Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In this paper, we describes the research in condenser cone of SF{sub 6} gas sealing end for 345 kV oil-filled cable. The designed of condenser cone based on the results electric field analysis by electrostatics theory and FEM. As a results, we have been designed the condenser cone and the inner insulation part of SF{sub 6} sealing end, the width and length, the number of condenser, the length of stress relief slope, the total length of condenser cone. (author). 4 refs., 3 figs., 3 tabs.

Science.gov (United States)

No abstract available.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Size-selected SnO{sub 1.8}:Ag mixed nanoparticle films have been prepared using a gas phase condensation method. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the applied size-selection technique yields well-defined, monodisperse and spherical SnO{sub 1.8} and Ag nanoparticles, both with a fixed diameter of 20 nm. The technique allows an independent variation of the particle size of both materials as well as the concentration of Ag. It allows to assess the influence of these parameters on the gas-sensing properties of the films, here for ethanol vapor in synthetic air. SnO{sub 1.8}:Ag nanoparticle films show optimal values of the sensor signal and response time at a Ag nanoparticle concentration of 5%. Due to the fact that the Ag nanoparticles are clearly distinct from the SnO{sub 1.8} nanoparticles in the film, the most probable mechanism leading to improved sensor properties is ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This project dealt with use of condensing heat exchangers to recover water vapor from flue gas at coal-fired power plants. Pilot-scale heat transfer tests were performed to determine the relationship between flue gas moisture concentration, heat exchanger design and operating conditions, and water vapor condensation rate. The tests also determined the extent to which the condensation processes for water and acid vapors in flue gas can be made to occur separately in different heat transfer sections. The results showed flue gas water vapor condensed in the low temperature region of the heat exchanger system, with water capture efficiencies depending strongly on flue gas moisture content, cooling water inlet temperature, heat exchanger design and flue gas and cooling water flow ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Visible smoke of exhaust gas from iron ore sintering plants spoil the scenery around the works. In this paper, the mechanism of formation of visible smoke is discussed by detailed analysis of the exhaust gas components and dust in the Oita No. 1 sintering plant. The main substance of visible smoke was mist condensing in the air during the cooling of exhaust gas that contained 0.1 ppm of sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid is considered to raise the dew point and so facilitate mist condensation, and to lower the vaporization of visible mist containing sulfuric acid solution. Dust in the exhaust gas is also considered to act as nucleation sites for mist condensation. This proposed mechanism was confirmed by the test remixing SOx-rich gas with desulfurization gas in the Nagoya No. 3 sintering plant. Long ...

Science.gov (United States)

Experiments were conducted to study the condensation heat transfer characteristics of horizontal enhanced tubes. In the current experiment, six different enhanced tubes, including 26, 40 fpi low fin tubes and four three-dimensional-fin tubes, were tested. The working fluid used in the experiment was HCFC-22. Data were presented in the form of overall heat transfer coefficient at three working pressures, namely 1.32, 1.47 and 1.62 Mpa. In addition, the condensing heat transfer coefficients for the test tubes were obtained from the Wilson plot technique.

Science.gov (United States)

... Title : ON-LINE MONITORING OF FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION SCRUBBER CORROSION WITH ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES. ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Energy savings in the synthetic fiber industry could be realized by using autoclave reactor condensate and boiler flue gas heat recovery. The non-cellulose (polyester) production process analysis shows that condensate returning from the reactor to the steam boiler raises inlet temperature, giving a reduced fuel requirement of about 8%. Also, boiler flue gas with a sufficiently high outlet temperature for boiler feed water and combustion air preheating results in further fuel savings. The process with an economizer saves up to 8.44%, and with a combustion air preheater, 6.25%. (Author)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The interaction of free electrons in the energy range from 0 to 10 eV with molecules at different stages of aggregation is investigated. The mechanism in the gas phase under single collision conditions is described. Fullerenes C_6_0 and C_7_0 are used as targets. Electron impact on condensed molecules can lead to temporary negative ions. The formation of Cl"- from gas phase CCl_4 and the desorption of Cl"- from 6 monolayer CCl_4 film on an Au substrate is determined experimentally. (Suda).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Rebi Block is currently in the early stages of hydrocarbon exploration. The subsurface geology of this area is only known from seismic reflection data. By applying seismic stratigraphy techniques, unconformities and condensed sections were recognized. These discontinuities were dated using paleontological information from the Kulka-1 well, Northwest Shelf of Australia. With these age constraints, seven unconformities and three condensed sections were dated and correlated to the Exxon global sea level curve. The chronostratigraphic charts for the Rebi Block and the Northwest Shelf of Australia have clarified the Mesozoic stratigraphy of the study area. The Exxon global sea level curve has refined the ages determined by conventional paleontological dating. The chart has also helped in predicting source, reservoir and seal potential within a time framework. Prospective stratigraphic traps were those related to the incised ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

CNG vehicles suffer from an uncontrolled temperature rise of the gas inside the tank during the filling process and heat exchange with the environment leads to variable filling levels. A partly filled tank reduces the range of CNG vehicles and works as a impediment to the spreading of environmentaly more friendly CNG vehicles. The increase of the pressure inside the tank combined with a prolongation of the filling time beyond three minutes can reduce the deficit of the filling process. For economic reasons the time required for refuelling should be as short as possible without the need to operate the filling station with a critical pressure. To meet this target the current technique requires further improvement. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die betriebliche Praxis bei Tankvorgaengen von Erdgasfahrzeugen zeigt, dass waehrend des Tankvorganges die Temperatur des getankten Erdgases im Fahrzeugtank ansteigt. Waehrend und nach Beendigung des Tankvorganges ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A summary of the off-gas behavior in the HARVEST pot vitrification process is presented. Experimental runs were carried out on 3 representative wastes (MAGNOX - thermal reactor, metal fuel, THORP - thermal oxide fuel and PFR - fast reactor oxide fuel) using 2 methods of feeding the glass-formers (slurry and crizzle). Materials were carried over from the vitrification vessel into the off-gas system by entrainment supplemented by volatilization. The main volatile elements were Ru, B, Cs. Some volatility was also shown by Na and Li. The overall behavior of the off-gas was consistent with the presence in it of 5 separate aerosols of particulate matter. Sources of entrainment gave rise to 3 aerosols, and a further 2 aerosols were formed as a result of chemical reaction (Ru) and condensation (Cs) proceses involving the volatile species. Entrainment was enhanced when the feed contained free alkali nitrate. The ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

In dual-energy projection radiography with double exposures, rapid energy switching is mandatory to eliminate motion artifacts, but it is costly for use in a clinical environment. We developed a system with practical exposure intervals at reasonable cost by modifying a condenser-type X-ray generator. A commercially available system for digital radiography (Fuji Computed Radiography, FCR) was used to subtract images. This report dealt with technical factors to obtain adequate kV and mAs settings in this technique. (author).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The project is focused on the thermal hydraulic analyses of nuclear power plants. Specific areas of research have been the modelling of heat transfer in horizontal steam generator in presence of non-condensable gas, and the development of tools for multidimensional two-phase flow simulations. The effect of non-condensable gas on the heat transfer in the horizontal steam generator (SG) has been studied by calculating with APROS the PACTEL experiments NCG-1 (air injection) and NCG-3 (helium injection). The work done for the two-phase flow model development consists of two parts; improving the solution algorithm of porous media code PORFLO, and adding a homogeneous two-phase model to the commercial CFD code Fluent. (orig.)

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Crockford, G. W., Crowder, M., and Prestidge, S. P. (1972).Brit. J. industr. Med.,29, 378-386. A trace gas technique for measuring clothing microclimate...Full Text Available

Science.gov (United States)

The Gas Research Institute established the Gas Appliance Technology Center (GATC) in 1982 to develop improved gas appliances. Between 1986 and 1992, the scope of GATC activities at Battelle included technology transfer and overall industry support, residential appliances, commercial appliances, and residential space conditioning. The following tasks are representative of the GATC activities described in the report; gas burner technology, appliance venting, emissions, water heating, range/oven technology, self-powered appliances, commercial cooktop burners, reconstituting ovens, appliance reliability improvement, combination space-heating/water-heating systems, condensing heat exchangers, corrosion testing, and space heating technology. The report includes references to available sources for further reading.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

An improved coating for Advanced Gas Cooled Nuclear Reactor austenitic stainless steel fuel cans is described which, tests have shown, inhibits the deposition of carbon on the cans in carbon-containing ionising radiation environments. The coating comprises a refractory oxide which has been prepared by a vapour phase condensation method, in combination with a noble metal. (U.K.).

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This book presents the papers given at a conference on two-phase flow. Topics considered at the conference included the thermal hydraulics of a feedwater pipe breakage, pressure losses, measurement of void fraction in a rod bundle, laminar filmwise condensation, natural circulation, flow models, bubble dynamics, cavitation, water hammer, and heat transfer augmentation.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gasification and hydrogenation are the two basic routes for coal processing. Accounts are given of various low-temperature processes in coal gasification route A: air separation, removal of sour gas by the Rectisol process, liquid nitrogen washing, the material balance and utility consumption of these processes, plus low-temperature gas separation, partial condensation and methane washing. There are also accounts of the low-temperature processes involved in gasification route B: i.e., in the indirect coal liquefaction and direct liquefaction carried out in the Sasol II and III processes. (3 refs.) (In Japanese)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Just below the Arctic Circle, about 200 kilometres off the Helgeland coastal region of Norway, lies the Skarv oil and gas field. Discovered in 1998, the greater Skarv development project now includes the Idun gas field. The Skarv development has begun to take shape, now roughly half-way to commencement, so Scandinavian Oil-Gas Magazine decided it was time to take a look at the project's progress thus far and what's left to do before production that's slated to begin in late summer, 2011. The Skarv Project include subsea wells connected to a floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) vessel to process oil and condensate and a gas export pipeline that ties back to the Aasgard Transport system. (AG)

Science.gov (United States)

The goal of GRI's Gas Appliance Technology Center is to encourage the introduction of highly efficient, cost-effective, convenient gas appliances for residential and commercial gas users. The report covers activity at Battelle from February 1989 to April 1990 in broad support tasks, residential and commercial appliances, and residential space conditioning. Broad support tasks included the G/A/S Newsletter; the GATC InfoBase; and technology transfer, workshops, and GATC coordination. Residential appliance tasks included burner technology research, gas appliance venting, gas lighting, and plastics durability. Commercial appliance tasks included development of a commercial cooktop fuel/air mixing valve. Residential space conditioning tasks included a corrosion test method for gas appliances and vents, generic technology for ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This document is a synthesis of data and analysis concerning natural circulation cooling in US Pressurized Water Reactors during off-normal operation and accident transients. Its objective is the integration of important research findings concerning PWR natural circulation phenomena into a single reference document. Sources of information include the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, reactor vendors, utility sponsored research groups, utilities, national laboratories, research reports, meeting papers, archival literature, and foreign sources. Three modes of natural circulation are discussed: single-phase, two-phase, and reflux/boiling condensation. General characteristics, analytical expressions, noncondensible gas effects, secondary effects, and nonuniform flow are described with regard to each of the natural circulation modes. Plant operational data, tests in scaled experimental facilities, and analysis with thermal hydraulic system codes have ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The conversion of highly radioactive waste liquor into glass by the pot vitrification process has been studied at Harwell using a full-scale inactive pilot plant. A summary of the off-gas behavior and its interpretation is presented. Experimental runs were carried out on 3 representative wastes (MAGNOX - thermal reactor, metal fuel, THORP - thermal oxide fuel and PFR - fast reactor oxide fuel) using 2 methods of feeding the glass-formers (slurry and crizzle). Materials were carried over from the vitrification vessel into the off-gas system by entrainment supplemented by volatilization. The overall behavior of the off-gas was consistent with the presence in it of 5 separate aerosols of particulate matter. Sources of entrainment gave rise to 3 aerosols, and a further 2 aerosols were formed as a result of chemical reaction (Ru) and condensation (Cs) processes involving the volatile species. Entrainment was ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In order to study the two-phase natural circulation and flow termination during a small break loss of coolant accident in LWR, simulation experiments have been performed using two different thermal-hydraulic loops. The main focus of the experiment was the two-phase flow behavior in the hot-leg U-bend typical of BandW LWR systems. The first group of experiments was carried out in the nitrogen gas-water adiabatic simulation loop and the second in the Freon 113 boiling and condensation loop. Both of the loops have been designed as a flow visualization facility and built according to the two-phase flow scaling criteria developed under this program. The nitrogen gas-water system has been used to isolate key hydrodynamic phenomena such as the phase distribution, relative velocity between phases, two-phase flow regimes and flow termination mechanisms, whereas the Freon loop has been used to study the effect of fluid properties, ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Within the scope of the German reactor safety research the thermohydraulic computer code ATHLET which was developed for accident analyses of western nuclear power plants is more and more used for the accident analysis of VVER-plants particularly for VVER-440,V-213. The experiments with the HORUS-facilities and the analyses with the ATHLET-code have been realized at the Technical University Zittau/Goerlitz since 1991. The aim of the investigations was to improve and verify the condensation model particularly the correlations for the calculation of the heat transfer coefficients in the ATHLET-code for pure steam and steam-noncondensing gas mixtures in horizontal tubes. About 130 condensation experiments have been performed at the HORUS-II facility. The experiments have been carried out with pure steam as well as with noncondensing gas injections into the steam mass flow. The experimental simulations are ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Problem areas in BWRs, PWRs and PHWRs, from the viewpoint of chemistry, and the problem of fission product release in nuclear reactors are discussed. These problem areas are : fuel performance, off-normal water chemistry due to condenser leaks, the transport and deposition of the activated corrosion and fission products, denting in steam generators (in the case of PWRs), ingress of air in the cover gas helium and consequent radiolysis of D_2O in the moderator circuit (in the case of PHWRs). (M.G.B.).

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

In the synthesis of the peptidyl-polymer corresponding to the sequence (57-100) of the #beta# chain of human hemoglobin on Teflon with radiationally grafted polystyrene a comparative study was made of different methods of fragment condensation. It was shown that the most effective methods are azide condensation and condensation with the use of complex F.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Operation safety and reliability are major guidelines in the design of city-gate units. Conventional natural gas heaters operate by a indirect mechanism, where liquid water is used to transfer heat by natural convection between the combustion chamber and the natural gas coil. In this work, the concept of vapor chamber is evaluated as an indirect gas heater. In a vapor chamber, liquid water is in contact with the heat source, and vaporizes. The vapor condenses in contact with the heat sink. A reduced scale model was built and tested in order to compare these two heating concepts where the combustion chamber was replaced by electrical cartridge heaters. This engineering model can operate either as a conventional heater or as a vapor chamber. The comparison between the concepts was done by inducing a controlled power to the cartridges and by measuring the resulting temperature distributions. In the novel ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The chemical composition and evolution of formation waters associated with gas production in the Palm Valley field, Northern Territory, has important implications for reservoir management, saline water disposal, and gas reserve calculations. Historically, the occurrence of saline formation water in gas fields has been the subject of considerable debate. A better understanding of the origin, chemical evolution and movement of the formation water at Palm Valley has important implications for future reservoir management, disposal of highly saline water and accurate gas reserves estimation. Major and trace element abundance data suggest that a significant component of the highly saline water from Palm Valley has characteristics that may have been derived from a modified evaporated seawater source such as an evaporite horizon. The most dilute waters probably represent condensate and the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gas well load up is the loss of available reservoir energy due to the accumulation of liquids in the wellbore over time, and these liquids arise from liquids (hydrocarbons and water) condensed from the gas. Accumulation of these liquids near the wellbore can cause severe reduction to complete loss of available transport energy. A systematic experimental approach was undertaken to evaluate the performance of foam in removing liquids from the bottom of wells. The objectives of the research were: (1) to determine the efficiency of liquid lifting with foam; and (2) to compare the effects of surfactant type and concentration on liquid lifting. A flowloop successfully simulated the effects of completions with and without packer for low-pressure gas well with liquid production. In the base-case runs (air and water flow), the two phase flow regime was mostly annular. Liquid lifting is improved in general when a ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

An advanced process for the separation of hydrogen sulfide (H{sub 2}S) from coal gasification product streams through an electrochemical membrane is being developed. H{sub 2}S is removed from the syn-gas stream, split into hydrogen, which enriches the exiting syn-gas, and sulfur, which is condensed from an inert sweep gas stream. The process allows removal of H{sub 2}S without cooling the gas stream and with negligible pressure loss through the separator. The process is made economically attractive by the lack of need for a Claus process for sulfur recovery. Membrane manufacturing coupled with full-cell experimentation was the primary focus this quarter. A tape-casted zirconia membrane was developed and utilized in one full-cell experiment (run 25); run 24 utilized a fabricated membrane purchased from Zircar Corporation. Results are discussed.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This paper contains literature from American Power Conference Air Toxics Being Measured Accurately, Controlled Effectively NO{sub x} and SO{sub 2} Emissions Reduced; Surface Condensers Improve Heat Rate; Usable Fuel from Municipal Solid Waste; Cofiring Technology Reduces Gas Turbine Emissions; Trainable, Rugged Microsensor Identifies of Gases; High-Tc Superconductors Fabricated; High-Temperature Superconducting Current Leads; Vitrification of Low-Level Radioactive and Mixed Wastes; Characterization, Demolition, and Disposal of Contaminated Structures; On-Line Plant Diagnostics and Management; Sulfide Ceramic Materials for Improved Batteries; Flywheel Provides Efficient Energy Storage; Battery Systems for Electric Vehicles; Polymer-Electrolyte Fuel Cells for Transportation; Solid-Oxide Fuel Cells for Transportation; Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Monitors Emissions in Real-Time; Advance Alternative-Fueled Automotive Technologies; Thermal & ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NO[sub x] emission legislation requirements for large-bore internal combustion engines have required engine manufacturers to continue to develop and improve techniques for exhaust emission reduction. This paper describes the development of the Cooper-Bessemer Clean Burn gas-diesel (dual-fuel) engine that results in NO[sub x] reductions of up to 92 percent as compared with an uncontrolled gas-diesel engine. Historically, the gas-diesel and diesel engine combustion systems have not responded to similar techniques of NO[sub x] reduction that have been successful on straight spark-ignited natural gas burning engines. NO[sub x] levels of a nominal 1.0 g/BHP-h, equal to the spark-ignited natural gas fueled engine, have been achieved for the gas-diesel and are described. In addition, the higher opacity exhaust plume ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In a PWR type reactor, a primary coolant circuit system using a steam generator is adopted in order to accelerate depressurization of a primary coolant circuit upon small rupture LOCA in which the pressure of the primary coolant circuit is moderately depressurized. A secondary coolant circuit depressurization valve is disposed to a main steam pipeline. The valve has a performance of automatically opening to remove heat by evaporation of water stored in SG for a short period of time when the pressure in the primary circuit is decreased to about 50kg/cm[sup 2] upon occurrence of LOCA or the like. Then, the secondary side of the SG is depressurized to about atmospheric pressure and gravitational water injection from a condensate tank is started. Further, a gas vent valve is disposed to a water chamber of the steam generator. The valve has a performance of automatically opening to discharge incondensible gas mixed to the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The gross calorific value (H{sub o}) is the amount of heat which is generated by total combustion of a type of fuel. It also includes that part of heat which is generated by steam from evaporated water contained in heating gas. In conventional heating boilers, this heat portion is not being utilized at all. To utilize the gross calorific value, it is necessary to extract from the exhaust gas the evaporation heat bound in steam and to return this to the heating system. This means that the exhaust gas has to be chilled by the return water of the heating system and condensed in suitable heat exchangers to well below the dew point. (orig.) [Deutsch] Waermelieferanten im Bereich der Nahwaermeversorgung koennen durch die Anwendung verfuegbarer und bewaehrter Brennwerttechnik ihre Kosten senken und einen zusaetzlichen Beitrag zum Umweltschutz leisten. Mit dem richtigen Brennwertkessel amortisieren sich ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A fully implicit compositional simulator was written to predict the drawdown and buildup responses for a single well in a gas condensate reservoir. The model uses the Redlich-Kwong equation of state to compute fluid properties and to determine phase equilibrium. The accuracy of the model predictions in the two-phase flow regime is tested using the results of a steady-state theory developed here. Two new correlating functions for transient flow - the reservoir integral and the sandface integral - are presented. The reservoir integral is shown to be a good liquid analogue during transient flow (drawdown). The sandface integral correlates with the liquid solution only in the slope. These two theoretical functions are shown to reduce to a computable pseudopressure function by using the results of the steady-state theory. The usefulness of this pseudopressure function for computing the permeability-thickness product and the skin factor is ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The chemical composition and evolution of produced waters associated with gas production in the Palm Valley gas field, Northern Territory, has important implications for issues such as gas reserve calculations, reservoir management and saline water disposal. The occurrence of saline formation water in the Palm Valley field has been the subject of considerable debate. There were no occurrences of mobile water early in the development of the field and only after gas production had reduced the reservoir pressure, was saline formation water produced. Initially this was in small quantities but has increased dramatically with time, particularly after the initiation of compression in November 1996. The produced waters range from highly saline (up to 300,000 mg/L TDS), with unusual enrichments in Ca, Ba and Sr, to low salinity fluids that may represent condensate waters. The Sr isotopic ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gas transmission pipelines are susceptible to both internal (gas side) and external (soil side) corrosion attack. Internal corrosion is caused by the presence of salt laden moisture, CO{sub 2}, H{sub 2}S, and perhaps O{sub 2} in the natural gas. Internal corrosion usually manifests itself as general corrosion. However, the presence of chlorides in entrained water also can lead to pitting corrosion damage. The electrochemical noise technique can differentiate general from localized corrosion and provide estimates of corrosion rates without external perturbation of the corroding system. It is increasingly being applied to field and industrial installations for in situ corrosion monitoring. It has been used here to determine its suitability for monitoring internal and external corrosion damage on gas transmission pipelines. Corrosion measurements were made in three types of ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The effects of the fluctuations of the Thai economy of the country's petroleum industry and the outlook for the future are discussed. Thailand witnessed enormous economic growth during the 1980s and the first part of the 1990s, but events since 1997 have caused it to stutter. However, the petroleum industry remains buoyant with measures to stimulate gas and oil production and moves to privatise and deregulate energy markets. Key statistics for Thailand, historical demand trends for petroleum, the impact of the 1997 Asian economic crisis, regulation of the Thai oil market, crude and condensate production levels, refinery capacity, new entrants to the refinery sector, the Thai refinery expansion programme, the product trade balance, the challenges of fuel reformulation and demand scenarios are considered.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Energy from biomass is a CO{sub 2} neutral, sustainable form of energy. Anaerobic digestion is an established technology for converting biomass to biogas, which contains around 60% methane, besides CO{sub 2} and various contaminants. Most types of biomass contain material that cannot be digested; in woody biomass, this portion is particularly high. Therefore, conventional anaerobic digestion is not suited for the production of biogas from woody biomass. While wood is already being converted to energy by conventional thermal methods (gasification with subsequent methanation), dung, manure, and sewage sludge represent types of biomass whose energy potential remains largely untapped (present energetic use of manure in Switzerland: 0.4%). Conventional gas phase processes suffer from a low efficiency due to the high water content of the feed (enthalpy of vaporization). An alternative technology is the hydrothermal gasification: the water contained within the biomass ...

Science.gov (United States)

Cancer is a severe threat to human health. Early detection is considered the best way to increase the chance for survival. While the traditional cancer detection method, biopsy, is invasive, noninvasive optical diagnostic techniques are revolutionizing the way that cancer is diagnosed. Reflectance spectroscopy is one of these optical spectroscopy techniques showing promise as a diagnostic tool for pre-cancer detection. When a neoplasia occurs in tissue, morphologic and biochemical changes happen in the tissue, which in turn results in the change of optical properties and reflectance spectroscopy. Therefore, a pre-cancer can be detected by extracting optical properties from reflectance spectroscopy. This dissertation described the construction of a fiberoptic based reflectance system and the development of a series of modeling studies. This research is aimed at establishing an improved understanding of the optical properties of mucosal tissues ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

It is shown numerically that on a time scale of order 1 msec a neutron star with pion condensation will undergo separation into a core and an envelope with a sharp interface. The envelope will not, however, be ejected.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Abstract Ultrastructural studies have shown that the formation of pigment glands in Gossypium hirsutum L. leaves is a lysigenous process, originating from a cluster of cells in the ground meristem. Various techniques were used here to investigate whether programmed cell death (PCD) plays a critical role in this developmental process. Nuclei of internal cells in the pigment gland-forming tissue were TUNEL-positive and DAPI-negative, suggesting that DNA cleavage is an early event and complete DNA degradation is a late event. Smeared bands and a lack of laddering after gel electrophoresis indicate that DNA cleavage is random. Ultrastructurally, secretory cells in the pigment glands become distorted, nuclei are densely stained, and chromosomes become condensed until completely degraded at late...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Off-shell interactions for localized closed-string tachyons in C/Z{sub N} superstring backgrounds are analyzed and a conjecture for the effective height of the tachyon potential is elaborated. At large N, some of the relevant tachyons are nearly massless and their interactions can be deduced from the S-matrix. The cubic interactions between these tachyons and the massless fields are computed in a closed form using orbifold CFT techniques. The cubic interaction between nearly-massless tachyons with different charges is shown to vanish and thus condensation of one tachyon does not source the others. It is shown that to leading order in N, the quartic contact interaction vanishes and the massless exchanges completely account for the four point scattering amplitude. This indicates that it is necessary to go beyond quartic interactions or to include other fields to test the conjecture for the height of the tachyon potential.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Non-thermal plasma treatment is a promising technique for the destruction of volatile organic compounds in waste gas. A relatively unexplored technique is the atmospheric negative dc multi-pin-to-plate glow discharge. This paper reports experimental results of allyl alcohol degradation and ozone production in this type of plasma. A new model was developed to describe these processes quantitatively. The model contains a detailed chemical degradation scheme, and describes the physics of the plasma by assuming that the fraction of electrons that takes part in chemical reactions is an exponential function of the reduced field. The model captured the experimental kinetic data to less than 2 ppm standard deviation.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A gas tracer technique based on carbon monoxide and a commercial automotive exhaust gas analyser has been applied to wind tunnel models of waterjet propulsion systems intakes. The post-processing and interpretation of the carbon monoxide concentration signals has yielded high resolution measurements of the bounding ingestion stream-tubes. (orig.) With 3 figs., 1 tab., 8 refs.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The proposed method to analyze the composition of the cost of electricity is based on the energy conversion processes and the destruction of the exergy through the several thermodynamic processes that comprise a combined cycle power plant. The method uses thermoeconomics to evaluate and allocate the cost of exergy throughout the processes, considering costs related to inputs and investment in equipment. Although the concept may be applied to any combined cycle or cogeneration plant, this work develops only the mathematical modeling for three-pressure heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) configurations and total condensation of the produced steam. It is possible to study any nx1 plant configuration (n sets of gas turbine and HRSGs associated to one steam turbine generator and condenser) with the developed model, assuming that every train operates identically and in steady state. The presented model was conceived from a ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

In order to study the two-phase natural circulation and flow termination during a small break loss of coolant accident in LWR, simulation experiments have been performed. Based on the two-phase flow scaling criteria developed under this program, an adiabatic hot leg U-bend simulation loop using nitrogen gas and water and a Freon 113 boiling and condensation loop were built. The nitrogen-water system has been used to isolate key hydrodynamic phenomena from heat transfer problems, whereas the Freon loop has been used to study the effect of phase changes and fluid properties. Various tests were carried out to establish the basic mechanism of the flow termination and reestablishment as well as to obtain essential information on scale effects of parameters such as the loop frictional resistance, thermal center, U-bend curvature and inlet geometry. In addition to the above experimental study, a preliminary modeling study has been carried out for ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This thesis discusses an advanced dynamical two-dimensional cylinder symmetric model for the high temperature part of the carbothermic silicon metal process, and its computer encoding. The situation close to that which is believed to exist around one of three electrodes in full-scale industrial furnaces is modelled. This area comprises a gas filled cavity surrounding the lower tip of the electrode, the metal pool underneath and the lower parts of the materials above. The most important phenomena included are: Heterogeneous chemical reactions taking place in the high-temperature zone (above 1860 {sup o}C), Evaporation and condensation of silicon, Transport of materials by dripping, Turbulent or laminar fluid flow, DC electric arcs, Heat transport by convection, conduction and radiation. The results from the calculations, such as production rates, gas- and temperature distributions, furnace- and particle geometries, fluid ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

With relation to the coals delivered as common samples in the coal fundamental technology development project, an experimental study was conducted on agglomeration characteristics and reaction characteristics in the fluidized-bed coal gasifier. For the experiment, used was a fluidized bed gasifier inserted with a cone-shape dispersion plate with a nozzle in the center. After raising the temperature of the gasifier up to 773K, gasification was conducted sending to the gasifier air from the nozzle and steam from the dispersion plate. The mean particle diameter and gas concentration of chars were measured till the temperature reaches 1373K. As a result of the experiment, it was confirmed that the carbon conversion ratio increases with a decrease in coalification degree of the coal. Moreover, influence of the coal kind was markedly observed at the grid zone of the lower part of the bed, and it was clarified that the lower carbon content ratio the coal kind has, the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract prepared.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

An F-theory dual of a non-supersymmetric orientifold is considered. It is argued that the condensation of both open and closed string tachyons in the orientifold corresponds to the annihilation of branes and antibranes in the F-theory dual. One likely end-point of tachyon condensation is thus expected to be the vacuum of Type-IIB superstring. Some speculations are presented about the F-theory dual of the bosonic string and tachyon condensation thereof.

International Science & Technology Center (ISTC)

Production of High-Purity (>99.99% wt.) Condensed Beryllium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

In spite of extensive cooling water studies premature damage due to corrosion occurred on the CuZn20Al condenser tubes. It was then decided to incorporate new titanium-tubed condensers during the annual overhauls of 1983 and 1985 and also take ameliorating measures up to the exchange of individual condensers. (orig.).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

There is an urgent need to monitor the condition of fluid-filled taped (FFT) cables. The Dissolved-Gas Analysis (DGA) technique that has been successfully applied to power transformers holds great potential for the preventive maintenance of FFT cables. However, before this emerging technique can be properly applied to cables, a suitable fluid sampling and subsequent gas analysis method had to be developed, including the generation of both laboratory and field data to aid in data interpretation. Data on gas saturation levels in various cable fluids have been presented. This paper describes a novel method developed specifically for FFT cables and discusses field results so obtained. The type, distribution and concentration of gases from fluid alone and paper alone under electrical stress has been presented, including the differences between normal and not-so-normal cable systems as ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hybrid organic-inorganic coatings with phosphonate functionalities have been synthesized and evaluated as prospective surface treatments for magnesium materials. These coatings have been processed via a sol-gel route by hydrolysis and condensation of a mixture of diethylphosphonatoethyltriethoxy-silane and tetraethoxy-silane with variable molar ratios. The coatings morphology and the surface chemistry at the coating/substrate interface have been characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, "3"1P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. The corrosion protection performance of the coatings deposited on magnesium alloy AZ31B has been examined by a group of electrochemical techniques including potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. In addition, a scanning Kelvin probe technique has been used to ...

Science.gov (United States)

Most palladium thin film based hydrogen gas sensors have response and recovery times that are too long to make them useful in vehicular and stationary gas leak detection applications. In contrast, a palladium-silver thin film based microcantilever (MC) hydrogen gas microsensor is reported herein with near ideal response characteristics for use in these hydrogen economy related applications. Specifically, 3-10 second response and recovery times have been measured for these sensors in contrast to previous sensor response measurements of several to tens of minutes using Pd thin film and MC based sensing techniques. The much reduced response times observed in the present study are attributed to a wet chemical Pd-Ag thin film deposition technique and a gas conditioning protocol that produces a highly nanostructured, porous film that rapidly adsorbs and desorbs H2, ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The present investigation deals with the synthesis of nanostructured nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) and their liquid petroleum gas-sensing characteristics. The 15-20nm size nickel ferrite has been synthesized at 700degreeC by a simple molten-salt route using sodium chloride as grain growth inhibitor. These nanoparticles exhibit significantly high response towards liquid petroleum gas (LPG) in comparison with ethanol vapor, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and hydrogen. The gas response towards various gases at their 200ppm concentrations is investigated at 200-450degreeC. Different characterization techniques have been employed, such as differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high resolution transmission elec...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This paper presents a case study of site characterization and hydrocarbon contamination plume mapping/delineation in a gas processing plant in southern Mexico. The paper describes innovative and cost-effective use of passive (non-intrusive) and active (intrusive) techniques, including the use of compound-specific analytical methods for site characterization. The techniques used, on a demonstrative basis, include geophysical, geochemical, and borehole drilling. Geochemical techniques used to delineate the horizontal extent of hydrocarbon contamination at the site include soil gas surveys. The borehole drilling technique used to assess the vertical extent of contamination and confirm geophysical and geochemical data combines conventional hollow-stem auguring with direct push-probe using Geoprobe. Compound-specific analytical methods, such as hydrocarbon ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Precondition for the low-NO operation of gas turbine burners is the generation of as homogeneous as possible a gaseous fuel/air mixture. Such a burner behavior can be achieved by selective adaptation of the flow and injection. A computing model is introduced that calculates the dynamically balanced GASs/droplet flow through numerical solution of the transport equations in a curved orthogonal coordinate system. The feedback reaction of the fuel droplets to the gas phase is considered by source terms and/or sink terms. Test computations were carried out for comparison with analytical solutions from the flow mechanics and validated by comparison with measurement results. Droplet motion and evaporation were checked by means of published experimental results on single droplets. For the validation of the developed computing technique, model tests were carried out with water in place of fuel. It is pointed out that the choice of ...

Science.gov (United States)

Testing was performed to determine the feasibility and processing characteristics of evaporation of actual Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) recycle material. Samples of the Off Gas Condensate Tank (OGCT) and Slurry Mix Evaporator Condensate Tank (SMECT) were transferred from DWPF to the Savannah River National Lab (SRNL) Shielded Cells and blended with De-Ionized (DI) water and a small amount of Slurry Mix Evaporator (SME) product. A total of 3000 mL of this feed was concentrated to approximately 90 mL during a semi-batch evaporation test of approximately 17 hours. One interruption occurred during the run when the feed tube developed a split and was replaced. Samples of the resulting condensate and concentrate were collected and analyzed. The resulting analysis of the condensate was compared to the Waste Acceptance Criteria (WAC) limits for the F/H Effluent Treatment Plant ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Real-time neutron radiography (RTNR) is rapidly becoming a valuable tool for nondestructive testing and basic research with a wide variety of applications. The Phoenix Memorial Laboratory (PML) at the University of Michigan has developed an RTNR facility and has been using this facility to study several phenomena of interest to researchers in many areas. These phenomena include imaging of the internal fluid flow in gas turbine engine nozzles and coking and debris deposition in several gas turbine nozzles. This paper presents a summary of the technique and facilities involved in these applications.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Application of an optimization technique to extract the non-ideal parameters of gas absorption with chemical reactions process was described. The gas absorption was modeled using mass transfer theory to represent the realistic behaviors of an absorber. The model was a highly non-linear iterative model which correlated the overall rate of absorption as the function of unknown non-ideal parameters, including the physical liquid mass transfer coefficient and the wetted interfacial area of of packings. The optimization program was developed to minimize the sum of squares of relative errors between the model predictions and the experimental data. Four sets of experimental data (case studies) with different operating conditions were used for extracting parameters. Comparisons between predicted and experimental measured overall absorption rate were in good agreement, average absolute value of relative errors not exceeding 5.4 %. ...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

The t-butyldimethylsilyl group is shown to be an ideal protecting group for the 2T-hydroxyl function of ribonucleosides during the synthesis of ribonucleotides using any of nine commonly used condensing...Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Small droplets of organic diazides investigated by C.K. Law and coworkers burn in hot gas at 1 atm with rates inversely proportional to the droplet diameter presumably owing to leading chemical reaction proceeds in gas phase. These burning rates are obviously much lower than those obtained by extrapolation of the results measured for the some substances in glass tubes (at pressure of about 10{sup -2}-10{sup -1} atm, and temperature 0-100 deg C) on the burning conditions of the droplets. Kinetic constants estimated using Zel`dovich equation for the burning rate in gas phase and Semenov relation for delay time of the droplets micro-explosion in liquid phase are about the same: E {approx_equal} 0.17 MJ/mol, log{sub 10}k{sub o} {approx_equal} 15(S{sup -1}). In both of the cases the leading chemical reaction is supposed to be of the first order. Landau instability is assumed to be reflected in distortion of the droplets at ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The humidification dehumidification desalination process is viewed as a promising technique for small capacity production plants. The process has several attractive features, which include operation at low temperature, ability to utilize sustainable energy sources, i.e. solar and geothermal, and requirements of low technology level. This paper evaluates the characteristics of the humidification dehumidification desalination process as a function of operating conditions. A small capacity experimental system is used to evaluate the process characteristics as a function of the flow rate of the water and air streams, the temperature of the water stream and the temperature of the cooling water stream. The experimental system includes a packed humidification column, a double pipe glass condenser, a constant temperature water circulation tank and a chiller for cooling water. The water production is found to depend strongly on the hot water ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This article provides a survey of neutron scattering experiments in condensed matter research, which are of interest to chemistry. The theoretical background has been treated in a previous issue. The present article consists of two parts. The first part exhibits the range of experimental possibilities by means of a few selected examples. The starting point is classical neutron diffraction by which the position of atomic nuclei may be determined. Additional information on the spatial distribution in the outer electron shells may be obtained via combined X-ray/neutron-diffraction experiments or via the diffraction of polarized neutrons. Progress in instrumentation, due to the development of more intense sources, has influenced especially the fields of small angle scattering and spectroscopy. The second part features domains of research of current interest, where a combination of several neutron scattering techniques may prove to be necessary. ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Indoor air exposures to gaseous contaminants originating in soil can cause large human health risks. To predict and control these exposures, the mechanisms that affect vapor transport in near-surface soils need to be understood. In particular, radon exposure is a concern since average indoor radon concentrations lead to much higher risks than are generally accepted for exposure to other environmental contaminants. This dissertation examines an important component of the indoor radon problem: the impacts of wind on soil-gas and radon transport and entry into buildings. The research includes experimental and modeling studies of wind`s interactions with a building`s superstructure and the resulting soil-gas and radon flows in the surrounding soil. In addition to exploring the effects of steady winds, a novel modeling technique is developed to examine the impacts of fluctuating winds on soil-gas and radon ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The effect of water shortage on growth and gas exchange of maize grown on sandy soil (SS) and clay soil was studied. The lower soil water content in the SS during vegetative growth stages did not affect plant height, above-ground biomass, and leaf area index (LAI). LAI reduction was observed on the SS during the reproductive stage due to early leaf senescence. Canopy and leaf gas exchanges, measured by eddy correlation technique and by a portable photosynthetic system, respectively, were affected by water stress and a greater reduction in net photosynthetic rate (A N) and stomatal conductance (g s) was observed on SS. Chlorophyll and carotenoids content was not affected by water shortage in either condition. Results support two main conclusions: (1) leaf photosynthetic capacity was unaffec...

CERN Document Server

We provide an algebraic study of the local composite operators A_\\mu A_\

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A special study was conducted to investigate the influences of minimum approach temperature differences occurring in supercritical-heater/vaporizer and evaporative-condenser heat rejection systems on geothermal-electric binary power plant performance and cost of electricity. For the systems investigated optimum pinch points for minimizing cost of electricity were estimated to range from 5 to 7/sup 0/F for the heater vaporizer. The minimum approach of condensing temperature to wet-bulb temperature for evaporative condensers was estimated to be about 30/sup 0/F in order to achieve the lowest cost of electricity.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Limited demand and high cost has prevented the construction of hard rock caverns in this country for a number of years. The storage of natural gas in mined caverns may prove technically feasible if the geology of the targeted market area is suitable; and economically feasible if the cost and convenience of service is competitive with alternative available storage methods for peak supply requirements. It is believed that mined cavern storage can provide the advantages of high delivery rates and multiple fill-withdrawal cycles in areas where salt cavern storage is not possible. In this research project, PB-KBB merged advanced mining technologies and gas refrigeration techniques to develop conceptual designs and cost estimates to demonstrate the commercialization potential of the storage of refrigerated natural gas in hard rock caverns. Five regions of the U.S.A. were studied for underground storage ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A correlation was developed for laminar film condensation on vertical fluted surfaces. The theoretical analysis of Panchal and Bell was used for defining important physical property groups. The experimental data of Combs et al. were used to validate the proposed correlation. The experimental database used in the present study included four flute geometries that could be approximated to cosine-type flutes and seven fluids. The resulting correlation can predict the average condensate heat transfer coefficient within {+-}20%.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Corrosion resistance of Cu-W system condensates in tap water was studies. It is shown that with an increase in W concentration in the condensates of the Cu-W system their corrosion in tap water enhances. In the material designated for power supply facilities the optimal tungsten content is up to 6%. Owing to formation of oxide film on the surface of the samples corrosion is stabilitized 40 h after the test start.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Purpose: To ensure continuous operation for condensate desalters with the control device for desalter group in a nuclear power plant by automatically averaging the operation interval between each of the desalters. Constitution: Electroconduction meters are provided at the inlet and the outlet for each of the desalters. The conduction rates at the inlet and outlet are compared to determine the re-generation timing of the condensate desalter. Limiting set value for each of the equipments in the cleanup systems is changed by using a mathematical operation circuit to average the operation interval between each of the desalters. (Ikeda, J.).

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Tank calibration experiments have been carried out using a mock-up input accountancy tank with the object of developing a high accuracy solution volume measurement technique for Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant (RRP). The experimental parameters such as temperature, solution density, off gas pressure and so on have been fluctuated in the calibration experiments in order to evaluate the influence on the solution volume measurement. As a result, it was confirmed that the solution volume measurement error of the mock-up tank was within #+-#0.04% (at full volume) using careful data correction technique for measured data. For the high accuracy volume measurement at RRP, it is important to correct data properly taking account of the actual conditions such as uncontrollable ambient temperature that are different from the experiment. (author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The nature and relationship of methane to coal mines is discussed and sources of information are outlined. Methods of gas analysis in general and methods for the detection of methane in use in coal mines are described. Methods of remote detection of gases and those that have application for use in underground coal mining operations are discussed. The report represents recommendations on remote methane detection systems that may find application in underground coal mines. (20 refs.)

CERN Document Server

By using a laser and maser in tandem, it is possible to obtain laser action in the hot exhaust gases involved in heat engine operation. Such a "quantum afterburner" involves the internal quantum states of working gas atoms or molecules as well as the techniques of cavity quantum electrodynamics and is therefore in the domain of quantum thermodynamics. As an example, it is shown that Otto cycle engine performance can be improved beyond that of the "ideal" Otto heat engine.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Time resolved light scattering from laser-induced electrostrictive gratings was used for the determination of flow velocities in air at room temperature. By measuring the velocity profile across the width of a slit nozzle we demonstrated the high spatial resolution (about 200 mm) of this novel technique. (author) 3 figs., 1 ref.

Wastenet

...to facilities using - Petrol and diesel industrial engines - Petrol and diesel light vehicles, commercial vehicles and trucks on the facility - Large stationary diesel and dual-fuel engines - Heavy-duty natural gas fired pipeline compressor engines and turbines First published in February 1999 Revised - August 2000 Version 2.3 - ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In order to judge the potential fluorescent lamp applications of various low-pressure positive column discharges it is necessary to measure the absolute power emitted in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum. For rare-gas discharges the principle emission occurs in the vacuum ultraviolet so that it is difficult to measure the radiant emittance (power per unit area) of the resonance radiation by standard methods. Two independent techniques are discussed for measuring the radiant emittance of positive column discharges in the vacuum ultraviolet. These techniques are used to study xenon positive column discharges at the resonance wavelength of 147 nm. The first method relies on the measurement of the resonance level density by absorption techniques. The effective decay rate of the resonance level is then determined by the simulation of resonance radiation transport. These two quantities are combined to ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A Real-Time Neutron Radiography (RTNR) system and a high speed X-ray Computed Tomography (X-CT) system are used to determine the flow regime, the instantaneous cross-sectional averaged void fraction, and the time averaged void fraction in a vertical annulus flow channel. A standard optical video system is also used to observe the flow regime. The annulus flow channel is operated as a bubble column and measurements are obtained for gas flow rates form 0.0 to 30.0 l/min. The flow regimes observed by all three measurement systems via image analysis shows that the results agree well with each other. Both the RTNR and the X-CT systems show that the time averaged and cross-sectional averaged void fraction increases with increasing superficial gas velocity. Time and cross-sectional averaged void fractions determined by the RTNR system agree within 4% with those determined by the high speed X-ray CT technique. (orig.).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The information reported is for the period October I to December 31, 1993. During this quarter, activities were undertaken in Task 2. Oxygen concentrations were measured in the post-flame region of the entrained flow reactor. The sampling probe was used for the hot gas tests to sample the gas stream. Samples were injected into a gas chromatograph to determine the oxygen concentration. Results agreed with thermoequilibrium calculations that yield equilibrium compositions based on the stoichiometry of the feed gases. The axial temperature distribution along the reactor centerline was measured using a silica-coated platinum-rhodium thermocouple. Two coating techniques were tested and it was found that flame-plating silica to the thermocouple wires produced a thinner coating than a ceramic adhesive technique and therefore a smaller radiation correction. Other activities this quarter ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

It is needless to say that one of the most important roles of the condensate demineralizer in Japanese boiling water reactors (BWR) is to eliminate such impurities during accidental occurrence of sea water leakage from condensate cooling system. Ion exchange resins packed in condensate demineralizer have also been expected to decrease crud, or corrosion products (CP) in condensate water in order to finally reduce activated corrosion products (ACP) in the reactor coolant loop. It is perceived that crud removal ability of a condensate demineralizer has been improved year by year. And we call this phenomenon as `Aging Effect`. Typical property changes of aged cation exchange resin consisted of an increase of water retention capacity and a change of surface texture. Based on these findings, we formulated a new concept and developed new gel type ion exchange resins for the better crud ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Heat pumps for residential space heating become an increasingly important alternative to the conventional heating system like gas or oil burner. They offer the opportunity to reduce CO{sub 2} emission associated with heating residential homes in Germany. High compressors efficiency and a wide operating map are required so that an economically viable heat pumps is achieved which meets the operational conditions for present and future heating systems. The design parameter of existing heating systems require relatively high condensing temperatures which can be achieved with dedicated compressor designs. The design of Scroll compressors specially adapted to these heat pumps is shown and their operation is explained. (orig.) [German] Waermepumpen fuer die Wohnraumheizung gewinnen an Bedeutung als Alternative zur konventionellen Gas- oder Oelheizung. Sie bieten die Moeglichkeit, die mit der Gebaeudeheizung verbundene Emission von ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The decision of the United Kingdom to adopt a policy of solidification of high level waste had led to renewed interest in vitrification. The HARVEST process chosen is an adaptation of the FINGAL concept developed at Harwell 15 years ago. Because of certain changes in engineering design and differences in the composition of the waste, additional chemical engineering data are required for HARVEST. The new inactive pilot plant has been built to provide this information. Its size is virtually full-scale and batches of glass up to 1 tonne can be manufactured in vessels of diameter up to 750mm. Five glass-making runs have been carried out. Attention has concentrated on the performance of the off-gas system which employs wet methods. Carry-over of solids occurs, primarily as a result of physical entrainment. The carry-over of synthetic fission products is improved from 2.5 to 0.1% by directing the feed down the vessel walls. Most of the entrained solids is caught in the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This report describes the sampling and chemical analyses of smoke gas components for combustion performed in the SP Industry Calorimeter, where continuous measurements of oxygen, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide are an integrated part of the Calorimeter system. On-line measurements of nitrogen oxides and total amounts of unburnt hydrocarbons were performed. Hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen chloride and ammonia in the smoke were sampled and absorbed in impinger bottles and subsequently analyzed using wet chemical techniques. An adsorbent sampling system was designed to allow the identification and quantitative analysis of individual organic compounds in the smoke. Gas chromatography was utilized with a mass spectrometric detector for the identification and a FID for quantification of the total amounts as well as individual components. A procedure for cleaning the smoke gas duct in between the combustion ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In nuclear fuel, in approximately one quarter of the fissions, one of the two formed fission products is gaseous. These are mainly the noble gases xenon and krypton with isotopes of xenon contributing up to 90% of the product gases. These noble fission gases do not combine with other species, and have a low solubility in the normally used uranium oxide matrix. They can be dissolved in the fuel matrix or precipitate in nanometer-sized bubbles within the fuel grain, in micrometer-sized bubbles at the grain boundaries, and a fraction also precipitates in fuel pores, coming from fuel fabrication. A fraction of the gas can also be released into the plenum of the fuel rod. With increasing fission, and therefore burn-up, the ceramic fuel material experiences a transformation of its structure in the 'cooler' rim region of the fuel. A subdivision occurs of the original fuel grains of few microns size into thousands of small grains of sub-micron sizes. ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

We investigate the possibility of kaon condensation in the dense interior of neutron stars through the s-wave interaction of kaons with nucleons. We include nucleon-nucleon interactions by using simple parametrizations of realistic forces, and include electrons and muons in #beta#-equilibrium. The equation of state above the condensate threshold is derived in the mean field approximation. The conditions under which kaon condensed cores undergo a transition to quark matter containing strange quarks are also established.The critical density for kaon condensation lies in the range (2.3-5.0)#rho#_0, where #rho#_0=0.16 fm"-"3 is the equilibrium density of nuclear matter. The critical density depends largely on the value of the strangeness content of the proton, the size of which is controversial. For too large a value of the strangeness content, matter with a kaon condensate is not ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A cryocondensation pump was designed for the baffle chamber of General Atomics DIII-D tokamak and will be installed in the fall of 1992. The purpose of the pump is to study plasma density control by pumping the divertor. The pump is toroidally continuous, approximately 10 m long and located in the lower outer corner of the vacuum chamber of the machine. It consists of a 1 m{sup 2} liquid helium-cooled surface surrounded by a liquid nitrogen-cooled shield to limit the heat load on the helium-cooled surface. The liquid nitrogen-cooled surface is surrounded by a radiation/particle shield to prevent energetic particles from impacting and releasing condensed water molecules. A thermal enhancement coating was applied to the nitrogen shell to lower the maximum temperature of the shell. The coating is non-continuous to keep the toroidal electrical resistance high. The whole pump is supported off the water-cooled vacuum vessel wall. Supports for the pump were designed to ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The newly developed techniques by the Hot Laboratory (JMTR HL) have provided for us the key information on behavior of specimens due to mechanical / physical / chemical / synergistic effects of radiation, stress and water for fission and fusion reactor environment. These techniques are focused on several topics as follows; (1) miniaturized specimen test for the development of fusion reactor materials, (2) slow strain rate tensile testing (SSRT) and crack propagation measuring tests for the study of Irradiation Assisted Stress Corrosion Cracking (IASCC) of core internals of LWR, (3) handling technique on specimens including tritium for the research and development of tritium breeders and neutron multiplier as fusion blanket materials, (4) joining method using the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding technique for re-assembling of capsule and re-fabrication of specimen and (5) ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ternary diagrams or pseudo ternary diagrams are commonly used to provide a graphical representation of equilibrium fluid phase behavior for systems as diverse as distillation columns and miscible gas floods of oil reservoirs. The phase envelope and the position of the critical point on it are important to enhanced oil recovery engineers who are involved with miscible gas flood design. In the past, phase equilibrium data were laboriously plotted on the pseudo ternary diagram and special graphical techniques were utilized to locate the critical point on the phase envelope. Presented in this article is a computerized curve fitting method to, firstly, generate the phase envelope from a given set of phase equilibrium data and then use the 'tie-line slopes' to position the critical point. Experimental data are included and show excellent agreement with this new method.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The development of solid state chemical sensors, and more specifically of gas sensors, is carried out with great strength in the present time since the environmental pollution and the security in work and domestic ambient are problems of great interest and social impact. The main fields of application, are: automobile, domestic sensors, control of industrial process, bio medicine, environment. These chemical sensors are experimenting a great advance because of the advantages they offer, as low cost, simple operation, possibility of measure continuous and ''In situ'' and small size, in contrast with analytical techniques that need complex instrumentation and large size equipments. In the present work, a sensor for CO detecting concentrations as low as 50 p.p.m., is studied showing great interest since this gas is highly toxic even to such a low concentration. (Author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The biological treatment process was selected by Gaz de France (GDF), the French national gas utility, for the de-pollution of an old gas works where the main pollutants are coal tars containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Microorganism-based biological treatment techniques may involve bio-reactors, static ground knolls (where oxygen is brought through drains) and dynamic knolls (where oxygenation is carried out by turning up the soil). Issues on sampling, sorting, process testing, site preparation, process control, etc. are reviewed

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A new technique for ion implantation into concave surface of insulating materials is proposed and experimentally studied. The principle is roughly described by referring to modifying inner surface of a PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottle. An electrode that is supplied with positive high-voltage pulses is inserted into the bottle. Both plasma formation and ion implantation are simultaneously realized by the same high-voltage pulses. Ion sheath with a certain thickness that depends on plasma parameters is formed just on the inner surface of the bottle. Since the plasma potential is very close to that of the electrode, ions from the plasma are accelerated in the sheath and implanted perpendicularly into the bottle's inner surface. Laser Raman spectroscopy shows that the inner surface of an ion-implanted PET bottle is modified into DLC (diamond-like carbon). Gas permeation measurement shows that gas-barrier ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Flue gas desulfurization systems (FGDs) are operated in severely corrosive environments that cause sulfuric acid dew-point corrosion. The corrosion behavior of low-alloy steels was tested using electrochemical techniques (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic tests, potentiostatic tests), and the corrosion products were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electrochemical results showed that alloying W with small amounts of Sb, Cu, and Co improves the corrosion resistance of steels. The results of surface analyses showed that the surface of the steels alloyed with W consisted of W oxides and higher amounts of Sb and Cu oxides. This suggests that the addition of W promotes the formation of a protective WO3 film, in addition to ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nuclear forensic science has become increasingly important for global nuclear security. However, many current laboratory analysis techniques are based on methods developed without the imperative for timely analysis that underlies the post-detonation forensics mission requirements. Current analysis of actinides, fission products, and fuel-specific materials requires time-consuming chemical separation coupled with nuclear counting or mass spectrometry. High-temperature gas-phase separations have been used in the past for the rapid separation of newly created elements/isotopes and as a basis for chemical classification of that element. We are assessing the utility of this method for rapid separation in the gas-phase to accelerate the separations of radioisotopes germane to post-detonation nuclear forensic investigations. The existing state of the art for thermo chromatographic separations, and its applicability to nuclear ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Biomass is one of the main natural resources in Sweden. The present low-CO{sub 2} emission characteristics of the Swedish electricity production system (hydro and nuclear) can be retained only by expansion of biofuel applications for energy purposes. Domestic Swedish biomass resources are vast and renewable, but not infinite. They must be utilized as efficiently as possible, in order to make sure that they meet the conditions for sustainability in the future. Application of efficient power generation cycles at low costs is essential for meeting this challenge. This applies also to municipal solid waste incineration with energy extraction, which should be preferred to its dumping in landfills. Hybrid dual-fuel combined cycle units are a simple and affordable way to increase the electric efficiency of biofuel energy utilization, without big investments, uncertainties or loss of reliability arising from complicated technologies. Configurations of such power cycles are very flexible and ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The reliability of the surface condenser is a key factor in plant performance level and maintenance cost optimization. This is especially the case for thermal nuclear plants where condenser raw wa-ter ingress can introduce contamination into the chemically-controlled, steam/water loop potentially causing damage to sensitive equipment. Two important parameters must be taken into account when attempting to optimize the quality and the reliability of condenser tubing. They include selecting the appropriate material according to the cooling water corrosion level present. A second and equally important parameter is the manufac-turing of the tubing product itself. This paper will identify methods to optimize manufacturing processes and improve tubing quality, according to VALTIMET's 30 years of condenser welded tubing production experience. Those methods complete the core manufacturing process ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Often oil/gas and other hydrocarbons discovered and produced offshore are transported to onshore facilities via submarine pipelines. The route of such pipelines traverses through coastal/shore approach regions. For a rational/economic design, safe installation and subsequent operation it is of utmost importance to review, evaluate and finalize various environmental hazard such as winds, waves, currents, seabed topography, seabed and sub-bottom soils, seabed erosion and soil accretion. This paper addresses the above described environmental hazards, their assessment and techniques to prepare design parameters which must be used for stability analysis, installation methods, long term operation and maintenance for the shore approaches. Additionally, various proven pipeline installation and stabilization techniques for the shore approach region are detailed. As case histories, three approaches installed in the Dutch North Sea ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Experiments have been performed to study the usefulness of several types of plastic foils as filter to separate radon and thoron. Time-integrated alpha-activity measurements have been carried out by using the so-called ''can-technique'' equipped with both LR-115 and CR-39 track detectors. The track density observed on the detectors, taken as a measure of radon activity concentration, has been determined as a function of the thickness of filter foils. The radon permeability and the thoron separation factors have been determined. It is shown that various plastic foils exhibit considerable differences in radon diffusion coefficient owing to their different chemical structures. Among the plastic foils investigated the polyethylene proved to have the highest gas diffusion coefficient.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In FY1994, JMTR was in operation during 4 operation cycles with low enriched Uranium(LEU,20%) fuel for irradiation study of nuclear fuels and materials and for radioisotope production. Irradiation studies were carried out using capsules, Oarai Gas Loop-1(OGL-1), Oarai Shroud Facility(OSF-1) and hydraulic rabbits irradiation facilities in support of LWR, FBR, HTTR and thermonuclear reactor. Irradiation studies on blanket materials were intensively carried out. Power ramping tests were carried out and the future program is under consideration. For R and D works, neutron spectrum evaluation technology, re-instrumentation technique for irradiation fuel rod, remote controlled SEM apparatus and examination technique with miniaturized specimens were successfully developed. (author).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In the well-known devices for increasing the decontamination factor in the treatment of radioactive waste water by evaporation, which consist of narrowing devices with evaporator sump and condenser, droplets of liquid and solid particles are carried over from the breeder space, which are radioactive and therefore make the decontamination factor worse. Better results are obtained if one places a fibre bed filter between the evaporator sump and the condenser, preferably in a horizontal connecting pipe between the evaporator sump and the condenser.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Petroleum resources are finite and, therefore, search for their alternative non-petroleum fuels for internal combustion engines is continuing all over the world. Moreover gases emitted by petroleum fuel driven vehicles have an adverse effect on the environment and human health. There is universal acceptance of the need to reduce such emissions. Towards this, scientists have proposed various solutions for diesel engines, one of which is the use of gaseous fuels as a supplement for liquid diesel fuel. These engines, which use conventional diesel fuel and gaseous fuel, are referred to as 'dual-fuel engines'. Natural gas and bio-derived gas appear more attractive alternative fuels for dual-fuel engines in view of their friendly environmental nature. In the gas-fumigated dual-fuel engine, the primary fuel is mixed outside the cylinder before it is inducted into the cylinder. A pilot quantity of liquid fuel is ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Russian 2004 p. 50-51 Russian Federation Kalyakin, SG Kapinos,

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

BackgroundThe monolignol biosynthetic pathway interconnects with the biosynthesis of other secondary phenolic metabolites, such as cinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids and condensed...Full Text Available

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

(1970). United States Bell, KJ Taborek, J. Fenoglio, F. Minneapolis, Minn.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Heat Cycle Research Program, which is conducted for the Department of Energy, has as its objective the development of the technology for effecting the improved utilization of moderate temperature geothermal resources. The current testing involves the investigation of binary power cycle performance utilizing mixtures of non-adjacent hydrocarbons as the working fluids, with supercritical vaporization and in-tube condensation of the working fluid. The utilization of these concepts verified here will improve the net geofluid effectiveness (net watt hours plant output per pound of geofluid) about 20% over that of a conventional binary power plant. The major effect in this improvement is the ability to achieve integral, countercurrent condensation. Results are presented for the recent testing including those tests examining the performance of the countercurrent condenser at different tube inclinations and comparison with new ...

CERN Document Server

A prescription is given for computing anomalous dimensions of single trace operators in SYM at strong coupling and large $N$ using a reduced model of matrix quantum mechanics. The method involves treating some parts of the operators as "BPS condensates" which, in certain limit, have a dual description as null geodesics on the $S^5$. In the gauge theory, the condensate is similar to a representative of the chiral ring and it is described by a background of commuting matrices. Excitations around these condensates correspond to excitations around this background and take the form of ``string bits" which are dual to the "giant magnons" of Hofman and Maldacena. In fact, the matrix model approach gives a {\\it quantum} description of these string configurations and explains why the infinite momentum limit suppresses the quantum effects. This method allows, not only to derive part of the classical sigma model Hamiltonian of the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

We have developed a novel technique for measurements of low energy (p,alpha) reactions using heavy ion beams and a differentially-pumped windowless gas target. We applied this new approach to study the 183 keV resonance in the 17O(p,alpha)14}N reaction. We report a resonance energy (center-of-mass) of 183.5{+0.1}{-0.4} keV, a resonance strength of 1.70 +/- 0.15 meV, and set an upper limit (95\\% confidence) on the total width of the state of < 0.1 keV. This resonance is important for the 17O(p,alpha)14}N reaction rate, and we find that 18F production is significantly decreased in low mass ONeMg novae but less affected in more energetic novae. We also report the first determination of the stopping power for oxygen ions in hydrogen gas near the peak of the Bragg curve (E=193 keV/u) to be (63+/-1)e-15 eV-cm2.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Wet limestone scrubbing is once again becoming a popular technology for removal of sulfur dioxide (SO{sub 2}) from power plant emissions. Critical to the operation of wet limestone flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems is accurate chemical analysis of scrubber solids. The analytical technique of thermogravimetry is ideal for this application, as the instrument can give precise readings of the principal scrubber solids components, calcium sulfite/sulfate hemihydrate, calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum), and unused calcium carbonate. The data provides plant chemists, engineers, and operators with information needed to fine-tune scrubber operation and detect process upsets. (orig.)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The study of the dynamics of lubricants and mechanical components encased in metal enclosures is important to many industries. Of particular importance is the flow characteristics of oils or similar lubricants within the metal enclosure during operation of the device. The purpose of this summary is to report on the design and successful application of a real-time neutron radiography system to study the lubrication and design of the piston and seal of a gas spring. In addition, the application of this technique to a wider range of similar problems using the pulse capability of the TRIGA reactor is described.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Research activity during the 1991--1992 funding period has been concerned with the following topics relevant to carbon monoxide activation. (1) Exploratory studies of water gas shift catalysts heterogenized on polystyrene based polymers. (2) Mechanistic investigation of the nucleophilic activation of CO in metal carbonyl clusters. (3) Application of fast reaction techniques to prepare and to investigate reactive organometallic intermediates relevant to the activation of hydrocarbons toward carbonylation and to the formation of carbon-carbon bonds via the migratory insertion of CO into metal alkyl bonds.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The procedure followed by the Laboratorio de Metrologia Nuclear in Sao Paulo, Brazil, for the standardization of {sup 242g} Am is described. The calibration system was composed of a 4 {pi} gas-flow proportional counter coupled to a pair of NaI(Tl) crystals operating in coincidence. The samples were produced by irradiating dried aliquots of {sup 241} Am with thermal and epithermal neutrons at the IEA-R1 research reactor. The efficiency tracer technique has been applied using {sup 60} Co as tracer. The beta detection efficiency was changed by external absorbers and extrapolated to unity by linear least square fitting applying covariance methodology. (author)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Meteorological and radon concentration data referring to a measurement campaign carried out in Urbino, Central Italy, are reported and discussed. This study presents a method allowing monitoring of the vertical atmospheric stability using continuous measurements of radon gas near ground. In particular radon evidences the presence of temperature inversion such as the formation of the nocturnal stable layer and gives information on the vertical turbulence and the motion of air masses. This technique is very useful in describing the temporal evolution of the pollutants in the atmosphere. (author)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The current status of research and development in the realm of physics and technology of collective ion acceleration in systems with a virtual cathode (VC) is reviewed. Three major acceleration methods and devices developed on their basis are considered: reflex triodes and their modifications, gas-filled vircators, and vacuum vircators with a Luce diode. Experimental data are outlined and the principal physical models interpreting these data are described. New ion acceleration techniques whose realization involves the production and disappearance of the VC are also discussed. All methods of collective ion acceleration are compared and the possible ways for the further development of this promising scientific field are highlighted. (reviews of topical problems)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In a breeder-type nuclear power plant, liquid metal is used as a coolant due to the high heat capacity factor. Also, some proposals for fusion reactor blanket design include liquid metal as a possible coolant. In both cases the understanding of natural circulation of liquid-metal flow behavior is an integral part of the thermal hydraulic analysis, especially under two-phase flow conditions. Experimental investigations have been conducted to study a liquid metal two-phase natural circulation flow system. A lead-bismuth (PbBi) eutectic mixture is used as a working fluid in a heated metal walled natural circulation loop. Gas injection induces natural circulation through the gas-lift mechanism. A real-time neutron radiography system is used to visualize the two-phase mixture, specifically the interface and the flow regime. Measurements of void fraction, void fluctuation and bubble propagation are performed.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The cooperative project was a joint development program between Ceradyne and Oak Ridge National Laboratory through Lockheed Martin Energy Research (LMER). Cooperative work was of benefit to both parties. ORNL was able to assess the effect of the microwave nitridation process coupled with gas-pressure sintering for fabrication of parts for advanced diesel engines. Ceradyne gained access to gelcasting expertise and microwave facilities and experience for the nitridation of SRBSN materials. The broad objective of the CRADA between Ceradyne and OIWL was to (1) examine the applicability of the gelcasting technology to fabricate parts from SRBSN, and (2) to assess the effect of the microwave nitridation of silicon process coupled with gas-pressure sintering for fabrication of parts for advanced diesel engines. The following conclusions can be made from the work performed under the CRADA: (1) Gelcasting is a viable method to fabricate SRBSN parts ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The present investigation deals with the fabrication of liquid petroleum gas (LPG) sensor based on semiconducting oxide SnO{sub 2}. The gas sensor elements have been prepared by conventional solid state route. Addition of noble metal sensitizer, palladium and grain growth inhibitor, aluminum silicate to the base material SnO{sub 2}, not only improved the sensitivity towards LPG but also the selectivity in the presence of CO and CH{sub 4} gases. Out of various sensor compositions, SnO{sub 2}:Al{sub 2}Si{sub 2}O{sub 7} (35 wt.%):Pd (1.5 wt.%) sintered at 800 C for 5 h has shown high sensitivity (0.97) towards LPG at an operating temperature of 350 C. Different characterization techniques have been employed, such as differential thermal analysis (DTA), surface area analyzer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), to study the formation of SnO{sub 2}, surface area and crystallite size, respectively. The results suggested the possibility of ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A lightweight, low permeability liner for graphite epoxy composite compressed gas storage vessels. The liner is composed of polymers that may or may not be coated with a thin layer of a low permeability material, such as silver, gold, or aluminum, deposited on a thin polymeric layer or substrate which is formed into a closed bladder using torispherical or near torispherical end caps, with or without bosses therein, about which a high strength to weight material, such as graphite epoxy composite shell, is formed to withstand the storage pressure forces. The polymeric substrate may be laminated on one or both sides with additional layers of polymeric film. The liner may be formed to a desired configuration using a dissolvable mandrel or by inflation techniques and the edges of the film seamed by heat sealing. The liner may be utilized in most any type of gas storage system, and is particularly applicable for hydrogen, ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A single plasma process involving three consecutive steps has been developed for producing high gas flow catalytic nanostructures on the electrodes of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells (FC). Using a high density helicon radio frequency (13.56 MHz) plasma, nickel is sputtered onto a porous carbon support. Changing the background gas from argon to methane/hydrogen allowed 2 ?m long, 37 nm diameter carbon nanofibres (CNFs) to be grown by diffusion through the nickel clusters in a 'tip growth' mechanism at the relatively low temperature of 400 deg. C. The third step involves plasma sputtering of platinum onto the CNFs, resulting in nanoclusters (3-8 nm) being formed on the periphery of the CNFs. Four FC cathodes were synthesized on carbon paper and PTFE/carbon loaded cloth (known as gas diffusion layer, GDL), both with and without CNFs, with the Pt/CNFs nanostructures grown on PTFE/carbon loaded cloth having the best FC ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

To increase further the accuracy of flow regime and considering the non-stationary characteristics of differential pressure fluctuation signals of gas-liquid two-phase flow, the flow regime identification method based on recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) and multi-sensor data fusion techniques is put forward. First of all, the recurrence quantification analysis method is used to extract the nonlinear feature parameters of the differential pressure fluctuation signals of gas-liquid two-phase flow, and data fusion of feature layer is conducted by QRA feature parameters of differential pressure signals of three pressure measure intervals, and composes the fusion feature vectors. The fused characteristic vector are input into the support vector machine for identify flow regime. The identification results for four typical flow regimes of air-water two-phase flow in horizontal pipe has shown that the reliability of the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The high insulating strength of certain gases, such as sulfur hexafluoride, when used at high pressure, suggests that there may be advantages to compressed gases as the insulating fluid in power transformers. However, simply exchanging the oil for compressed gas in an otherwise conventional transformer design will not yield a significant overall advantage. Compressed gases present the engineer with properties which are quite different from mineral oil. If gases are to be used as the major insulating fluid in power transformers, then virtually all aspects of the insulation and cooling of the apparatus must be reconsidered, affording an opportunity to introduce new design concepts, new materials, and new construction techniques. In this program, the feasibility of using the following principal design concepts has been explored: sheet conductors for the windings; a system of sealed, self-contained, annular cooling ducts containing circulating ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This dissertation describes a measurement of the rate ofnuclear muon capture by the proton, performed by the MuCap Collaborationusing a new technique based on a time projection chamber operating inultraclean, deuterium-depleted hydrogen gas at room temperature and 1 MPapressure. The hydrogen target's low gas density of 1 percent compared toliquid hydrogen is key to avoiding uncertainties that arise from theformation of muonic molecules. The capture rate was obtained from thedifference between the mu- disappearance rate in hydrogen--as determinedfrom data collected in the experiment's first physics run in fall2004--and the world averagefor the mu+ decay rate. After combining theresults of my analysis with the results from another independent analysisof the 2004 data, the muon capture rate from the hyperfine singlet groundstate of the mu-p atom is found to be Lambda_S = 725.0 +- 17.4 1/s, fromwhich the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The design of the first structural wall (FSW) in an inertial confinement fusion (ICF) reactor requires some knowledge of the expected wall loading produced by x-ray and neutron deposition; specifically in the High Yield Lithium Injection Fusion Energy (HYLIFE) reactor, wall loading results from two sources -- gas shock and liquid impact. Gas shock is derived from x-ray deposition in the thin layers of exposed blanket material, producing ionized vapor, which will generate gas shock on the FSW. Liquid impact, on the other hand, results from the acceleration of liquid blanket material by two possible forces -- the drag from vapor expansion through the blanket material and the neutron-induced isochoric disassembly process. Both impacts, however, are coupled by the interaction of hot gas expanding through the liquid blanket. This paper discusses scaling methods for estimating pressure and impulse on the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In this paper, we report on a comparative study of active screen plasma nitriding (ASPN) and conventional dc plasma nitriding (CPN) behavior of 30CrNiMo8 low-alloy steel that has been examined under various process conditions. The process variables included active screen setup parameters (screen and iron plate top lids placed on the screen setup with 8 mm of hole size), treatment temperature (550 and 580 deg. C), gas mixture (75/25 and 25/75 of N{sub 2}/H{sub 2}) and treatment time (5 and 10 h) in 500 Pa pressure. The structure and phases composition of the diffusion zone and compound layer were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), microhardness tests, light optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was observed that treated sample surfaces in both CPN and ASPN methods consist of {gamma}' and {epsilon} phases, and while the nitriding time and/or temperature increases, the intensity of {epsilon} phase in the compound layer will increase ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography has revealed organic residues in sup(99m)Tc-pertechnetate obtained from "9"9Mo-molybdate by extraction, using the organic solvent methylethylketone (MEK). The organic residues have been identified as either (i) low molecular weight carbonyl compounds such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone, presumably caused by the effects of #gamma#-radiation on MEK, or (ii) condensation products resulting from the action of strong alkali on MEK during the extraction process. The quantities of organic residues varied from batch to batch of extracted pertechnetate; up to 40 #mu# mL"-"1 was found. When these compounds were tested, in rats, by addition to a pyrophosphate bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical, the tissue distribution was not significantly different from that in the control, which contained no added compound. Assay for "9"9Tc in MEK-derived pertechnetate ...

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Zinc oxide (ZnO) and alumina (Al2O3) particles are synthesized by the combustion of their volatilized acetylacetonate precursors in a premixed air-methane flame reactor. The particles are characterized by XRD, transmission electron microscopy, scanning mobility particle sizing and by measurement of the BET specific surface area. Pure (?-)alumina particles appear as dendritic aggregates with average mobile diameter 43-93 nm consisting of partly sintered, crystalline primary particles with diameter 7.1-8.8 nm and specific surface area 184-229 m2/g. Pure zinc oxide yields compact, crystalline particles with diameter 25-40 nm and specific surface area 27-43 m2/g. The crystallite size for both oxides, estimated from the XRD line broadening, is comparable to or slightly smaller than the primary particle diameter. The specific surface area increases and the primary particle size decreases with a decreasing flame temperature and a decreasing precursor vapour pressure. The combustion of ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

For the layout of a pressure suppression system of a light water cooled reactor (boiling water reactor) it is important to know the time dependent behavior of the vent clearing transient after a loss-of-coolant accident for two main reasons: time of the end of the vent clearing transient influences strongly the pressure and temperature maxima in the drywell and wetwell. Time-dependent behavior of the vent clearing transient influences pressure loads in the condensation pool of the wetwell and therefore pressure induced stresses to the structure. The time-dependent behavior of the water masses in the vent pipes and wetwell are described by the basic equations for a nonstationary incompressible friction flow: momentum equation, continuity equation and a correlation for the variation of the state of the gas volume in the wetwell above the water level. After many algebraic operations and integrations along the flow path, a single ordinary nonlinear ...

Science.gov (United States)

An advanced experimental technique has been developed to simulate two-phase flow behavior in a light water reactor (LWR). The technique applies three kinds of methods; (1) use of sulfur-hexafluoride (SF6) gas and ethanol (C2H5OH) liquid at atmospheric temperature and a pressure less than 1.0MPa, where the fluid properties are similar to steam-water ones in the LWR, (2) generation of bubble with a sintering tube, which simulates bubble generation on heated surface in the LWR, (3) measurement of detailed bubble distribution data with a bi-optical probe (BOP), (4) and measurement of liquid velocities with the tracer liquid. This experimental technique provides easy visualization of flows by using a large scale experimental apparatus, which gives three-dimensional flows, and measurement of detailed spatial distributions of two-phase flow. With this technique, we have carried out ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This article discussed a project formed to develop innovative seismic imaging technologies. The Kaleidoscope project aims to accelerate the processing of seismic sound waves by several orders of magnitude using advanced computer-based techniques to reveal oil and gas deposits buried deep in the earth in a manner that is both cost-effective and efficient. It is expected that the technology will be used in deep water applications with massive untapped reserves. The seismic technology will be used to locate hydrocarbons and oil reserves buried 20,000 feet beneath the seabed. It is estimated that the Gulf of Mexico contains 56 billion barrels of oil equivalent worth nearly $6 trillion. However, the reserves are difficult to locate due to the interbedded salt bodies in the subsurface. The project is simultaneously working on both hardware and software applications, and are currently writing the first petascale set of seismic imaging applications. ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Powders with nominal compositions (in atomic percent) Ti-48Al and Ti-48Al-2Nb-2Cr were prepared by the plasma rotating electrode process (PREP) and gas atomization (GA) techniques. As-solidified and heat-treated (1000degC per 3 h) powder samples were examined by metallography, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The microstructures of the powders were characterized as a function of atomization technique, alloy content, powder particle size (solidification rate) and thermal history. All of the as-solidified powders were comprised of disordered [alpha], and ordered [alpha][sub 2]-Ti[sub 3]Al and [gamma]-TiAl. For both alloys, a larger volume fraction of [alpha] and [alpha][sub 2] was observed in the PREP powders relative to GA powders of comparable size. Additionally, for both alloys and both atomization techniques, the volume fraction of [alpha][sub 2] ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Developing safe, reliable, cost-effective, and efficient hydrogen-electricity co-generation systems is an important step in the quest for national energy security and minimized reliance on foreign oil. This project aimed to, through materials research, develop a cost-effective advanced technology cogenerating hydrogen and electricity directly from distributed natural gas and/or coal-derived fuels. This advanced technology was built upon a novel hybrid module composed of solid-oxide fuel-assisted electrolysis cells (SOFECs) and solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), both of which were in planar, anode-supported designs. A SOFEC is an electrochemical device, in which an oxidizable fuel and steam are fed to the anode and cathode, respectively. Steam on the cathode is split into oxygen ions that are transported through an oxygen ion-conducting electrolyte (i.e. YSZ) to oxidize the anode fuel. The dissociated hydrogen and residual steam are exhausted from the SOFEC cathode and ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

We discuss condensations of closed string tachyons localized in compact spaces. Time evolution of an on-shell condensation is naturally related to the worldsheet RG flow. Some explicit tachyonic compactifications of Type II string theory is considered, and some of them are shown to decay into supersymmetric theories known as the little string theories.

CERN Document Server

We argue that the occurrence of late-time acceleration can conveniently be described by first-order general relativity covariantly coupled to fermions. Dark energy arises as a gravitationally driven BCS condensate of fermions which forms in the early universe. At late times, the gap and chemical potential evolve to have an equation of state with effective negative pressure, thus naturally leading to acceleration.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Two-Column Aerosol Project (TCAP) field campaign will provide a detailed set of observations with which to (1) perform radiative and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) closure studies, (2) evaluate a new retrieval algorithm for aerosol optical depth (AOD) in the presence of clouds using passive remote sensing, (3) extend a previously developed technique to investigate aerosol indirect effects, and (4) evaluate the performance of a detailed regional-scale model and a more parameterized global-scale model in simulating particle activation and AOD associated with the aging of anthropogenic aerosols. To meet these science objectives, the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility will deploy the ARM Mobile Facility (AMF) and the Mobile Aerosol Observing System (MAOS) on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, for a 12-month period starting in the summer of 2012 in order to quantify aerosol properties, radiation, and cloud characteristics ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This study assesses the feasibility of the so-called heat pipe technique for cooling the piston of a mediumspeed diesel engine and is part of a research project 'EVE HPD, Extreme Value Engine Tests with High Power Density' carried out by HUT Internal Combustion Engine Laboratory. Diesel engines are being developed to give greater power from a given cylinder swept volume, which means higher temperatures in combustion chamber. The traditional oil cooling cannot be used beyond certain temperature level. Heat pipe technology could provide one solution to the cooling problem. The general properties, principles of operation, and structures of different types of heat pipes are described. Working fluids and container materials of heat pipes are discussed. The operation limitations of heat pipes are studied, especially, the limitations of a reciprocating heat pipe, in which the return of the condensate to the evaporator section is ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The availability of polysilicon feedstock has become a major issue for the photovoltaic (PV) industry in recent years. Most of the current polysilicon feedstock is derived from rejected material from the semiconductor industry. However, the reject material can become scarce and more expensive during periods of expansion in the integrated-circuit industry. Continued rapid expansion of the PV crystalline-silicon industry will eventually require a dedicated supply of polysilicon feedstock to produce solar cells at lower costs. The photovoltaic industry can accept a lower purity polysilicon feedstock (solar-grade) compared to the semiconductor industry. The purity requirements and potential production techniques for solar-grade polysilicon have been reviewed. One interesting process from previous research involves reactive gas blowing of the molten silicon charge. As an example, Dosaj et all reported a reduction of metal and boron impurities from ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The performance of four different organic coating systems applied to carbon and weathering steel coupons has been assessed in this investigation. applied on the surface of carbon steel and weathering steel coupons. The coupons have been evaluated using five different tests, three field tests and two accelerated tests. The field tests were carried out at three atmospheric stations, located at COSIPA in Cubatao-SP, at Alto da Serra in Cubatao-SP and at Paula Souza in Sao Paulo city. The accelerated tests consisted of (a) exposure to alternate cycles of ultraviolet radiation/condensation combined with salt spray cycles (UVCON combined with Salt Spray) and of (b) exposure to alternate cycles of ultraviolet radiation/condensation combined with the Prohesion test. The performance of the coatings was assessed by visual observation and photographs, using a method based on ASTM D-610, ASTM D-714 and ASTM-1654 standards to rank them. The oxide phases ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The permeation of hydrogen through steam generator tubes at high temperatures ({approx} 300 degrees C) has been studied using an electrochemical technique. With this technique, hydrogen is generated on one side of the tube and monitored on the other side. The time for the hydrogen to reach the other side is used to determine the diffusion coefficient of hydrogen in the tube. Boundary conditions at the entry and exit sides have been investigated separately. Preliminary studies were performed on Stainless Steel 316 and Nickel Alloy 800 to better understand the influence of the solution chemistry on the electrochemical evolution of hydrogen. The surface phenomena effect and the trapping effect are discussed to account for differences observed in the permeation response. The hydrogen permeation through oxides at the exit side has been studied. Two nickel alloys (Alloy 800 and Alloy 600), materials widely used for steam generator tubes, have been ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract prepared.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The evaluation methodology utilized in deciding to change over Oyster Creek plant operation from chemical regeneration of condensate demineralizer resin beds to throwaway of this spent resin is presented. Both the economic and operational aspects considered are discussed. The evaluation shows that potential savings in the $1.1M range are feasible over a 5 year cycle. Cost sensitivity analysis results define the throwaway versus regeneration breakeven point to be 47 condensate demineralization beds per 5 year cycle. The evaluation also discusses the trade off between resin and evaporator concentrates burial volumes. Analyses are given which show that the burial volume cost equivalency of resin to solidified concentrates is 150 ft./sup 3/ of resin equals 400 ft./sup 3/ of concentrates. Based on one year of power operation in the throwaway mode, the savings and operational value anticipated in the initial study are being realized.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Heat Cycle Research Program, which is conducted for the Department of Energy, has as its objective the development of the technology for effecting the improved utilization of moderate temperature geothermal resources. The current testing involves the investigation of the performance of binary power cycles utilizing mixtures of non-adjacent hydrocarbons as the working fluids, with supercritical vaporization and in-tube condensation. The utilization of these concepts will improve the net geofluid effectiveness (net plant output per unit mass of geofluid) about 20% over that of a conventional binary power plant. The major prerequisite for this improvement is the achievement of integral, countercurrent condensation. Results are presented for testing of the performance of the condenser at different tube inclinations. The performance in the vertical orientation is better than in either the horizontal or inclined orientations. ...

Science.gov (United States)

A process and apparatus for the production of coke, asphalt and jet fuel m a feed of fossil fuels containing volatile carbon compounds therein is disclosed. The process includes the steps of pyrolyzing the feed in an entrained bed pyrolyzing means, separating the volatile pyrolysis products from the solid pyrolysis products removing at least one coke from the solid pyrolysis products, fractionating the volatile pyrolysis products to produce an overhead stream and a bottom stream which is useful as asphalt for road pavement, condensing the overhead stream to produce a condensed liquid fraction and a noncondensable, gaseous fraction, and removing water from the condensed liquid fraction to produce a jet fuel-containing product. The disclosed apparatus is useful for practicing the foregoing process. the process provides a useful method of mass producing and jet fuels from materials such as coal, oil shale and tar sands.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Purpose: To remove excessive driving pressure applied to an unisolated control rod drive by returning excessive coolant to a condensed water storage tank or to the inlet side of a drive water pump using a coolant flow rate control pipe of a control rod driving hydraulic system. Constitution: Excessive water is returned to a condensed water tank while controlling the excessive coolant by a flow control valve in response to variations in the pressure difference between the reactor pressure and the driving water line when the control rods are isolated using a pipe from the outlet side of the drive water pump to the condensed water storage tank. Thus, the control rod to be isolated is prevented form being dropped. (Sekiya, K.).

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fundamental phenomena of condensation heat transfer at a steam-water interface have been studied related to the thermo-hydrodynamics of the emergency core cooling system for light water reactors. In this study temperature fluctuations near the interface and in the liquid phase were measured using fine thermocouples for a saturated steam-subcooled water co-current stratified two-phase flow in a nearly horizontal rectangular channel, and heat transfer coefficients were determined experimentally. The values of the condensation heat transfer coefficients in this experiment are from 6 to 40 kW/m"2K. In the regions of high Reynolds numbers, as the steam Reynolds numbers become larger, the average interfacial heat transfer coefficients tend to increase. The corelations of Nusselt numbers were obtained from the heat transfer data. (author)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The interest for medicinal plants has raised again in the last decades, after overcoming a declination period caused by the advances in the researches and development of the synthetic drugs industries. This growing interest has been stimulated mainly by searching cheap and accessible alternative therapies. However, in order to have natural products based treatment in an efficient and safety way, it is necessary to guarantee the plant authenticity, finding adulterations and to assure a low level of microbiological contaminations to avoid damages to consumer's health. The decontamination method should be chosen for eliminating or reduce the microorganisms level without loss of the plant active constituents that would destroy its therapeutic action. At the present work, the possibility of using #gamma# and X electromagnetic radiations to sterilize a Brazilian medicinal plant (Maytenus aquifolium Martius, Celastraceae), which shows anti-ulcer activity, was studied by accomplishing its ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The present article describes the features of the fully-fired combined cycles and the outline of the plant. Hitachi has optimized fully-fired combined cycle systems by executing a heat recovery type combined cycle. For the fully-fired combined cycles, it is possible to raise plant efficiency through the selection of adequate gas turbine types and cycles. It is possible to apply existing boiler facilities, fuel combustion systems, and stacks. It is possible to execute civil and architectural works on existing plants in-service as well as modification works during routine inspections. The NOx increment by gas turbine unit installations can be reduced by denitration plant modifications. Examples of the fully-fired combined cycles under planning are also introduced. Furthermore, the relational technique and operational characteristics are mentioned, as for combustion characteristics under low oxygen concentration in the wind ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Accomplishments for the quarter are presented for the following areas of research: oil shale, tar sand, coal, advanced exploratory process technology, and jointly sponsored research. Oil shale research includes; oil shale process studies, environmental base studies for oil shale, and miscellaneous basic concept studies. Tar sand research covers process development. Coal research includes; underground coal gasification, coal combustion, integrated coal processing concepts, and solid waste management. Advanced exploratory process technology includes; advanced process concepts, advanced mitigation concepts, and oil and gas technology. Jointly sponsored research includes: organic and inorganic hazardous waste stabilization; development and validation of a standard test method for sequential batch extraction fluid; operation and evaluation of the CO[sub 2] HUFF-N-PUFF Process; fly ash binder for unsurfaced road aggregates; solid state NMR analysis of Mesa Verde Group, ...

CERN Document Server

In Internet Routing, the static shortest path (SP) problem has been addressed using well known intelligent optimization techniques like artificial neural networks, genetic algorithms (GAs) and particle swarm optimization. Advancement in wireless communication lead more and more mobile wireless networks, such as mobile networks [mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs)] and wireless sensor networks. Dynamic nature of the network is the main characteristic of MANET. Therefore, the SP routing problem in MANET turns into dynamic optimization problem (DOP). Here the nodes ae made aware of the environmental condition, thereby making it intelligent, which goes as the input for GA. The implementation then uses GAs with immigrants and memory schemes to solve the dynamic SP routing problem (DSPRP) in MANETS. In our paper, once the network topology changes, the optimal solutions in the new environment can be searched using the new immigrants ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Centre's new structure, implemented in July 1997 is now operating well. CMTE Development Limited is now the legal entity for the CRC and replaces the previously unincorporated joint venture. CMTE has ten core participating organisations. Roche Highwall Mining Pty. Ltd., withdrew participation during the year. The annual report describes its structure and management and various cooperative links. It outlines research programs in the following areas: mining; geological sensing; automation; reliability and maintenance; and coal processing. Projects include: developing an ultra-short-radius drilling machine for drainage of methane gas from coal seams; developing techniques for improved drilling speed and accuracy to reduce costs for gas drainage holes in underground coal mining; developing draglines; developing geophysical logging tools; developing autonomous control of underground vehicles such as coal-haul-dump ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Background When assessing the function of the cardiovascular system, cardiac output (CO) is a substantial parameter. For its determination, numerous non-invasive techniques have been proposed in the recent years including inert gas rebreathing (IGR) and impedance cardiography (ICG). The aim of our study was to evaluate whether a novel ICG algorithm (electrical velocimetry) and IGR can be used interchangeably in the clinical setting. Methods A total of 120 consecutive stable patients were included resulting in two pairs of repeated non-invasive cardiac output measurements. Results The mean CO was 5.0???1.2?l/min (range 2.6?8.6?l/min) using IGR and 4.4???1.1?l/min (1.7?7.4?l/min) using ICG, respectively. Bland?Altman analysis revealed an acceptable agreement with a mean bias of 0.6???1.2?l/m...

Science.gov (United States)

The growth of an oxide interfacial layer was recently found to increase the open-circuit voltage (OCV) and efficiency by up to 60 per cent in GaAs metal-semiconductor solar cells. Details of oxidation techniques to provide the necessary oxide thickness and chemical structure and using ozone, water-vapor-saturated oxygen, or oxygen gas discharges are described, as well as apparent crystallographic orientation effects. Preliminary results of the oxide chemistry obtained from X-ray, photoelectron spectroscopy are given. Ratios of arsenic oxide to gallium oxide of unity or less seem to be preferable. Samples with the highest OVC predominantly have As(+3) in the arsenic oxide rather than As(+5). A major difficulty at this time is a reduction in OCV by 100-200 mV when the antireflection coating is vacuum deposited.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Supercritical CO2 is used as a new solvent for immersion deposition, a galvanic displacement process traditionally carried out in aqueous HF solutions containing metal ions, to selectively develop metal films on featured or non-featured silicon substrates. Components of supercritical fluid immersion deposition (SFID) solutions for fabricating Cu and Pd films on silicon substrates are described along with the corresponding experimental setup and procedure. Only silicon substrates exposed and reactive to SFID solutions can be coated. The highly pressurized and gas-like supercritical CO2, combined with the galvanic displacement property of immersion deposition, enables the SFID technique to selectively deposit metal films in small features. SFID may also provide a new method to fabricate palladium silicide in small features or to metallize porous silicon.

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Polyethylene pipes and connections are being widely used in treated water distribution services. Migration of low molecular weight compounds from the polyethylene into the water can change its final quality. This paper is about the concentrations and identification of the migration compounds found in treated water after staying in contact with low and high-density polyethylene. Identification and quantification were carried out using CLSA (Closed Loop Stripping Analysis) extraction technique and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). (Author) 12 refs.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Designs of nuclear reactor plants aim for high performance under safety consideration. Because of large scale and high pressure/temperature conditions, data from costly mockup tests have been required to verify simulation codes of systems and components. Establishment of design by analysis (DBA) in nuclear engineering is required for development of next generation nuclear reactors. Recent powerful computers and simulation technique enable numerical analyses to predict realistic behaviors of thermo-fluid flow, structure and do on. The present report describes resent simulation results of complex gas-liquid two-phase flow, large scale structure dynamics and fluid-structure interaction. (author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The three tasks were completed during this reporting period. During this quarter, work focused on a local structural analysis of the Table Rock field, greater Green River basin (GGRB) in southwestern Wyoming. The ultimate objective of the local analysis is to apply the techniques developed and demonstrated during earlier phases of the project in the Rulison Field area of the Piceance basin for sweet-spot delineation. The primary goal of this work is to focus in on the Table Rock field area in the northern Washakie basin of the Greater Green River basin in support of Union Pacific Resources and DOE planned horizontal drilling efforts. The work plan for the quarter of April 1, 1998--June 30, 1998 consisted of three tasks: (1) Acquire necessary seismic data and depth-convert, (2) Map major fault geometry and analyze displacement vectors, (3) Develop and initiate a natural fracture prediction study.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

In this study structural and magnetic character of the expanded austenite phase (gN) layer formed on a medical grade CoCrMo alloy by a low-pressure Radio-Frequency plasma nitriding process was investigated. The formation of the expanded austenite phase is facilitated at a substrate temperature near 400^oC for 1, 2, 4, 6 and 20h under a gas mixture of 60% N2-40% H2. The magnetic state of the gN layers was determined by a surface sensitive technique, magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE), and with a scanning probe microscope in magnetic force mode (MFM). Strong evidence for the ferromagnetic nature of the gN-(Co,Cr,Mo) phase is provided by the observation of stripe domain structures and the hysteresis loops. The ferromagnetic state for the gN phase observed here is mainly linked to large lattice ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Applications of magnesium alloys are motivated mainly by their lightweight. However, manufacturing cost should also be evaluated when considering applying them. From this point of consideration, adoption of sheet forming processes, which previously have not been heavily researched, should be an option. This paper is intended to pioneer the study of the formability of magnesium alloy AZ31 out of rolled sheets at elevated temperatures. The rolled microstructures are examined and correlated with their formability. Post-forming conditions will also be investigated. The tool employed to perform the sheet forming experiments was a punchless die-setting which used pressurized gas to press the sheet into a female die cavity. This technique applied to Mg-alloy is unconventional and warrants attention for its potential utilization in the industry. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The phased field development of the Lion and Panthere fields, offshore the Ivory Coast, includes a small floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) tanker with minimal processing capability as an early oil production system (EPS). For the long-term production scheme, the FPSO will be replaced by a converted jack up mobile offshore production system (MOPS) with full process equipment. The development also includes guyed-caisson well platforms, pipeline export for natural gas to fuel an onshore power plant, and a floating storage and offloading (FSO) tanker for oil export. Pipeline export for oil is a future possibility. This array of innovative strategies and techniques seldom has been brought together in a single project. The paper describes the development plan, early oil, jack up MOPS, and transport and installation.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Traditional methane drainage methods, including conventional ventilation and boreholes drilled in the coal seam, are widely used in modern coal mining operation in China. However, it is often noted that the gas drainage presents low efficiency in most coal mines due to low permeability of the coal seam, which not only affects the safety, but also the productivity of the coal mine. This paper describes the development and application of the waterjet cutting system, which is used to create artificial fractures and increase the permeability of coal seam for the improvement of methane drainage in underground coal mines in China. According to underground monitoring, a significant improvement of methane drainage efficiency of up to 3 to 6 times over the traditional methods has been achieved. (author)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Since high resolution sequence stratigraphy was introduced into China by DENG Hong-wen in 1995, it has been experienced two development stages in China which are the beginning stage of theory research and development of theory research and application, and the stage of theoretical maturity and widely application that is going into. It is proved by practices that high resolution sequence stratigraphy plays more and more important roles in the exploration and development of oil and gas in Chinese continental oil-bearing basin and the research field spreads to the exploration of coal mine, uranium mine and other strata deposits. However, the theory of high resolution sequence stratigraphy still has some shortages, it should be improved in many aspects. The authors point out that high resolution sequence stratigraphy should be characterized quantitatively and modelized by computer techniques. (authors)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The global interest in renewable energy is attributed to the decline in fossil fuel sources and the need for technical, economic, social and environmental sustainability. This study focused on the new techniques that have been developed for the use of biomass for energy from wood wastes from the forest-based industry. As an energy source, wood waste contributes positively to the environment by reducing environmental problems related to contamination of soil, air and water through improper disposal of waste. Biomass gasification has the advantage of converting biomass into a combustible gas that can be used for heat generation, electricity and synthesis of chemicals. Syngas produced from gasification of eucalyptus residues has significant potential, with an average High Heating Value of 6.60 MJ/m{sup 3}, and regular composition during the process, with predominance of carbon monoxide, followed by hydrogen, carbon dioxide and methane.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The North Dakota Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) approach to removing NO{sub x} from flue gas emitted by coal-fired utility boilers or for the control of NO{sub x} formation by advanced combustion techniques involves the development of a catalytic fabric filter (CFF) for simultaneous NO{sub x} and particulate control. The NO{sub x}is removed by catalytic reduction with ammonia to form nitrogen and water. Bench-scale experimental results have shown that over 90% NO{sub x} removal can be achieved. This report details the strengths and areas for for development in this project.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The alloy type 'alloy 800' with its different variants is used for numerous components in high-temperature reactor (HTR) plants, e.g. for hot-gas conductors, the high-pressure part of steam generators, superheaters, steam collecting vessels and live steam conductors. This study deals with the evaluation of creep rupture tests on 28 welded joints of alloy 800 with an accumulated test duration of 410 years, with the objective to obtain quantitative information on a possible loss of strength in comparison with the unwelded material. The longest test period of an individual test amounted to 98,000 h and the analyzed test temperature range lay between 550"0 and 1000"0C. (orig./MM).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The bulk removal of CO/sub 2/ from industrial gases is a frequently applied process in the field of gas-treating. Usually chemical solvents are used in order to increase both the solvent-loading capacity and the absorption rate. These solvents often are aqueous solutions of alkanolamines. The loaded-liquid is regenerated at high temperatures with the aid steam. In the present study absorption rates are experimentally determined in various mixtures of amines over a wide range of concentrations. Simultaneously, a model was developed for the description of mass transfer accompanied by parallel reversible chemical reactions. The equations of this mass transfer model could not be solved analytically and therefore numerical techniques were used to obtain an exact description of this process. This model also includes the asymptotic situations of homogeneous catalysts and shuttle mechanism for which in the literature several approximate solutions have ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

A recently developed hydrodistillation?solvent microextraction (HD?SME) method coupled to gas chromatography?mass spectrometry (GC?MS) was applied to the analysis of volatile components of aerial parts of Echinophora cinerea (Boiss). By the use of a simplex optimization method, the effects of extraction time, sample weight and microdrop volume on the extraction efficiency of the method were optimized. In the optimized conditions, 3??L of n-heptadecane was suspended in the headspace of 6?g of hydrodistillating sample, using a microsyringe. After 7?min, the solvent was retracted back into the syringe and directly injected into the GC?MS injection port. The HD?SME method was compared to a conventional hydrodistillation technique. In general, the extraction with HD?SME was relatively faster an...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A brief comparative review of possible mercury free fluorescent lighting technologies is presented, including rare-gas positive column discharges, molecular discharges, and dielectric barrier discharges. Detailed experimental results on xenon positive column discharges will then be considered. In order to judge whether xenon-based discharges are a viable UV source it is necessary to measure the radiant emittance (power per unit area) for the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) resonance xenon emission at 147 nm. Two techniques to determine the VUV radiant emittance have been developed and applied to xenon discharges. One method combines the measured resonance level density using absorption spectroscopy and a calculation of the trapped decay rate for the resonance radiation to arrive at the radiant emittance at 147 nm. A second method utilizes a direct measurement of the radiance (power per unit area per unit solid angle) at 147 nm using a calibrated VUV ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In this paper, we propose to characterize boron transient enhanced diffusion (TED) for processes currently used for P{sup +}/N ultra-shallow junctions (USJ) fabrication. Indeed, the fundamental understanding of boron diffusion for low energy boron implantation is mandatory to evaluate the scalability of such processes for the coming complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) transistor generations. In these experiments, we characterize the boron anomalous diffusion, thanks to boron buried marker-layers obtained by epitaxial growth. B{sup +} and BF{sub 2}{sup +} ultra-low energy (ULE) implantations and plasma doping (PLAD) using BF{sub 3} as precursor gas are carried out to compare the two techniques used for advanced USJ fabrication. Boron diffusion behaviors are analyzed via secondary ion mass spectrometry for annealing at 700 deg. C for 5 min and 15 min. Finally this paper brings some physical insights explaining the technological benefit ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A Real-Time Neutron Radiography (RTNR) system is used to determine two-phase flow parameters for a horizontal co-current two-phase flow channel with a CANDU-type 37 rod bundle. Image processing techniques are applied to visualize the two-phase flow, and to determine flow regime, cross-sectional averaged void fraction, time averaged void fraction, and void distribution. The experimentally determined flow regime map disagrees with existing flow regime models developed for the CANDU-type rod bundles. A new flow regime is observed and designated Large Amplitude Stratified Wavy flow. The results show that the LASW flow regime may be due to a combination of undeveloped flow phenomena, boundary conditions, and circumferential cross flow occurring in the bundle. The rods in the bundle may act as a dampener to the vertical flow and hinders the development of the wave into plug or slug flow by changing the momentum of the fluid in the circumferential direction. The effect of ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A Real-Time Neutron Radiography (RTNR) system is used to determine two-phase flow parameters for a horizontal co-current two-phase flow channel with a CANDU-type 37 rod bundle. Image processing techniques are applied to visualize the two-phase flow, and to determine flow regime, cross-sectional averaged void fraction, time averaged void fraction, and void distribution. The experimentally determined flow regime map disagrees with existing flow regime models developed for the CANDU-type rod bundles. A new flow regime is observed and designated Large Amplitude Stratified Wavy flow. The results show that the LASW flow regime may be due to a combination of undeveloped flow phenomena, boundary conditions, and circumferential cross flow occurring in the bundle. The rods in the bundle may act as a dampener to the vertical flow and hinders the development of the wave into plug or slug flow by changing the momentum of the fluid in the circumferential direction. The effect of ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The present work's objective is to test sampling methodologies applied on the bioremediation processes in situ, involving the establishment of sample replicates, specific laboratory procedures and its results, inedited on the referred technique. Agricultural fertilizers were used, NPK and OSMOCOTE, as biostimulants on mangroves substrates affected by petroleum activities. The tested methodology used on the experiment was based on the monitoring of this technology in aquarium with water from Sao Paulo's river and sediment contaminated by oil, realized in three steps (first pre-test, second pre-test and third pre-test) that happened between the months of August and November of 2007. The physical-chemical parameters were measured with portable devices carefully calibrated and the oil analyzed with gas chromatography. The saturated hydrocarbons (n-alkenes) had an increase on the concentrations for some aquariums and these found ...

Science.gov (United States)

A laser pyrolysis technique has been used to produce ultrafine particles of iron carbide with diameters ranging from 2 to 20 nm. Catalysis using iron carbide was investigated in the liquefaction of Wyodak subbituminous coal; yields were determined. A study was carried out to examine the possibility of using an ultrasonic extraction technique as a rapid method of product work-up of samples following pretreatment or liquefaction experiments. A similar study had shown that extraction of coal-derived products by an ultrasonic method was rapid and gave yields and product distributions comparable to those obtained by Soxhlet extraction. On another project, three different types of supported catalysts were used to test activity for the combined water-gas shift hydrogenation of a synthetic donor solvent. The three catalysts tested were: (1) Alumina supported NiMo catalyst-Shell 324m; (2) Bulk hydrous TiO NiMo catalyst; (3) Thin ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Full text of publication follows: Energy and environment are two major concerns in our modern society due to the coming shortage in fossil energy sources and the growing of greenhouse gas emissions. The challenge for the coming years is to discover new energy resources and to develop devices that are compatible with a sustainable development and generate few (or zero) emission. One of these devices is the fuel cell feed by hydrogen, whose application fields are very large. In particular, the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is the most realistic device for automotive application. However, hydrogen storage remains one of the most important challenges regarding its development. Although different techniques are available for storing hydrogen, no ideal solution has been found yet. Compression needs elaborated tanks in shape for supporting high pressures, liquefaction requires an expensive hydrogen cooling and adapted tanks. Chemical ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Previous analyses of binary cycles for conversion of geothermal energy from moderate temperature resources to electrical energy have shown potential gains in net geofluid effectiveness on the order of 8%, resulting from selection of turbine-expansion processes whose equilibrium states pass through the two-phase region. If condensation occurs, this gain could be reduced or eliminated by the resulting loss in turbine efficiency. Experience with many fluids, however, indicates that vapor supersaturation permits metastable pure-vapor states to exist at temperatures considerably below the saturation temperature at a given pressure; thus, by better understanding the condensation process, and properly structuring the cycle, substantial performance gains may be possible. The purpose of the present study was to assess the probability for attaining this performance gain by estimating the extent of condensation which might be expected ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This textbook contains the following main topics: Heat conductivity, convection, condensation and evaporation, radiation heat transfer and heat exchangers. It includes the physical foundations for all these aspects and many examples. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

We consider closed string tachyons localized at the fixed points of noncompact nonsupersymmetric orbifolds. We argue that tachyon condensation drives these orbifolds to flat space or supersymmetric ALE spaces. The decay proceeds via an expanding shell of dilaton gradients and curvature which interpolates between two regions of distinct angular geometry. The string coupling remains weak throughout. For small tachyon VEVs, evidence comes from quiver theories on D-branes probes, in which deformations by twisted couplings smoothly connect non-supersymmetric orbifolds to supersymmetric orbifolds of reduced order. For large tachyon VEVs, evidence comes from worldsheet RG flow and spacetime gravity. For C{sup 2}/Z{sub n}, we exhibit infinite sequences of transitions producing SUSY ALE spaces via twisted closed string condensation from non-supersymmetric ALE spaces. In a T-dual description this provides a mechanism for creating NS5-branes via closed ...

Science.gov (United States)

Measurement of local steam condensation rates of cocurrent stratified flow of steam and subcooled water was carried out at atmospheric pressure in a horizontal rectangular channel. The channel was constructed of stainless steel with pyrex glass windows, a...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

The biosynthetic costs of phenylpropanoid-derived condensed tannins (CTs) and phenolic glycosides (PGs) are substantial. However, despite reports of negative correlations between leaf phenolic content...Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In this paper we consider properties of the ideal gas of classical (nonquantum) tachyons.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

We propose triplet superconductors, such as ruthenates, as prospective materials for qubit construction. The vectorial nature of the order parameter in triplet superconductors makes it conceptually easy to estimate the performance of the qubits. The Cooper condensate of pairs in triplet superconductors has all the attributes of Bose-Einstein condensates and should facilitate long decoherence times for these qubits, relative to other vectorial schemes for qubits, such as small ferromagnets. There are other benefits, which the superconducting state provides for requirements such as entanglement between qubits via the proximity effect, etc. We consider these benefits in detail, although our consideration is only preliminary and further experimental and theoretical research will undoubtedly introduce correctives.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

All sections of the third edition of this well-known textbook have been revised and enlarged in consequence of the change-over to SI units. Numerous examples and illustrations have been included or replaced by new ones. The book considers the latest research results as well as the constructive developments of industrial steam turbine construction. On a scientific basis, this plain book imparts basic knowledge of the design, calculation, execution, condensation and performance in service of steam turbines of all types. The well-founded introduction, together with many calculated examples addresses the student as well as the engineer.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Researchers are developing polymer-based coating systems to reduce scaling and corrosion of air-cooled condensers that use a geothermal fluid spray for heat transfer augmentation. These coating systems act as barriers to corrosion to protect aluminum fins and steel tubing; they are formulated to resist the strong attachment of scale. Field tests have been done to determine the corrosion and scaling issues related to brine spraying and a promising organometallic polymer has been evaluated in salt spray tests.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A diagnosis of the refrigerant flows in a refrigerator was carried out by real-time neutron radiography. The thermal neutron radiography system of JRR-3M in Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute and the real-time image processing system developed by Musashi Institute of Technology were used. Freon evaporating flows in the evaporator, condensing flows in the condenser, flashing flows in the capillary tube and flows in the accumulator were visualized and the dynamic behaviors under practical conditions were clarified. In the case of the capillary tube of 0.8 mm i.d., a cooled-CCD camera was utilized. (orig.).