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Eigenschaften von Atomuhren und ihre Verwendung bei der Zeitskalenherstellung

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More than 200 years after the birth of the steam engine, the first thermal engine ever invented, thermal engines such as steam turbines, gas turbines or internal combustion engines are still driving most generators for electric power generation, most machines, and most vehicles, and this will remain so until far into the next century. (orig.) [Deutsch] Mit Waermekraftmaschinen wie Dampfturbinen, Gasturinen und Verbrennungsmotoren werden auch heute - mehr als 200 Jahre nach der technischen Reife der Dampfmaschine (der ersten Waermekraftmaschine) - die meisten Generatoren zur Stromerzeugung, die meisten Arbeitsmaschinen und die meisten Fahrzeuge angetrieben. Und dabei wird es auch bis weit in das 21. Jahrhundert bleiben. (orig.)

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Endoluminal vascular prostheses that can be implanted by percutaneous routes represent the most recent development in vascular interventional radiology. Various commercially available types of prosthesis are presented and the construction principles and applications are described. At present secure indications for the implantation of endoluminal prostheses are limited to the elimination of aneurysms and arteriovenous fistulae of the large vessels near the trunk in sections that do not cross a joint. The wide use in peripheral occlusive diseases cannot yet be recommended because confirmed data are not available. (orig.) [German] Endoluminale Gefaessprothesen, die perkutan implantierbar sind, stellen die juengste Entwicklung in der vaskulaeren interventionellen Radiologie dar. Verschiedene kommerziell erhaeltliche Prothesentypen werden vorgestellt, ihr Konstruktionsprinzip und ihre Applikation erlaeutert. Die gesicherten Indikationen zur ...

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There are many applications that necessitate reliable and permanent power supply, e.g. power stations, airports, computer centers or hospitals. The stationary battery systems must be monitored by efficient systems, e.g. Batlog. (orig.) [Deutsch] Viele Anwendungen verlangen eine permanent verfuegbare und zuverlaessige Stromversorgung. Kraftwerke, Flughaefen, Rechenzentren oder Krankenhaeuser muessen ihre Prozesse auch bei einem Netzausfall oder einer Versorgungsunterbrechung weiterbetreiben. Dies gelingt nur, wenn sich der entsprechende Energiespeicher in einsatzbereitem Zustand befindet. Die Ueberwachung der stationaeren Batterieanlagen erfordert leistungsfaehige Systeme wie Batlog. (orig.)

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ZusammenfassungUbelkeit und Erbrechen stellen zwei Symptome dar, die grundlich untersucht worden sind und bei Krebspatienten haufig auftreten. Die meisten Studien haben sich bislang mit Haufigkeit und Management dieser beiden Symptome befasst. Das Ziel dieser Studie bestand darin, ein besseres Verstandnis dafur zu entwickeln, wie Krebspatienten ihre Symptome erleben-insbesondere Ubelkeit und Erbrechen nach Chemotherapie-und welche Auswirkungen diese Symptome auf den Tagesablauf der Patienten haben. Neun Frauen mit unterschiedlichen Krebsleiden und Chemotherapie Regimes wurden zwecks Chemotherapie stationar aufgenommen und nahmen an der Studie teil. Es wurden halbstrukturierte Interviews einschliesslich einer Inhaltsanalyse in Anlehnung an Kvale durchgefuhrt (Klarung und Entwicklung neuer B...

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The ERICAM model (Environmental Risk Internalization through Capital Markets) includes the capital markets as a source contributing to the coverage of risks due to nuclear activites, thus enhancing the effectiveness and functions of the nuclear liability law. The model proposed will allow higher amounts for compensation and will increase financial security, flow of information, and efficient use of resources. The implementation of the model can be achieved on the financing side by issuing Nuke bonds, linking accident-specific options to government bonds. This will essentially increase the risk coverage compared to present means, and will be a pin-pointed addition to the existing layer system. There are three institutions proposed to act as mediators in the implementation of the model: A government authority to supervise the trade in Nuke bonds. Risk-bearing associations in oder to enhance the model`s efficiency, and to reduce transaction costs. Rating agencies that will reduce the ...

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By retrofitting the existing steam turbine dual purpose power plant with a gas turbine plant and a secondary waste heat boiler the Technische Werke Ludwigshafen AG have considerably improved the energy generation in energetic, economic and ecological terms. The extension of the existing system to a combined cycle process has lead to this positive effect. The erection of a boiler plant during the first two construction phases has fully met the optimistic expectations. (orig.) [Deutsch] Mit der Nachruestung eines vorhandenen Dampfturbinen-HKW um eine Gasturbinenanlage mit nachgeschaltetem Abhitzekessel haben die Technischen Werke Ludwigshafen AG ihre Energieerzeugung entscheidend in energetischer, oekonomischer und oekologischer Sicht optimiert. Insbesondere die Erweiterung des vorhandenen Systems zu einem GuD-Prozess fuehrt zu dieser positiven Bilanz. Die Errichtung der Kesselanlage in den ersten beiden Bauabschnitten hat die optimistischen Erwartungen voll ...

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The author briefly discusses definition of terms, gives an introduction to measurement techniques and describes the characteristics of various low-frequency fields and their causes using typical examples: natural electric fields (thunderstroms), natural magnetic fields, technical electric constant fields (urban transportation, households), static magnetic fields (urban transportation, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging), technical electric alternating fields (high-voltage transmission lines, households), and magnetic alternating fields (high-voltage transmission lines). The author discusses both occupational exposure and that of the general public while underpinning his statements by numerous tables, measurement diagrams and charts. (Uhe) [Deutsch] Nach einer kurzen Diskussion der Begriffsdefinitionen und einer Einfuehrung in die Messtechnik werden die Charakteristika verschiedener niederfrequenter Felder und ihre Ursachen anhand typischer Beispiele beschrieben: ...

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Basic research in relation to a complete utilisation of animal substances as an alternative to a thermal disposal was done. The composition of different kinds of bones were investigated as well as their amounts which are available. Conventional utilisation was opposed to the innovative utilisation. Technologies will be selected which should be developed, because they have the chance in the case of a fast industrial realisation to get a good profit. There is a global requirement for the technologies which are developed and their products which can be produced with this. The raw material basis is available in the necessary scale in nearly all countries. (orig.) [German] Grundlegende Untersuchungen zur ganzheitlichen Verwertung von tierischen Substanzen als Alternative zur thermischen Entsorgung wurden durchgefuehrt. Es wurde die Zusammensetzung der verschiedenen Knochenarten und ihr Aufkommen untersucht. Die konventionelle wurde der innovativen Verwertung ...

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Suppliers of systems and components for compressed air technique were shown at the Hanover Fair 94 in Hall 5. On about 6000 m{sup 2} floor area, they showed their product range, which covered the whole range of compressed air technique from compressors via equipment for providing and storing the compressed air to compressed air tools. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die Anbieter von Systemen und Komponenten fuer die Drucklufttechnik waren auf der Hannover-Messe `94 in der Halle 5 zu finden. Dort zeigten sie auf rund 6000 m{sup 2} ihre Produktpalette, die von Kompressoren ueber die Geraete zum Aufbereiten und Speichern der Druckluft bis zu Druckluftwerkzeugen reichte und den gesamten Bereich der Drucklufttechnik abdeckte. (orig.)

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Since June 1990, the IMA ``CO2 Reduction`` has been working on a German air pollution abatement programme. Four reports were submitted in this period. The contribution presents the fourth of these reports. The measures taken, their state of implementation and the expected effects in 2000 and 2005 are presented in table form. (orig.) [Deutsch] Seit Juni 1990 befasst sich die Interministerielle Arbeitsgruppe ``CO2-Reduktion`` (IMA ``CO2-Reduktion``) mit dem deutschen Klimavorsorgeprogramm und hat seither vier Berichte vorgelegt. Im Folgenden werden neben der Ausgangslage und den Grundlagen fuer den 4.Bericht der IMA ``CO2-Reduktion`` die wesentlichen Inhalte des 4.IMA-Berichts dargelegt. In Tabellenform werden die einzelnen Massnahmen, ihre Art, der Umsetzungsstand sowie der erwartete Effekt in 2000 bzw. 2005 dargestellt.

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Since the beginning of the large-scale technical manufacture of activated charcoal at the start of the century, this product has become increasingly important. Activated charcoal is a central part today of many chemical industrial processes. Furthermore, the purification of exhaust air and liquid wastes is often based on the adsorption by activated charcoal. The constantly increasing hygienic demands made of our drinking water may also often only be fulfilled by using activated charcoal. The highly developed adsorption technique of today is considerably supported by continuous improved quality of the products which can only be achieved by progress in manufacturing techniques. The large-scale use of activated charcoal has only become possible for a series of tasks by developing suitable reactivation methods. The last German-language monograph on activated charcoal appeared 18 years ago. The present work wishes to close this gap and in particular to give a survey on the development ...

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The transport-relevant basic data recorded within the framework of a federation-wide transport data survey made in 1986 are the best-founded source at present for determining the transport volume of other radioactive materials in different economic areas of the Federal Republic of Germany. Due to the high recording rates, a sufficiently complete survey can be provided in particular with regard to the transport volume (e.g.transports/consignments/cargos, transport distance) - with the exception of transport by ship - for the ranges of application in reserach, medicine and technology. However, as regards the radiologically relevant basic data and transport modalities, the information supplied by the transporting agencies is incomplete. A table gives a comprehensive survey of type and scope of the transport volume of other radioactive materials in the Federal Republic of Germany (excluding the GDR) for transport by road, rail and air. The table also includes data on the dose rate of ...

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Lung cancer staging according to the TNM system is based on morphological assessment of the primary cancer, lymph nodes and metastases. All aspects of this important oncological classification are measurable with MRI. Pulmonary nodules can be detected at the clinically relevant size of 4-5 mm in diameter. The extent of mediastinal, hilar and supraclavicular lymph node affection can be assessed at the same time. The predominant metastatic spread to the adrenal glands and spine can be detected in coronal orientation during dedicated MRI of the lungs. Search focused whole body MRI completes the staging. Various additional MR imaging techniques provide further functional and clinically relevant information during a single examination. In the oncological context the most important techniques are imaging of perfusion and tumor motion. Functional MRI of the lungs complements the pure staging and improves surgical approaches and radiotherapy planning. (orig.) [German] Das Staging des ...

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Many features from the background for an intensified application of fracture mechanics concepts in many industries world-wide. These include requirements for a permanent increase of the level of performance of technical components and structures by the introduction of new materials, joining technologies and design principles, the problem of ageing components and life extension, an increased emphasis on non-destructive in-service inspection combined with improved NDT techniques, and also a number of failure events caused by fatigue and fracture The aim of the present paper is to give a brief state-of-the-art review on how fracture mechanics is applied in different industrial branches today. This is based on standards and guidelines in the aerospace industry, in the nuclear and fossil power generation, in the chemical and petrochemical and the pipeline industry, in civil engineering, offshore technique and other fields. Based on the review an outlook is given on a future development that ...

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Heat pumps for residential space heating become an increasingly important alternative to the conventional heating system like gas or oil burner. They offer the opportunity to reduce CO{sub 2} emission associated with heating residential homes in Germany. High compressors efficiency and a wide operating map are required so that an economically viable heat pumps is achieved which meets the operational conditions for present and future heating systems. The design parameter of existing heating systems require relatively high condensing temperatures which can be achieved with dedicated compressor designs. The design of Scroll compressors specially adapted to these heat pumps is shown and their operation is explained. (orig.) [German] Waermepumpen fuer die Wohnraumheizung gewinnen an Bedeutung als Alternative zur konventionellen Gas- oder Oelheizung. Sie bieten die Moeglichkeit, die mit der Gebaeudeheizung verbundene Emission von Kohlendioxid in Deutschland zu reduzieren. Ein hoher ...

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A numeric method for predicting mineral ash deposition in coal dust furnaces is presented which is based on a bidirectional working time coupling of thermodynamic calculation routines (ChemApp{sup TM}) with the commercial CFD code FLUENT{sup TM}. The deposition characteristics of particles and wall surfaces is assessed on the basis of evaluations of flow simulation parameters and results of thermodynamic calculations for the mineral matter contained in the fuel particles, taking into account the complete energy, momentum and mass exchange history of the ash and the mineral conversion. The models enables calculations of the gaseous release of mineral components (e.g. alkaline substances and chlorine) from ash during combustion and its distribution inside a combustion chamber. The method and model are validated using experimental data. (orig.) [German] In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein numerisches Verfahren beschrieben, mit dem die Ansatzbildung in Kohlestaubfeuerungen praediktiv ...

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Water power plants mean the design, configuration, execution and operation of buildings and of hydraulic and electrical machines. Their many types are due to the stages of development and the technical alternatives of the use of waterpower and the associated energy economy aspects. The main points of this work are the use of water power, different hydro-electric powerstations, water collection, machines and electrotechnical equipment. In the 2nd revised edition parts on electrical engineering, environment, minimum water run-off pumped storage plants, small scole plants, economical aspects and finite elements were broadened. It is a comprehensive textbook and technical book for students of civil engineering and particularly suitable for engineers active in the theory and practice of waterpower construction. (orig./GL) [Deutsch] Wasserkraftanlagen bedeuten Planung, Gestaltung, Ausfuehrung und Betrieb von Bauwerken und hydraulischen sowie elektrischen Maschinen. Ihre ...

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The ODS superalloys MA 6000 and MA 760 were investigated with regard to their behaviour under non-isothermal fatigue stress. For this purpose, strain-controlled thermomechanical and bithermal experiments with different phase relationships between strain and temperature were carried out on the one hand; on the other hand, the deformation behaviour under thermomechanical stress was modelled on the basis of isothermal cyclic creep data. The fatigue experiments show that a diamond-shaped cycle derived from the stress pattern of a turbine blade is clearly less critical than in-phase and out-of-phase cycles. The life of the diamond-shaped cycle is determined by oxidation-induced crack initiation and propagation and can be predicted easily with a suitable damage model. Important damage parameters required by the model can be obtained by the less complicated bithermal fatigue tests. Modelling of the TMF hystereses suggests that cyclic, non-isothermal deformaltion is determined mainly by ...

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On the basis of cylindrical roller thrust bearings it was systematically examined to what extent PVD-coatings are able to take over the function of EP/AW-additives. The bearings were tested under heavy-duty conditions in order to distinguish very fast the efficiency of different coating-substrate-systems. Several coatings were tested for their ability to protect an un-coated counterpart. So just the washers of the roller bearings were coated, the rollers stayed un-coated. Four Me-C:H-coatings showed the best performance and fulfilled the required criterion for roller bearings in the boundary friction: low loss of mass and hardly surface deviation. Material carryover from the carbonaceous coating to the 100Cr6 steel surface was developed by the Me-C:H-coatings during the tests. This mechanism was able to protect the un-coated rollers. Closer investigations were done with an ESMA analysis (electron beam micro range analysis) on ZrC{sub g}-coatings. It could be seen, that a reaction layer ...

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The paper presents fundamental studies on natural biosorption to algae of heavy metals. The investigations were carried out by TU Berlin University in a special research project (Sfb 193, 'Biologische Behandlung industrieller und gewerblicher Abwaesser'). The chlorophyceae C. vulgaris was used as reference alga, and 38 further algae were analzyed with regard to their sorption characteristics for lead, cadmium, nickel and zinc. The most effective algae were the chlorophyceae C. salina, the cyanophyceae S. hofmani and L. taylorii. The biosorption characteristics of C. salina and L. taylorii were investigated in detail. L. taylorii was found to be exploitable successfully in a technical process, so the investigations were extended to include copper. Knowledge about the chemical processes of biosorption is important for any attempt to modify the biosorption characteristics. Experiments on the incorporation of additional functional groups in the cell wall polysaccharides ...

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Within its competence for energy research, the Bundesministerium fuer Wirtschaft und Arbeit (BMWA) (Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology) sponsors investigations into the safety of nuclear power plants. The objective of these investigations is to provide fundamental knowledge, procedures and methods to contribute to realistic safety assessments of nuclear installations, to the further development of safety technology and to make use of the potential of innovative safety-related approaches. The Gesellschaft fuer Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) mbH, by order to the BMWi, continuously issues information on the status of such investigations by publishing semi-annual and annual progress reports within the series of GRS-F-Fortschrittsberichte (GRS-F-Progress Reports). Each progress report represents a compilation of individual reports about the objectives, work performed, results achieved, next steps of the work etc. The individual reports are prepared in a standard form by the ...

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Aim: Changes within the brain detected by MRI after chronic manganese poisoning raised the question whether morphological changes of the basal ganglia, particularly of the globus pallidus, could be detected after chronic occupational exposure to manganese dioxide. Results: No cases of parkinsonism were detected in clinical examinations or by other means. The mean manganese concentration in blood was 12 {mu}g/l (range: 3.9-23.3 {mu}g/l). In comparison to the upper reference value of 10 {mu}g/l, 42 workers (56%) had a higher body burden. A significant positive correlation between manganese levels in blood and the PI (indicated by T{sub 1}-shortening) was observed as well as between the CBI and workplace-specific exposure. Brain atrophy was not detected in any of the observed cases. Conclusions: Long-term exposure to manganese dioxide dust correlates with the Pallidum-Index in MRI scans. Although the MRI findings have no current clinical relevance for individuals, further studies are ...

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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurobiological disorder of early childhood onset. Defining symptoms are chronic impairments of attention, impulse control and motor hyperactivity that frequently persist until adulthood. Miscellaneous causes of the disorder have been discussed. Accumulating evidence from imaging- and molecular genetic studies strengthened the theory of ADHS being a predominantly inherited disorder of neurobiological origin. In the last 15 years, non-invasive brain imaging methods were successfully implemented in pediatric research. Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies gave major insight into the neurobiological correlates of executive malfunction, inhibitory deficits and psychomotoric soft signs. These findings are in good accordance with brain morphometric data indicating a significant volumetric decrease of major components of striato-thalamo-cortical feedback loops, primarily influencing prefrontal executive functioning (e.g. basal ...