...Sugar Parcel Lands, as an Addition to the Bay Mills Indian Reservation for the Bay Mills Indian Community of Michigan AGENCY: Bureau of...acres, more or less, to be added to the Bay Mills Indian Reservation for the Bay Mills Indian...

To meet market demand for energy-efficient equipment, ThyssenKrupp Industries India has developed a highly energy-efficient, trash plate-less two-roller mill to overcome the limitations (frictional losses, complexity and wear) of the conventional three-roller mill. The new mill reflects the pioneering role played by ThyssenKrupp Industries India in the Indian sugar industry. As mills are major power consumers in the sugar industry, there was an urgent need for an energy-efficient alternative. With its large market presence in the sugar industry, ThyssenKrupp Industries India is constantly looking to develop more energy-efficient equipment and processes for all areas of sugar production. (orig.)

Sugar industry is the second largest agro-based industry in India and contributes significantly to the socio-economic development of rural population. It supports 50 million farmers and their families and provides direct employment to over 0.5 million skilled and semi-skilled persons in sugar mills and integrated industries. The Indian sugar industry plays a leading role in global sugar market being the world?s second largest producer after Brazil, producing nearly 15 and 25% of global sugar and sugarcane, respectively. The sugar industry which encompasses 599 operating sugar mills, 309 distilleries and 180 cogeneration plant and numerous pulp, paper and chemical making units is supported by four leading sugarcane research institutions, twenty-two state sugarcane research stations, world c...

...Lands, Dafter Parcel, as an Addition to the Bay Mills Indian Reservation for the Bay Mills Indian Community of Michigan AGENCY: Bureau of...acres, more or less, to be added to the Bay Mills Indian Reservation for the Bay Mills Indian...

...Lot 32 Acquisition, as an Addition to the Bay Mills Indian Reservation for the Bay Mills Indian Community of Michigan AGENCY: Bureau of...1 acre, more or less, to be added to the Bay Mills Indian Reservation for the Bay Mills Indian...

This report on off-season fuels is part of a preliminary feasibility assessment to retrofit Indian sugar mills to cogenerate heat and power with sales of excess electricity to the local grid. To justify the high capital costs of retrofitting existing facilities, sugar mill operators must attempt to maximize the amount of power they sell to the local grid. This fact means that sugar mills must operate and sell power well-beyond the milling season, which typically lasts about 200 days. The purpose of this report is to assess and determine whether low cost and reliable sources of off-season fuels can be secured for two sugar mills (Simbhaoli and Daurala) within their respective sugar growing districts, located in western Uttar Pradesh. Off-season fuels under consideration include excess bagasse that is stored for off-season use, agricultural field residues (e.g., wheat straw), forest residues (e.g., bark and small limbs), and dedicated energy crops (short-rotation woody crops and herbaceous energy crops). Results of the pre-feasibility indicate that bagasse and some agricultural residues are available in sufficient quantity and may be available at reasonable cost.

...Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin; Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians, Michigan; Leech Lake Band of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, Minnesota; Lower Sioux Indian Community in the State of Minnesota; Mille...

...Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin; Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians, Michigan; Leech Lake Band of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, Minnesota; Lower Sioux Indian Community in the State of Minnesota; Mille...

...Maier Property, as an Addition to the Bay Mills Indian Community of Michigan AGENCY: Bureau...more or less, to be added to the Bay Mills Indian Community of Michigan. FOR FURTHER...to be an addition to and part of the Bay Mills Indian Community of Michigan for the...

...Indians of the Lac du Flambeau Reservation of Wisconsin; Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians, Michigan; Leech Lake Band of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, Minnesota; Mille Lacs Band of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, Minnesota;...

...Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin; Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians, Michigan; Leech Lake Band of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, Minnesota; Mille Lacs Band of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, Minnesota;...

The feasibility, including consideration of technical and economic aspects of producing fuel ethanol from sugar cane for blending with petrol, as investigated by a working party from CSR, Ltd., the NSW Sugar Milling Cooperative, Department of Agriculture,...

...include, among others: animal food manufacturing, grain handling, food manufacturing, wood product...rubber products manufacturing, recycling, wastewater treatment, and...grain or wet corn milling, food (including sugar),...

...include, among others: animal food manufacturing, grain handling, food manufacturing, wood product...rubber products manufacturing, recycling, wastewater treatment, and...grain or wet corn milling, food (including sugar),...

Vietnam produces about 15 million tons of sugarcane per year and about five mt of bagasse. There is the potential for cogeneration using bagasse, which can also help overcome power shortages in the country. This paper analyses the potential for cogeneration from the sugar industry in Vietnam under three different scenarios and finds that between 100 and 300 megawatts of power-generating capacity could be supported by the bagasse generated from sugar mills, depending on the technology considered for sugar mills and cogeneration and the possibility of renovation of the existing mills. The paper also assesses the expense of cogeneration and finds it to be a cost-effective option for all types of sugar mill. It is found that the cost savings from cogeneration would more than offset the cost of introducing cogeneration in sugar mills with inefficient cane processing technologies. Sugar mills with modern technologies would have a significant amount of excess power and most of these plants would break-even if they sold excess power at around 4.5 cents per kilowatt hour. The break-even cost and the average production cost are sensitive to the investment cost assumptions. The paper thus suggests that cogeneration from the sugar industry is an attractive option for investors in existing mills or new sugar mills alike. (Author)

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the risk of lung cancer among sugar cane farmers and sugar mill workers. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted based in six hospitals in the predominantly sugar cane farming districts of the province of Maharashtra in India. Newly diagnosed, histologically confir...

Ethanol plants in Cuba are integrated with sugar mills to make use of excess steam and to convert sugar juice into ethanol. This paper presents the result of a techno-economic evaluation which examined many alternative strategies for the integration of sugar mills and ethanol plants. The alternative methods focused on the percentage of recycled sugar juice sent to the ethanol plant, because the volume of juice directly affects the steam demand in the sugar mill and the availability of steam for the ethanol plant. The total ethanol production is fixed, therefore, the total steam demand for the ethanol plan is constant. Steam is generated in the sugar mill by burning bagasse in a cogeneration plant. Additional electricity is bought from the power grid. The steam generated in the ethanol plant is produced by burning fuel oil in a boiler. The economic analysis was based on heat and material balance of the sugar mills. It was shown that the unit cost of production of crude sugar was reduced by 4.9 per cent when all the recycled juice was sent to the ethanol plant.

Bagasse - the fibrous product left over after the extraction of sugar from sugar cane - has enormous potential as a renewable source of fuel, particularly as it is already collected and transported to central plants for processing. It is already used as fuel for cogeneration plants, for example at the Rocky Point Sugar Mill, Australia, where it is co-fired with 'municipal green waste'. (author)

Microparticles (MP) spray dried from hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticle (NP) sugar suspensions are currently under development as a prolonged release vaccine vehicle. Those with a significant sugar component cannot be sectioned by ultramicrotomy as resins are excluded by the sugar. Focused ion beam (FIB) milling is the only method to prepare thin sections that enables the inspection of the MPs ultrastructure by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Several methods have been explored and we have found it is simplest to encapsulate MPs in silver dag, sandwiched between gold foils for FIB-milling to enable multiple MPs to be sectioned simultaneously. Spray dried MPs containing 80% sugar have an inter-nanoparticle separation that is comparable with NP size (approximately 50 nm). MPs spray dried with 50% sugar or no sugar are more tightly packed. Nano-porosity in the order of 10 nm exists between NPs. MPs spray dried in the absence of sugar and sectioned by ultramicrotomy or by FIB-milling have comparable nanoscale morphologies. Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) demonstrates that the HA remains (substantially) crystalline following FIB-milling. PMID:18712505

Sugarcane is one of the best converter of solar energy into biomass and sugar. The biomass which contains fiber, lignin, pentosans and pith can be converted into value added products by application of suitable chemical, biochemical and microbial technologies. The processing of sugarcane generates bagasse, molasses and press mud which has great economic value. Besides these main by-products, there are other residues which are produced from sugarcane and have less commercial value such as trash, green tops, wax, fly ash and spent wash. Indian sugar industry has been processing these by-products to generate bioethanol, bio-electricity and many value added products in Sugar-Agro-industrial Complexes.

Biomass integrated gasification-gas turbine (BIG-GT) technology has been seriously considered for large scale electricity production in the sugar-cane industries owing to its large volume of biomass residues (sugar-cane bagasse and trash). This paper assesses the possible use of this technology in Cuban sugar-cane mills. Two cogeneration cycles were analyzed, the very first BIG-GT units (that use the conventional back-pressure steam power cycle) and a high potential scenario (with high-efficiency combined cycles). A gas turbine simulation code (including steam cycle modules) is used to evaluate realistic system performance figures. Actual Cuban sugar-cane mill data ar used within the integration analysis of power cycle to industry. (author)

Reduction of energy in foods by eliminating sugar, combined with an increase in fiber, frequently results in products with sensory characteristics that cannot be compared with standard counterparts. This study analyzed the response of young educated consumers (n = 704) on standard or reduced-sugar vanilla yogurt enriched with inulin or with inulin combined with a grain mixture, a milled mixture of flakes, or a combination of grains and milled flakes. On a nine-point hedonic scale, mean acceptance was 6.4 and 6.8 for yogurt with 112 g kg^-^1 and 160 g kg^-^1 sugar, respectively. It was concluded from acceptance data and from results obtained by just-about-right rating that adapting the flavoring concentration might be an appropriate tool to mask sugar reduction. In yogurt with visible fiber...

India, which is the largest sugarcane producer in the world and which has chronic severe power deficits, has excellent business opportunities in over 400 sugar mills for cogeneration of exportable electrical energy from bagasse. The current potential is between 2,500 and 3,000 MW of capacity. Individual plant size will range from 10 to 80 MW. The opportunities take the form of turnkey projects for promoter sugar mills, as well as for setting up facilities on BOOT (Build, Own, Operate and Transfer), BOO (Build, Own and Operate) or BOLT (Build, Own, Lease and Transfer) concepts. (author)

Studies were conducted at two flour mills where male Indian meal moths, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), were captured using pheromone-baited traps. Objectives were to determine the distribution of male P. interpunctella at different locations in and around the mills throughout the season, and to monitor moth activity before and after one of the mills was fumigated with methyl bromide to assess efficacy of treatment. Commercially available sticky traps baited with the P. interpunctella sex pheromone were placed at various locations outside and within the larger of the two mills (mill 1). Moths were captured inside mill 1 after methyl bromide fumigations. The highest numbers of P. interpunctella were caught outside the facility and at ground floor locations near outside openings. Additional traps placed in the rooms above the concrete stored-wheat silos at mill 1 during the second year captured more moths than did traps within the mill's production and warehouse areas. In another study, moths were trapped at various distances from a smaller flour mill (mill 2) to determine the distribution of moths outdoors relative to the mill. There was a negative correlation between moth capture and distance from the facility, which suggested that moth activity was concentrated at or near the flour mill. The effectiveness of the methyl bromide fumigations in suppressing moth populations could not be assessed with certainty because moths captured after fumigation may have immigrated from outside through opened loading bay warehouse doors. This study documents high levels of P. interpunctella outdoors relative to those recorded inside a food processing facility. Potential for immigration of P. interpunctella into flour mills and other stored product facilities from other sources may be greater than previously recognized. Moth entry into a food processing facility after fumigation is a problem that should be addressed by pest managers. PMID:11142321

Cane processing energy consumption (per unit mass processed) varies between sugar mills. Although lower energy consumptions appear to indicate better performance, closer examination of the sugar extraction process reveals that more efficient extraction may increase sugar revenue sufficiently to offset higher investment and specific energy consumptions. The present analysis relates to proposed modifications in the milling process in Agroval, an old sugarcane factory. Cane processing energy consumption and sugar extraction efficiency for the current process that extracts 92.1% of the sugar, are compared to a hypothetical process similar to that in Japungu, a modern fuel alcohol distillery. Since the fermentation broth must be dilute, distilleries can use more soak water to increase juice extraction during crushing so bagasse humidity and sugar dilution in the cane juice are higher. Though more energy is expended to process cane the proposed process extracts 95.7% of the sugar content. An analysis of the substitution of the process in Agroval, based on measured and estimated data, suggests that if the evaporator steam consumption does not rise appreciably, the net revenue increases significantly. Further measurement and analysis could determine the expected improvement more accurately. (author)

In response to a request from management of the American Crystal Sugar Company (ACSCO) and the American Federation of Grain Millers International Union, employee exposures to welding fumes during facility maintenance and to airborne contaminants during beet processing were determined at a sugar-beet mill owned by ACSCO. Exposures exceeding the most stringent environmental criteria were found for calcium carbonate and carbon monoxide in lime kiln workers and sugar dust in sugar bin workers. Beet pulp dust was considered a potential hazard based on its content of crystalline silica. Welding produced excessive exposures to total welding fumes, hexavalent chromium, nickel, iron-oxide, and calcium-oxide. Chromium and nickel posed potential cancer risks. The authors conclude that workers were overexposed to calcium carbonate, carbon monoxide, sugar dust, total welding fumes, hexavalent chromium, iron oxide, nickel, and calcium oxide fumes at this facility. The authors recommend dust containment, ventilation, respiratory protection, and correction of slipping hazards.

The cultivation of algae can be considered as a suitable tertiary treatment process for sugar cane waste, giving a usable product, algae biomass. The laboratory models of these biological treatments were fed by settled waste waters from the mill. The effluents were inoculated with Chlorella vulgaris SP/2, 1977 and treated in plastic models of algae ponds.

In the present work, a cogeneration system of sugar-alcohol cane mill is evaluated. Using the Exergetic Cost Theory, a thermo economic analysis is made for the crop corresponding to the year 2000. Previously a detailed energetic analysis was made in order to determine of the first law efficiency for steam boilers and the fuel consumption involved. The first and second law equipment's efficiencies were calculated as well as some performance criteria of the overall system. The fundamental aim of the evaluation was to obtain the cost of the principal fluxes of the system, considering a discount rate of 15 % and a capital recovery period of fifteen years for the energetic equipment in the sugar mill for the monetary cost calculations. In the analysis, was included the sugar mill juice extraction system as a control volume in order to determine the variation in the bagasse cost and its influence in the cost of other fluxes. A Thermodynamic analysis is also made, in which the increase of thermodynamic parameters is studied as a way of improving the fuel economy in Sugar Mill Factories focusing the electric energy obtained in the different alternatives. Diverse strategies are discussed, and as a result, the thermodynamic evaluations of two Proposals of Steam Cogeneration Systems are accomplished as well as the calculations of the exergetic cost. (author)

The contribution and interaction of sugars, acids and volatiles to tomato (Lycoperscon esculentum Mill.) flavor is little understood. Coarsely chopped deodorized tomato puree was spiked with different levels of individual food grade volatiles, reported to contribute to tomato flavor, as well as two...

The manufacture of oxalic acid from waste of plants obtained from a variety of starting materials such as glucose, sugar, glycol, flour, rice straw, sarkanda (Sacharum munja), arhar (Cajanas cajan) sticks, pineapple waste, molasses, jute stick, potato pulp, peat and unsaturated hydrocarbons such as acetylene and propylene, etc., is described. The economic viability of a few processes in Third World countries based on Indian experiences are discussed. (Refs. 90).

Co-location of algae production facilities with cane sugar mills can be a technically advantageous path towards production of biodiesel. Algal biodiesel production was integrated with cane sugar production in the material and energy balance simulation program Sugars™. A model was developed that allowed comparison of production scenarios involving dewatering the algae to 20% ds (dry solids) or 30% ds prior to thermal drying. The net energy ratio, E(R) (energy produced/energy consumed) of the proposed process was found to be 1.5. A sensitivity analysis showed that this number ranged from 0.9 to 1.7 when the range of values for oil content, CO(2) utilization, oil conversion, and harvest density reported in the literature were evaluated. By utilizing available waste-resources from a 10,000 ton/d cane sugar mill, a 530 ha algae farm can produce 5.8 million L of biodiesel/yr and reduce CO(2) emissions of the mill by 15% without the need for fossil fuels. PMID:22265980

Sugar cane provides not only raw material for sugar production, but it also constitutes a renewable source of energy for industry and export. While proven condensing-extracting steam turbine technologies produce 100 to 120 kWh/ton of milled cane (tc), it has been estimated that advanced combined steam/gas turbine cycles with integrated biomass gasifiers (BIG/GT/CC), not yet commercially available, could reach more than 400 kWh/tc. With such a figure, the Cuban cane-sugar industry (about 7.10{sup 7} tc/a) would provide 28 TWh/a, more than twice the electricity requirements of the whole country, substituting about 8.10{sup 6} t/a of atmosphere carbon emission. Although there are ongoing demonstration projects on BIG/GT technology in Brazil and Hawaii, building a BIG/GT plant is under discussion in Cuba. Such a plant would be intended to process cane bagasse and trash in order to take advantage of three main features of the Cuban economy: an existing unified system for cane harvesting and cleaning, allowing cane trash collection; widespread distribution of sugar mills; and state ownership of both the sugar industry and the national power distribution network. (author)

The purpose of this Public Participation Plan is to describe the Department of Energy's plan for involving the public in the decision-making process required by the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 as related to the Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action (UMTRA) Project. This project was authorized by congress in the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act of 1978, PL95-604. The Act provides for a cooperative effort with affected states and Indian tribes for the cleanup of designated inactive uranium mill tailings sites and associated vicinity properties, which are located in ten western states and in Pennsylvania. The Act was amended in 1982 to also include vicinity properties contaminated with residual radioactive material in Edgemont, South Dakota.

The photoproduction of H/sub 2/ by agar-entrapped cells of Rhodopseudomonas palustris and Rhodopseudomonas molischianum from sugar refinery wastes and straw paper mill effluents as electron donors was investigated. On average, more than 30% of the initial COD of the wastes was converted into H/sub 2/. Hence, the process attains a partial reclamation of the effluents. Under the experimental conditions used, H/sub 2/ produced for over a month at a rate of 50-139 mu lL H/sub 2//mg cells dry wt.-h, depending on the organism and on the substrate. The amount of H/sub 2/ evolved from 1 L straw paper mill effluent surpassed 2 L.

The present invention describes a process for saccharification of lignocelluloses to sugars using whole microbial cells, which are enriched from cultures inoculated with paper mill waste water, wood processing waste and soil. A three-member bacterial consortium is selected as a potent microbial inocula and immobilized on inedible plant fibers for biomass saccharification. The present invention further relates the design of a dual bioreactor system, with various biocarriers for enzyme immobilization and repeated use. Sugars are continuously removed eliminating end-product inhibition and consumption by cell.

Cane crushing, a commonplace procedure in the sugar industry, has been simulated. The use of a modular system gives suitable flexibility for the mathematical model to be apllicable to most of the industrial mill designs. Computation difficulties and processing time increase when compound inhibition occurs. In this case a convergence routine proves necessary. The simulated results showed that crushing process with inhibition is more efficient, as far as sugar extraction is concerned, than without it. However the extracted juice is less concentrated and the bagasse more soaked, working against the evaporation process and the steam generation. (author) 6 refs., 7 figs., 1 tabs.

Green liquor consists of sodium carbonate and sodium sulfide and is readily available in any kraft mills. The green liquor pretreatment process for bioethanol production was developed for wood chips. This process uses only proven technology and equipment currently used in a kraft pulp mill and has several additional advantages such as high sugar recovery and concentration, no inhibitive substances produced, as compared to acid-based pretreatment methods. The liquor was used to pretreat corn stover for enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis in bioethanol production. Pulp yield of 70% with 45% lignin removal was achieved under optimized conditions (8% total titratable alkali, 40% sulfidity and 140°C). About 70% of the original polysaccharides were converted into fermentable sugars, using 20 FPU/g-pulp of enzyme in the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis. The result indicates that green liquor is a feasible pretreatment to improve the enzymatic saccharification of corn stover for bioethanol production. PMID:22989657

This report describes a two-phase energy project currently contemplated for joint implementation at the Victorias Milling Company, a large sugar mill and refinery on the island of Negros in the Visayas region of the Philippines. The Energy Efficiency (EE) phase is expected to reduce of eliminate VMC`s fossil fuel consumption, which will have a direct and substantial impact on carbon emissions. Phase I is an EE project which involves the installation of equipment to reduce steam and electricity demand in the factories. Phase II, will involve retrofitting and increasing the capacity of the steam and power generation systems, and selling power to the grid. By increasing efficiency and output, the cogeneration project will allow the factory to use only bagasse sugar cane fiber waste as fuel for energy needs. The cogeneration project will also eliminate VMC`s electricity purchases and supply additional power for the island, which will offset generation capacity expansion on the island and the Visayas region.

... are some common added sugars: sugar brown sugar cane sugar confectioners' or powdered sugar turbinado sugar raw sugar corn sweeteners corn syrup crystallized cane sugar maltose fructose sucrose glucose dextrin evaporated cane ...

The handbook has included the description of cane sugar manufacture, mills, diffusers, boilers and other factory machinery, calculation methods of capacity for every piece of equipment, and process and manufacturing techniques. This new edition has been revised and information that is either obsolete or of little interest has been deleted or shortened. Additions have been made in chapters dealing with recently developed equipment and a completely new chapter covers automation and data processing. Numerous figures, graphs, drawings, photographs, tables and formulae are provided.

Ethanolic fermentation of spent sulfite liquor with ordinary bakers' yeast is incomplete because of this yeast cannot ferment the pentose sugars in the liquor. This results in poor alcohol yields, and a residual effluent problem. By using the yeast Candida shehatae (R) for fermentation of the spent sulfite liquor from a large Canadian alcohol-producing sulfite pulp and paper mill, pentoses as well as hexoses were fermented nearly completely, alcohol yields were raised by 33%, and sugar removal increased by 46%. Inhibitors were removed prior to fermentation by steam stripping. Major benefits were obtained by careful recycling of this yeast, which was shown to be tolerant both of high sugar concentrations and high alcohol concentrations. When sugar concentrations over 250 g/L (glucose:xylose 70:30) were fermented, ethanol became an inhibitor when its concentration reached over 90 g/L. However, when the ethanol was removed by low-temperature vacuum distillation, fermentation continued and resulted in a yield of 0.50 g ethanol/g sugar consumed. Further improvement was achieved by combining enzyme saccharification of sugar oligomers with fermentation. This yeast is able to ferment both hexoses and pentoses simultaneously, efficiently, and rapidly.

During the conversion of starch to sugars by enzymes, and by fermentation of these sugars to ethanol and carbon dioxide, the non-fermentable portion of the grain contains most of the non-starch nutritive elements of the kernel, which is the source of a variety of co-products. The wet milling process is used exclusively for corn, whereas the dry milling process is the one usually employed for wheat , corn and other grains. The carbon dioxide produced in both these processes is used as a refrigerant, in carbonated beverages and for flushing oil wells. Co-products produced from wet milling include (1) corn oil, used in producing food products for human consumption, and (2) amino acids, corn gluten meal and corn gluten feed used as animal feed additives. Dry milling gives rise to dry distiller`s grains which are also used as high protein and high energy animal feed. Fibrotein{sup T}M , is also a co-product of ethanol from wheat and is used as a high fibre and protein food additive. Ethanol, carbon dioxide and co-products each represent about one third of the products of the fermentation process.

The sugar industry goes through an important moment: invest and develop to supply future demand, mainly by fuel alcohol (around 70% of new vehicles sales are from flex fuel models - and the majority of these vehicles are supplied by alcohol). Due to this foreseeable increase of alcohol demand, sugar industry has already announced 41 new projects, which will contribute with the milling of 70 million tons of sugar cane by the conclusion of these plants. In this phase of expansion, the alcohol market must be pressured for the demand, managing the supplying of the domestic and external markets. With this scenario and the possibility of sector growth which has an important role in Brazil development, this work evaluates the economic impacts of the new plants implementation investments. (author)

The combined sugar and ethanol production process from sugar cane is a paradigmatic application for energy integration strategies because of the high number of hot and cold streams involved, the external hot utility requirement at two temperature levels for juice evaporation and crystallization, and the electricity demand for juice extraction by milling. These conditions make it convenient to combine the sugar-cane process with a CHP system fuelled by bagasse, the main by-product from juice extraction. The strategies, tools and expertise on energy integration developed separately by the research teams authoring this paper are applied here jointly to optimize the synthesis and the design parameters of the process and of the total site starting from the basic idea of dissociating the heat ex...

This study has shown that a significant increase is possible in power generation from residual fuels in sugar mills. Not only can the operation be self-sufficient with electricity - it is also possible to generate a large surplus for sale to the national grid. The increased generation of electric power can be achieved partly by replacing old inefficient systems with more advanced, modern technology and partly by utilisation of the large amounts of fuel energy in cane trash. Studies indicate that 50% of the cane trash can be removed from the fields without adverse effects. This means that the residual fuels available to sugar mills can be doubled, from about 2.5 GJ/ton of cane to about 5.2 GJ/ton of cane. Using the TPC sugar mill in Moshi, Tanzania as a case study it is shown that if a more advanced steam process is used, the electricity output from the cogeneration plant can be increased during milling season from the present 2.5 MW to 16 MW. This process is well proven and commercially available. Introduction of a combined gas turbine/steam turbine process will make it possible to increase the electricity output to at least 20 MW during milling season. This process is still under development with regards to use of biomass fuels to run the gas turbine. If the power plant is also operated when the sugar mill is closed, using cane trash as fuel, the electric output can be further increased. Annual electricity generation for the grid can then reach 163 GWh with a more advanced steam plant and 235 GWh with a combined gas turbine/steam turbine plant. The financial evaluation indicated that the more advanced processes for cogeneration would be highly profitable with an assumed sale price for electricity of 0.06 USD/kWh(e). The annual profit would range from 3.5 million USD for the advanced steam process to 4.7 million USD for the combined gas turbine/steam turbine process. 45 refs, 17 figs, 14 tabs

...Indians, Michigan; Little River Band of Ottawa [[Page 36114...Cranbrook Institute of Science, PO Box 801, Bloomfield Hills...Indians, Michigan; Little River Band of Ottawa Indians, Michigan...Indians, Michigan; Little River Band of Ottawa Indians,...

...Indian oil production, the current Indian oil valuation rule, and the Indian oil royalty administrative process; (2) an...representatives from Indian Tribes, individual Indian mineral owner organizations, the oil and gas industry, and the Department...

Eating and physical activity behaviors associated with adult obesity have early antecedents, yet few studies have focused on obesity prevention interventions targeting very young children. Efforts to prevent obesity beginning at birth seem particularly important in populations at risk for early-onset obesity. National estimates indicate that American Indian (AI) children have higher rates of overweight and obesity than children of other races/ethnicities. The Prevention of Toddler Obesity and Teeth Health Study (PTOTS) is a community-partnered randomized controlled trial designed to prevent obesity beginning at birth in AI children. PTOTS was developed to test the effectiveness of a multi-component intervention designed to: promote breastfeeding, reduce sugar-sweetened beverage consumption...

Utilization of the husk-fueled cogeneration system to meet the requirement of thermal and electrical needs enhances the energy efficiency and production capacity of rice mills. This will not only result in considerable savings but also leads to a sustainable supply of electricity and additional revenue from the surplus electricity generated from saved rice husk. This article presents a case study that was conducted in a South Indian rice mill in order to study the technical and economic feasibility of implementing a steam turbine-based cogeneration with an option for power export. In the proposed scheme, the existing boiler will be replaced by a new one of higher capacity. By means of a steam turbine topping cycle, electricity is generated and the turbine exhaust steam is utilized for heat...

Graphite is soft and easily floatable but it is quite difficult to obtain high purity concentrate at coarse sizes. Chemical treatment can produce high grade concentrate but it is an expensive process. Graphite containing plus 96% fixed carbon (FC) with coarse flakes commands a high price in the international market. Such graphite concentrate containing plus 96% FC was produced in Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM) by using newly developed reagent (mixture of different hydrocarbons and terpenes, IBM/D7) instead of commonly used frothers viz. pine oil, MIBC, kerosine etc. and regrinding in a special type of mill with special grinding media instead of grinding in a conventional ball/rod mill followed by cleaning. Both the new reagent (frother) and special grinding media are inexpensive and readily available. This paper focuses application of this new grinding methodology for flake size protection, and the new reagent for selective flotation of high purity graphite.

One important rationale for bio-energy systems is their potential to save fossil energy. Converting a conventional sugar mill into a bio-energy process plant would contribute to fossil energy savings via the extraction of renewable electricity and ethanol substituting for fossil electricity and gasoline, respectively. This paper takes a closer look at the Thai sugar industry and examines two practical approaches that will enhance fossil energy savings. The first one addresses an efficient extraction of energy in the form of electricity from the excess bagasse and cane trash. The second while proposing to convert molasses or sugar cane to ethanol stresses the use of bagasse as well as distillery spent wash to replace coal in meeting ethanol plants' energy needs. The savings potential achieved with extracting ethanol from surplus sugar versus current practice in sugar industry in Thailand amounts to 15 million barrels of oil a year. Whether the saving benefits could be fully realized, however, depends on how well the potential land use change resulting from an expansion of ethanol production is managed. The results presented serve as a useful guidance to formulate strategies that enable optimum utilization of biomass as an energy source

Chhana, a product obtained by acid coagulation of hot milk followed by draining of whey, is used as a base material for large variety of Indian delicacies including rasogolla. For production of rasogolla, chhana is thoroughly kneaded and made into small balls, which are subsequently boiled in clarified sugar syrup followed by slow cooling in comparatively low concentration sugar syrup. Rasogolla's projected demand is 6000 tonnes in 2009.Kneading is an important step in rasogolla making and at present kneading was done manually. For continuous production of rasogolla, chhana must be kneaded mechanically and very little work has been done. Keeping the above fact in view, an attempt was made to develop a kneader suitable for chhana. Experiments were carried out with three different rotor mode...

Abstract in spanish En el presente trabajo se desarrolla un modelo matemático de la flotación de la maza superior de los molinos de caña de azúcar durante su funcionamiento, determinado a partir de mediciones experimentales de dicha magnitud en el tiempo. Se realiza un ajuste adecuado a los valores medidos experimentalmente y se obtiene una función analítica que permitirá considerar los efectos de la flotación en el estudio del funcionamiento y en los métodos de cálculo de los moli (more) nos y sus elementos. Se aplica a un molino en el Complejo Agroindustrial 14 de Julio en Cienfuegos. Se modelan cien segundos de funcionamiento obteniéndose una función que expresa la flotación la que al ser derivada permite obtener la velocidad y aceleración con que varía la flotación instantánea. Los coeficientes y sus bondades son dados matricialmente para todos los ajustes efectuados al construir la función que define la flotación instantánea obtenida en este caso. Abstract in english A mathematical model for the instant flotation of the top shaft of sugar cane mill is developed and analytical function for introduce in the study of other sugar cane mills parts is obtained. The model is applied to July 14th sugar factory in Cienfuegos. One hundred seconds of work is modeled and a functions for floating, velocity and acceleration of floating are obtained. The coefficients and their goodness are given in matrix for all the fits made for to build the function that defines the instant flotation obtained in this case.

indian academy of sciences - 14th mid year meeting indian institute of science, bangalore g. padmanaban, indian institute of science, bangalore s. mahadevan, indian institute of science, pijush k. das, indian institute of chemical biology, kolkata 18 july 2003 (friday) venue: faculty hall, indian institute of science, bangalore anil kumar singh, indian insti ...

Abstract in portuguese A questão central deste artigo é perceber como as hierarquias sociais e as políticas específicas do Antigo Regime nos Trópicos se refletiram em estratégias concretas, e compreender as engrenagens locais de um mercado imperfeito. Analisaremos as escolhas e trajetórias de agentes envolvidos em transações com terras, engenhos e concessão de crédito na freguesia de Campo Grande, no correr do século XVIII até o início do XIX, cuja especificidade foi conseguirem r (more) eproduzir sua condição senhorial. Metodologicamente, partimos da microanálise e compusemos redes sociais locais que sustentaram as estratégias dos agentes em questão. Propomos que as rendas criadas a partir das vendas a prazo, os vínculos pessoais entre compradores-credores-vendedores-devedores nas vendas dos engenhos e a sobreposição de vínculos de dependência locais foram fatores que possibilitaram a acumulação econômica e a reprodução ampliada da condição senhorial. Abstract in english Using the concept of ?Ancien Régime on the Tropics?, this article aims to investigate how social hierarchies and politics in Brazil, during the 18th century, reflected into concrete local strategies. Our objective is to understand the gadgets of an imperfect market, based on agents? choices who were all involved in lands, sugar mills and credit commercial transactions in the Campo Grande civil parish, in the Rio de Janeiro. All agents had gotten to reproduce its exten (more) ded senhorial condition. Our methodology is based on microanalysis, so we composed local social nets we guest had supported the agents? strategies in question. We consider strategies to achieve long term incomes; bonds between purchaser, creditor, salesman and debtors (both involving sugar mills commercial transactions); the overlapping of dependence bonds by strategic exchanges created by sugar mill masters among consanguineous, matrimonial and fictitious relatives had been factors that made possible the economic accumulation and the extended reproduction of the master condition.

Privately owned, co-generation facilities which supply two external customers, one with steam (sugar industry), the other with electricity (EDF network) are relatively rare, particularly when the power supplied by the facility is quite substantial compared to the power of the network. The Bagasse-coal plant of Bois-Rouge on the island of La Reunion, and soon the Le Gol plant, illustrate this situation. Their power of 2 x 30 MWe is substantial compared to the installed power of the island network which amounts to 300 MWe. By using the operating diagram specific for every co-generation plant, the author of this article shows that the operating range allowing for the supply of steam to the industrial plant (sugar mill) and for the supply of steam to the electric network (EDF networks) is relatively wide. (authors). 1 ref., 4 figs.

The impact of winter harvesting on regeneration 50 years after an experimental diameter-limit cutting was examined in mixed deciduous-coniferous ecosystems of southern Quebec, Canada. The study was conducted in La Mauricie National Park, Quebec, Canada. Regeneration data in two balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.), sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) ecosystem types were analyzed. Comparisons between uncut and cut stands were obtained from a total of 63 sample plots. For both ecosystems, there were no significant differences between uncut and cut plots for regeneration density and stocking. The most abundant regeneration species were balsam fir, red spruce, sugar maple, red maple (Acer rubrum L.), yellow bi...

In this work, mixed hardwoods were pretreated by sodium sulfite-formaldehyde (SF). The effects of SF pretreatment on the chemical compositions and enzymatic hydrolysis of mixed hardwoods were investigated. SF pretreatment temperature had a significant effect on pulp yield and delignification, resulting in an increased efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis. After 96h of enzymatic hydrolysis at the cellulase loading of 40FPU/g substrate, the yields of glucan and xylan on the basis of original wood were 37% and 11% for the pulp produced with 12% sulfite charge at 170°C for 2h. The total sugar recovery based on the sugar in original wood was 74%. These results indicate that sulfite-formaldehyde cooking is of great potential to be a pretreatment method for a greenfield mill to produce fuel ethanol from hardwood. PMID:23127844

A revalorization of discarded carrots as substrate for the production of second-generation ethanol is proposed. In order to increase the fermentable sugar concentration of the musts two strategies were studied: Strategy 1 consisted in the enzymatic hydrolysis of bagasse must and Strategy 2 by which carrots were milled, dropped into distilled water and hydrolyzed with different enzymes prior to compressing and filtering to obtain carrot must. By applying Strategy 2 using 0.05% (v/v) of the enzyme Optimase CX255 at 70degreeC and pH 5.5 during 2.5h, the fermentable sugars extracted increased 3.5 times. In this way, the production of 77.5L of ethanol for each ton of discarded carrots was achieved. This process yielded bagasse as byproduct, which could be used for animal feed.

The suitable process for waste vegetable processing is the thermochemistry because of the low moisture promotes the convert ion process. The use of gasified gas generated by an agricultural waste can reduce the consumption of diesel by up to 80% in internal combustion engines. Cogeneration is suitable for the use of crop residues of sugar cane by the mills, generating heat, mechanical and electrical energy. The use of agricultural waste to energy end is an interesting alternative, since it does not compete with food production. Based on calculations for the processing of the cane remains in electric power it was estimated that the generation is 2301.3 million GJ/year by cogeneration. (author)

Abstract in english An evaluation was made of the properties of sugarcane bagasse during the storage process for subsequent burning in a boiler. Samples of bagasse were collected over a period of 150 days from the Caeté sugar mill (MG) at various points of the stockpile soon after the sugarcane was pressed to extract its juice, as well as from natural bagasse, dry and damp. Thermal analyses of the samples were carried out and the results indicated that, during the storage of bagasse, dry or damp, the biomass loses up to 32% of its calorific power, due to decomposition of the hemicellulose.

Clearing of agar plates containing ball-milled, delignified straw has been used for screening mutants of Penicillium funiculosum IMI 87160 III. The effects of glycerol and a number of sugars on the clearing were investigated for selecting derepressed mutants. The ..beta..-glucosidase synthesis by one such mutant, C22c, in shake flasks containing straw was not repressed by 5% glycerol, whereas activities on filter paper, CM-cellulose, and p-nitrophenyl-..beta..-xylosidase were only partially derepressed; xylanase was extensively derepressed. The evidence for separate control of the enzymes involved in the solubilization of straw is discussed. 23 references.

The Okeelanta Cogeneration Project is a Bagasse- and wood chip-fired cogeneration project with a net electrical output of approximately 70MW, located at the Okeelanta Corporation`s sugar mill in South Bay, Florida. The Project is comprised of three stoker type boilers each capable of producing 440,000 lbs/hr of steam at 1455 psia, 955F, and a single extraction/condensing steam turbine with a gross output of 75 MW. The electrical output will be sold to Florida Power and Light under the terms of an executed power purchase agreement and delivered at 138kV.

Limited tests were conducted in Audubon Sugar Factory during Fall, 1976, to determine the processibility of the whole cane plant (tops and leaves included). Also tested was the processibility of cane grown under special, close-spaced (12 inch) conditions. These tests were part of the Energy from Crops program sponsored by the Energy Research and Development Administration and coordinated by the Battelle Columbus Laboratories. Cane was supplied by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Sugarcane Laboratory (Houma) and the Sugar Experiment Station of LSU at St. Gabriel. Very high cane yields per acre were achieved by the USDA in their close spacing experiments. These high cane yields more than offset any drop in cane quality which amounted to no more than 15 to 20% in sugar yield per ton of cane. Thus, sucrose yields per acre can apparently be substantially increased by close spacing. The same is true of total fermentables, should one be growing sugar cane for alcohol production. In general, the effect of including tops and leaves was proportional to their quantity and quality. Compared to clean stalks, total cane produced more bagasse and less juice with some drop in mixed juice purity, and, of course, a loss in predicted yield. The tops and leaves contribute mainly fiber. There seems to be no incentive for including this non-productive fraction in the mill feed. If one wishes to recover tops and leaves for maximizing fiber production, it may be best to handle them separately.

Ant-plant interactions often are mediated by extrafloral nectar (EFN) composition that may influence plant visitation by ants. Over a 300 km range in the Indian Western Ghats, we investigated the correlation between the EFN composition of the myrmecophytic ant-plant Humboldtia brunonis (Fabaceae) and the number and species of ants visiting EFN. EFN composition varied among H. brunonis populations and between plant organs (floral bud vs. young leaf EFN). In general, EFN was rich in sugars with small quantities of amino acids, especially essential amino acids, and had moderate invertase activity. In experiments at the study sites with sugar and amino acid solutions and with leaf or floral bud EFN mimics, dominant EFN-feeding ants differentiated between solutions as well as between mimics. The castration parasite Crematogaster dohrni (northern study site) was the least selective and did not exhibit any clear feeding preferences, while the largely trophobiont-tending non-protective Myrmicaria brunnea (middle study site) preferred higher sucrose concentrations and certain essential/non-essential amino acid mixtures. The mutualistic Technomyrmex albipes (southern study site) preferred sucrose over glucose or fructose solutions and consumed the leaf EFN mimic to a greater extent than the floral bud EFN mimic. This young leaf EFN mimic had low sugar concentrations, the lowest viscosity and sugar:amino acid ratio, was rich in essential amino acids, and appeared ideally suited to the digestive physiology of T. albipes. This preference for young leaf EFN may explain the greater protection afforded to young leaves than to floral buds by T. albipes, and may also help to resolve ant-pollinator conflicts. The differential response of dominant ants to sugar, amino acids, or solution viscosity suggests that plants can fine-tune their interactions with local ants via EFN composition. Thus, EFN can mediate local partner-choice mechanisms in ant-plant interactions. PMID:22234428

...leases (tribal and allotted) produce, except leases on the Osage Indian Reservation, and are consistent with mineral leasing...production from Indian oil and gas leases, except leases on the Osage Indian Reservation. Most Indian leases contain the...

Dynamotive Technologies, a British Columbia company, reports good result from experiments to produce synthetic oil from sugar cane waste that could supply many third world countries with a cheap, environmentally friendly source of fuel for powering electric generators. The company is currently building a new pilot plant to produce {sup B}ioOil' (as the product is called). The plant will convert ten tonnes of agricultural waste to produce some 6,000 litres of BioOil. The fuel produced by the existing pilot plant has been tested in an industrial gas turbine power generation package developed by Orenda Aerospace ( a division of Magellan). The BioOil exhibited good combustion qualities and a very favourable emission profile, with significantly less nitrous oxide and sulphur oxide emissions than conventional oil. Full-scale engine testing to validate commercial operation on such fuels is planned. If successful, BioOil could be a significant source of fuel to generate electricity in places such as the tropical islands in the Carribean, the South Pacific and Indian Oceans where sugar cane is grown in large quantities. Currently, annual sugar cane waste (bagasse) is estimated at 375 million tonnes. A plant using less than one-thousandth of that would produce nearly 4.8 million gallons of BioOil annually. It would also generate 30,000 tonnes of greenhouse gas emission credits.

  1. shivani agarwal, indian institute of science, bangalore  3. sujit kumar ghosh, indian institute of science education and research, pune  4. m. jeganmohan, indian institute of science education and research, pune  5. santanu mukherjee, indian institute of science, bangalore  6. nisanth nair, indian institute of technology, kanpur  7. supratim ray, indian institute of science, bangalore  8. m. subba reddy, centre for dna fi ...

indian academy of sciences - 18th mid year meeting faculty hall, indian institute of science, bangalore yogesh m. joshi, indian institute of technology, kanpur raghavan b. sunoj, indian institute of technology, mumbai challenges in space exploration: global perspectives and indian initiatives e. d. jemmis, indian institute of science, bangalore rakesh ...

The objective of this work was the analysis of the energetic ethanol production systems using as source of carbohydrates, manioc, sugar cane and maize crops. The searches were carried from the field in the Paranapanema River Valley, state of Sao Paulo in the operations of cultivation and industrial processing of raw materials for analysis. The expenditure of energy concerning the agricultural part was made by the energy consumption of stage production of one hectare of sugar cane, cassava and corn, tillage and planting procedure, inputs, driving the crop, harvest, transport industry and energy draining. The expenditure of energy referring to the part was made by the industry energy consumption of stage processing of one tonne of sugar cane, cassava and corn, in the operations of disintegration / milling, hydrolysis / treatment of the broth, fermentation, distillation and maintenance of equipment. Under the system of agronomic production of raw materials, manioc presented an energy expenditure below that of sugar cane and maize (9,528.33 MJ ha{sup -1}; 14,370.90 MJ ha{sup -1} and 15,633.83 MJ ha{sup -1}, respectively). For the ethanol produced, the operations of cultivation has consumed 1.54 MJ l{sup -1} with manioc; MJ 1.99 l{sup -1} with sugar cane, and 7.9 MJ l{sup -1} with the corn. In the industrial processing of a ton of raw material, sugar cane presented an energy cost less than the cassava and maize (1,641.56 MJ t{sup -1}; 2,208.28 MJ t{sup -1} and MJ 3,882.39 t{sup -1}, respectively), however, showed a higher cost than when they related to ethanol produced (19.38 MJ l{sup -1}; 11.76 MJ l{sup -1} and 11.76 MJ l{sup -1}, respectively). In the final energy balance for each mega joules of energy invested in sugar cane were required 1.09 MJ (9%), for each mega joules of energy invested in manioc were required 1.76 MJ (76%) and for each mega joules energy invested in maize were required 1.19 MJ (19%). Overall, it appears that the manioc consumes less energy than sugar cane and corn crops in the process of agribusiness obtaining ethanol. (author)

The Iowa Corn Promotion Board is the principal contracting entity for this grant funded by the US Department of Agriculture and managed by the US Department of Energy. The Iowa Corn Promotion Board subcontracted with New Jersey Institute of Technology, KiwiChem, Pacific Northwest National Lab and Idaho National Lab to conduct research for this project. KiwiChem conducted the economic engineering assessment of a dry-mill ethanol plant. New Jersey Institute of Technology conducted work on incorporating the organic acids into polymers. Pacific Northwest National Lab conducted work in hydrolysis of hemicellulose, fermentation and chemical catalysis of sugars to value-added chemicals. Idaho National Lab engineered an organism to ferment a specific organic acid. Dyadic, an enzme company, was a collaborator which provided in-kind support for the project. The Iowa Corn Promotion Board collaborated with the Ohio Corn Marketing Board and the Minnesota Corn Merchandising Council in providing cost share for the project. The purpose of this diverse collaboration was to integrate the hydrolysis, the conversion and the polymer applications into one project and increase the likelihood of success. This project had two primary goals: (1) to hydrolyze the hemicellulose fraction of the distillers grain (DG) coproduct coming from the dry-mill ethanol plants and (2) convert the sugars derived from the hemicellulose into value-added co-products via fermentation and chemical catalysis.

This study is to isolate the effluent strain of VAM fungi from polluted soils of sugar mill effluents. Analysis showed that pH and EC was more but the organic matter is less when compared to non-polluted soils. Even though there was low P content that enhances the mycorrhizal infection, the percent of root colonization was less than 75% in polluted study site. The number of VAM propagules and its distribution were also greatly affected due to various factors. Nine different VAM species were isolated and identified from the polluted study site. Using Allium cepa L. as the host plant the efficiency of the native effluent tolerant strains of VAM fungi isolated from the polluted study site was determined. Highest growth rate, high dry weight of gram per plant and increased growth was observed in the order of Glomus intraradices followed by Gigaspora margarita and Glomus fasciculatum. Consequence of the study clearly showed that Glomus intraradices was the efficient strain in sugar mill effluent polluted areas. PMID:16459556

... is high in sugar. Another tip for spotting sources of sugar—terms ending in “-ose” indicate a sugar ingredient. Here are some common added sugars: sugar brown sugar cane sugar confectioners' or powdered ... Top Sources of Added Sugar in the Diet and Percentages ...

Chlorine bleaching is still practiced by non-wood pulp and paper mills in China, resulting in considerable formation and emission of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). We investigate the distribution of PCDD/Fs in different papermaking processes and dioxin emissions at six typical Chinese non-wood pulp and paper mills. Raw materials for papermaking included reed, wheat straw, bamboo, and sugar cane bagasse. The formation and emission of PCDD/Fs varied strikingly according to bleaching processes and raw materials. Elemental chlorine bleaching promoted the formation of tetra- to octa-CDDs and 2,3,7,8-TCDF, while hypochlorite bleaching only gave rise to a significant increase of 2,3,7,8-TCDF. Bleaching with elemental chlorine and hypochlorite increased 2,3,7,8-TCDF 0.9-42.5 and 0.3-4.1 times, respectively. Most of the 2,3,7,8-TCDF formed at hypochlorite bleaching stage was partitioned into the effluent, which indicated that hypochlorite bleaching was also an important emission source of dioxins. The removal of PCDD/Fs occurred visibly during alkaline digestion, alkaline extraction, and hydrogen peroxide bleaching. Furthermore, the annual emission of PCDD/Fs from Chinese non-wood pulp and paper mills was evaluated. PMID:23067332

The fiscal year (FY) 1997 annual report is the 19th report on the status of the US Department of Energy`s (DOE) Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action (UMTRA) Project. In 1978, Congress directed the DOE to assess and clean up contamination at 24 designated former uranium processing sites. The DOE is also responsible for cleaning up properties in the vicinity of the sites where wind and water erosion deposited tailings or people removed them from the site for use in construction or landscaping. Cleanup has been undertaken in cooperation with state governments and Indian tribes within whose boundaries the sites are located. It is being conducted in two phases: the surface project and the groundwater project. This report addresses specifics about the UMTRA surface project.

The long-term surveillance plan (LTSP) for the Shiprock, New Mexico, Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action (UMTRA) Project disposal site describes the surveillance activities for the Shiprock disposal cell. The US Department of Energy (DOE) will carry out these activities to ensure that the disposal cell continues to function as designed. This final LTSP is being submitted to the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) as a requirement for issuance of a general license for custody and long-term care for the disposal site. The general license requires that the disposal cell be cared for in accordance with the provisions of this LTSP. This Shiprock, New Mexico, LTSP documents whether the land and interests are owned by the US or an Indian tribe and describes in detail the long-term care program through the UMTRA Project Office.

The long-term surveillance plan (LTSP) for the Green River, Utah, Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action (UMTRA) Project disposal site describes the surveillance activities for the Green River disposal cell. The US Department of Energy (DOE) will carry out these activities to ensure that the disposal cell continues to function as designed. This final LTSP was prepared as a requirement for acceptance under the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) general license for custody and long-term care of residual radioactive materials (RRM). This LTSP documents whether the land and interests are owned by the United States or an Indian tribe and details how the long-term care of the disposal site will be carried out.

The aqueous methanolic extract of an Indian natural medicine, the roots of Salacia oblonga Wall. (Celastraceae), was found to show inhibitory activity on the increase in serum glucose level in sucrose- and maltose-loaded rats. The water-soluble and ethyl acetate-soluble portions from the aqueous methanolic extract showed inhibitory activities on alpha-glucosidase and aldose reductase, respectively. From the water-soluble portion, potent alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, salacinol and kotalanol, were isolated, together with nine sugar related components, while a new friedelane-type triterpene, kotalagenin 16-acetate, was isolated from the ethyl acetate-soluble portion along with known diterpenes and triterpenes. The structure of kotalagenin 16-acetate was elucidated on the basis of physicochemical evidence. Principal components from this natural medicine were examined in terms of inhibitory activity on aldose reductase, and the diterpene and triterpene constituents, including the new kotalagenin 16-acetate, were found to be responsible components for the inhibitory activity on aldose reductase. PMID:10748716

The aonla fruits (whole fruit, pricking, splits, segments) were subjected to pretreatments like blanching, osmotic dehydration with salt (2%) and sugar (40%) in different experiments before drying to obtain a product with better keeping quality. An LPG based drier (CRIDA drier) with capacity to dry 50?kg of fresh Indian gooseberry (aonla) was used. Nutritional quality and rehydration characteristics of CRIDA drier dried products were higher and free from contamination. Drying time was shortest for blanched and osmotically dehydrated segments dried in CRIDA drier and the product had better vitamin C retention, rehydration characteristics and sensory acceptability compared to sun or cabinet drier dried product. The additional expenditure spent on gas in CRIDA drier is compensated by reduced ...

Abstract in spanish Las plantaciones de caña de azúcar se dieron en América Latina y en las islas antillanas como consecuencia de la demanda en los mercados europeos desde el XVI hasta el XIX. El escenario construido con financiamiento internacional y la participación activa de Holanda, Francia, Inglaterra, Estados Unidos, incluso Portugal y España, implicó la inversión de grandes capitales en las colonias para la instalación de los ingenios y la importación de la mano de obra. En e (more) l caso de Venezuela y en particular de la región sucrense, la producción y el comercio del azúcar y sus derivados marcó una singular diferencia con lo acontecido en otros países; por cuanto la metrópoli no invirtió capitales para la explotación a gran escala de este cultivo agrícola que tomó fuerza en este escenario, a partir del siglo XIX. En el distrito Sucre del estado Zulia el proceso económico generado por los cambios en la explotación tradicional de la caña de azúcar, en las primeras décadas del siglo XX, aceleró la industrialización del azúcar y sus derivados, cuya referencia más significativa fueron las nuevas compañías azucareras que le dieron un impulso a una clase dominante que diversificó la economía nacional y expandió el desarrollo del capitalismo en Venezuela. Abstract in english Plantations of sugar cane were developed in Latin America and in the West Indian Islands as a consequence of the demand in European markets from the XVI to the XIX centuries. The scenario was constructed with international financing and the active participation of Holland, France, England, the United States, and even Portugal and Spain. It involved the investment of the large sums of capital in the colonies for the installation of mechanical apparatus and the importation (more) of manpower. In the Venezuelan case and especially in the sugar regions, the production and the trade of sugar and its derivates had a singular difference in relation to what happened in other countries; since the metropolis did not invest capital for the exploitation on a large scale of this agricultural product which gained economic force in the economy from the XIX century on. In the Sucre district of Zulia State the economic process generated by the changes in the traditional explotation of sugar cane in the first decades of the XX century, accelerated the industrialization of sugar and its derivatives, in which the most significant references were the formation of new sugar companies that gave impulse to a dominant economic class that diversified the national economy and expanded the development of capitalism in Venezuela.

A conventional process for ethanol production involving liquefaction followed by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) under the yeast fermentation conditions, was investigated at 30 and 35% dry solid (DS) of Indian broken rice and pearl millet feedstocks. The study followed the typical conventional process currently in use by the Indian Ethanol Industry. Liquefaction was carried out using a thermostable alpha amylase, and whereas SSF with a glucoamylase with additional side activities of pullulanase and protease under the yeast fermentation conditions. To measure the enzyme efficacy in the liquefaction process, fermentable sugar and liquefact solubility (brix) were monitored at the end of the liquefaction process. The liquefact was subjected to SSF with yeast. Addition of an acid fungal protease at a concentration of 0.1 kg per metric ton of grain during SSF was observed to accelerate yeast growth and ultimately, ethanol yield with both feedstocks. With both concentrations of feedstocks, the fermentation efficiency and ethanol recovery were determined. This study assesses the potential of these enzymes for ethanol production with higher dry solid concentration (?30% w/w DS) of both these feedstocks in the conventional process to achieve higher plant throughput without compromising fermentation efficiency and ethanol recovery. PMID:22407108

...of the Plains Indian, Indian Arts and Crafts Board. DATES: Representatives...of the Plains Indian, Indian Arts and Crafts Board at the address...determinations in this notice. History and Description of the Cultural...Determinations Made by the Indian Arts and Crafts Board Officials...

... Sweeteners and Sugar Substitutes Healthy Living Sweeteners and Sugar Substitutes Article Body Noncaloric sweeteners, also called no- and low-calorie sweeteners, or sugar substitutes, add sweetness ...

Abstract in portuguese O trabalho objetivou estudar a danificação do amido de farinha de trigo por moagem e o seu efeito na produção de biscoitos tipo semi-duros. Amostras de trigo dos cultivares BR 23, BRS Angico e Rubi, com características diferentes quanto à dureza foram moídas em moinho de rolos através de uma passagem pelo conjunto de quebra; quebra mais três reduções na umidade 16% e quebra mais três reduções na umidade 12%. Neste tratamento, a moagem foi complementada pelo (more) emprego de moinho de bolas. Nas farinhas, foram realizadas análises físicas, químicas, reológicas e funcionais, utilizando delineamento casualizado em planejamento fatorial completo 3 x 3, totalizando nove tratamentos. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente e, nos modelos significativos, as médias comparadas entre si pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade de erro. Os resultados rendimento de quebra, proteína bruta, amido danificado, força geral do glúten (W x 10-4J) e relação tenacidade/extensibilidade (P/L) indicam que a farinha do cultivar BRS Angico apresentou melhores características para a produção de biscoitos seguido de BR 23 e Rubi. O teor de amido danificado produzido durante a moagem dos trigos influencia nas propriedades funcionais dos biscoitos apresentando melhor resultado aqueles obtidos a partir de uma passagem pelo conjunto de quebra. Abstract in english The objective of this research was to study the damage starch of wheat flour which occurred in the milling process and its effect in the production of sugar-snap cookie type. Samples of the wheat by cultivars BR 23, BRS Angico and Rubi, with different hardness were milled in a roller-mill through a passage for the break system; a break and three reductions in the 16% of moisture, a break and three reductions in the 12% of moisture. In this treatment, the milling was compl (more) emented using a ball-mill. The flours were analyzed with respect to physical, chemistry, rheology and functional characteristics, using a 3 x 3 factorial design totalizing nine treatments. The results were analyzed using an analysis of variance and the averages of the significant models were compared by the Tukey test at 5% of probability. The results of break yield, protein, damaged starch, work input (W x 10-4J) and relation extensibility/tenacity (P/L) indicate that the flour by cultivar BRS Angico presented better characteristics for the produce of cookies, followed by BR 23 and Ruby. The damaged starch produced during the milling of the wheat influenced the functional properties of cookies showing better results than those obtained using one passage by the break system.

Methyl bromide fumigation, the most accepted quarantine treatment for dates and many other dried commodities, will be phased out by 2015 worldwide. As a result, there is a critical need to develop durable alternatives for methyl bromide as postharvest treatments of agricultural commodities. This article presents a new method for postharvest treatment of Kabkab dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) by application of gaseous ozone to reduce or eliminate all life stages (adults, larvae, and eggs) of Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella) and sawtooth grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis). The effect of the ozonation process on the sugar content of dates was also evaluated. Infested dates were exposed to ozone concentrations of 600, 1,200, 2,000, and 4,000 ppm for 1 and 2 h. As insect eggs are known to be most tolerant to many chemical or physical treatments, they were additionally exposed to an atmosphere of pure carbon dioxide prior to ozonation. Exposing samples to ozone concentrations of >2,000 ppm for 2 h resulted in complete mortality of larvae and adults. Exposure to 4,000 ppm of ozone for 2 h resulted in 80% mortality of eggs, and exposure to CO(2) prior to ozonation did not improve the effect of ozonation on eggs. Ozone did not have any influence on the sugar content of Kabkab dates. PMID:20377969

...SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Indian Meridian, Oklahoma (OK) The plat, representing...North, Range 1 East, of the Indian Meridian, accepted April 12, 2012, for Group...North, Range 24 East, of the Indian Meridian, accepted April 12, 2012, for...

...Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act...organizations and Indian-owned economic enterprises as defined...Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act [25 U...Indians because of their status as Indians. (2...25 U.S.C. 1452) economic enterprise is...

...operations delayed the structural steel repairs and requested...affect children. Indian Tribal Governments...Government and Indian tribes, or on...Government and Indian tribes. Energy...performance, design, or operation...am] BILLING CODE...

...Statement for the Proposed Wheatgrass Ridge Wind Project, Fort Hall Indian Reservation, Idaho AGENCY: Bureau of Indian Affairs...for the proposed Wheatgrass Ridge Wind Project on the Fort Hall Indian Reservation, Idaho. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION...

...Department of Parks and Recreation professional staff in consultation with representatives of the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians of the Agua Caliente Indian Reservation, California; Augustine Band of Cahuilla Indians, California...

...2) of the Act. (8) Whether inclusion of tribal lands of the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians of the Agua Caliente Indian Reservation, California (preferred name ``Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians''), in Riverside County...

...SECRETARY FOR PUBLIC AND INDIAN HOUSING, DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT INDIAN...Cranston-Gonzales National Affordable Housing Act (42 U.S...and Indian-owned economic enterprises as defined in section 3...

...contact the Museum of Indian Arts & Culture/Laboratory of Anthropology...Director, Museum of Indian Arts & Culture, Museum of New Mexico...possession of the Museum of Indian Arts & Culture/Laboratory of Anthropology...determinations in this notice. History and Description of the...

...NATIONAL INDIAN GAMING COMMISSION Notice of Availability...CA AGENCY: National Indian Gaming Commission (NIGC). ACTION...and office hours is available online at: http://www.sonoma...Compliance Officer, National Indian Gaming Commission, 1441 L...

...Indians of the Lac du Flambeau Reservation of Wisconsin; Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians, Michigan; Leech Lake Band of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, Minnesota; Lower Sioux Indian Community in the State of Minnesota; Menominee...

...human remains in the possession of the Minnesota Indian Affairs Council (MIAC). The...Sioux Indian Community in the State of Minnesota; Prairie Island Indian Community in the State of Minnesota; Santee Sioux Nation, Nebraska;...

...Indian Affairs Information Collection for Tax Credit Bonds for Bureau of Indian Affairs-Funded...the information collection entitled ``Tax Credit Bonds for Bureau of Indian Affairs-Funded...This information collection is related to tax credit bonds for BIA-funded schools...

...contractually. While flour mills blend classes of wheat for milling, GIPSA...responsibility for blending wheat for milling, given that flour mills typically have...precise and repeatable flour yield test can be incorporated into the wheat standards....

The potential of spent mushroom substrate after cultivation of Pleurotus eryngii as a biomass resource for bioethanol production was investigated. Materials were pretreated by ball milling for 1 h, and enzymatic hydrolysis was then carried out. Glucose, xylose, arabinose and galactose were detected in enzymatic hydrolysates, and a > 59.0% yield of total sugars was obtained, even at a substrate concentration of 30% (w/v). Enzymatic hydrolysates were fermented using Pichia stipitis. When enzymatic hydrolysates obtained from a 20% (w/v) substrate concentration were fermented, the maximum ethanol concentration was 17.7 g l -1 and ethanol yield was 67.0%. These results indicate that corncob-based spent mushroom substrate can be used as a raw material for bioethanol production.   

The effect of 3 fermentation methods, in situ (IS) in 4 lactating cows (average pH of 5.8), in vitro (IVn) with media pH of 6.8, or in vitro (IVa) with media pH adjusted to 6.0 using citric acid, on fiber degradation parameters was studied using feeds ground to different particle sizes. Corn silage (CS), grass silage (GS), barley grain (B), sugar beet pulp (BP), and rapeseed cake (RC) were ground using a shear mill. Silages were ground through 8-, 4-, 2-, or 1-mm screens, B and BP through 4-, 2-, or 1-mm screens, and RC through 2- or 1-mm screens. The amylase-treated NDF (aNDF) content of samples ground using a 1-mm screen was 399, 431, 197, 480, and 251 g/kg of DM for CS, GS, B, BP, and RC, respectively, but increased with increasing screen size.

In the present investigation, tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) was grown in garden soil amended with increasing concentrations (0%, 1%, 2% and 3%) of composted de-oiled seed cake of Pongamia pinnata (karanj) in order to study the effect on morphological (length of plant, leaves per plant, number of flowers and fruits and fruit yield), chemical and nutritional (moisture, total soluble solids, acidity, Vitamin C, protein, reducing sugars, lycopene and pectin) properties of the tomato. The results revealed that adding composted Pongamia cake to soil has a significant positive influence on yield for 35 days and 60 days of transplant. Substantially high yields were obtained in soils mixed with 3% composted Pongamia cake. Such effects could not be attributed solely to the chemical and phys...

The influence of the operating conditions of Miscanthus x Giganteus autohydrolysis on the composition of the solid residues and hydrolysates was examined. Milled wood lignin (MWL) extracted after autohydrolysis treatments performed at the same severity but at different temperatures were studied by 13C and 31P NMR in order to obtain a more complete picture of the changes in lignin structure occurring during the autohydrolysis. It was proposed that (1) the lignin homolytical fragmentation route should be enhanced with an increase of the temperature of the autohydrolysis treatment and (2) addition of a catalytic amount of 2-naphthol during the autohydrolysis step not only enhanced the dissolution of lignin but also allowed a better recovery of the hemicellulose sugars. A combined process invo...

Jujube fruit is an increasingly important fruit in the world for its high nutrients content and the harvest time is crucial for jujube fruit quality. The aim of the study was to evaluate the quality changes and the optimum time for harvesting of jujube fruit (Zizyphus jujuba Mill. cv. Changhong) by chlorophyll fluorescence. Our results showed that jujube fruit cv. Changhong displayed a double sigmoid growth curve with a very short lag phase. At the last three ripening stages (72, 80, and 88?days after petal fall), Fo, Fm, and Fv showed positive and significant correlation with DPPH radical scavenging activity, total phenolic, reducing sugar, ascorbic acid, and total flavonoid (0.729???r???0.920, P?r????0.826). The last three ripeness stages in our study were differentiated using the chloro...

Ethanol was produced using the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) method with macroalgae polysaccharide from the seaweed Saccharina japonica (Sea tangle, Dasima) as biomass. The seaweed was dried by hot air, ground with a hammer mill and filtered with a 200-mesh sieve prior to pretreatment. Saccharification was carried out by thermal acid hydrolysis with H2SO4 and the industrial enzyme, Termamyl 120?L. To increase the yield of saccharification, isolated marine bacteria were used; the optimal saccharification conditions were 10% (w/v) seaweed slurry, 40?mM H2SO4 and 1?g dcw/L isolated Bacillus sp. JS-1. Using this saccharification procedure, the reducing sugar concentration and viscosity were 45.6???5.0?g/L and 24.9 cp, respectively, and the total yield of the saccharifica...

Abstract BACKGROUND: Hydrothermal processes are an eco friendly processes that provide an interesting alternative for chemical utilization of lignocellulosic materials, in which water and crop residues are the only reagents. In this work the effect of process conditions (size distribution of the wheat straw, temperature and time) was evaluated against production of fermentable products. RESULTS: The use of milled wheat straw fractions as a raw material containing blends of different particle size distribution showed that the latter had an influence on the final sugars in the hydrolysate. Improved values of glucose (21.1%) and xylose yields (49.32%) present in the hydrolysate were obtained with treatment severity factors of 2.77 and 3.36, respectively. Mathematical models were developed aim...

Abstract in spanish El artículo aborda el estudio vibrodinámico ejecutado en motores eléctricos de la fábrica de azúcar "Cristino Naranjo" durante la implementación del mantenimiento predictivo. En el mismo se exponen los trabajos realizados en las diferentes etapas de implementación del mantenimiento y el diagnóstico de defectos mediante la utilización del análisis espectral de vibraciones. Se muestran espectros de motor con problemas y en funcionamiento normal. Abstract in english This work is concerned with the vibrational and dynamic study of electrical motors located in Cristino Naranjo sugar mill. It is done during the predictive maintenance implementation. At the some time some works are shown during this process as well the failures diagnostic by means of the use of spectrum analysis of vibration. The spectrums shown are related to motors with difficulties or well working.

Corn fiber is a co-product of the corn wet milling industry which is usually marketed as a low value animal feed ingredient. Approximately 1.2 x 10{sup 6} dry tons of this material are produced annually in the United States. The fiber is composed of kernel cell wall fractions and a residual starch which can all be potentially hydrolyzed to a mixture of glucose, xylose, arabinose and galactose. We have investigated a sequential saccharification of polysaccharides in corn fiber by a treatment with dilute sulfuric acid at 100 to 160{degrees}C followed by partial neutralization and enzymatic hydrolysis with mixed cellulose and amyloglucosidase enzymes at 45{degrees}C. The sequential treatment achieved a high (approximately 85%) conversion of all polysaccharides in the corn fiber to monomeric sugars, which were in most cases fermentable to ethanol by the recombinant bacterium Escherichia coli KOll.

The aim of this study was to prepare and characterise composites of Soluble potato starch or hydroxypropylated maize starch with milled sugar cane fibre (i.e., bagasse). Prior to the preparation of the starch-fibre composites, the 'cast' and the 'hot-pressed' methods were investigated for the preparation of starch films in order to select the preferred preparation method. The physicochemical and mechanical properties of films conditioned at different relative humidities (RHs) were determined through moisture uptake, crystallinity, glass transition temperature (Tg), thermal properties, molecular structure and tensile tests. Hot-pressed starch films have ~5.5% less moisture, twice the crystallinity (~59%), higher Tg and Young's modulus than cast starch films. The VH-type starch polymorph was...

Switchgrass was pelleted to evaluate the effect of densification on acidic and alkaline pretreatment efficacy. Bulk density and durability of pellets were 724kg/m3 and 95%, respectively. Ground switchgrass (D90=21.7mm) was further ground to a fine power (D90=0.5mm) in the pellet mill prior to densification. This grinding increased enzymatic hydrolyzate glucose yields of non-pretreated materials by 210%. Pelleting had no adverse impact on dilute acid pretreatment efficacy. Grinding and pelleting increased hydrolyzate glucose yields of switchgrass pretreated by soaking in aqueous ammonia (SAA) by 37%. Xylose yields from SAA-pretreated switchgrass pellets were 42% higher than those from the original biomass. Increases in sugar yields from SAA-pretreated pelleted biomass are attributed to grin...

Wheat grains were milled into 8 fractions ranging from the surface layer to the center of a grain with a modified machine used for polishing brewers’ rice. The classified wheat flours were ground to the size of starch, and the moisture content in each fraction was about 12%. The ash, lipid, protein and dietary fiber contents decreased from the surface to the center, while sugar content increased. Potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium and manganese, but not copper contents also decreased from the surface to the center. Large, medium and small granule starches were isolated from these classified wheat flours. From the surface to the center, the percentage of large granules decreased, small granules increased, and medium granules remained approximately constant. The ratio of water-soluble and NaCl-soluble proteins decreased from the surface to the center, whereas that of n-propanol-soluble and lactic acid-soluble proteins increased.   

The possibility to utilize fiber sludge, waste fibers from pulp mills and lignocellulose-based biorefineries, for combined production of liquid biofuel and biocatalysts was investigated. Without pretreatment, fiber sludge was hydrolyzed enzymatically to monosaccharides, mainly glucose and xylose. In the first of two sequential fermentation steps, the fiber sludge hydrolysate was fermented to cellulosic ethanol with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although the final ethanol yields were similar, the ethanol productivity after 9.5?h was 3.3?g/l/h for the fiber sludge hydrolysate compared with only 2.2?g/l/h for a reference fermentation with similar sugar content. In the second fermentation step, the spent fiber sludge hydrolysate (the stillage obtained after distillation) was used as grow...

...of the Secretary USDA Reassigns Domestic Cane Sugar Allotments and Increases the Fiscal...reassignment of surplus sugar under domestic cane sugar allotments of 200,000 short tons...announced the reassignment of projected surplus cane sugar marketing allotments and...

...of the Secretary USDA Reassigns Domestic Cane Sugar Allotments and Increases the Fiscal...reassignment of surplus sugar under domestic cane sugar allotments of 300,000 short tons...announced the reassignment of projected surplus cane sugar marketing allotments and...

Abstract in portuguese Os sistemas logísticos são hoje fundamentais para melhorar a eficiência operacional de usinas de cana-de-açúcar, pois atuam na integração de operações agrícolas e industriais. O presente artigo apresenta um estudo do sistema de recepção de cana em uma das maiores usinas do Brasil, a Usina São Martinho, localizada na região de Ribeirão Preto, SP. O trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de analisar o desempenho desse sistema, compreendido da balança até (more) as moendas, e investigar configurações e políticas alternativas para sua operação. Em razão das diversas fontes de incerteza e da complexidade operacional do sistema, o método utilizado teve por base técnicas de simulação discreta. As principais medidas de desempenho avaliadas são relacionadas ao tempo médio em que os veículos permanecem no sistema de recepção e à quantidade média de cana descarregada nas moendas por unidade de tempo. Abstract in english Logistic systems are fundamental to improve the operational efficiency of sugar cane plants integrating agricultural and industrial operations. This article presents a case study in the logistic supply system of one the largest Brazilian sugar case plants, the Usina São Martinho, located near Ribeirão Preto, SP. The aim of the study is to analyze the performance of the system in front of the mills, and to investigate alternative configurations and policies for system op (more) eration. Due to several uncertainty sources and the operational complexity of the system, the method is based on discrete simulation techniques. The mais performance measures are related to time averages spent in the supply system, and mean unloading rates in the mills.

...Tariff-rate Quota Allocations for Raw Cane Sugar, Refined and Specialty Sugar, and...the tariff-rate quotas for imported raw cane sugar, refined and specialty sugar, and...tariff-rate quotas (TRQs) for imports of raw cane sugar and refined sugar. Pursuant to...

The Audubon Sugar Institute (ASI) of Louisiana State University’s Agricultural Center (LSU AgCenter) and MBI International (MBI) sought to develop technologies that will lead to the development of a sugar-cane biorefinery, capable of supplying fuel ethanol from bagasse. Technology development focused on the conversion of bagasse, cane-leaf matter (CLM) and molasses into high value-added products that included ethanol, specialty chemicals, biomaterials and animal feed; i.e. a sugar cane-based biorefinery. The key to lignocellulosic biomass utilization is an economically feasible method (pretreatment) for separating the cellulose and the hemicellulose from the physical protection provided by lignin. An effective pretreatment disrupts physical barriers, cellulose crystallinity, and the association of lignin and hemicellulose with cellulose so that hydrolytic enzymes can access the biomass macrostructure (Teymouri et al. 2004, Laureano-Perez, 2005). We chose to focus on alkaline pretreatment methods for, and in particular, the Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) process owned by MBI. During the first two years of this program a laboratory process was established for the pretreatment of bagasse and CLM using the AFEX process. There was significant improvement of both rate and yield of glucose and xylose upon enzymatic hydrolysis of AFEX-treated bagasse and CLM compared with untreated material. Because of reactor size limitation, several other alkaline pretreatment methods were also co-investigated. They included, dilute ammonia, lime and hydroxy-hypochlorite treatments. Scale-up focused on using a dilute ammonia process as a substitute for AFEX, allowing development at a larger scale. The pretreatment of bagasse by an ammonia process, followed by saccharification and fermentation produced ethanol from bagasse. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) allowed two operations in the same vessel. The addition of sugarcane molasses to the hydrolysate/fermentation process yielded improvements beyond what was expected solely from the addition of sugar. In order to expand the economic potential for building a biorefinery, the conversion of enzyme hydrolysates of AFEX-treated bagasse to succinic acid was also investigated. This program established a solid basis for pre-treatment of bagasse in a manner that is feasible for producing ethanol at raw sugar mills.

Barley, after steeping in water, was ground with ease and efficiency in the Szego mill, and its starch was liquefied, saccharified and fermented to very high yields of ethanol. The Szego mill consists of vertical rollers with helical grooves which rotate within a fixed cylinder, resulting in very fine grinding and a somewhat flaky product. The steeped barley was ground to a fine paste. This was readily liquefied and saccharified by amylolytic enzymes (dual enzyme process), and the resulting sugars were fermented in 24 h by ordinary bakers' yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, resulting in over 450 l ethanol/t of barley. Still shorter time, 12 h, and the same high yield were achieved when liquefied barley starch was simultaneously saccharified by glucoamylase and fermented. Fermentation to ethanol by a glucoamylase-producing yeast S. diastaticus strain 164A (from Labatt Brewing Company) enabled the amount of this enzyme required for saccharification to be reduced to about one-half the normal quantity, but at some cost in slower fermentation and slightly lower ethanol yield.

Geothermal energy is gradually being accepted, primarily in the West, but technological and economic questions still must be resolved. Technical problems of pipe and valve corrosion and capital costs are being studied by ERDA and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). Demonstrations of hydrothermal power indicate that there is a potential for supplementary power and the higher production costs can be readily absorbed in utility rates. Estimates range from 11 to 100 mills per kilowatt hour (20 mills is equivalent to $12 per-barrel of oil). Although other countries have generated electricity from geothermal sources since 1904 and some U.S. cities use it for space heating, industrial use is new. Plants expect to use it to generate power, dry timber, extract sulfur, etc., as is already done in some countries. ERDA projects are exploring 18 possible industrial applications, including sugar-refining operations and chemical processing. While resource estimates are great (44,000 quads), ERDA estimates only 100 quads are recoverable. Other research is aimed at circulating liquid through fractured hot, dry rock formations, which contain about half the country's geothermal energy. (DCK)

Abstract in portuguese Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown (Verbenaceae) é geralmente usada na medicina popular brasileira para o tratamento de doenças gástricas, febre, asma e como tranqüilizante. Este trabalho avaliou a atividade antimicrobiana dos extratos acetato de etila, metanol e aquoso das raízes de L. alba usando métodos de difusão em poços e o perfil fitoquímico. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os extratos acetato de etila e metanol apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana contra (more) Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538P), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) e Klebsiella pneumonia (ATCC 10031). Terpenóides, fenilpropanóides e açúcares foram detectados na análise fitoquímica. Abstract in english Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown (Verbenaceae) is commonly used in the Brazilian folk medicine to the treatment of gastric illnesses, diarrhea, fever, asthma, and as a tranquilizer. This work evaluated the antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous extracts from the roots of the L. alba using plates-holes diffusion assay and the phytochemical profile. The results obtained showed that the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts presented antimicrobial activity (more) against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538P), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and Klebsiella pneumonia (ATCC 10031). Terpenoids, phenylpropanoids and sugars were detected in the phytochemical analysis.

This paper evaluates life cycle energy analysis of molasses based ethanol (MOE) in Nepal. Net energy value (NEV), net renewable energy value (NREV) and energy yield ratio are used to evaluate the energy balance of MOE in Nepal. Total energy requirements in sugarcane farming, cane milling and ethanol conversion processes are estimated and energy allocation is made between co-products (molasses and sugar) as per their market prices. The result shows negative NEV (-13.05 MJ/L), positive NREV (18.36 MJ/L) and energy yield ratio (7.47). The higher positive value of NREV and energy yield ratio reveal that a low amount of fossil fuels are required to produce 1 L of MOE. However, negative NEV reveals that the total energy consumption (both fossil and renewables) to produce the ethanol is higher than its final energy content. Nevertheless, the renewable energy contribution amounts to 91.7% of total energy requirements. The effect of the increased price of molasses and reduced energy consumption in the sugarcane milling and ethanol conversion are found to be significant in determining the energy values and yield ratio of MOE. In addition, there are clear measures that can be taken to improve efficiency along the production chain. Finally, energy security, scarcity of hard currency for importing fossil fuels and opportunities for regional development are also strong reasons for considering local renewable energy options in developing countries. (author)

This research aims at developing a biorefinery platform to convert corn-ethanol coproduct, corn fiber, into fermentable sugars at a lower temperature with minimal use of chemicals. White-rot (Phanerochaete chrysosporium), brown-rot (Gloeophyllum trabeum) and soft-rot (Trichoderma reesei) fungi were used in this research to biologically break down cellulosic and hemicellulosic components of corn fiber into fermentable sugars. Laboratory-scale simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process proceeded by in-situ cellulolytic enzyme induction enhanced overall enzymatic hydrolysis of hemi/cellulose from corn fiber into simple sugars (mono-, di-, tri-saccharides). The yeast fermentation of hydrolyzate yielded 7.1, 8.6 and 4.1 g ethanol per 100 g corn fiber when saccharified with the white-, brown-, and soft-rot fungi, respectively. The highest corn-to-ethanol yield (8.6 g ethanol/100 g corn fiber) was equivalent to 42 % of the theoretical ethanol yield from starch and cellulose in corn fiber. Cellulase, xylanase and amylase activities of these fungi were also investigated over a week long solid-substrate fermentation of corn fiber. G. trabeum had the highest activities for starch (160 mg glucose/mg protein.min) and on day three of solid-substrate fermentation. P. chrysosporium had the highest activity for xylan (119 mg xylose/mg protein.min) on day five and carboxymethyl cellulose (35 mg glucose/mg protein.min) on day three of solid-substrate fermentation. T. reesei showed the highest activity for Sigma cell 20 (54.8 mg glucose/mg protein.min) on day 5 of solid-substrate fermentation. The effect of different pretreatments on SSF of corn fiber by fungal processes was examined. Corn fiber was treated at 30 °C for 2 h with alkali [2% NaOH (w/w)], alkaline peroxide [2% NaOH (w/w) and 1% H2O 2 (w/w)], and by steaming at 100 °C for 2 h. Mild pretreatment resulted in improved ethanol yields for brown- and soft-rot SSF, while white-rot and Spezyme CP SSFs showed no improvement in ethanol yields. We showed that saccharification of lignocellulosic material with a wood-rot fungal process is quite feasible. Corn fiber from wet milling was best degraded to sugars using aerobic solid state fermentation with the soft-rot fungus T. reesei. However, it was shown that both the white-rot fungus P. chrysosporium and brown-rot fungus G. trabeum had the ability to produce additional consortia of hemi/cellulose degrading enzymes. It is likely that a consortium of enzymes from these fungi would be the best approach in saccharification of lignocellulose. In all cases, a subsequent anaerobic yeast process under submerged conditions is required to ferment the released sugars to ethanol. To our knowledge, this is the first time report on production of cellulolytic enzymes from wet-milled corn fiber using white- and brown-rot fungi for sequential fermentation of corn fiber hydrolyzate to ethanol. Keywords: lignocellulose, ethanol, biofuel, bioeconomy, biomass, renewable resources, corn fiber, pretreatment, solid-substrate fermentation, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), white-rot fungus, brown-rot fungus, soft-rot fungus, fermentable sugars, enzyme activities, cellulytic enzymes Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Gloleophyllum trabeum, Trichoderma reesei, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Irrigation with moderate salinity stress in a hydroponic system improves the inner and outer fruit quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicon Mill. ‘House Momotaro’). We investigated the effects of 50 mM NaCl in a hydroponic solution on the levels of various metabolites, including soluble sugars, amino acids, and organic acids, and on the expression levels of salinity-responsive genes during fruit development. Under salinity, Brix (%), surface color density, and flesh firmness of the fruit were significantly enhanced, whereas fruit enlargement was suppressed. Salinity stress strongly promoted the accumulation of sucrose, citrate, malate, and glutamate, and slightly promoted glucose and ?-amino butyric acid in red fruit. At the transcriptional level, up-regulation of ethylene-synthetic 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase and down-regulation of photosynthetic chlorophyll a/b binding protein Cab-1B occurred earlier in stressed fruit than in control fruit. Additionally, the carotenoid-biosynthesis regulatory gene, Phytoene synthase 1, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) were up-regulated under moderate salinity in the red stage. The expression profiles of these genes in stress-treated fruit were consistent with the changes in fruit quality, including earlier ripening and a deeper red color. Furthermore, the up-regulation of PEPCK suggested that gluconeogenesis is involved in the accumulation of sugars in salinity-stressed fruit.   

Sugarcane today plays a major role in the worldwide economy, and Brazil is the leading producer of sugar and alcohol, which are important international commodities. The production process generates bagasse as a waste, which is used as fuel to stoke boilers that produce steam for electricity cogeneration. The final product of this burning is residual sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA), which is normally used as fertilizer in sugarcane plantations. Ash stands out among agroindustrial wastes because it results from energy generating processes. Many types of ash do not have hydraulic or pozzolanic reactivity, but can be used in civil construction as inert materials. The present study used ash collected from four sugar mills in the region of Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil, which is one of the world's largest producers of sugarcane. The ash samples were subjected to chemical characterization, sieve analysis, determination of specific gravity, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and solubilization and leaching tests. Mortars and concretes with SBA as sand replacement were produced and tests were carried out: compressive strength, tensile strength and elastic modulus. The results indicated that the SBA samples presented physical properties similar to those of natural sand. Several heavy metals were found in the SBA samples, indicating the need to restrict its use as a fertilizer. The mortars produced with SBA in place of sand showed better mechanical results than the reference samples. SBA can be used as a partial substitute of sand in concretes made with cement slag-modified Portland cement.

The fermentation of sucrose-based raw materials has been studied using immobilized cells of Z. mobilis in a laboratory-scale bioreactor. This follows an earlier evaluation under similar conditions using glucose media. With 150 g/litre sucrose medium, steady-state ethanol levels of 65-68 g/litre (8-8.5% v/v) were sustained for dilution rates D = 0.05-0.10/h. At higher dilution rates the production of the by-product levan (and possibly sorbitol) caused a yield reduction when compared to fermentation of glucose medium. Sugar cane juice, molasses and synthetic mill liquor (a mixture of cane juice and molasses) required no nutrient supplementation and were all suitable substrates for ethanol production by immobilized cells of Zymomonas mobilis. From comparative studies with molasses (155 g/litre total sugars) it was concluded that immobilized Zymomonas mobilis are likely to be less effective than immobilized yeast cells for ethanol production from molasses. The reasons for this lie in the by-products produced by Zymomonas mobilis on sucrose media and possible salt inhibition effects. 33 references.

The anhydrous ethanol production is recent and limited, because the disadvantage of the renewable energies is the economic impossibility of the projects. Nevertheless, there are aspects to consider to achieve the anhydrous ethanol production, among which are: the cost of the raw material, the self-sufficiency of energy from the sugar cane bagasse without the need of oil burning, the larger size of the distilleries, incorporation of the Cogeneration with delivery of electricity to the public network in the sugar mill facilities, the introduction of the biotechnology to improve the processes of fermentation and subsidies to agriculture. [Spanish] La produccion de etanol anhidro es reciente y limitada, debido a que la desventaja de las energias renovables es la inviabilidad economica de los proyectos. Sin embargo hay aspectos a considerar para lograr la produccion de etanol anhidro, entre los cuales estan: el costo de la materia prima, la autosuficiencia energetica a partir del bagazo de la cana sin necesidad de petroleo, mayor tamano de las destilerias, incorporacion de la Cogeneracion con entrega de electricidad a la red publica en el ingenio, la introduccion de la biotecnologia para mejorar los procesos de fermentacion y subsidios a la agricultura.

Abstract in spanish La evolución del patrimonio y las estrategias de inversión de una familia de la elite tucumana se examina a través de dos generaciones a fin de determinar la vía de acumulación del capital reinvertido en la industria azucarera, hacia mediados del siglo XIX. ¿Cómo se origina y evoluciona el capital y el poder político de una familia representativa de la elite azucarera argentina con trascendencia nacional? Este estudio de caso permite analizar la cuestión mediante (more) diferentes estrategias: la compra de temporalidades de los jesuitas; la acumulación de capitales a través del comercio local y de exportación; la cría y exportación de ganado mular a Bolivia; la fundación del ingenio azucarero; las inversiones inmobiliarias; las alianzas matrimoniales; las prácticas en el reparto patrimonial, y las redes entre el poder central y local, durante la consolidación del sistema político nacional. Abstract in english The evolution of wealth and investment strategies of one of the typical elite families from Tucumán is examined through two generations in order to determine the path of accumulation of capital reinvested in the sugar industry in mid-nineteenth century. How do the capital and political power of one elite sugar cane family from Argentina originate and evolve? This case study allows analysis of the issue through various strategies: buying temporalities of the jesuits, the (more) accumulation of capital through the local and export trade, the export of mules livestock to Bolivia, the founding of the sugar mill industry, the investment in real estate, the matrimony alliances; the practices of heritance allocation and the networks between the central and local power. This family also played a leading role in consolidating the national political system.

... traditional wisdom, and talent: John Molina, MD, Las Fuentes Clinic, Guadalupe, Arizona Gila River Indian Community Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community San Lucy Village Tohono O’odham Nation Ak-Chin Indian Community San Carlos Apache Indian Community Inter-Tribal Council of Arizona, ...

...of the Plains Indian, Indian Arts and Crafts Board at the address...remains was made by the Indian Arts and Crafts Board's professional...to as ``The Tribes''). History and Description of the Remains...was transferred to the Indian Arts and Crafts Board in 1965....

Abstract in portuguese Na indústria de biscoitos é fundamental a definição de parâmetros para selecionar o uso do trigo em estudo. Existe uma série de testes químicos, físicos, enzimáticos e funcionais que podem caracterizar a qualidade tecnológica da farinha. Com o presente trabalho objetivou-se estudar diferentes cultivares de trigo cultivados no estado do Rio Grande do Sul para a produção de biscoitos tipo semi-duros através de análises físicas, químicas, reológicas e funcio (more) nais. Grãos de trigo de amostras dos cultivares BR 23, BRS 120, BRS 49, BRS 177, BRS 119, BRS 176, PF 940097 e Embrapa 40 foram condicionados para 15% de umidade, moídos em moinho piloto Chopin e analisados. As determinações realizadas foram peso de mil grãos, dureza do grão, peso do hectolitro, moagem experimental, composição química, número de queda e alveografia. Os biscoitos foram elaborados de acordo com método da AACC e avaliado volume específico, diâmetro, espessura, fator de expansão e cor. A metodologia utilizada no laboratório para a elaboração de biscoitos tipo semi-duros é adequada para a avaliação de uso final de farinhas de trigo. Com base nas propriedades funcionais, as farinhas de trigo dos cultivares BR 23, BRS 120 e BRS 176 foram as mais recomendadas para a produção de biscoitos. Abstract in english In the biscuit industry the definition of parameters to select the use of the wheat in study is basic. A series of chemical, physical, enzymatic and functional tests exists which can characterize the technological quality of the flour. The purpose of this research was to study cultivates of wheat cultivated in the state of the Rio Grande do Sul in the production of biscuits through physical, chemical, rheological and functional analysis. Samples of wheat cultivates BR 23, (more) BRS 120, BRS 49, BRS 177, BRS 119, BRS 176, 940097 PF and Embrapa 40 were conditioned for 15% of moisture content and milling in mill pilot Chopin. With the milling samples it was determined the weight of a thousand grains, kernel hardness, hectoliter weight, experimental milling, chemical composition, falling number and alveogram values (work W). The biscuits had been elaborated in accordance with the AACC and it was evaluated specific volume, diameter, thickness, spread factor and color. The methodology used in the laboratory in the production of the sugar-snap cookie type is adjusted for the evaluation of wheat final flour use. On the basis of the functional properties, the flour of cultivates of wheat BR 23, BRS 120 and BRS 176 were recommended for the biscuit production.

...Domestic Sugar Program--2011-Crop Cane Sugar and Beet Sugar Marketing Allotments...be assigned to the beet sector and the cane sector. CCC distributed the FY 2012 beet...among the sugar beet processors and the cane sugar allotment of 4,316,778...

The Limulus amebocyte lysate test has been used for determination of pyrogens in sugar of different qualities. All the samples of domestic white sugar and beet raw sugar produced in Sweden during 1976 had a very low content of endotoxins, less than 10 ng/g of sugar. Imported cane raw sugar was, howe...

The long-term surveillance plan (LTSP) for the Lowman, Idaho, Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action (UMTRA) Project disposal site describes the surveillance activities for the Lowman disposal cell. The US Department of Energy (DOE) will carry out these activities to ensure that the disposal cell continues to function as designed. This preliminary final LTSP is being submitted to the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) as a requirement for issuance of a general license for custody and long-term care for the disposal site. The general license requires that the disposal cell be cared for in accordance with the provisions of this LTSP. The LTSP documents whether the land and interests are owned by the United States or an Indian tribe, and describes, in detail, how the long-term care of the disposal site will be carried out through the UMTRA Project long-term surveillance program. The Lowman, Idaho, LTSP is based on the DOE`s Guidance for Implementing the UMTRA Project Long-term Surveillance Program, (DOE, 1992).

A comparative analysis of the production and processing of sugar beet and sugar cane in Morocco was carried out with regards to energy and water use. Total agricultural energy inputs for sugar beet were 33.79 GJ/ha and in the case of sugar cane were 59.33 GJ/ha for plant cane and 35.65 GJ/ha for ratoons. The major energy inputs for both were diesel fuel, electricity and fertilisers. In sugar beet production fertiliser application accounted for move than 50% of total agricultural energy inputs. The most energy intensive operations in sugar cane production were irrigation (37%) and fertiliser application (29%). The input:output energy ratios were 1:3.2 for sugar beet and 1:3.7 for sugar cane. Total energy used in processing was 26.19 GJ/tonne white sugar (tws) from sugar beet and 3.02 GJ/tws from sugar cane. Direct energy in processing was 22.51 GJ/tws for sugar beet and 1.27 GJ/tws for sugar cane. Overall (production + processing) input:output energy ratio was 1:1.5 for sugar beet and 1:4.2 for sugar cane. Overall analysis demonstrated that the production of sugar from sugar beet is more energy intensive than from sugar cane while the sugar cane requires larger inputs of water. (author)

...Alumax Mill Products, Inc. Doing Business as Alcoa Mill Products Texarkana a Subsidiary of Alcoa, Inc. Nash, TX; Amended Certification Regarding...applicable to workers and former workers of Alcoa Mill Products Texarkarna, a subsidiary of...

...Commission [Project No. 4362-000] Inman Mills; Notice of Authorization for Continued...subsequent license was August 31, 2010. Inman Mills, the licensee for Project No. 4362...approved transfer of the license from Inman Mills to Riverdale Development Venture,...

...New Haven Harbor, Quinnipiac River, Mill River, New Haven, CT; Pearl Harbor Memorial...New Haven Harbor, Quinnipiac River and Mill River. The current RNA pertains only to...New Haven Harbor, Quinnipiac River, and Mill River RNA. The proposed amendment...

...Administration [TA-W-73,416] Desoto Mills LLC, Fort Payne, AL; Notice of Negative...to workers and former workers at Desoto Mills, LLC, a Subsidiary of Fruit of the Loom...Loom * * * locations outside the Desoto Mills Plant.'' The petitioner compares...

...Commission [Project No. 5044-015] Avondale Mills Inc.; Augusta Canal Authority; Notice...2010. On September 13, 2010, Avondale Mills Inc. (transferor) and Augusta Canal...for transfer of license for the Sibley Mill Project No. 5044, located on the...

...Project No. 2161-032] Wausau Paper Mills, LLC; Notice of Final Land Management...14, 2011. d. Applicant: Wausau Paper Mills, LLC. e. Name of Project: Rhinelander...Contact: Mr. Tim Hasbargen, Wausau Paper Mills, LLC, 515 Davenport St.,...

...Project No. 13526-001] Bowersock Mills and Power Company; Notice of Application...February 8, 2010. d. Applicant: Bowersock Mills Power Company (Bowersock). e. Name of Project: Bowersock Mills and Power Company Expanded Kansas...

...The 3.4-Megawatt (MW) Crown Mill Hydroelectric...construction by initiating turbine manufacture. See June...the 3.4-megawatt (MW) Crown Mill Hydroelectric...total capacity of 3.4 MW; an existing tailrace...Holly and Cataract Mill Foundation owned by the...

In this paper, we present a goal programming model for block level energy planning in order to make a block self-sufficient in electricity consumption, which includes the commercial energy consumption goal, the goal of generating electricity from biomass and food production goals with linear constraints on the available sources such as human power, animal power, tractor power, land area and on the requirement of the block such as cooking energy, lighting energy and energy for other operations, such as fodder for animal population. We try to achieve these goals through proper allocation of land for different crops. After reformulating the developed goal programming model into a linear programming format, we use the HYPER LINDO software package to solve it in a Pentium-based IBM-PC compatible computer system. The developed model is solved for a typical Indian block, namely Nilakkottai Block in Tamil Nadu, India. The model solution shows that the goal of generating electricity from biomass is achieved, the commercial energy consumption goal and pulses requirement goal are under-achieved and the sugar requirement goal is over-achieved. Furthermore, the cereal, vegetable and oilseed production goals are achieved. (Author)

Chlorophytum borivilianum Santapau & Fernandes (Liliaceae) also known as 'Safed Musli' is a traditional rare Indian medicinal herb which has many therapeutic applications in Ayurvedic, Unani, Homeopathic and Allopathic system of medicine. Its roots (tubers) are widely used for various therapeutic applications. It is used to cure physical illness and weakness, as an aphrodisiac agent and revitalizer, as general sex tonic, remedy for diabetes, arthritis and increasing body immunity, curative for natal and postnatal problems, for rheumatism and joint pains, increase lactation in feeding mothers, as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor agent, also used in diarrhea, dysentery, gonorrhea, leucorrhea etc. It has spermatogenic property and is found useful in curing impotency, now it is considered as an alternative 'Viagra'. Its root contains steroidal and triterpenoidal saponins, sapogenins and fructans which act as therapeutic agents and play vital role in many therapeutic applications. It is a rich source of over 25 alkaloids, vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates, steroids, saponins, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phenol, resins, mucilage, and polysaccharides and also contains high quantity of simple sugars, mainly sucrose, glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose and xylose. The commercial exploitation of this plant and their secondary metabolites, germplasm conservation and in vitro production of secondary metabolites for quality control are some of the major prospects of this rare medicinal herb. The focus of the present review is to galvanize the potential of therapeutic and nutritive values of this herb and production of their secondary metabolites. The in vitro tuber induction, extraction, purification and characterization of saponins are also discussed in the present review. PMID:19751181

...peanuts, potatoes, soybeans, sugar beets, and sweet potatoes...beans, peanuts, soybeans, sugar beets, and sweet potatoes...the address of the registrant making the request are identified...beans, peanuts, soybeans, sugar beets, and sweet potatoes...

... that causes blood sugar level to drop dangerously low. It mostly shows up in diabetic patients who ... blood sugar levels to be abnormally high or low. Low blood sugar is called hypoglycemia and high ...

... body has to keep the right level of sugar in the blood. Very high or very low sugar levels can lead to coma. A hormone called insulin controls the level of sugar in the body. Hormones are substances in the ...

Sugars regulate important processes and affect the expression of many genes in plants. Characterization of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants with altered sugar sensitivity revealed the function of abscisic acid (ABA) signalling in sugar responses. However, the exact interaction between suga...

... up View the Mayo Diabetes Diet Book Blood sugar testing: Why, when and how Blood sugar testing is an important part of diabetes care. Find out when to test your blood sugar level, how to use a testing meter, and ...

... Not All Bad Healthy Living Fat, Salt and Sugar: Not All Bad Article Body Forcing children to ... breakfast cereals, and potato chips and other snacks. Sugar Caloric sweeteners range from simple sugars, like fructose ...

...cherimoya, custard apple, ilama, soursop and sugar apple, at 1.0 ppm...cherimoya, custard apple, ilama, soursop, and sugar apple, from 1.0 ppm to...cherimoya, custard apple, ilama, soursop and sugar apple, at 1.5 ppm;...

Ethanol is produced from sugar cane by grinding whole sugar cane to form a paste and the paste subjected to fermentation. A greater utilization of the fermentable carbohydrates of the sugar cane is achieved by this method.

...Re-Export Program, the Sugar-Containing Products Re-Export...authorizes entry of raw cane sugar under subheading 1701.11.20 of the HTS for the production of polyhydric alcohols...use as a substitute for sugar in human food...

We studied on development of stoneware bodies, which sintered at low-temperature in ball clay-quartz-Indian feldspar system and ball clay-quartz-Indian feldspar-nepheline syenite system. It was found that the ceramics around 30wt% ball clay, 44wt% quartz, 26wt% Indian feldspar composition showed high shrinkage rate (9.4%) by sintering at 1200 deg. C in ball clay-quartz-Indian feldspar system. Dense stoneware with low water absorption rate (0.1%) was fabricated by sintering mixtures composed of 30wt% ball clay, 44wt% quartz, 10wt% Indian feldspar, 16wt% nepheline syenite at 1100 deg. C 2h in ball clay-quartz-Indian feldspar-nepheline syenite system.

The 21st Century human lifestyle has become heavily dependent on hydrocarbon inputs. Energy demand and the global warming effects due to the burning of fossil fuels have continued to increase. Rising awareness of the negative environmental and economic impacts of hydrocarbon dependence has led to a resurgence of interest in renewable energy sources such as ethanol. Fuel ethanol is known to be a cleaner and renewable source of energy relative to gasoline. Many studies have agreed that fuel ethanol has reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and has larger overall energy benefits compared to gasoline. Currently, the majority of the fuel ethanol in the United States is produced from corn using dry-grind milling process. The typical dry-grind ethanol plant incorporates jet cooking using steam to cook the corn slurry as pretreatment for saccharification; an energy intensive step. In aiming to reduce energy usage, this study evaluated the use of ultrasonics as an alternative to jet cooking. Ultrasonic batch experiments were conducted using a Branson 2000 Series bench-scale ultrasonic unit operating at a frequency of 20 kHz and a maximum output of 2.2 kW. Corn slurry was sonicated at varying amplitudes from 192 to 320 mumpeak-to-peak(p-p) for 0-40 seconds. Enzyme stability was investigated by adding enzyme (STARGEN(TM)001) before and after sonication. Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) images and particle size distribution analysis showed a nearly 20-fold size reduction by disintegration of corn particles due to ultrasonication. The results also showed a 30% improvement in sugar release of sonicated samples relative to the control group (untreated). The efficiency exceeded 100% in terms of relative energy gain from the additional sugar released due to ultrasonication compared to the ultrasonic energy applied. Interestingly, enzymatic activity was enhanced when sonicated at low and medium power. This result suggested that ultrasonic energy did not denature the enzymes during pretreatment. Ultrasonication of sugary-2 corn was also investigated in the study. Results similar to those for commodity corn (dent corn) were found, in terms of glucose yield and starch conversion. SEM and polarized-light microscope pictures showed the partial gelatinization of corn slurry due to ultrasound. In the 96-h saccharification time, a model was formulated to fit the sugar release curve. The results have shown 17-21% increase in the extent of sugar production from sonicated samples relative to the control group. Additionally, the reaction rates of the sonicated samples were 2- to 10-fold higher than the reaction rates for the control group. In comparing sugary-2 corn with commodity corn, it was found that sonicated sugary-2 corn saccharified faster than sonicated commodity corn. It is important to note, without ultrasonic treatment, sugary-2 corn released more reducing sugar than commodity corn during saccharification. To further investigate the potential of ultrasonics for scale-up, a continuous flow system was studied. An ultrasonic continuous flow system was tested using Branson's flow-through "donut" horn. The donut horn, which vibrates radially, was placed inside a 5.5 L stainless steel reactor. The amplitude was maintained at 12 mumpp and the feed flow rate was varied from 8-27 L/min (2-7 gal/min) with reactor retention times varying from 12-40 seconds. Samples sonicated in continuous flow system showed lower reducing sugar yield than batch ultrasonication. However, considering the ultrasonic energy density of batch and continuous systems, the continuous systems proved to be more energy efficient in terms of glucose production compared with the batch system. It was also seen that particle size disintegration was proportional to energy density regardless of the type of ultrasonic system used. To compare ultrasonics with jet cooking, fermentation experiments were conducted. There were only marginal differences between jet cooked samples and the sonicated samples in terms of ethanol conversion based on theoretical yield. Furthermore, s

The mechanochemical effects of sodium cyclo-triphosphate (P3m) by various mechanical treatments (vibration mill, grinding mill, planetary mill, and ball mill) were investigated with X-ray analysis and HPLC-FIA, and the differences in the apparatus used were discussed from the changes of phosphate distribution, the crystallite size, and the lattice distortion of P3m treated. With an increase of treatment period, the crystallite size of P3m became smaller and its lattice distortion increased, followed by ring-opening reaction. The effects of mechanical treatments upon the ring-opening reaction were the order of; 300 (vibration mill): 10 (planetary mill): 1 (grinding mill): 0.1 (ball mill).   

Scott Hicksi romantiline komöödiafilm "Armastuse retsept" ("No Reservations"), mille peaosas Walesist pärit näitlejanna Catherine Zeta Jones. Näitlejanna muljeid oma rolliks ettevalmistustest, mille hulka käis ka praktika pärisrestoranis

Abstract in portuguese O palhiço derivado da colheita de cana-de-açúcar crua, com a redução gradativa das queimadas nos canaviais, tornou-se foco para os pesquisadores e produtores. As vantagens no recolhimento, na recuperação e no aproveitamento têm mobilizado pesquisadores de universidades, gerentes e diretores de usinas, interessados em encontrar a maneira mais produtiva, econômica e eficaz de realizar esse processo. O recolhimento do palhiço é feito em quatro estágios: primeiro (more) o palhiço é enleirado, depois passado por uma máquina de compactação, posteriormente, acondicionado no caminhão e, finalmente, transportado para o centro de processamento. O estudo da viabilidade de aproveitamento desse resíduo para a geração de energia pode ser feito com base no custo e no balanço de energia, ou seja, a energia gerada por essa biomassa menos a energia consumida no processo. Neste trabalho, é proposto o uso de técnicas matemáticas para auxiliar na escolha das variedades da cana-de-açúcar a serem plantadas a fim de otimizar o balanço de energia da biomassa residual de colheita e minimizar o custo de coleta dessa biomassa do campo para o centro de produção, além de satisfazer as principais necessidades da usina. Abstract in english With the gradual reduction in harvest burning, the straw derived from raw sugarcane harvest has become a focal point for researchers and producers alike. The advantages of retrieving, recovering and using this straw have motivated university researchers and sugar mill managers and directors to find the most productive, economic and efficient way to carry out such process. The retrievement of the straw is done in four phases: first it is joined and later bundled by a compa (more) cting machine, it is then loaded into trucks and finally transported to the processing center. The feasibility of using this residue in order to generate energy is linked to the cost and the energy balance, that is, the difference between energy generated by the biomass and the energy used in the process. In this work, it is proposed the use of mathematical techniques to assist in choosing the sugar cane varieties to be planted in order to optimize the residual biomass energy balance and minimize the cost in collecting the biomass and carrying from the field to the production center, in addition to satisfying the main needs of the mill.

Sweet sorghum has been identified as a possible ethanol feedstock because of its biomass yield and high concentration of readily fermentable sugars. It has found limited use, however, because of poor post-harvest storage characteristics and short harvest window in cooler climates. Previous research (Bennett, A.S., Anex, R.P., 2008. Farm-gate production costs of sweet sorghum as a bioethanol feedstock. Transactions of the ASABE 51(2), 603-613) indicates that fermentable carbohydrates (FC) can be produced at less expense from sweet sorghum than from corn grain. Previous research, however, did not include costs associated with off-farm transportation, storage, or capital costs associated with milling and energy recovery equipment that are required to provide FC suitable for biological conversion. This study includes these additional costs and reevaluates sweet sorghum as a biocommodity feedstock. A total of eight harvest-transport-processing options are modeled, including 4-row self-propelled and 2-row tractor-pulled forage harvesters, two different modes of in-field transport, fresh processing, on-farm ensilage and at-plant ensilage. Monte Carlo simulation and sensitivity analysis are used to account for system variability and compare scenarios. Transportation costs are found to be significant ranging from $33 to $71 Mg (-1) FC, with highest costs associated with at-plant ensilage scenarios. Economies of scale benefit larger milling equipment and boiler systems reducing FC costs by more than 50% when increasing annual plant capacity from 37.9 to 379 million liters. Ensiled storage of high moisture sweet sorghum in bunkers can lead to significant losses of FC (>20%) and result in systems with net FC costs well above those of corn-derived FC. Despite relatively high transport costs, seasonal, fresh processed sweet sorghum is found to produce FC at costs competitive with corn grain derived FC. PMID:18951018

Abstract in portuguese O presente trabalho trata do estudo do efeito da temperatura na atividade e estabilidade de endo-xilanase e beta-xilosidase produzidas, extracelularmente, por Aspergillus awamori. O cultivo deste microrganismo, em bagaço de cana finamente dividido, produziu predominantemente endo-xilanases (30 U/ml) e menores atividades de beta-xilosidase (1,3 U/ml); esta última exibiu considerável estabilidade em faixa de temperatura variando de 35 a 55°C, por outro lado verificou-se (more) uma menor termo estabilidade para a endoenzima. A estabilidade térmica de endo-xilanase foi aumentada consideravelmente através da adição de polióis, principalmente xilitol e sorbitol em concentração de 2,0 M. No que concerne à estocagem a baixa temperatura (-4°C), observou-se uma estabilidade particular na atividade endo-xilanásica (100%), durante 165 dias, porém, um decréscimo de aproximadamente 20% na atividade beta-xilosidásica foi verificado após os primeiros 15 dias de armazenamento nas mesmas condições, mantendo-se aproximadamente em 75% da atividade inicial no mesmo período de tempo. Abstract in english The effect of temperature on the activity and stability of endoxylanase and beta-xylosidase from Aspergillus awamori was investigated. The growth of A. awamori in milled sugar cane bagasse produced predominantly extracellular endoxylanase (30 U/ml) and lower amounts of beta-xylosidase (1.3 U/ml). Grown in sugar cane bagasse as the principal carbon source, the microorganism produced a quite stable beta-xylosidase in a temperature range of 35-55°C, but it exhibited a lower (more) thermostable endoxylanase. The thermostability of endoxylanase was enhanced through addition of polyhydric alcohols, mainly 2 M xylitol and sorbitol solutions. Particular stability upon storage (100%) was found for endoxylanase at -4°C for 165 days. Yet for beta-xylosidase, an activity decrease of approximately 20% was observed during the first 15 days of storage, maintaining roughly 75% of initial activity until the end of the experiment.

Abstract in portuguese Este trabalho objetivou verificar quais são as capacidades tecnológicas (conceito de LALL, 1992) da agroindústria canavieira brasileira para uma amostra de três estados de expressão deste setor, São Paulo, Paraná e Minas Gerais. Para contemplar este escopo, foram coletados dados primários junto a usinas/ destilarias, mediante aplicação de questionários (responderam 39%, 40% e 35%, respectivamente, das unidades paulistas, mineiras e paranaenses, o que significa (more) aproximadamente 32% das produções nacionais de cana, açúcar e álcool). Como corolário, a agroindústria canavieira, tecnicamente qualificada e com baixos custos, apresenta um expressivo domínio das capacidades tecnológicas básica (simple routine) e intermediária (adaptive duplicative). Contudo, em termos da capacidade tecnológica avançada (innovative risky), que é a tecnologia de ponta de um setor, ainda há espaço para avançar, mormente na inovação de processo e em P&D. Abstract in english This paper aims to appraise the technological capabilities (LALL concept, 1992) of Brazilian sugarcane agroindustry for a sample of three leading production states: São Paulo, Paraná and Minas Gerais. A field research survey with sugar and ethanol mills provides the primary data for assessing technological capabilities (39%, 40% and 35% of the units in São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Paraná State, respectively, answered, which means approximately 32% of national productio (more) n of sugarcane, sugar and ethanol). As a main finding, the sugarcane agroindustry, technically qualified and with low costs, presents an expressive domain of simple routine and adaptive duplicative technological capabilities. However, the advanced technological capabilities (innovative risky) are still lagging behind the technological frontier, especially in the innovation process and in the R&D.

... Wes Studi, Hollywood actor, urges American Indians and Alaska Natives to get vaccinated against seasonal flu. (:60) ... Wes Studi, Hollywood actor, urges American Indians and Alaska Natives to get vaccinated against seasonal flu. (:30) ...

... Wes Studi, Hollywood actor, urges American Indians and Alaska Natives to get vaccinated against seasonal flu. (:60) ... Wes Studi, Hollywood actor, urges American Indians and Alaska Natives to get vaccinated against seasonal flu. (:30) ...

... Wes Studi, Hollywood actor, urges American Indians and Alaska Natives to get vaccinated against seasonal flu. (:60) ... Wes Studi, Hollywood actor, urges American Indians and Alaska Natives to get vaccinated against seasonal flu. (:30) ...

... Wes Studi, Hollywood actor, urges American Indians and Alaska Natives to get vaccinated against seasonal flu. (:60) ... Wes Studi, Hollywood actor, urges American Indians and Alaska Natives to get vaccinated against seasonal flu. (:30) ...

... Wes Studi, Hollywood actor, urges American Indians and Alaska Natives to get vaccinated against seasonal flu. (:60) ... Wes Studi, Hollywood actor, urges American Indians and Alaska Natives to get vaccinated against seasonal flu. (:30) ...

... false Indian Housing Block Grant Formula Mechanics A Appendix A to Part 1000 Housing and Urban Development Regulations... NATIVE AMERICAN HOUSING ACTIVITIES Pt. 1000, App. A Appendix A to Part 1000âIndian Housing Block Grant...

indian academy of sciences - astrophysics and astronomy structure and tectonics: the indian geomagnetic methods and lithospheric climate and global warming progressive and superposed deformations isotopic windows on earth and planetary ...

...OF THE INTERIOR Bureau of Indian Affairs Te-Moak Tribe of Western Shoshone-- Ordinance...This notice publishes the Amendment to the Te-Moak Tribe of Western Shoshone Indians...consumption of liquor within the jurisdiction of Te-Moak Western Shoshone Tribe's...

...sex be excluded from participation in, be denied...Indian tribes that do not exercise recognized powers of...management and financing affecting the Indian character...self-government). (ii) Factors to be considered for...effect of the following factors, where...

... false Who prepares and submits an IHP? 1000.218 Section 1000.218 Housing and Urban Development Regulations Relating...ACTIVITIES Indian Housing Plan (IHP) § 1000.218 Who prepares and submits an IHP? An Indian...

Suicide Among American Indians/Alaska Natives General Statistics The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report that, from 1999 to 2004 1 : • The suicide rate for American Indians/Alaska Natives was 10. ...

...recipient, must it submit its monitoring evaluation/results to the Indian tribe...recipient, must it submit its monitoring evaluation/results to the Indian tribe...must receive a copy of the monitoring evaluation/results so that it...

...Entergy Nuclear Fitzpatrick, LLC, Entergy Nuclear Indian Point 2, LLC, Entergy Nuclear Indian Point 3, LLC, Llano Estacado Wind, LLC, Entergy Power, LLC, Northern Iowa Windpower, LLC, EAM Nelson Holding, LLC, EWO Marketing,...

...Affairs Liquor Control Ordinance for the Manchester Band of Pomo Indians of the Manchester-Point Arena Rancheria AGENCY: Bureau of...publishes the Liquor Control Ordinance of the Manchester Band of Pomo Indians of the...

...OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Indian Health Service Office of Clinical and Preventive Services Funding Opportunity: National HIV...INFORMATION CONTACT: Dr. Charlene Avery, Director, Office of Clinical and Preventative Services, Indian Health Service, 801...

...OF THE INTERIOR Bureau of Indian Affairs Osage Negotiated Rulemaking Committee AGENCY...the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Osage Negotiated Rulemaking Committee will meet...p.m. ADDRESSES: November Meeting: Osage Minerals Council Chambers, 813...

Security implications of Climate Change in Indian National Security, Annual Review. ... 2004 Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology Pune 411008, India, pp 159 ..... Total lightning activity associated with sprite events observed over France on ...