The distinction between exudates and transudates is very important in the patient management. Here we evaluate whether the acute-phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA), in comparison with C reactive protein (CRP) and total protein (TP), can be useful in this discrimination. CRP, SAA, and TP were determined in 36 exudate samples (27 pleural and 9 ascitic) and in 12 transudates (9 pleural and 3 ascitic). CRP, SAA, and TP were measured. SAA present in the exudate corresponded to 10% of the amount found in serum, that is, the exudate/serum ratio (E/S) was 0.10 +/- 0.13. For comparison, the exudate/serum ratio for CRP and TP was 0.39 +/- 0.37 and 0.68 +/- 0.15, respectively. There was a strong positive correlation between serum and exudate SAA concentration (r = 0.764; p < 0.0001). The concentration of SAA in transudates was low and did not overlap with that found in exudates (0.02-0.21 versus 0.8-360.5 g/mL). SAA in pleural and ascitic exudates results mainly from leakage of the serum protein via the inflamed membrane. A comparison of the E/S ratio of SAA and CRP points SAA as a very good marker in discriminating between exudates and transudates. PMID:16864904

Flunixin meglumine (FM, 1.1 mg/kg) and phenylbutazone (PBZ, 4.4 mg/kg) were administered intravenously (i.v.) as a single dose to eight sheep prepared with subcutaneous (s.c.) tissue-cages in which an acute inflammatory reaction was stimulated with carrageenan. Pharmacokinetics of FM, PBZ and its active metabolite oxyphenbutazone (OPBZ) in plasma, exudate and transudate were investigated. Plasma kinetics showed that FM had an elimination half-life (t1/2beta) of 2.48 +/- 0.12 h and an area under the concentration - time curve (AUC) of 30.61 +/- 3.41 Lg/mL x h. Elimination of PBZ from plasma was slow (t1/2beta = 17.92 +/- 1.74 h, AUC = 968.04 +/- microg/mL x h). Both FM and PBZ distributed well into exudate and transudate although penetration was slow, indicated by maximal drug concentration (Cmax) for FM of 1.82 +/- 0.22 microg/mL at 5.50 +/- 0.73 h (exudate) and 1.58 +/- 0.30 microg/mL at 8.00 h (transudate), and Cmax for PBZ of 22.32 +/- 1.29 microg/mL at 9.50 +/- 0.73 h (exudate) and 22.07 +/- 1.57 microg/mL at 11.50 +/- 1.92 h (transudate), and a high mean tissue-cage fluids:plasma AUClast ratio obtained in the FM and PBZ groups (80-98%). These values are higher than previous reports in horses and calves using the same or higher dose rates. Elimination of FM and PBZ from exudate and transudate was slower than from plasma. Consequently the drug concentrations in plasma were initially higher and subsequently lower than in exudate and transudate. PMID:9731955

BACKGROUND: Definite diagnosis of transudative or exudative pleural fluids often presents a diagnostic dilemma. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether amino-terminal brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels in pleural fluid has a diagnostic value for discriminating heart failure (HF) related pleural effusions from non-HF effusions. METHODS: Sixty-six patients (40 male, mean age: 61±18 years) with pleural effusions were included. Samples of pleural fluid and serum were obtained simultaneously from each patient. Biochemical analysis, bacterial and fungal culture, acid-fast bacilli smear and culture and cytology were performed on the pleural fluid. RESULTS: Patients with HF related pleural effusion had significantly higher pleural NTproBNP levels than other patients (ppositive and negative predictive values of 94.4% and 85.4%, respectively for discriminating transudates caused by HF from exudates. Eight HF patients were misclassified as exudates by Light's criteria, 5 of which received diuretics before thoracentesis. All misclassified patients had pleural NTproBNP levels higher than 1165pg/mL, which predicted HF associated transudates with 95.8% sensitivity and 85.7% specificity. CONCLUSION: Pleural fluid NT-proBNP measurement in the routine diagnostic panel may be useful in differentiation of HF related pleural effusions and exudative pleural fluids with reasonable accuracy, especially in HF patients treated with diuretics. PMID:22710710

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of diffusion-weighted MRI in differentiating transudative from exudative pleural effusions. Fifty-seven patients with pleural effusion were studied. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) was performed with an echo-planar imaging (EPI) sequence (b values 0, 1000 s/mm{sup 2}) in 52 patients. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were reconstructed from three different regions. Subsequently, thoracentesis was performed and the pleural fluid was analyzed. Laboratory results revealed 20 transudative and 32 exudative effusions. Transudates had a mean ADC value of 3.42{+-}0.76 x 10{sup -3} mm{sup 2}/s. Exudates had a mean ADC value of 3.18{+-}1.82 x 10{sup -3} mm{sup 2}/s. The optimum cutoff point for ADC values was 3.38 x 10{sup -3} mm{sup 2}/s with a sensitivity of 90.6% and specificity of 85%. A significant negative correlation was seen between ADC values and pleural fluid protein, albumin concentrations and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) measurements (r=-0.69, -0.66, and -0.46, respectively; p<0.01). The positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy of ADC values were determined to be 90.6, 85, and 88.5%, respectively. The application of diffusion gradients to analyze pleural fluid may be an alternative to the thoracentesis. Non-invasive characterization of a pleural effusion by means of DWI with single-shot EPI technique may obviate the need for thoracentesis with its associated patient morbidity. (orig.)

Rickettsiosis, Q fever, tularemia, and anthrax are all bacterial diseases that can affect the pleura. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) and Mediterranean Spotted Fever (MSF) are caused by Rickettsia rickettsii and Rickettsia conorii, respectively. Pleural fluid from a patient with MSF had a neutrophil-predominant exudate. Coxiellaburnetii is the causative agent of Q fever. Of the two cases described in the literature, one was an exudate with a marked eosinophilia while the other case was a transudate due to a constrictive pericarditis. Francisella tularensis is the causative agent of tularemia. Pleural fluid from three tularemia patients showed a lymphocyte predominant exudate. Bacillusanthracis is the causative agent of anthrax. Cases of inhalational anthrax from a recent bioterrorist attack evidenced the presence of a serosanguineous exudative pleural effusion. These four bacterial microorganisms should be suspected in patients presenting with a clinical history, exposure to known risk factors and an unexplained pleural effusion. PMID:22977649

The relationship between the colonization of Lotus japonicus by plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) and biosynthesis of the isoflavonoid phytoalexin vestitol, a major defensive response of leguminous plants, was analyzed. When PGPF including Trichoderma koningi, Fusarium equiseti, and Penicillium simplicissimum were inoculated onto L. japonicus roots, only T. koningi colonized the roots long-term and increased plant dry weight (126%). Microscopic observations of transverse sections of roots colonized by T. koningi demonstrated intercellular hyphal growth and the formation of yeast-like cells. The induction of plant defenses by fungal infections was examined by Northern analysis of genes involved in vestitol biosynthesis and HPLC of vestitol production in L. japonicus. Inoculation with symbiotic Mesorhizobium loti did not induce any accumulation of the transcripts. T. koningi immediately suppressed transcript levels to those induced by M. loti. The vestitol transuded from roots by T. koningi was detected at a level equivalent to that transuded by M. loti. Other PGPF and Calonectoria ilicola pathogenic to soybean but not to L. japonicus, stimulated continuous expression of genes and exudation of vestitol. These PGPF resembled mycorrhizal fungi in the establishment of symbiotic associations rather than fungal parasites.   

Abstract: A 4-year-old Quarter Horse mare was presented to the Texas A&M University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital for evaluation of a rectal tear. On initial evaluation, rectal palpation and colonoscopy revealed a grade IIIb rectal tear. Analysis of peritoneal fluid revealed a modified transudate. Preliminary supportive care included fluid therapy and mineral oil administration via nasogastric tube. Approximately 48 hours after presentation, a second abdominocentesis was performed, and cytologic examination of the fluid revealed a marked suppurative exudate. Round clear nonrefractile material observed within neutrophils and macrophages and in the background stained bright pink to red with Oil Red O, confirming the material as lipid, likely from leakage of mineral oil through the rec...

Abstract in spanish Existen numerosas enfermedades que se pueden asociar con derrame pleural. Cuando se descubre un derrame pleural, se debe dar respuesta a dos preguntas: 1) ¿es el derrame un trasudado o un exudado? y 2) si el derrame es un exudado, ¿cuál es la enfermedad que lo ha producido?. El análisis del líquido pleural mediante toracocentesis permite establecer un diagnóstico definitivo en más de dos terceras partes de los pacientes. El resto pueden requerir un período de obse (more) rvación en espera de la resolución espontánea o el empleo de métodos diagnósticos no invasivos (técnicas de imagen) o invasivos (broncoscopia, biopsia pleural, toracoscopia). Abstract in english There are many different diseases that can be associated with pleural effusions. When a pleural effusion is discovered, two questions need to be answered: 1) is the effusion a transudate or is it an exudate?, and 2) if the effusion is an exudate, what is the disease responsible for its production?. Answers to these questions can be obtained in more than two-thirds of patients testing the pleural fluid by diagnostic thoracentesis. The remainder may require watchful waiting (more) until resolution or further diagnostic procedures, either non-invasive (radiologic imaging) or invasive (bronchoscopy, pleural biopsy, thoracoscopy).

The pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of marbofloxacin were established in calves for six strains of each of the pneumonia pathogens Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida. The distribution of marbofloxacin into inflamed (exudate) and non-inflamed (transudate) tissue cage fluids allowed comparison with the serum concentration-time profile. To establish the PD profile, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined in Mueller-Hinton broth (MHB) and calf serum. Moderately higher MICs were obtained for serum compared to MHB. An initial integration of PK-PD data established C(max)/MIC ratios of 45.0 and AUC(24h)/MIC values of 174.7h, based on serum MICs, for both bacterial species. Using bacterial time-kill curves, generated ex vivo for serum marbofloxacin concentrations, PK-PD modelling established three levels of growth inhibition: AUC(24h)/MIC ratios for no reduction, 3 log(10) and 4 log(10) reductions in bacterial count from the initial inoculum count were 41.9, 59.5 and 68.0h for M. haemolytica and 48.6, 64.9 and 74.8h for P. multocida, on average respectively. Inter-strain variability for 3 log(10) and 4 log(10) reductions in bacterial count was smaller for P. multocida than for M. haemolytica. In conjunction with literature data on MIC(90) values, the present results allowed prediction of dosages for efficacy for each organism for the three levels of growth inhibition. PMID:23084327

Vaccination against oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) types is one key intervention for cervical cancer prevention. This follow-up study assessed the persistence of the systemic and mucosal immune responses together with the safety profile of the HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine administered to young women aged 10-25 years. Serum and cervicovaginal secretion (CVS) samples were collected at prespecified time-points during the 48-month follow-up period. Anti-HPV-16/18 antibody levels in serum and CVS were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). At Month 48, all subjects remained seropositive for serum anti-HPV-16 and -18 antibodies. As previously observed, anti-HPV-16 and -18 antibodies levels (ELISA Units/mL) were higher in subjects vaccinated at the age of 10-14 years (2862.2 and 940.8) compared to subjects vaccinated at the age of 15-25 years (1186.2 and 469.8). Moreover, anti-HPV-16 and -18 antibodies in CVS were still detectable for subjects aged 15-25 years (84.1% and 69.7%, respectively). There was a strong correlation between serum and CVS anti-HPV-16 and -18 antibodies levels (correlation coefficients = 0.84 and 0.90 at Month 48, respectively) supporting the hypothesis of transudation or exudation of serum immunoglobulin G antibodies through the cervical epithelium. The HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine had a clinically acceptable safety profile. In conclusion, this follow-up study shows that the HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine administered to preteen/adolescents girls and young women induces long-term systemic and mucosal immune response and has a clinically acceptable safety profile up to 4 years after the first vaccine dose. PMID:21190190

Three eyes of 2 patients with diabetic macular edema underwent a vitrectomy to remove subfoveal hard exudates. Fatty acid compositions of hard exudates and plasma phospholipids (PL) as an objective estimation of dietary intake were analyzed. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were relatively consistent in hard exudates and PL, but were less abundant in hard exudates. The hard exudates had lower levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5 omega3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 omega3), which oxidized more readily than other PUFA. Dietary PUFA may be associated with the composition of retinal hard exudates. PMID:20337342

The influence of root exudates on colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi was evaluated. Root exudates of cucumber (Cucumis sativus ) and carrot (Daucus carota ) were supplied to each of the seedlings grown in soil containing AM fungi. AM colonization was significantly suppressed in C. sativus treated with root exudates from D. carota as well as in D. carota treated with root exudates from C. sativus . Detection (%) of AM fungi belonging to Glomus and Acaulospora and/or Entrophospora was remarkably reduced in C. sativus and D. carota treated with root exudates from D. carota and C. sativus , respectively.   

This study was initiated to understand whether differential biological control efficacy of Enterobacter cloacae on various plant species is due to differences in the ability of E. cloacae to inactivate the stimulatory activity of seed exudates to Pythium ultimum sporangium germination. In biological control assays, E. cloacae was effective in controlling Pythium damping-off when placed on the seeds of carrot, cotton, cucumber, lettuce, radish, tomato, and wheat but failed to protect corn and pea from damping-off. Seeds from plants such as corn and pea had high rates of exudation, whereas cotton and cucumber seeds had much lower rates of exudation. Patterns of seed exudation and the release of P. ultimum sporangium germination stimulants varied among the plants tested. Seed exudates of plants such as carrot, corn, lettuce, pea, radish, and wheat were generally more stimulatory to P. ultimum than were the exudates of cotton, cucumber, sunflower, and tomato. However, this was not directly related to the ability of E. cloacae to inactivate the stimulatory activity of the exudate and reduce P. ultimum sporangium germination. In the spermosphere, E. cloacae readily reduced the stimulatory activity of seed exudates from all plant species except corn and pea. Our data have shown that the inability of E. cloacae to protect corn and pea seeds from Pythium damping-off is directly related to its ability to inactivate the stimulatory activity of seed exudates. On all other plants tested, E. cloacae was effective in suppressing damping-off and inactivating the stimulatory activity of seed exudates. PMID:12571037

The binding parameters of root exudates for organic pollutants are important for understanding the mechanisms involved in phytoavailability and phytoremediation. However, quantitative information about organic pollutant binding to root exudates is lacking. Fluorescent properties and bifenthrin (insecticide) binding behavior of root exudates from maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings were investigated using excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy. The protein-like fluorophores in root exudates from (Z. mays L.) are strong complexing ligands for bifenthrin, with logK"a in the range of 3.6-5.7. Two protein-like fluorescence peaks were identified in the EEM spectrum of root exudates and fluorescence of both peaks could be quenched by bifenthrin. The protein-like substances in root exudate...

Purpose: To investigate the interest of postmortem non-enhanced computer tomography (CT) for abdominal lesions in a forensic context of suspicions death and to list the different radiological cadaveric modifications occurring normally at abdominal stage, which must be known by non forensic radiologists in case of any postmortem exam. Materials and methods: 30 cadavers have been submitted to a body CT-scan without injection of contrast material. CT exams were reviewed by two independent radiologists and radiological findings were compared with forensic autopsy data. Results: False positive CT findings included physiological postmortem transudates misdiagnosed with intra-abdominal bleedings, and putrefaction gas misdiagnosed with gas embolism, aeroporty, aerobily, digestive parietal pneumato...

A thirty six week gestation male baby weighing three kilogram was born to a twenty five year old mother by spontaneous vaginal delivery. At four hours of life, the baby developed respiratory distress with cyanosis and was admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. There was clinical and radiological evidence of bilateral pleural effusion. Thoracentesis revealed a transudate. Repeated thoracentesis was necessary to relieve the respiratory distress. Subsequently, multi resistant Klebsiella aerogenes was isolated from the blood. The baby expired due to gram negative sepsis. PMID:1840449

Abstract in english Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is the causative agent of an economically important disease, which affects all species of birds worldwide. Current vaccination programs for NDV include the use of either low-virulent live-virus vaccines or inactivated vaccines to induce protective immunity while producing minimal adverse effects in birds. In order to further characterize the immune response elicited by live virus and inactivated NDV conventional vaccines in chickens, we evalu (more) ated the presence of specific antibodies in different secretions and in tissue culture supernatants of immunized birds. To this end, we analyzed all the samples by ELISA, using an indirect assay set up in the laboratory. Specific anti-NDV IgG antibodies were detected in tracheal and cloacal swabs and tracheal and intestinal washes of immunized animals. We also found specific anti-NDV IgG antibodies in tracheal and intestinal tissue culture supernatants, indicating that the IgG found in swabs and washes was not transudated from serum or, at least, was not all transudated from serum. Knowledge about the mechanisms involved in the immune response of chickens to different NDV vaccines should increase our understanding of the mucosal response against the virus and, eventually, provide new useful information for the development and evaluation of synthetic vaccines.

Capecitabine administration has been associated with various allergic reactions including acneiform skin rash, linchenoid photosensitive eruption, exudative non healing scalp, skin reactions, pyogenic granuloma, subacute cutaneous systemic lupus erythematosus, exudative hyponychia dermatitis, and hand-foot syndrome. A patient who developed ventricular fibrillation following capecitabine-induced coronary vasospasm and necessitating cardioverter-defibrillator implantation was published recently in. PMID:22020660

Anti-inflammatory effects of Houttuynia cordata supercritical extract (HSE) were investigated in a carrageenan-air pouch model. HSE (200 mg/kg, oral) suppressed exudation and albumin leakage, as well as inflammatory cell infiltration. Dexamethasone (2 mg/kg, i.p.) only decreased exudation and cell i...

White lupin (Lupinus albus) forms specialized cluster roots characterized by exudation of organic anions under phosphorus (P) deficiency. Here, we evaluated the role of nitric oxide (NO) in P deficiency-induced cluster-root formation and citrate exudation in white lupin. Plants were treated with NO ...

Based on the analysis of exudates from injured adipose tissue, we prepared a mixture containing the injury-associated growth factors at the same proportion as the exudates, named adipose injury cocktail (AIC). We hypothesized that AIC induces a series of regenerating and angiogenic processes without...

The germination stimulants for root parasitic plants Striga and Orobanche produced by cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) were examined in detail. Seeds of cotton were germinated and grown on glass wool wetted with sterile distilled water in sterile filter units. The root exudate was collected daily and extracted with ethyl acetate. Each of these ethyl acetate extracts was analyzed directly by high-performance liquid chromatography linked with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The results demonstrate that cotton roots exuded strigol and strigyl acetate, but no other known strigolactones such as orobanchol and alectrol. The production of strigol was detected even in the root exudate collected during the first 24 h of incubation and reached a maximum 5–7 days later. The average exudation of strigol and strigyl acetate during the incubation period was ca. 15 and 2 pg/plant/day, respectively, indicating that strigol mainly contributed to germination stimulation by the cotton root exudate.   

Root exudates are hypothesized to play a central role in belowground food webs, nutrient turnover and soil C dynamics in forests, but little is known about the extent to which root-associated microbial communities influence exudation rates in trees. We used a novel experimental technique to inoculate loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings with indigenous forest fungi in order to examine how diverse fungal communities influence exudation. Surface-sterilized seeds were sown in intact, unsieved soil cores for 14 weeks to promote root colonization by fungi. After 14 weeks, we transferred seedlings and root-associated fungi into cuvettes and measured exudate accumulation in trap solutions. Both the abundance and identity of root-associated fungi influenced exudation. Exudation rates were greatest in root systems least colonized by ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi and most colonized by putative pathogenic and saprotrophic fungi. However, the ECM community composition was not a strong determinant of exudation rates. These results suggest that environmental conditions which influence the degree to which tree roots are colonized by pathogenic and saprotrophic vs. mutualistic fungi are likely to mediate fluxes of labile C in forest soils, with consequences for soil biogeochemistry and ecosystem processes. © 2012 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved. PMID:23013386

Settlement-inducing cues for larvae of the green-lipped mussel, Perna canaliculus, were characterized from biofilm exudates of mono-species bacteria. Biofilm exudates of Macrococcus sp. AMGM1 and Bacillus sp. AMGB1, previously known to induce settlement of P. canaliculus larvae, were chosen for this study. An innovative step-wise multi-technique approach, including physical methods (molecular weight fractionation and heat treatment) and chemical methods (crude fractionation, sub-sample fractionation, sequential fractionation, lipid fractionation and protease treatment), was used to characterize the chemical cues from these bacterial biofilm exudates. The resulting fractions obtained from these methods were individually tested for their ability to induce larval settlement. Results from the ...

There is a requirement to deliver accurate amounts of broad spectrum antimicrobial compounds locally to exuding wounds. Varying amounts of exudate complicates this process by limiting the residence and therefore efficacy of active substances. Minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of antimicrobials are necessary to suppress infection and lessen the chances of resistant strains of potentially pathogenic bacteria from prevailing. Polysaccharide wafers can adhere to exudating wound beds, absorbing fluids and forming highly viscous gels that remain in situ for prolonged periods of time to release sustained amounts of antimicrobial. In this study, five different formulations were produced containing the antimicrobial, chlorhexidine digluconate (CHD). Absorption of simulated wound fluid, resu...

A preliminary study was conducted to elucidate the nature of the polar metabolites reported for plant tissues and xylem exudates following root accumulation of trinitrotoluene. Studies focused on the nature of the proposed conjugates of TNT-residues in xylem exudates of bush beam plants. Use of enzymatic methods failed to demonstrate that the conjugates were carbohydrate based, but acid hydrolysis indicated that the conjugates may be protein based. Of the five polar conjugates isolated from exudates, the presence of aminodinitrotoluene isomers and one unknown TNT residue was demonstrated.

Iodine-131 is used to detect and treat functioning lesions of papillary and follicular carcinoma of the thyroid. False-positive images although rare, do occur, with major categories being (1) body secretions, (2) pathologic transudates and inflammation, (3) nonspecific mediastinal uptake, and (4) neoplasms of nonthyroidal origin. The authors present eight cases that fall into the first three categories, including three types not previously reported--a lymphoepithelial cyst, a scrotal hydrocele, and a skin burn. The classification of mediastinal uptake as false positive is tentative. High-dose images and those exploiting therapeutic doses have an increased detection rate for both true and spurious lesions. Appropriate caution is advised in the interpretation of I-131 images.

The invention concerns chitosan biomimetic scaffolds and methods for modulating their intrinsic properties such as rigidity, elasticity, resistance to mechanical stress, porosity, biodegradation and absorbance of exudates. Therefore, the present invention relates to a layered chitosan scaffold where...

... retina. Some of the first findings in the disease are flame hemorrhages and cotton wool spots. As hypertensive retinopathy progressives, hard exudates can appear around the macula along with swelling of the macula and the ...

Seagrasses are widely recognized as contributing to net ecosystem primary production and to supporting heterotrophy in estuarine systems. We investigated the linkage between seagrass (Thalassia testudinum) rhizosphere carbon exudation and sediment bacteria. In microcosms, we si...

Neotyphodium endophytes and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are common constituents of natural grasslands. The plant?endophyte symbiosis can introduce changes in soil conditions that affect the density and activity of different functional groups of soil organisms. In the present work we performed in vitro assays to evaluate the effect of root and endophyte exudates on the pre-infective state of mycorrhizal fungi (Gigaspora margarita and G. rosea). Plant roots of Bromus setifolius from populations of Patagonia, and four strains of Neotyphodium were used to obtain the exudates. Root exudates of infected plants, at a high concentration, significantly increased AMF hyphal branches and length relative to exudates from naturally endophyte free plants. The effect of Neotyphodium endophyte exuda...

Inoculation of the urethra, conjunctiva, pharynx, and anal canal of six male crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) with urethral exudate from male patients with urethral gonorrhoea or with laboratory gonococcal strains was unsuccessful in establishing infection or producing increased polymorpho...

Rabbit neutrophils obtained from glycogen induced peritoneal exudates were used in chemotaxis experiments and were suspended in 10% homologous serum. Chemotaxis was measured by the migration of cells through interstices of micropore filters. Oubain, a rea...

A technique was developed to separate and test bacterial cell surface-bound compounds and their exudates (biofilm matrix) for marine invertebrate larval settlement experiments. A broth culture (preventing biofilm formation) was used to obtain planktonic cell suspensions without exudates (PCo). Biofilm cell suspensions with their exudates (BCx) were obtained by growing the cells on marine agar (allowing biofilm formation) before suspending in seawater. A biofilm cell suspension without exudates (BCo) was obtained by washing BCx cells thoroughly before suspending in seawater. Three separate marine bacteria (Macrococcus sp. AMGM1, Bacillus sp. AMGB1 and Pseudoalteromonas sp. AMGP1) were used to test PCo, BCx, and BCo suspensions for their ability to induce settlement of mussel larvae (Perna c...

effectiveness of environmental factors on dry heat sterilization as prac ticed in the ...... spores to exude calcium and dipicolinic acid (DPA) prior to death, while ..... be dissolved in a suitable solvent which is non-toxic to the buried organisms.

Glycolic acid was detected as an exudate in actively growing cultures of three chemolithotrophic acidophiles that are important in biomining operations, Leptospirillum ferriphilum, Acidithiobacillus (At.) ferrooxidans, and At. caldus. Although similar concentrations of glycolic acid were found in al...

Purpose Along with environmental risk factors such as smoking, hypertension, and atherosclerosis, genetic susceptibility is a primary contributor to the development and progression of exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a central angiogenic regulator and there has been general agreement now that it is an important trigger for the progression of exudative AMD. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that VEGF gene polymorphisms play a role in the treatment success with VEGF inhibitors in patients with exudative AMD. Design Prospective cohort study. Participants We included 185 eyes of 141 patients with exudative AMD who were scheduled for their first treatment with intravitreally administered bevacizumab in this trial. Method...

Phaeodactylum tricornutum was grown in filtered natural seawater enriched with nitrate, phosphate, and silicate only (control) or with exudates from itself, from Emiliania huxleyi (a coccolithophore micro-alga), Porphyra spp. (a red macro-alga) or Enteromorpha spp. (a green macro-alga). Cathodic (and anodic) stripping voltammetry (C(A)SV) were used to determine the concentrations of trace metals, both in the medium and in the algae, as well as total Cu-complexing organic ligands in the medium and, among these, some thiols (compounds identified as cysteine- or as glutathione by CSV). Exudates of different marine micro- and macro-algae could cause allelopathic effects in P. tricornutum cultures. Cell yield of P. tricornutum was increasingly promoted by exudates of E. huxleyi >Porphyra >Enteromorpha. Although exudates strongly complex Cu (and probably other metals), their presence promoted Cu uptake. Significant changes of Ni, Cd, Fe, Zn and Mn uptake by P. tricornutum were also observed in the presence of exudates of different algal species. In addition, both intensity of production and nature of exudates released by P. tricornutum were markedly influenced by the presence of exudates of other algae, the allelopathic effects being very specific (variable from one species to another). Allelopathy will probably also occur in the aquatic environment, although to a lesser extent than in cultures, particularly during bloom events and may have effects on both chemical speciation and bioavailability of chemicals to phytoplanktonic species. Such changes might cause the predominance of some species over other species. Therefore, in future in vitro culture studies with the purpose of using them as models of the real environment, more attention should be paid to the role of algal exudates, in order to improve the environmental relevance and significance of the results. PMID:18829098

We studied the effects of a 2-day exposure to aluminum (Al), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) stress on root exudates and root apices of aseptically grown poplar (Populus tremula L.) cuttings. Aluminum induced root exudation of oxalate and citrate, Cu induced root exudation of oxalate, malate and formate, and Zn induced root exudation of formate. The threshold treatment concentrations were 100 microM for Cu and 500 microM for Al and Zn, corresponding to about 30 microM Cu2+, 140 microM Al3+ and 290 microM Zn2+. Simultaneous with the increase in organic acid anion exudation, sulfate and the nutrient cations K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ were released into the solutions. Significant positive correlations between the organic acid anions and the cations indicate possible co-release. Toxicity symptoms of the poplar roots included browning of the root apices, which occurred at Cu concentrations of 50 microM and above, at Zn concentrations of 500 microM and above, and at an Al concentration of 1000 microM, and callose formation, which was observed solely in response to Al concentrations of 500 microM or higher. The results indicate that the composition of the exuded organic acid anions from poplar roots and the toxicity symptoms are specific to each of the applied heavy metals. PMID:17241973

By the method of water culture, the root exudates of Cangshan garlic and Caijiapo garlic were collected to study their allelopathic effects on the seed germination and seedling growth of lettuce, and on the development of pathogens Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum and F. oxysporium f. sp. niveum. The root exudates of the two garlic cultivars promoted the lettuce seed germination and seedling growth at low concentrations (0.1 and 0.2 g x mL(-1)), but showed inhibitory effects at high concentrations (0.4 and 0.6 g x mL(-1)), with the inhibitory effects being stronger for the root exudates of Caijiapo garlic. The two garlic cultivars' root exudates also had inhibitory effects on the mycelia growth and spore germination of the pathogens, and the effects increased with increasing concentration of the exudates, being stronger for Caijiapo garlic than for Cangshan garlic. F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum was more sensitive to the inhibitory effects of the root exudates of the two garlic cultivars, as compared to F. oxysporium f. sp. niveum. PMID:21812318

White lupin (Lupinus albus L.) was grown in hydroponic culture with 1 {micro}M phosphorus to enable the development of proteoid roots to be observed in conjunction with organic acid exudation. Discrete regions of closely spaced, determinate secondary laterals emerged in near synchrony on the same plant. One day after reaching their final length, citrate exudation occurred over a 3-d pulse. The rate of exudation varied diurnally, with maximal rates during the photoperiod. At the onset of citrate efflux, rootlets had exhausted their apical meristems and had differentiated root hairs and vascular tissues along their lengths. Neither in vitro phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase nor citrate synthase activity was correlated with the rate of citrate exudation. The authors suggest that an unidentified transport process, presumably at the plasma membrane, regulates citrate efflux. Growth with elevated atmospheric [CO{sub 2}] promoted earlier onset of rootlet determinacy by 1 d, resulting in shorter rootlets and citrate export beginning 1 d earlier as a 2-d diurnal pulse. Citrate was the dominant organic acid exported, and neither the rate of exudation per unit length of root nor the composition of exudate was altered by atmospheric [CO{sub 2}].

The consumption of a high-fat diet modifies both the morphology of the small intestine and experimentally tested effects of schistosomiasis mansoni. However, whether a schistosomiasis infection associated with a high-fat diet causes injury to the small intestine has never been investigated. Mice were fed either a high-fat or a standard-fat diet for 6 months and were then infected with Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Physical characteristics of the intestinal tissue (mucosal thickness, small intestinal villi length and height, and abundance of goblet cells and enterocytes on the villous surface) and the distribution of granulomas along the intestinal segments and their developmental stage were measured at the time of sacrifice (9 or 17 weeks post-infection). The group fed a high-fat diet exhibited different granuloma stages, whereas the control group possessed only exudative granulomas. The chronically infected mice fed a high-fat diet exhibited higher granuloma and egg numbers than the acutely infected group. Exudative, exudative/exudative-productive and exudative-productive granulomas were present irrespective of diet. Computer-aided morphometric analysis confirmed that villus length, villus width, muscular height and submucosal height of the duodenal and jejunal segments were affected by diet and infection. In conclusion, a high-fat diet and infection had a significant impact on the small intestine morphology and morphometry among the animals tested. PMID:22309942

Tissue damage analysis by traditional laboratory techniques is problematic. Proteomic analysis of exudates collected from affected tissue constitutes a powerful approach to assess tissue alterations, since biomarkers associated with pathologies can be identified in very low concentrations. In this study we proteomically explore the pathological effects induced by the venom of the viperid snake Bothrops asper in the gastrocnemius muscle of mice. Predominant proteins identified in the exudates included intracellular proteins, plasma proteins, extracellular matrix proteins and cell membrane-associated proteins. The presence of such proteins indicates cytotoxicity, plasma exudation, extracellular matrix degradation and shedding of membrane proteins. Some of these proteins may represent useful biomarkers for myonecrosis and microvascular damage. The effect of fucoidan, an inhibitor of myotoxic phospholipases A(2), and batimastat, an inhibitor of metalloproteinases, on the pathological effects induced by B. asper venom were also investigated. Fucoidan reduced the presence of intracellular proteins in exudates, whereas batimastat reduced the amount of relevant extracellular matrix proteins. The combination of these inhibitors resulted in the abrogation of the most relevant pathological effects of this venom. Thus, proteomic analysis of exudates represents a valuable approach to assess the characteristics of tissue damage in pathological models and the success of therapeutic interventions. PMID:21306181

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to determine the root exudation patterns in two Cu-metallophytes (Oenothera picensis and Imperata condensata) and two agricultural plants (Lupinus albus and Helianthus annuus). Plants were grown in nutrient solution at increasing Cu doses (0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2mgCuL?1), and plant growth, root elongation, Cu accumulation and root exudates were measured. All plants showed a decrease of over 60% in root elongation at the highest Cu supply level, being O. picensis the most sensitive specie and showing the highest shoot and root Cu concentrations (116 and 2657?gCug?1, respectively), which were six fold higher than the other species. Differences in root exudation patterns of low molecular weight organic acids were found, with...

The present study investigated the amounts of root exudates and composition of organic acids released from two wetland plants (Typha latifolia and Vetiver zizanioides) under two nutrient treatments: low level (0.786 mM N and 0.032 mM P) and high level (7.86 mM N and 0.32 mM P) and two types of plant cultivation: monoculture and co-culture of the two plants. Low nutrient treatment significantly (p acids varied between the two plant species and between the two nutrient treatments. The pattern of organic acids was also different between the co-culture and the monoculture. Oxalic acid was by far the major organic acid exuded from the two wetland plants. The present study on root exudates suggests that co-culture of wetland plant species would be more useful in the reclamation of waste water than a monoculture system. PMID:22908625

The high firing rates of new and developing cannons create higher operating temperatures than projectiles experience. Higher temperatures in-bore bring the possibility of high explosive exudation from chambered shells during misfire, hang-fire, or hold-fire. The development of a finite element thermal model to predict high explosive exudation inside a hot gun tube brings an improved level of insight to existing physical test results. The MI98 towed howitzer and M107 155-mm shell are modeled to compare to physical test results from Morales 1997 and Zimmerman 1980. During creation of the model special focus is taken to simulate the heat flow between the contact of the rotating band and cannon wall. A strong correlation between test results and model is seen with both reports and validates the model setup. Model results suggest that time to exudation predicted by Morales and Zimmerman may be too conservative.

The anti-inflammatory effects of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs phenylbutazone (PBZ) and flunixin meglumine (FM) and the relationship between the effects and drug concentration in vivo were studied using a subcutaneous tissue-cage model in sheep. Intracaveal injection of carrageenan induced prostaglandin (PG) E2 production in tissue-cage exudate (maximal concentration, 101 nM) with significant increases in white blood cell (WBC) numbers, skin temperature over the inflamed cage and exudate leukotriene B4 (LTB4) concentration (P Flunixin meglumine significantly inhibited the rise in skin temperature but had a limited effect on exudate WBC. Phenylbutazone and FM have distinct effects on carrageenan-induced cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and platelet COX (COX-1). Flunixin meglumine was a more potent COX inhibitor than PBZ and was more selective for the inducible form of COX in vivo. PMID:9675607

The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and pharmacokinetic profiles of gentamicin, vancomycin, and levofloxacin in a rat air pouch model, in which Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25293) was used as the test organism. Antibiotic treatments (i.p.) were started 1 hour after bacterial inoculation and continued for 5 days. Bacterial counts and antibiotic concentrations were determined in pouch exudates that were obtained on the 5th day of antibiotic treatment. The following observations were made: 1) The concentrations of gentamicin or vancomycin in the exudate were found to be below the detection limit. 2) Levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin exhibited a dose-dependent effect on bacterial counts in the exudate. 3) The antibacterial efficacy of levofloxacin was found to be enhanced when the total daily dose of 10 mg was divided into smaller parts. The present study also showed that the air pouch infection model was a valuable tool to assess the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of antibiotics. PMID:22371910

A chemotaxonomic survey of 380 species of Aloe indicated the presence of the anthrone isomers aloin A and B together with the aloinoside isomers and microdontin A and B in 36 (10%) species of Aloe. This group, referred to as the microdontin chemotype, is thus characterised by a combination of exudate compounds and not merely a single phytochemical marker, implying taxonomic significance of leaf exudate compounds. The 36 representatives of the group occupy disparate taxonomic positions in the largely artificial hierarchy of the present classification system. Although many of the species have previously been considered as related (based on macromorphology only), a large number of species have not been associated with one another before. The chemical profiles and leaf exudate compositions of the species are presented, followed by a brief summary of the morphological diversity. Whilst conceding the possibility of convergent evolution, the geographical distribution of the species and thoughts on possible relationships between the taxa are discussed. PMID:11068124

Anti-inflammatory effects of Houttuynia cordata supercritical extract (HSE) were investigated in rat carrageenan-air pouch model. Oral administration of HSE (50-200 mg/kg) suppressed carrageenan-induced exudation and albumin leakage, as well as inflammatory cell infiltration at a high dose (200 mg/kg). Intraperitoneal injection of dexamethasone (2 mg/kg) only decreased exudation and cell infiltration, while indomethacin (2 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced exudate volume and albumin content without influence on the cell number. HSE lowered tumor-necrosis factor-? (TNF-?) and nitric oxide (NO), as well as prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)). Dexamethasone only reduced TNF-? and NO, while indomethacin decreased PGE(2). The results indicate that HSE exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting both TNF-?-NO and cyclooxygenase-2-PGE(2) pathways. PMID:22787488

Investigations were made on living strains of fungi in a bioremediation process of three metal (lead) contaminated soils. Three saprotrophic fungi (Aspergillus niger, Penicillium bilaiae, and a Penicillium sp.) were exposed to poor and rich nutrient conditions (no carbon availability or 0.11?M d-glucose, respectively) and metal stress (25??M lead or contaminated soils) for 5?days. Exudation of low molecular weight organic acids was investigated as a response to the metal and nutrient conditions. Main organic acids identified were oxalic acid (A. niger) and citric acid (P. bilaiae). Exudation rates of oxalate decreased in response to lead exposure, while exudation rates of citrate were less affected. Total production under poor nutrient conditions was low, except for A. niger, for which no ...

The aim of this study was to establish in laboratory experiments a quantitative link between phenolic pool (production, composition and exudation) in Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus and their potential to bind metals. Additionally, the copper binding capacity of purified phlorotannin was investigated. A reduction in salinity decreased total phenolic contents, altered phenolic composition by increasing proportion of cell-wall phenolics, and also increased phenolic exudation of the two seaweed species. After 15 days at a salinity of 5, the inhibition of photosynthesis observed previously for A. nodosum coincided with the high exudation of phenolic compounds into the surrounding water of the seaweed tips which resulted in a significant reduction of phenolic contents. Increased coppe...

Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a common vision threatening complication of diabetic retinopathy which can be assessed by detecting exudates (a type of bright lesion) in fundus images. In this work, two new methods for the detection of exudates are presented which do not use a supervised learning step and therefore do not require ground-truthed lesion training sets which are time consuming to create, difficult to obtain, and prone to human error. We introduce a new dataset of fundus images from various ethnic groups and levels of DME which we have made publicly available. We evaluate our algorithm with this dataset and compare our results with two recent exudate segmentation algorithms. In all of our tests, our algorithms perform better or comparable with an order of magnitude reduction in computational time.

Root exudates affect the concentration of nutrients in the plant rhizosphere and indirectly enhance microbial activity. Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds that play an important role as signal molecules in the early stages of the symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia. Flavonoids from root exudates of Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Bush Blue Lake obtained under control conditions, salt stress (50mM), and/or the presence of the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) Chryseobacterium balustinum Aur9 were analyzed by HPLC coupled to ESI-MS/MS. Six flavonoids were identified in the root exudates of P. vulgaris cv. BBL: naringenin, isoliquiritigenin, quercetin umbelliferone, 7',4-dihydroxyflavone, and hesperetin. The latter three flavonoids have not previously been reported in bean root exudat...

In a tropical reservoir, the cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii are the dominant species, with changes in dominance throughout the year. Since allelopathy has been suggested as a factor that could promote or stabilize harmful algal blooms, we investigated potential allelopathic effects of C. raciborskii on M. aeruginosa. Microcystis aeruginosa was exposed to exudates of a C. raciborskii monoculture and exudates of mixed cultures of both species. Significant growth inhibition of M. aeruginosa was observed only when it was exposed to exudates from the mixed culture with high proportion of C. raciborskii. This result suggests that the production of growth inhibitors seems to depend on stress (competition) and on the density of the producer species. In cont...

SummaryThis study investigated advantages and drawbacks of two sieve-tube sap sampling methods for comparison of phloem proteins in powdery mildew-infested vs. non-infested Hordeum vulgare plants. In one approach, sieve tube sap was collected by stylectomy. Aphid stylets were cut and immediately covered with silicon oil to prevent any contamination or modification of exudates. In this way, a maximum of 1mL pure phloem sap could be obtained per hour. Interestingly, after pathogen infection exudation from microcauterized stylets was reduced to less than 40% of control plants, suggesting that powdery mildew induced sieve tube-occlusion mechanisms. In contrast to the laborious stylectomy, facilitated exudation using EDTA to prevent calcium-mediated callose formation is quick and easy with a la...

Background To investigate the safety and efficacy of a combined fixed-interval and pro re nata regimen of ranibizumab (FUSION regimen) for treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration in patients with good visual acuity at baseline. To establish whether similar efficacy to monthly regimens can be achieved with fewer injections, even in patients with good visual acuity. Methods This was a prospective, open-label, consecutive interventional case series in treatment-naïve patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration. The FUSION regimen consists of three phases: 1) a loading phase of two or three injections, depending on presence or absence of choroidal neovascularization activity at first follow-up, 2) administration of one injection on disappearance of exudation, and ...

'Information on the mechanism of how plants mobilize, uptake, and metabolize metal ions is very limited. Especially deficient is the understanding of these processes involving pollutant metal ions and interactions among these ions. Based on the current knowledge regarding nutrient ions, it is clear that elucidation of rhizospheric processes such as exudation of organic ligands by plant roots and plant metabolism/adaptation involving these biogenic chelators is critically important. A mechanistic insight into these processes will advance knowledge in microbe-plant host interactions and how metal ions are mobilized, immobilized, and sequestered by these interactions. This, in turn, is essential to applications such as phytobioremediation and microbioremediation of metal ion pollution. Root exudation also serves many other important rhizosphere functions including energy supply for microbial degradation of organic pollutants, structuring of microbial community, and the formation of soil humic materials which are considered to be a major sink for both organic and inorganic pollutants. How root exudates function is critically dependent on the chemical nature of exudate components. Therefore, a comprehensive characterization of all major exudate components, regardless of their chemical class, should facilitate the development and implementation of bioremediation for both organic and inorganic pollutants. Therefore, the objectives of this project are: (1) To obtain a comprehensive composition of major organic components in plant root exudates as a function of different metal ions; (2) To examine plant metabolic response(s) to these metal ion treatments, with emphasis on biosynthetic pathways of organic ligands; and (3) To investigate the effect(s) of soil microbial (e.g. mycorrhizae) association on (1) and (2).'

Purpose: To report patient acceptance and safety of repeated intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF agents for exudative AMD, by retina specialists, without an eye examination before every injection. Methods: Retrospective chart review. 115 eyes (110 patients) with exudative AMD underwent repeated intravitreal anti-VEGF injections with limited interval examination and diagnostic testing. Medication, laterality, number of injection cycles started and completed, number of injections per injection cycle, subjective visual changes, pre- and post-injection visual acuity (VA), pre- and post-injection intraocular pressure (IOP), nurse- and patient-initiated phone calls, emergency (non-scheduled) clinic visits, complications, new diagnoses, and patient complaints after each injection were recorded. ...

Two morphologically distinct hyphal branching responses by the AM fungus, Glomus intraradices, were stimulated by separated components of carrot root exudate. Complex branching up to the sixth order was induced by compounds most soluble in 35% methanol, whereas the formation of more lateral branches (second order) was stimulated by compounds most soluble in 70% methanol. This same 70% alcohol soluble fraction also stimulated a completely different type of branching pattern in another fungus, Gigaspora gigantea. This pattern consisted of a very periodic distribution of dense clusters of hyphal branches that had a very high degree of complexity. In contrast to exudate components, separated cytosolic components of carrot roots did not stimulate any of the observed hyphal branching patterns. Alcohol-soluble fractions actually inhibited hyphal tip growth of G. gigantea and induced the formation of "recovery" branches that were identical to those induced by an inhibitor found in the exudate of Chard (Beta vulgaris ssp. cicla), a non-host plant. PMID:17544057

Background The need to enhance the sustainability of intensive agricultural systems is widely recognized One promising approach is to encourage beneficial services provided by soil microorganisms to decrease the inputs of fertilizers and pesticides. However, limited success of this approach in field applications raises questions as to how this might be best accomplished. Scope We highlight connections between root exudates and the rhizosphere microbiome, and discuss the possibility of using plant exudation characteristics to selectively enhance beneficial microbial activities and microbiome characteristics. Gaps in our understanding and areas of research that are vital to our ability to more fully exploit the soil microbiome for agroecosystem productivity and sustainability are also discus...

Summary Bacterioplankton are the primary trophic conduit for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and linking community structure with DOC utilization is central to understanding global carbon cycling. We coupled stable isotope probing (SIP) with 16S rRNA pyrosequencing in dark seawater culture experiments on euphotic and mesopelagic communities from the Sargasso Sea. Parallel cultures were amended with equimolar quantities of four DO13C substrates to simultaneously evaluate community utilization and population-specific incorporation. Of the substrates tested - two cyanobacterial products (exudates or lysates from a culture of Synechococcus) and two defined monosaccharides (glucose or gluconic acid) - the cyanobacterial exudates were incorporated by the greatest diversity of oligotrophic bacteri...

We encountered a 27-year-old male early caused by radiation retinopathy five months after radiotherapy (51 Gy) for astrocytoma. The retinopathy was the proliferative retinopathy, with several dot and blot hemorrhages, hard and soft exudate, increased capillary permeability, macula edema and avasucular areas. So it was treated with panretial photocoagulation like diabetic retinopathy. Now hemorrhage, exudate, edema and avascular areas were improved. Photocoagulation treatment is effective to stop the progression of radiation retinopathy. Radiation retinopathy is sometimes early caused, therefore long-term follow up is recommended on starting radiotherapy. (author)

Abstract in portuguese A cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio envolve o acometimento, tanto do pericárdio como da pleura, conduzindo ao favorecimento de processos inflamatórios responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento de derrames nestes compartimentos. Objectivo: Estudar o comportamento das citocinas proliferativas TGF-? (factor beta de transforma?ão do crescimento) e VEGF (factor de crescimento do endotélio vascular) nos líquidos de 16 transudatos e de 43 derrames pleurais de (more) doentes submetidos a cirurgias de revascularização do miocárdio provenientes do Instituto de Coração e do Serviço de Pneumologia da Universidade do São Paulo nos intervalos de 2, 24 e 48 horas de pós-operatório. Resultados: O derrame pleural pós-revascularização do miocárdio é um exsudato mobilizador de TGF-? e VEGF no pós-operatório imediato. Os níveis de TGF-? apresentam-se elevados nas primeiras 2 horas para caírem progressivamente até se aproximarem dos valores dos transudatos ao fim de 48 horas, enquanto o VEGF se inicia com níveis elevados já nas primeiras 2 horas com tendência a aumento pelo menos até 48 horas de pós-operatório. Conclusões: O TGF-? parece comportar-se como elemento gatilho sobre a c?lula mesotelial pleural para a liberação de VEGF no desenvolvimento de derrame pleural nas cirurgias de revascularização do miocárdio. Abstract in english Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgeries canimpact on the pericardium and pleural space, leading to inflammation which can cause effusion. Aim: To study the role of the proliferative cytokines TGF-? and VEGF in the fluids of 16 transudates and 43 pleural effusions of patients who underwent CABG at the Heart Unit and Pulmonology Unit of the University Hospital of São Paulo. Levels of cytokines were assessed 2, 24 and 48 hours post-surgery. Results: The pleural e (more) ffusion after CABG is an exsudative mobilizer of TGF-? and VEGF cytokines immediately after surgery. The TGF-? concentrations were elevated 2 hours after surgery but started to fall soon after, reaching transudate levels after 48 hours. VEGF levels were high in the first 2 hours post surgery and tended to maintain the same concentrations for at least 48 hours after surgery. Conclusions: Based on the results obtained, TGF-? is a cytokine that seems to work as a trigger, leading the pleural mesothelial cell to express VEGF a cause of pleural effusion in CABG surgeries.

Visual loss caused by exudative retinal detachment is a rare but preventable association of FSHD. Underlying peripheral retinal vascular telangiectasis is however very common. Focal retinal hypovascularity may be a developmental abnormality parallel to aberrations in myogenesis. Since asymptomatic telangiectasis appears likely to remain static for many years, the question arises as to proper practice in relation to indirect ophthalmoscopic screening of FSHD patients, particularly children, and if and when to treat visualized exudates, which may track from the retinal periphery to the posterior pole. Accumulated international experience has demonstrated the efficacy of unusually aggressive and frequent treatment, typically with Laser photocoagulation directed at leaking vessels, even when v...

Abstract in portuguese Calus foram obtidos de tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum), cafeeiro (Coffea arabica), alfafa (Medicago sativa), orquídea (Dendrobium nobile), mostarda (Brassica rapa), batata doce (Ipomoea batatas), fumo (Nicotiana tabacum), cenoura (Daucus carota) e Crotalaria juncea em meio sólido de Murashige & Skoog (MS) seguido do cultivo em meio líquido MS em temperatura de 25-28 ºC. Após um mês, a suspensão foi passada em membrana Millipore 0,22 µm, obtendo-se, assim, o ex (more) sudato da cultura de células de cada planta testada. Ovos ou juvenis de segundo estádio (J2) de Meloidogyne incognita foram incubados nesses exsudatos e avaliadas as percentagens de eclosão, mobilidade e mortalidade dos J2. Com exceção dos ovos incubados em exsudato de orquídea, todos os demais inibiram a eclosão quando comparados com a incubação em água (testemunha). Entretanto, nos exsudatos de L. esculentum, cafeeiro e C. juncea a inibição foi mais drástica, semelhante ao aldicarb, mas significativamente diferente e menor do que em soluções contendo ingredientes do meio MS (1-5). Todos os exsudatos reduziram a mobilidade e aumentaram a mortalidade, com maior intensidade em 24 h de exposição. Porém, maior redução na mobilidade ocorreu nos exsudatos de tomateiro e alfafa, enquanto maior mortalidade no exsudato de tomateiro, seguido pelo de mostarda. Abstract in english Callus of Lycopersicon esculentum, Coffea arabica, Medicago sativa, Dendrobium nobile, Brassica rapa, Ipomoea batatas, Nicotiana tabacum, Daucus carota and Crotalaria juncea were obtained in Murashige & Skoog (MS) solid medium followed by cell cultivation in MS liquid medium at temperature varying from 25-28 ºC. After one month, the cell suspension was passed through a 0,22 µm Millipore membrane, and the resulting liquid was the cell exudate from each of the tested plan (more) ts. Eggs or second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne incognita were then incubated in these exudates and hatching, mobility and mortality percentages of the J2 were evaluated. Except for the eggs incubated in the exudate of orchid, all the exudates inhibited J2 hatching when compared with incubation in water (control). However, in L. esculentum, C. arabica and C. juncea exudates the inhibition was greatest, similar to aldicar, but significantly less and different than that found in solution of culture medium ingredients MS (1-5). All exudates reduced mobility and increased mortality of M. incognita J2, although theses were enhanced when exposed for 24 h. The greatest reduction of mobility occurred with the exudates of tomato and M. sativa, while greatest mortality occurred with the exudate of L. esculentum, followed by B. rapa.

Previous observations of correlated community dynamics between phytoplankton and bacteria in lakes indicate that phytoplankton populations may influence bacterial community structure. To investigate the possibility that bacterial use of phytoplankton exudates contributes to observed patterns of community change, we characterized the diversity and dynamics of heterotrophic bacterioplankton with genetic potential to use glycolate, a photorespiration-specific exudate, in five lakes over a 15-week period. Culture-independent approaches were used to track different bacterial phylotypes represented by DNA sequence variation in the functional gene glycolate oxidase subunit D (glcD). glcD gene sequences from freshwater bacteria exhibited broad phylogenetic diversity, including sequences representi...

Investigation of lipophilic exudates from the aerial parts of Balsamorhiza sagittata and B. macrophylla afforded three new highly oxygenated guaianolides (1—3), in addition to known guaianolides, germacranolide and eudesmane acids. Their chemical structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and the data for the compounds are reported in Tables 1 and 2 and in Experimental.   

We report a 58-year-old otherwise healthy woman with unilateral endophytic optic disc hemangioma and associated serous retinal detachment and exudation. A standard verteporfin dose was given and a photodynamic treatment (PDT) protocol was followed. A moderate vitreous hemorrhage occurred four days after PDT. The hemangioma regressed markedly 6 weeks after the procedure and serous retinal detachment showed marked resolution. PMID:17914208

A 15-year-old man developed cardiopulmonary dysfunction 4 days after flu-like symptom, and was transfered to our hospital and diagnosed as a fulminant myocarditis (FM). Intraaortic ballon pumping (IABP) and percutaneous cardiopulmonary support (PCPS) were immediately initiated. However, cardiac function did not recover until 7 days after admission to the ICU, and bilateral ventricular assist devices (BiVAD) were introduced with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Right ventricular assist device (RVAD) with ECMO was established by right atrial blood withdrawal and pulmonary arterial blood supply using centrifugal pump. After operation of BiVAD, to main LVAD flow, frequent blood-and-fluids volume loading and increase in RVAD flow were necessary due to postoperative bleeding and massive foamy sputum. However, even after hemostasis had been established, the pulmonary edema continued and it was difficult to maintain LVAD flow because of endless transudation from the lungs. Eventually, he developed MOF and passed away 9 days after the admission to ICU. As in cases of end-stage dilated cardiomyopathy, outflow of RVAD into the left atrium instead of the pulmonary artery was demonstrated effective in avoiding trans-pulmonary leakage, and outflow of RVAD into the left atrium may be beneficial to patients with FM who need BiVAD but suffered severe pulmonary edema. PMID:22860309

The primary functions of root hairs are to increase the root surface area and to aid plants in water and nutrient uptake. However, some root hairs also have secretory functions and exude bioactive secondary metabolites. Sorghum bicolor root hairs release a substantial amount of the lipid benzoquin...

Lamina, midveins, stalks and flowers of most Nicotiana species are covered with trichomes. The exudate which accumulates around glandular trichome heads has been suggested to be responsible for the characteristics flavor and aroma associated with different tobaccos. Many classes of compounds have been identified in cuticular surface washes and exudates of tobacco, in particular diterpenes such as the labdanes and duvanes. It has been assumed that most of the components present in the cuticular surface washes and trichome exudates are synthesized by the trichomes. However, there is little definitive evidence to support this assumption. Utilizing radiolabeled precursors, studies were undertaken to determine the site or sites of 1S- and 1R-4.8, 13-duvatriene-1,3-diol (1S- and 1R-diol) biosynthesis. Experiments using midvein sections of Tobacco Introduction 1068 treated with (2-/sup 14/C)acetate or mevalonic acid indicated that radioactivity was incorporated into surface components, including 1S- and 1R-diol. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that all of the labeled duvatrienediols found were associated with the exudate and surface extracts. Experiments using incubated detached glandular trichome heads unequivocally demonstrated that the glandular heads have the biosynthetic capacity to incorporate (2-/sup 14/C)acetate or mevalonic acid into 1S- and 1R-diol. The influence of nitrogen fertilization, water stress, time of topping and curing conditions on the accumulated levels of 1S- and 1R-diol in field grown Ky 14 was also examined.

The isolation and structure determination of a new bisabolene, 2-methyl-5-(5'-hydroxy-1',5'-dimethyl-3'-hexenyl)phenol, together with known bisabolene, xanthorrhizol and furanosesquiterpenoids, 2- O-acetyl-8,12-epoxygermacra-1(10),4,7,11-tetraene and 2- O-methyl-8,12-epoxygermacra-1(10),4,7,11-tetraene, from gum exudate of Commiphora kua are reported. PMID:17252421

Propolis is a sticky substance that honeybees manufacture by mixing secreted substances from their metabolism with plant exudates, pollen and waxes. This product has been used in folk medicine for centuries. Currently, it is extensively used in foods and beverages and is claimed to improve human hea...

Abstract in english INTRODUCTION: In Rio de Janeiro, in almost half of the cases of pleural tuberculosis (PT) treatment begins without substantiation of diagnosis. We examined variables associated with this disease. METHOD: We studied 215 consecutive patients; 104 had tuberculosis (TB) and 111 did not (NTB): 41 neoplasms, 29 transudates, 28 para-pneumonic and 13 other etiologies. Clinical and laboratory variables were assessed in a combined manner using likelihood ratios (LR) and Bayes' theo (more) rem to determine the probability of PT. RESULTS: Among the variables examined, adenosine deaminase (ADA) levels, lymphocyte cell percentage, protein and age were the best indicators for the diagnosis of PT. Association of ADA with any of the other variables led to a LR+ higher than 10 and a LR- lower than 0.1, indicating the presence or absence of PT, with an individual probability of more than 90% or of less than 10% considering that there was a 50% initial probability associated with the presence of PT. CONCLUSIONS: Since ADA is highly sensitive, we can practically exclude TB as the cause of effusion when there are low ADA values. However, to confirm the possibility of TB we recommend that other variables, such as prevalence of lymphocytes (higher than 90%), and high protein levels (more than 4g/dL); low age (less than 45 years) also should be considered.

Diabetic retinopathy is a major cause of blindness, and its earliest signs include damage to the blood vessels and the formation of lesions in the retina. Automated detection and grading of hard exudates from the color fundus image is a critical step in the automated screening system for diabetic retinopathy. We propose novel methods for the detection and grading of hard exudates and the main retinal structures. For exudate detection, a novel approach based on coarse-to-fine strategy and a new image-splitting method are proposed with overall sensitivity of 93.2% and positive predictive value of 83.7% at the pixel level. The average sensitivity of the blood vessel detection is 85%, and the success rate of fovea localization is 100%. For exudate grading, a polar fovea coordinate system is adopted in accordance with medical criteria. Because of its competitive performance and ability to deal efficiently with images of variable quality, the proposed technique offers promising and efficient performance as part of an automated screening system for diabetic retinopathy.

The aim of this study was to establish in laboratory experiments a quantitative link between phenolic pool (production, composition and exudation) in Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus and their potential to bind metals. Additionally, the copper binding capacity of purified phlorotannin was investigated. A reduction in salinity decreased total phenolic contents, altered phenolic composition by increasing proportion of cell-wall phenolics, and also increased phenolic exudation of the two seaweed species. After 15 days at a salinity of 5, the inhibition of photosynthesis observed previously for A. nodosum coincided with the high exudation of phenolic compounds into the surrounding water of the seaweed tips which resulted in a significant reduction of phenolic contents. Increased copper concentration also reduced total phenolic contents, changed phenolic composition (increase in proportion and level of cell-wall phenolics), and positively affected phenolic exudation of A. nodosum and F. vesiculosus. A decrease in salinity enhanced the copper toxicity and caused the earlier impact on the physiology of seaweed tips. An involvement of phlorotannins in copper binding is also demonstrated; purified phlorotannins from A. nodosum collected from a site with little anthropogenic activity contained all four metals tested. When placed in copper-enriched water, as for the seaweed material, copper contents of the phenolics increased, zinc and cadmium contents decreased, but no change in chromium content was observed. The use of cell-wall phenolic content as biomarker of copper contamination seems promising but needs further investigation. PMID:21543047

1. Goblet cell secretion in guinea-pig airways is under neural control. Opioids have previously been shown to inhibit neurogenic plasma exudation and bronchoconstriction in guinea-pig airways. We have now examined the effects of morphine and opioid peptides on tracheal goblet cell secretion induced ...

For routine toxicity testing of composts and growing media, two different types of assays are usually applied. One approach is the use of growing trials in pots with various mixtures of the material. In extract-based tests, seeds are germinated in petri dishes and exposed to an exudate from the mate...

Four new ursane-type triterpenes, olibanumols K (1), L (2), M (3), and N (4), were isolated from traditional Egyptian medicine olibanum, the exuded gum-resin from Boswellia carterii BIRDW. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence.   

Four new ursane-type triterpenes, olibanumols K (1), L (2), M (3), and N (4), were isolated from traditional Egyptian medicine olibanum, the exuded gum-resin from Boswellia carterii BIRDW. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence. PMID:21048352

Bioassay-guided fractionation of Gypsophila paniculata L. (Caryophyllaceae) resulted in the isolation of the phenolics p-coumaric acid (1), dihydroferulic acid (2), and syringic acid (3). In addition to their noted weak antimicrobial activity, compounds 1 and 3 are known to be potent exuded alleloc...

Plants influence the soil system by the large proportion of photosynthesized matters translocated to the roots and secreted into the soil. This root exudation provides an abundant energy source for rhizosphere living microorganisms. Plants are also strongly affected, positively and negatively, by th...

The objectives of this paper were to determine (1) if lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants respond similarly to low zinc (Zn) and phosphorus (P) availability by increased root exudation of low-molecular weight organic anions (LMWOAs) and (2) if genotypic variation in tolerance to low soil supply of...

The phytochemical contents and medicinal values of Dacroydes edulis and Raphia hookeri exudates were investigated. Phytochemical screening of the plant showed that they contain the presence of bioactive compounds comprising saponins (2.08–3.98mg 100g?1), alkaloids (0.28–0.49 mg 100g?1), tannins (0.4...

The premise that genetic exchange is primarily localized in niches characterized by dense bacterial populations and high availability of growth substrates was tested by relating conjugal gene transfer of an RP4 derivative to availability of root exudates and bacterial metabolic a...

A seven-year-old castrated male Yorkshire terrier dog was presented for a recurrent skin disease. Erythematous skin during the first visit progressed from multiple plaques to patch lesions and exudative erosion in the oral mucosa membrane. Biopsy samples were taken from erythematous skin and were di...

The fate of the neutrophils within the inflammatory exudate in the periodontal crevice and their possible participation in the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are of clinical interest. However, the cytological analysis of clinical samples of inflammatory exudate is restricted by the obtainable quantities, which do not enable employing the routine approaches. Clinical examinations, ACLAR strip sampling, scanning electron microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy were employed to analyze purulent crevicular exudate and gingival crevicular fluid in periodontitis. Bacteria, neutrophil activation, NETosis stages, and NETs were identified by molecular probe, expression of citrullinated histone H3, enzymatic digestion, and ultrastructurally. Crevicular neutrophils, all in diverse NETosis stages marked by the histone citrullination, and an abundance of NETs were found in both purulent crevicular exudate and gingival crevicular fluid. Largely varying quantities of dispersed crevicular bacteria were entrapped by NETs, but no phagocytized bacteria were evident in gingival crevicular fluid. The offered method enables for the first time the demonstration NETs in gingival crevicular fluid. The histone citrullination of all the floating crevicular neutrophils indicates that they all undergo NETosis. PMID:20070150

Flavonoid signals from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) induce transcription of nodulation (nod) genes in Rhizobium meliloti. Alfalfa roots release three major nod-gene inducers: 4{prime},7-dihydroxyflavanone, 4{prime},7-dihydroxyflavone, and 4,4{prime}-dihydroxy-2{prime}-methoxychalcone. The objective of the present study was to define temporal relationships between synthesis and exudation for those flavonoids. Requirements for concurrent flavonoid biosynthesis were assessed by treating roots of intact alfalfa seedlings with (U-{sup 14}C)-L-phenylalanine in the presence or absence of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase inhibitor L-2-aminoxy-3-phenylpropionic acid (AOPP). In the absence of AOPP, each of the three flavonoids in exudates contained {sup 14}C. In the presence of AOPP, {sup 14}C labeling and release of all the exuded nod-gene inducers were reduced significantly. AOPP inhibited labeling and release of the strongest nod-gene inducer, methoxychalcone, by more than 90%. The release process responsible for exudation of nod-gene inducers appears to be specific rather than a general phenomenon such as a sloughing off of cells during root growth.

Phaffia rhodozyma (sexual form, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous) is a basidiomycetous yeast that has been found in tree exudates in the Northern Hemisphere at high altitudes and latitudes. This yeast produces astaxanthin, a carotenoid pigment with biotechnological importance because it is used in aqua...

Background: To compare retinal thickness and subretinal hyper-reflectivity using Stratus optical coherence tomography (OCT3) between the eyes of patients with bilateral end-stage exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD), where one eye has been treated with photodynamic therapy (PDT). Methods...

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the gum exudates of Terminalia catappa Linn. (TC gum) as a release retarding excipient in oral controlled drug delivery system. The rheological properties of TC gum were studied and different formulation techniques were used to evaluate the comparative dr...

Pseudomonas fluorescens grew rapidly in fresh egg albumen diluted with water. Growth of the bacteria in egg albumen was stimulated by the addition of carbohydrate and ovomucoid-rich egg exudate. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis for residual egg albumen revealed extensive proteolysis of albumen ino...

A bottle plate for the cultivation of methanogens or other organisms in a defined pressurized-gas atmosphere was developed. The bottle provides the convenience of an agar streak plate, solves the problem of the water exudate from agar medium, and provides a convenient way of adding or sampling a defined gas atmosphere.

Unlike all previous reports that have shown that water soluble and volatile compounds from roots or root exudates play a major role in precolonization events during arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal-host root interactions (5, 6, 10, 11), the results shown here deal with particulate fractions isolat...

Received for publication February 2, 2009. Zinc (Zn) uptake by plant roots from soils low in plant-available Zn may be increased by Zn-mobilizing rhizosphere processes, including exudation of low-molecular-weight organic anions. A rhizotron experiment with a low Zn clay soil and a nutrient solution ...

Intestinal Na(+)-coupled glucose transporter SGLT1 determines the rate of glucose transport, which in turn influences glucose-induced insulin release and development of obesity. The present study explored effects of Gum Arabic (GA), a dietary polysaccharide from dried exudates of Acacia Senegal, on ...

White lupin grown under phosphorus (P) deficient conditions undergoes synchronized changes in gene expression which lead to strikingly modified root development and an altered rhizosphere. In P-limited environments white lupin develops clusters of tertiary lateral roots (proteoid/cluster) which exud...

Hatching of potato cyst nematodes is induced by root exudates of Solanaceae, such as Solanum sisymbriifolium, and is therefore related to root length distribution of this crop. A mathematical model was derived to relate the hatching potential to root length density (RLD). A series of field experimen...

A 47 year old male patient visited our hospital with the chief complaint of deterioration of the visual acuity in the left eye. The fundus examination revealed thick hard exudates, multiple aneurysms and telangiectasias of the retinal vessels in the posterior pole. Fluorescein angiography demonstrat...

Gum arabic, an exudate from Acacia trees, has a unique combination of excellent emulsifying properties and low solution viscosity despite its molecular mass of about 384 kDa. These properties make gum arabic very useful in several industries but specially in the food industry where it is used as a ...

'During the funding period of 1996--1997, the authors explored the utility of multi-nuclear, two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for a comprehensive analysis of barley root exudates collected under Fe sufficient and deficient conditions. As both structural and quantitative information was obtained directly from crude root exudates using this approach, no tedious sample fractionation was necessary, which will greatly facilitate future chemical characterization of root exudates in general. They found that the phytosiderophore mugineic acids (including 2{prime}-deoxymugineic acid, mugineic acid, and 3-epi-hydroxymugineic acid) were readily identified and quantified in crude exudate samples along with a number of amino and organic acids. The amount of mugineic acids excreted was correlated positively with the extent of Fe deficiency with 3-epi-hydroxymugineic acid being the most prominent component. The total Fe chelating capacity was also measured using the ferrozine assay and compared with the production of the mugineic acids. They were surprised to find that the mugineic acids may account for a part of the Fe chelating capacity, especially under mild and moderatley Fe deficient conditions. Lactate, alanine, y-aminobutyrate, malate, and glycinebetaine collectively may contribute to a significant fraction of the Fe chelating capacity. In light of the known stimulatory effect of alanine and citrate on metal availability to algae (Campell, 1995), the function of these low molecular weight metabolites as vehicles for Fe or metal uptake in general warrant further investigation. This work is now published in Analytical Biochemistry 251, 57-68 ( 1997). They then proceeded to apply the above approach to investigate the interaction of elevated cadmium (Cd) with Fe deficiency in gramineous plants. They have completed one each series of cadmium (Cd) treatments of barley and wheat seedlings under Fe sufficient and deficient conditions. The purpose of these experiments was to examine the role of mugineic acids in Cd uptake and the effect of Cd on the chemistry of root exudates. They found that the chemical composition of wheat root exudates was very different from that of barley root exudates. Namely, the wheat root exudates were dominated by 2{prime}-deoxymugineic acid and a Tris-like component whereas the barley root exudates were again abundant in 3-epi-hydroxymugineic acid and several amino and organic acids plus the Tris-like component. In both cases, the levels of mugineic acids were stimulated by Fe deficiency but substantially suppressed by the Cd treatment, particularly under Fe deficient conditions. The increase in mugineic acid production was accompanied by an elevation in the tissue content of Cu, Zn, and Mn. In contrast, the level of the Tris-like component in wheat root exudates was significantly enhanced by the Cd treatment under Fe sufficient conditions. This preliminary analysis indicate that the phytosiderophore mugineic acids may not be important in the Cd uptake into gramineous plants and that the Tris-like compound may play a more significant role in this respect. This is consistent with the lack of effect of Fe deficiency on tissue content of Cd in both wheat and barley seedlings. They will complete the data analysis of these experiments shortly and prepare a manuscript based on these findings.'

Here, we investigated chemical-mediated interaction between crop and weeds. Allelopathic activity of rice seedlings exhibited 5.3-6.3-fold increases when rice and barnyard grass seedlings were grown together, where there may be the competitive interference between rice and barnyard grass for nutrients. Barnyard grass is one of the most noxious weeds in rice cultivation. The momilactone B concentration in rice seedlings incubated with barnyard grass seedlings was 6.9-fold greater than that in rice seedlings incubated independently. Low nutrient growth conditions also increased allelopathic activity and momilactone B concentrations in rice seedlings. However, the increases in the low nutrient-induced allelopathic activity and momilactone B concentration were much lower than those in barnyard grass-induced allelopathic activity and momilactone B concentration. Root exudates of barnyard grass seedlings increased allelopathic activity and momilactone B concentration in rice seedlings at concentrations greater than 30 mg/L of the root exudates, and increasing the exudate concentration increased the activity and momilactone B concentration. Therefore, barnyard grass-induced allelopathic activity of rice seedlings may be caused not only by nutrient competition between two species, but also by components in barnyard grass root exudates. As momilactone B shows strong allelopathic activities, barnyard grass-induced allelopathic activity of rice may be due to the increased concentration of momilactone B in rice seedlings. The present research suggests that rice may respond to the presence of neighboring barnyard grass by sensing the components in barnyard grass root exudates and increasing allelopathic activity by production of elevated concentration of momilactone B. Thus, rice allelopathy may be one of the inducible defense mechanisms by chemical-mediated plant interaction between rice and barnyard grass, and the induced-allelopathy may provide a competitive advantage for rice through suppression of the growth of barnyard grass. PMID:21392842

Phytoremediation is considered as a promising and cost-effective method to enhance bioremediation of polluted soils. Exudation of plant root secondary metabolites similar to organic pollutants may induce the expression of microbial degradative enzymes and favour cometabolism of xenobiotics. We investigated the contribution of Miscanthus x giganteus root exudates in the biostimulation of PAH-degradation. This perennial grass was chosen because of its capability to grow on polluted soils and its high biomass production for non-food purposes. First, the impact of cometabolism phenomena was evaluated on the selective enrichment of pyrene-degrading bacterial consortia. The identification of each isolated strains following incubation with pyrene only, "pyrene+phenanthrene", "pyrene+salycilate" or "pyrene+diesel fuel" showed a varying bacterial diversity and pyrene-degrading ability, depending on the co-substrate used. Then, a microplate assay was designed, based on the simultaneous measurement of bacterial consortia growth and degradation activity, in the presence of PAH and total root exudates. Results showed that i) the addition of root exudates was efficient for promoting bacterial growth, ii) but a selective enrichment of PAH-degraders compared to aliphatic ones could be clearly demonstrated, thereby conducing to an enhanced PAH catabolism. The identification of plant secondary metabolites showed the presence of a broad range of flavonoid-derived compounds that could play a role in cometabolic processes. Microplate assays with the two major molecules, quercetin and rutin, suggested a partial involvement of these compounds in biostimulation processes. Further investigations with the other identified secondary metabolites (apigenin, isovitexin, catechin, gallic and caffeic acid) should provide more information on the exudate-PAH cometabolic degradation phenomenon. PMID:21782215

Soil sheaths incorporating aggregated soil particles surround young roots of many species, but the effects of such sheaths on water movement between roots and the soil are largely unknown. The quantity and location of root exudates associated with soil sheath along the entire length of its young roots, except within 1.4 cm of the tip. The soil sheaths, which average 0.7 mm in thickness, were composed of soil particles and root hairs, both of which were covered with exuded mucilaginous material. As determined with a [sup 14]C pulse-labeling technique, 2% of newly fixed [sup 14]C-photosynthate was translocated into the roots at 3d, 6% at 9 d, and 8% at 15 d after labeling. The fraction of insoluble [sup 14]C in the roots increased twofold from 3 d to 15 d. Over the same time period, 6%-9% of the [sup 14]C translocated to the roots was exuded into the soil. The soluble [sup 14]C compounds exuded into the soil were greater in the 3-cm segment at the root tip than elsewhere along the root, whereas mucilage was exuded relatively uniformly along roots 15 cm in length. The volumetric efflux of water increase for both sheathed and unsheathed roots as the soil water potential decreased form -0.1 MPa to -1.0 MPa. The efflux rate was greater for unsheathed roots than for sheathed roots, which were more turgid and had a higher water potential, especially at lower soil water potentials. During drying, soil particles in the sheaths aggregate more tightly, making the sheaths less permeable to water and possibly creating air gaps. The soil sheaths of O. ficus-indica thus reduce water loss from the roots to a drying soil. 34 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate protein requirements in older hospitalized adults with pressure ulcers (PrU) according to systemic conditions and wound severity. DESIGN: Secondary nitrogen balance study over 3 days. SETTING: Long-term care facility. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-eight older adults with PrU using a urinary catheter. MEASUREMENTS: Nitrogen balance over 3 days was evaluated from habitual nitrogen intake measured using a food weighing record and nitrogen excretion from urine, feces and wound exudate. Nitrogen intake required to maintain nitrogen equilibrium was estimated as an average protein requirement using a linear mixed model. RESULTS: Nitrogen intake at nitrogen equilibrium was 0.151 gN/kg per day (95% confidence interval = 0.127-0.175 gN/kg per day) for all participants. The amount of protein loss from wound exudate contributed little to total nitrogen excretion. A Charlson comorbidity index of 4 or greater (the median value) was related to lower nitrogen intake at nitrogen equilibrium (P = .005). Severe PrU with heavy exudate amounts and measured wound areas of 7.9 cm(2) or greater (the median value) were related to higher nitrogen intake at nitrogen equilibrium in individuals with a Charlson comorbidity index of 3 or less (both P = .04). Larger wound area (correlation coefficient (r) = 0.55, P = .003) and heavier exudate volume (r = 0.53, P = .004) were associated with muscle protein hypercatabolism measured according to 3-methylhistidine/creatinine ratio. CONCLUSION: The average protein requirement is 0.95 g/kg per day for older hospitalized Japanese adults with PrU, but protein requirements depend on an individual's condition and wound severity and range from 0.75 to 1.30 g/kg per day. Severe PrU can require higher protein intakes because of muscle protein hypercatabolism rather than direct loss of protein from wound exudate. PMID:23110319

The anti-inflammatory effects of the crude extract (CE) of Lotus corniculatus var. Sao Gabriel and its derived hexane (HEX), ethyl acetate (AcOEt), n-butanol (BuOH) and aqueous (Aq) fractions and isolated compounds kaempferitrin, oleanolic acid and b-sitosterol, in a mouse model of pleurisy induced by carrageenan were investigated. Swiss mice were used in the in vivo experiments. The crude extract of L. corniculatus and its derived fractions, and also its isolated compounds, inhibited leukocytes, exudation, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) and adenosine-deaminase (ADA) activities, as well as nitrite/nitrate concentration and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1b) level (p<0.05). L. corniculatus showed important anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition not only of leukocytes and/or exudation, but also of pro-...

Preparation and evaluation of new polyurethane membranes for wound dressing application was considered in this work. The membranes were prepared through amine curing reaction of epoxy-terminated polyurethane prepolymers and an antibacterial epoxy-functional quaternary ammonium compound (glycidyltriehtylammonium chloride, GTEACl. To render the prepared membranes to be highly absorptive of wound exudates, poly (ethylene glycol) polyols were introduced into the polyurethane networks. Evaluation of biocompatibity via both MTT assay and direct contact with two different cell lines (fibroblast and epidermal keratinocytes) reveled that membranes with appropriate loading of GTEACl showed proper biocompatibility. Promising antibacterial activity of the prepared membranes against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria was confirmed by both agar diffusion and shaking flask methods. The membranes with balanced crosslink density and ionic groups' concentration possessed appropriate hydrophilicity and water vapor transmission rate; therefore, they could prevent the accumulation of exudates and decrease the surface inflammation in the wounded area. PMID:22639152

Summary This study aimed to enumerate and identify lactic acid bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae from spoiled and nonspoiled chilled vacuum-packaged beef and determine their potential to cause blown pack spoilage. These microbial groups were also enumerated in nonspoiled samples and detected in abattoir samples. The potential of isolates to cause -blown pack- spoilage of vacuum-packaged beef stored at chilled temperature (4-C) and abuse temperature (15-C) was investigated. Populations of lactic acid bacteria in exudate of spoiled and nonspoiled samples were not significantly different (P->-0.05), whereas the number of lactic acid bacteria on the surface was significantly higher (P-Enterobacteriaceae species in exudate and on the surface of samples were significantly higher (P-Hafnia alvei.

Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the utility of lactoferrin (LF), a natural immunomodulator, to restrain allergen-induced pleurisy in mice. Material and subjects BALB/c female mice, 8- to 10-week old, weighing 24?g on average, were used. Treatment Mice were immunized intraperitoneally with 50??g of ovalbumin (OVA) and the pleurisy was elicited 14?days later by intrapleural injection of 12.5??g of OVA. LF was given 24 and 3?h before elicitation of the allergic reaction. Methods The cytokine levels in the pleural exudates were measured by immunoassays. The blood and pleural exudates smears were stained with Giemsa and May-Gr?nwald reagents and reviewed histologically. Lung sections were stained with eosin and hematoxylin for histological evaluation. Results Lactoferrin signific...

Background and Aims The long co-existence of broomrapes and their hosts within the same environment has culminated in a strong adaptation and effective parasitism. As a first step of specialization in the parasitic process, seed receptors of parasitic plant species vary in their ability to recognize compounds released by their hosts. This work aims to investigate potential patterns for the reception requirements needed to activate germination within Orobanche and Phelipanche species. Methods Induction of the germination of seeds of nine Orobanche and Pheliphanche species by root exudates of 41 plant species was studied and subjected to biplot multivariate analysis. Key Results A high level of specialization in root exudate recognition was found in Orobanche densiflora, O. gracilis and O. h...

Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the utility of lactoferrin (LF), a natural immunomodulator, to restrain allergen-induced pleurisy in mice. Material and subjects BALB/c female mice, 8- to 10-week old, weighing 24 g on average, were used. Treatment Mice were immunized intraperitoneally with 50 ?g of ovalbumin (OVA) and the pleurisy was elicited 14 days later by intrapleural injection of 12.5 ?g of OVA. LF was given 24 and 3 h before elicitation of the allergic reaction. Methods The cytokine levels in the pleural exudates were measured by immunoassays. The blood and pleural exudates smears were stained with Giemsa and May-Grünwald reagents and reviewed histologically. Lung sections were stained with eosin and hematoxylin for histological evaluation. Results Lactoferrin signific...

Three new monoterpenes, olibanumols A (1), B (2), and C (3), and three new triterpenes, olibanumols H (4), I (5), and J (6), were isolated from olibanum, the exuded gum-resin from Boswellia carterii BIRDW. Their structures including the absolute configuration were determined by chemical and physicochemical evidence. Among the constituents, olibanumols A (1), H (4), and I (5), and isofouquierol (12) exhibited nitric oxide production inhibitory activity in lipopolysaccharide-activated mouse peritoneal macrophages.   

To determine whether ?-linked galacto-oligosaccharide (?-GOS) prevents allergic peritonitis, BALB/c mice were fed a synthetic diet with and without ?-GOS supplementation for 7 d, and were then subcutaneously immunized with ovalbumin on days 0 and 7. The mice were challenged by intraperitoneal injection with ovalbumin on day 14, followed by peritoneal lavage on day 15. The total number of peritoneal exudate cells was significantly lower in the mice fed the ?-GOS diet than in those fed the control diet. Peritoneal lavage fluid from mice fed the ?-GOS diet not only had less potency to attract peripheral blood leukocytes and peritoneal exudate cells ex vivo, but also had lower concentrations of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and eotaxin. Preincubation of the cells with ?-GOS failed to affect the migration to peritoneal lavage fluid. We propose that dietary ?-GOS reduces cell infiltration in allergic peritonitis by reducing antigen-induced elicitation of MCP-1 and eotaxin in mice.   

Adenosine and its metabolite, inosine, have been described as molecules that participate in regulation of inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of adenosine and inosine in a mouse model of carrageenan-induced pleurisy as well as the participation of adenosine receptors in this response. Injection of carrageenan into the pleural cavity induced an acute inflammatory response characterized by leukocyte migration, pleural exudation, and increased release of interleukin-1? and tumor necrosis factor-? in pleural exudates. The treatment with adenosine (0.3?100 mg/kg, i.p.) and inosine (0.1?300 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min before carrageenan injection reduced significantly all these parameters analyzed. Our results also demonstrated that A2A and A2B receptors seem to me...

Anti-inflammatory effects of an ethanol extract of Angelica gigas (EAG; 50, 160, or 500 mg/kg) were investigated in a carrageenan-induced air pouch inflammation model. Injection of 1 ml of carrageenan (1%) into mouse air pouches markedly increased the exudate volume and exudate albumin concentration, which were significantly attenuated by oral pretreatment with EAG. EAG also markedly reduced carrageenan-induced infiltrations of neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes, but did not influence eosinophils or basophils. Carrageenan dramatically increased levels of tumor necrosis factor-? and interleukin-6, which might be derived from the infiltrated cells. It also elevated nitric oxide, and slightly increased prostaglandin E2. EAG pretreatment significantly lowered tumor necrosis factor-? and nitric oxide, but did not alter interleukin-6 or prostaglandin E2 levels. These results indicate that EAG attenuates some inflammatory responses by blocking the tumor necrosis factor-?-nitric oxide pathway, and that EAG could be a promising anti-inflammatory drug candidate for inflammatory diseases.   

A new prenylaromadendrane-type diterpene, olibanumol D (1), and three new oleanane- and lupane-type triterpenes, olibanumols E (2), F (3), and G (4), were isolated from the traditional Egyptian medicine olibanum, the exuded gum-resin from Boswellia carterii Birdw. Their structures were established mainly on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectral data. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited nitric oxide production inhibitory activity in lipopolysaccharide-activated mouse peritoneal macrophages.

In the Northeast of Brazil the stingless bee Trigona spinipes Fabricius injures the tree bark of cultivated Eucalyptus citriodora specimens in order to make them exudate. The chemical investigation of the ethanol extract of an entire nest of T. spinipes allowed the isolation of the cycloartane triterpene magniferolic acid and 3{beta}-hydroxy-24-methylenecicloartan-26-oic acid, besides the flavonoids 3'-methyl quercetin, sakuranetin, kaempferol 7-methyl ether, tricetin and aromadendrin 7-methyl ether as the main compounds. The isolation of sakuranetin, kaempferol 7-methyl ether, and aromadendrin 7-methyl ether from both Trigonas spinipes' nest and the exudate from Eucalyptus, may suggest this species as a botanical origin of the nest constituents of these stingless bee in the Northeast of Brazil. The structural characterization of the isolated compounds was accomplished by spectrometric means and comparison with the literature data. (author)

Caenorhabditis elegans, a bacterivorous nematode, lives in complex rotting fruit, soil, and compost environments, and chemical interactions are required for mating, monitoring population density, recognition of food, avoidance of pathogenic microbes, and other essential ecological functions. Despite being one of the best-studied model organisms in biology, relatively little is known about the signals that C. elegans uses to interact chemically with its environment or as defense. C. elegans exudates were analyzed by using several analytical methods and found to contain 36 common metabolites that include organic acids, amino acids, and sugars, all in relatively high abundance. Furthermore, the concentrations of amino acids in the exudates were dependent on developmental stage. The C. elegans...

Claviceps paspali, a common fungal pathogen of Paspalum grasses, attracts moth vectors by producing sugary exudates in the grass florets it infects. These exudates also support mycoparasitic Fusarium species that may negatively influence C. paspali fitness. We examined the potential for moths on which C. paspali depends to also transmit mycoparasitic Fusarium and fungal endophytes, which inhabit asymptomatic plant tissue and may influence host susceptibility to pathogens. We quantified infections by C. paspali, Fusarium spp., and endophytic fungi associated with Paspalum spp. at focal sites in the southeastern USA and used data from the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS rDNA) to compare communities of plant-associated and moth-borne fungi. ITS sequences of moth-borne fungi were iden...

Red-free light allows better detection of vascular lesions as this wavelength is absorbed by hemoglobin; however, the current gold standard for the detection and grading of diabetic retinopathy remains 7-field color fundus photography. The goal of this study was to compare the ability of 7-field fundus photography using red-free light to detect retinopathy lesions with corresponding images captured using standard 7-field color photography. Non-stereoscopic standard 7-field 30° digital color fundus photography and 7-field 30° digital red-free fundus photography were performed in 200 eyes of 103 patients with various grades of diabetic retinopathy ranging from mild to moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy to proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The color images (n = 1,400) were studied with corresponding red-free images (n = 1,400) by one retina consultant (PV) and two senior residents training in retina. The various retinal lesions [microaneurysms, hemorrhages, hard exudates, soft exudates, intra-retinal microvascular anomalies (IRMA), neovascularization of the retina elsewhere (NVE), and neovascularization of the disc (NVD)] detected by all three observers in each of the photographs were noted followed by determination of agreement scores using ? values (range 0-1). Kappa coefficient was categorized as poor (?0), slight (0.01-0.20), fair (0.2 -0.40), moderate (0.41-0.60), substantial (0.61-0.80), and almost perfect (0.81-1). The number of lesions detected by red-free images alone was higher for all observers and all abnormalities except hard exudates. Detection of IRMA was especially higher for all observers with red-free images. Between image pairs, there was substantial agreement for detection of hard exudates (average ? = 0.62, range 0.60-0.65) and moderate agreement for detection of hemorrhages (average ? = 0.52, range 0.45-0.58), soft exudates (average ? = 0.51, range 0.42-0.61), NVE (average ? = 0.47, range 0.39-0.53), and NVD (average ? = 0.51, range 0.45-0.54). Fair agreement was noted for detection of microaneurysms (average ? = 0.29, range 0.20-0.39) and IRMA (average ? = 0.23, range 0.23-0.24). Inter-observer agreement with color images was substantial for hemorrhages (average ? = 0.72), soft exudates (average ? = 0.65), and NVD (average ? = 0.65); moderate for microaneurysms (average ? = 0.42), NVE (average ? = 0.44), and hard exudates (average ? = 0.59) and fair for IRMA (average ? = 0.21). Inter-observer agreement with red-free images was substantial for hard exudates (average ? = 0.63) and moderate for detection of hemorrhages (average ? = 0.56), SE (average ? = 0.60), IRMA (average ? = 0.50), NVE (average ? = 0.44), and NVD (average ? = 0.45). Digital red-free photography has a higher level of detection ability for all retinal lesions of diabetic retinopathy. More advanced grades of retinopathy are likely to be detected earlier with red-free imaging because of its better ability to detect IRMA, NVE, and NVD. Red-free monochromatic imaging of the retina is a more effective and less costly alternative for detection of vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy. PMID:22961609

The flower of Rhododendron luteum (L.) Sweet has a pentamerous structure with radial symmetry. The anthers filament surface is covered by dense non-glandular hairs to the half of the height. The tubular anther dehisces along creating two openings in the anther-sac walls and the viscous pollen is released through two splits along the anther lobes. The pistil is pentamerous and the axial channel is filled with a mucilaginous secretion product which is continuous with the exudate on the stigma surface. The stigmatic papillae are densely packed and their exudate is stained intensively red for carbohydrates, while pollen grains are stained positively for lipids. The five-locular ovary has isomerous carpels (syncarpous gynoecium) and the ovary surface is covered by numerous, densely-packed gland...

This article presents non-surgical resolution of an extensive periapical lesion of endodontic origin associated with the maxillary left lateral incisor. Clinical examination revealed an asymptomatic bony hard swelling confined to the palate, while radiographic analysis showed a lesion measuring 22 mm in diameter and nearly 389 mm2 in area. Through apical patency, 4 ml of intracanal exudate was drained. After thorough biomechanical preparation, a calcium hydroxide/CPMC root canal dressing was applied and periodically renewed for 11 months. The exudate was eliminated at treatment onset and significant bone formation was observed at the periapical region in the following months with concomitant resolution of the cortical expansion. Complete radiographic resolution of the periapical lesion was observed two years after the root canal filling. Thus, non-surgical treatment of this supposedly cystic, extensive periapical lesion provided favorable clinical and radiographic response. (J. Oral Sci. 50, 107-111, 2008)   

Phytoremediation of soils contaminated with petroleum and associated priority pollutants was evaluated in greenhouse and laboratory experiments. Mineralization of several PAHs was measured in rhizosphere soil, non-rhizosphere soil, and sterile soil amended with simulated root exudates. The least amount of mineralization was observed in sterile soil, but there were no differences among all other soils. Mineralization of 14 C-benzo[a]pyrene was determined in chambers to determine the effects of tall fescue on dissipation of this compound. After 180 days, the soils with fescue had more than twice the mineralization than soils without plants. In the soils with plants, evolution of 14CO2 from the soil was five times greater than from the plant biomass. These experiments demonstrate that the presence of plants is a necessary part of the phytoremediation process. There appears to be no residual rhizosphere effect, and the simple exudation of organic compounds does not mimic fully the presence of roots.

Two new species of the methanol assimilating ascosporic yeast genus Komagataella are described. Komagataella populi sp. nov. (NRRL YB-455, CBS 12362, type strain, MycoBank accession number = 564110) was isolated from an exudate on a cottonwood tree (Populus deltoides), Peoria, Illinois, USA, and Komagataella ulmi sp. nov. (NRRL YB-407, CBS 12361, type strain, MycoBank accession number = 564111) was isolated from the exudate on an elm tree (Ulmus americana), also growing in Peoria, Illinois. The species were resolved from divergence in gene sequences for domains D1/D2 LSU rRNA, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, mitochondrial small subunit rRNA, RNA polymerase subunit 1 and translation elongation factor-1?. Species of Komagataella assimilate few carbon compounds and are unlikely to be resolved from differences in standard growth and fermentation tests. For this reason, separation of species is dependent on gene sequence analysis. PMID:22302468

A lower herb richness and diversity in the presence of Cistus ladanifer is attributed to the allelochemicals exudate from its leaves and stem. The objective of the present study was to determine allelopathic activities of C. ladanifer exudates and the persistence of potential allelochemicals in soil environment. The results showed that the aglycone flavonoids degrade very slowly in the soil, remaining a very long time with no further external input. Although the amounts of aglycone flavonoids in soils are low (of the order of ?g/g soil), their high persistence may facilitate inhibition of the germination and growth of other species or an indirect effect by altering the soil?s characteristics, providing a possible explanation for the phytotoxic activity attributed to C. ladanifer.

Shilajit is a pale-brown to blackish-brown exudation, of variable consistency, exuding from layers of rocks in many mountain ranges of the world, especially the Himalayas and Hindukush ranges of the Indian subcontinent. It has been found to consist of a complex mixture of organic humic substances and plant and microbial metabolites occurring in the rock rhizospheres of its natural habitat. Shilajit has been used as a rejuvenator and an adaptogen for thousands of years, in one form or another, as part of traditional systems of medicine in a number of countries. Many therapeutic properties have been ascribed to it, a number of which have been verified by modern scientific evaluation. Shilajit has been attributed with many miraculous healing properties. Copyright Copyright 2007 John Wiley & S...

Research was conducted on Aloe vera, a traditional medicinal plant, to investigate the effects of light on growth, carbon allocation, and the concentrations of organic solutes, including soluble carbohydrates and aloin. The plants were vegetatively propagated and grown under three irradiances: full sunlight, partial (30% full sunlight), and deep shade (10% full sunlight) for 12-18 months. After 1 year of growth, five plants from each treatment were harvested to determine total above- and below ground dry mass. Four plants from the full sunlight and the partial shade treatments were harvested after 18 months to assess the soluble carbohydrate, organic acid and aloin concentrations of the clear parenchyma gel and the yellow leaf exudate, separately. Plants grown under full sunlight produced more numerous and larger axillary shoots, resulting in twice the total dry mass than those grown under partial shade. The dry mass of the plants grown under deep shade was 8.6% that of plants grown under full sunlight. Partial shade increased the number and length of leaves produced on the primary shoot, but leaf dry mass was still reduced to 66% of that in full sunlight. In contrast, partial and deep shade reduced root dry mass to 28 and 13%, respectively, of that under full sunlight, indicating that carbon allocation to roots was restricted under low light conditions. When plants were sampled 6 months later, there were only minor treatment effects on the concentration of soluble carbohydrates and aloin in the leaf exudate and gel. Soluble carbohydrate concentrations were greater in the gel than in the exudate, with glucose the most abundant soluble carbohydrate. Aloin was present only in the leaf exudate and higher irradiance did not induce a higher concentration. Limitation in light availability primarily affected total dry mass production and allocation, without substantial effects on either primary or secondary carbon metabolites. PMID:10996366

Abstract in english From the resinous exudates of Heliotropium sinuatum have been isolated and characterized two compounds, pentaeicosanol 1 and 1-hydroxy-3-doeicosanone 2. Those structures and previously isolated pure compounds have been tested in their antibacterial activity on phytopathogenic bacteria. Ketone 2 and the flavonoid hesperetine 10 showed antibacterial activity on Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora, while the flavonoid 3-O-methylgalangine 4 showed activity on Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis

Primary amebic meningoencephalitis and granulomatous amebic meningoencephalitis are central nervous system infections caused by free-living amebae. We describe the neuroimaging findings in 5 such cases on CT and MR imaging. A spectrum of findings was seen in the form of multifocal parenchymal lesions, pseudotumoral lesions, meningeal exudates, hemorrhagic infarcts, and necrosis in the brain. Familiarity with the imaging findings is important for the diagnosis and management of this nearly universally fatal disease. PMID:16775267

We report an unusual case of systemic lupus erythematosus presented with protein-losing enteropathy. A 24-year-old girl was referred to our hospital with generalized edema, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypocomplementemia, antinuclear antibody (ANA) (speckled pattern) and anti- SSA/Ro positivities, and elevated CA125 antigen appeared in the blood examination. On the radiological studies, she had mild pleural effusion and moderate ascites which were transudate. A diagnosis of protein-losing enteropathy was made on the basis of increased 99mTc-labelled human immunoglobulin scintigram showing abnormal radioactivity. Endoscopic gastric, duodenal and jejunal biopsies showed chronic inflammation, but vasculitis and immune complex deposition findings were not present. Renal biopsy revealed no definitive findings of lupus nephritis. By the administration of corticosteroids, hypoalbuminemia began to improve, but steroid doses were decreased due to steroid-induced myopathy. Temporary hemiparesis and facial paralysis developed in the patients' follow up. Her cranial magnetic resonance imaging revealed chronic ischemia, and the patient was considered to have neurological involvement due to systemic lupus erythematosus. protein-losing enteropathy and other symptoms then improved dramatically after monthly intravenous cyclophosphamide (three times) combined with oral low-dose corticosteroids. The combination of azathioprine and low-dose steroids was used as maintenance medication. Although about 30 protein-losing enteropathy -associated systemic lupus erythematosus cases have been reported, the patients having initial symptoms as protein-losing enteropathy are rare in the literature. Protein-losing enteropathy -associated systemic lupus erythematosus cases probably represent a subgroup of systemic lupus erythematosus, the characteristics of which are hypocomplementemia, protein-losing enteropathy, ANA positivity showing speckled pattern and anti-ds DNA negativities. In the patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with edema and hypoalbuminemia without renal protein loss, protein-losing enteropathy-associated systemic lupus erythematosus should be kept in mind. PMID:16941261

The objective of the study was to investigate the activity of Lupeol (LUP) on proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the pleural exudate from male swiss albino mice. We applied Cytometric bead array technology for simultaneously measurement of these cytokines in pleurisy induced mice treated with lupeol in graded oral doses. Cytometric bead array uses the sensitivity of amplified fluorescence detection by flowcytometer to measure soluble analytes in a particle based immune assay. This assay can accurately quantitate 5 cytokines in a 50 microlitre sample volume. Oral administration of LUP at doses of 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg p.o. produced dose related inhibition of IL-2, IFN-gamma and TNF-a in the pleural exudate with the most significant effect at 100 mg/kg oral dose. LUP had ...

To evaluate the role of intravitreal bevacizumab in the treatment of Coats? disease diagnosed in adulthood. Prospective, interventional case series. Three patients with Coats? disease diagnosed in adulthood were managed with a single intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (1.25?mg) with peripheral laser photocoagulation 3?weeks later. All three patients had exudation at the macula (Stage 2B) along with peripheral retinal telangiectasia and aneurysms. They were followed up for 9?months. An appreciable reduction in the exudation at the macula and macular edema was observed in all cases following intravitreal bevacizumab therapy. In all patients, the visual acuity improved, and no signs of recurrence were observed at the final follow-up at 9?months. Intravitreal bevacizumab injections may be e...

Abstract Introduction: The presence of large-sized drusen (?125 mm), soft indistinct drusen, pigmentary changes, a large area of drusen and a choroidal neovascular membrane in one eye have been found to be predictive risk factors of late exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Multimodal imaging potentially increases the possibility of indentifying further potential risk factors of developing wet AMD. Purpose: To identify morphological and/or functional baseline risk factors for the development of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in a multimodal set of images from fellow eyes of patients with exudative AMD. Methods: Single-center, prospective, observational, longitudinal 2-year plus 1-year extension study of 62 patients with neovascular AMD in one eye (the nonstudy eye) and ...

Two new species of the methanol assimilating ascosporic yeast genus Komagataella are described. Komagataella populi sp. nov. (NRRL YB-455, CBS 12362, type strain, MycoBank accession number?=?564110) was isolated from an exudate on a cottonwood tree (Populus deltoides), Peoria, Illinois, USA, and Komagataella ulmi sp. nov. (NRRL YB-407, CBS 12361, type strain, MycoBank accession number?=?564111) was isolated from the exudate on an elm tree (Ulmus americana), also growing in Peoria, Illinois. The species were resolved from divergence in gene sequences for domains D1/D2 LSU rRNA, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, mitochondrial small subunit rRNA, RNA polymerase subunit 1 and translation elongation factor-1?. Species of Komagataella assimilate few carbon compounds and are unlikely to be resolved from difference...

Abstract in english M. hyorhinis is considered one of the etiological agents of arthritis in sucking pigs, but recently as seen, some strains can produce pneumonia that could not be distinguished from the mycoplasmosis caused by M. hyopneumoniae. The study was conducted to research the presence of Mycoplasma hyorhinis (M. hyorhinis ) in different regions of the country from exudates of pig lungs with typical EP lesions. Exudates from 280 pig lungs with typical EP lesions were studied using m (more) olecular techniques such as PCR, real time PCR and amplification of the 16S-23S rRNA. It was detected that the 66% of the samples studied resulted positive to M. hyorhinis, and the presence of this species was detected in all the provinces. Amplification and studies on the intergenic region 16S-23S of M. hyorhinis rRNA demonstrated the existing variability among strains of a same species. This study is the first report on M. hyorhinis detection in Cuba.

Elevated aluminum (Al) availability limits plant growth on acidic soils. Although this element is found naturally in soils, acidic conditions create an environment where Al solubility increases and toxic forms of Al impact plant function. Plant resistance to Al is often attributed to organic acid exudation from plant roots and the chelation of cationic Al in the rhizosphere. The association of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi with the roots of plants may alleviate Al toxicity by altering soil Al availability or plant exposure through the binding of Al to fungal structures or through the influence of fungi on exudation from roots. Diverse communities of AM fungi are found in soil ecosystems and research suggests that AM fungi exhibit functional diversity that may influence plant performanc...

The objective of this study was to clarify the effects of soil temperature in the stage from late tillering to panicle initiation (SI) and during the grain-filling stage (SII) on grain setting, dry matter production, photosynthesis, non-structural carbohydrate (NSC), xylem exudation and abscisic acid (ABA) levels in rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Koshihikari). Rice plants were exposed to four different soil temperatures during SI or SII: 17.5, 25, 31.5 and 36.5ºC (ST18, ST25, ST32 and ST37, respectively). The yield, yield components, grain filling and quality in SI were negatively influenced by high soil temperature of 37ºC. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in those characters among temperature treatments in SII. The root/shoot ratio was smallest in the ST37 plants in both SI and SII, mainly due to their lighter root weight. At 7 days after initiation of treatment (DAT) in both SI and SII, the photosynthetic and xylem exudation rate tended to increase slightly as soil temperature increased up to 32ºC. At 21 DAT, however, the photosynthetic rate was lowest in ST37, with concurrent decrease of diffusion conductance and SPAD value. In addition, decrease of NSC concentration in stem and xylem exudation rate, and increase of ABA level in leaves and xylem exudate were observed in ST37 plants at 21 DAT. These results suggested that high soil temperature before heading especially influenced yield, grain quality and plant growth. Possible mechanisms of the effect of soil temperature are discussed.   

An outbreak of chlamydiosis was diagnosed in hatchling and juvenile Indopacific crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) on a crocodile farm in Papua New Guinea. The outbreak was characterised by high mortality with hepatitis and exudative conjunctivitis. The agent appears to have been introduced with live wild-caught crocodiles, which are purchased routinely by the farm. Improved quarantine procedures and treatment with tetracycline led to a rapid reduction of losses on the farm. PMID:18846855

The interaction of actinides with microorganisms has been extensively studied to elucidate migration behavior of actinides in the environments. However, the mechanisms of interaction of microorganisms and actinides are poorly understood. They have been conducting basic science on microbial accumulation of actinides in order to elucidate the environmental behavior of actinides under relevant conditions. The effect of exudates from bacteria cells on the sorption of Eu(III) and Cm(III) by Chlorella vulgaris was studied by a batch method. The pH dependence of log K{sub d} of Eu(III) and Cm(III) for cellulose, major component of C. vulgaris cell, differed from that for C. vulgaris. On the contrary, log K{sub d} of Eu(III) and Cm(III) for cellulose in the solution containing exudates from C. vulgaris cells in a 0.5% NaCl solution showed a similar pH dependence to that by C. vulgaris. These results strongly suggested that exudates affect on the sorption of Eu(III) and Cm(III) on C. vulgaris. Effect of desferrioxamine B (DFO), one of exudates to chelate the insoluble Fe(III), on the sorption of Pu(IV), Th(IV) and Eu(III) by Pseudomonas fluorescens was studied. In the presence of DFO the sorption of Pu(IV), Th(IV) and Eu(III) on the cells increased with a decrease in pH from 7 to 4. In contrast, without DFO most of Pu(IV), Th(IV) and Eu(III) were precipitated from solution. Adsorption of DFO on the cells was negligible in the solution with and without metals. Adsorption of Pu(IV), Th(IV) and Eu(III) on P. fluorescens cells decreased in the order Eu(III) > Th(IV) > Pu(IV), which corresponds to increasing stability constant of the DFO complexes. These results indicate that Th(IV), Pu(IV) and Eu(III) dissociate when in contact with cells, after which the metals are adsorbed.

After landing on a wet stigma, pollen grains hydrate and germination generally occurs. However, there is no certainty of the pollen tube growth through the style to reach the ovary. The pistil is a gatekeeper that evolved in many species to recognize and reject the self-pollen, avoiding endogamy and encouraging cross-pollination. However, recognition is a complex process, and specific factors are needed. Here the isolation and characterization of a stigma-specific protein from N. alata, NaStEP (N. alata Stigma Expressed Protein), that is homologous to Kunitz-type proteinase inhibitors, are reported. Activity gel assays showed that NaStEP is not a functional serine proteinase inhibitor. Immunohistochemical and protein blot analyses revealed that NaStEP is detectable in stigmas of self-incompatible (SI) species N. alata, N. forgetiana, and N. bonariensis, but not in self-compatible (SC) species N. tabacum, N. plumbaginifolia, N. benthamiana, N. longiflora, and N. glauca. NaStEP contains the vacuolar targeting sequence NPIVL, and immunocytochemistry experiments showed vacuolar localization in unpollinated stigmas. After self-pollination or pollination with pollen from the SC species N. tabacum or N. plumbaginifolia, NaStEP was also found in the stigmatic exudate. The synthesis and presence in the stigmatic exudate of this protein was strongly induced in N. alata following incompatible pollination with N. tabacum pollen. The transfer of NaStEP to the stigmatic exudate was accompanied by perforation of the stigmatic cell wall, which appeared to release the vacuolar contents to the apoplastic space. The increase in NaStEP synthesis after pollination and its presence in the stigmatic exudates suggest that this protein may play a role in the early pollen-stigma interactions that regulate pollen tube growth in Nicotiana. PMID:18689443

Background The aim of this study is to evaluate the early visual impacts of various optical coherence tomographic (OCT) parameters after the first versus repeated intravitreal ranibizumab injection in patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods A retrospective comparative case series study was conducted on 20 eyes of 18 consecutive patients who received intravitreal ranibizumab injection for exudative AMD either for the first time (group 1; n?=?8) with no prior anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injection in the same or fellow eye, or for repeated times during the course of monthly injected ranibizumab (group 2; n?=?12 eyes). The following baseline and 1?month post-injection data was collected for both groups and compared: best-corrected visual ...

Abstract. Purpose:- To measure the concentration of cytokines in the aqueous humour of eyes with exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods:- The clinical interventional study included a study group of 18 patients with exudative AMD and a control group of 20 patients undergoing routine cataract surgery. Age did not vary significantly (p-=-0.36) between study group (80.8--6.4-years) and control group (77.0--9.9-years), nor did gender (p-=-0.75). During the interventions, aqueous humour samples were obtained, in which the concentration of cytokines was measured using a solid-phase chemiluminescence immunoassay. Macular thickness was measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Results:- In the study group as compared to the control group, significantly higher concentrations...

Abstract in portuguese Com a finalidade de verificar os resultados para genótipos de milho e simplificar o processo por meio da avaliação individual e massal das sementes, desenvolveu-se o presente estudo. Foram utilizados 32 lotes de sementes de milho em dois experimentos. O primeiro visou a avaliação individual do pH do exsudato das sementes, empregando concentrações de uma solução indicadora (SI) composta de carbonato de sódio e fenolftaleína, e períodos de embebição de semente (more) s. O segundo visou a avaliação massal das sementes em duas modalidades: (i) do tempo necessário até desaparecimento da coloração rosa forte do meio contendo sementes, água destilada e SI agregada ao início da prova, (ii) quantidade da SI necessária para colorir o exsudato das sementes após embebição em água destilada. A germinação e o vigor (teste de frio) foram correlacionados com os dados obtidos no teste de pH do exsudato. Baseado nos resultados concluiu-se que é possível determinar a viabilidade das sementes pelo teste de pH do exsudato massal, porém, apresenta relação mediana com o teste de frio. O processo de determinação da viabilidade das sementes pelo teste de pH do exsudato individual que melhor relaciona-se é o utilizado a SI após 20' de embebição. Na avaliação massal, é possível determinar que lotes de sementes de baixa qualidade requerem mais de 0,7ml da SI para mudar de coloração, após 25min. de embebição. Abstract in english The work was undertaken with objectives to ratify and determine the possibility to use the pH of seed exudate using the bulk system for corn seeds. It was used 32 seed lots. Two studies were conducted. The first one consisted of evaluating the seed individually through the pH of seed exudate test using sodium carbonate and phenolphthalein solution (IS) at different concentrations and imbibition time. The second study was based on evaluating the seed as a bulk system using (more) two ways: (i) determining the time necessary to change the color of the seed exudate when the IS was added with the imbibition water, (ii) determining the quantity of the SI necessary to change the color of the seeds exudate after a time of imbibition. For the studies the seeds were cutted through the embryo. The tests conducted on normal seeds were the standard germination and vigor (cold test) which were correlated with pH of seed exudate test. Based on the result the following conclusions were taken: it is possible to determine corn seed viability through pH of bulk seed exudate, but presents an average relationship with cold test; the process to determine corn seed viability using the pH of individual seed exudate performs better using 20 min. of imbibition and 8g of Na2CO3 liter-1 of water + phenolphthalein at 0.5%; and it is possible to determine through the pH of bulk seed exudate test that low quality seed lots require 0.7ml of the IS to change color after 25 min. of imbibition.

The antibacterial activity of Haplopappus uncinatus is attributed to a new clerodane diterpenoid, 18-acetoxy-cis-cleroda-3-en-15-oic acid (10 betaH, 16 xi 19 beta, 17beta, 20 alpha form) (1), isolated as a major component from the resinous exudates of its twigs and leaves, together with the inactive 3,5-dihydroxy-6,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone, n-alkanes and a few sesquiterpenoids. PMID:16310995

IRVAN is a rare retinal vascular disease characterized by the presence of aneurysmal dilations along the retinal arteriolar tree. Visual loss occurs from sequelae to proliferative changes or due to severe macular exudation and rarely from secondary vascular occlusion following laser photocoagulation of the aneurysms. We herein report a patient with a primary vascular occlusion in a patient with IRVAN and suggest that such patients may already have a natural predisposition to develop a vascular occlusion. PMID:16766406

The results of treatment with radon inhalations of 101 patients with various diseases of the visual system affecting the posterior segment of the eyeball are reported. In most cases clinical improvement was obtained. This was due to a favourable effect of radon on tissue blood flow and its mobilizing action on the reticuloendothelial system. Ophthalmoscopy demonstrated in the treated patients arterial vasodilation in the retina, resorption of haemorrhages and exudates.

Aluminum (Al) in acidic soils is toxic to plants, affecting growth, water uptake and nutrient assimilation. Aluminum resistance in some plant species and genotypes has been ascribed to organic acid exudation from roots and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal symbiosis. We investigated variation among several AM species in altering Al resistance of Liriodendron tulipifera L. and evaluated AM influence on organic acid production as a potential Al resistance mechanism. Growth, nutritional responses and rhizosphere organic acid profiles were assessed for seedlings in association with Acaulospora morrowiae Spain & Schenck, Glomus claroideum Schenck & Smith, G. clarum Nicol. & Schenck or Paraglomus brasilianum (Spain & Miranda) Morton & Redecker and non-mycorrhizal seedlings exposed to 0, 50 or 200 microM Al. Plants colonized by G. clarum had the greatest biomass, least Al and most phosphorus (P) in leaf tissues and exuded malate and citrate into the rhizosphere at rates that complexed 99% of delivered Al in all treatments. Other AM fungi did not confer significant Al resistance on L. tulipifera and did not maintain citrate and malate exudation in response to Al exposure. This study illustrates functional diversity among AM fungal species in conferred Al resistance to plants and highlights the potential importance of fungal diversity in ecosystem responses to environmental stresses. PMID:17472937

The results of tensile tests on slip-cast fused silica using a brittle ring test showed that the tensile strength increased roughly linearly from 3100 psi at room temperature to 8100 psi at 2100 deg F. The activation energies for early cristobalite growth were determined for firing under one atmosphere of air (150 kcal/g mole) and steam (100 kcal/g mole). Etching techniques were studied for phase identification in Al-U/sub 3/O/sub 8/ dispersions. Etching for 12 hr in a Syntron polisher filled with magnesium oxide slurry removes the aluminum alloy -matrix, leaving behind the uranium oxides and aluminum oxide. Steromicrography of the etched specimens reveals the oxide macrostructure. A 0.5% HF solution was found to cause differential staining of the U --Al intermetallic compounds in Al -- U/sub 3/O/sub 8/ dispersions when applied by swabbing for 40 sec. Preliminary electron microprobe analysis results indicated that the 0.5% HF etchant colors UAl/sub 4/ blue while UAl/sub 3/ is outlined but not colored. ATR Al--U/sub 3/O/sub 8/ dispersions sag tested under a static pressure differential at temperature runs, which produced sag at 0.6 and 0.9 psi respectively, an oxide-free alloy exuded under pressure, producing porosity in the dispersion area. The exuded area was free of uranium oxides and a sharp line of demarcation was apparent between the dispersion and exudate areas. Both areas showed evidence of reaction since a bluestaining was present. The 1860 deg F test failed to produce sag under an applied stress of 4 psi. No exudation occurred. However, the U/sub 3/O/sub 8/ was reacted, and UAl/sub 4/ and UAl/sub 3/ was formed. (N.W.R.)

Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) chemotaxis was tested during exposure to leukocyte and platelet extracts, a variety of polyelectrolytes, inflammatory exudates, and bacterial products. The chemoattractants employed were either zymosan-activated serum or supernatant from autolyzed Staphylococcus aureus. Chemotaxis to both chemoattractants was markedly inhibited by leukocyte and platelet extracts; inflammatory exudates; anionic polyelectrolytes, DNA, hyaluronic acid, liquoid; and by cationic polyelectrolytes, histone, protamine base, protamine sulfate, and myeloperoxidase. Inhibition was also found with elastase, collagenase, pepstatin, and epsilon-amino-caproic acid. Bacterial products, such as lipoteichoic acid and lipopolysaccharides, and extracts of human dental plaque inhibited chemotaxis. No inhibition of chemotaxis was observed with heparin (< 10 micrograms/ml), chondroitin sulfate, phosphatidylethanolamine and phospatidylserine. Indeed, chondroitin sulfate markedly enhanced chemotaxis and antagonized the inhibitory effect of leukocyte or platelet extract. None of the agents employed was toxic to PMN as judged by trypan blue exclusion. These observations suggest that cationic polyelectrolytes and inflammatory exudates influence PMN surfaces, modifying interaction with chemoattractants. Assessment of the role of PMN chemotaxis in host defense against microbial invaders requires evaluation of the response in the presence of agents likely to be present in inflamed tissues. PMID:7429609