White sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) ???95 cm TL were monitored using acoustic and radio telemetry at a large hydroelectric dam (the Dalles Dam) on the Columbia River, during March 2004 through November 2005 to determine timing and routes of passage and to characterize general movements. Transmitters were surgically implanted into 148 fish during the study; 90 were released into the tailrace and 58 into the forebay. We documented 26 passage events by 19 tagged fish: eight upstream via fish ladders and 18 downstream, mostly through open spill gates. During the study 17 fish entered the two ladders one or more times; 11 entered only the east ladder, three entered only the north ladder, and three entered both ladders at sometime. Residence time within the ladders by individual fish was variable, ranging from about 1 min to nearly 6 months (median = 7.7 h). Only six fish successfully ascended the east ladder, one fish twice. We could not unequivocally determine which fish ladder one fish used to pass upstream. Differences in construction between the north and east fish ladders may account for the greater success of the east fish ladder in passing sturgeon upstream. Changes to operations at hydroelectric dams to benefit migrating anadromous salmonids may influence upstream or downstream passage by white sturgeon. Altering patterns and timing of spill discharge, altering fish ladder entrance attraction flows, and the use of lights, sound, and partial barriers to direct other species of fish to preferred passage routes have unknown effects on sturgeon passage. A better understanding of the consequences to the metapopulation of increasing or precluding upstream or downstream passage is needed. ?? 2007 The Authors.

In the late 1990s, the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, and Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, along with many other agencies, began implementing fisheries restoration activities in the Walla Walla Basin. An integral part of these efforts is to alleviate the inadequate fish migration conditions in the basin. The migration concerns are being addressed by removing diversion structures, constructing fish passage facilities, implementing minimum instream flow requirements, and providing trap and haul efforts when needed. The objective of the Walla Walla River Fish Passage Operations Project is to increase the survival of migrating adult and juvenile salmonids in the Walla Walla River basin. The project is responsible for coordinating operation and maintenance of ladders, screen sites, bypasses, trap facilities, and transportation equipment. In addition, the project provides technical input on passage criteria and passage and trapping facility design and operation. Operation of the various passage facilities and passage criteria guidelines are outlined in an annual operations plan that the project develops. During the 2004-2005 project year, there were 590 adult summer steelhead, 31 summer steelhead kelts (Oncorhynchus mykiss), 70 adult bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus); 80 adult and 1 jack spring Chinook (O. tshawytscha) enumerated at the Nursery Bridge Dam fishway video counting window between December 13, 2004, and June 16, 2005. Summer steelhead and spring chinook were observed moving upstream while bull trout were observed moving both upstream and downstream of the facility. In addition, the old ladder trap was operated by ODFW in order to enumerate fish passage. Of the total, 143 adult summer steelhead and 15 summer steelhead kelts were enumerated at the west ladder at Nursery Bridge Dam during the video efforts between February 4 and May 23, 2005. Operation of the Little Walla Walla River juvenile trap for trap and haul purposes was not necessary this year.

We report on our progress from October 1991 through September 1992 in evaluating juvenile fish bypass facilities at Three Mile Falls and Westland dams on the Umatilla River. We also report on our progress from October 1991 through June 1992 in evaluating adult fish passage in the lower Umatilla River and adult fish passage facilities at Three Mile Falls Dam. The study is a cooperative effort by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) and the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR). These are the study objectives addressed by ODFW and CTUIR: (1) Report A (ODFW): To evaluate the juvenile fish bypass facility in the West Extension Irrigation District Canal at Three Mile Falls Dam and document juvenile salmonid passage through the juvenile fish bypass facility and east-bank adult fish ladder. To measure velocity and develop trap designs at Westland Dam. (2) Report B (CTUIR): To examine the passage of adult salmonids at Three Mile Falls Dam. The study is part of a program to rehabilitate anadromous fish stocks in the Umatilla River Basin, including restoration of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), as well as enhancement of summer steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

In the late 1990s, the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, and Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, along with many other agencies, began implementing fisheries restoration activities in the Walla Walla Basin. An integral part of these efforts is to alleviate the inadequate fish migration conditions in the basin. Migration concerns are being addressed by removing diversion structures, constructing fish passage facilities, implementing minimum instream flow requirements, and providing trap and haul efforts when needed. The objective of the Walla Walla River Fish Passage Operations Project is to increase the survival of migrating adult and juvenile salmonids in the Walla Walla River basin. The project is responsible for coordinating operation and maintenance of ladders, screen sites, bypasses, trap facilities, and transportation equipment. In addition, the project provides technical input on passage and trapping facility design, operation, and criteria. Operation of the various passage facilities and passage criteria guidelines are outlined in an annual operations plan that the project develops. Beginning in March of 2007, two work elements from the Walla Walla Fish Passage Operations Project were transferred to other projects. The work element Enumeration of Adult Migration at Nursery Bridge Dam is now conducted under the Walla Walla Basin Natural Production Monitoring and Evaluation Project and the work element Provide Transportation Assistance is conducted under the Umatilla Satellite Facilities Operation and Maintenance Project. Details of these activities can be found in those project's respective annual reports.

A hydroelectric project located on Ashlu Creek, halfway between Whistler and Vancouver in British Columbia, consisted of a run-of-river project that used a short stretch of steep rapids to generate a capacity of 49.9MW. This paper presented the design and the optimization of the hydraulic structures during the construction phases using 2-D and 3-D numerical modelling. The proposed works included an emergency spillway weir equipped with an Obermeyer gate, a rock-fill weir, a Denil type fish ladder, a sluiceway and a side intake. The design and the verification of the upstream works were carried out using these models. The hydraulic conditions during construction phases were also simulated using the models in order to estimate the impact of the operations and validate the diversion works. It was found that numerical modeling can be an efficient alternative to small-scale physical modeling for specific applications in designing hydraulic structures.

On December 5, 1980, Congress passed the Pacific Northwest Electric Power Planning and Conservation Act (Public Law 96-501). The Act created the Northwest Power Planning Council (now the Northwest Power and Conservation Council). The Council was charged with the responsibility to prepare a Regional Conservation and Electric Power Plan and to develop a program to protect, mitigate, and enhance fish and wildlife including related spawning grounds and habitat on the Columbia River and its tributaries. The Council adopted its Fish and Wildlife Program on November 15, 1982. Section 800 of the Program addresses measures in the Yakima River Basin. The Yakima measures were intended to help mitigate hydroelectric impacts in the basin and provide off-site mitigation to compensate for fish losses caused by hydroelectric project development and operations throughout the Columbia River Basin. The Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) was designated as a major source of funding for such off-site mitigation measures and was requested to initiate discussions with the appropriate Federal project operators and the Council to determine the most expeditious means for funding and implementing the program. The primary measures proposed for rapid implementation in the Yakima River basin were the installation of fish passage and protective facilities. Sec. 109 of The Hoover Power Plant Act of 1984, authorized the Secretary of the Interior to design, construct, operate, and maintain fish passage facilities within the Yakima River Basin. Under Phase I of the program, improvements to existing fish passage facilities and installation of new fish ladders and fish screens at 16 of the largest existing diversion dams and canals were begun in 1984 and were completed in 1990. The Yakima Phase II fish passage program is an extension of the Phase I program. In 1988, the Yakama Nation (YN) submitted an application to amend Sections 803(b) and 1403(4.5) of the Northwest Power and Conservation Council's Columbia River Basin Fish and Wildlife Program to begin preliminary design on the Phase II fish screen program. Based on citizen and agency endorsement, the Council approved the amendment in 1989. The Council authorized BPA to provide funding for Phase II screens through the Fish and Wildlife Program. BPA then asked the Bureau of Reclamation to provide engineering and design expertise to the Phase II projects.

To analyse the relationship between spawning migrations and flow, cyprinids from ten fish ladders of the Elbe River (Czech Republic) were collected during the period of spawning migrations (April?June) in 1996, 2000 and 2001. Number of species and individuals in the fish ladders increased with increasing flow up to medium values, followed by further decrease during high flows, whilst length of individuals increased with increasing flow. Moreover, occurrence of four the most numerous species (bleak, roach, silver bream and barbel) showed species specific differences in response to flow variability. In early spring, the highest number of bleak in fish ladders occurred during the low flow, whilst later increased with increasing flow. Occurrence of roach and silver bream achieved the maximum d...

A future launch system option is the National Launch System under study by the Air ... costs of the system by insuring simple operations, low-cost manufacturing, ... The interior layout with a ladder and hatch arrangement has been designed to ...

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory evaluated Gardena Farms, Little Walla Walla, and Garden City/Lowden II Phase II fish screen facilities and provided underwater videography beneath a leaking rubber dam in the Walla Walla River basin in 2006. Evaluations of the fish screen facilities took place in early May 2006, when juvenile salmonids are generally outmigrating. At the Gardena Farms site, extended high river levels caused accumulations of debris and sediment in the forebay. This debris covered parts of the bottom drum seals, which could lead to early deterioration of the seals and drum screen. Approach velocities were excessive at the upstream corners of most of the drums, leading to 14% of the total approach velocities exceeding 0.4 feet per second (ft/s). Consequently, the approach velocities did not meet National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) design criteria guidelines for juvenile fish screens. The Little Walla Walla site was found to be in good condition, with all approach, sweep, and bypass velocities within NMFS criteria. Sediment buildup was minor and did not affect the effectiveness of the screens. At Garden City/Lowden II, 94% of approach velocities met NMFS criteria of 0.4 ft/s at any time. Sweep velocities increased toward the fish ladder. The air-burst mechanism appears to keep large debris off the screens, although it does not prevent algae and periphyton from growing on the screen face, especially near the bottom of the screens. In August 2006, the Gardena Farm Irrigation District personnel requested that we look for a leak beneath the inflatable rubber dam at the Garden City/Lowden II site that was preventing water movement through the fish ladder. Using our underwater video equipment, we were able to find a gap in the sheet piling beneath the dam. Erosion of the riverbed was occurring around this gap, allowing water and cobbles to move beneath the dam. The construction engineers and irrigation district staff were able to use the video footage to resolve the problem within a couple weeks. We had hoped to also evaluate the effectiveness of modifications to louvers behind the Nursery Bridge screens when flows were higher than 350 cubic feet per second, (cfs) but were unable to do so. Based on the one measurement made in early 2006 after the modified louvers were set, it appears the modified louvers may help reduce approach velocities. The auxiliary supply water system gates also control water through the screens. Evaluating the effect of different combinations of gate and louver positions on approach velocities through the screens may help identify optimum settings for both at different river discharges.

In the late 1990's, the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, and Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, along with many other agencies, began implementing fisheries restoration activities in the Walla Walla Basin. An integral part of these efforts is to alleviate the inadequate fish migration conditions in the basin. The migration concerns are being addressed by removing diversion structures, constructing fish passage facilities, implementing minimum instream flow requirements, and initiating trap and haul efforts. The objective of the Walla Walla River Fish Passage Operations Project is to increase the survival of migrating adult and juvenile salmonids in the Walla Walla River basin. The project is responsible for coordinating operation and maintenance of ladders, screen sites, bypasses, trap facilities, and transportation equipment. In addition, the project provides technical input on passage criteria and passage and trapping facility design and operation. Operation of the various passage facilities and passage criteria guidelines are outlined in an annual operations plan that the project develops. During the 2002-2003 project year, there were 545 adult summer steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss), 29 adult bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus); 1 adult and 1 jack spring chinook (O. tshawytscha) enumerated at the Nursery Bridge Dam fishway adult trap between January 1 and June 23, 2003. Summer steelhead and spring chinook were observed moving upstream while bull trout were observed moving both upstream and downstream of the facility. Operation of the Little Walla Walla River juvenile trap for trap and haul purposes was not necessary this year. The project transported 21 adult spring chinook from Ringold Springs Hatchery and 281 from Threemile Dam to the South Fork Walla Walla Brood Holding Facility. Of these, 290 were outplanted in August for natural spawning in the basin.

In this paper, a new multi-terminal active component, namely current backward transconductance amplifier (CBTA) is proposed. The design procedure for the systematic realization of current-mode ladder filters using proposed active component is also presented. In order to demonstrate that the CBTA considerably simplifies the leapfrog structure of the current-mode ladder filters, a fifth-order Butterworth low-pass filter that requires a minimum of active components is presented. The theoretical results are demonstrated by using PSPICE simulation.

Abstract A prototype carbon fibre SSD ladder, produced in St.Petersburg, was equipped in Utrecht with mounting blocks, designed in Torino, for the fixation on the ITS cone. Instead of the cone, a specially designed jig was used. The mechanical properties were measured in order to find out whether the design and the production method are compliant with the requirements given in the TDR.

Abstract in portuguese Dezenas de escadas de peixes foram construídas em barragens de reservatórios brasileiros, mas são raros os estudos acerca de suas eficiências como instrumentos de conservação da ictiofauna Neotropical, em especial de espécies migradoras. Neste contexto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a seletividade específica no ingresso e ascensão de peixes na escada localizada junto à barragem de Lajeado (UHE Luis Eduardo Magalhães, rio Tocantins). Amostragens f (more) oram realizadas mensalmente de novembro de 2002 a outubro de 2003 nos tanques de descanso da escada, utilizando tarrafas, e no trecho a jusante, utilizando redes de espera. A avaliação da seletividade no ingresso da escada foi realizada através da comparação da ocorrência, abundância relativa, dominância e congruência dos ranks de abundância de espécies migradoras e não migradoras na escada e no trecho imediatamente a jusante. A riqueza e abundância específica nos diferentes tanques de descanso foram utilizadas para avaliar a seletividade ao longo da escada. Os efeitos das variações temporais do nível hidrométrico de jusante e da velocidade de fluxo na seletividade foram também analisados. Das 130 espécies registradas a jusante, 63,2% foram capturadas na escada, com claro favorecimento das espécies migradoras. Entretanto, mais de 2/3 das capturas pertenceram a apenas três espécies (Rhaphiodon vulpinus, Psectrogaster amazonica e Oxydoras niger). Embora a maioria das espécies que ingressa na escada possa alcançar seu topo, constatou-se uma redução pronunciada na abundância. Variações temporais no nível da água a jusante da barragem influenciaram a riqueza e a abundância de peixes que se concentram na entrada e dentro da escada, com redução nos valores durante períodos de níveis baixos. Já na escada, a velocidade de fluxo de 2,3 m.s-1, embora também seletiva, mostrou-se mais adequada à ascensão de peixes em relação a de 2,8 m.s-1. Conclui-se, portanto, que o ingresso e a ascensão de peixes na escada não são congruentes com a composição e relações de abundância das espécies no trecho a jusante. O conjunto de espécies que efetivamente ascende a escada é dominado por poucas espécies, podendo incluir entre as dominantes aquelas que não necessitam ser transpostas. Dessa maneira, a seletividade se constitui num importante gargalo nas iniciativas de transposição de peixes visando a conservação dos estoques ou da biodiversidade, sendo urgente a revisão do processo decisório sobre a construção destes dispositivos e a avaliação acerca do funcionamento daquelas já construídas. Abstract in english Although dozens of fish ladders have been constructed at dams of Brazilian reservoirs, there are few studies evaluating their efficiency as a tool for the conservation of Neotropical ichthyofauna, especially for migratory species. Therefore, the present study evaluated the selectivity of the species that entered and ascended the fish ladder located next to Lajeado Dam (Luis Eduardo Magalhães Hydroelectric Power Plant) on the Tocantins River. Samples were taken monthly fr (more) om November, 2002 through October, 2003, in the resting pools of the ladder, using cast nets, and in the downstream stretch, using gillnets. The selectivity of the ladder in attracting fish was evaluated by comparing the occurrence, relative abundance, dominance and the congruence of abundance ranks of migratory and non-migratory species in the ladder and in the stretch of river immediately downstream. Species richness and fish abundance in the resting pools were used to evaluate selectivity along the ladder. The effects on selectivity by temporal variations in water level downriver and maximum flow velocity in the fish ladder were also analyzed. Out of the 130 species recorded downriver, 62.3% were caught in the ladder, and migratory species were clearly favored. However, more than 2/3 of the catch belonged to only three species (Rhaphiodon vulpinus, Psectrogaster amazonica and Oxydoras niger). Although the majority of the species that entered the ladder were able to reach its top, there was a sharp reduction in abundance of individuals towards the top. Temporal variations in the water level below the dam influenced richness and abundance of fish concentrated downstream and in the ladder, with lower values during periods of low water. In the ladder, a maximum flow velocity of 2.3 m/s, although also selective, proved to be more appropriate for fish ascension than a velocity of 2.8 m/s. It was concluded that the entry and ascension of the fish in the ladder were not congruent with their proportions in the downriver stretch: fish samples in the ladder were clearly dominated by a few species, including some that do not need to be translocated. Thus, selectivity constitutes an important bottleneck to initiatives for translocating fish aimed at conserving their stocks or biodiversity. It is urgent to review the decision-making process for the construction of fish passages and to evaluate the functioning of those already operating.

Abstract in portuguese Os mecanismos de transposição de peixes em barragens visam restabelecer a conectividade entre habitats críticos à manutenção para as espécies que tenham uma ampla área de vida. Os movimentos ascendentes da maioria das espécies migradoras conhecidas são realizados por motivação reprodutiva (adultos) ou dispersiva (juvenis). Neste contexto, o presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar se existe um padrão temporal na abundância de peixes a jusante da barragem e (more) na escada da UHE Lajeado (UHE Luis Eduardo Magalhães, rio Tocantins) que segue a sazonalidade reprodutiva. Adicionalmente, busca avaliar se reprodução é a motivação predominante dos cardumes que ascendem a escada. Para isto, as amostragens foram realizadas mensalmente de novembro de 2002 a outubro de 2003 a jusante da barragem, com o uso de redes de espera, e nos tanques de descanso da escada, com tarrafas. A análise da sazonalidade na agregação dos cardumes foi baseada nas variações temporais de abundância e riqueza de espécies, enquanto a motivação reprodutiva para a ascensão foi inferida a partir da freqüência dos estádios de maturação gonadal. Entretanto, durante todo o período foi constatada uma elevada freqüência de indivíduos com gônadas em fase pré-vitelogênica em todas as espécies analisadas, tanto a jusante da barragem (97%) como na escada (98%), sugerindo a inexistência de motivação reprodutiva para a agregação dos peixes a jusante e seus ingressos na escada. Por outro lado, o fato destes estádios dominarem as capturas também a jusante sugere que os locais de desova estão distantes, e que os deslocamentos ascendentes ocorrem por outras razões, como dispersão natural e busca de habitats mais apropriados para alimentação e crescimento. Assim, o ingresso na escada decorreu mais do comportamento reofílico, exacerbado nas espécies migradoras, que de uma motivação endógena ligada à migração reprodutiva. Abstract in english Fish passages are constructed with the aim of reestablishing connectivity between critical habitats, in order to sustain those species that move over a large area during their lives. The upstream movements of most of the known migratory species are made for purposes of reproduction (adults) or dispersal (juveniles). The present study was conducted at the ladder constructed at Lajeado Dam (Luis Eduardo Magalhães Hydroelectric Power), on the Tocantins River. The objective (more) was to assess whether there is a temporal pattern in the abundance of fish below the dam and in the ladder, that correlates with their breeding seasons. Additionally, it was examined whether reproduction is the predominant motivation of the shoals of fish that ascend the ladder. Samples were taken monthly from November, 2002 through October, 2003, downriver from the dam with gillnets, and in the resting pools of the fish ladder with cast nets. The analysis of seasonality in the aggregation of the shoals was based on the temporal variations in abundance and species richness. The possibility of a reproductive motivation for ascending the ladder was inferred from the frequency of the stages of gonadal development. However, during the entire study period we observed a high frequency of individuals with gonads in the pre-vitellogenic stage for all analyzed species, both downriver from the dam (97%) and in the fish ladder (98%). These findings suggest that there was no reproductive motivation for the aggregation of the fish downstream and for their entry into the ladder. On the other hand, the dominance of these stages downriver suggests that the spawning habitats are distant, and that the upstream movements occur for other reasons such as dispersal and search for more appropriate habitats for feeding and growth. The entrance into the ladder resulted more from rheophilic behavior, which is more pronounced in migratory species, than from an endogenous motivation linked to reproductive migration.

The ladder sleeper developed by Railway Technical Research Institute is a next-generation rail supporting component of the longitudinal sleeper type. The concrete-made longitudinal left-side and right-side beams, parallelly arranged, are connected with each other by steel-made joining pipes, and consequently assume a ladder-like external appearance. Since the concrete-made longitudinal beams are so designed as to support and restrain the rails continuously, it may be said that the result is a `composite rail` with a superior load carrying capacity and high lateral track stability. The ballasted ladder tracks are expected to suffer less from deterioration to be caused by worn ballast. The floating ladder tracks will be a technological breakthrough in the field of non-ballasted tracks, to eventually replace the conventional slab tracks. The floating ladder tracks will enable the construction of innovative type viaducts excellent in cost performance, friendliness towards environments, and resistance to earthquake. It is expected that the new system upon adoption will bring about a great progress in the railway business. 35 refs., 24 figs.

Research into the environmental effects of hydroelectric power production in the United States has focused increasingly on resident and migratory fish populations. Hydropower dams and reservoirs can block fish movements in both upstream and downstream directions. These movements are essential for important stocks of anadromous and catadromous fish. In addition, some strictly freshwater fish may move long distances within a river during their life cycle.A dam can pose an impassable barrier for fish trying to move upstream unless mitigation measures in the form of ladders or lifts are provided. Fish moving downstream to the sea may become disoriented when they encounter static water within a reservoir. Both resident and migratory fish may be injured or killed by passing through the turbine or over the spillway. In the United States, a variety of organizations conduct applied research and development of measures to (1) enhance fish passage, (2) reduce the numbers of fish that are drawn into the turbine intakes, and (3) reduce the injury and mortality rates of fish that pass through the turbines. Examples of these efforts from a variety of river systems and hydroelectric power plants are described.

Abstract in portuguese Neste artigo, contamos os curimbatás na escada de peixes da Cachoeira de Emas, de Outubro/92 a Setembro/93, num dia durante 24h por mês, em diferentes pontos de observação da barragem, durante 5 min a cada hora. A maioria dos peixes (80%) foi observada e contada não na escada de peixes, mas em dois vertedouros adjacentes à sua esquerda, talvez devido ao maior fluxo de água, pois são mais estreitos que a escada. O pico da migração ocorreu em Setembro/Outubro. Ins (more) pecionamos o grau de injúria dos peixes a fim de examinar a hipótese de que peixes maiores estariam menos feridos, porém não chegamos a uma conclusão clara. O grau de injúria variou entre diferentes pontos e entre diferentes meses do ano. Abstract in english In this paper, we counted the ascending curimbatás at the fish ladder at the Cachoeira de Emas from October, 1992 to September, 1993 in one whole day (24 h period) per month at different observation points in the dam for 5 min every hour. Most of the fish (80%) were counted not in the fish ladder itself, but in two adjacent spillways at its left, perhaps due to the comparatively increased flow as they are narrower than the ladder. The bulk of the migration occurred in Se (more) ptember/October. We inspected the degree of injury of the fish in order to examine the hypothesis that larger fish are less injured, however no conclusion was reached. The degree of injury varied between different points and in different months of the year.

Abstract The major problem that fisheries managers face when trying to enforce the law is identifying fish species. This problem is even worse when it comes to identifying eggs, larvae, bloodstains, scales, mucous stains, and mixtures of these in markets, restaurants and fishing areas. To assist in the acquisition of urgently needed conservation and management data on rare and endangered fish catch and sale, we have developed and tested a highly streamlined molecular genetic approach to identify Cypriniformes fish species. We used species-specific primers and species-specific ladders in a seven-primer multiplex polymerase chain reaction format based on DNA sequence differences among species in the nuclear ribosomal second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) to discriminate simultaneously am...

...marine mammals and Essential Fish Habitat (Marine Mammal Protection...engineered organisms, synthetic biology, governmentally designated...20Protection of cultural resources, fish and wildlife habitat Small-scale...protect, restore, or improve fish and wildlife habitat,...

The Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) funded the development of two master plans which outline the rationale, and general approach, for implementing a defined group of projects that are an integral part of a comprehensive watershed goal to 'Protect, enhance and restore wild and natural populations of anadromous and resident fish within the Hood River Subbasin'. The Hood River Production Master Plan and the Pelton Ladder Master Plan were completed in 1991 and subsequently approved by the Northwest Power Planning Council in 1992. Action items identified in the two master plans, as well as in a later document entitled 'Hood River/Pelton Ladder Master Agreement' (ODFW and CTWSRO Undated), are designed to achieve two biological fish objectives: (1) to increase production of wild summer and winter steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to levels commensurate with the subbasins current carrying capacity and (2) re-establishing a self-sustaining population of spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Numerical fish objectives for subbasin escapement, spawner escapement, and subbasin harvest are defined for each of these species in Coccoli (2000). Several projects are presently funded by the BPA to achieve the Hood River subbasin's numerical fish objectives for summer and winter steelhead and spring chinook salmon. They include BPA project numbers 1998-021-00 (Hood River Fish Habitat), 1998-053-03 (Hood River Production Program - CTWSRO: M&E), 1998-053-07 (Parkdale Fish Facility), 1998-053-08 (Powerdale/Oak Springs O&M), and 1998-053-12 (Hood River Steelhead Genetics Study). Collectively, they are implemented under the umbrella of what has come to be defined as the Hood River Production Program (HRPP). The HRPP is jointly implemented by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) and The Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon (CTWSRO). Strategies for achieving the HRPP's biological fish objectives for the Hood River subbasin were initially devised based on various assumptions about (1) subbasin carrying capacity, (2) survival rates for selected life history stages, and (3) historic and current escapements of wild, natural, and hatchery stocks of anadromous salmonids to the Hood River subbasin. The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife began funding a monitoring and evaluation (M&E) project in December 1991 to collect the quantitative biological information needed to (1) more accurately assess the validity of these assumptions and (2) evaluate the proposed hatchery supplementation component of the HRPP. Bonneville Power Administration assumed funding of the M&E project in August 1992. The M&E project was initially confined to sampling anadromous salmonids escaping to an adult trapping facility operated at Powerdale Dam; which is located at River Mile (RM) 4.5 on the mainstem of the Hood River. Stock specific life history and biological data was collected to (1) monitor subbasin spawner escapements and (2) collect pre-implementation data critical to evaluating the newly proposed HRPP's potential biological impact on indigenous populations of resident fish. The scope of the M&E project was expanded in 1994 to collect the data needed to quantify (1) subbasin smolt production and carrying capacity, (2) smolt to adult survival rates, and (3) the spatial distribution of indigenous populations of summer and winter steelhead, spring and fall chinook salmon, and coho salmon. A creel was incorporated into the M&E project in December 1996 to evaluate the HRPP with respect to its defined subbasin and spawner escapement objectives for Hood River stocks of wild and hatchery summer and winter steelhead and for natural and Deschutes stock hatchery spring chinook salmon. In 1996, the M&E project also began monitoring streamflow at various locations in the Hood River subbasin. Streamflow data will be used to correlate subbasin smolt production with summer streamflows. Data collected from 1991-1999 is reported in the following annual progress reports: Olsen et al. (1994), Olsen et al. (1995), Olsen and French (1996), Olsen et al. (1996), Olsen and French (1999), and Olsen and French (2000). The annual progress reports document information collected on (1) rearing densities of indigenous fish, (2) subbasin steelhead smolt production, (3) post-release survival of acclimated and direct released hatchery summer and winter steelhead smolts, (4) smolt to adult anadromous salmonid survival rates, (5) jack and adult anadromous salmonid escapements and harvest, (6) spatial distribution of adult anadromous salmonid holding in the Hood River subbasin, (7) selected life history patterns and morphological and meristic characteristics of wild, natural, and hatchery resident and anadromous salmonids, and (8) summer streamflows.

This dissertation presents experimental results from the synthesis and structural, magnetic characterization of representative low-dimensional molecule-based magnetic materials. Most of the materials reported in this dissertation, both coordination polymers and cuprate, are obtained as the result of synthesizing and characterizing spin ladder systems; except the material studied in Chapter 2, ferricenyl(III)trisferrocenyl(II)borate, which is not related to the spin ladder project. The interest in spin ladder systems is due to the discovery of high-temperature superconductivity in doped cuprates possessing ladder-like structures, and it is hoped that investigation of the magnetic behavior of ladder-like structures will help us understand the mechanism of high-temperature superconductivity. Chapter 1 reviews fundamental knowledge of molecular magnetism, general synthetic strategies for low-dimensional coordination polymers, and a brief introduction to the current status of research on spin ladder systems. Chapter 2 presents a modified synthetic procedure of a previously known monomeric complex, ferricenyl(III)trisferrocenyl(II)borate, 1. Its magnetic properties were characterized and previous results have been disproved. Chapter 3 investigates the magnetism of [CuCl2(CH3CN)] 2, 2, a cuprate whose structure consists of isolated noninterpenetrating ladders formed by the stacking of Cu(II) dimers. This material presents an unexpected ferromagnetic interaction both within the dimeric units and between the dimers, and this behavior has been rationalized based on the effect of its terminal nonbridging ligands. In Chapter 4, the synthesis and magnetism of two ladder-like coordination polymers, [Co(NO3)2(4,4'-bipyridine) 1.5(MeCN)]n, 3, and Ni2(2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid)2(H2O)4(pyrazine), 4, are reported. Compound 3 possesses a covalent one-dimensional ladder structure in which Co(II) ions are bridged through bipyridine molecules. Compared to the materials discussed in Chapter 3 and Chapter 4, Chapter 5 presents a strategy of synthesizing ladder-like structures in a distinctively different system, bimetallic cyanide-bridged Prussian Blue analogs. Calculations are designed and carried out to identify two potentially successful model structures which are subsequently attempted synthetically. The two model structures are [NiII(CN)4]3[FeIII(terpy)] 2 and [FeII(cyclam)2]3[Ni II(dpa)]2(CN)6. Finally, in Chapter 6, four Cu(II)-based low-dimensional materials are reported. Two of them, Cu2(C2O4)(histamine) 2[N(CN)2]2, 5, and Cu2(C 2O4)(histamine)2(N3)2, 6, consist of dimeric structural units that assemble into two-dimensional sheets. Magnetically, both behave as an isolated dimer system. On the other hand, compound 7, [Cu4(4,4'-bipyrimidine) 2(N3)8]n has a two-dimensional covalent network structure that can be viewed as being formed by covalently bridging one-dimensional ladders. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

In Egypt, Lake Qaroun and its neighbouring fish farms are in a serious environmental situation as a result of pollution by agricultural sewage and domestic non-treated discharges. The present study aims to evaluate genotoxic effects of toxic metals in cultured and wild Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus and mullet, Mugil cephalus collected from these contaminated aquatic habitats, in comparison with fish from a non-polluted reference site. Heavy-metal concentrations (Cu(2+), Zn(2+), Pb(2+), Fe(2+) and Mn(2+)) in water and sediment samples were recorded. The condition factor (CF) was taken as a general biomarker of the health of the fish, and genotoxicity assays such as the micronucleus (MN) test and a DNA-fragmentation assay were carried out on the fish species studied. In addition to micronuclei, other nuclear abnormalities (NA) were assessed in fish erythrocytes. Degradation of the studied aquatic habitats revealed species-specific effects. A significant decrease in CF values associated with a significant elevation in MN and NA frequencies was observed in fish collected from the polluted areas compared with those from the reference site. Moreover, mixed smearing and laddering of DNA fragments in gills and liver samples of both fish species collected from the polluted areas indicate an intricate pollution condition. Results of the present study show the significance of integrating a set of biomarkers to identify the effects of anthropogenic pollution. High concentrations of heavy metals have a potential genotoxic effects, and genotoxicity is possibly related to agricultural and domestic activities. PMID:22464984

Providing foods to space crew is the important requirements to support long term manned space exploration. We designed joyful and healthy recipe with materials (plants, insects, fish and et.cet.), which can be produced by the bio-regenerative agricultural system operated at limited resources available in spaceship or on Moon and Mars. The fundamental composition of our recipe is unpolished rice, barley, soybean, sweat potato and green-yellow vegetables. Supplement food materials to fulfill the nutritional requirements we chose are loach, silkworm pupa, termite, snail, mud snail, bee, locust, cassava, quinoa and et. cet. And the space foods were made by using IH cooking heater and vacuum cooking machine. Nutritional analysis on the basic vegetable menu consisting of rice, barley, soybean, sweet potato cassava, quinoa and green reveals a shortage of vitamins D and B12, cholesterol and sodium salt. Since vitamin D deficiency results in demineralization of bone. Vitamin B12 is essential to prevent pernicious anemia.Fish contains both vitamins D and B12. The pupa of the silkworm becomes the impor-tant nourishment source as protein and lipid. The silk thread uses it as clothing and cosmetics and medical supplies. However, we can use the silk thread as food as protein after finish to use. A law of nature shakes high quality oils and fats included in termite for cooking. I use the bee as food after having used it for the pollination of the plant. Of course the honey becomes the important food, too. The snail and mud snail become the food as protein. We decided to use the menu consisting of the basic vegetarian menu plus insect and loach for further conceptual design of space agriculture. We succeeded to develop joyful and nutritious space recipe at the end. Because of less need of agricultural resources at choosing ecological members from the lower ladder of the food chain, our space recipe could be a proposal to solve the food problem on Earth.In addition, as for these space foods, a save is possible by refrigeration for 20 days.

Migration patterns of adult spring chinook salmon above Willamette Falls differed depending on when the fish passed the Falls, with considerable among-fish variability. Early-run fish often terminated their migration for extended periods of time, in association with increased flows and decreased temperatures. Mid-run fish tended to migrate steadily upstream at a rate of 30-40 km/day. Late-run fish frequently ceased migrating or fell back downstream after migrating 10-200 km up the Willamette River or its tributaries; this appeared to be associated with warming water during summer and resulted in considerable mortality. Up to 40% of the adult salmon entering the Willamette River System above Willamette Falls (i.e. counted at the ladder) may die before reaching upriver spawning areas. Up to 10% of the fish passing up over Willamette Falls may fall-back below the Falls; some migrate to the Columbia River or lower Willamette River tributaries. If rearing conditions at hatcheries affect timing of adult returns because of different juvenile development rates and improper timing of smolt releases, then differential mortality in the freshwater segment of the adult migrations may confound interpretation of studies evaluating rearing practices.

Large catfish processors in the U.S. typically recycle fish waste into fish meal. For small-scale processors or aquaculture research facilities, fish waste disposal can be problematic. We adapted a design developed for composting wastes from Minnesota fishing lodges and tested it for suitability fo...

This paper presents an analytical procedure which enables a quick and, at the design stage, correct evaluation of the ground fault current distribution, for a fault in a substation supplied by a line composed of two or more mutually different (overhead and underground) sections. The advantages of the method are based on the simplicity and accuracy of the formulae for solving uniform lumped parameter ladder circuits of any size and under any terminal conditions. Copyright Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Historical records indicate that sockeye salmon were once found in most of the lakes in the Okanagan River Basin. Currently, the only sockeye population within the Okanagan River Basin is found in Osoyoos Lake. Abundance of this stock has declined significantly in the last fifty years. The Okanagan Nation and tribes in the U.S. have proposed re-introducing the species into Okanagan Lake, which has a large rearing capacity. However, assessing the potential benefits and risks associated with a reintroduction of sockeye salmon into Okanagan Lake is difficult because of uncertainties about factors that determine production of Okanagan sockeye, and potential interactions with other species in Okanagan Lake. Associated with this proposal are the potential risks of re-introduction of sockeye salmon into Okanagan Lake. One of these is the effects of sockeye on the resident Okanagan Lake kokanee population, which has declined significantly in the past several years because of habitat loss due to human encroachment, competition with introduced mysid shrimp, and the reduction of biological productivity in the lake as municipalities have moved to more complete effluent treatment. Another concern is the possibility of the transmission of diseases that are currently not found in Okanagan and Skaha lakes from re-introduced sockeye to resident fish. An additional concern is the risk that exotic species (e.g. tench, largemouth bass), that have become established in southern Okanagan Lakes (principally as a result of purposeful introductions in the US Columbia/Okanagan river system), may be able to extend their range to Skaha and Okanagan Lakes, through fish ladders provided at the outlets of Vaseaux (McIntyre Dam) and Skaha Lakes (Okanagan Falls Dam), for natural upstream migration of sockeye. A transboundary multi-agency workshop was hosted in November of 1997 to discuss the potential risks and benefits of reintroducing sockeye salmon into Okanagan Lake. These discussions were summarized into a Draft Action Plan that recommended that sockeye be re-introduced to Skaha Lake as an experimental management strategy to resolve some of these uncertainties (Peters et al. 1998). The purpose of this project is to assess the risks and benefits of an experimental reintroduction of sockeye salmon into Skaha Lake. The assessment will be accomplished by completing the following six objectives over three years: (1) Disease Risk Assessment; (2) Exotic species Re-introduction risk Assessment; (3) Inventory of Existing Habitat and Opportunities for Habitat Enhancement; (4) Development of a life-cycle model of Okanagan salmonids, including interaction with resident kokanee; (5) Development of an experimental design and; (6) Finalize a plan for experimental re-introduction of sockeye salmon into Skaha Lake and associated monitoring programs.

A robust embedded ladder-oxide (k=2.9)/copper (Cu) multilevel interconnect is demonstrated for 0.13 ?m complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) generation. A stable ladder-oxide intermetal dielectric (IMD) is integrated by the Cu metallization with a minimum wiring pitch of 0.34 ?m, and a single damascene (S/D) Cu-plug structure is applied. An 18% reduction in wiring capacitance is obtained compared with that in SiO2 IMDs. The superior controllability of metal thickness by the S/D process enables us to enhance the MPU maximum frequency easily. The stress-migration lifetime of vias on wide metals for the S/D Cu-plug structure is longer than that for a dual damascene (D/D) structure. Reliability test results such as electromigration (EM), the temperature dependant dielectric breakdown (TDDB) of Cu interconnects, and pressure cooker test (PCT) results are acceptable. Moreover, a high flexibility in a thermal design is obtained.   

We describe how to calculate the input impedances of finite inhomogeneous ladder networks by transforming a product of 2 × 2 transfer matrices to a product of diagonal matrices up to a prefactor and a postfactor. In particular, we find the input impedances in closed form for three inhomogeneous ladder networks (a tapered ladder network, a balanced composite right/left-handed ladder network, and a ladder network with an arbitrary period) with a periodic transfer matrix.

A number of small organic molecules have been developed that bind to amyloid fibrils, a subset of which also inhibit fibrillization. Among these, the benzothiol dye Thioflavin-T (ThT) has been used for decades in the diagnosis of protein-misfolding diseases and in kinetic studies of self-assembly (fibrillization). Despite its importance, efforts to characterize the ThT-binding mechanism at the atomic level have been hampered by the inherent insolubility and heterogeneity of peptide self-assemblies. To overcome these challenges, we have developed a minimalist approach to designing a ThT-binding site in a 'peptide self-assembly mimic' (PSAM) scaffold. PSAMs are engineered water-soluble proteins that mimic a segment of beta-rich peptide self-assembly, and they are amenable to standard biophysical techniques and systematic mutagenesis. The PSAM beta-sheet contains rows of repetitive amino acid patterns running perpendicular to the strands (cross-strand ladders) that represent a ubiquitous structural feature of fibril-like surfaces. We successfully designed a ThT-binding site that recapitulates the hallmarks of ThT-fibril interactions by constructing a cross-strand ladder consisting of contiguous tyrosines. The X-ray crystal structures suggest that ThT interacts with the beta-sheet by docking onto surfaces formed by a single tyrosine ladder, rather than in the space between adjacent ladders. Systematic mutagenesis further demonstrated that tyrosine surfaces across four or more beta-strands formed the minimal binding site for ThT. Our work thus provides structural insights into how this widely used dye recognizes a prominent subset of peptide self-assemblies, and proposes a strategy to elucidate the mechanisms of fibril-ligand interactions.

The Personnel Safety System for the experimental beamlines at the Advanced Photon Source will use a large number of Allen Bradley Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) to replace conventional relay logic. PLCs allow for the design of a very advanced safety system that can handle a large number of I/O points. Certain situations Require monitoring of the safety system from various locations around the storage ring via EPICS OPI (operator interface)consoles. This presentation covers the method of choice for transferring data from the Personnel Safety System into an EPICS database. Specifics on PLC ladder design, EPICS database design, and hardware selection are also discussed.

In recent years, biclique methods have been proposed to construct phylogenetic trees. One of the key steps of these methods is to find complete sub-matrices (without missing entries) from a species-genes data matrix. To enumerate all complete sub-matrices, (17) described an exact algorithm, whose running time is exponential. Furthermore, it generates a large number of complete sub-matrices, many of which may not be used for tree reconstruction. Further investigating and understanding the characteristics of species-genes data may be helpful for discovering complete sub-matrices. Therefore, in this paper, we focus on quantitatively studying and understanding the characteristics of species-genes data, which can be used to guide new algorithm design for efficient phylogenetic inference. In this paper, a mathematical model is constructed to simulate the real species-genes data. The results indicate that sequence-availability probability distributions follow power law, which leads to the skewness and sparseness of the real species-genes data. Moreover, a special structure, called "ladder structure", is discovered in the real species-genes data. This ladder structure is used to identify complete sub-matrices, and more importantly, to reveal overlapping relationships among complete sub-matrices. To discover the distinct ladder structure in real species-genes data, we propose an efficient evolutionary dynamical system, called "generalized replicator dynamics". Two species-genes data sets from green plants are used to illustrate the effectiveness of our model. Empirical study has shown that our model is effective and efficient in understanding species-genes data for phylogenetic inference. PMID:17951845

The spermatogenesis-associated 17 gene (SPATA17, previously named MSRG-11) was reported to be a candidate spermatocyte apoptosis-related gene which may play a critical role in human spermatogenesis, especially in meiosis. Analysis of SPATA17 expression and regulation in zebra fish may provide insight into the understanding of the complicated process of gonadogenesis and its potential function in spermatocyte cell apoptosis. In this study, we cloned and characterized the SPATA17 gene from zebra fish which consists of nine exons separated by eight introns. The consensus open reading frame (1258 bp) encodes a polypeptide of 357 amino acids which shares 44% identity with the human SPATA17 gene. Bioinformatic analysis reveals that SPATA17 protein contains three short calmodulin-binding motifs (IQ motif) and is considered to play a critical role in interactions with CaM proteins. Multi-tissue RT-PCR and Northern blot results demonstrated that the zebra fish SPATA17 gene was expressed strongly in testis and a slight amount of expression in ovary. Flow cytometry analysis and genomic DNA ladders result showed that the expression of SPATA17 protein in the GC-1 cell line could accelerate cell apoptosis. Analysis of the SPATA17 sequence and its spatial expression pattern indicate that this gene is highly conserved and may play an important role in the process of zebra fish gonadogenesis. PMID:21108043

Two-polymers, phenothiazine derivatives (PQ) and poly 2-methoxy-5-(2prime-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene (MEH-PPV), who show complementary absorption to the solar spectrum are blended for broader absorption. The energy transfer from PQ to MEH-PPV is designed and observed at ultrafast time scale of 2ps. Foster resonance energy transfer (FRET) process is regarded as the mechanism. Band gap of PQ is determined as 2.5eV. With this design, a ladder type energy transfer and collection is suggested.

The purpose of this study is to assess the design and operation of rotary drum screens. Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and steelhead O. mykiss are the potentially affected fish. Cold-branded fish are released upstream of the screen facilities. For descaling tests, the fish are captured as they exit the facility and are examined for injuries, descaling, and post-test mortalities. For screen passage tests, nets are placed in the irrigation ditch, downstream of the screen facilities, to determine if fish can pass through or over the screens. More than 100 tests have been conducted with almost 35,000 fish. Additionally, nearly 2000 native fish have been evaluated. Usually less than 2% of the test fish are injured or dead, and the condition of test fish does not differ from the controls. Less than 2% of the fish pass through or over the screens when the screen seals are properly installed and maintained.

Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) in the Columbia River Basin have declined to a remnant of their pre-1940s populations and the status of the western brook lamprey (L. richardsoni) is unknown. Identifying the biological and ecological factors limiting lamprey populations is critical to their recovery, but little research has been conducted on these species within the Columbia River Basin. This ongoing, multi-year study examines lamprey populations in Cedar Creek, Washington, a third-order tributary to the Lewis River. Adult (n = 40), metamorphosed (n = 116), transforming (n = 10), and ammocoete (n = 870) stages from both species were examined in 2000. Lamprey were captured using adult fish ladders, rotary screw traps, and lamprey electrofishers, and spawning ground surveys were conducted. US Forest Service level II and strategic point-specific habitat surveys were conducted to assess habitat requirements of both adult and larval lamprey. Multivariate statistics will be applied to determine relationships between abundance and habitat.

A ‘Hybrid’ recirculating aquaculture system design utilizes elements of both a ‘Centralized’ design concept with a single water treatment system for a number of fish tanks and the ‘Modular’ design concept which employs a individual treatment system for each fish culture tank. The ‘Hybrid’ recirculat...

...similar in design or effect...or other material attached to...with effort controls, trip limits...modification to this design, that can...handline gear, rod and reel gear...or digital material; as well...bottom. Rod and reel ...designed to control fishing...

This is a short review of recent theoretical work on magnetization plateaux in one-dimensional strongly correlated electron systems, i.e. in spin chains, spin ladders or more generally, Hubbard chains and ladders.

In the first part of this paper we introduce the category of ladders and develop the underlying theory. A ladder consists of a sequence of vector spaces (V n ) and linear operators Formula Not Shown acting between these vector spaces in ascending and descending direction. Unlike as in classical quantum mechanics ladders are defined as objects of a category, the corresponding notion of ladder homomorphisms allows to perform a mathematically structural and rigorous analysis of ladder theory. We allow dependence on n for spaces and operators in the ladder. The job in ladder theory is to find SIE-subladders, on which the Intrinsic Endomorphisms Formula Not Shown and Formula Not Shown act as Scalars ? n . A fundamental ladder theorem will provide conditions on the (generalized) commutators or a...

Catching and eating fish is usually viewed as a fun, healthy and safe activity. However, with continuing increases in fish consumption advisories due to the contamination of our environment, anglers have to decide whether or not to eat the fish they catch. The Clinch River arm of Watts Bar Reservoir is under a fish consumption advisory because of elevated PCB concentrations in striped bass (Morone saxatilis), catfish (Ictalurus spp.) and sauger (Stizostedion canadense) due in part from contaminants released from the US Department of Energy's (USDOE's) Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR) in East Tennessee. To obtain information about the demographics, fishing behavior, knowledge, fish consumption and risk perception of anglers, a survey was conducted of 202 people actively fishing either on land or by boat along the Clinch River arm of Watts Bar Reservoir adjacent to the ORR from Melton Hill Dam to the Poplar Creek confluence or on Poplar Creek within ORR boundaries from mid-March to early November 2001. Even though 81% of people interviewed knew about the fish consumption advisories for the study area, 48% of them thought the fish were safe to eat, while 38% ate the fish that they caught from the study area. Approximately 36% of anglers who had knowledge of the fish consumption warnings ate fish from the study area. Providing confirmation that people fish for many reasons, 35% of anglers interviewed did not eat fish at all. The majority of anglers interviewed knew about the fish consumption advisories because of the signs posted throughout the study area. However, few people knew the correct fish advisories. Significantly fewer blacks had knowledge of the fish consumption warnings than whites. Information resulting from this study could be used to design a program with the objective of reaching the people who may be most at risk from eating fish caught from the Clinch River arm of Watts Bar Reservoir.

Regulation of the catchment area of the Norwegian river Gudbrandsdalslaagen began in 1919. The lowermost power station on the main river was completed in 1964 and is situated about 10 km above the large Norwegian lake, Mjoesa. The lake is the foraging area of the Hunderstrain of brown trout, the fastest growing of all Norwegian trout. The running of the power plant has led to a severe reduction in water flows below the dam, and the most important spawning and nursery areas of the Hunder strain has been affected. The natural smolt production has been permanently reduced. The rehabilitation programme has included the construction of a fish ladder through the dam and a fixed minimum flow. A hatchery was built and a stocking programme using the local strain was implemented. The effect of stocking has been the easiest of the relief measures to evaluate. Hatchery reared fish constitute a growing share of the spawning population. During the last three years their share has been close to 60%. Reared fish constitute 30-40% of the trout caught in Lake Mjoesa. The average and best returns of tagged groups have been 25 and 50%, respectively, but return rates are highly dependent on release length and time and place of stocking. (Author)

A two-stage monolithic ultra-wide-band (UWB) low-noise-amplifier (LNA) designed for MB-OFDM in 0.18mm SiGe BiCMOS process is presented. With an optimized configuration combining advantages of RES-feedback and LC-ladder matching structure, the adjustable wide input matching is got and noise figure (NF) is controlled to a relevant low status. The measured S21 is from 7.6 to 14.2dB over the 3-11GHz operating band, NF is from 3.2dB to 4.8dB. With a 2.5V power supply, the LNA has an overall power consumption of 14.5mW.

This is the Spanish translation of a "how-to" manual, designed as a working and teaching tool for extension agents as they establish and/or maintain local fish pond operations. The manual presents information to facilitate technology transfer and to provide a clear guide for warm water fish pond construction and management. Major topic areas considered include: (1) selecting the site and type of fish farm; (2) selecting the appropriate fish; (3) constructing, preparing, managing, and harvesting the pond; (4) preserving fish; (5) problems of fish in ponds; and (6) methods of fish culture in places where ponds are not possible. A list of resources on various aspects of fish pond operation is included in an appendix. (CW)

The EPA`s Fish Contamination Program (FCP) provides technical assistance and guidance to State, Federal, and Tribal agencies for assessing human health risks associated with dietary exposure to chemically contaminated noncommercial freshwater and estuarine fish and shellfish. the program includes guidance documents which may be used for developing fish consumption advisories. One series of guidance documents, titled Guidance for Assessing Chemical Contaminant Data for Use in Fish Advisories, are designed to provide the States, Tribes, and other interested parties with a scientifically defensible, cost effective methodology for developing, implementing, managing and communicating risk-base fish consumption advisories. The fist document of the series, Volume 1: Fish Sampling and Analysis (September 1993), provides recommended methods for sampling strategies, field collection procedure, chemical analysis, data management and profiles of 24 chemicals which have been identified as analyses of concern with respect to dietary exposure to chemical contaminants in fish. volume 2: Risk Assessment and Fish Consumption Limits (June 1994), provides chemical specific risk based fish consumption limits for 24 analyses based on the amount and frequency of individual fish consumption patterns. Specific fish consumption limits and advice for the general population and women of child-bearing age are provided. Volume 3: Risk Management, is scheduled for release in late 1 994. This document will review management options which should be considered in the development of fish consumption advisories. Volume 4: Risk Communication, is scheduled for release in the fall of 1994. This document will address effective communication of fish consumption advisories to targeted audiences.

This report summarizes activities conducted by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife's Juvenile Outmigration and Survival M&E project in the Umatilla River subbasin between 2004-2006. Information is used to make informed decisions on hatchery effectiveness, natural production success, passage improvement and flow enhancement strategies. Data collected includes annual estimates of smolt abundance, migration timing, and survival, life history characteristics and productivity status and trends for spring and fall Chinook salmon, coho salmon and summer steelhead. Productivity data provided is the key subbasin scale measure of the effectiveness of salmon and steelhead restoration actions in the Umatilla River. Information is also used for regional planning and recovery efforts of Mid-Columbia River (MCR) ESA-listed summer steelhead. Monitoring is conducted via smolt trapping and PIT-tag interrogation at Three Mile Falls Dam. The Umatilla Juvenile Outmigration and Survival Project was established in 1994 to evaluate the success of management actions and fisheries restoration efforts in the Umatilla River Basin. Project objectives for the 2004-2006 period were to: (1) operate the PIT tag detection system at Three Mile Falls Dam (TMFD), (2) enhance provisional PIT-tag interrogation equipment at the east bank adult fish ladder, (3) monitor the migration timing, abundance and survival of naturally-produced juvenile salmonids and trends in natural production, (4) determine migration parameters and survival of hatchery-produced fish representing various rearing, acclimation and release strategies, (5) evaluate the relative survival between transported and non-transported fish, (6) monitor juvenile life history characteristics and evaluate trends over time, (7) investigate the effects of river, canal, fishway operations and environmental conditions on smolt migration and survival, (8) document the temporal distribution and diversity of resident fish species, and (9) participate in planning and coordination activities within the basin and dissemination of results.

This report documents development of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models that were applied to The Dalles spillway for the US Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District. The models have been successfully validated against physical models and prototype data, and are suitable to support biological research and operations management. The CFD models have been proven to provide reliable information in the turbulent high-velocity flow field downstream of the spillway face that is typically difficult to monitor in the prototype. In addition, CFD data provides hydraulic information throughout the solution domain that can be easily extracted from archived simulations for later use if necessary. This project is part of an ongoing program at the Portland District to improve spillway survival conditions for juvenile salmon at The Dalles. Biological data collected at The Dalles spillway have shown that for the original spillway configuration juvenile salmon passage survival is lower than desired. Therefore, the Portland District is seeking to identify operational and/or structural changes that might be implemented to improve fish passage survival. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) went through a sequence of steps to develop a CFD model of The Dalles spillway and tailrace. The first step was to identify a preferred CFD modeling package. In the case of The Dalles spillway, Flow-3D was as selected because of its ability to simulate the turbulent free-surface flows that occur downstream of each spilling bay. The second step in development of The Dalles CFD model was to assemble bathymetric datasets and structural drawings sufficient to describe the dam (powerhouse, non-overflow dam, spillway, fish ladder entrances, etc.) and tailrace. These datasets are documented in this report as are various 3-D graphical representations of The Dalles spillway and tailrace. The performance of the CFD model was then validated for several cases as the third step. The validated model was then applied to address specific SIS design questions. Specifically, the CFD models were used to evaluate flow deflectors, baffle block removal and the effects of spillwalls. The CFD models were also used to evaluate downstream differences at other locations, such as at the Highway 197 bridge piers and Oregon shore islands, due to alterations in spill pattern. CFD model results were analyzed to quantitatively compare impacts of the spillwall that has subsequently been constructed between bays 6 and 7. CFD model results provided detailed information about how the spillwall would impact downstream flow patterns that complemented results from the 1:80 scale physical model. The CFD model was also used to examine relative differences between the juvenile spill pattern used in previous years and the anticipated spill pattern that will be applied once the wall is complete. In addition, the CFD model examined velocity magnitudes over the downstream basalt shelf to investigate potential for erosion under high flow conditions (e.g., 21 kcfs/bay for bays 1 through 6) with the spillwall in place. Several appendices follow the results and discussion sections of this report. These appendices document the large number of CFD simulations that have been performed by PNNL; both spillway improvement study (SIS) related and those performed for related biological tests.

A sea cage, sometimes referred to as a net pen, is an enclosure designed to prevent farm fish from escaping and to protect them from large predators, while allowing a free flow of water through the cage to carry away waste. Farm fish thus share water with wild fish, which enables transmission of parasites, such as sea lice, from wild to farm and farm to wild fishes. Sea lice epidemics, together with recently documented population-level declines of wild salmon in areas of sea-cage farming, are a reminder that sea-cage aquaculture is fundamentally different from terrestrial animal culture. The difference is that sea cages protect farm fish from the usual pathogen-control mechanisms of nature, such as predators, but not from the pathogens themselves. A sea cage thus becomes an unintended pathogen factory. Basic physical theory explains why sea-cage aquaculture causes sea lice on sympatric wild fish to increase and why increased lice burdens cause wild fish to decline, with extirpation as a real possibility. Theory is important to this issue because slow declines of wild fish can be difficult to detect amid large fluctuations from other causes. The important theoretical concepts are equilibrium, host-density effect, reservoir-host effect, and critical stocking level of farmed fish (stocking level at which lice proliferate on farm fish even if wild fish are not present to infect them). I explored these concepts and their implications without mathematics through examples from salmon farming. I also considered whether the lice-control techniques used by sea-cage farmers (medication and shortened grow-out times) are capable of protecting wild fish. Elementary probability showed that W ? W* - ?F (where W is the abundance of wild fish, W* is the prefarm abundance, F is the abundance of farm fish, and ? is the ratio of lice per farm fish to lice per wild fish). Declines of wild fish can be reduced by short growing cycles for farm fish, medicating farm fish, and keeping farm stocking levels low. Declines can be avoided only by ensuring that wild fish do not share water with farmed fish, either by locating sea cages very far from wild fish or through the use of closed-containment aquaculture systems. These principles are likely to govern any aquaculture system where cage-protected farm hosts and sympatric wild hosts have a common parasite with a direct life cycle. PMID:19128323

The MSGC barrel is a sub-part of the tracking system of the CMS experiment at the LHC. The mechanical support structure of the MSGC barrel consists of ladder-like support beams carrying the detector modules and of four disks supporting the ladders. The required alignment precision of the modules, a few tens of micrometers, is designed to be obtained by precise part manufacture and by careful measurement of the alignment during the assembly of the structure. In the paper the use of digital photogrammetry for the measurement of the alignment of the disks and for the structural verification is presented. Digital photogrammetry was chosen from a number of potential methods after a careful evaluation. The use of photogrammetry for the structural verification of a prototype is presented. The displacements were measured both of unloaded and loaded disk by using photogrammetry and linear displacement transducers for verification. The displacements obtained from the two measurement methods corresponded well, not only to each other, but also to the results given by finite element analysis. The structural verification will be done and the alignment procedure will be tested with a full-sized prototype of a half of the MSGC barrel. Preparations for the photogrammetry measurements are presented and the design of the required supplementary equipment is shown. (authors)

In this work, a novel metaheuristic named artificial fish school algorithm is introduced into the optimization of pump parameters for the design of gain flattened Raman fiber amplifiers for the first time. Artificial fish school algorithm emulates three simple social behaviors of a fish in a school, namely, preying, swarming and following, to optimize a target function. In this algorithm the pump wavelengths and power levels are mapped respectively to the state of a fish in a school, and the gain of a Raman fiber amplifier is mapped to the concentration of a food source for the fish school to search. Application of this algorithm to the design of a C-band gain flattened Raman fiber amplifier leads to an optimized amplifier that produces a flat gain spectrum with 0.63 dB in band ripple for given conditions. This result demonstrates that the artificial fish school algorithm is efficient for the optimization of pump parameters of gain flattened Raman fiber amplifiers.

The cooling system design is not complete. This paper lays out the general design and some of the design calculations that have been performed up to this date. Further refinement will be performed. This is especially true in the piping layout, piping insulation and detector manifold areas. The silicon detector is cooled by means of a coolant in the beryllium channels that also act as the primary supporting device for the silicon ladders and wedges. The coolant is water with ethylene glycol added as a freezing point depressant. The glycol concentration in the coolant is 30% by weight resulting in a freezing point of approximately -15 C. If the water/glycol is not sufficient for maintaining the desired detector temperature the concentration of the water/glycol may be changed or an alternative coolant may be used.

The accomplishments of the John Day, Umatilla, and Walla Walla Fish Passage and Screening Programs include the following: Operation and maintenance of 364 existing fish screening devices (see Table 4), replacement of 18 outdated fish screening devices that totaled 31 rotary drums (some were multiple drum systems), 4 new screens at unscreened diversions, 26 pump intake fish screens, fabrication of components for 16 additional fish screens for the Rogue basin, construction of two fish passage structures, and participation in other activities. After the replacement or construction of 22 fish screening devices during 2001, we now have 108 screening devices that meet NMFS criteria. Funding for these projects was attained from BPA, NMFS and OWEB. The John Day Fish Passage and Screening Program focused construction efforts into new and replacement fish screening devices for these various programs throughout the state of Oregon. The program also continued to develop and implement innovative designs to meet the diverse and expanding needs for the state of Oregon. Projects completed during this report period meet the current National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) criteria. Fish species targeted for protection include ESA Listed Mid-Columbia steelhead, Columbia basin bull trout, anadromous and resident salmonids, and numerous non-game fish species. Priority project locations have been identified as the upper reaches of the Middle Fork, North Fork, South Fork and the Mainstem of the John Day River and their tributaries. These upper reaches contain critical salmon and steelhead spawning and rearing habitat.

We developed and tested an efficient, portable, cost effective, pass-through system to detect downstream migrating salmonids marked with 12mm passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags. The design combines two established technologies, one for the capture of downstream migrating salmonid (the rotary screw trap), and one for fish detection (12mm PIT tag technology). Detection rates were 100% for PIT-tagged fish passed through separately, and 95% for PIT-tagged fish passed through in pairs.

A leading cause for extension ladder fall incidents is a slide-out event usually related to suboptimal ladder inclination. An improved ladder positioning method or procedure could reduce the risk of ladder stability failure and the related fall injury. The objective of the study was to comparatively evaluate the effectiveness of a multimodal angle indicator with other existing methods for extension ladder angular positioning. Twenty experienced and 20 inexperienced ladder users participated in the study. Four ladder positioning methods were tested in a controlled laboratory environment with 4.88 m (16 ft) and 7.32 m (24 ft) ladders in extended and retracted positions. The positioning methods included a no-instruction method, the current standard anthropometric method, and two instrumental methods - a bubble level indicator, and a multimodal indicator providing direct feedback with visual and sound signals. Performance measures included positioning angle and time. The results indicated that the anthropometric method was effective in improving the extension ladder positioning angle (p ANSI A14 standard anthropometric method in ladder angular positioning. The multimodal indicator concept has been further developed to become a hand-held tool in the form of a smart phone application. PMID:23177178

For the 1991 run of the OPAL detector at LEP, a complete two layer single-sided silicon microstrip detector array was installed around the beam-pipe. The detectors employed a novel biassing technique for the capacitively read out diode strips (Field Effect Transistors integrated on the silicon wafer) and the MX5 microplex read-out chip was used for the first time. The performance measured in OPAL for the ladders of 3 daisy-chained detectors (length 180mm) is very good with signal/noise of 22:1. The resolution of the detectors (measured to be around 5[mu]m from test beam investigations) has allowed improvement in the impact parameter resolution of OPAL by greater than a factor of two. The beauty, tau and charm physics potential that this opens up is now being exploited. OPAL has plans to further upgrade to a detector giving both co-ordinates of the track intersection with the silicon barrels. To achieve this, ladder assemblies using two detectors of orthogonal strips glued back-to-back are being used. In addition, double-sided detectors of novel design have been fabricated and are being evaluated. Results from OPAL data taking at LEP, test beam results and laboratory measurements are presented. Both the performance of the detectors currently used in OPAL and those intended for future upgrades are discussed. (orig.)

High-performance liquid chromatography was used to quantify residues of oxolinic acid and flumequine in muscle of wild fish caught in the vicinity of fish farms using the LiftUp feed collector system or a hydroacoustic feed detector during medication. Both systems are designed to minimise feed waste...

The study was designed to estimate dam passage survival at Bonneville Dam as stipulated by the 2008 Federal Columbia River Power System (FCRPS) Biological Opinion (BiOp) and to provide additional fish passage performance measures at that site as stipulated in the Columbia Basin Fish Accords.

The present study was designed to compare the responses in freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus exposed to a synthetic pyrethroid, cypermethrin (CYP); an essential metal, copper (Cu); and a nonessential metal, lead (Pb). Fish were exposed to 0.05 ?g/l CYP, 0.05 mg/l Cu, and 0.05 mg/l Pb for 4 and 2...

Abstract: In many areas of the developing world, the establishment of permanent marine reserves is inhibited by cultural norms or socioeconomic pressures. Community conserved areas that are periodically harvested are increasingly being implemented as fisheries management tools, but few researchers have empirically compared them with permanently closed reserves. We used a hierarchal control-impact experimental design to compare the abundance and biomass of reef fishes, invertebrates, and substrate composition in periodically harvested and permanent reserves and in openly fished (control sites) of the South Pacific island country of Vanuatu. Fished species had significantly higher biomass in periodically harvested reserves than in adjacent openly fished areas. We did not detect differences i...

The effectiveness of natural compounds in slowing down the microbial quality decay of refrigerated fish hamburger is addressed in this study. In particular, the control of the microbiological spoilage by combined use of three antimicrobials, and the determination of their optimal composition to extend the fish hamburger Microbiological Stability Limit (MAL) are the main objectives of this work. Thymol, grapefruit seed extract (GFSE) and lemon extract were tested for monitoring the cell growth of the main fish spoilage microorganisms (Pseudomonas fluorescens, Photobacterium phosphoreum and Shewanella putrefaciens), inoculated in fish hamburgers, and the growth of mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria. A Central Composite Design (CCD) was developed to highlight a possible synergic effect of...

Denitrification is applied in the tertiary treatment of wastewater to reduce nitrogen pollution. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), catalyzed reporter deposition (CARD)-FISH, cloning, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were applied to follow the evolution of the microbial composition and structure of granular sludge in chemolithotrophic denitrifying bioreactors fed with nitrate and thiosulfate. FISH oligonucleotide probes for the chemolitoautotrophic denitrifiers Thiobacillus denitrificans and Thiomicrospira denitrificans were designed and their utility tested. CARD-FISH and cloning data showed that bacterial diversity in the biofilms changed during the reactor operation. Chemoorganotrophic fermentative Gram-positive strains in the phyla, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes, were dom...

The sampling theory is basic and crucial in engineering sciences. On the other hand, the linear canonical transform (LCT) is also of great power in optics, filter design, radar system analysis and pattern recognition, etc. The Fourier transform (FT), the fractional Fourier transform (FRFT), Fresnel transform (FRT) and scaling operations are considered as special cases of the LCT. In this paper, we structure certain types of non-bandlimited signals based on two ladder-shape filters designed in the LCT domain. Subsequently, these non-bandlimited signals are reconstructed from their samples together with the generalized sinc function, their parameter M-Hilbert transforms or their first derivatives and other information provided by the phase function of the nonlinear Fourier atom which is the ...

Abstract in english Developing countries are facing severe bottlenecks in the technological advancement in biotechnology, due to restrictions imposed by patent protected products and protocols. This calls for designing of simple and cost-effective alternatives for the indispensable products like DNA molecular weight markers. We demonstrate a novel, rapid and cost-effective method of making in-house 100bp ladder for routine use. In our method we use a single forward primer and five reverse pr (more) imers designed on the backbone sequence of a commonly used vector template. These primers are used at a universal annealing temperature to amplify ten DNA fragments of accurate size ranging from 100bp to 1000bp. Our PCR-based method can provide size standards for an endless usage.

In studies designed to investigate the environmental exposure of fish in Lake Erie tributaries, a benthic fish, the brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus), was collected from the industrially contaminated Detroit River, Ottawa River, Black River, Cuyahoga River-harbor and -upstream, Ashtabula River, Buffalo River, and Niagara River, and the non-industrialized Old Woman Creek during 1997-2000. Biliary benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)- and naphthalene (NAPH)-type metabolites and the hepatosomatic index (HSI) were measured in fish and compared between different sites. Fish from all of the contaminated sites except Niagara River had significantly higher concentrations of both types of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites than fish from the Old Woman Creek. Concentrations of PAH metabolites in bile of fish were positively associated with concentrations of PAHs in sediments, supporting the use of bile metabolites as a measure of PAH exposure. Relatively low concentrations of PAHs detected in fish bile and sediments of the Niagara River, which had undergone extensive remediation, suggested a lowered PAH exposure for fish at this site. No apparent trend was observed in HSI between the industrialized and non-industrialized sites. This study demonstrates that biliary PAH metabolites are an effective indicator of exposure of fish to PAHs. However, because factors other than contamination could also affect the liver size of wild fish, HSI alone may be not a reliable biomarker for assessing contaminant stress. ?? 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A field study was conducted at Lower Granite Dam on the Snake River in 1992 to evaluate the feasibility of using time-lapse video technology to document and estimate fish ladder passage of chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, sockeye salmon 0. nerka, and steelhead 0. mykiss using time-lapse video technology. High quality video images were produced with a time-lapse video system operating in 72 h mode from 1 May through 31 December, 1992 and fish were counted from 1 June through 15 December. From the video record we counted 15 sockeye salmon, 3,283 summer chinook salmon, 1,022 fall chinook salmon, and 125,599 steelhead. The composite count of target species generated from the video record was similar (p = 0.617) to the estimate made by on-site counters during identical time periods indicating that the two methods were precise. Comparisons of 24 h video counts and on-site (10 and 16 h) counts showed that a significant (p < 0.001) proportion of target salmonids migrated during the nighttime when on-site counts are not typically made at Lower Granite Dam. The mean sockeye salmon fork length measured from video images was 453 mm. Mean fork-lengths reported for Snake River sockeye salmon between 1953 and 1965 were much greater ({female} = 546 mm {male} = 577 mm). Cost comparisons showed that video costs were less than half those of on-site counting methods. The video method also included the collection of additional data. A computer software demonstration program was developed that graphically illustrated the possibilities of a completely automated, computerized fish counting and identification system.

Objective:To investigate the effect of including seafood and fish oils, as part of an energy-restricted diet, on weight loss in young overweight adults.Design:Randomized controlled trial of energy-restricted diet varying in fish and fish oil content was followed for 8 weeks. Subjects were randomized to one of four groups: (1) control (sunflower oil capsules, no seafood); (2) lean fish (3 x 150?g portions of cod/week); (3) fatty fish (3 x 150?g portions of salmon/week); (4) fish oil (DHA/EPA capsules, no seafood). The macronutrient composition of the diets was similar between the groups and the capsule groups, were single-blinded.Subjects:A total of 324 men and women aged 20–40 years, BMI 27.5–32.5?kg/m2 from Iceland, Spain and Ireland.Measurements:Anthropometr...

Linear and hyperbranched ladder polymers are facilely synthesized by a Pd(0) -catalyzed Suzuki polycondensation and Friedel-Crafts alkylation. The polymers show blue light emission with typical features of ladder polymers, such as well-resolved absorption and emission spectra, and small Stokes shifts. The polymers contain fewer structural defects and they exhibit good optical and thermal stability. No spectral change is observed after the films of ladder polymers are heated at 110 °C in air for 24 h. PMID:22836954

We introduce a new model and mechanism of high temperature pairing in stripes. We propose a way to unambiguously test it by numerical simulations. For example, the implementation of our mechanism in a 6-leg t-J ladder model has the effect of making the spin gap of the doped 6-leg ladder be about 4 times bigger than the spin gap of the same ladder at half filling.

We derive a path-integral expression for the effective action in the continuum limit of an AFM Heisenberg spin ladder with an arbitrary number of legs. The map is onto an O(3) nonlinear-sigma-model with the addition of a topological term that is effective only for odd-legged ladders and half-odd integer spins. We derive the parameters of the effective nonlinear-sigma-model and the behaviour of the spin gap for the case of even-legged ladders.

In this work, a novel metaheuristic named artificial fish school algorithm is introduced into the optimization of pump parameters for the design of gain flattened Raman fiber amplifiers for the first time. Artificial fish school algorithm emulates three simple social behaviors of a fish in a school, namely, preying, swarming and following, to optimize a target function. In this algorithm the pump wavelengths and power levels are mapped respectively to the state of a fish in a school, and the gain of a Raman fiber amplifier is mapped to the concentration of a food source for the fish school to search. Application of this algorithm to the design of a C-band gain flattened Raman fiber amplifier leads to an optimized amplifier that produces a flat gain spectrum with 0.63dB in band ripple for g...

Two different methods will be used to affix ladders to the active bulkhead. Layer 1 and layer 3 ladders will be attached to the active bulkhead using pins. To provide a highly conductive thermal path between these ladders and the cooling channel in the active bulkhead, a small amount of thermally conductive grease will be applied to the bulkhead just prior to ladder installation. Layer 2 and layer 4 ladders will be attached using the same method with the exception that thermally conductive epoxy will be used in lieu of grease. The epoxy is necessary in the outer two layers to maintain barrel rigidity. One major point of concern is the removal of the epoxied ladders. If removal of one of these ladders becomes necessary, it is unclear if the epoxy bond can be broken without damaging the silicon. This report is an attempt to estimate the amount of force necessary to remove a ladder, and the resulting stress that force produces in the silicon. The force necessary to remove an epoxied ladder from a bulkhead is calculated. The resulting silicon stress is also calculated.

The evolution of the spin gap of a 2-leg ladder upon doping depends upon the nature of the lowest triplet excitations in a ladder with two holes. Here we study this evolution using various numerical techniques for a t-t'-J ladder as the next-near-neighbor hopping t' is varied. We find that depending on the value of t', the spin gap can evolve continuously or discontinuously and the lowest triplet state can correspond to a magnon, a bound magnon-hole-pair, or two separate quasi-particles. Previous experimental results on the superconducting two-leg ladder Sr12Ca2Cu24O41 are discussed.

The temperature dependence of the uniform susceptibility and the ground state energy of antiferromagnetic Heisenberg ladders with up to 6 legs has been calculated, using the Monte Carlo loop algorithm. The susceptibilities of even-leg-ladders show spin gaps while these of odd-leg-ladders remain finite in the zero temperature limit. For small ratios of intra- to inter-leg couplings, odd-leg-ladders can be mapped at low temperatures to single chains. For equal couplings, the logarithmic corrections at low temperatures increase markedly with the number of legs.

The ladder-type polyheterofluorenes were investigated theoretically by using density functional theory (DFT) to reveal their optical and electronic properties for applications in organic optoelectronic devices. The incorporation of heteroatoms (B, Si, Ge, N, P, O, and S) into the ladder-type highly fused polyfluorene backbone can influence and modify the optoelectronic properties significantly. The functionalization on the heteroatoms allows for facile derivation and incorporation of substitutes to further tune the properties. Small geometry variations between the ground, anionic/cationic, the first excited singlet and triplet states were observed due to the very rigid ladder-type coplanar backbone. Ladder-type polycarbazole was predicted to have the highest HOMO and LUMO energy levels, po...

Construction and evaluation of salmonid habitat improvements on Fish Creek, a tributary of the upper Clackamas River, was continued in fiscal year 1984. Habitat improvement work in the basin is designed to increase the annual number of chinook, coho, and ...

This report summarizes monitoring and evaluation studies of salmonids reared at Umatilla Fish Hatchery (UFH) for 1 November, 1998 to 31 October, 1999. Studies at Umatilla Hatchery are designed to evaluate rearing of chinook salmon and steelhead in 'Michig...

The Quantum II, originally designed by Abbott Diagnostics for automated rapid identification of members of Enterobacteriaceae, was adapted for the identification of bacterial fish pathogens. he instrument operates as a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 492.600 nm. ample cartri...

...Descriptions of Boundaries of Critical Habitat AGENCY: United States Fish...descriptions of proposed and final critical habitat boundaries in the Federal Register...making the process of designating critical habitat more user-friendly for...

This manual describes the use of Program PitPro to convert PIT-tag data files in PTAGIS (PIT Tag Information System, Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission) to input files ready for survival analysis in Program SURPH 2.1. This utility converts the various PIT-tag detections at the multitude of detector coils within a juvenile bypass or at adult counting windows and ladders into capture histories. The capture histories indicate whether a tagged fish was detected, not detected, or detected and censored at the major hydroprojects in the Columbia Basin. A major update to this program is the inclusion of adult upstream detection histories. Adult detection histories include not only whether the fish was detected or not but also the year of detection for proper adult survival estimation. The SURPH program is a valuable tool for estimating survival and detection probabilities of fish migrating in the Snake and Columbia rivers. Using special input data files, SURPH computes reach-to-reach statistics for any release group passing a system of detection sites. However, PIT-tag data, as available from PTAGIS, comes in a form that is not ready for use as SURPH input. SURPH requires a capture history for each fish. A capture history consists of a series of fields, one for each detection site, that has a code for whether the fish was detected and returned to the river, detected and removed, or not detected. The data, as received from PTAGIS, has one line for each detection with information such as fish identification (id), detection date and time, number of coil hits and detector coil ids, etc. Because an individual fish may be detected at several coils within a detection site as well as at several detection sites, each fish is often represented by multiple lines in the PTAGIS data file. For the PTAGIS data to be usable by SURPH, it must be preprocessed. The data must be condensed down to one line per fish with the relevant detection information from the PTAGIS file represented compactly on each line. In addition, the PTAGIS coil information must be passed through a series of logic algorithms to determine whether or not a fish was returned to the river after detection. Program PitPro was developed to allow the user to properly preprocess the PTAGIS data files for input to program SURPH through a user friendly graphical user interface (GUI). This utility takes PTAGIS data files as input and creates a SURPH data file as well as other output including travel time records, detection date records, and a data error file. PitPro allows a user to download PTAGIS files and easily process the data for use with SURPH. Program PitPro is based on the command line utility CaptHist.

Distribution of Squalidus chankaensis biwae, Lepomis macrochilus LAFINESQUE, Rhinogobius brunneus, Tribolodon hakonensis and Zacoo platypus within the habitat was strongly influenced by in-situ water velocity. For example, larval fish of Squalidus chankaensis biwa, 6-20mm in SL. preferred swimming a water velocity of 0-2cm/sec at the water surface. Similarly. juvenile fish. 30-40mm in SL. preferred a water velocity of 4-5cm/sec. But the preferred water velocity for adult fish ranged from 5-25cm /sec near the bed of the stream. Similarly. adult fish of Zacco platypus was 40-90cm/sec. The other kinds of fish too. it was measured similar phenomenon. Mostly freshwater fish until juvenile period preferred a water velocity of 0-5cm/sec at the water surface near aquatic plants. but in the beginning of adult fish period, preferred water velocity was made great magnification and fish has habitabled at the near bed-pebbles of swift current. These data are important to the design of good fish habitat. 21 refs., 20 figs., 2 tabs.

We examined the response of fishes to establishment of a new flow regime in lower Putah Creek, a regulated stream in California, U.S.A. The new flow regime was designed to mimic the seasonal timing of natural increases and decreases in stream flow. We monitored fish assemblages annually at six sample sites distributed over approximately 30 km of stream for eight years before and nine years after the new flow regime was implemented. Our purpose was to determine whether more natural stream flow patterns would reestablish native fishes and reduce the abundances of alien (nonnative) fishes. At the onset of our study, native fishes were constrained to habitat immediately (flow regime, native fishes regained dominance across more than 20 km of lower Putah Creek. We propose that the expansion of native fishes was facilitated by creation of favorable spawning and rearing conditions (e.g., elevated springtime flows), cooler water temperatures, maintenance of lotic (flowing) conditions over the length of the creek, and displacement of alien species by naturally occurring high-discharge events. Importantly, restoration of native fishes was achieved by manipulating stream flows at biologically important times of the year and only required a small increase in the total volume of water delivered downstream (i.e., water that was not diverted for other uses) during most water years. Our results validate that natural flow regimes can be used to effectively manipulate and manage fish assemblages in regulated rivers. PMID:22908707

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if and how the current degree of scientific uncertainty about the safety of fish consumption is incorporated at the media level. DESIGN: We used a dedicated software (TalTac®) to investigate the content of 169 news articles related to 'mercury and fish consumption' that appeared from 1990 to 2010 in the two Italian broadsheets with the highest circulation figures, in order to identify journalistic frames used in the coverage of benefits v. risks associated with fish consumption. Hypotheses were made on how the public might change fish consumption patterns as a result of media coverage. SETTING: Italy. RESULTS: The two newspapers have different agendas in covering the issue. La Repubblica appears to support the view that, besides health benefits, there may be risks associated with fish consumption, while Corriere della Sera emphasizes health benefits more than possible risks. Depending on the preferred information source, the public could: (i) reduce its fish intake; (ii) increase its fish intake; or (iii) become confused about the problem and sceptical towards the media, as a result of conflicting journalistic frames. CONCLUSIONS: The Italian media, in cooperation with scientists, public health nutritionists and dietitians, should place more emphasis on the existence of a few fish species with high to very high Hg levels and relatively low contents of beneficial n-3 fatty acids (e.g. swordfish and shark). This would enable consumers to make more educated purchasing decisions to maximize the benefits of n-3 intake while reducing possible risks from consuming Hg-contaminated fish. PMID:23009805

The effects of level of fish oil inclusion in the diet on grass silage intake, and milk yield and composition of dairy cows offered either 5 or 10 kg concentrates/d were evaluated in a ten treatment, partly balanced, changeover design experiment involving 50 cows in early lactation. Concentrates were prepared to provide 0, 150, 300 or 450 g fish oil/cow per d or 300 g fish oil/cow per d from a premix when each animal was offered 5 kg/d. The fish oil was predominantly from herring and mackerel caught in the North Atlantic while the fish oil premix was obtained from a commercial source and used palm kernel expeller as a carrier. Increasing fish oil supplementation decreased silage dry matter intake and the concentrations of milk fat and protein, and increased milk yield and diet digestibility. There were significant interactions between concentrate feed level and level of fish oil for silage intake and milk yield. Other than for the concentrations of milk fat and protein, and 20:4n-6 fatty acids, the source of fish oil did not affect forage intake or animal performance. Fish oil supplementation also decreased the concentrations of milk protein by 0.9 g/kg for each 100 g increase in fish oil supplementation, the depression being similar at each level of concentrate feeding. Supplementing the feed of dairy cows with 450 g fish oil/cow per d decreased the concentration of milk fat by 15 g/kg. This study also showed that feeding dairy cattle with fish oil is an efficient method of increasing eicosapentaenoic acid in the human diet through transfer into milk. PMID:10840669

This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of the active part of Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb. Extract (ASE) against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. As a result, pretreated with ASE prior to the administration of APAP significantly prevented the increases of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and tumor necrosis factor-? (TNF-?) levels in serum, and glutathione (GSH) depletion, malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation in liver tissue. In addition, ASE prevented APAP-induced apoptosis and necrosis, as indicated by a liver histopathological analysis and DNA laddering. Furthermore, according to the results from Western blot analysis, ASE markedly decreased APAP-induced caspase-3 and -8 protein expressions in mouse livers. All these results suggest that the protective effects of ASE against APAP-induced liver injury may involve mechanisms associated with its inhibitive effects of lipid peroxidation and the down-regulation of TNF-? mediated apoptosis.   

Recent elliptic curve scalar multiplication algorithms are based on efficient co- Formula Not Shown arithmetics. These arithmetics were initially introduced by Meloni in 2007 where addition of projective points share the same Formula Not Shown -coordinate. The co- Formula Not Shown version algorithms are sufficiently fast and secure against a large variety of implementation attacks. This paper analyses the performance of these algorithms in hardware and then compares them against software and hardware?software co-design environments on FPGA, in terms of speed, memory, power and energy consumption. Specifically, this paper presents a survey and performance comparison of implementations of co- Formula Not Shown versions of the Montgomery ladder and the Joye?s double-add algorithm in an embed...

We developed and evaluated the specificity and sensitivity of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for rapid detection of the food-borne pathogen Salmonella. A pair of outer primers and a pair of inner primers was specially designed for recognizing six distinct sequences on the target invA gene. By the detection system, 241bp target DNA was amplified and visualized as ladder-like pattern of bands on agarose gel within 60min under isothermal conditions at 65degreeC. The detection limit of this LAMP assay was 100fg DNA/tube, while the PCR method was 1pg/tube. Also, the presence of 100ng of non-Salmonella genomic DNA in this LAMP reaction for 1pg Salmonella of target DNA neither adversely affected the amplification efficiency nor generated significant background. In addition...

Abstract The fragment of the membrane protein M gene with high conservation and specificity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) was chosen to be the target region, according to which six special primers were designed successfully. Reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) was applied to detect the PRRSV by incubation at 65degree for only 45 min with the ladder-like pattern of bands from 182 bp on the agarose gel, and the product specificity was confirmed by RsaI. The result of RT-LAMP could also be visualized directly with the naked eye by adding the intercalating dye Picogreen. The RT-LAMP was identified to detect only the PRRSV in all viruses tested, which demonstrated the high specificity. By using various sample dilutions as templ...

Because of different characteristic features of distribution networks, such as radial structure and high R/X ratio, distribution system load flow analysis differs significantly from transmission systems. Accordingly, a number of methods that are specially designed for the solution of the power flow problem in radial distribution systems are found in the literature. Most of the developed methods are based on the forward/backward sweep processes for the solution of the ladder networks. In this article, various distribution system load flow algorithms, based on the forward/backward sweeps, are reviewed, and their convergence ability is quantitatively evaluated for different loading conditions, R/X ratios, and sub-station voltage levels. Moreover, the effects of static load modeling on the con...

A multiphase LC voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) with a novel capacitive coupling CL ladder filter structure is proposed in this paper and this 10 GHz eight-phase VCO is applied in clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit for 40 Gb/s optical communications system. Compared with the traditional eight-phase oscillator, this capacitive coupling structure can decrease the number of inductors to half and only of four inductors. The VCO is designed and taped out in TSMC 65 nm CMOS technology. Measurement results show the phase noise is 105.95 dBc/Hz at 1MHz offset from a carrier frequency of 10 GHz. The chip area of VCO is 480 ?m?700 ?m and the VCO core power dissipation is 4.8 mW with the 1.0 V supply voltage.

DNA curvature plays an important role in many biological processes. To study environmentalinfluences on DNA curvature we compared the anomalous migration on polyacrylamide gels ofligation ladders of 11 specifically-designed oligonucleotides. At low temperatures (25 degreesC and below) most of the sequences exhibited a degree of anomalous migration. Increasedtemperature had a significant effect on the anomalous migration (curvature) of some sequencesbut limited effects on others; at 50 degrees C only 1 sequence migrated anomalously. Mg2+ hada strong influence on the migration of certain sequences, whilst spermine enhanced theanomalous migration of a different set of sequences. Sequences with a GGC motif exhibitedgreater curvature than predicted by the presently-used angles for the nearest-neighbour wedgemodel and are especially sensitive to Mg2+. The data have implications for models for DNAcurvature and for environmentally-sensitive DNA conformations in the regulation of geneexpression.

The operation bridge used for an open-pool type research reactor is a crane system with a working deck for the handling of in-pool parts such as fuels, reactor components and reactor utilization facilities. The operation bridge allows operators to access the top of the reactor in the reactor pool and the fuel storage racks in the service pool. The operation bridge contains an operating platform mounted on a truck travelling on rails. Upright members are mounted on the truck to support the upper structure and two hoist monorails. The operation bridge consists of two hoists, upper girder frames, legs, cables, saddle frames, upper deck frames, lower deck frames, and the ladder. Static and dynamic analyses are performed to evaluate the structural integrity for the operation bridge for the required design loadings. The response spectrum analysis is employed as a dynamic analysis method

This paper presents a DC-11GHz CMOS low noise amplifier (LNA) for software-defined radio (SDR). The broadband performance is extended to cover the spectrum from near DC to 11GHz by adopting extra inductors with modified resistive feedback, folded current reuse topology. Bandwidth extension is proposed by inserting pole splitting, interstage and LC ladder inductors. A source follower jointly acts as the buffer stage for broadband output matching and feed-forward path for gain enhancement as well as noise cancellation. Simulation shows power gain of 11 ±4dB and the NF ranging from 1.8 to 3dB in 0.4-11GHz band. The LNA achieves an average IIP3 of -10dBm while consumes only 5.3mW. The proposed broadband LNA is designed in 0.18-µm CMOS process from 1.5V supply.   

As the homelessness `crisis' in the United States enters a third decade, few are as adversely affected as persons with serious mental illness. Despite recent evidence favoring a `housing first' approach, the dominant `treatment first' approach persists in which individuals must climb a ladder of program requirements before becoming eligible for an apartment of their own.Drawing upon the concept of `ontological security', this qualitative study examines the subjective meaning of `home' among 39 persons who were part of a unique urban experiment that provided New York Citys homeless mentally ill adults with immediate access to independent housing in the late 1990s. The study design involved purposively sampling from the experimental (housing first) group (N=21) and the control (treatment fir...

Capillary array electrophoresis (CAE) chips have been designed and fabricated with the capacity to rapidly (<160 s) analyze 12 different samples in parallel. Detection of all lanes with 0.3 s temporal resolution was achieved using a laser-excited confocal-fluorescence scanner. The operation and capabilities of these CAE microdevices were first determined by performing electrophoretic separations of pBR322 MspI DNA samples. Genotyping of HLA-H, a candidate gene for the diagnosis of hereditary hemochromatosis, was then performed to demonstrate the rapid analysis of biologically relevant samples. Two-color multiplex fluorescence detection of HLA-H genotypes was accomplished by prelabeling the standard pBR322 MspI DNA ladder with a red emitting bisintercalation dye (butyl TOTIN) and on-column labeling of the HLA-H DNA with thiazole orange. This work establishes the feasibility of using CAE chips for high-speed, high-throughput genotyping. 44 refs., 7 figs.

Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) in the Columbia River basin have declined to a remnant of their pre-1940s populations and the status of the western brook lamprey (L. richardsoni) and river lamprey (L. ayresi) is unknown. Identifying the biological and ecological factors limiting lamprey populations is critical to their recovery, but little research has been conducted on these species within the Columbia River basin. This ongoing, multi-year study examines lamprey populations in Cedar Creek, Washington, a third-order tributary to the Lewis River. This annual report describes the activities and results of the third year of this project. Adult (n = 62), metamorphosed (n = 76), transforming (n = 4), and ammocoete (n = 315) stages of Pacific and western brook lamprey were examined in 2002. Lampreys were captured using adult fish ladders, lamprey pots, rotary screw traps, and lamprey electrofishers. In addition, fifty-four spawning ground surveys were conducted during which 124 Pacific lamprey and 13 western brook lamprey nests were identified. Stream gradient of spawning grounds were surveyed to better understand spawning habitat requirements.

Genomic databases do not contain complete sequences of the centromeric regions. We created a pUC19-based library of DNA fragments from isolated chromocentres of interphase nuclei. In this library we have found major satellite (MaSat) and two new satellite sequences - MS3 and MS4. The computer analysis of MS3 and MS4 sequences by alignment, fragment curved state and search for MAR motifs in comparison with the mouse major and minor satellite (MiSat) DNA has shown them to be new satellite fragments. Southern blot of MS3 and MS4 with total DNA digested by restriction enzymes shows the ladder characteristic of satellite DNA. 2.2% of the total DNA consists of MS3, the monomer of which is 150 bp long. The MS4 monomer is 300 bp long and accounts for 1.6% of the total DNA. On metaphase chromosomes MS3 and MS4 are located at the centromeric region. FISH analysis of L929 nuclei during the cell cycle showed relative positions of MaSat, MiSat, MS3, and MS4. All mapped satDNA fragments except MaSat belong to the outer layer of the chromocentres in the G0/G1 phase. MS3 is likely to be involved in the centromere formation. The mouse genome contains at least four satDNA types: AT-rich (MaSat and MiSat), and CG-rich (MS3 and MS4). PMID:15791408

The parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) is one of the most important protozoan pathogens of freshwater fish worldwide. Examination of 4 species of Tilapia from the River Nile recorded highest rate infection in Oreochromis niloticus, followed by Oreochromis aureus, Sarotherodon galilaeus and Tilapia zilli. By electron microscopy, apoptotic cells collected from Tilapia species infected with "Ich" showed an aggregation on the apical and basal parts of the ciliated and non-ciliated endothelial lining the gill epithelium. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the chromatin in the liver of Ich-infected O. niloticus was highly condensed and massed at the center of the nucleus. UItrastructural analysis of "Ich" infected O. aureus showed that the nuclear membrane of hepatocytes was also shrunken. In S. galilaeus, chromatin was highly condensed, fragmented and massed at the nuclear center, occasionally forming crescent-shaped masses. Ultrastructural of O. niloticus spleen showed that the macrophage number was comparatively high as compared to control. In O. aureus, damaged splenic cell number did not change, and phagocytic capacity of macrophages was not very high. In Ich-infected S. galilaeus, a marked decrease in splenic cells number was seen. Analysis of DNA by agarose gel electrophoresis on gill, liver and spleen cells showed a ladder of DNA fragments in multiple of 180bp in length, pointing to an internucleosomal DNA cleavage. PMID:19795773

This report presents the results of an evaluation of juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) behavior at Cougar Dam on the south fork of the McKenzie River in Oregon in 2010. The study was conducted by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). The overall goal of the study was to characterize juvenile salmonid behavior and movement patterns in the immediate forebay of the Water Temperature Control (WTC) tower of the dam for USACE and fisheries resource managers use in making decisions about bioengineering designs for long-term structures and/or operations to facilitate safe downstream passage for juvenile salmonids. We collected acoustic imaging (Dual-Frequency Identification Sonar; DIDSON) data from March 1, 2010, through January 31, 2011. Juvenile salmonids (hereafter, called 'fish') were present in the immediate forebay of the WTC tower throughout the study. Fish abundance index was low in early spring (<200 fish per sample-day), increased in late April, and peaked on May 19 (6,039 fish). A second peak was observed on June 6 (2904 fish). Fish abundance index decreased in early June and remained low in the summer months (<100 fish per sample-day). During the fall and winter, fish numbers varied with a peak on November 10 (1881 fish) and a minimum on December 7 (12 fish). A second, smaller, peak occurred on December 22 (607 fish). A univariate statistical analysis indicated fish abundance index (log10-transformed) was significantly (P<0.05) positively correlated with forebay elevation, velocity over the WTC tower intake gate weirs, and river flows into the reservoir. A subsequent multiple regression analysis resulted in a model (R2=0.70) predicting fish abundance (log-transformed index values) using two independent variables of mean forebay elevation and the log10 of the forebay elevation range. From the approximate fish length measurements made using the DIDSON imaging software, the average fish length during early spring 2010 was 214 {+-} 86 mm (standard deviation). From May through early November, the average fish length remained relatively consistent (132 {+-} 54 mm), after which average lengths increased to 295 {+-} 148 mm for mid-November though early December. From mid-December through January the average fish length decreased to 151 {+-} 76 mm. Milling in front of the WTC tower was the most common fish behavior observed throughout the study period. Traversing along the front of the tower, east-to-west and west-to-east, was the next common behavior. The percentage of fish events showing movement from the forebay to the tower or from the tower to the forebay was generally low throughout the spring, summer, and early fall (0 to 30% for both directions combined, March through early November). From mid-November 2010 through the end of the study (January 31, 2011), the combined percentages of fish moving into and out of the tower were higher (25 to 70%) than during previous months of the study. Schooling behavior was most distinct in the spring. Schooling events were present in 30 to 96% of the fish events during that period, with a peak on May 19. Schooling events were also present in the summer, but at lower numbers. With the exception of some schooling in mid-December, few to no schooling events were observed in the fall and winter months. Diel distributions for schooling fish during spring and fall months indicate schooling was concentrated during daylight hours and no schooling was observed at night. However, in December, schooling occurred at night, after midnight, and during daylight hours. Predator activity, most likely bull trout or rainbow trout according to a USACE biologist, was observed during late spring, when fish abundance index and schooling were highest for the year, and again in the fall months when fish events increased from a summer low. No predator activity was observed in the summer, and little activity occurred during the winter months.

The Augmented Fish Health Monitoring Project (Project) had its origin, in the mid-1980's, in perceived differences or inconsistencies in fish disease detection, diagnosis and control capabilities between the five conservation agencies rearing and releasing anadromous salmonids for fishery resource management and mitigation purposes in the Columbia River basin. Agency fish health programs varied greatly. Some agencies had personnel, equipment and funding to frequently monitor the health status of both juvenile production fish and adult salmon or steelhead trout at the time of spawning. Other agencies had much smaller programs and limited resources. These differences became better understood when the Pacific Northwest Fish Health Protection Committee developed its Model Fish Health Protection Program including recommendations for standard fish disease detection procedures. Even though some agencies could not immediately attain the goals set by the Model Program it was unanimously adopted as a desirable objective. Shortly thereafter, a multi-party planning group was assembled to help the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) find ways to improve agency fish health programs and implement measures under the Fish and Wildlife Program of the Northwest Power Planning Council. The planning group assessed existing agency fish health monitoring capabilities, agreed upon satisfactory levels of capability to detect and identify important fish pathogens, and designed a five-year project establishing comparable fish health monitoring capability in each agency. It was strongly believed that such a project would improve the health and quality of the millions of hatchery fish released annually in the Columbia River basin and improve interagency communications and disease control coordination. During 1986 and 1987 BPA individually negotiated five separate contracts with the fishery agencies to standardize fish health monitoring, develop a common data collection and reporting format, evaluate and monitor hatchery water supplies, improve communications and coordination, and provide a mechanism for periodic review. The contract with the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service was approved on May 31, 1987, the last of the five inter-agency agreements to be signed. This did not delay Service participation with the other agencies because the Service already had many elements of the Project in place under its existing Service-wide fish health policy and implementation plan, The Service fully participated in the Project from mid-1987 through mid-1992. This completion report describes some of the many accomplishments under each of the objectives, benefits accruing from the Project, elements to be sustained by the Service after the Project ended, and Project that were not completed or that pointed out new work that needs to be done.

Abstract: A sea cage, sometimes referred to as a net pen, is an enclosure designed to prevent farm fish from escaping and to protect them from large predators, while allowing a free flow of water through the cage to carry away waste. Farm fish thus share water with wild fish, which enables transmission of parasites, such as sea lice, from wild to farm and farm to wild fishes. Sea lice epidemics, together with recently documented population-level declines of wild salmon in areas of sea-cage farming, are a reminder that sea-cage aquaculture is fundamentally different from terrestrial animal culture. The difference is that sea cages protect farm fish from the usual pathogen-control mechanisms of nature, such as predators, but not from the pathogens themselves. A sea cage thus becomes an unint...

A real-time PCR method to detect fish DNA in feedstuffs was developed and optimised. A combination of primers and a Taqman-MGB probe was used to selectively amplify the fish mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA gene. Qualitative and also quantitative assessments were performed with different protocols: a relative quantification by a standard curve, and a DCT method, by total plant DNA as endogenous controls. Method specificity was evaluated analysing 40 different tissues (mammalians, avian, fish) and flour samples. Sensitivity was evaluated by LOD (limit of detection) estimation. The designed probe-primers set showed an increased sensitivity compared to previously published PCR end point method, reaching a limit of detection of 0.2pg of fish DNA, and showing to be a robust assay for fish DNA de...

Several previous studies indicate that presence of fish has negative effects on waterbirds breeding on lakes, owing either to competition for common invertebrate prey or fish predation on ducklings/chicks. However, others have reported results to the contrary and it remains unresolved what factors trigger, inhibit, and modulate fish?waterbird interactions. The present study was designed to test the effect of fish presence per se, with a minimum of variation in possibly confounding environmental variables. Thus, after stratifying for area, depth, altitude, pH, and total phosphorus we compared 13 lakes with and 12 without fish (mainly pike Esox lucius and perch Perca fluviatilis) with respect to (i) general species richness of waterbirds, (ii) species-specific utilization and breeding succes...

Prevent mortality and/or injury to all life stages of anadromous and resident fish at irrigation diversions. Obsolete Yakima basin fish screens constructed in the 1930's, 40's, 50's, 60's, and 70's must be replaced or updated to comply with current regional fish screen biological protection criteria adopted by Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Authority (CBFWA), Fish Screening Oversight Committee (FSOC) in 1995. This goal is being accomplished through an on-going effort by the Yakima Basin Phase II Technical Work Group (TWG), which is comprised of local, state, federal, tribal and private groups who prioritizes and assign screening projects. Prioritized screening projects are completed through coordination between the Bureau of Reclamations (BOR), who design and permit, and the WDFW who fabricate the screens for these projects.

The potential of a highly concentrated rapeseed protein isolate (RPI) as partial or total fish meal (FM) alternative in diets for turbot (Psetta maxima L.) was evaluated. In a feeding trial 12 experimental tanks of a saltwater recirculation system were stocked with 15 fish each. Fish were organized in triplicate groups and received isonitrogenous and isoenergetic experimental diets with 0, 33, 66, or 100% (designated as control, RPI 33, RPI 66, RPI 100) of FM protein replaced with RPI. Fish were fed over a period of 56days until apparent satiation. Feed intake, feed conversion ratio and growth performance did not significantly vary between fish fed the RPI 33 (129g RPIkg^-^1 diet) and the control diet. The RPI 66 (258g RPIkg^-^1 diet) and the RPI 100 (391g RPIkg^-^1 diet) diets caused redu...

Objective To determine the meiotic segregation in large-headed, multiple-tailed spermatozoa. Design Analysis of sperm nuclei by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Setting University hospital. Patient(s) A 34-year-old man with 100% morphologically abnormal spermatozoa. Intervention(s) Dual-color FISH for chromosomes 13 and 21 and triple-color FISH for chromosomes X, Y, and 18 were performed. Main Outcome Measure(s) Aneuploidy rates. Result(s) More than 99% of the spermatozoa had abnormal content for chromosomes X, Y, 13, 18, and 21. Diploidy, triploidy, and tetraploidy rates were found to be 18.42%, 6.14%, and 33.99% in triple-color FISH and to be 16.09%, 16.28%, and 38.95% in dual-color FISH. Conclusion(s) Our results and those from other investigators show that large-headed, multi...

The seaward migration of juvenile salmonids was monitored by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) at Bonneville and John Day Dams on the Columbia River in 1996 The NMFS Smolt Monitoring Project is part of a larger Smolt Monitoring Program (SMP) coordinated by the Fish Passage Center (FPC) for the Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Authority. The purpose of the SMP is to monitor the migration of the juvenile salmonid stocks in the Columbia basin and make flow and spill recommendations designed to facilitate fish passage. Data are also used for travel time, migration timing, and relative run size analysis. The purpose of the NMFS portion of the program is to provide the FPC with species and project specific real time data from John Day and Bonneville Dams. Monitoring data collected included: river conditions; total numbers of fish; numbers of fry, adult salmon, and incidental catch; daily and seasonal passage patterns; and fish condition. 10 refs., 16 figs., 5 tabs.

The designation of Texas as a ?hotspot?? for fish mortalities relative to the other 22 coastal US states is of serious concern for scientists, resource managers, and the public alike. We investigated the major sources and causes of fish kills in coastal Texas from 1951 to 2006. During this 55-year period, more than 383 million fish were killed, 72% of which were Gulf menhaden (Brevoortia spp.). We examined the relationships between climate and the physical features of Texas bays and estuaries as well as the consequences of high-density industrialization and urbanization along several coastal centers on fish kills, including the impact of eutrophication, algal blooms (toxic and nontoxic), and hypoxia. Galveston and Matagorda Bays had the highest number of fish kill events and total number o...

The L-loop 4-point ladder diagram of massless phi^3 theory is finite when all 4 legs are off-shell and is given in terms of polylogarithms with orders ranging from L to 2L. We obtain the exact solution of the linear Dyson-Schwinger equation that sums these ladder diagrams and show that this sum vanishes exponentially fast at strong coupling.

Program SURPH is the culmination of several years of research to develop a comprehensive computer program to analyze survival studies of fish and wildlife populations. Development of this software was motivated by the advent of the PIT-tag (Passive Integrated Transponder) technology that permits the detection of salmonid smolt as they pass through hydroelectric facilities on the Snake and Columbia Rivers in the Pacific Northwest. Repeated detections of individually tagged smolt and analysis of their capture-histories permits estimates of downriver survival probabilities. Eventual installation of detection facilities at adult fish ladders will also permit estimation of ocean survival and upstream survival of returning salmon using the statistical methods incorporated in SURPH.1. However, the utility of SURPH.1 far exceeds solely the analysis of salmonid tagging studies. Release-recapture and radiotelemetry studies from a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic species have been analyzed using SURPH.1 to estimate discrete time survival probabilities and investigate survival relationships. The interactive computing environment of SURPH.1 was specifically developed to allow researchers to investigate the relationship between survival and capture processes and environmental, experimental and individual-based covariates. Program SURPH.1 represents a significant advancement in the ability of ecologists to investigate the interplay between morphologic, genetic, environmental and anthropogenic factors on the survival of wild species. It is hoped that this better understanding of risk factors affecting survival will lead to greater appreciation of the intricacies of nature and to improvements in the management of wild resources. This technical report is an introduction to SURPH.1 and provides a user guide for both the UNIX and MS-Windows{reg_sign} applications of the SURPH software.

Recent studies have demonstrated reproductive problems in white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) exposed to bleached kraft pulp mill effluent (BKME) at Jackfish Bay on Lake Superior. These fish exhibit delayed sexual maturity, reduced gonadal size, reduced secondary sexual characteristics, and circulating steroid levels depressed relative to those of reference populations. The present studies were designed to evaluate sites in the pituitary-gonadal axis of prespawning white sucker affected by BKME exposure. At the time of entry to the spawning stream, plasma levels of immunoreactive gonadotropin (GtH)-II (LH-type GtH) in male and female white sucker were 30- and 50-fold lower, respectively, than the levels in fish from a reference site. A single intraperitoneal injection of D-Arg6, Pro9N-Et sGnRH (sGnRH-A, 0.1 mg/kg) increased plasma GtH levels in male and female fish at both sites, although the magnitude of the response was greatly reduced in BKME-exposed fish. Fish at the BKME site did not ovulate in response to sGnRH-A, while 10 of 10 fish from the reference site ovulated within 6 hr. Plasma 17 alpha,20 beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20 beta-P) levels were depressed in BKME-exposed fish and unlike fish at the reference site, failed to increase in response to sGnRH-A. Testosterone levels in both sexes and 11-ketostestosterone levels in males were elevated in fish from the reference site but were not further increased by GnRH treatment. In contrast, BKME-exposed fish exhibit a transitory increase in testosterone levels in response to the GnRH analog. In vitro incubations of ovarian follicles obtained from fish at the BKME site revealed depressed basal secretion of testosterone and 17,20 beta-P and reduced responsiveness to the GtH analog human chorionic gonadotropin and to forskolin, a direct activator of adenylate cyclase.

During 1999-2002 we determined whether size at release and release site influenced emigration success and survival of hatchery steelhead smolts raised at Dworshak National Fish Hatchery and released into the Clearwater River drainage. We marked 4,500 smolts each year with Passive Integrated Transponder Tags (PIT-tags) which enabled us to track emigration and estimate survival through mainstem Snake and Columbia river dams. Hatchery steelhead raised in System I freshwater were significantly smaller than those raised in warmer System II re-use water (196 mm, 206 mm, 198 mm and 201 mm System I; 215 mm, 213 mm, 206 mm and 209 mm System II). However, there was no significant difference in detection rates to mainstem observation sites between the two groups (65%, 58%, 78% and 55% System I; 69%, 59%, 74% and 53% System II). Survival estimates to Lower Granite Dam were also not significant between the two groups (72%, 81%, 80% and 77% System I; 77%, 79%, 77%, and 72% System II). Smolts less than 180 mm FL were less likely to be detected than larger smolts. Hatchery steelhead smolts released into Clear Creek, the South Fork Clearwater River and the Clearwater River at Dworshak National Fish Hatchery had significantly different lengths each year, but there was no discernible pattern due to random egg takes and rearing systems. Detection rates to mainstem observation sites for smolts released into Clear Creek were significantly less than the other two groups in all years except 2002 (62%, 57%, 71%, and 57% Clear Creek; 68%, 63%, 73% and 61% South Fork Clearwater River; 70%, 59%, 78% and 55% Clearwater River). However, survival rates to Lower Granite Dam were not significantly different (73%, 65%, 78%, and 77% Clear Creek; 79%, 72%, 79% and 76% South Fork Clearwater River; 81%, 76%, 80% and 83% Clearwater River). Similar to the size at release group, smolts less than 180 mm FL were less likely to get detected than larger smolts. Smolts from both size at release and release site groups that were mature at tagging rarely migrated downstream. If smolts migrated they did it in the same year they were released, as less than 0.02% were observed migrating the second year. We sampled the Clearwater River, North Fork Clearwater River, Bedrock Creek, Big Canyon Creek, Cottonwood Creek, Jacks Creek and the Dworshak National Fish Hatchery adult ladder to collect residual hatchery steelhead. We PIT-tagged and released 3,651 hatchery steelhead and collected 645 hatchery steelhead for coded wire tags. Most residual hatchery steelhead were caught within 4 rkm of Dworshak National Fish Hatchery. Hatchery steelhead sampled in the North Fork Clearwater River and the Dworshak Hatchery adult ladder were significantly larger than those sampled in the Clearwater River and lower tributaries in all years except 2001 (205 mm, 205 mm, 223 mm and 238 mm North Fork Clearwater River; 190 mm, 182 mm, 226 mm and 189 mm Clearwater River). Of the hatchery steelhead we PIT-tagged, only 12% were observed at downstream observation sites. Most migrants were tagged in the Clearwater River (91%) and were smaller than hatchery steelhead that were tagged but were not detected. Most migrants were detected in the same year they were tagged, but 14% held over and migrated in the second year after tagging. We documented migration outside of the normal window, as one detection occurred on October 31 at Lower Granite Dam. We recaptured 130 individual hatchery steelhead that we had tagged during sampling. Over 77% of the recaptures were within one km of where they were tagged, and 67% of the recaptures were tagged in the North Fork Clearwater River and the Dworshak Hatchery adult ladder. We calculated a mean growth rate of 0.27 mm/day for fish we recaptured. For those hatchery steelhead we PIT-tagged, the proportion of males was 13%, the rest we could not ascertain gender. All the males were precocious. Over 97% of the coded-wire tag recoveries came from hatchery steelhead released at Dworshak National Fish Hatchery. The Contribution group (random egg take and rearing system) comprised 44% of the recoveries, followed by 32% System I and 24% System II. The mean length of the Contribution group was significantly smaller than the other two groups in all years except 2001 (173 mm, 191 mm, 209 mm and 197 mm Contribution; 210 mm, 206 mm, 205 mm and 228 mm System I; 226 mm, 216 mm, 213 mm and 225 mm System II). Males made up 81% of the recoveries, and their maturity ranged from 0% to 100%. The Contribution group had significantly more males than the other two groups in 1999 and 2001.

The effective Hamiltonians describing the lowest part of the energy spectrum in the t-J model on a lattice ``necklace ladder'' with a weak interaction of elementary cells are derived within the framework of perturbation theory and the formalism of cyclic spin permutations. It is shown that in a model of ``necklace ladder'' there are no magnetic polarons which are observed in similar rectangular ladders. A nonmonotonic dependence of the ground state spin S0 of finite ladder segments, containing L unit cells and N = 3L-1 electrons, on the value of the exchange parameter J is shown numerically. In particular, for a cycling segment with four unit cells for 0 cycling segments of the lattice ``necklace ladder'' containing 3L-1 electrons, for even L an exact separation of charge and spin variables in the corresponding t-J model is demonstrated.

The augmented fish health monitoring project is funded by the Bonneville Power Administration with the mandate to collect fish health data on anadromous fish stocks of the Columbia River Basin in a standardized manner. The project began in 1986 and the data reported here was collected in the third year. This segment of the project was carried out by the Washington Department of Wildlife and summarizes fish health findings at anadromous game hatcheries in Washington State operated by the BPA. Information gathered to date has provided impetus to alter facility design and management practices for improved fish health through prevention. Treatment efficacy can be better assessed due to the monthly monitoring of fish stocks and insight is being gained into disease prevention and control. The ultimate goal, of course, is to improve fish health for better survival in the wild. Tagged returns at index hatcheries within this project area will indicate the impact of improving fish health on providing greater adult returns as well as an improved product for the fishery. 2 refs., 3 figs., 15 tabs.

The goal of this project is to prevent mortality and/or injury to all life stages of anadromous and resident fish at irrigation diversions. Obsolete Yakima basin fish screens constructed in the 1930's, 40's, 50's, 60's, and 70's must be replaced or updated to comply with current regional fish screen biological protection criteria adopted by Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Authority (CBFWA), Fish Screening Oversight Committee (FSOC) in 1995. This goal is being accomplished through an on-going effort by the Yakima Basin Phase II Technical Work Group (TWG), which is comprised of local, state, federal, tribal and private groups who prioritizes and assign screening projects. Prioritized screening projects are completed through coordination between the Bureau of Reclamations (BOR), who design and permit, and the WDFW who fabricate the screens for these projects. The following is the 2004 fish screening facility construction schedule as proposed by the Bureau of Reclamation Design Group (USBR) and Fish Passage Technical Work Group (TWG).

The potential of the Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tag for marking salmonids was evaluated. In Phase I, sham PIT tags were injected into the body cavity of juvenile salmonids. Tagged fish ranged in weight from 0.8 to 43.9 g. Observations based on six tests, ranging in time from 19 to 99 days, indicated that the test site for injecting the tag was along the mid-ventral line in the area of the pectoral or pelvic fins. Tag retention of 99% (n = 400) and survival of 99% were achieved. Minimal tissue response to the tag was noted in both tag locations. In Phase II, a PIT tag detector system designed to detect and record the passage of juvenile salmonids was evaluated. By restricting the rate at which fish entered the monitoring tunnel to one fish per second, detection averaged 94.3% compared to 86.6% for multiple fish entry. In Phase III, a monitoring system designed to detect and decode adult fish tagged with a PIT tag was evaluated. The average detection and proper decoding of these tagged fish was 94.4% for 211 fish. Improvements in the detection system are recommended.

Identifying habitats important to vulnerable life stages of reef fish is an important goal for the effective design and management of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). However, data on habitat requirements for most fish species are limited. Using a benthic habitat map that characterized reef habitats on the island of Hawaii , we examined ontogenetic patterns of habitat use by each of the life stages of endemic (i.e., Ctenochaetus strigosus; Ctenochaetus hawaiiensis), non-targeted species (i.e., Acanthurus nigrofuscus; Chromis agilis; Thallasoma duperrey; Paracirrhites arcatus) and targeted aquarium fish species (Zebrasoma flavescens; C. strigosus; C. hawaiiensis; Chaetodon multicinctus) in relation to the effectiveness of existing MPAs designed to replenish aquarium fishes targeted by the aqu...

The negative impact of demersal fishing gears on the marine environment may be mitigated by utilizing less damaging fishing gears. Within this context three queen scallop fishing gears were tested for their catch efficiencies and their environmental impact on benthos: a traditional 'Newhaven' dredge, a new dredge design with a rubber lip instead of the traditional teeth as its main new design feature and an otter trawl. Both, the new dredge and the otter trawl showed high catches and relatively low by-catches. Catches made with the traditional dredge were lower and contained larger amounts of non-target species. Both dredges primarily caught invertebrate species, while by-catches of the otter trawl were dominated by demersal fish. The impact of these gears on the benthic biota demonstrated...

Acrylamide (ACR) is a known industrial toxic chemical that produce neurotoxicity characterized by progressive neuronal degeneration. This study was designed to investigate the protective effect of fish oil on ACR-induced neuronal damage in Wistar rats. ACR enhances the production of reactive oxygen species and potentially affects brain. ACR administered rats showed increased levels of lipid peroxidative product, protein carbonyl content, hydroxyl radical and hydroperoxide which were significantly modulated by the supplementation of fish oil. The activities of enzymic antioxidants and levels of reduced glutathione were markedly lowered in ACR-induced rats; fish oil treatment augmented these antioxidant levels in cortex. Free radicals generated during ACR administration reduced the activitie...

Abstract: Habitat maps are often the core spatially consistent data set on which marine reserve networks are designed, but their efficacy as surrogates for species richness and applicability to other conservation measures is poorly understood. Combining an analysis of field survey data, literature review, and expert assessment by a multidisciplinary working group, we examined the degree to which Caribbean coastal habitats provide useful planning information on 4 conservation measures: species richness, the ecological functions of fish species, ecosystem processes, and ecosystem services. Approximately one-quarter to one-third of benthic invertebrate species and fish species (disaggregated by life phase; hereafter fish species) occurred in a single habitat, and Montastraea-dominated foreree...

Through multiple alignment analysis of mitochondrial tRNA-Thr and tRNA-Phe sequences from 161 fishes, new universal primers specially targeting the entire mitochondrial control region were designed. This new primer set successfully amplified the expected PCR products from various kinds of marine fish species, belonging to various families, and the amplified segments were confirmed to be the control region by sequencing. These primers provide a useful tool to study the control region diversity in economically important fish species, the possible mechanism of control region evolution, and the functions of the conserved motifs in the control region.

This article describes the Sensor Fish, an instrument package that travels through hydroelectric dams collecting data on the hazardous conditions that migrating salmon smolt encounter. The Sensor Fish was developed by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory with funding from DOE and the US Army Corps of Engineers and has been used at several federal and utility-run hydroelectric projects on the Snake and Columbia Rivers of the US Pacific Northwest. The article describes the evolution of the Sensor Fish design and provides examples of its use at McNary and Ice Harbor dams.

Vertical slot fishways are widely used and are generally very effective in ensuring fish passage. The appropriate design of a vertical slot fishway depends on an interplay between hydraulic and biological variables, since the hydrodynamic properties of the fishway must meet the requirements of the fish species for which it is intended. This paper presents a tool designed to analyze the efficiency of a fishway model according to biological criteria. The application can be used either in the analysis of an existing fishway or in the design process of a new one. It allows the user to choose between a wide range of geometric dimensions of the pools and the slot, and between different fish species. If it is being used as a design tool, it provides feasible fishway models sorted according to the...

Native fishes of the upper Colorado River basin (UCRB) have declined in distribution and abundance due to habitat degradation and interactions with normative fishes. Consequently, monitoring populations of both native and nonnative fishes is important for conservation of native species. We used data collected from Muddy Creek, Wyoming (2003-2004), to compare sample size estimates using a random and a fixed-site sampling design to monitor changes in catch per unit effort (CPUE) of native bluehead suckers Catostomus discobolus, flannelmouth suckers C. latipinnis, roundtail chub Gila robusta, and speckled dace Rhinichthys osculus, as well as nonnative creek chub Semotilus atromaculatus and white suckers C. commersonii. When one-pass backpack electrofishing was used, detection of 10% or 25% changes in CPUE (fish/100 m) at 60% statistical power required 50-1,000 randomly sampled reaches among species regardless of sampling design. However, use of a fixed-site sampling design with 25-50 reaches greatly enhanced the ability to detect changes in CPUE. The addition of seining did not appreciably reduce required effort. When detection of 25-50% changes in CPUE of native and nonnative fishes is acceptable, we recommend establishment of 25-50 fixed reaches sampled by one-pass electrofishing in Muddy Creek. Because Muddy Creek has habitat and fish assemblages characteristic of other headwater streams in the UCRB, our results are likely to apply to many other streams in the basin. ?? Copyright by the American Fisheries Society 2006.

A preliminary survey of fish protection devices either in use or proposed for water intake structures was conducted for the purpose of assessing their potential for reducing impingement and entrainment. All the designs examined can be divided into two basic categories: behavioral screening systems and physical screening systems. The behavioral screening devices rely upon the ability of fish to sense artificial stimuli and respond by swimming away from hazardous areas. These systems are of little or no value in protecting planktonic fish eggs, larvae, and disoriented, heat-shocked, or lethargic adult fishes. Many of the physical screening devices, on the other hand, require the impingement of organisms against a screen before they can be removed from the intake system, thus subjecting survival. Some of the designs incorporate both behavioral and physical sceening concepts. Six devices were selected for further consideration based on their potential or demonstrated effectiveness in reducing impingement and entrainment losses at a variety of intake situations. The structures evaluated were modified vertical traveling screens, louvers, angled vertical traveling screens, horizontal traveling screens, center-flow screens, and wedge-wire screens. Since some of these intake structures represent new concepts, few laboratory or in situ biological studies have been carried out. For others, actual reductions in fish losses have been demonstrated. The design features and status of biological testing is discussed for each device, and an evaluation of their fish protection potential is presented.

US Fish & Wildlife received a grant from the National Institute for Science and Technology to demonstrate sustainable design at the Walnut Creek Wildlife Refuge and Prairie Learning Center in Prairie City, Iowa. Nine different options were investigated. In reviewing the options, US Fish & Wildlife chose those solutions that demonstrated the practice of sustainable design at this facility, rather than opting for solutions which served primarily as demonstrations. A combination of four of the options were recommended for the grant. The options combined daylighting, specification of more sustainable building materials, energy-efficient system design, and the use of biofuels.

In 1995, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), in cooperation with the Idaho Department of Fish and Game (IDFG), the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW), and the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) established captive broodstock programs to aid in the recovery of Snake River spring/summer chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) listed as endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA). These programs were intended to provide safety nets for Salmon and Grande Ronde River Basins spring/summer chinook salmon stocks. They also provide a basis of examining the efficacy of captive rearing and captive breeding programs as tools for recovering listed salmonid populations. In years when no or few naturally produced fish return from the sea, captive fish and their progeny can be used to maintain populations in these two Snake River Basin tributaries. The NMFS facility at Manchester, WA, provides the crucial seawater environment needed to culture anadromous salmonids during the marine phase of their life cycle. At the Manchester Research Station, the fish are cultured in 6.1m diameter circular tanks housed in a fully enclosed and secure building. The tanks are supplied with seawater that has been processed to eliminate most marine pathogens. The fish are fed a commercially prepared diet and held at densities and loading rates designed to maximize fish quality. When fish begin to mature, they are transferred to ODFW or IDFG freshwater facilities in Oregon and Idaho for final maturation. The states then release the mature fish (Idaho) or their progeny (Oregon) back into their native Snake River tributary waters in restoration efforts. In FY 2001, NMFS cultured 1996, 1997, 1998, and 1999 broodyear fish at its Manchester Facility. This report addresses program activities from September 1, 2000 to August 31, 2001.

The Grand Coulee Dam was constructed in 1939 without a fish ladder, which eliminated steelhead (Onchorhynchus mykiss), chinook salmon (O. twshwastica), coho salmon (O. kisutch) and sockeye salmon (O. nerka) from returning to approximately 1,835 km (1,140 miles) of natal streams and tributaries found in the upper Columbia River Drainage in the United States and Canada. The Pacific Northwest Electric Power Planning and Conservation Act of 1980 gave the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), the authority and responsibility to use its legal and financial resources, 'to protect, mitigate, and enhance fish and wildlife to the extent affected by the development and operation of any hydroelectric project of the Columbia River and its tributaries. This is to be done in a manner consistent with the program adopted by the Northwest Power Planning Council (NWPPC), and the purposes of the Act' (NWPPC, 1987). With the phrase 'protect, mitigate and enhance', Congress signaled its intent that the NWPPC's fish and wildlife program should do more than avoid future hydroelectric damage to the basin's fish and wildlife. The program must also counter past damage, work toward rebuilding those fish and wildlife populations that have been harmed by the hydropower system, protect the Columbia Basin's fish and wildlife resources, and mitigate for harm caused by decades of hydroelectric development and operations. By law, this program is limited to measures that deal with impacts created by the development, operation and management of hydroelectric facilities on the Columbia River and its tributaries. However, off-site enhancement projects are used to address the effects of the hydropower system on fish and wildlife (NWPPC 1987). Resident game fish populations have been established in Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, the reservoir behind Grand Coulee Dam, since the extirpation of anadromous fish species. The resident game fish populations are now responsible for attracting a large percentage of the recreational visits to the region. An increase in popularity has placed Lake Roosevelt fifth amongst the most visited State and Federal parks in Washington. Increased use of the reservoir prompted amplified efforts to enhance the Native American subsistence fishery and the resident sport fishery in 1984 with hatchery supplementation of rainbow trout (O. mykiss) and kokanee salmon (O. nerka). This was followed by the formation of the Spokane Tribal Lake Roosevelt Monitoring Project (LRMP) in 1988 and later by formation of the Lake Roosevelt Data Collection Project in 1991. The Lake Roosevelt Data Collection Project began in July 1991 as part of the BPA, Bureau of Reclamation, and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers System Operation Review process. This process sought to develop an operational scenario for the federal Columbia River hydropower system to maximize the in-reservoir fisheries with minimal impacts to all other stakeholders in the management of the Columbia River. The Lake Roosevelt Monitoring/Data Collection Program (LRMP) is the result of a merger between the Lake Roosevelt Monitoring Program (BPA No. 8806300) and the Lake Roosevelt Data Collection Project (BPA No. 9404300). These projects were merged in 1996 forming the Lake Roosevelt Monitoring Program (LRMP), which continues the work historically completed under the separate projects. The LRMP has two main goals. The first is to develop a biological model for Lake Roosevelt that will predict in-reservoir biological responses to a range of water management operational scenarios, and to develop fisheries and reservoir management strategies accordingly. The model will allow identification of lake operations that minimize impacts on lake biota while addressing the needs of other interests (e.g. flood control, hydropower generation, irrigation, and downstream resident and anadromous fisheries). Major components of the model will include: (1) quantification of entrainment and other impacts to phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish caused by reservoir drawdowns and low water retention times; (2) quantification of seasonal distributions, standing crop, and habitat use of fish food organisms; (3) examination of variations in fish growth and abundance in relation to reservoir operations, prey abundance and predator/prey relationships; and (4) quantification of habitat alterations due to hydrooperations. The second goal of the LRMP is to evaluate the impacts of hatchery kokanee salmon and rainbow trout on the ecosystem and to determine stocking strategies that maximize angler harvest and return of adult kokanee salmon to egg collection facilities. Major tasks of the hatchery evaluation portion of the project include conducting a year round reservoir wide creel survey, sampling the fishery during spring, summer and fall via electro-fishing and gillnet surveys, and collecting information on diet, growth, and age composition of various fish species in Lake Roosevelt.

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Pacific Northwest National Laboratory evaluated juvenile salmonid passage and distribution at Detroit Dam (DET) on the North Santiam River, Oregon for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) to provide data to support decisions on long-term measures to enhance downstream passage at DET and others dams in USACE’s Willamette Valley Project. This study was conducted in response to regulatory requirements necessitated by the listing of Upper Willamette River Spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and Upper Willamette River steelhead (O. mykiss) as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. The goal of the study was to provide information of juvenile salmonid passage and distribution at DET from February 2011 through February 2012. The results of the hydroacoustic study provide new and, in some cases, first-ever data on passage estimates, run timing, distributions, and relationships between fish passage and environmental variables at the dam. This information will inform management decisions on the design and development of surface passage and collection devices to help restore Chinook salmon populations in the North Santiam River watershed above DET. During the entire study period, an estimated total of 182,526 smolt-size fish (±4,660 fish, 95% CI) passed through turbine penstock intakes. Run timing peaked in winter and early spring months. Passage rates were highest during late fall, winter and early spring months and low during summer. Horizontal distribution for hours when both turbine units were operated simultaneously indicated Unit 2 passed almost twice as much fish as Unit 1. Diel distribution for smolt-size fish during the study period was fairly uniform, indicating fish were passing the turbines at all times of the day. A total of 5,083 smolt-size fish (± 312 fish, 95% CI) were estimated passed via the spillway when it was open between June 23 and September 27, 2011. Daily passage was low at the spillway during the June-August period, and increased somewhat in September 2011. When the spillway was operated simultaneously with the turbines, spillway efficiency (efficiency is estimated as spillway passage divided by total project passage) was 0.72 and effectiveness (fish:flow ratio—proportion fish passage at a route (e.g., spillway) divided by proportion water through that route out of the total project) was 2.69. That is, when the spillway was open, 72% of the fish passing the dam used the spillway and 28% passed into the turbine penstocks. Diel distribution for smolt-size fish at the spillway shows a distinct peak in passage between mid-morning and mid-afternoon and low passage at night. We estimated that 23,339 smolt-size fish (± 572 fish, 95% CI) passed via the Regulating Outlet (RO) when it was open from October 29 through November 12, 2011, January 2-6, and January 20 through February 3, 2012. During the October–November period, RO passage peaked at 1,086 fish on November 5, with a second peak on November 7 (1,075 fish). When the RO was operated simultaneously with the turbines, RO efficiency was 0.33 and effectiveness was 0.89. In multiple regression analyses, a relatively parsimonious model was selected that predicted the observed fish passage data well. The best model included forebay temperature at depth, forebay elevation, total discharge, hours of daylight, and the operation period. The vertical distribution of fish in the forebay near the face of the dam where the transducers sampled showed fish were generally distributed throughout the water column during all four operational periods. During the refill and full pool periods, vertical distribution was bi-modal with surface-layer and mid-water modes. Patterns for day and night distributions were variable. Fish were distributed above and below the thermocline when it was present (full pool and drawdown periods).

Hydropower development and operations in the Columbia River basin have caused the loss of 5 million to 11 million salmonids. An interim goal of the Northwest Power Planning Council is to reestablish these historical numbers by doubling the present runs from 2.5 million adult fish to 5.0 million adult fish. This increase in production will be accomplished through comprehensive management of both wild and hatchery fish, but artificial propagation will play a major role in the augmentation process. The current husbandry techniques in existing hatcheries require improvements that may include changes in rearing densities, addition of oxygen, removal of excess nitrogen, and improvement in raceway design. Emphasis will be placed on the ability to increase the number of fish released from hatcheries that survive to return as adults. Rearing density is one of the most important elements in fish culture. Fish culturists have attempted to rear fish in hatchery ponds at densities that most efficiently use the rearing space available. Such efficiency studies require a knowledge of cost of rearing and the return of adults to the fisheries and to the hatchery.

Implementation of the Yakima Basin Fish Passage Project -- Phase 2 would significantly improve the production of anadromous fish in the Yakima River system. The project would provide offsite mitigation and help to compensate for lower Columbia River hydroelectric fishery losses. The Phase 2 screens would allow greater numbers of juvenile anadromous fish to survive. As a consequence, there would be higher returns of adult salmon and steelhead to the Yakima River. The proposed action would play an integral part in the overall Yakima River anadromous fish enhancement program (fish passage improvement, habitat enhancement, hatchery production increases, and harvest management). These would be environmental benefits associated with implementation of the Fish Passage and Protective Facilities Phase 2 Project. Based on the evaluation presented in this assessment, there would be no significant adverse environmental impacts if the proposed action was carried forward. No significant adverse environmental effects have been identified from construction and operation of the Yakima Phase 2 fish passage project. Proper design and implementation of the project will ensure no adverse effects will occur. Based on the information in this environmental analysis, BPA's and Reclamation's proposal to construct these facilities does not constitute a major Federal action that could significantly affect the quality of the human environment. 8 refs., 4 figs., 6 tabs.

The Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADFG) has enumerated fish stocks in rivers for over 30 years using a variety of acoustic technologies including single-, dual-, and split-beam sonar. Most recently, ADFG has evaluated a relatively new sonar technology at several sites in Alaska to determine its applicability to counting migrating fish in rivers. The new system, called a Dual frequency IDentification SONar (DIDSON), is a high-definition imaging sonar designed and manufactured by the University of Washington's Applied Physics Lab for military applications such as diver detection and underwater mine identification. Results from experiments conducted in 2002-2004 indicate that DIDSON provides significant improvements in our ability to detect, track, and determine the direction of travel of migrating fish in rivers. One of the most powerful uses of the DIDSON has been to combine its camera-like images of fish swimming behavior with corresponding split-beam data. These linked datasets have allowed us to evaluate the effects of fish orientation and swimming behavior on echo shape parameters that have proven useful in the classification of certain fish species.

Abstract in english Haematological changes in ascorbic acid deficient fishes, observed by some authors, awoked the interest in the haematological response of pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus. The present work studied the influence of different levels of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in the ration on the haematological parameters of pacu. Fishes at the beginning of the experiment, presented average body weight 8.64±1.62g and 6.15±0.33cm standard length, were fed with diets containing 0. 50, 100 an (more) d 200mg ascorbic acid/kg dry ration. The present work was developed for a period of 24 weeks at the Fish Nutrition Laboratory of Aquaculture Center of Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Jaboticabal (São Paulo). The fishes were distributed by the completely randomized design in 20 aquaria of 100 liters capacity with six animals in each and five fold treatment. Condutivity, alcalinity. pH and oxigen were measured weekly and temperature daily. The blood colect was done in 60 anesthetized fishes with 50mg MS-222/1. The results suggests that 50mg ascorbic acid/kg dry ration improved the mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and decreased haematocril in unsupplemented fishes, although not differing significantly (P>0.05). The erytrocyte diameter indicated the presence of macrocytic cells in unsupplemented fishes (P

We investigate the thermal and magnetic properties of the integrable su(4) ladder model by means of the quantum transfer matrix method. The magnetic susceptibility, specific heat, magnetic entropy and high field magnetization are evaluated from the free energy derived via the recently proposed method of high temperature expansion for exactly solved models. We show that the integrable model can be used to describe the physics of the strong coupling ladder compounds. Excellent agreement is seen between the theoretical results and the experimental data for the known ladder compounds (5IAP)$_2$CuBr$_4

The magnon thermal conductivity $\\kappa_{\\mathrm{mag}}$ of the hole doped spin ladders in $\\rm Sr_{14-x}Ca_xCu_{24}O_{41}$ has been investigated at low doping levels $x$. The analysis of $\\kappa_{\\mathrm{mag}}$ reveals a strong doping and temperature dependence of the magnon mean free path $l_{\\mathrm{mag}}$ which is a local probe for the interaction of magnons with the doped holes in the ladders. In particular, this novel approach to studying spin degrees of freedom shows that charge ordering of the holes in the ladders leads to a freezing out of magnon-hole scattering processes.

We present results from an inelastic neutron scattering experiment on the candidate Heisenberg spin ladder vanadyl pyrophosphate, (VO)2P2O7. We find evidence for a spin-wave excitation gap of E_{gap} = 3.7\\pm 0.2 meV, at a band minimum near Q=0.8 A^{-1}. This is consistent with expectations for triplet spin waves in (VO)2P2O7 in the spin-ladder model, and is to our knowledge the first confirmation in nature of a Heisenberg antiferromagnetic spin ladder.

Within the t-J ladder model, superconductivity with a modified d-wave symmetry in doped two-leg ladder cuprates is investigated based on the kinetic energy driven superconducting mechanism. It is shown that the spin-liquid ground-state at the half-filling evolves into the superconducting ground-state upon doping. In analogy to the doping dependence of the superconducting transition temperature in the planar cuprate superconductors, the superconducting transition temperature in doped two-leg ladder cuprates increases with increasing doping in the underdoped regime, and reaches a maximum in the optimal doping, then decreases in the overdoped regime.

We discuss the occurrence and the stability of charge density plateaux in ladder-like $t-J$ systems (at zero magnetization M=0) for the cases of 2- and 3-leg ladders. Starting from isolated rungs at zero leg coupling, we study the behaviour of plateaux-related phase transitions by means of first order perturbation theory and compare our results with Lanczos diagonalizations for $t-J$ ladders ($N=2\\times 8$) with increasing leg couplings. Furthermore we discuss the regimes of rung and leg couplings that should be favoured for the appearance of the charge density plateaux.

Results of measurements of gravitational sagging and torsions of the first prototype of long Si-ladder for the outer (the largest) layer of the Inner Tracker System (ITS) of ALICE are reported for different ladder orientations and different loads (up to 80g). 47.9 µm sagging in the middle of the ladder for the horizontal orientation of Si-wafers appear to be in a satisfactory agreement with the preliminary finite element calculations. The linearity of deformation as a function of load was also studied.

This paper presents a mechanical design, fabrication and test of biomimetic fish robot using the Lightweight Piezocomposite Curved Actuator (LIPCA). We have designed a mechanism for converting actuation of the LIPCA into caudal fin movement. This linkage mechanism consists of rack-pinion system and four-bar linkage. We also have tested four types of caudal fin in order to examine effect of different shape of caudal fin on thrust generation by tail beat. Subsequently, based on the caudal fin test, four caudal fins which resemble fish caudal fin shapes of ostraciiform, subcarangiform, carangiform and thunniform, respectively, are attached to the posterior part of the robotic fish. The swimming test using 300 Vpp input with 1 Hz to 1.5 Hz frequency was conducted to investigate effect of changing tail beat frequency and shape of caudal fin on the swimming speed of the robotic fish. The maximum swimming speed was reached when the device was operated at its natural swimming frequency. At the natural swimming frequency 1 Hz, maximum swimming speeds of 1.632 cm/s, 1.776 cm/s, 1.612 cm/s and 1.51 cm/s were reached for ostraciiform-, subcarangiform-, carangiform- and thunniform-like caudal fins, respectively. Strouhal numbers, which are a measure of thrust efficiency, were calculated in order to examine thrust performance of the present biomimetic fish robot. We also approximated the net forward force of the robotic fish using momentum conservation principle.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a useful method of determining the replication timing of specific genomic loci in mammals and of delineating replicon structures on DNA fibers in combination with in vivo replication labeling. In the case of simultaneous detection of a FISH probe and replicated forks, however, the DNA fibers are damaged by the DNA denaturation step for FISH detection, and the resulting fragmented fluorescence signals prevent analysis at high resolution. Here we found that hybridization of the probe to the genomic DNA was possible even under non-denaturing condition, but only at the time its genomic region replicated. Using the method designated non-denaturing FISH, we determined the replication timing of a specific BAC clone and the standard clones, and found that at least one replication origin exists within the genomic region covered by its BAC clone as an example.   

The seaward migration of juvenile salmonids was monitored by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) at Bonneville and John Day Dams on the Columbia river in 1995. The NMFS Smolt Monitoring Project is part of a larger Smolt Monitoring Program (SMP) coordinated by the Fish Passage Center (FPC) for the Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Authority. This program focuses on protecting, mitigating, and enhancing fish populations affected by the development and operation of hydroelectric power plants on the Columbia River. The purpose of the SMP is to monitor the migration of the juvenile salmonid stocks in the Columbia basin and make flow and spill recommendations designed to facilitate fish passage. Data are also used for travel time, migration timing, and relative run size analysis. The purpose of the NMFS portion of the program is to provide FPC with species and project specific real time data from John Day and Bonneville Dams.

We consider the Danish fishing industry from a holistic viewpoint, and give a review of the main aspects, and the important actors. We also consider supply chain theory, and identify both theoretically, and based on other application areas, e.g. other fresh food industries, how optimization and simulation can be applied in a holistic modeling framework. Using the insights into supply chain theory and the Danish fishing industry, we investigate how the fishing industry as a whole may benefit from the formulation and use of mathematical optimization and simulation models. Finally, an appendix illustrates how a mathematical programming model may be designed to improve the planning of the fishing efforts for a group of fishermen.

This study was designed to investigate the effects of dietary lipid levels on growth performance, lipid deposition and activities of lipid metabolic enzymes in hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus). Four isonitrogenous (300 g/kg crude protein) experimental diets containing graded levels of lipid (25, 55, 85 and 115 g/kg) were randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 180 juvenile fish. Fish were fed twice daily for 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the growth performance and proximate composition of fish were determined. The activities and gene expression of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) were assessed as well. Fish fed the diets with 55 and 85 g/kg lipid had a significantly (p tilapia, which is likely associated with the regulation of lipid metabolic enzymes including LPL and HSL. PMID:21114544

On May 5, 2011, the Ontario Waterpower Association hosted the emergent hydro workshop in Peterborough. In the course of the workshop, Fisheries and Oceans Canada presented the habitat management program in Ontario. Fisheries and Oceans Canada explained that their role is to protect water resources. The Fisheries Act was passed to manage fisheries and fish habitats in Canada and to protect them from harmful alteration, disruption or destruction. The policy for the management of fish was written to interpret the Fisheries Act and enhance the productive capacity of fish habitats. In addition, two other Acts were passed, the Species at Risk Act and the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, designed to protect species from extinction and improve coordination of, and public access to EA information. This presentation highlighted the different existing policies aimed at protecting fisheries and fish habitats in Canada.

Summary This two-stage study was designed to determine the types and quantities of lost fishing gear and their distribution in the Gokova Special Environmental Protection Area (SEPA), eastern Mediterranean Sea. The study was carried out in approx. 15% of the total Gokova SEPA (7000 hectares), where traditional fishing is intensive. In the first phase of the study, the owners of all fishing boats (about 67% of the local fishermen in Gokova SEPA, n = 56) were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. In the second phase, diving surveys were conducted at 14 locations to locate and identify lost fishing gear, estimate the extent of the loss, and deduce the coherence between the diving survey and the questionnaire data. The questionnaire results showed that 0.84% of gillnets, 3.41% of tramm...

Araguas RM, Sanz N, Fernandez R, Utter FM, Pla C, Garcia-Marin J.-L. Genetic refuges for a self-sustained fishery: experience in wild brown trout populations in the eastern Pyrenees. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2008: 17: 610-616. Copyright 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation Copyright 2008 Blackwell Munksgaard Abstract - Management policies balancing harvest and conservation of natural populations of fish are difficult to establish, both scientifically and politically. This issue is particularly difficult when those populations represent native genetic resources. Since 1997, several brown trout populations in the eastern Pyrenees Mountains (Spain) were designated as `genetic refuges' under varying fishing regulations, where releases of hatchery-origin fish are not permitted. We analysed g...

Commercial diets fed to coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) contain high levels of fish meal and fish oil. Given concerns about future supplies and prices of these commodities, more nutritional research aimed at identifying alternative dietary ingredients for Pacific salmon is needed. Thus, utilizing a factorial design, terrestrial proteins and lipids were evaluated in practical diets fed to coho salmon. The two basal diets, containing mostly marine proteins or containing only terrestrial proteins, were extruded and top-coated with either marine fish oil or a 63:37 mixture of canola and flaxseed oils. Each of the four dietary treatments was fed to quadruplicate groups of juvenile coho salmon initially weighing 7.5g/fish. At the end of the 15-wk feeding trial, weight gain (WG), feed efficien...

Background - n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are thought to affect immune function and may affect immune maturation in early life. Objective - To examine if fish oil supplementation in late infancy could modify immune function. Design - A 2×2 intervention with fish oil (3.4 ± 1.1 ml/day) or no fish oil and cow’s milk or infant formula from 9 to 12 month of age in 64 healthy Danish infants. Before and after the intervention we measured the fatty acid composition of erythrocyte (RBC) membranes, plasma IgE levels, C-reactive protein and soluble IL-2 receptors (sIL-2R) as well as cytokine production in whole-blood cultures stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/phytohaemaglutinin (PHA) or Lactobacillus paracasei for 22 h. IgA was measured in feces at 10 months of age. Results - Fish oil supplementation effectively raised RBC n-3 PUFA (p

This article discusses the performance of the Norwegian fishing fleet within an acceptable level of sustainability. Previously, the cod-fishing fleet has been evaluated at the attributes-accident risk, employment, profitability, quality of the fish meat, catch capacity, greenhouse gas emissions/acidification, and bycatch/selection. The assessments focused on the first four steps of the systems engineering process, i.e., from needs identification to trade-offs of system alternatives. The objective of this paper is to focus on the last steps of the process; design, solve, verify, and test, to improve the decision-basis for fisheries management in order to increase sustainability in the fishing fleet. More specifically, this means to analyze the decision-making situation and develop acceptanc...

Abstract in english Very little research has been conducted on the swimming capacity of Neotropical fish. The few studies available have focused on large migratory species. The present study used fixed and increasing velocity tests to determine prolonged and sustained speeds of the "pequira", Bryconamericus stramineus Eigenmann, 1908, a small, abundant species found in fish passages implemented at the Paraná basin, Brazil. The results of increasing velocity tests showed significant relation (more) ships between critical speeds, total and standard lengths, and body weight. When compared with other Neotropical fish, the "pequira" is able to swim faster than individuals of other species of similar length. The point of change from sustained to prolonged swimming was found to occur at an approximate speed of 8.7 lengths per second. These data provide guidance and criteria for design and proper maintenance of structures such as fishways, fish screens and other systems that aim to facilitate or avoid upstream passages as part of management strategies.

Existing literature of previous particle image velocimetry (PIV) studies of fish swimming has been reviewed. Historically, most of the studies focused on the performance evaluation of freely swimming fish. Technological advances over the last decade, especially the development of digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) technique, make possible more accurate, quantitative descriptions of the flow patterns adjacent to the fish and in the wake behind the fins and tail, which are imperative to decode the mechanisms of drag reduction and propulsive efficiency. For flows generated by different organisms, the related scales and flow regimes vary significantly. For small Reynolds numbers, viscosity dominates; for very high Reynolds numbers, inertia dominates, and three-dimensional complexity occurs. The majority of previous investigations dealt with the lower end of Reynolds number range. The fish of our interest, such as rainbow trout and spring and fall chinook salmon, fall into the middle range, in which neither viscosity nor inertia is negligible, and three-dimensionality has yet to dominate. Feasibility tests have proven the applicability of PIV to flows around fish. These tests have shown unsteady vortex shedding in the wake, high vorticity region and high stress region, with the highest in the pectoral area. This evident supports the observations by Nietzel et al. (2000) and Deng et al. (2004) that the operculum are most vulnerable to damage from the turbulent shear flow, because they are easily pried open, and the large vorticity and shear stress can lift and tear off scales, rupture or dislodge eyes, and damage gills. In addition, the unsteady behavior of the vortex shedding in the wake implies that injury to fish by the instantaneous flow structures would likely be much higher than the injury level estimated using the average values of the dynamics parameters. Based on existing literature, our technological capability, and relevance and practicability to Department of Energy's Hydropower Program, we identified three major research areas of interest: free swimming, the boundary layer over fish, and kinematic response of fish. We propose that the highest priority is to characterize the kinematic response of fish to different turbulent environments such as high shear/turbulence and hydrodynamic disturbances created by solid structures such as deflector and turbine runner blade; the next priority is to map the boundary layer over swimming fish; the last is to document the behavior of freely swimming fish, focusing on fish of our interest. Grid turbulence and Karman vortex street will be employed to map the boundary layers over fish and investigate the effects of environmental disturbances on the swimming performance of fish, because they are well established and documented in engineering literature and are representative of fish's swimming environments. Extreme conditions characteristic of turbine environments, such as strong shear environment and collision, will be investigated. Through controlled laboratory studies, the fish injury mechanism from different sources will be evaluated in isolation. The major goals are to: gain first-hand knowledge of the biological effects under such extreme hydraulic environments in which fish could lack the capability to overcome the perturbations and be vulnerable to injury; Better understand field results by integrating the laboratory studies with the responses of sensor fish device; More importantly, provide well-defined validation cases and boundary conditions for geometry-based computational fluid-structure interaction modeling in order to simulate the complex hydraulic environments in advanced hydropower systems and their effects on fish, greatly enhancing the potential to use CFD as a bio-hydraulic design alternative.

Silicon trackers at the SLHC will suffer high radiation damage from particles produced during the collisions, which leads to high leakage currents. Reducing these currents in the sensors requires efficient cooling to -30 C. The large heat of evaporation of CO2 and the low viscosity allows for a two-phase cooling system with thin and long cooling pipes, because the small flow of liquid needed leads to negligible temperature drops. In order to reduce the material budget a system is proposed in which a large scale tracker requiring ca. 50 kW of power is powered via 1-2 mm diameter aluminum cooling pipes with a length of several m. These long cooling pipes allow to have all service connections outside the tracking volume, thus reducing the material budget significantly. The whole system is designed to have negligible thermal stresses. A CO2 blow system has been designed and first tests show the feasibility of a barrel detector with long ladders and disks at small radii leading to an optimized design with respect ...

Natural reproduction in the Kootenai River white sturgeon population has not produced a successful year class since 1974, resulting in a declining broodstock and 20 consecutive year classes missing from the age-class structure. This report describes a captive breeding plan designed to preserve the remaining genetic variability and to begin rebuilding the natural age class structure. The captive breeding program will use 3--9 females and an equal number of males captured from the Kootenai River each spring. Fish will be spawned in pairs or in diallel mating designs to produce individual families that will be reared separately to maintain family identity. Fish will be marked to identify family and year class before return to the river. Fish should be returned to the river as fall fingerlings to minimize potential adaptation to the hatchery environment Initially, while tagging methods are tested to ensure positive identification after return to the river, it may be necessary to plant fish as spring yearlings. Number of fish planted will be equalized at 5,000 per family if fall fingerlings or 1,000 per family if spring yearlings. Assuming annual survival rates of 20% during the first winter for fall fingerling plants and 50% for years 1--3, and 85% for years 4--20 of all fish planted, the target numbers would yield 7.9 progeny per family or about 4 breeding pairs at age 20. Natural survival in the river environment during the 19+ years from planting to maturity would result in variability in genetic contribution of families to the next broodstock generation. Fish planted per family would be adjusted in future years when actual survival rate information is known. Broodfish will be tagged when captured to minimize multiple spawning of the same fish. implementation of this breeding plan each year for the 20-year generation interval, using 5 different mating pairs each year, will yield an effective population size of 200, or 22.5% of the estimated 1990 population.

In the advent of the installation of a PIT-tag interrogation system in the Cascades Island fish ladder at Bonneville Dam (BON), and other CRB dams, this overview describes in general terms what can and cannot be estimated under seven different scenarios of adult PIT-tag detection capabilities in the CRB. Moreover, this overview attempted to identify minimal adult PIT-tag detection configurations required by the ten threatened Columbia River Basin (CRB) chinook and steelhead ESUs. A minimal adult PIT-tag detection configuration will require the installation of adult PIT-tag detection facilities at Bonneville Dam and another dam above BON. Thus, the Snake River spring/summer and fall chinook salmon, and the Snake River steelhead will require a minimum of three dams with adult PIT-tag detection capabilities to guarantee estimates of ''ocean survival'' and at least of one independent, in-river returning adult survival (e.g., adult PIT-tag detection facilities at BON and LGR dams and at any other intermediary dam such as IHR). The Upper Columbia River spring chinook salmon and steelhead will also require a minimum of three dams with adult PIT-tag detection capabilities: BON and two other dams on the BON-WEL reach. The current CRB dam system configuration and BPA's and COE's commitment to install adult PIT-tag detectors only in major CRB projects will not allow the estimation of an ''ocean survival'' and of any in-river adult survival for the Lower Columbia River chinook salmon and steelhead. The Middle Columbia River steelhead ESU will require a minimum of two dams with adult PIT-tag detection capabilities: BON and another upstream dam on the BON-McN reach. Finally, in spite of their importance in terms of releases, PIT-tag survival studies for the Upper Willamette chinook and Upper Willamette steelhead ESUs cannot be perform with the current CRB dam system configuration and PIT-tag detection capabilities.

...species and provide wood products from the...activities post treatment. In addition to...These proposed treatments will reduce ladder...cover and maintain surface fuels at levels...percent of each treatment unit will remain...for sustainable wood products...

A theory of superexchange in the mixed valent layer compound NaV2O5 is presented which provides a consistent description of exchange both in the disordered and charge ordered state. Starting from results of band structure calculations for NaV2O5 first an underlying electronic model for a ladder unit in the Trellis lattice is formulated. By using the molecular orbital representation for intra-rung electronic states a second-order perturbation procedure is developed and an effective spin-chain model for a ladder is derived. Variation of the resulting superexchange integral J is examined numerically as the ladder system evolves from a charge disordered to the extreme ('zig-zag') charge ordered state. It is found that the effective intra- ladder superexchange is always antiferromagnetic.

We conducted Monte Carlo simulation for a Li system adsorbed on a Cu(001) surface at various coverage of adatoms, ? >1/2, ? = 1/2 and ? natnat ? ?2a, the ladder structure does not appear at either ? > 1/2 or ?   

We present a Density Matrix Renormalization Group (DMRG) study of the ground-state properties of spin-1/2 frustrated $J_1-J_3$ Heisenberg $n_l$-leg ladders (with $n_l$ up to 8). For strong frustration ($J_3/J_1\\simeq 0.5$), both even- and odd-leg ladders display a finite gap to spin excitations, which we argue remains finite in the two-dimensional limit. In this regime, on odd-leg ladders the ground state is spontaneously dimerized, in agreement with the Lieb-Schultz-Mattis prediction, while on even-leg ladders the dimer correlations decay exponentially. The magnitude of the dimer order parameter decreases as the number of legs increases, consistent with a two-dimensional spin-liquid ground state.

Using abelian bosonization we show that a certain phase of the half-filled two-leg ladder, previously identified as having spin-Peierls order, instead exhibits staggered orbital currents with no dimerization.