Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The two tank (125,000kl each) foundations under construction are as large as 85m in diameter, and the north-side tank is to be placed over a sharper slope. The tanks are greatly different in their height from the rockbed since they are to be placed at the same level. For reduction in construction cost and time, a pile foundation design is chosen as the basic concept for foundation construction. After an overall evaluation of stability upon exposure to seismic torsion and of the deformation characteristics of piles and concrete slabs, a total pile foundation design with rock debris replaced with crushed rock is determined to be the design to be adopted. Since the piles to be driven in are greatly different in length, error in the pile supporting force will be too grave under the conventional pile landing control system. Therefore, a high-accuracy pile landing control system is employed, established after a rapid load test in addition to the dynamic load test for the confirmation of the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In order to clarify the alkali-resistance of fibers to be utilized as reinforcing materials for concrete, such as glass fiber, Aramid fiber, and carbon fiber, accelerated aging tests in alkaline solution were conducted. In detail, the degree of degradation of the fracture strength and Young's modulus were investigated through static tensile strength tests after soaking in alkaline solution of these fibers and then the mechanism of degradation was examined by observation using a scanning electron microscope. The conclusion obtained was as follows. Glass fiber was easily degraded in the alkaline solution and the progress of degradation was simulated quantitatively by the method proposed in this paper, which was based on a diffusion theory. Both Aramid fiber and carbon fiber showed a significant alkali-resistance without degrading. The reaction of glass fiber with alkaline solution proceeded uniformly from the surface of glass fiber into the inner direction with passage of time. ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Effect of water injection/draining on elastic waves penetrating through cracks is examined by measuring elastic waves before, during, and after the injection/draining of water into/from cracks in presence in granite. Two blocks of rock, with their crack-containing surfaces in contact with each other, are placed in a vessel, and water injection/draining is done through a hole on a vessel bottom side so that water will penetrate into the cracks. When the blocks are dry, there is almost no contact between the cracks, and so no crack penetrating waves are observed. Crack penetrating waves are produced when water is injected, and the position of the receiver sensing the penetrating waves changes as the water level rises. When the water level is lowered from the high water level, the waveform changes again as the level changes. The change in waveform is not so remarkable, however, as that observed during water injection thanks to the water residual in the cracks. It is now inferred that ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The foundation is a key to safety of any structure built on reclaimed land in coastal areas. This paper gives examples of reclamation methods, ground improvement works, foundations adopted, and consequent land subsidence as for structures directly borne by the underlying ground. Structures built on the recently reclaimed land often stand on piles driven into gravel layers. But an emphasis in pile design in usually placed on bearing capacity, with little consideration given to land subsidence and its effects. Appropriate ground improvement works, if followed by an enough consolidation period, produce satisfactory results for both direct and pile foundations. Low and light structures can be more economically built on direct foundations. It will be still safer for those structures if floating foundations or other measures are taken for preventing increases in load. 5 refs., 16 figs.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This paper introduces the summary of design guideline (draft) for the limit state design method for foundation structures, and examples of calculations on pile foundations. The limit states were set using the load to transformation curves, and the limit state No. 3 in particular assumed a large earthquake, a state that a foundation is fatally damaged because of rarely acting loads that lead to generation of displacement and loss of stability and functions. Ground survey coefficient, ground resistance coefficient, and ground property coefficient were defined especially as the safety coefficients. With respect to the displacement in the limit state No. 3, a restriction value was set for the plasticity of the foundation. Loads were given considerations of combination of permanent load, variation load, and accidental load, each having been set with a load coefficient. It was decided regarding earthquakes to discuss strength and toughness of members, displacement of structures, and ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Anisotropy has been investigated using S-wave as a technique for detecting fractures. In this study, fundamental experiments were carried out with slightly changing the measuring conditions at a place where anisotropy was expected. This paper describes the fundamental data acquisition of anisotropy analysis using S-wave, and a part of the results. The experiments were conducted on the agricultural road in Yamadera district, Matsuyama-machi, Yamagata Prefecture. Two flat unpaved roads meeting at right angles were used as traverse lines. In this place, several reflection surfaces were certainly detected by P-wave, and anisotropy of S-wave was confirmed from the velocity of refracted wave of S-wave. Data were processed for individual traverse lines meeting at right angles. Firstly, signal sweeping, correlation, and vertical superposition were made. Six kinds of data were prepared, i.e., three-component receiving records of data at 0{degree} of generating direction and three-component ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Substation machinery foundation works have some features such as a number of work cases second look cases in design, and so forth. The Tohoku Electric Power Co., Inc. started the development of a system generally supporting the substation machinery foundation design to practical use the Engineering Work Station (EWS) introduced to the civil engineering department as a part of improvement of management efficiency. At first, rigid foundation design support system (TRAD) and slab foundation design support system (KANSAS-IN) automatically conductible with from preparation of design and amount calculation sheet to preparation of design drawing was developed, which was began to operate since March of 1996. As a result, the rigid foundation design became able to execute fully automatic works from preparation of design and its drawing to amount calculation. And, on the slab foundation design, three dimensional FEM analysis could be executed for shorter time, which made wide range of time ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Very important performances in the practical use of solid propellants are combustion and physical properties. Among the present solid propellants, composite propellants used ammonium perchlorate (AP) as oxidizers are adopted widely now due to these excellent performances. Recently, a combination of ammonium nitrates (AN) as oxidizers and azido polymers as binders in expected as the propellants which control decrease of combustion properties and satisfy unsensitivity. However, in order to use these azido polymers/AN propellants in practice, further, it is necessary to improve the specific impulse and the burning rate. In this report, aiming to improve the combustion properties of BAMO/NMMO/AN propellants, the sensitivity and the combustion properties of propellants added high energetic plasticizers in binders, further, displaced a part of AN to cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (HMX) and double based base-grain (BG) are described. 8 refs., 3 figs., 3 tabs.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The impact properties of high-strength low alloy TRIP steels such as 'TRIP-aided dual-phase steel' and 'TRIP-aided bainitic steel' associated with the transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) of retained austenite were investigated for some applications to the automotive impact members. The TRIP steels possessed far higher impact absorbed value and lower ductile-brittle transition temperature than the conventional ferrite-martensite and ferrite-pearlite steels. The stress relaxation resulting from the strain-induced transformation of retained austenite islands or films improved the impact properties in terms of suppressing void and/or crack initiation and these propagation. The best impact properties were completed in the steel composing of uniform fine bainitic lath structure and a large amount of stable interlath retained austenite films. (author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A new method of plasma treatment for powder particles was investigated. A glass bottle horizontally held on a rotating system was used for the treatment. The outside of the bottle was covered by the grounded metal net, and the rod electrode was provided at the center of the bottle, which was connected to an ac high voltage source. Powder particles were placed in the bottle with stainless steel beads of large diameter and the plasma was generated between two electrodes and while the bottle was rotating. Using this system, powder particles were uniformly plasma-treated without coagulation. After 40 seconds treatment with plasma of 0.55 W in Ar gas, the charge to mass ratio for polyethylene powder particles having 160 {mu}m mean diameter generated by stainless before treatment. (author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Several proposals have been made on the method of calculating generation of formaldehyde released from plywood. In calculating generation per hour of a volatile organic compound of adhesives or coatings using a chamber method, such models are frequently used that the generation is largest when the specimen is exposed in the chamber and that the generation attenuates with lapse of time. In the meantime, a number of studies for calculating formaldehyde generation from construction materials are often those determining a specific quantity of generation in a stationary state, while few studies are the observation of time series variation from immediately after the exposure into the chamber. Accordingly, the subject studies used lauan plywood as the samples and examined the method of calculating the change with lapse of time of the formaldehyde generation. (translated by NEDO)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Discussions were given on the characteristics of a diesel engine to emit unburned hydrocarbon (HC) created in a long idling operation. The engine tested in the experiment is a direct injection diesel engine with six water-cooled were investigated varying the jet hole diameter and length of the jet nozzle. In the initial operation period, the HC showed high values. This is thought because part of the injected fuel has deposited on the wall because of low combustion chamber wall temperature, and the fuel deposit that did not evaporate during combustion evaporated during expansion process and emitted unburned. The head was dismantled to investigate the carbon flowers deposited on the nozzle and the relationship between the carbon and the HC deposited on the head face and the combustion chamber wall. It was clarified that the HC increase was phenomenal compared with that of the carbon. This is because the injected fuel was adsorbed into the carbon, part of it remained into the expansion ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A new exhaust cleaning system is introduced, aiming to remarkably reduce NOx emission using a type of EGR method (hybrid EGR) of feeding back the exhaust from an exhaust cleaning ternary catalyst provided gasoline engine to the Diesel engine intake on one hand and, on the other hand, aiming to reduce even the emitted particulates using an exhaust supplying gasoline engine driven supercharger for an enhanced Diesel engine supercharging. The hybrid EGR system used here can uniformly reduce the emitted NOx under any load conditions and, as compared with the conventional type, is two to three times more effective, with the EGR rate kept constant. The exhaust concentration is approximately 10%. An sample of the hybrid EGR was simulated, and it was shown, as compared with the original non-supercharged Diesel engine, that the emitted NOx decreased to 1/3 or 1/4, that the exhaust concentration was approximately the same, and that the total fuel consumption was less, as determined using the sum ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In the Hokuriku area along the coast of the Japan Sea, thunderstorms often occurred not only in summer but also in winter, and this resulted in the shutdown of electricity supply or damage of equipment. This study was concerning the observation of the lightning channels in the Hokuriku area through a year by many still cameras equipped with liquid-crystal shutters. The following conclusions were obtained: Among 165 lightning incidents photographed during 2 years, there included 172 incidents of the falling thunderstorms and 23 incidents of simultaneously falling thunderstorms at multi-area. In the case of winter, frequency to occur simultaneously falling thunderstorms at multi-area was higher and the upward falling thunderstorms were more. There was a tendency that the duration time of the lightning current in winter was longer than in summer. In winter, frequency to occur the upward falling thunderstorms was higher, about 61% of the upward falling thunderstorms rose from the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In order to establish the optimum fueling in a natural gas fueled dual fuel engine, tests were made for some operational parameters and their combination on the engine performances and the exhaust emissions. The results show that the gas oil quantity should be increased and gas oil injection timing should be advanced to suppress unburned hydrocarbon emission at middle and low output range, while the quantity should be reduced and the timing should be retarded to avoid onset of knock at high loads. The unburned hydrocarbon emission and the thermal efficiency are improved at the same load avoiding too lean natural gas premixture by restriction of intake charge air. However the improvement is limited because the ignition and initial combustion of pilot diesel fuel is deteriorated when the cylinder pressure is excessively lowered by throttling. The increase in pilot gas oil amount is effective for low-load operation and the adequate combination of throttle control and equivalence ratio ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Improvement of hinge forming performance was tried in the injection molding of plastic. At first, pushing hinge forming in a mold was made by a movable pin with the die built-in an actuator, and thin hinges of 0.07mm and 0.1mm thickness which were greatly less than the conventional forming limit (0.2mm and 0.6mm respectively) of polyacetal (POM) and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) could be formed. Hinge characteristics of POM (hinge thickness t < 0.4mm) and PBT (t < 0.7mm) which were made by the conventional forming and failed after 1 time, were improved respectively to 30,000 times or more and 300,000 times or more by pushing forming in the mold. The hinge characteristics were greatly affected by the plastic deformability of the hinge part resin and the improvement of deformability by the pushing forming were caused by the elimination of oriented layer and the expansion of hemispherical layer of the hinge part. 6 refs., 13 figs., 1 tab.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Taiheiyo coal deashed using acid treatment and loaded with potassium or calcium was hydro-cracked under gaseous phase to discuss effects of these metals on liquefaction reaction. In addition, the loaded coal was added with red mud catalyst to examine effects of the addition. The loaded potassium has a softening power, and particularly the potassium adsorbed into surface and micropores in the coal decomposes selectively HI-BS and BI-PS and generates gas and HS. On the other hand, potassium deposited on coal surface promotes direct gas production from the coal. Irrespective of its loading modes, calcium has a catalytic nature to produce HI-BS selectively. Calcium also acts to impede decomposition of HI-BS into HS. Adding red mud catalyst to potassium loaded coal increases the inversion rate and the liquefaction yield, and most of the increase is accounted for by HI -BS, and BI-PS. When red mud catalyst is added to calcium loaded coal, the inversion rate and the liquefaction yield ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This paper elucidates morphological characteristics, reproduction forms and ecological characteristics of Plectus sp. and Rhabditis sp. which are most frequently detected nematodes separated from tap water. The paper also discussed experimentally establishment of cultivating conditions for these nematodes, and behavior and reproduction characteristics of nematodes under widely ranging conditions of temperatures, bacteria concentrations and pH. Plectus sp. grows in hermaphroditic individuals, while Rhabditis sp. grows only in female. An LE culture medium can cultivate nematodes that appear in tap water, and is suitable for subculture of nematodes. Conditions of temperatures from 20{degree}C to 25{degree}C, pH and inoculated concentration of bacteria at 10{sup 8} cell {center_dot} ml{sup -1} are suitable for reproduction of Plectus sp. and Rhabditis sp. Plectus sp. and Rhabditis sp. prefer mild temperatures for reproduction, cannot reproduce below about 5{degree}C, and become difficult ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Combustion characteristics and engine performances of a two-stage injection DI diesel engine were experimentally investigated. Two-stage injection was achieved by using two injection pumps. Injection timing and fuel allocation ratio between first and second injection were widely controlled, Engine performance of a two-stage injection diesel engine was compared with that of a single injection diesel engine with early timing injection. The heat release rate was analyzed to understand the combustion phenomena in a two-stage injection diesel engine. As a result, NO emission of two-stage injection diesel engine was improved when the first injection timing is early. The various pattern of heat release rate appeared with the change of a fuel allocation ratio. It was greatly affected by the first injection spray impinged on the cylinder wall or the piston top. The trade-off tendency between NO and smoke was influenced by the fuel allocation ratio of sub-injection pump was high. (author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In the wide range from brown coal to anthracite, an investigation was made of effects of heat treatment on physical/chemical properties and of coal rank dependence. For the experiment, 12 kinds of coal samples were used, and for heat treatment, the fluidized bed heated by the electric furnace and the infrared-ray gold image furnace were used. To examine characteristics of the heat-treated coal char, conducted were oxygen gasification, TPD measurement, XRD measurement, alkali metal measurement, and pore distribution measurement. The following were obtained from the experiment. The gasification reaction rate of the char heat-treated in the temperature range between 900{degree}C to 1700{degree}C decreases with a rise of the temperature of heat treatment, and the degree of decrease in the rate depends on coal rank. The order of gasification rate between coal ranks depends on the temperature of heat treatment, and the lower the heat treatment temperature is, the more largely the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Together with an investigation on the deformation behavior of hot and cold rolled strip edge, the edge-drop control was explained in characteristics and result of application to the commercial mill by the tapered-crown work roll (WR) shifting mill. From a cold rolling experiment, three-dimensional material flow was known to be generated in the vicinity of edge also at the time of rolling the strip, and which generation influences that of edge-drop. Almost linearly relative to the flattened deformation of WR, the edge-drop enlarges with enlargement in that deformation. The number of stands to be applied to the tapered-crown WR shifting mill in the tandem cold mill is determined by the location as far as which the strip is to be controlled in edge-drop. In case of improving it to obtain the edge-drop-free strip, all the stands are required to be equipped with tapered-crown WR shifting mill. By applying a tapered-crown WR shifting mill to the latter stands for the hot finish strip ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The necessary conditions to design the methanol-fueled direct injection diesel engine with a reservoir type glow plug were cleared up from the points of view to prevent the air contamination and to use as an alternative oil for automotives, and as a result the good engine performance and emission characteristics could be obtained under the wide operating condition. The following facts were clarified: It is necessary to arrange the glow plug on the line of atomizing axis near the nozzle hole to ensure the ignitability under a wide operating condition. The reservoir type glow plug which reserves the premixed gas around the glow plug can shorten the ignition delay time and improve the combustion stability and the net thermal efficiency in the light load region. The combustion in the light load region was accelerated, NO{sub x} emission rate was suppressed and moreover, the net thermal efficiency and catalyst conversion rate were improved by applying an EGR(exhasut gas recirculation). The ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Concerning high performance composite solid propellant BAMO and BAMO-based copolymers, synthetic method and properties of them were studied. Comparison graph of theoretical specific impulse for various propellants were shown, by that, reason why highest specific impulse BAMO was selected as direction of the study. As the orientation of synthesis, those were indicated that radicals at both ends should be hydroxyl so as urethane bonding was available, that liquid at normal temperature was required for easy handling, and that glass transition temperature is required to be low enough. Synthesis was conducted by ring-opening polymerization of ring ether detail procedures of which were explained. Measurements of properties was performed for thermochemical properties, thermal decomposition, combution heat, and friction sensitivity test to confirm safety. As the result, those were understood that thermal decomposition was divided into two phases, rapid exothermal decomposition as initial phase ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A new characteristics temperature, an adiabatic limit flame temperature, was proposed as the basis to evaluate an effective energy emission and to examine a self combustion limit. Its characteristics were discussed using the reaction system between diatomic molecules as an example, and the low calorific limit of flammability was also discussed. Since the adiabatic limit flame temperature was the inherent temperature of a combustible mixture based on the thermochemical properties of constituents, it was, in particular, very important as considering a combustion system with energy recirculation between products and reactants. The available energy and efficiency of the combustion system should have been estimated on the basis of this temperature, instead of on an adiabatic flame temperature. It was also considerably high even in an extremely lean mixing ratio, however, the flame temperature in a lean region was strongly affected by heat loss in a high temperature region. 13 refs., 8 ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Since membrane structures such as domes have been constructed in snowy regions, how to dispose snow on the roof has become a big problem. In the case of disposing snow on the roof by sliding off, it is required to know the distance and range of snow dispersion after the fall from the roof from the aspect of disaster prevention. This paper describes the experimental study on the effects of snow depth, sliding distance and angle on the distance and range of snow dispersion using an outdoor apparatus to slide the snow off which can adjust the conditions for sliding. As a result, the distance of snow dispersion was influenced not only by the sliding distance and angle but also the depth (as well as the weight) of the snow. When the snow was sliding on the membrane structure, it was neccesary to consider viscostic resisting force of water between the snow and the membrane in addition to kinetic friction force. After the fall from the roof, the distance of snow dispersion in the forward ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

For the coal liquefaction, improvement of liquefaction conditions and increase of liquefied oil yield are expected by suppressing the recombination through rapid stabilization of pyrolytic radicals which are formed at the initial stage of liquefaction. Two-stage liquefaction combining prethermal treatment and liquefaction was performed under various conditions, to investigate the effects of reaction conditions on the yields and properties of products as well as to increase liquefied oil yield. Consequently, it was found that the catalyst contributes greatly to the hydrogen transfer to coal at the prethermal treatment. High yield of n-hexane soluble fraction with products having low condensation degree could be obtained by combining the prethermal treatment in the presence of hydrogen and catalyst with the concentration of slurry after the treatment. This was considered to be caused by the synergetic effect between the improvement of liquefaction by suppressing ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lectin is a generic name of sugar binding protein in living organisms. With an objective to clarify physiological functions of lectin in marine invertebrates and utilize it as a useful material in the bio-chemical industry, studies were carried out on the chemical structure, distribution in living organisms and structural changes of lectin. Lectin is involved with such physiological actions as immunity reactions, generation and differentiation, Ca fixation and symbiosis. Lectin is one of the main components of lymph fluid in shellfish and crustacean, and is a multi-functional polymer that is related with foreign substance recognition, Ca transport, and shell formation. Lectin of a certain kind shows strong actions to accelerate cell division. Organs and cells were cultivated for lectin producing organs and lectin producing cells to verify the production thereof. Elucidation was attempted in a molecular level on such physiological functions as foreign substance response in lectin, and ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pretreatment of brown coal in oil was conducted using 1-methyl naphthalene or mixture of tetralin and 1-methyl naphthalene as solvent at temperatures ranging from 300 to 430{degree}C under nitrogen atmosphere. Effects of the solvent properties on the structural change of oxygen-functional groups (OFG) and coal liquefaction were investigated by means of quantitative analysis of OFG and solid state {sup 13}C-NMR measurement. When hydrogen transfer from solvent was insufficient, it was suggested that brown coal molecules loose their hydrogen to be aromatized. While, at lower temperatures ranging from 300 to 350{degree}C, hydrogen contained in brown coal molecules was consumed for the stabilization of pyrolytic radicals, and the deterioration of liquefaction was not observed. When hydrogen transfer from solvent was insufficient at higher temperatures above 400{degree}C in nitrogen atmosphere during pretreatment in oil, crosslinking like benzofuran type was formed by dehydration ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In the case where sources and receivers are not distributed on a 2-D plane, seismic tomography inversion was studied. In tomography experiments, the existing wells are generally used. In such case, sources and receivers are frequently not distributed on a 2-D plane. The 2.5-D analysis method including 2-D structure and 3-D ray-tracing was thus developed. This method is featured by less memory necessary for ray-tracing calculation, and the same algorithm for velocity determination as 2-D analysis method. In previous methods, since analysis is generally carried out by projecting sources and receivers on a certain assumed 2-D plane, it can derive correct results in the case of constant velocity and straight ray, however, in the other case, it derives incorrect results. Application of 3-D tomography requires a large amount of memory, and falls into poor convergence because of various parameters. The 2.5-D analysis method can avoid these demerits. This analysis method was applied to the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Research and development has been performed on photochromic materials expected to be used in ultra-high density recording, high resolution indication and photoswitches. With regard to molecular orientation in the ternary system mixed LB film, the result of structural analysis by XPM spectrum revealed that the acceptor constituent in the LB film is so structured that it is separated and laminated with two other constituents, and that the sensitizer constituent and the donor constituent are not recognized of being separated definitely. Regarding the electron movement reaction in the solid phase system, a photo-current measuring experiment was carried out on the laminated film which is vacuum-deposited with the ternary system comprising of the donor, sensitizer, and acceptor. It was concluded that the observed photo-current reflects the electron movement reaction in the solid phase as it is. For the photo-current in the LB film, increase in the photo-current was observed according to the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The purpose of this study is to acquire fundamental knowledge about the factors for production and the physical properties of boards when wood powder is used as the main material and powder adhesive is used as the binder in the formation of wood boards under heat and pressure. The effects of temperature for pressing, specific gravity of board, and the ratio of adhesive on bending strength, internal binding force, and size and stability against moisture are investigated. The temperature behavior at the central area of boards under heat and pressure shows similar tendency of stagnation near 140degC which increases thereafter irrespective of the temperature of the hot plate in this experiment. The bending property increases linearly when the resin content is low, and shows the tendency of leveling off gradually when the resin content is larger than 20%. Linear relation with specific gravity if obtained in the 0.6 to 1.0 specific gravity range. Wood powder boards have high internal size ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

With regard to a fracture system in the Hijiori hot dry rock artificial reservoir, an attempt was made on an interpretation which integrates different data. Major factors that characterize development and performance of an artificial reservoir are composed of a fracture system in rocks, which acts as circulating water paths, a heat exchange face and a reservoir space. The system relates not only with crack density distribution, but also with cracks activated by water pressure fracturing, cracks generating acoustic emission (AE), and cracks working as major flow paths, all of which are characterized by having respective behaviors and roles. Characteristics are shown on AE cluster distribution, crack distribution, production zone and estimated stress fields. Mutual relationship among these elements was discussed based on the Coulomb`s theory. The most important paths are characterized by distribution of slippery cracks. Directions and appearance frequencies of the slippery cracks affect ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A unique method, previously proposed by the author, was applied to the heat transfer augmentation in the flow boiling field. In this method a screen sheet was put on the horizontal heated surface where bubble nucleation occurred. Generated vapor bubbles were trapped between the screen and the wall, became flat and moved along the surface. This restricted bubble behavior caused the heat transfer enhancement. Three types of the screen were tested in the present experiment and the effect of the screen was investigated on the heat transfer and two-phase flow characteristics. In two cases of them, the screen was displaced upward by the bubble nucleation. Compared with the ordinary flow boiling case, heat transfer was enhanced by a factor of 1.2 to 6 within the present experimental range. By using a simple flow model, it was made clear that the effect of the height of the displaced screen was important to evaluate the increase in pressure drop. (author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The paper studied a possibility of estimating characteristics of coal liquefaction residue from liquefaction conditions in the case of fixing coal kind in the NEDOL process coal liquefaction PSU. Wyoming coal was used for the study, and the already proposed simplified liquefaction reaction models were used. Among material balances explained by the models, those of asphaltene, preasphaltene, THF insoluble matters are concerned with residue composition. Ash content is separately calculated from ash balance. Reaction velocity constants of simplified liquefaction reaction models which influence the residue composition were obtained by the multiple regression method from experimental results in the past. The estimation expression of residue viscosity was introduced from residue ash/composition. When the residue composition is estimated by the model from liquefaction conditions, and the residue viscosity is obtained using it, the higher the liquefaction temperature is, the higher the residue ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Authors already reported the integrated system so called SODAS (System Of Design and Assembling for Shipbuilding) which was based on product model concept. And products in shipbuilding industry today are not limited to ship structures alone. Therefore, it is desirable that a more global product model which can describe another products such as offshore structures should be considered. In this paper, a product model of offshore structures is discussed. Compared with the case of ship structures, the distinctive feature in the design stage of offshore structures lies in the initial design stage. Thus in this paper, some of the new model in initial design stage are introduced. Some of them are `Function Element Model` which expresses functional concept by designers. In the other design stage, product information such as `Room` and `Part` which were already introduced in SODAS are used effectively for a product model of offshore structures. By the use of product information such as ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Puffer gas circuit breaker used widely in interrupters with from middle capacity to large capacity does not keep away from reacting force of the puffer with high functions in principle and there is a limit in low operation. In this study, aiming at low operation of the interrupters, in order to clarify the basic motions of hybrid circuit interrupter that is the combination of thermal puffer gas circuit breaker and vacuum circuit breaker, the interrupting ability of simple thermal puffer gas breaker and the voltage sharing characteristics in the cases of series connection with the vacuum circuit breaker are studied. The results of the study are as follows. In comparing terminal short circuit accident interrupting ability of single flow typed thermal puffer gas breaker with that of double flow typed thermal puffer gas breaker, the interrupting ability of the double flow typed thermal puffer gas breaker may be improved. It is also clarified that the interrupting current is 8KA at ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The friction and wear properties of glass fiber reinforced composites of nylons (nylon 6, nylon 66 and nylon 46) with different crystallinities due to their molecular structures were investigated by sliding them with alumina ceramics and using a pin-on-disk friction machine. The friction coefficients of the glass fiber reinforced nylons in oil were lower and more stable than those in air from the initial stage of friction. The transfer of nylon matrix to adhere onto the alumina surface in air was so much greater than in oil that the alumina surface could not be recognized. Consequently, a different between the friction and wear properties in air and in oil was resulted. Reinforcement of nylons with glass fiber remarkably improved their friction properties in oil by its lubricating action, while the wears were rather high contrary to what was expected. This tendency was conspicuous for nylon 46 with high crystallinity. Breakage and extracting of glass fibers from nylon composites were ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The purpose of the present work is to investigate the effects of matrix resin and fiber content on the behavior of fatigue crack propagation in continuous-glass-fiber-mat reinforced CP-resin composites. For this purpose, ductile matrix resin and brittle one are used. These two kinds of resins have the characteristic that the elastic modulus and tensile strength are nearly the same with each other while the elongation is different. The composite specimens are made of these resins and continuous grass fiber mat of 20 wt.% and 60 wt% fiber contents. The fatigue crack propagation test was conducted by using the tapered DCB specimens to control the stress intensity factor range, {delta}K, during the test. The results obtained are as follows; (1) The relation between the crack propagation rate, da/dN, and {delta}K for all the present materials is shown by a straight line in logarithmic representation. (2) For the composites of 20 wt.% fiber content, the da/dN of the ductile matrix composite ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Two kinds of Si3N4/SiC composite ceramics having different sintering auxiliaries were fabricated to investigate reproduction of crack healing phenomenon, effects of sintering auxiliaries on crack healing behavior, optimal crack healing conditions, and high-temperature strength characteristics of crack healed portions. The experiment used sinters added with SiC powder at 20% by volume, and hot-pressed under conditions of a sintering temperature of 1850 degC, time for two hours, and a pressure of 35 MPa. The sintering auxiliaries used are Y2O3 and Al2O3. In the experiment, pre-cracks were introduced into test specimens, and heat treatments were given in atmosphere and in argon gas atmosphere at 1300 degC for one hour. A four-point bending test was conducted in atmosphere as a strength test. The result of the experiment revealed that the materials which were heat-treated in atmosphere have greater crack healing effect, that the optimum heat treatment temperature differs largely according ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Investigations and studies are conducted seeking for a CO2 fixation method improved by utilizing the photosynthesizing function of higher vegetation. Details of higher vegetation genes are being disclosed thanks to the rapid progress of studies making use of molecular biological techniques, and the application of the genetic mechanism to scientific and technological fields is becoming increasingly feasible. In particular, the role of the CO2 fixation enzyme RuBisCO has been elucidated almost completely. It has been learned that, in terms of photosynthesizing capability, the C{sub 4} plants (corn etc.) are 2-3 times higher than the C{sub 3} plants (rice, wheat, etc.), and 5-10 times higher than the CAM plants (cactuses etc.). Studies are also under way about the rice genome so that a photosynthesizing capability so high as that of the C{sub 4} plants may be endowed the rice plant. The metabolism and control of useful substances produced in the CO2 fixation process etc. in the higher ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Minami-Iwaki trunk line now under construction by Tokyo Electric Power Company is an UHV transmission line which covers 130km from the central region of the Abukuma highlands, Fukushima Prefecture, through the northern ridge of the Kanto Plain to Imaichi City, Tochigi Prefecture and has 235 steel towers. About 30% of the ground along the above route is mainly layers of sand and gravel. Accordingly it has become urgent to design rationally the pile foundations in the sand and gravel layers. Hence the company has studied an estimation method of the ultimate bearing power of cast-in-place piles penetrating the sand and gravel layers and the displacement of pile heads. In this report, the result of the above study is described. The company has so far used the equations in accordance to the Meyerhof equations for the estimations of the ultimate bearing power and this time, this equations have been examined for its application to the sand and gravel layers, and for designing the steel ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This paper discusses spectral change in brown coal and bituminous coal as a result of low-temperature drying. The experiment used a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy disposed with an in-situ diffuse reflector as a water content measuring method. The FT-IR spectra of coal showed the existence of two types of adsorbed water. One of the two spectral peaks was thought to have been caused by isolated water molecules which may have been hydrogen bonded to hydrocarbon in the coal molecules and weakly bound. The other peak was thought to have been caused by water which may have been hydrogen bonded to functional groups such as hydroxyl groups in the coal molecules and strongly bound. Drying behavior in brown coal and bituminous coal showed the absorption peak at 3640 cm[sup -1] reducing faster than the absorption peak at 3360cm[sup -1]. Depressurized drying was found to be more effective than flowing nitrogen gas. The extent of absorption strength restoration in bituminous coal ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A geothermal heat pump-assisted heating system is introduced into Changchun City and a survey is conducted to determine if the system may be popularized in this extremely cold region located in the northeastern part of China. In concrete terms, the hot water that circulates through the office building of Changchun Ground Heat Development Co., Ltd., is switched to hot water prepared by a geothermal heat pump. The test continued from December 2000 to March 2001. It is then concluded that heating by geothermal heat pumps will be fully serviceable to Changchun City. Implemented are (1) the shift from the coal fired boiler system to a geothermal heat pump system comprising 16 subterranean heat exchangers for the heating of the office building which is approximately 1000 m{sup 2} large, (2) long-term monitoring of the operating conditions, (3) measurement of subterranean heat exchanger thermal conductivity and subterranean temperature, and (4) the study of pipe shapes for improved thermal ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

What utilizes the effect of electrohydrodynamical technique (EHD), as one of heat transfer augmentation methods, is methodically frequented and partially prepared to be put to practical use. Then, the heat transfer augmentation effect on nucleate boiling, utilizing the EHD effect, was both experimentally and theoretically studied from both the applicative and basic viewpoints. By adding fleon with 2wt% ethyl alcohol, higher in electric conductivity, in order to have the mitigation time of electric charge correspond to the bubbling frequency of bubble, the heat transfer augmentation was enabled to be about 8.5 times as high as that without impressing the electric field. As a result of observing the behavior of bubble in the electric field, was observed a phenomenon of bubble, moving from place to place, without ascending, on the plane electrode plate, by which could be found one of causes of the heat transfer augmentation. From analyzing the electric field around the bubble, it was ...