International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Results of the evaluation of the scattered radiation effect on the image of defects in examined products are given. The formula is suggested which characterizes the image of defects on a scintillation screen as well as accumulation factors are calculated by the Monte-Carlo method. Values of fluctuations of absorbed energy in the screen used for the evaluation of sensitivity are experimentally obtained. The effect of high-energy bremsstrahlung on the defect detection is analyzed.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bases of the algorithm for assessing the reinforcement status in reinforced concrete products by gamma-absorption method are presented. Analytical equations are obtained for estimation of error of the parameter characterizing the degree of reinforcement destruction. It is recommended to use high-energy Bremsstrahlung sources-betatrons of 4-10 MeV maximum energy for testing products of 500-600 mm thick. Linear radiation attenuation factor (LAF) of concrete in estimated equation is replaced by effective LAF of concrete, and LAF of reinforcement and corrosion materials - by differential LAF. Corresponding LAF of nonevident form in the algorithm is assessed by the results of processing of direct-shadow radiographs of defectometers

CERN Document Server

The Westerbork Northern Sky Survey (WENSS) and the NRAO/VLA Sky Survey (NVSS) were used to determine an upper limit to the diffuse radio flux from the nearby cluster Abell 2199. For the entire cluster, this limit is <3.25 Jy at 327 MHz from WENSS; for the inner 15' radius, the limit is <168 mJy at 1.4 GHz. These limits are used to constrain the cluster magnetic field by requiring that the radio flux be consistent with the hard X-ray (HXR) flux observed by BeppoSAX, assuming that the observed HXR excess is due to inverse Compton (IC) scattering of cosmic microwave background photons by relativistic electrons in the intracluster gas. We find that the magnetic field must be very weak (<0.073 uG) in order to avoid producing an observable radio halo. We also consider the possibility that the HXR excess is due to nonthermal bremsstrahlung (NTB) by a population of suprathermal electrons which are being accelerated to higher energies. We find ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

... activation analysis bremsstrahlung environment gamma spectroscopy

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Leptonic pair production on nuclei ad EMC-effect are discussed within the frames of the flucton model with scaling distortion. Cumulative production of direct photons and leptonic pairs as a test of the model of hard collisions is considered. The results of calculations of massive leptonic pair production cross sections on nucleus fluctons, caculations of the ratio of deuterium and iron structural functions, cross sections of direct photon production on sup(181)Ta nuclei at Esub(p)=400 GeV and cross section of #pi#-meson production in the model of hard collisions are presented. Experimental discovery of direct cumulative photons is concluded to be important for understanding the mechanism of parton hard scattering from nucleus fluctons.

CERN Document Server

We study neutral and charged Higgs boson production in association with stop and sbottom squarks at the Large Hadron Collider, within the supergravity inspired minimal supersymmetric standard model We study neutral and charged Higgs boson production in association with stop and sbottom squarks at the Large Hadron Collider, within the Supergravity inspired Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. The phenomenological relevance of such reactions is twofold. Firstly, they constitute a novel production mechanism of Higgs particles, either through a decay of a heavier (anti)squark into a lighter one or via a Higgs bremsstrahlung process. Secondly, their production rates are extremely sensitive to the values assumed by the five input parameters of the model, this possibly allowing one to put stringent constraints on the latter. After an exhaustive scan of the parameter space, we find that ...

J-STORE (Japan)

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Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

For the preparation of photonic probes for hadron physics the determination of energy and polarization of the photons is essential. In this dissertation in a first part a possibility of the determination of the degree of polarization by use of the asymmetry observables is presented. In a second part a possibility isd discussed to perform an energy and polarization tagging of nearly real photons in electron scattering under small Q{sup 2}. By this method it should be possible to tag billions of photons per second.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Stimulated bremsstrahlung in an undulating electric field in the lasing beam direction (electric wiggler) was shown to be possible from the quantum- mechanical viewpoint. Herein, this possibility is scrutinized from the viewpoint of classical electrodynamics. It is found that if stimulated bremsstrahlung in a transverse undulating magnetic field (magnetic wiggler) occurs, stimulated bremsstrahlung in the electric wiggler must also occur. We further show that a free electron laser (FEL) using a magnetic wiggler to provide a catalyzer field for stimulated bremsstrahlung cannot serve as a practical FEL operating in the soft x-ray region from both theoretical and experimental viewpoints. On the other hand, the authors demonstrate that the FEL using a traveling wake field in a two-beam elliptical pill-box cavity is well suited as a source of coherent radiation in the soft x-ray region.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The response of MOS capacitors to low- and medium-energy x-ray irradiation is investigated as a function of gate material (TaSi or Al), oxide thickness, and electric field. Measured device response is compared with predictions based on discrete ordinates and Monte Carlo code simulations of dose enhancement effects, coupled with recent estimates of electron-hole recombination in MOS oxides. In comparisons of 10-keV x-ray and Co-60 irradiations of Al-gate MOS capacitors at an oxide electric field of 1 MV/cm, it is found that predictions and experiments agree to within better than 20 percent for oxide thicknesses ranging from 35 to 1060 nm. For capacitors having TaSi/Al gates, predictions and experiments agree to within better than 30 percent at 1 MV/cm, with the largest differences occurring for 35-nm gate oxides. At other electric fields, the disagreement between experiment and prediction increases significantly for both Al- and TaSi/Al-gate capacitors, and can be greater than a factor ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ceramic ball bearings of silicon nitride are used for hard disk drive (HDD) spindle motors, to increase seed, reliability and memory capacity of the HDDs. Silicon nitride ceramics have advantages of lightweight, high strength and hardness over the conventional steel for bearings, but is expensive. A new process of high cost performance has been developed for mass production of the small-size ceramic balls. The company plans to apply these bearings to higher devices, e.g., servers, for the time being, and to expand the applicable areas, e.g., common devices and other small-size motors. The ceramic bearings have been developed jointly with Koyo Seiko Co. Ltd. (translated by NEDO)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chlorine is not just one of many chemical feedstocks which is used in a few definitely harmful products like PVC or CFC but is irrelevant in all other respects. Just the opposite is true: There is hardly any product line of the chemical industry that can do without chlorine, from herbicides and pesticides to dyes, plastics, pharmaceuticals, photographic atricles, and cosmetics. Chlorine is not only a key element of chemical production but also an ubiquitous element of everyday life in civilisation. There are even many who would agree that the volume of chlorine production is an indicator of the competitive strength and national wealth of a modern society. By now, however, it has become evident that the unreflected use of chlorine is no longer ecologically acceptable. The consequences of a chlorine phase-out as compared to the continued chlorine production at the ...

Science.gov (United States)

W. Wayne Scott, NASA TND-2659. William E. Dance and Leo L. Baggerly, Part I, NASA CR-334 (Dec. 1965). 6. C. Trail and Sol Raboy, Rev. Sci. ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Olive oil mill wastewaters (OMW) cause disposal problems because they contain powerful pollutants such as phenolic compounds. Complete biodegradation or removal of these compounds is hardly achieved by a single treatment method. In this work, we investigated 2 integrated technologies for the treatment of the recalcitrant contaminants of OMW, allowing water recovery and reuse for agricultural purposes. (Author)

Science.gov (United States)

The traveler participated in the discussions about the physics that can be learned in the experiments being planned, those presently running, or those recently completed by a growing number of major laboratories in Europe and the USA at the 'Workshop on NN Bremsstrahlung and Polarization Observables', where many representatives of these experimental programs were present. The traveler's research in this field is supported by a DOE Grant, and she has pioneered the early theoretical NN(lambda) treatments. In addition, she visited the Vrije University to collaborate with Professor Henk Blok on proton scattering from Zr-90 and neighboring nuclei. The traveler also visited NIKEF and discussed possible future experiments of mutual interest to be done at that laboratory.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The bituminzation of decontamination and ion exchange resin stripping wastes with four grades of asphalt was investigated to determine the effects of asphalt type on the properties of the final products. All waste forms deformed readily under light loads indicating they would flow if not restrained. It was observed in all cases that product leaching rates increased as the hardness of the asphalt used to treat the waste increased. If bituminization is adopted for any Ontario Hydro aqueous radioactive wastes they should be treated with soft asphalt to obtain optimum leaching resistance and mechanical stability during interim storage should be provided by a corrosion resistant container.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sintered glass-ceramics were produced from coal fly ashes, red mud from aluminum production and silica fume. The capabilities of Tuncbilek fly ash and a mixture of Orhaneli fly ash, red mud and silica fume to be vitrified and devitrified by sintering process were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. To determine the effect of binder in the sintering technique, glass powders were pressed without or with the addition of polyvinyl alcohol. Owing to microstructural observations, density and hardness measurements, it can be said that physical properties and the hardness of the produced samples strongly depended on the crystallization degree of the samples. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure test results showed that glass-ceramic samples produced by using sintering technique could be considered as nonhazardous materials. Chemical durability of the sintered glass-ceramic ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Cross sections for some electro- and photoinduced spallation reactions on {sup 27}Al and {sup 51}V are measured in the energy region 130 MeV to 580 MeV with the activation method. Comparisons are made with calculations based on the Dalitz formalism for virtual photon spectra, and Monte Carlo calculations based on a cascade evaporation model, respectively. By use of Bremsstrahlung with end-point energies from threshold to 750 MeV, the yields for photo- production of{pi}{sup -}leading to ground and isomeric states in {sup 197}Hg are measured with the activation method. The activity from the Hg-isotopes were measured after a chemical separation of Hg from the target material. The yields and isomeric ratios are compared with impulse approximation calculations. For the photoproduction of {sup 195m}Hg and {sup 192}Hg from {sup 197}Au, the yields were measured. The experimental mean cross sections are compared with data from other experiments and with ...

CERN Document Server

We compute QCD corrections to the production of a ttbar pair in association with a hard photon at the Tevatron and the LHC. This process allows a direct measurement of the top quark electromagnetic couplings that, at the moment, are only loosely constrained. We include top quark decays, treating them in the narrow width approximation, and retain spin correlations of final-state particles. Photon radiation off top quark decay products is included in our calculation and yields a significant contribution to the cross-section. We study next-to-leading order QCD corrections to the ppbar -> ttbar+gamma process at the Tevatron for the selection criteria used in a recent measurement by the CDF collaboration. We also discuss the impact of QCD corrections to the pp -> ttbar+gamma process on the measurement of the top quark electric charge at the 14 TeV LHC.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The failure took place on a welded elbow pipe which exhibited a catastrophic transverse rupture. The failure was located on the welding HAZ region, parallel to the welding path. Branching cracks were detected at the edge of the rupture area. Deposits of corrosion products were also spotted. The optical microscope analysis showed the presence of transgranular failures which were related to the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and were predominantly caused by the welding residual stress. The significant difference in hardness between the welded area and the pipe confirmed the findings. Moreover, the failure was also caused by the low Mo content in the stainless steel pipe which was detected by means of spark emission spectrometer. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The tests reported were part of the DOE Geothermal Reservoir Well Stimulation Program. This East Mesa (Imperial Valley, CA) well was successfully stimulated with two fracture treatments, a dendritic fracture and a planar fracture. The natural flow production of the well increased 114 percent, to 197,900 lb/hr. These tests were among the few successful attempts of this program to increase flow from geothermal production wells. The general belief is that these tests worked OK primarily because the formation was sedimentary rock (similar to rock in most oil and gas wells that have been stimulated successfully. Similar tests in geothermal hard rock reservoirs did not work very well. (DJE 2005)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Effect of helium and hydrogen production on radiation-hardening of F82H irradiated by dual or triple beam condition were investigated. The specimens used were four types of ferritic martensitic steels of F82H-std (Fe-8Cr-2W-0.2V-0.04Ta-0.1C) steels tempered at 750degC for 60 minutes, 20% cold worked F82H steel, F82H tempered for 10 minutes and non-tempered F82H steels. The irradiation was performed at 450degC to 50 dpa under simultaneous dual beams of 10.5 MeV Fe"3"+ and 1.05 MeV He"+ or triple beams of those and 380 keV H"+ ions. The ratios of He (appm)/dpa and H(appm)/dpa were 15 nad 15 (or 150) for dual and triple ion beams. The hardness of the irradiated specimens measured at room temperature using a micro indentation after the irradiations. The hardness in these F82H steels irradiated at 450degC to 18 dpa under triple beam irradiation was harder than that under dual beam irradiation. Irradiation softening and hardening ...

CERN Document Server

Cadmium telluride (CdTe) and cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe) have been regarded as promising semiconductor materials for hard X-ray and Gamma-ray detection. The high atomic number of the materials (Z_{Cd} =48, Z_{Te} =52) gives a high quantum efficiency in comparison with Si. The large band-gap energy (Eg ~ 1.5 eV) allows us to operate the detector at room temperature. However, a considerable amount of charge loss in these detectors produces a reduced energy resolution. This problem arises due to the low mobility and short lifetime of holes. Recently, significant improvements have been achieved to improve the spectral properties based on the advances in the production of crystals and in the design of electrodes. In this overview talk, we summarize (1) advantages and disadvantages of CdTe and CdZnTe semiconductor detectors and (2) technique for improving energy resolution and photopeak efficiencies. Applications of these imaging detectors in ...

Science.gov (United States)

Using bremsstrahlung, the resonance fluorescence yield has been measured for the 1.836-MeV 2/sup +//sub 1/ level in /sup 88/Sr. The observed yield corresponds to a level width GAMMA = 2.94 +- 0.15 meV.

International Science & Technology Center (ISTC)

Hard Nano-Strutural Coatings Resistant to the Extreme Conditions of Chemical, Abrasive and High Energy Media for Thermonuclear Power, Oil and Gas and Chemical Industries

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ti and its alloys (Ti-6Al-4V) have been used in different engineering applications due to their several outstanding properties. Nevertheless, their use in practical applications is limited in many cases due to their poor tribological property. Researches are ongoing on surface modification of Ti based materials by different plasma and ion based techniques to overcome this problem. However, the conventional plasma nitriding techniques have several problems such as formation of an arc, increased possibility of surface contamination due to a comparatively higher operating pressure, production of a very thin nitrided layer after a long processing time, etc. In this present work, the possibility of a new low-pressure plasma nitriding process using a Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) based saddle field fast atom beam source on a Ti-6Al-4V alloy sample is investigated. Plasma nitriding was carried out at 900 deg. C and at a pressure 0.1 Pa for 8 h by using ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Exchange of hardness ions is important in enhanced oil recovery with chemical additives. In both micellar-polymer and caustic flooding processes, multivalent ions released from rock surfaces can interact with anionic surfactants, rendering them preferentially oil soluble and/or insoluble in water. Because hardness cations are sparingly soluble and precipitate in alkaline solutions, such solutions may be more efficient as surfactant flood preflushes than are softened brines. Multivalent ion precipitation may also occur in alkaline waterflooding. To permit design of such processes, this paper presents a chromatographic theory for simultaneous ion exchange with precipitation of divalent ions. Theoretical effluent histories and concentration profiles are presented for the cases of finite pulses and continuous injection of hydroxide ions into linear cores. Complete capture of the insoluble salt particles is assumed. Results are given for the case of ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In this book over 250 alloys are organized by AISI number into 10 major sections: Irons, Carbon Steels, Alloy Steels, Low Alloy Constructional Steels, Ultra High Strength Steels, Tool Steels, Maraging Steels, Wrought Stainless Steels, Heat Resistnat Casting Alloys, and Iron Based Rought Superalloys. Each alloy record lists the designation, specifications, UNS number, composition, product forms and a comment on the high-temperature properties and applications. Referenced data is then given for physical properties such as density, specific heat, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion, electrical conductivity, Poisson's ratio, moduli of elasticity and rigidity, etc. Mechanical properties follow, and include tensile properties, shearing and bearing properties, impact properties, creep, stress rupture and stress relaxation and fatigue properties. The last part of the alloy record gives other effects of temperature, such as hot hardness, ...

Wastenet

...AquaMagna Water Conditioner and Descaler OCETA Environmental Technology & Business Profiles AQUAMAGNA WATER CONDITIONER AND DESCALER CAT. #03-018 CONTACT: Magna-Tek ...removal high-strength ceramic magnet no energy input The AquaMagna Water Conditioner and Descaler is a non-chemical method of water treatment. The technology uses ... Figure 1: The AquaMagna Water Conditioner and Descaler PROCESS/ PRODUCT APPLICATION: hard water domestic water process water reverse osmosis heat exchangers cooling ... For once-through or recirculating heating or cooling equipment, the AquaMagna descaler improves thermal efficiencies and reduces downtime. Figure 2 illustrates a cross-section ...

KoreaScience (Korea)

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International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Effects of helium and hydrogen production on irradiation hardening of martensitic steel F82H (Fe-8Cr-2W-0.2V-0.04Ta-0.1C) were examined by dual or triple beam experiments. The effects of tempering and cold working were also examined. The irradiations were performed at about 500degC to 50 dpa under simultaneous dual beams of 10.5 MeV Fe"3"+ and 1.05 MeV He"+ or triple beams of those and 380 keV H"+ ions. The value of appm-He/dpa for the dual ion beams was about 15, and the values of appm-He/dpa and appm-H/dpa for the triple ion beams were 15 and 15 (or 150), respectively. The hardness of the irradiated specimens measured at room temperature using a micro indentation after the irradiations. Irradiation softening and hardening was observed in F82H-std, F82H+20%CW and a non-tempered F82H steels irradiated at about 500degC to 18 and 50 dpa, respectively, by dual ion beams. The hardness of the specimens irradiated at about ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The status of Monte Carlo system for the simulation of Bremsstrahlung in arbitrary decays and for the decay itself of #tau# -lepton is reviewed. During the last #tau# -lepton conference in 2010 several developments of the last two years have been presented: (i) For the TAUOLA Monte Carlo generator of #tau# -lepton decays, automated and simultaneous use of many versions of form-factors for the calculation of optional weights for fits was developed and checked to work in Belle and BaBar software environment. On-going work on alternative parameterizations of hadronic decays is presented too. (ii) The TAUOLA universal interface based on HepMC (the C++ event record) is now public. A similar interface for PHOTOS is now also public. (iii) Extension of PHOTOS Monte Carlo for QED Bremsstrahlung in decays featuring kernels based on complete first order matrix element are gradually becoming widely available thanks to properties of the new, HepMC based ...

Science.gov (United States)

INTRODUCTION. We searched for a pathophysiologically based feature of major water electrolytes, which may define water quality better than the water hardness, respecting urinary calculus formation. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Utilizing a multistage stratified sampling, 2310 patients were diagnosed in the imaging centers of the provincial capitals in Iran between 2007 and 2008. These were composed of 1755 patients who were settled residents of 24 provincial capitals. Data on the regional drinking water composition, obtained from an accredited registry, and their relationships with the region's incidence of urinary calculi were evaluated by metaregression models. The stone risk index (defined as the ratio of calcium to magnesium-bicarbonate product in drinking water) was used to assess the risk of calculus formation. RESULTS. No correlation was found between the urinary calculus incidence and the amount of calcium, bicarbonate, or the total ...

Science.gov (United States)

Sep 1, 2011 ... Title: Hardness, density, and shrinkage characteristics of silk-oak from Hawaii. Author: Youngs, R. L.. Date: 1964. Source: Research note FPL ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This report covers the test methods and equipment for testing aircraft armor both hard and soft. The hard armor are the typical ceramic type while the soft armor are various types of layered composite materials. 10 figs. (JEF)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

To make the surface composites with hard ceramics particles is an effective means for satisfying the request for the wear-resistance of the casting products. Covering casting is a general method for forming the composites by adding the adhesive into ceramics particles. However, due to the using of adhesive, pore and intermediate are easy to generate, and it is one of the reasons making the wear-resistance unstable. In the present study, it is attempted to form the wear-resistant composite layer by dispersing cast tungsten carbide (CTC) particles on the surface of wear-resistant 7 mass% Mn steel without using adhesives. Subsequently, the experiments on the wear-resistance of the obtained surface composites under several wear conditions are carried out. It is revealed by the results thereof that 7 mass% Mn steel surface composites with CTC particles have the wear-resistance which is even more excellent than those of white cast iron and cast ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This study presents a rapid and selective method for the recovery of lanthanides and yttrium, existing in economically interesting concentrations, from red mud, the byproduct of the alumina production. The leaching process is based on the extraction of these elements with diluted nitric acid from red mud under moderate conditions and without using any preliminary treatment. Several parameters such as leaching agents, contact time, temperature, pressure and solid to liquid ratio were investigated in order to achieve an optimum recovery. The process followed here was selected taking into account its efficiency for the selective recovery of yttrium and lanthanides, but also its suitability for the subsequent liquid-liquid extraction of the leaching solution for the separation of the individual lanthanides. The achieved recovery percentages were for Y about 90%, for the investigated heavy lanthanides (Dy, Er, Yb) up to 70%, for the middle ones (Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd) up to ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The densification of #alpha#"1-and #alpha#"+#beta#"1-sialon ceramics has been studied by means of in situ dilatometry. It is seen that the densification is greatly affected by the reaction sequences and the grain growth. The formation and densification of sialons start simultaneously as the dissolution of nitrides into the oxide eutectic liquid phase occurs. The formation of sialons is complete at 1800 deg C., while full densification can only be obtained by using gas pressure sintering. The typical microstructure of both #alpha#"'-and mixed #alpha#'+#beta#'-sialon ceramics consists of a crystalline phase of sialons and a small fraction of amorphous phase at grain boundaries. Vickers hardness (HV0.5) was measured by using the indentation technique, and the biaxial bending strength (#sigma#_b_i) was determined with the 'ball-on-ring' test. Fracture toughness was determined by using both the indentation and single-edged notched beam techniques. It is concluded that ...

Science.gov (United States)

Continuous metallic glass ribbons were produced by mejans of liquid-quenching at rates >10/sup 50/C/s. The ribbons, typically 30 ..mu..m thick and 1 to 2 mm wide, were determined to be glassy by X-ray diffraction (XRD) employing CuK..cap alpha.. and MoK..cap alpha.. radiation. Mechanical properties of the as-quenched product were determined by measurements of hardness, tensile strength and Young's modulus. The Vicker's diamond pyramid microhardness (H/sub V/) was measured on epoxy mounted samples using a Lietz Miniload instrument with a 100 g load. Tensile tests were conducted in an Instron machine using specimens which were hand-polished to produce smooth, parallel sides. Young's modulus (E) is given by the relationship rho V/sub E/sup 2//. V/sub E/, the velocity of extensional mode waves, was measured by the pulse-echo technique using a Panametrics Intervalometer and glass density, rho, was obtained by the liquid ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

An extruder used by kneading stearic acid (St acid) into it for the production of polystyrene for injection molding was studied. Most disadvantageous of kneading methods, melt-feed method, was applied because this method enables the utilization of existing facilities. St acid is discolored when the temperature surpasses 270{sup 0}C in nitrogen atmosphere, and the contact with metals intensifies the discoloring. The discoloring is more intensified by the contact with nitriding steel than with stainless steel. Residence time is 85 seconds, and even the contact with nitriding steel does not discolor ST acid when the temperature is lower than 270{sup 0}C. In the melt-feed method, when the die is in a bad shape, it brings about dead space at the tip of the die and St acid holds up there. When the kneading is in bad condition (St acid and polymer are hard to mix because their viscosities are quite different), St acid gathers between the barrel wall ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

For an assessment of the future US spallation neutron source (SNS) target performance, radiation induced hardening and microstructural evolution were investigated as a function of ion dose for EC316LN stainless steel. Irradiation was carried out using 3.5 MeV Fe"+, 360 keV He"+, and 180 keV H"+ simultaneous ion-beams at 200 deg. C to simulate the damage, He and H production in the SNS target vessel wall. At low dose (< 1 dpa), the predominant defects were black dots whose number density saturated rapidly within a few dpa. This was followed by the evolution of interstitial loops whose number density saturated below 15 dpa. Although He-bubbles were not visible, severely scalloped loops suggested that the implanted He/H atoms existed in the form of small clusters. Comparison with reported neutron irradiation data showed that hardening and ductility loss occurred mostly in the black dot regime (< 1 dpa), but that good ductility (>20% elongation) was maintained ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This research report discusses the radiation hardening of a commercially available mobile robot, the REMOTEC ANDROS. This hardening effort is culminating in the availability of a megarad hardened mobile platform to access areas in nuclear facilities with extremely high levels of radiation (0.1 to 1 Mrad). These radiation levels may be encountered both during routine repair and monitoring activities and accident situations. The project has completed a phase-I U.S. Department of Energy Small Business Innovative Research contract and is now in a phase-II effort with completion scheduled in early 1995. The research involves the evaluation of the material and electrical components of an ANDROS robot to determine the anticipated radiation hardness of the current production version and evaluation of the components that must be replaced or modified to harden the system to higher radiation levels. The work being reported is based on an evaluation of the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Niobium carbide can be used to inhibit WC grain growth in hardmetal. The performance of a NbC powder produced at low temperature by solid-gas reaction (an experimental powder) as WC grain growth inhibitor is compared with that of a commercial NbC powder. It is verified that NbC effectively inhibits heterogeneous WC coarsening. This results in an increase in hardness. The commercial and experimental NbC powders exhibit a comparable performance in inhibiting the WC grain coarsening, in spite of a significant difference in particle size and shape. The commercial NbC powder is very fine while the experimental one is coarse and porous, but its crystallites are finer than those of the commercial product. The milling procedure used to prepare the alloys is able to reduce the particle size of the experimental NbC, and thus guarantee a dispersion of the particles with a quality level comparable to that found for the alloy prepared with the commercial ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

An analysis is presented of the electron temperature in a linear device which includes the effect of thermal conduction, heat flux limit, radiation, and end plugs. It is found that the thermal conduction and the heat flux limit are dominant in the initial phase of cooling, while the later phase is almost completely controlled by radiation that spatially homogenizes the temperature distribution. In the case of bremsstrahlung, within the frame of the present model, the temperature decays to zero in a finite time. This process takes the form of a cooling wave that moves from the ends of the column to the center. Impurities cause a milder, exponential decay, which is still much faster than the algebraic conduction decay. The thermal effectiveness of the end plugs is described by a convective transfer coefficient h/sub p/. Its scaling law (in terms of the coupled plamsa-plug system) reveals that a very high plug-plasma density ratio provides a simple way to ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Portal localization images for high-energy electron beam therapy are necessary to confirm the treatment field by comparing them with a simulation image obtained before treatment or portal verification images after treatment. In this study, portal localization images were acquired using the computed radiography (CR) system and bremsstrahlung X-rays generated in the electron beam irradiations. All images obtained with phantom and the irradiations of in the electron energy of 8, 10, 12 and 15 MeV were feasible for clinical use. The CR system used in this study included general diagnostic imaging cassette and storage phosphor plate, but none of other special devices. The system can usually supply portal localization images, which maintains the quality assurance of high-energy electron beam therapy. (author)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A nuclear resonance fluorescence experiment on "8"8Sr has been performed with bremsstrahlung of 6.7 MeV endpoint energy. The #gamma#-ray linear polarisation has been measured with a EUROBALL CLUSTER detector used as a Compton polarimeter. The results indicate positive parity for the J=1 state at 4.742 MeV in "8"8Sr, in contrast to the previous interpretation as a 1"- two-phonon (2"+_1 x 3"-_1) state and in conflict with the predictions of the quasiparticle-phonon model. On the basis of such calculations the 1"+ state at 3.486 MeV may be considered as the 1"+_1 one-phonon state and the very strong 1"+_1#->#0"+_1 deexcitation as proton spin-flip 2p_1_/_2#->#2p_3_/_2 transition. (orig.)

Science.gov (United States)

9 9 simulated Purex waste oxides was investigated as a function of Na/sub 2/O, CaO and P/sub 2/O/sub 5/ content. All compositions lost some sulfate at 50 to 100 deg C above the softening point. In generai the volatility decreased with increase of either Na/ sub 2/O or CaO relative to P/sub 2/O/sub 5/, but no simple correlation Was indicated. Softening temperatures were lowered by inc ease in Na/sub 2/O vs CaO. Ceramic solids were obtained but no true glasses. Attempts to produce glasses by addition of varying combinations of Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/, PbO, BaO, and B/sub 2/O/ sub 3/ to simulated Pure x waste plus phosphite were unsuccessful. The use of 0.005 M Na/sub 2/C/O/sub 3/ to precipitate calcium from wastes containing up to 3 ppm of phosphate was demonstrated in four pilot plant runs and produced a decrease in the hardness of the waste leaving the clarifier. An inadvertent Sr/ sup 90/ and Cs/sup 137/ breakthrough occurred during one ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Fuel irradiation leads to a swelling resulting from the formation of gaseous (Kr, Xe) or solid fission products which are found either in solution or as solid inclusions in the matrix. This phenomena has to be evaluated to be taken into account in fuel cladding Interaction. Fuel swelling was studied as a function of burn up by measuring the corresponding cell constant evolution by X-Ray diffraction. This study was realized on Mixed Oxide Fuels (MOX) irradiated in a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) at different burn-up for 3 initial Pu contents. Lattice parameter evolutions were followed as a function of burn-up for the irradiated fuel with and without an annealing thermal treatment. These experimental evolutions are compared to the theoretical evolutions calculated from the hard sphere model, using the fission product concentrations determined by the APPOLO computer code. Contribution of varying parameters influencing the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The peak flux relationship between hard X-rays and microwaves from solar flares is studied using about 400 events simultaneously recorded with the hard X-ray burst spectrometer on the SMM satellite and the Nobeyama 17 GHz radiometer. The data indicate that the hard X-ray and microwave peak fluxes correlate best for X-ray energies of less than about 80 keV for impulsive flares and greater than about 360 keV for extended flares. By postulating that electrons responsible for microwave emission at 17 GHz are those emitting hard X-rays at these photon energies, it is concluded that: (1) in impulsive flares, microwaves at about 20 GHz are emitted mainly by electrons of less than about 200 keV from a layer through which the electrons stream down into the thick-target hard X-ray source; and (2) in extended flares, microwaves are emitted mainly by MeV electrons trapped in a coronal loop or ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The major details of the inspection and replacement of the bearing journals on each of the four heat transport pumps (HTPs) at Wolsung nuclear generating station in Korea are presented in this paper. Investigation following fracture of one of the journals in 1985 revealed that it was excessively hard. The journal material (ASTM A296 CA 40) is considered to be prone to stress corrosion fatigue if the hardness exceeds Rc 40. In 1986 May, during a planned outage, the HTPs were disassembled, the journals were inspected, found to be excessively hard, and all were replaced. At the same time, the pump to motor couplings were all refurbished to ensure proper alignment.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hardness of beta-sialon with four different composition index values of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0 in the system Ni/sub 3/N/sub 4/-AlN-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ with the addition of 6% Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/ as sintering aid has been reported. These composition were pressureless sintered for 90, 180 and 270 min in nitrogen atmospheres at temperatures ranging from 1650 to 1800 deg. C. Highest hardness was achieved when the composition index was 0.25 was sintered for 270 minutes at 1750 deg. C. (author).

Science.gov (United States)

... of Hanoi or Missionaries and Cannibals, It is not immediately obvious what constitutes a "move"--that is, what actual manipulations of the physical ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Monolithic SiAlON ceramics are hard and brittle with little possibility for property design, but multi-phase SiAlON ceramics offer great scope for controlling microstructural development and desired properties. The ceramics can also be reinforced by separate additions of other hard, refractory compounds. The toughness in all these SiAlON composites can be increased by several mechanisms, and the best effect is reached if they are combined. When glassy phase is present, crack paths are affected by the strains caused by different thermal expansion of the glassy phase and the crystals and also by the interface properties. The crystal shape influence toughness, especially pronounced is the effect of the elongated #beta#- grains. Different toughening mechanisms are achieved by separately added reinforcement phases. The hardness is raised by the presence of #alpha# SiAlON and other hard constituents, such as ...

Science.gov (United States)

... interacting systems in which common-envelope evolutionary effects make it hard to generalize the results to single-star evolution, although they ...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Necrotizing sialometaplasia, is a benign inflammatory lesion primarily involving the minor salivary glands of the hard palate. The lesion often presents itself as a deep-seated palatal ulcer with clinical...Full Text Available

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Turkish English ... Authors Sahin, O. (Suleyman Demirel University, Department of Physics, Isparta (Turkey))

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Interest in optics for hard X-ray broad-band application is growing. In this paper, we compare the hard X-ray (20-100 keV) reflectivity obtained with an energy-dispersive reflectometer, of a standard commercial gold thin-film with that of a 600 bilayer W/Si X-ray supermirror. The reflectivity of the multilayer is found to agree extraordinarily well with theory (assuming an interface roughness of 4.5 Angstrom), while the agreement for the gold film is less, The overall performance of the supermirror is superior to that of gold, extending the band of reflection at least a factor of 2.8 beyond that of the gold, Various other design options are discussed, and we conclude that continued interest in the X-ray supermirror for broad-band hard X-ray applications is warranted.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The average angle of repose and the packing density of random planar heaps of hard disks falling ballistically onto a sticky base line, where the first layer of disks is quenched in random positions, are computed for heaps with a small fixed number of gaps in the base layer. The results we find appear to be almost independent of the size of the heap and they agree with those obtained from computer simulations of large systems.

CERN Document Server

We study the high-energy emission of the Galactic black hole candidate GX 339-4 using INTEGRAL/SPI and simultaneous RXTE/PCA data. By the end of January 2007, when it reached its peak luminosity in hard X-rays, the source was in a bright hard state. The SPI data from this period show a good signal to noise ratio, allowing a detailed study of the spectral energy distribution up to several hundred keV. As a main result, we report on the detection of a variable hard spectral feature (>150 keV) which represents a significant excess with respect to the cutoff power law shape of the spectrum. The SPI data suggest that the intensity of this feature is positively correlated with the 25 - 50 keV luminosity of the source and the associated variability time scale is shorter than 7 hours. The simultaneous PCA data, however, show no significant change in the spectral shape, indicating that the source is not undergoing a canonical ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Micro-Vickers hardness measurement has been used to determine the composition of functionally graded materials (FGMs). Materials used in the present study are Al-SiC, Al-Shirasu and Al-Al{sub 3}Ni FGMs, which are fabricated by a centrifugal method. The micro-hardness of the aluminum matrix for Al-SiC FGM markedly increases as the volume fraction of SiC particles increases. However, the tendency is not so clear in the cases of Al-Shirasu and Al-Al{sub 3}Ni FGMs. Plastic strain energy due to thermal misfits between the matrix and dipersed particles is calculated based on an elasto-plastic analysis by applying a shell theory after Lee et al. The hardness is correlated theoretically with the composition gradient through the mean plastic strain energy (responsible for dislocation density). It is concluded that the composition gradient of metal-based FGMs can be determined from micro-hardness measurements. ...

CERN Document Server

We examine the accretion properties in a sample of 42 hard (3-60keV) X-ray selected nearby broad-line AGNs. The energy range in the sample is harder than that usually used in the similar previous studies. These AGNs are mainly complied from the RXTE All Sky Survey (XSS), and complemented by the released INTEGRAL AGN catalog. The black hole masses, bolometric luminosities of AGN, and Eddington ratios are derived from their optical spectra in terms of the broad H$\\beta$ emission line. The tight correlation between the hard X-ray (3-20keV) and bolometric/line luminosity is well identified in our sample. Also identified is a strong inverse Baldwin relationship of the H$\\beta$ emission line. In addition, all these hard X-ray AGNs are biased toward luminous objects with high Eddington ratio (mostly between 0.01 to 0.1) and low column density ($<10^{22} \\mathrm{cm^{-2}}$), which is most likely due to the selection effect of ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A nuclear resonance fluorescence experiment on {sup 88}Sr has been performed with bremsstrahlung of 6.7 MeV endpoint energy. The {gamma}-ray linear polarisation has been measured with a EUROBALL CLUSTER detector used as a Compton polarimeter. The results indicate positive parity for the J=1 state at 4.742 MeV in {sup 88}Sr, in contrast to the previous interpretation as a 1{sup -} two-phonon (2{sup +}{sub 1} x 3{sup -}{sub 1}) state and in conflict with the predictions of the quasiparticle-phonon model. On the basis of such calculations the 1{sup +} state at 3.486 MeV may be considered as the 1{sup +}{sub 1} one-phonon state and the very strong 1{sup +}{sub 1}{yields}0{sup +}{sub 1} deexcitation as proton spin-flip 2p{sub 1/2}{yields}2p{sub 3/2} transition. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Dipole and quadrupole excitations in the semimagic N{sup .} = 50 nucleus {sup 88}Sr were investigated at the superconducting electron linear accelerator ELBE with bremsstrahlung produced at electron energies of 9.0, 13.2, and 16.0 MeV. About 160 {gamma} transitions were identified up to 12 MeV. By using polarized photons linear polarizations of about 50 {gamma} transitions were measured. In the energy range of 6 - 12 MeV there is only one M1 transition while all other transitions have E1 character. Statistical methods were applied in order to filter out inelastic transitions and to correct the intensities of the ground-state transitions for their branching ratios. The photoabsorption cross section obtained in this way provides information about the extension of the Giant Dipole Resonance towards energies below the neutron-separation energy. The experimental results are compared with existing data beyond the neutron-separation energy and with predictions of ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

We summarize the predictions of different models for total #gamma##gamma# cross-sections. The experimentally observed rise of #sigma#_#gamma#_#gamma# with s radical _#gamma#_#gamma#, faster than that for #sigma#_p_-_b_a_r_p, #sigma#_#gamma#_p is in agreement with the predictions of the Eikonalized Minijet Models as opposed to those of the Regge-Pomeron models. We then show that a measurement of #sigma#_#gamma#_#gamma# with an accuracy of < or approx. 8-9% (6-7%) is necessary to distinguish among different Regge-Pomeron type models (the different parameterisations of the EMM models) and a precision of < or approx. 20% is required to distinguish the predictions of the EMMs and of those models which treat 'photon like a proton', for the energy range 300< s radical_#gamma#_#gamma# <500 GeV. We further show that the difference in model predictions for #sigma#_#gamma#_#gamma# of about a factor 2 at s radical _#gamma#_#gamma# = 700 GeV reduces to #approx# 30% when folded with ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Textured silicon nitride (Si_3N_4) has been intensively studied over the past 15 years because of its use for achieving its superthermal and mechanical properties. In this review we present the fundamental aspects of the processing and anisotropic properties of textured Si_3N_4, with emphasis on the anisotropic and abnormal grain growth of #beta#-Si_3N_4, texture structure and texture analysis, processing methods and anisotropic properties. On the basis of the texturing mechanisms, the processing methods described in this article have been classified into two types: hot-working (HW) and templated grain growth (TGG). The HW method includes the hot-pressing, hot-forging and sinter-forging techniques, and the TGG method includes the cold-pressing, extrusion, tape-casting and strong magnetic field alignment techniques for #beta#-Si_3N_4 seed crystals. Each processing technique is thoroughly discussed in terms of theoretical models and experimental data, including the texturing mechanisms ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The author blows the whistle about what he considers as a worldwide environmental crisis. He brings a fresh outlook to the crises of destabilizing climate change and rising competition for energy - both of which could poison our world if we do not act quickly and collectively. His argument speaks to all of us who are concerned about the state of America in the global future. The author proposes that an ambitious national strategy - which he calls 'Geo-Greenism' - is not only what we need to save the planet from overheating; it is what we need to make America healthier, richer, more innovative, more productive, and more secure. He explains a new era - the Energy-Climate era - through an illuminating account of recent events. He shows how 9/11, Hurricane Katrina, and the flattening of the world by the Internet (which brought 3 billion new consumers onto the world stage) have combined to bring climate and energy issues to Main Street. But they have not gone very far ...

International Science & Technology Center (ISTC)

Production of Radioactive Isotopes in Republic of Kasakhstan.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A set of materials property data for potential wear resistant materials was collected. These materials are designated for use as the ''core'' materials in the Fibrous Monolith structure. The material properties of hardness, toughness, thermal conductivity and cost were selected as determining factors for material choice. Data for these four properties were normalized, and weighting factors were assigned for each property to establish priority and evaluate the effects of priority fluctuation. Materials were then given a score based on the normalized parameters and weighting values. Using the initial estimates for parameter priority, the highest ranking material was tungsten carbide, with diamond as the second ranked material. Several materials were included in the trade study, and five were selected as promising ''core'' materials to include in this effort. These materials are tungsten carbide, ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

In order to investigate the systematics of the loop expansion in high temperature gauge theories beyond the leading order hard thermal loop (HTL) approximation, we calculate the two-loop electron proper self-energy #SIGMA# in high temperature QED. The two-loop bubble diagram of #SIGMA# contains a linear infrared divergence. Even if regulated with a nonzero photon mass M of order of the Debye mass, this infrared sensitivity implies that the two-loop self-energy contributes terms to the fermion dispersion relation that are comparable to or even larger than the next-to-leading order (NLO) contributions of the one-loop #SIGMA#. Additional evidence for the necessity of a systematic restructuring of the loop expansion comes from the explicit gauge-parameter dependence of the fermion damping rate at both one and two loops. The leading terms in the high temperature expansion of the two-loop self-energy for all topologies arise from an explicit ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Microprocessor based ''smart'' pressure, level, and flow transmitters were tested to determine the radiation hardness of this class of electronic instrumentation for use in reactor building applications. Commercial grade Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuits used in these transmitters were found to fail at total gamma dose levels between 2500 and 10,000 rad. This results in an unacceptably short lifetime in many reactor building radiation environments. Radiation hardened integrated circuits can, in general, provide satisfactory service life for normal reactor operations when not restricted to the extremely low power budget imposed by standard 4--20 mA two-wire instrument loops. The design of these circuits will require attention to vendor radiation hardness specifications, dose rates, process control with respect to radiation hardness factors, and non-volatile programmable memory technology. 3 ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A series of SiAlON materials with a cordierite-based matrix were annealed for different lengths of time to cause crystallization of the glass phase. Their fracture toughness, hardness, and elastic modulus were measured from room temperature up to 1100"0C. The fracture toughness generally decreased with temperature. Short time annealing raised toughness at lower temperatures, while further annealing lowered it back to the value for as-hot pressed materials. At higher test temperatures annealing had no effect on toughness. This annealing behavior is significantly different from that previously reported in the system SaAlON-YAG. Hardness decreased monotonically with temperature for all samples. Both hardness and the elastic modulus were not affected by the annealing treatment. At elevated temperatures appreciable scatter of modulus results allowed only a rough trend of decrease with temperature to be observed.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the changes of soft and hard tissues after modified anterior segmental osteotomy on the maxilla and mandible and to evaluate unintended facial changes using cephalometric and photometric analyses.Materials and MethodsThe subjects included 29 women and 1 man (22 to 50 years of age) who were diagnosed as bialveolar or bimaxillary protrusion and underwent modified anterior segmental osteotomy on the maxilla and mandible. Lateral cephalograms and lateral and frontal photographs taken preoperatively and postoperatively were analyzed.ResultsThere was a significant change in all soft and hard tissue parameters except the labiomental angle. The ratio of upper lip to maxillary incisor retraction was 0.67:1 and the ratio of l...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Dense samples of #beta#-sialons (with z from 1 to 4) were pressuressly sintered for different time (15-240 minutes) and at relatively low temperature of 1600 C using single-phase #beta#-sialon powders synthesized by combustion nitridation. The samples were characterized using ultrasonic method for determination of elastic properties (E,G,#mu#). Also, hardness by Knoop and fracture toughness by Vickers indentation microfracture method was estimated. With increasing z number Young's modulus decreases from 293 to 179 GPa. Simultaneously Poisson ratio increases by about 30%. The highest values of hardness and fracture toughness were obtained for sialon with z equal to 1. (orig.).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Investigations of superdense compression touch on such problems as ultrahigh-frequency oscillations of matter in the generation of gravitational waves, the powerful pumping of hard coherent radiation, and the laboratory simulation of stellar interiors. This paper reviews the theory of supercompression and discusses some experiments involving multifoil collision supercompression.

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

ObjectiveTo implement a role-reversal exercise to increase first-year pharmacy students' awareness of communication barriers in the health care setting, especially for deaf and hard-of-hearing...Full Text Available

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

ASTROSAT, India's first dedicated astronomy satellite is slated for launch in 2007. The primary science objective of ASTROSAT is to explore the Universe using broad-band instruments covering optical, UV, soft X-ray and hard X-ray studies

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

BackgroundIn Trinidad and Tobago, the law on the mandatory use of seat belts was passed in 1995, but this law is hardly enforced. The objective of this study was to determine the...Full Text Available

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Ultra fine tungsten carbide and cobalt powders were milled by high energy planetary ball mill at different ball to powder weight ratios (BPR) to produce particles of WC-10wt%Co hard metal in nanometer scale size. Microstructural characterizations by TEM show that the particle size of tungsten carbide was achieved to 32nm after milling at 15 BPR during 10h. In order to reduce the WC grain growth during the sintering process, tantalum carbide was added to the hard metal as a WC grain growth inhibitor. The nano hard metal powders were compacted at 200MPa pressure and sintered at 1370-1450degreeC temperatures in a high purity hydrogen atmosphere. The results show that the addition of 0.6wt% of TaC improves the hardness and fracture toughness from 1493 HV30 and 11.8MPam (for TaC free sample) to...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Constraint-based lexical models of language processing assume that readers resolve temporary ambiguities by relying on a variety of cues, including particular knowledge of how verbs combine...Full Text Available

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The methods of surface modification of Ti-Zr alloy by laser treatment are considered. Characteristics of laser modification without- and with surface melting and with melting in different gaseous environments and with nickel microalloying are presented. Maximum depth, hardness and corrosion resistance are observed under nickel laser alloying.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Pressureless-sintered AlN and hot-pressed, pressureless-sintered and reaction-bonded SiC were neutron irradiated at temperatures between 100 and 785degC up to a fluence of 5.2 x 10"2"4 n/m"2. The hardness was increased by up to 51% in AlN and 84% in SiC. The hardness decreased after annealing at temperatures around the irradiation temperature. At the same temperatures, the macroscopic length, which was increased by irradiation, also began to decrease. The hardness and length were almost recovered after 1,200 #approx# 1,400degC annealing. Thus, hardening in irradiated AlN and SiC is controlled by the number of point defects, or, more precisely, by the strain caused by small point defect clusters which pin down dislocation movement. Dislocation loops were still observed in some samples after 1,400degC annealing while the hardness was almost recovered to that in the unirradiated state. Thus, the existence ...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Plant surfaces covered with crystalline epicuticular waxes are known to be anti-adhesive, hardly wettable and preventing insect attachment. But there are insects that are capable of gluing their eggs...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Previous ultrasound elasticity imaging experiments supported a generally accepted concept that the hardness of deep venous thrombi increases with thrombus aging. Results also showed that this...Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Deposition of hard coatings may influence the mechanical properties of the bulk material and its corrosion resistance. In this work we study the hardness of the coated and the back side of 100Cr6 steel plates. Electrochemical corrosion tests were performed in O{sub 2}-saturated acetate buffer of pH 5.6 at 25degC. Chromium nitride and titanium nitride coatings prepared by different physical vapour deposition processes, such as arc, thermionic arc evaporation, magnetron sputtering and ion-beam-assisted deposition (IBAD) were compared. The results show that, for sufficient corrosion protection, chromium nitride layers have to be thicker than 500 nm. An increased nitrogen partial pressure in the evaporation chamber of the IBAD process improves the corrosion resistance significantly. The hardness of the substrates was reduced in the case of thermoionic arc evaporation only, indicating a deposition temperature of more than ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

We report on measurements of radiation hardness of the plastic scintillating fiber SCSF-81. Fibers were irradiated with "6"0Co #gamma#-rays and fast neutrons up to 105 Gy and up to 5 x 1013 n/cm"2, respectively. Deterioration of the attenuation length of the scintillating fiber was studied. Some significant deterioration was observed at the integrated dose of about 1 x 103 Gy and at the integrated neutron flux (neutron fluence) of about 1 x 1012 n/cm"2 for #gamma#-ray and neutron irradiation, respectively. (author).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Wood-plastic combination (WPC) was produced by {gamma}-irradiation of persimmon impregnated with acrylonitrile and styrene. The hardness and strength of WPC obtained were higher than those of an unmodified wood. Thus, it was found that the WPC is suited for a head of golf club, because the Shore hardness value of WPC is 36% greater than that of unmodified wood. An impregnation method of monomers with some pigments could produce colored WPC without diminishing natural grain. Head of golf club could be manufactured from colored WPC in practice. (auhtor).

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

An interferometric technique for hard X-rays is presented. It is based on two transmission gratings and a phase-stepping technique, and it provides separate radiographs of the phase and absorption profiles of bulk samples. Tomographic reconstruction yields quantitative three-dimensional maps of the X-ray refractive index and of the attenuation coefficient, with a spatial resolution down to a few microns. The method is mechanically robust, it requires little monochromaticity, and can be scaled up to large fields of view. These are important prerequisites for use with laboratory X-ray sources. Numerous applications ranging from wave front sensing to medical radiography are presently under investigation.

Science.gov (United States)

The effects of variable hardness, pH, alkalinity, humics, and suspended clay on the chemical speciation of copper and its toxicity to fathead minnow larvae in Lake Superior water were investigated. Two proposed methods (toxicity factors and chemical speciation) for predicting LC50 values in specific natural waters from laboratory toxicity data and the average site specific values of general water quality parameters were evaluated. The accuracy of the cupric ion-selective electrode in determining CU/sup +2/ activities in ambient and chemically altered Lake Superior water was also determined.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The world steel industry and market and the current status and prospects for the Japanese steel industry are discussed with particular reference to China, Europe, and the US. Trends in coking coal supply from Australia, Canada, and Mongolia and changes in demand for hard and semi-soft coking coals are considered. Canadian coal plays a significant role in the hard coking coal and PCI coal markets. This is expected to continue. Emerging concerns include the strong Canadian dollar and increases in fuel and materials costs. Canadian suppliers are asked to improve efficiencies, be competitive in the overall coal chain, and diversify their PCI coal reserves. 14 figs.

CERN Document Server

We have implemented a virtual Young's double slit experiment for hard X-ray photons with micro-fabricated bi-prisms. We observe fringe patterns with a scintillator, and quantify interferograms by detecting X-ray fluorescence from a scanned 30nm Cr metal film. The observed intensities are best modeled with a near-field, Fresnel analysis. The maximum fringe number in the overlap region is proportional to the ratio of real to imaginary parts refractive index of the prism material. The horizontal and vertical transverse coherence lengths at beamline APS 8-ID are measured.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Full text of publication follows: Large-scale problems such as nuclear waste disposal are increasingly recognized to be interconnected to small scale-mechanisms. Thus, synchrotron-based high-resolution analytical X-ray probes become important tools for exploring the micro-scale chemical reactivity of heterogeneous barrier materials used in nuclear waste repositories. In this study the layout of the micro-XAS beamline at the Swiss Light Source (SLS) will be presented. The beamline is optimized towards micro beam experiments ({approx}1 x 1 {mu}m{sup 2}) in the hard-X-ray regime (4 - {approx}22 keV) and allows to combine micro X-ray fluorescence (micro-XRF), micro X-ray absorption spectroscopy (micro- XAS), and micro X-ray diffraction (micro-XRD) investigations with radioactive samples. Furthermore, the potential of micro-XRF/XAS/XRD for acquiring spatially resolved molecular level information on the speciation and structural coordination environment of radionuclides ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This report describes work accomplished in the project, titled ''Development of Appropriate Resistance Spot Welding Practice for Transformation-Hardened Steels.'' The Phase 1 of the program involved development of in-situ temper diagrams for two gauges of representative dual-phase and martensitic grades of steels. The results showed that tempering is an effective way of reducing hold-time sensitivity (HTS) in hardenable high-strength sheet steels. In Phase 2, post-weld cooling rate techniques, incorporating tempering, were evaluated to reduce HTS for the same four steels. Three alternative methods, viz., post-heating, downsloping, and spike tempering, for HTS reduction were investigated. Downsloping was selected for detailed additional study, as it appeared to be the most promising of the cooling rate control methods. The downsloping maps for each of the candidate steels were used to locate the conditions necessary for the peak response. Three ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract prepared.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Short communication. 1 ref.

J-STORE (Japan)

Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Diamond-like carbon thin films for tribological applications were deposited by d.c.-magnetron sputtering of a graphite target in a pure argon atmosphere or in a reactive hydrogen or methane atmosphere at pressures between 0.1 and 1 Pa in a graded constitution to improve adhesion and reduce residual stress. The temperature of the metallic, carbon- and ceramic-like substrates was below 100 C. The mechanical, thermal, electronic and optical properties of the carbon thin films show a significant dependence on the ion energy. Below 220 eV, strongly adherent black conductive films with hardness values up to 2000 HV0.05 were obtained. Hard and superhard diamond-like carbon thin films were deposited in an energy range between 220 and 370 eV with hardness values up to 4000 HV0.05. They are insulating, optically transparent and show a high degree of hardness combined with high compressive stress in the order of 4 ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Electron beams as a source of directed energy are under study at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). An intense 10-kA, 50-MeV, 50-ns full-width half-maximum, pulsed electron beam is generated by the prototype Advanced Test Accelerator (ATA) at the Laboratory's Site 300. Whenever the electron beam is stopped in materials, intense radiation is generated. Estimates based on available data in the literature show that for materials such as lead, photon radiation (x ray, gamma, bremsstrahlung) levels can be as large as 10"4 roentgens per pulse at 1 m in the zero-degree direction (i.e., the electron-beam direction). Neutrons, which are emitted isotropically, are produced at a level of 10"1"3 n/m"2 per pulse. Depending upon the number of pulses and the shielding geometry, the accumulated dose is potentially lethal to personnel and potentially damaging to instrumentation that may be used for diagnostics. To provide shielding for minimizing the risk of ...

International Science & Technology Center (ISTC)

Development of Experimental Large-scale Technology and Creation of Technological Line of Rubomicine Production

Wastenet

the low levels of crystalline silica in this product, chronic health effects are not anticipated with normal

CERN Document Server

Information technology and the productivity paradox

CERN Document Server

From Products to Services

International Science & Technology Center (ISTC)

Continuous Countercurrent Process in Cascade of Centrifugal Extractors for Medicine Production

International Science & Technology Center (ISTC)

Creation of Economic Alternative Technologies for Radionuclide Production for Medical Diagnostics and Therapy

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Total-dose irradiation seriously damages MOS devices and their circuit performance. Threshold voltage shifts, transconductance degradation and increase in off-state leakage current are generally observed for irradiated devices. These instabilities are essentially due to positive and/or negative charge trapping in SiO_2 and interface trap generation at the SiO_2/Si interface. Radiation hardening of CMOS VLSIs is to eliminate these trapping effects, and for this purpose, special considerations for fabrication processes and layout design are necessary. In this paper, basic mechanisms for radiation-induced charge trapping and related effects on MOS devices are reviewed. Also discussed are radiation-hardening technologies from both fabrication-process and layout-design viewpoints. Using these technologies, 1 #mu#m radiation-hard CMOS gate arrays have been successfully developed. Experimental data taken for 2k-gate test chips indicate that radiation ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Direct current (DC) glow discharge plasma nitriding was carried out on three selected surface-roughened AISI 304 stainless steel samples at 833 K under 4 mbar pressures for 24 h in the presence of N{sub 2}:H{sub 2} gas mixtures of 50 : 50 ratios. After plasma nitriding, the phase formation, case depth, surface roughness, and microhardness of a plasma-nitrided layer were evaluated by glancing angle x-ray diffractogram, optical microscope, stylus profilometer, and Vickers microhardness tester techniques. The case depth, surface hardness, and phase formation variations were observed with a variation in initial surface roughness. The diffraction patterns of the plasma-nitrided samples showed the modified intensities of the {alpha} and {gamma} phases along with those of the CrN, Fe{sub 4}N, and Fe{sub 3}N phases. Hardness and case depth variations were observed with a variation in surface roughness. A maximum hardness of 1058 Hv ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This paper presents the first results on formation and study of structure and properties of micro- and nanocomposite combined coatings. By means of modeling the deposition processes (deposition conditions, current density-discharge, plasma composition and density, voltage) we formed the three-layer nanocomposite coatings of Ti-Al-N/Ti-N/Al_2O_3. The coating composition, structure and properties were studied using physical and nuclear-physical methods. The Rutherford proton and helium ion backscattering, scanning electron microscopy with microanalysis, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, as well as nanohardness tests (hardness) were used. Measurements of wear resistance and corrosion resistance in NaCl, HCl and H_2SO_4 solutions were also performed. For testing mechanical properties such characteristics of layered structures as hardness H, elastic modulus E: H"3/E"2 etc. were measured. It is demonstrated that the formed three-layer ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Al{sub x}Ga{sub 1{minus}x}P layers (0 {le} x {le} 0.7), with thicknesses of {ge}1 {micro}m were grown on Si (100) wafers by metal-organic molecular beam epitaxy (MOMBE) at 450 C. Transmission electron micrographs of the single crystal films revealed that the microstructure contains stacking faults and microtwins especially near the interface as well as both threading and misfit dislocations. Hardness and elastic modulus were measured using a Nanotest 500 indenter, which can probe the film properties without influence from the substrate. The hardness H varies linearly according to (11.8 {minus} 2.3x) GPa. The absence of alloy hardening is due to the fact that there is no difference in atomic size of Al and Ga. The indentation modulus E/(1{minus}v{sup 2}) decreases monotonically from 136 GPa for GaP to 129 GPa for Al{sub 0.7}Ga{sub 0.3}P and bows only slightly (about 2%) below the straight line of linear interpolation.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A wear-resistant nitrided layer was formed on a 304L austenitic stainless steel substrate by DC plasma nitriding. Effects of DC plasma nitriding parameters on the structural phases, micro-hardness and dry-sliding wear behavior of the nitrided layer were investigated by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, micro-hardness testing and ring-on-block wear testing. The results show that the highest surface hardness over a case depth of about 10 #mu#m is obtained after nitriding at 460 deg. C. XRD indicated a single expanded austenite phase and a single CrN nitride phase were formed at 350 deg. C and 480 deg. C, respectively. In addition, the S-phase layers formed on the samples provided the best dry-sliding wear resistance under the ring-on-block contact configuration test.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

TNF-doped Mylar is a new radiation-hard dielectric that has recently been qualified as a viable substitute for Mylar in capacitors. The advantage of TNF-doped Mylar is that it satisfies both the nuclear safety and radiation hardness requirements of weapons. Mylar is not radiation-hard. Aging and compatibility studies were carried out to insure that (1) TNF does not diffuse from the film during fabrication of the capacitor or during storage; and (2) there are no compatibility problems with aluminum foil (the conductor) or Fluorinert (the secondary dielectric). Losses of TNF were barely detectable during the vacuum bakes used in fabricating capacitors or during accelerated aging tests carried out below T{sub g} (70C) over a two year period in air. In other accelerated tests, no compatibility problems were detected with aluminum or Fluorinert. TNF-doped Mylar is now being used in the MC-4109 capacitor that was called out for ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Thin films of new metastable materials from the system Ti-B-C-N were deposited on metallic substrates by d.c. magnetron sputtering in different Ar+N{sub 2} atmospheres. The multiphase compound targets used were based on various compositions on the TiC-TiB{sub 2} and TiB{sub 2}-C tie lines of the Ti-B-C phase diagram. The structure and chemical composition of the films were characterized by electron microprobe analysis, depth profiling Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The hardness, critical load of failure and the tribological behavior of the coatings were investigated. Superhard single-phase crystalline metastable Ti-B-C-N layers with hardness values exceeding 5000 HV{sub 0.05} and extremely low sliding wear against 100Cr6 and Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} counterparts could be produced by reactive sputtering of various TiC-TiB{sub 2} targets in Ar+N{sub 2} atmospheres with low nitrogen flows. In the case ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Full text of publication follows: Radiation hardening and embrittlement due to high-energy neutron radiation around 623 K are the important issues on reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic (RAF/M) steels. It is expected that the improvement of radiation hardening might be one of effective ways to control the mechanical properties of RAF/M after irradiation. It has been reported that the weld joint has less hardening than the base metal from the tensile test results of TIG weldments irradiated in HFIR. This report indicated that radiation hardening can be reduced by the optimization of heat treatment condition for F82H. The purposes of this study are to establish the condition of heat treatment for minimum of radiation hardening in F82H steel using Neutron/Ion-irradiation and to examine a correlation between tensile property and micro-hardness before/after irradiation. The materials used in this study were F82H IEA heat and F82H heat treatment variants. Neutron ...

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The NACE MR-01-75 standard imposes a restriction of 22HRC maximum for regions of a pipeline girth weld that are not in direct contact with H[sub 2]S containing environments. TWI have demonstrated in an earlier project for the Pipeline Research Committee (PRC) that it may be permissible to relax this maximum hardness requirement. Such a relaxation, which already exists in the BS4515: 1984 standard, offers potential benefits when applied to the capping pass and heat affected zone of a pipeline girth weld. This report presents additional data to supplement that obtained in a previous PRC project conducted at TWI. Further pipe materials with differing pipe wall thicknesses have been welded, exposed to an internal H[sub 2]S containing environment and examined for sulphide stress corrosion cracking.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The corrosion behavior of hard metals with VC and Cr3C2 grain growth inhibitors was investigated in alkaline solutions by electrochemical methods. The two inhibitors have opposite effects on the corrosion behavior: Cr3C2 significantly improves the corrosion behavior, whereas VC-containing alloys show a poor resistance. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses of the distributions of Cr and V in the composite material, as well as in the surface layers formed during corrosion were employed to clarify the influence of these elements on the corrosion behavior. The measurements showed that VC is precipitated mostly along the WC/binder interface after the liquid-phase sintering process, while Cr3C2 is almost homogene...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) observations of the bright supernova remnant Cas A have revealed a hard power law component above 10 keV in addition to two thermal components inferred from ASCA measurements of the many line centroids from low-Z elements. The power law can be shown to be consistent with synchrotron emission from radio to hard x-rays by electrons of up to 4 x 10"1"3 eV. Measurement of the 1157 keV line by CGRO from "4"4Sc in the chain of decay of "4"4Ti predicts that the two "4"4Ti lines at 68 and 78 keV should appear at the CGRO intensity. RXTE has placed upper limits on such lines that are marginally consistent with the CGRO measurement. Implications of these results on sites for cosmic ray acceleration and nucleosynthesis are discussed.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

In the present investigation, the properties of plasma nitrided AISI 304 steel were studied by changing the presence of nitrogen in the gas mixture. The plasma nitriding was performed at temperature -560 deg C, pressure -4 mbar and duration 24 hours. The nitrided samples were characterized by evaluating the phase composition, micro hardness, and diffusion layer thickness. The phase analysis indicates the mixed phases of CrN and Fe_3N, Fe_3N and Fe_4N which has the highest intensity. The results show the glow discharge plasma nitriding in presence of N_2 (80 vol. %) and H_2 (rest) produced higher hardness as well as higher case depth. (author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

With the aim of optimizing the nitriding process, experimental studies of the plasma nitriding of four selected steels were carried out, using a d.c. glow discharge. The process parameters were varied systematically. By means of transmission and scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, the microstructures, including the thicknesses of the compound zones and the diffusion zones of the nitrided steels, were obtained. Using cross-sectional samples and a micro-Vickers indenter, hardness depth profiles were also obtained. From the time and temperature dependences of the hardness profiles, effective diffusion constants and corresponding activation enthalpies were obtained. Furthermore, in an attempt to shed some light on the atomistic nitriding mechanisms, the glow discharges were studied by measuring energy spectra of the energetic ions hitting the cathode (the steel test specimens). It was shown that an increase of the mean energy of the ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Given the important role of parent-youth communication in adolescent well-being and quality of life, we sought to examine the relationship between specific communication variables and youth perceived quality of life in general and as a deaf or hard-of-hearing (DHH) individual. A convenience sample of 230 youth (mean age = 14.1, standard deviation = 2.2; 24% used sign only, 40% speech only, and 36% sign + speech) was surveyed on communication-related issues, generic and DHH-specific quality of life, and depression symptoms. Higher youth perception of their ability to understand parents' communication was significantly correlated with perceived quality of life as well as lower reported depressive symptoms and lower perceived stigma. Youth who use speech as their single mode of communication ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Magnetic properties of Fe-Co-Mo-Cu-B alloy system with Co up to 26at.% were investigated. After proper thermal treatment, the nanocrystalline grain remains tiny, the density hardly increases, but the room-temperature saturation attains 1.5T mainly due to a high enough Curie temperature. The generally observed slant hysteresis loops point to ribbon surfaces, which stress the ribbon interior and induce a specific magnetoelastic contribution to hard-ribbon-axis magnetic anisotropy even after vacuum annealing. The effect does not come from cobalt but rather from the lack of silicon. Partial removal of the surfaces resulted in a decrease of the loop tilt.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

A test bench was designed and assembled to carry out impact tests on samples and components. The system allows simple and rapid adjustment of the test parameters, such as the shot size and air pressure, with good repeatability of the results. Tests on steel and light alloys were carried out under both as-produced condition and on thin hard-coated samples. Significant reductions in dimple dimensions were seen after coating. FE models simulating the experiments overestimated the dimple depths, although the parameter trend was satisfactorily captured. The residual stresses from coating and shot peening determined numerically are believed to have been proven effective against fatigue.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Effect of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber and poly(methyl acrylate) grafted OPEFB on several mechanical properties of poly(vinyl chloride)/epoxidized natural rubber (PVC/ENR) blends were studied. The composites were prepared by mixing the fiber and the PVC/ENR blends using HAKEE Rheomixer at the rotor speed of 50 rpm, mixing temperature 150degreeC, and mixing period of 20 min. The fiber loadings were varied from 0 to 30% and the effect of fiber content in the composites on their ultimate tensile strength (UTS), Youngs modulus, elongation at break, flexural modulus, hardness, and impact strength were determined. An increasing trend was observed in the Youngs modulus, flexural modulus, and hardness with the addition of grafted and ungrafted fiber to the PVC/ENR blends. However the i...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

In this work AISI 1045 steel were duplex treated via plasma nitriding of chromized layer. Samples were pack chromized by using a powder mixture consisting of ferrochromium, ammonium chloride and alumina at 1273K for 5h. The samples were then plasma-nitrided for 5h at 803K and 823K, in a gas mixture of 75%N2+25%H2. The treated specimens were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and Vickers micro-hardness test. The thickness of chromized layer before nitriding was about 8mm and it was increased after plasma nitriding. According to XRD analysis, the chromized layer was composed of chromium and iron carbides. Plasma nitriding of chromized layer resulted in the formation of chromium and iron nitrides and carbides. The hardness of the duplex layer...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The energy, angular momentum, and distance (measured from the center of mass of the nucleus) distributions of the effective number of 6/ital q/-fluctons are investigated and it is shown that many of the characteristics of these distributions are universal, i.e., independent of the flucton size. ''Saturation'' of the flucton density in nuclei with mass /ital A//approx gt/80 and certain other features that determine the difference between the behaviors of the effective numbers of fluctons and deuterons are reported. This is used to explain the well known underestimation (by a factor of 1.5--6) of the cross section for the hard inclusive (/ital p/, /ital p/'/ital d/) process on nuclei calculated in the quasielastic formalism. See S. G. Kadmenskii and V. I. Furman, /ital Alpha/ /ital decay/ /ital and elated/ /ital nuclear/ /reactions/ (in Russian), Energoatomizdat, Moscow, 1985.

CERN Document Server

Silicon sensors have about ten times improved radiation hardness around 130 K temperature, compared with the state-of-art sensors close to room temperature. This is based on the Lazarus effect studied by the RD39 Collaboration of CERN. Other benefits of low temperatures will also be discussed. We shall describe the conceptual design of low-mass detector modules cooled using two-phase flow of argon in miniature cooling pipes integrated in the module structure between the sensors and the readout hybrid circuit. The main engineering features of the cooling system and mechanical support structures are discussed, as well as the benefits arising from the operation of the tracker under cryogenic vacuum. 4 Refs.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Aqueous solutions of Al/sub 2/(SO/sub 4/)/sub 3/ (1.05 g/100 ml), AlCl/sub 3/ (0.82 g/100 ml) and Ca(OH)/sub 2/ slurry (0.94 g/50 ml) were mixed in various volume ratios and passed through a filter. White cakes left on the filter consisted mainly of ettringite (6CaO.Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/.3SO/sub 3/.32H/sub 2/O). The cakes were then calcined at various temperatures of 300/sup 0/ -- 1000/sup 0/C for 30 and 60 min and pulverized to 80 -- 200 mesh powders. The adsorption capacity of the powders for U(VI) ions dissolved in aqueous solutions was determined by immersing 0.100 g of their powders in 50 ml of the aqueous solution containing 100 ppm of U(VI) ions mainly in the form of (UO/sub 2/(CO/sub 3/)/sub 3/)/sup 4 -/ for 2 hours. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1) Among the powders prepared, those of the oxide compositions, 2.9CaO.Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/.1.4SO/sub 3/ and 2.5CaO.Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/.1.2SO/sub 3/, all fired at 500/sup 0/C or 600/sup 0/C showed high adsorption capacity for ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Conventional plasma carburizing or nitriding for austenitic stainless steels results in a degradation of corrosion resistance. However, a low temperature plasma surface treatment can improve surface hardness without deteriorating the corrosion resistance. The 2-step low temperature plasma processes (the combined carburizing and post nitriding) offers the increase of both surface hardness and thickness of hardened layer and corrosion resistance than the individually processed low temperature nitriding and low temperature carburizing techniques. In the present paper, attempts have been made to investigate the influence of the introduction of Ar gas (0#approx#20%) in nitriding atmosphere during low temperature plasma nitriding at 370 .deg. C after low temperature plasma carburizing at 470 .deg. C. All treated specimens exhibited the increase of the surface hardness with increasing Ar level in the atmosphere and the surface ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A program was undertaken to radiation harden an existing power integrated circuit technology (BCDMOS) to total dose, gamma dot, SEU, and neutrons. Efforts have centered around hardening and optimizing our CMOS, DMOS, and NPN devices. Initial results indicate a substantial improvement in hardness over our existing commercial technology.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

In order to investigate interactions of (Ti,W)(C,N) and (Ti,Mo)(C,N) with binder metals solid/solid diffusion couples were annealed. These two-dimensional arrangements provide good access to phase reactions occurring upon sintering already in the solid state. It was found in (Ti,W)(C,N)/Co- and (Ti,W)(C,N)/Ni-based couples that the reaction zone is thinner in contact with Co than with Ni. It was also observed that the reaction rate with both Co and Ni is lower if nitrogen is added to the hard phases. Beside a thickness variation of the diffusion zones a change in the microstructure was found. At the interface of nitrogen-free hard phases in contact with Co elongated microstructural constituents are formed with the main axis perpendicular to the interface, while at the interface of nitrogen-containing hard phases these elongated microstructural constituents were found in contact with Ni. Also phase reactions and the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In the year 2008, the high pressure partial turbine and two low pressure partial turbines in the hard coal power station Bergkamen (Federal Republic of Germany) were modernized. A three-dimensional blade design and innovative seals were used. This resulted into a distinct increase in efficiency among other things.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This statement summarizes Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory`s committment to making important scientific, technological, and business contributions to global sustainability. The quest has many aspects, some socio-political or economic and some technological, and some in which the soft and hard sciences become indistinguishable, as in visionary national strategies, like Holland`s, and futuristic regional and city development plans, like those of Kagoshima and Chattanooga.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

With the frequent load changes to which a hard coal power station is subjected in the middle and peak load range, great demands are linked with the transient behaviour of the steam generator. Due to the serial connection of the crusher and boiler, the strongly delaying transient behaviour of the crusher compounds entirely with the transient behaviour of the steam generator. Therefore, a suggestion is to be made here as to the improvement of the dynamics of the crusher.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The competitiveness of a new nuclear plant vs. a new oil or gas fired combined cycle plant or a coal fired plant in East-Asia, is reviewed in the paper. Both the nuclear and the fossil fired plants are evaluated as either utility financed or independent power producer (IPP) financed. Two types of advanced light water reactors (ALWRs) are considered in this paper, namely evolutionary ALWRs (1200 MWe size) and passive ALWRs (600 MWe class). A range of capital and total generation costs for each plant type is reported here. The comparison centers on three elements of overall competitiveness: generation costs, hard currency requirements, and employment requirements. Each of these aspects is considered perspective. Year-by-Year generation cost history over the plant lifetime is shown in some cases. It is found here that a utility financed evolutionary and passive ALWRs are broadly competitive with an IPP financed gas fired combined cycle plant and are more economic than ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The removal of tritiated water vapour was tested by use of a small burning apparatus and a clinoptilolite filter. It was found that decontamination factor of about 10"4 could be obtained by a clinoptilolite filter. The adsorption of HTO in the clinoptilolite is caused by the diffusion, so it is necessary that filtration velocity is maintained below 0.01 m/sec. Decontamination factor was not influence by the moisture content of a clinoptilolite and tritiated water vapour once adsorbed on a filter was hardly removed. (auth.).

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The mechanisms underlying life machinery are still not completely understood. Something is known, something is ?probably? known, other things are still unknown. Scientists all over the world are working very hard to clarify the processes regulating the cell life cycle and bioinformaticians try to support them by developing specialized automated tools. Within the plethora of applications devoted to the study of life mechanisms, tools for the analysis and comparison of biological networks are catching the attention of many researchers. It is interesting to investigate why.

Wastenet

... Waste Collection Systems Products and Equipment Find and compare a variety of waste collection systems products and equipment on the world's largest environmental industry portal. View product ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Belarus has some experience of wood biomass use for power engineering aims. All the necessary equipment, assigned for power production, is manufactured at own enterprises. Belarus possesses great forest resources, total forests area makes up 8 676,1 thou ha. In the average as for the republic the percentage of forests volume makes up 37,7%. The greatest percent of forest scope have Gomel and Vitebsk regions (44,6% and 38,1% correspondingly). Of 118 administrative regions the forest scope above 20% have 15 regions (Rossonskij - 66,8%, Lel'chitsy - 66,5%). The forest scope less 20% is marked on the territory of 8 regions (Nesvizh - 9,6%, Berestovitsy - 14,6%, Zel'venskij - 14,8%). Wood reserves make up 1 437,9 mln. m"3 on the republic's territory. The greatest wood reserves are noted on the territory of Gomel, (323,6 mln. m"3 ), Minsk (286,4 mln. m"3 ) and Vitebsk (272,0 mln. m"3 ) regions. The least ones - Brest and Grodno regions (191, and 158,7 mln. m"3 ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

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KoreaScience (Korea)

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KoreaScience (Korea)

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KoreaScience (Korea)

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Medline Plus

... Animal & Veterinary Cosmetics Radiation-Emitting Products Tobacco Products Drugs Home > Drugs > Resources for You > Information for Consumers (Drugs) Section ...

Science.gov (United States)

... displays land designated as Tentatively Suitable Land For Timber Production for the Forest Plan....

Wastenet

...Extraction Arms Products and Equipment Find and compare a variety of extraction arms products and equipment on the world's largest environmental industry portal. ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract prepared.

Science.gov (United States)

Integrating phytotechnologies with energy crop production for biofuels, bioenergy, and bioproducts. In: Sixth International Phytotechnologies Conference ; ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Fragranced consumer products are pervasive in society. Relatively little is known about the composition of these products, due to lack of prior study, complexity of formulations, and limitations and protections on ingredient disclosure in the U.S. We investigated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from 25 common fragranced consumer products-laundry products, personal care products, cleaning supplies, and air fresheners-using headspace analysis with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Our analysis found 133 different VOCs emitted from the 25 products, with an average of 17 VOCs per product. Of these 133 VOCs, 24 are classified as toxic or hazardous under U.S. federal laws, and each product emitted at least one of these compounds. For ''green'' products, emissions of these c...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Radio frequency (RF) plasma nitriding using different input plasma processing powers (250-600 W) improves the surface of titanium by forming hard phases of TiN, Ti{sub 2}N, and Ti (N) into the surface. The characteristics of the compound layer have been investigated by optical microscopy, microhardness measurements, and X-ray diffraction. The effect of plasma power on the sample temperature, electron temperature, and plasma density was studied using Langmuir double probe. The measured surface hardness value of the compound layer is 2190 HV 0.1 for treated sample at plasma power 500 W. The compound thickness continuously increases as the plasma power increases. The highest nitriding rate of 5.88 {mu}m{sup 2}/s was recorded when the input plasma power was adjusted at 550 W. This high nitriding rate of treated titanium samples is ascribed to the high concentration of active nitrogen species in the plasma atmosphere and the formed microcracks near ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

By using a plasma nitriding procedure at the PUPR Mirror Cusp Plasma machine, surface hardness is increased in 302/304-type stainless steel samples by exposing them to high-ion-density plasma at high vacuum. This method successfully dopes the surface of the material with strengthening nitrogen ions, without the use of chemical procedures that sacrifice the resistance to corrosion of the given material. A 500 V negative bias is placed on the sample exposed to the nitrogen plasma, where high-energy ions are therefore attracted and immersed into the metallic matrix microns into the surface of the stainless steel. This potential maintains a constant surface temperature at approximately 800 deg. C. The plasma parameters including ion density and plasma temperature were diagnosed using single Langmuir probes. The stainless steel samples were then tested using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Vickers micro-hardness testing to determine the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Simultaneous nitriding and ageing heat treatments of precipitation hardenable tool steel was carried out inside a DC-pulsed plasma nitriding reactor. A single heat treatment cycle was done, as the plasma nitriding and age hardening processes occur approximately at the same ranges of temperatures and times. Specimens of Cr-Ni-Mo-Al age hardenable steel, in the solubilized and solubilized and aged conditions, were tested. Plasma nitriding and ageing, carried out at 500 deg. C for times ranging between 2 and 8 h, increased the surface hardness up to 1000 HV, producing case depths between 100 and 200 {mu}m. The core hardness of solubilized samples increased from 30 to 39 Rockwell C after the plasma nitriding treatment proving the possibility of nitriding and ageing at the same treatment cycle. The pre-aged samples did not show any overageing after the simultaneous plasma nitriding and ageing treatments. The corrosion resistance after plasma ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Microhardness decarburization profiles are often used in the industry to estimate the carbon distribution in steels. For quantitative evaluation, an analysis based on diffusion theory must be performed, the fundamentals and mathematical basics of which are presented. If the relationship between hardness and carbon content is known, microhardness-distance curves of steels can be analyzed in this way. For martensitic grades, for instance, a linearized expression holds in the concentration range from 0.15 to 0.6 m.% C. Microhardness depth profiles of higher carbon steels and other microstructures, however, are also evaluated in the literature. The applicability of quantitative diffusion modeling is discussed in detail. Through hardenable rolling bearing steel 100Cr6 (1.3505, SAE 52100) serves as model material: carbon concentration-distance curves are measured with high accuracy by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and compared with microhardness decarburization ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nitrogen ion implantation improves the wear resistance of Ti-6Al-4V alloys by forming a hard TiN superficial passivation layer. However, the thickness of the layer formed by traditional ion implantation is typically 100-200 nm and may not be adequate for many industrial applications. We propose to use radio-frequency (RF) plasma nitriding and nitrogen plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) to increase the layer thickness. By using a newly designed inductively coupled RF plasma source and applying a series of negative high voltage pulses to the Ti-6Al-4V samples. RF plasma nitriding and nitrogen PIII can be achieved. Our process yields a substantially thicker modified layer exhibiting more superior wear resistance characteristics, as demonstrated by data from micro-hardness testing, pin-on-disc wear testing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as well as Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The performance of our newly developed inductively ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Composites based on pure gypsum and polyester-styrene resin have been prepared using various doses of gamma radiation. Some physical properties of the prepared composites and the influence of irradiation dose on it have been studied as: compression strength, hardness, thermal decomposition temperature in nitrogen or oxygen, and the change in weight in aqueous solutions with different pH values. The glass transition temperature of the pure polymer and the composites increases with increasing the irradiation dose up to a plateau, and the glass transition temperature of the pure polymer is lower than that of the composites. The irradiation dose does not seem to affect the decomposition temperature of the pure polymer or the composites significantly and the decomposition temperature in presence of nitrogen is higher than that in presence of oxygen. Increasing the irradiation dose leads to an enhancement of the compression strength of the pure polymer and the prepared ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Zirconium and particularly Zr-2.5wt%Nb (Zr2.5Nb) alloy are useful for engineering bearing applications because they can be oxidized in air to form a hard surface ceramic. Oxidized zirconium (OxZr) due to its abrasion resistant ceramic surface and biocompatible substrate alloy has been used as a bearing surface in total joint arthroplasty for several years. OxZr is characterized by hard zirconium oxide (oxide) formed on Zr2.5Nb using one step thermal oxidation carried out in air. Because the oxide is only at the surface, the bulk material behaves like a metal, with high toughness. The oxide, furthermore, exhibits high adhesion to the substrate because of an oxygen-rich diffusion hardened zone (DHZ) interposing between the oxide and the substrate. In this study, we demonstrate a two step pro...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Excessive erosion of the labyrinth seal of a 100 MW geothermal turbine has been investigated. This study used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and aims to identify one cause of erosion and a possible solution for substantially reducing it. The predictions were based upon a numerical calculation using a CFD model of the labyrinth seal with a water/steam flow containing hard solid particles and solved with a commercial CFD code: Fluent V5.0. The results confirmed the existence of flow conditions that play a major role in the rotor labyrinth seal erosion. Afterwards, the flow path was simulated with changes of rotor labyrinth seal geometry, which are indeed feasible of being implemented. The results confirmed that it is possible to reduce the erosion process by approximately 80% by incorporating a steam flow deflector in the fourth stage diaphragm, which changes the steam flow direction in the inlet zone to the rotor labyrinth seal channel, resulting in a reduction ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

There is an increasing number of applications for hard coatings in engineering where the properties of the single-layer coating are not sufficient. One way to solve this problem is to use a multilayer coating that combines the properties of several coating materials. In this study, TiN-CrAlN and CrN-CrAlN multilayer coatings were deposited on 100Cr6 and S6-5-2 (DIN) steel substrates, by means of unbalanced magnetron sputtering. For comparison, TiN, CrN and CrAlN single-layer coatings were also prepared. For all depositions the coating temperature was below 473 K. Indentation testing, hardness measurements and scratch tests were performed to characterize the mechanical properties. The correlation between the wear behavior in rolling contact and the mechanical properties of the multilayer coatings is reported. A ball crater preparation technique through scratch tests and wear tracks was used to observe the deformation and fracture behavior ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

DC resistivity, dc magnetization, and specific heat of eight Sc/sub 5/Co/sub 4/Ge/sub 10/-type crystal structure compounds R/sub 5/T/sub 4/Ge/sub 10/ for R = Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and T = Rh and Ir are presented. The resistivity, single crystal magnetization, and specific heat results show that in all those compounds, the magnetic moments order antiferromagnetically in the c direction at low temperature. However, in the Er and Tm compounds, the magnetizations along x-y hard directions do not show any anomalies above 2.0 K. This suggests that the ordered Er and Tm ions, which have positive quadrupole coefficients ..cap alpha../sub j/, interact with a crystal field that has an electronic potential valley along the c axis. The fitting of the hard axis magnetizations to Curie-Weiss law suggests that the resulting antiferromagnetic-like theta reflects the strength of the crystal field torque on the magnetic moments rather than the strength of ...

CERN Document Server

We investigate the spectral and temporal behavior of the high mass X-ray binary Vela X-1 during a phase of high activity, with special focus on the observed giant flares and off states. INTEGRAL observed Vela X-1 in a long almost uninterrupted observation for two weeks in 2003 Nov/Dec. The data were analyzed with OSA 7.0 and FTOOLS 6.2. We derive the pulse period, light curves, spectra, hardness ratios, and hardness intensity diagrams, and study the eclipse. In addition to an already high activity level, Vela X-1 exhibited several intense flares, the brightest ones reaching a maximum intensity of more than 5 Crab in the 20-40 keV band and several off states where the source was no longer detected by INTEGRAL. We determine the pulse period to be 283.5320+/-0.0002 s, which is stable throughout the entire observation. Analyzing the eclipses provided an improvement in the ephemeris. Spectral analysis of the flares indicates that there appear to be ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The 2-step low temperature plasma processes (the combined carburizing and post-nitriding) were carried out for improving both the surface hardness and corrosion resistance of AISI 316L stainless steel. The effects of processing time and temperature on the surface properties during nitriding step were investigated. The expanded austenite (#gamma#N)was formed on all of the treated surface. The thickness of #gamma#N was increased up to about 20 #mu#m and the thickness of entire hardened layer was determined to be about 40 #mu#m. The surface hardness reached up to 1,200 HV_0_._1 which is about 5 times higher than that of untreated sample (250 HV_0_._1). The thickness of #gamma#N and concentration of N on the surface were increased with increasing processing time and temperature. The corrosion resistance in 2-step low temperature plasma processed austenitic stainless steels was enhanced more than that in the untreated austenitic stainless steels due ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The nanocomposite WC-Co powders were prepared through planetary ball milling method. Effects of grain growth inhibitor addition and the vacuum sintering parameters on the microstructure and properties of ultrafine WC-10Co cemented carbides were investigated using X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope and mechanical property tester. The results show that VC and NbC additions can refine the WC grains, decrease the volume fraction of Co3W3C phase in ultrafine WC-10Co cemented carbides, and increase the hardness and fracture toughness of the base alloys. After sintering for 60 min at 1400 degreeC, the average grain size and hardness of ultrafine-grained WC-10Co-1VC cemented carbide are 470 nm and HRA 91.5, respectively. The fracture toughness of cemented carbide WC-10Co-1NbC alloy...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Low molecular weight epoxy resin based on diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A was synthesized and mixed at constant percentages with natural rubber. The rubber epoxy system was cured with various types of curing agents such as ethylene diamine, maleic anhydride as well as the prepared resole phenol formaldehyde. A study of the photo-induced crosslinking of the prepared elastic adhesives and film samples was carried out by exposure to ultraviolet lamp (300 w) for 2 weeks at 20 deg. C. Samples containing ethylene diamine were cured at 25 + - 1 deg. C. for 24 h while samples containing maleic anhydride or resole phenol formaldehyde resins were thermally cured at 150-170 deg. C. for 10 min. Cured adhesive compositions were tested mechanically and physically and evaluated as wood adhesives. While hardness, chemical resistance as well as heat stability of the prepared cured film sample were investigated. The obtained data indicate that the highest epoxy resin content and the ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

It has been prepared composites materials by means of monomer penetration in pores of wood samples and later curing by means of gamma irradiation. The studied species were Hura crepitans L. (catahua), Aniba puchury-minor (C. Martinez) (mohena amarilla), and Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) (capirona). These new materials exhibit smaller water absorption and better mechanical properties in comparison with native wood. The test tubes of catahua treated with the styrene-polyester mixture absorb only up to 10% humidity compared to the native species whereas its hardness is increased in a 100%. (author).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A device is presented with handle containing hinges and work support arm, a flexible pin with supports and extra weights. The flexible pin is equipped with cantilevered sergments and weights. The bracket hinges on the handle are perpendicular to the axis of the flexible pin. To reduce handle vibration during drilling hard rock, the handle and brackets are joined to allow relative movement on the surface perpendicular to the hinges of the work support arm. The handle is joined to the work support arm parallel to the sides and the work support arm has holes to accomodate this. Elastic bushings are located between the lateral sides of the work support arm where it is joined to the handle.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

High-pressure waterjet equipment is now technically and economically viable and commercially available for the following mining and construction applications: (1) drilling soft to medium-hard rock; (2) slotting, discing, chambering, and reaming in all types of rock. However, additional field experience is needed to prepare detailed economic evaluations. Extensive development of new explosives techniques and blasting methods will be required to take full advantage of the unique waterjet hole slotting, discing, and chambering capabilities.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This chapter is an overview of total-ionizing-dose and single-event hardening techniques and should be used as a guide to a range of research publications. It should be stressed that there is no clear and simple route to a radiation-tolerant silicon integrated circuit. What works for one fabrication process may not work for another, and there are many complex interactions within individual processes and designs. The authors have attempted to highlight the most important factors and those process changes which should bring improved hardness. The main point is that radiation-hardening as a procedure must be approached in a methodical fashion and with a good understanding of the response mechanisms involved.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A possible novel application of hard x-ray emitted during laser-plasma interaction was discussed. The authors established an Optical Transform Function to study the joint effect of the spectral distribution and temporal profile of the laser-produced x-ray on x-ray phase imaging. Though the laser-produced x-ray pulse duration is short and incoherent, the analysis confirms that the current x-ray phase imaging theory still holds for laser-produced x-ray phase imaging

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Some results on mechanical property study of copper and titanium subjected to impact load and next to neutron irradiation are presented. It was shown that shock wave influence involves a substantial shape change of the stress-strain diagram and of respective mechanical characteristics. Yield- and ultimate strength were substantially increased, as well as hardness with a considerable drop of plasticity. Also a heat stability of copper and titanium specimens was studied after being treated with shock-waves and neutron radiation. Results are given of electron microscope study of titanium structure sfter explosion hardening, which caused decomposition of hydride segregations in titanium and increased dislocation density.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A new lens was installed in the laser; the laser power was lowered and solar cells were made at different power levels. The concentration of the silver neodecanoate solution was changed to reduce linewidth. A cell fabrication run was completed using low-resistivity float-zone silicon. Experiments were initiated to investigate the use of titanium organometallic film, which not only forms an AR coating with a 400/sup 0/C hard bake, but may also help in bypassing front-metal evaporation because of high-reactivity of Ti with silicon. Progress in these areas is discussed.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Aluminium-lithium extrusions possess high inhomogeneity of properties across the cross section. Mechanical properties such as R{sub p0,2}, R{sub m} and hardness, but also fatigue properties, change their value in dependence with the cross section position where test specimens were taken. Positions, where extreme values of properties are measured, are characteristic for a given extrusion shape. The positions with different properties have different structure and texture. Properties and structure inhomogeneity is affected mainly by extrusion shape and heat treatment parameters. (orig.)

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Epitaxial thin films of nanotwinned face-centered cubic metals such as Cu possess an unprecedented combination of high hardness and high electrical conductivity due to the unique structure of nanometer-spaced coherent twin boundaries. Recent studies of in-situ nanoindentation in a transmission electron microscope have provided new insights on the deformation behavior of nanotwins that are reviewed here. In particular, two unit processes are highlighted: first, stress-induced migration of ?3 {112} incoherent twin boundary that leads to de-twinning of nanotwins; second, twinning dislocation can be multiplied at ?3 {111} coherent twin boundary.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Electrochemical techniques have been used to study the reversible insertion of sodium into hard-carbon host structures at room temperature. In this paper the authors compare these results with those for lithium insertion in the same materials and demonstrate the presence of similar alkali metal insertion mechanisms in both cases. Despite the gravimetric capacities being lower for sodium than lithium insertion, the authors achieved a reversible sodium capacity of 300 mAh/g, close to that for lithium insertion in graphitic carbon anode materials. Such materials may therefore be useful as anodes in rechargeable sodium-ion batteries.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Friction stir welding of dissimilar formed Mg alloys(AZ31/AZ91) was successfully carried out at the limited welding conditions. In a sound joint, SZ was mainly consisted of AZ31 Mg alloy which was located the retreating side. Dynamic recrystallization and grain growth occurred and {beta} intermetallic compounds of AZ 91 Mg alloy was not observed in SZ. BM had a higher hardness than that of the weld zone. The fracture location was not weld zone but BM of the AZ91 Mg alloy in tensile test. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Emulsion explosives were discovered by Richard S Egley in 1961, but remained little known prior to rapid commercial development in the late 1970s. Their introduction has a significance that may in future be compared with the formulation of dynamite by Nobel in 1867 and the development of ammonium nitrate explosives in the mid 1950s. For the mining engineer emulsion explosives provide advantages of being inherently waterproof and having high strength with a high and stable velocity of detonation giving good fragmentation in hard rock. This is available at moderate cost, from an explosive that typically does not contain any self explosive ingredients and with fume properties that offer considerable advantages over other explosives. 2 figs., 1 tab.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A technique for calculation of the total weight of quark clusters-fluctons: in nuclei is developed. Blokhintsev's formula is justified microscopically and refined by introduction of spin-charge and quark factors. It is shown that the large values of the correlation radius (R/sub C/approx. =0.75 fm or 1.0 fm) derived from experimental data in various papers using this formula correspond to )similarreverse arrowto)2.5 times smaller internucleon distances in the flucton (0.3--0.4 fm), i.e., the hardness of fluctons is caused by unsuppressed manifestation of hidden color at such distances (the corresponding probabilities are presented)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Polymer composites are used in numerous applications. In spite of this fact, new developments are still under way to explore in other field of application of these materials and to tailor their properties for more extreme condition. A particular emphasis is focused on fillers content is summarized. Some steps towards the functionally graded materials are illustrated. The FT-IR spectroscopic studies revealed the information about curing of epoxy with fillers. It was observed that mechanical properties like tensile strength, hardness etc get enhanced up with filler contents. The effect of the different formulations were investigated and discussed for optimum process condition. (author)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

"2H, "4He, "1"6O, "4"0Ca, "8"0Zr, "1"4"0Yb, "2"2"4112, "3"3"6168 nuclei are invesigated in terms of flucton model. Effective numbers of nuclear fluctons and deuterons are calculated. Values of complete effective numbers of low-radius deuterons and fluctons with S=1 spin and T=0 isospin are presented. Investigation results of inclusive reactions of quasi-elastic knock-out of deuterons by fast protons are discussed. 9 refs.; 1 fig.; 1 tab.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In this paper, the control scheme of a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)-diesel dual-fuel engine with electronic control is illustrated, the external characteristics and load characteristics of the LPG-diesel dual-fuel engine and the diesel engine are compared and analysed, and the results of automobile road tests are also given. The experimental results show that, compared with diesel, the output performance of dual fuel is not reduced, while smoke emission of dual fuel is significantly reduced, NO{sub x} emission of dual fuel is hardly changed, but HC emission and CO emission of dual fuel are increased and fuel consumption of dual fuel is reduced. (Author)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Based on the results obtained for C-N and Si-C-N films, a systematic investigation of reactive magnetron sputtering of hard quaternary Si-B-C-N materials has been carried out. The Si-B-C-N films were deposited on p-type Si(100) substrates by dc magnetron co-sputtering using a single C-Si-B target (at a fixed 20% boron fraction in the target erosion area) in nitrogen-argon gas mixtures. Elemental compositions of the films, their surface bonding structure and mechanical properties, together with their oxidation resistance in air, were controlled by the Si fraction (5-75%) in the magnetron target erosion area, the Ar fraction (0-75%) in the gas mixture, the rf induced negative substrate bias voltage (from a floating potential to -500 V) and the substrate temperature (180-350 deg. C). The total pressure and the discharge current on the magnetron target were held constant at 0.5 Pa and 1 A, respectively. The energy and flux of ions bombarding the growing films were ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The thermo-chemical treatments of steels with plasma is normally carried out in low-pressure ionized gaseous atmospheres. Among the treatments used most often are: nitruration, carburization and boronized. A plasma can also generate at atmospheric pressure. One way to produce it is with an electrochemical cell that works at a relatively high inter-electrode voltage and under conditions of heavy gas generation. This type of plasma is known as electrolytic plasma. This work studies the feasibility of using electrolytic plasma for the surface processing of steels. Two processes were selected: boronized and nitruration., for the hardening of two types of steel: one with low carbon (1020) and one with low alloy (4140). In the case of the nitruration, the 1020 steel was first aluminized. The electrolytes were aqueous solutions of borax for the boronizing and urea for the nitruration. The electrolytic plasmas were classified qualitatively, in relation with their luminosity by low, medium and ...

CERN Document Server

We consider various modifications of the Weyl-Moyal star-product, in order to obtain a finite range of nonlocality. The basic requirements are to preserve the commutation relations of the coordinates as well as the associativity of the new product. We show that a modification of the differential representation of the Weyl-Moyal star-product by an exponential function of derivatives will not lead to a finite range of nonlocality. We also modify the integral kernel of the star-product introducing a Gaussian damping, but find a nonassociative product which remains infinitely nonlocal. We are therefore led to propose that the Weyl-Moyal product should be modified by a cutoff like function, in order to remove the infinite nonlocality of the product. We provide such a product, but it appears that one has to abandon the ...

Wastenet

rapid rise in intensive production (particularly intensive pig and poultry production ) much of the expansion in land ...than extensively reared ruminant production, and intensive pig and poultry production is, by a long way, ...In short, intensive pig and poultry production can be seen, from this perspective, as the

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This paper shows the characteristics of the fertilizer production park of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, mainly in the aspects of energy consumption and energy sources used in the production process of the various kinds of fertilizers and by-products. A scenario including the fertilizer production evolution was made, relating this future production with the future energy consumption of this sector. 7 figs., 2 tabs.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Probabilities of flucton production have been calculated for the 1p-shell nuclei and its modification by the Yastrov method. The results obtained are in a qualitative agreement with the data resulting from the analysis of experiment in an assumption of a flucton mechanism of proton-nuclear inclusive reactions with the production of cumulative particles.

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

l-Ribulose is a rare and expensive sugar that can be used as a precursor for the production of other rare sugars of high market value such as l-ribose. In this work we describe a production...Full Text Available

Wastenet

...Rolls Royce Production Plant, Goodwood Rolls Royce Production Plant, Goodwood Rolls Royce Production Plant, Goodwood Browser does not support script. Home ...Wilson Group plc »Projects »Buildings & Infrastructure »Industrial & Distribution »Rolls Royce Production Plant, Goodwood Rolls Royce Production Plant, Goodwood Project Introduction Scott Wilson was ...Robin Hood Airport Robin Hood Airport Doncaster Sheffield Rolls Royce Production Plant, Goodwood Rolls-Royce plc Rolls-Royce plc, New Manufacturing Facility Royal Arsenal Development ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The exergy method is used to compare different production processes and various methods for emission abatement with respect to their overall environmental impact. Some ammonium nitrate production processes are studied as examples, because the pollutants (ammonia and ammonium nitrate), emitted from these processes into the air and/or into the water, are really a feedstock and a product from the production process. Therefore, the essential result of the waste flows treatment is the recycling of the pollutants (ammonia and ammonium nitrate) back into the production process, decreasing simultaneously the exergy input and cumulative exergy consumption. (author)

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

The product-operator formalism is the most commonly used tool for describing and designing multidimensional NMR experiments. In spite of its relative simplicity and sound theoretical underpinnings,...Full Text Available

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Despite the high practical relevance, prior research does not provide a clear picture whether the effectiveness of new product preannouncements is contingent upon order of entry and whether the message content of preannouncements for pioneering products should be different from those for followers. Drawing on diffusion research, the authors examine how preannouncements that focus on risk reduction and the product?s relative advantage influence the relationship between preannouncement intensity and new product success, taking into account order of entry. A cross-industry study investigating 151 new product launches shows that for pioneers, a message focus aimed at reducing perceived product risk positively influences preannouncement effectiveness. Furthermore, a relative advantage focus neg...

Science.gov (United States)

Jun 16, 2011 ... Title: Chapter 21: Oceanographic Processes and Marine Productivity in Waters Offshore of Marbled Murrelet Breeding Habitat ...

Wastenet

...Air Quality Monitoring Networks Products and Equipment Find and compare a variety of air quality monitoring networks products and equipment on the world's largest environmental industry portal. ...

Medline Plus

... some home products, like vitamin A, glycolic acid, antioxidants, vitamin C, etc. We can use these products ...