from an underground gas pipeline, discussions have been given on a method which utilizes acoustic characteristics of leakage. On leaking sound generated from damaged portions, the form of damaging was hypothesized as pinholes, and spectra of leaking sounds from holes with different diameters were measured. The dominant frequency decreases as the hole diameter increases, while it is in a region of relatively high frequency of 1 kHz or higher. However, detection from the ground surface was impossible when cover soil has thickness from 0.5 to 1.5 m. In an experiment to measure leaking sound inside the pipe, pressure in the pipe was adjusted to 0.02 atm which is a standard pressure for a low-pressure pipe, and the sound was measured when the hole diameters were varied. In any of the results obtained by varying the hole diameter, spectra having the dominant frequency in the region of 1 kHz or higher were measured. In addition, it was found that sound ...

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Petropavlovsk-Kamchatky (P-K) city in Kamchatka, Russia is operating hot-water district heating using heavy oil boilers and waste hot water of thermal power plants as heat sources. Feasibility study was made on district heating using natural geothermal hot water and/or geothermal heat pump systems as heat sources of hot water supply for reduction of greenhouse effect gas emission. Among 3 areas including geothermal hot water, use of hot water in K area was impossible because of lower temperature and less spring water. Use of hot water in P and UP areas was impossible as primary hot water because of temperature drop to 64 degrees C during hot water supply toward P-K city. The building heating operation test was carried out using the geothermal heat pump system installed in a newly drilled heat exchange well of 100m deep. As a result, sufficient heat recovery was achieved for heating. If all of 49 boiler houses for heating are replaced with such geothermal heat pump systems, CO{sub 2} ...

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A new thin film manufacturing method is established to add a function to glass material surface, as a new material technology which harmonizes with global environment, and is suitable for resource re-utilization and energy conservation. It is intended to develop a leading technology to promote recycling of colored glasses by applying this technical method to colored glasses. Fiscal 1998 has implemented subsequently to fiscal 1997 the following subjects in the three research items composed of a new manufacturing method of functional thin films, application of the functional thin films to colored glasses, and the comprehensive investigative studies: establishment of an industrial manufacturing method for color coating liquid and evaluation of basic characteristics of the colored functional thin films, optimization of element technology for photo-sensitive gel films by means of chemically modifying metallic alkoxide, tests of forming films on glass bottles and plate glasses by using a ...