UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Mutation of the gene drop-dead (drd) causes adult Drosophila to die within 2 weeks of eclosion and is associated with reduced rates of defecation...Full Text Available

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The extent of exchange rate pass-through has been playing an increasingly pivotal role in the transmission of exchange rate shocks and adequate policy responses. We develop a model of exchange rate pass-through that allows the stochastic process of exchange rate to include the lagged values of the velocity of money. We show that the likelihood and extent of pass-through is sensitive to the lagged response.

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

The development of both the mammalian oocyte and the somatic cell compartments of the ovarian follicle is highly coordinated; this coordination ensures that the ovulated oocyte is ready to undergo fertilization...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

For the evaluation of the kidney impairment, serum creatinine concentrations or glomerular filtration rates are mainly used, and the conditions of solitary or transplanted kidney and chronic dialysis...Full Text Available

Wastenet

... (restricted)] 101-127 On the transmission of exchange rate fluctuations to the macroeconomy: Contrasting evidence for developing and developed countries by Magda Kandil [Downloadable! (restricted)] 2005, Volume 14, Issue 4 377-405 Predicting the poverty impacts of trade reform by Thomas Hertel & Jeffrey Reimer [Downloadable! (restricted)] 407-435 Sustaining imperfectly credible trade liberalization: Do the rate of tariff reduction ...

Science.gov (United States)

Magnetic coil pressure wave generation for magnetic forming

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

An Fe-15Cr-20Ni ternary model alloy and a Type 316 stainless steel were irradiated by dual-ions at 1 to 50 appm of He/dpa ratios, to investigate the helium effects on microstructural development in austenitic alloys under irradiation. Quantitative analysis on resultant microstructures revealed that the Frank loop nucleation rate and the network dislocation density positively correlate and Frank loop growth rate negatively correlate with the He/dpa ratio, while the cavity growth rate has its peak at an intermediate helium injection rate. Although He/dpa dependence of various microstructural features were similar for the model alloy and the 316SS, the rates of their development and the mechanism which had assisted cavity growth were significantly different in these two materials. (orig.).

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

BackgroundIn many gregarious mammals, mothers and offspring have developed the abilities to recognise each other using acoustic signals. Such capacity may develop at different rates...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Giardiasis is recognized as a worldwide public health problem. Seroprevalence data from both the developing and developed world show high rates of carriage in populations at risk for fecal-oral transmission,...Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In the region of annular liquid film-mist flow, the behavior of the droplets formed from the liquid film and the rate of formation are the subjects to be clarified in connection with the forecast of dry-out point, which becomes a problem in the region of high dryness such as reactor cooling system and steam generators. Many researches have been performed on such problem in vertical tubes, but the characteristics in horizontal flow have not yet been sufficiently clarified. This series of research is to clarify various characteristics, such as the velocity of vapor phase, the flow rate distribution of droplets, the formation and adhesion of droplets and the structure of liquid film, in the region of liquid film-mist flow, where liquid film exists on the bottom of a horizontal rectangular channel, and vapor flow is accompanied by droplets. In this study, by the measurement of the flow rate distribution of droplets on ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The two-phase annular regime is characterized by a high velocity gas stream flowing through the core of the tube surrounded by a thin, highly agitated liquid film flowing concurrently along the tube wall. Part of the liquid may be entrained as droplets in the gas phase. The specific goals of this study were to measure fully developed rates of interchange and entrained fraction over a wide range of flow variables in the upward configuration of the annular regime, to obtain a more fundamental understanding of liquid interchange phenomena via studies of liquid film characteristics and to develop an improved design correlation for the entrained fraction. Towards this end, air-water experiments were conducted in two vertical pipe lines, 2.54 and 4.20 cm in diameter. Air velocities ranging from 20 to 120 m/s and total liquid flow rates ranging from 10 to 100 g/s were investigated. Two models for the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Absorption and desorption rate data for the system CO/sub 2/-hot carbonate solutions are presented. The data are interpreted on the basis of a film-theory model developed following the procedure recently presented by Astarita and Savage. The agreement is very satisfactory. Values of the kinetic constant of the rate-determining step, previously known only up to a temperature of 40/sup 0/C, have been obtained up to 110/sup 0/C.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

In the region of annular liquid film-mist flow, the behavior of the droplets formed from the liquid film and the rate of formation are the subjects to be clarified in connection with the forecast of dry-out point, which becomes a problem in the region of high dryness such as reactor cooling system and steam generators. Many researches have been performed on such problem in vertical tubes, but the characteristics in horizontal flow have not yet been sufficiently clarified. This series of research is to clarify various characteristics, such as the velocity of vapor phase, the flow rate distribution of droplets, the formation and adhesion of droplets and the structure of liquid film, in the region of liquid film-mist flow, where liquid film exists on the bottom of a horizontal rectangular channel, and vapor flow is accompanied by droplets. In this study, by the measurement of the flow rate distribution of droplets on ...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Purpose: The authors have developed a novel technique using an electronic portal imaging device (EPID) to verify the geometrical accuracy of delivery of dose-rate-regulated tracking (DRRT)....Full Text Available

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

1982. p. 4.3-4.6. Israel Eisen, Y. Engler, G. Ovadia, E. Shamai, Y. Israel

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

An assay to measure the rate of enzymatic formation of 3-methylindole (3MI) from indoleacetic acid (IAA) in Lactobacillus sp. strain 11201 was developed. The reaction mixture contained 50 micrograms...Full Text Available

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Collaborative Filtering (CF) is a popular method for personalizing product recommendations for e-Commerce and customer relationship management (CRM). CF utilizes the explicit or implicit product evaluation ratings of customers to develop personalized recommendations. However, there has been no in-depth investigation of the parameters of CF in relation to the number of ratings on the part of an individual customer and the total number of ratings for an item. We empirically investigated the relationships between these two parameters and CF performance, using two publicly available data sets, EachMovie and MovieLens. We conducted three experiments. The first two investigated the relationship between a particular customer?s number of ratings and CF recommendation performance. The third experim...

Science.gov (United States)

Macrokinetics of benzene sulfonation in liquid-liquid and gas-liquid systems has been studied in continuous mixed reactors. It has been shown that the rate of sulfonation of benzene at 25/sup 0/C in two liquid phases using concentrated sulfuric acid is kinetically controlled. Whereas the rate of the latter reaction by gaseous sulfur trioxide at the same temperature is largely affected by the diffusional phenomena. At this temperature, the rate of reaction in gas-liquid system was described by a model assuming a fast reaction in the liquid phase. However, by increasing the temperature, the fast reaction region gradually changed to instantaneous reaction regime. A model, describing such a regime has also been developed and verified experimentally.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Butter-fly valves are advantageous over gate, globe, plug, and ball valves in a variety of installations, particularly in the large sizes. The purpose of this project development of linear flow rate control system for eccentric butter-fly valve (intelligent butter-fly valve system). The intelligent butter-fly valve system consist of a valve body, micro controller. The micro controller consist of torque control system, pressure censor, worm and worm gear and communication line etc. The characteristics of intelligent butter-fly valve system as follows: Linear flow rate control function. Digital remote control function. guard function. Self-checking function. (author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

An experimental investigation of a humidification-dehumidification desalination (HDD) process using solar energy at the weather conditions of Suez City, Egypt, is presented. A test rig is designed and constructed to conduct this investigation under different environmental and operating conditions. The test rig consists of a solar water heater (concentrator solar collector type), solar air heater (flat plate solar collector type), humidifier tower and dehumidifier exchanger. Different variables are examined including the feed water flow rate, the air flow rate, the cooling water flow rate in the dehumidifier and the weather conditions. Comparisons between the experimental results and other published results are presented. It is found that the results of the developed mathematical model by the same authors are in good agreement with the experimental results. The tested results show that the productivity ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

An experimental investigation of a humidification-dehumidification desalination (HDD) process using solar energy at the weather conditions of Suez City, Egypt, is presented. A test rig is designed and constructed to conduct this investigation under different environmental and operating conditions. The test rig consists of a solar water heater (concentrator solar collector type), solar air heater (flat plate solar collector type), humidifier tower and dehumidifier exchanger. Different variables are examined including the feed water flow rate, the air flow rate, the cooling water flow rate in the dehumidifier and the weather conditions. Comparisons between the experimental results and other published results are presented. It is found that the results of the developed mathematical model by the same authors are in good agreement with the experimental results. The tested results show that the productivity ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A series of experimental measurements of the yield of O_3 in nuclear-induced O_2 and O_2-SF_6 discharges are reported. The discharges were created by bombardment with energetic particles from the "1"0B(n,#alpha#)"7Li reaction. Continuous irradiation at dose rates of 10"1"5--10"1"7 eV cm"-"3 s"-"1 and pulsed irradiation (--10 ms FWHM) at a peak dose rate of --10"2"0 eV cm"-"3 s"-"1 were conducted. At the lower dose rates, the addition of SF_6 generally increased the ozone yield due to the slowing of ozone destruction by negative oxygen and ozone ions. In contrast, at the high dose rates, the ozone concentration decreased due to SF_6 suppression of atomic oxygen formation by ion--ion recombination. A numerical model was developed and tested against experimental conditions. This model indicates that the steady-state ozone concentration was limited by the reaction ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Corrosion probes are being developed and combined with an existing measurement technology to provide a tool for assessing the extent of corrosion of metallic materials on the fireside in coal-fired boilers. The successful development of this technology will provide power plant operators the ability to (1) accurately monitor metal loss in critical regions of the boiler, such as waterwalls, superheaters, and reheaters; and (2) use corrosion rates as process variables. In the former, corrosion data could be used to schedule maintenance periods and in the later, processes can be altered to decrease corrosion rates. The research approach involves laboratory research in simulated environments that will lead to field tests of corrosion probes in coal-fired boilers. Laboratory research has already shown that electrochemically-measured corrosion rates for ash-covered metals are similar to ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Laser direct-write etching of the refractory metals Mo and W was developed using reactions in chlorine and nitrogen trifluoride vapors. Rate and high spatial resolution are simultaneously optimized using a two-vapor halogenation/development sequence, based on surface modification. Local-area laser chlorination of the metal surface is used to predispose areas to subsequent bulk etching.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Three different configurations of cylindrical submerged media anaerobic reactors (SMARs) with packing volumes of 85 items were operated at 35 C for 415 days with COD loading rates varying from 1 to 12 g/l/d and three retention times of 0.5, 1, and 2 days. A synthetic waste consisting of a milk solution with a mineral supplement was used for the feed. Tracer studies on clean-bed and dirty-bed SMARs indicate that reactor configuration, biogas mixing, and biomass accumulation all have a significant effect on SMAR hydraulics and cause short-circuiting. Based on the isothermal energy dissipation theory, the higher hydrostatic pressures resulting from higher SMAR heights increases self-induced biogas mixing and improves the contact efficiency between substrate and organisms. Based on TCOD removal rate, the tallest SMAR performed slightly better at COD loading rates above 4/g/l/d. At COD loading rates equal to ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

One year of research on validating the performance of the Cable Monitoring and Rating System (CMARS) is reported. The performance testing was conducted on underground 230-kV and 345-kV pipe type cable circuits owned by the New Jersey Public Service Electric and Gas Co. Laser temperature monitoring systems and a data acquisition system were installed. Software installation and development is discussed. The CMARS testing program is described. (LCL)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A semi-mechanistic model for calculating solid radionuclide release rates from bubbling pools of sodium was developed. The influence of particle spacial and size distributions on the decontamination of the releases was analysed and found significant. Decontamination factors are shown as a function of pool depth, bubbling characteristics and particle size distribution. The calculation of a decontamination factor for estimating the source term of large scale hypothetical core disruptive accidents is presented. The decontamination factor for a large scale accident was found to be two orders of magnitude greater than results obtained from small scale experiments conducted with uniform particle distributions.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The humidification?dehumidification process is an interesting technique that has been adapted for water desalination. Previous works experimentally investigated desalination processes in the shell and tube columns, where the humidification and dehumidification were thermally coupled and simultaneously performed at the tube and shell sides, respectively. In this work, a comprehensive steady-state mathematical model was developed for such a humidification?dehumidification desalination process by taking into account the heat and mass balances on both sides of the desalting column, the mass transfer rate at the humidification side, and the heat transfer rate between the dehumidification side and humidification side. Meanwhile, the mass transfer coefficient at the humidification side and the to...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Local control of Ewing's sarcoma was analysed in a series of 67 patients treated by surgery and/or radiotherapy as well as combination chemotherapy. Radiotherapy was employed with or without surgery in 60 patients and produced an overall local control rate of 55%; complete excision of the primary lesion seemed to be beneficial. There was a marked variation in control rates depending on the site of the primary lesion: limb 85%, rib 53%, pelvis 31% and other sites 33%.Primary tumours greater than 10 cm in diameter were significantly less likely to be controlled. Using daily fractions of approximately 180 cGy, total doses in excess of 6000 cGy seem more likely to produce serious late morbidity amd may not increase the local control rate. No cases of second malignancy arising in irradiated tissue have been observed to date, but one patient developed acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. (author).

CERN Document Server

Microbonding of the CMS Tracker Inner Barrel (TIB) and Tracker Inner Disks (TID) modules was shared among six different Italian Institutes. The organization devised and the infrastructure deployed to handle this task is illustrated. Microbonding specifications and procedures for the different types of TIB and TID modules are given. The tooling specially designed and developed for these types of modules is described. Experience of production is presented. Attained production rates are given. An analysis of the microbonding quality achieved is presented, based on bond strengths measured in sample bond pull tests as well as on rates of bonding failures. Italian Bonding Centers routinely performed well above minimum specifications and a very low global introduced failure rate, at the strip level, of only $\\sim$0.015 \\% is observed.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The bulk removal of CO/sub 2/ from industrial gases is a frequently applied process in the field of gas-treating. Usually chemical solvents are used in order to increase both the solvent-loading capacity and the absorption rate. These solvents often are aqueous solutions of alkanolamines. The loaded-liquid is regenerated at high temperatures with the aid steam. In the present study absorption rates are experimentally determined in various mixtures of amines over a wide range of concentrations. Simultaneously, a model was developed for the description of mass transfer accompanied by parallel reversible chemical reactions. The equations of this mass transfer model could not be solved analytically and therefore numerical techniques were used to obtain an exact description of this process. This model also includes the asymptotic situations of homogeneous catalysts and shuttle mechanism for which in the literature several ...

Science.gov (United States)

The purpose of this column is to present the results of the 2007 Professional Practice Analysis (PPA) of the field of nurse anesthesia, conducted by the Council on Certification of Nurse Anesthetists. The PPA used survey and rating scale methodologies to collect data regarding the relative emphasis of various aspects of the nurse anesthesia knowledge domain and competencies. A total of 3,805 survey responses were analyzed using the Rasch rating scale model, which aggregates and transforms ordinal (rating scale) responses into linear measures of relative importance and frequency. Summaries of respondent demographics and educational and professional background are provided, as well as descriptions of how the survey results are used to develop test specifications. The results of this analysis provide evidence for the content outline and test specifications (content percentages) and thus serve as a basis of ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The measurement of physiological parameters in man is possible with the help of positron emission tomography (PET) and radiopharmaceuticals labeled with short lived positron emitters as C 11, N 13, O 15 and F 18. With the use of this substances it is possible to make a tomographic map defining regional metabolic parameters in normal and diseased brain. This technique has therefore also be named 'in vivo autoradiography'. The possibility of applying C 11 or F 18 labeled deoxyglucose with PET for detecting regional and local changes in cerebral metabolic rate of glucose in brain development in children of 5 days to 1 year of age is discussed. Beyond this a relationship between cerebral metabolic rate of glucose, cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen by use of this technique after inhalation of O 15 and C 11-labeled CO_2 is shown. Attention is drawn to the application of C ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Coal output in China increased from 872mt in 1985 to 1080mt in 1990, representing an annual growth rate of 4.37% . As the biggest coal burning country, it gives out a large amount of CO_2 and other pollutants into air, resulting in serious air pollution and sharing a great part in creating the global greenhouse effect. On the other hand, China faces severe energy shortage. Coal will remain the most important energy resource for a long time, Using the method of econometrics, this paper analyses the relations between China's energy production, consumption increase and national economic growth in the list forty years, makes comparisons with other countries, and points out problems of China's energy consumption increase and economic development. On this basis the strategy for developing China's energy industry is put forward, In the end, the authors advance that the leading position of energy industry in the national economy ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Algorithms for generating new exact solutions of the Einstein-Klein-Gordon field equations, which describe inhomogeneous universes with S/sup 3/ topology of spatial sections, are developed. The known exact vacuum and still-fluid solutions with S/sup 3/ topology are used as an input. The methods developed are further applied to derive inhomogeneous generalizations of Bianchi type IX solutions and inhomogeneous S/sup 3/ Gowdy models with gravitational and scalar waves. It is shown that the new solutions, which are generalizations of the Bianchi type IX models, permit identification of the scalar field with the velocity potential of the stiff irrotational fluid. The latter result is further used to study the growth rate of density perturbations of the isotropic and anisotropic Bianchi type IX universes in a fully nonlinear relativistic regime. The role of anisotropy on the rate of growth of density ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A pillbox RF output window was developed for the L-band pulsed klystron for the Japanese Hadron Project (JHP) 1-GeV proton linac. The window was designed to withstand a peak RF power of 6 MW, where the pulse width is 600 {mu}sec and the repetition rate is 50 Hz. A high power model was fabricated using an alumina ceramic which has a low loss tangent of 2.5x10{sup -5}. A high power test was successfully performed up to a 113 kW RF average power with a 4 MW peak power, a 565 {mu}sec pulse width and a 50 Hz repetition rate. By extrapolating the data of this high power test, the temperature rise of the ceramic is estimated low enough at the full RF power of 6 MW. Thus this RF window is expected to satisfy the specifications of the L-band Klystron. (author).

Science.gov (United States)

The health of professional bus drivers is a critical factor in their driving performance; any impairment may lead to undesired consequences. In an attempt to develop and prioritize health and wellness programs, this study investigates the factors significantly affecting the health conditions of professional bus drivers, as well as the strength of these factors. This study uses self-rated health as the examination measurement. This simple assessment is an inclusive measure of health status for judging health trajectory, and is highly associated with changes in functional ability, including perceived control over driving. This study evaluates driver responses of self-rated health with ordered response models that consider factors such as the driver reported health problems, physical and psychological conditions, demographic factors, driving experience, and working environment. Analysis of a sample of 785 drivers shows that ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

In an environment of rapid technological change, countries in the developed and developing worlds need to improve the population's skills and competences. Since 1992, education reforms and various education sector documents and policy frameworks have been implemented to improve quality of education by getting more children into school through the abolishing of school fees, and the school feeding programme, whilst special efforts are made to deal with issues of gender inequality and the empowerment of women to meet the goals of Education for All and the education-related Millennium Development Goals 2 and 3. Though gains have been made in the area of gross enrolment ratio, there are still gross disparities in net enrolment and completion rates at regional level, with girls lagging behind bo...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

To investigate the characteristics of a reactor and a neutron generator, a small scintillation detector with an optical fiber with ThO_2 has been developed to measure fast neutrons. However, experimental facilities where "2"3"2Th can be used are limited by regulations, and S/N ratio is low because the background counts of this detector are increase by alpha decay of "2"3"2Th. The purpose of this study is to develop a new optical fiber detector for measuring fast neutrons that does not use nuclear material such as "2"3"2Th. From the measured and calculated results, the new optical fiber detector which uses ZnS(Ag) as a converter material together with a scintillator have the highest detection efficiency among several developed detectors. It is applied for the measurement of reaction rates generated from fast neutrons; furthermore, the absolute detection efficiency of this detector was obtained ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Traditionally, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission has implemented its statutory requirement that wholesale electric rates be just and reasonable by comparing a seller's proposed rates to its own cost of service. In the last four years, 40 requests for market-based prices have opened up an alternate path for just and reasonable rates. The common characteristic of these 40 requests is that the price is not tied directly to the seller's own costs but rather to market conditions. To date, the Commission has approved 28 of these requests and rejected eight. Four are pending. In this paper the authors assess what has happened, and describe the common standards that have been developed on a case-by-case basis in the last four years. In particular, they examine how these standards have been applied in cases involving affiliates of traditional utilities. Finally, they discuss some of the ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter (TEPC) was developed to monitor low level neutron exposure rates at working stations in a nuclear fuel fabrication facility. It has proven capable of accurately measuring neutron dose rates at levels from 0.1 to 0.2 mrem/hr. It also calculates the Quality Factor which is of importance in locations where the neutron to gamma ratio may vary significantly and irregularily. The system described is computerized to monitor 100 work locations simulationeously and can be expanded to monitor 384 locations. Neutron dose is accumulated on a real time basis and after the proton drop point is established, dose rate can be read out at any time for the dose accumulated over a specified period of time. The current development program which provides reduced system maintenance, lower detection limits, and improved accuracy is discussed along with examples of ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Pregnant rats in 11d and 16d of their pregnancy were given one-off whole body exposure by "1"3"7Cs #gamma# rays to 0.2, 0.4, 0.9 and 2.0 Gy, respectively. Changes were observed in conditioned drinking response and cerebrum hippocampi cone cell number of the baby rats exposed to the #gamma# rays in different periods of their embryo development. As a result, that pregnant rats exposed to "1"3"7Cs #gamma# rays in different pregnant periods may induce significant decrease in cerebrum hippocampi cone cell number and achieving rate of conditioned drinking response of the babies. The dose-response relationship can be described by Y=a-b log_1_0D. The achieving rate of conditioned drinking response were significantly correlated to cerebrum hippocampi cone cell number in the babies, and the achieving rate of conditioned drinking response of the babies exposed at pregnant 11d was lower than others exposed at ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The improved facilities of the ISOLDE isotopic separator on-line with the 600 MeV synchrocyclotron at CERN opened the possibility to reach nuclei very far from stability (as far as 22 neutrons deficient in the Cs region and 27 neutrons deficient in the Hg region). Simultaneously the development of on-line spectrometry allowed the study of nuclei with very short half-lives and low counting rates. Results recently obtained in the odd-A iridium region are presented after a short summary of recent on-line devices developments and results. (Auth.).

Science.gov (United States)

Aluminum electrolytic capacitors are presently not allowed on NASA missions because they outgas water and organic vapors, as well as H2. As a consequence, much larger and heavier packages of tantalum capacitors are used. A hermetically sealed aluminum capacitor has been developed under NASA-MSFC SBIR contracts. This capacitor contains a nongassing electrolyte that was developed for this application so internal pressure would remain low. Capacitors rated at 250 to 540 V have been operated under full load for thousands of hours at 85 and 105 C with good electrical performance and low internal pressure. Electrolyte chemistry and seal engineering concepts will be discussed.

Science.gov (United States)

A review of the development and performance of the DAF Indal 50-kW vertical axis Darrieus wind turbine shows that a high level of technical development and reliability has been achieved. Features of the drive train, braking and control systems are discussed and performance details are presented. Details are also presented of a 500-kW VAWT that is currently in production. A discussion of the economics of both the 50-kW and 500-kW VAWTs is included, showing the effects of charge rate, installed cost, operating cost, performance, and efficiency. 6 references.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The anaerobic biogasification of organic wastes generates two useful products: a medium-Btu fuel gas and a compost-quality organic residue. Although commercial-scale digestion systems are used to treat municipal sewage wastes, the disposal of solid organic wastes, including municipal solid wastes (MSW), requires a more cost-efficient process. Modern biogasification systems employ high-rate, high-solids fermentation methods to improve process efficiency and reduce capital costs. The design criteria and development stages are discussed. These systems are also compared with conventional low-solids fermentation technology.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Water-assisted mining machinery is beginning to be considered in the US, although it has been in use in Europe for some time. A waterjet roof bolter is currently under test and should greatly increase drilling rate with longer bit life and no dust. Water-assisted roadheaders and longwall winning machines under development in Europe and the US are described.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Small-scale methods for determining the reaction rates of explosives that make it possible to predict safe temperatures for using them, and methods for testing the accuracy of these predictions were developed. Each different size and shape of each different explosive has its own critical temperature. The ability to predict these critical temperatures is required before high-energy materials can be used safely.

Science.gov (United States)

This study examined preliminary psychometric properties of the Teaching Practices Observation Scale (TPOS), a newly developed observational taxonomy for assessing teacher behaviors during free play with young children. Behaviors of 42 child caregivers and junior kindergarten teachers were coded using a combination of time-sampling, event-sampling, and behavior ratings. Findings support the validity of observational coding scheme. (Author/KB)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In 1991 the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) continued it efforts to restructure the electric utility industry, emphasizing market-based pricing of wholesale power transactions and transmission access and pricing. Other issues covered in this report include pricing and policy initiatives, filing procedures, the generic rate of return on common equity, the price squeeze, contract interpretation, and legislative developments.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The image processing system for the dynamic neutron radiography has been developed. It is based on the hardware subset, composed by the method of the pipe-line and use of algorithm of local statistics. The processing speed per one pixel is shorter than 100 n sec and video-rate processing can be executed on it. Some image processes for improving the quality of the real-time neutron image, noise reduction and contrast stretching would be attempted by the use of this system. (author).

Wastenet

... Donation to charity A number of non-profit organisations collect electronic equipment including computers and printers, either for reuse or for de-manufacture and recycling. Recipients pay nothing for the equipment or buy it at a heavily discounted rate. Developing countries benefit most from these schemes, but recipients also include UK community groups. If you decide to donate your PC to charity, be sure to check that:...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The modification of a turbocharged diesel engine to a dual-fuel engine using methane as the supplementary fuel has been carried out. The effect of the gaseous fuel in a turbo-charged diesel engine has been investigated by means of a heat release study and a computer program already developed at Leicester Polytechnic. It is used in order to examine the rate of heat released under any operational condition.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The economic benefits of pulverized coal-injected (PCI) blast furnaces have meant that the number of such furnaces in Japan has steadily increased since their introduction in 1981. Aspects of PCI discussed in the article include: PCI system configuration; evaluation of coals for PCI (e.g. dryability; pulverisability and combustibility) and the possibility of a technical ceiling for pulverized coal rate. 4 refs., 11 figs., 2 tabs.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Conventional methods for calculating electricity losses in pipe-type cable systems rely heavily on data measured in lower-voltage systems in the 1950s. With the new technique developed in this study, engineers can compute power losses more precisely for cables of various configurations and voltage ratings.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Several research programs have been conducted to evaluate the capability of natural circulation cooling of reactors following a loss of cooling accident. Both experimental and RELAP5 simulation results were obtained for these studies in a facility with vertical heated tube(s) and a unheated bypass channel. The analytical results showed that, under a certain power level, a natural circulation pattern can be developed from both initial upflow and downflow conditions, and maintained for a significant cooling period. This power level, for the discussion of this paper, is defined as the natural circulation cooling (NCC) power limit. Two import factors, namely the pump coastdown rate and the initial flow direction, are examined in this paper. In the benchmark case, as compared to the experimental results, the RELAP5 simulation program accurately predicted the transient phenomena from forced convection through flow reversal, then, into natural ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

An evaporator using a hydrophobic membrane made from a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was developed to improve DF (Decontamination Factor) and to reduce evaporator size. The membrane distillation, provided by the evaporator, is a new technique for liquid purification. Fundamental experiments were carried out to develop the membrane filter (tube type, outer diameter, 8 mm; membrane thickness, 500 {mu}m) for radioactive liquid treatment. The continuous operation test using actual liquid waste was also made during about 3,000 h. (This is almost equal to the operation time of an actual evaporator per year.) The evaporation rate decreased with increase an operation time due to contamination of waste impurity. But the rate was recovered by washing the membrane with hot water and then drying it. DF was over 10{sup 4} which is ten times larger than that for a conventional system. A pilot plant (capacity, 200 ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Advances in the theory and practice of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) are reviewed for the period 1965-1990. The proceedings of two landmark conferences are used as a basis for discussion: Ohio State University (1967) and Kohler, WI (1988). The discussion is developed around the following topics: metal-environment combinations, testing, fractography, metallurgical aspects, electrochemical aspects and crack chemistry, mechanisms, and prediction and mitigation. It is concluded that the main developments since 1967 are the recognition of the lack of specificity of SCC environments, the use of slow strain rate and fracture mechanics testing, quantitative SEM fractography, studies of grain boundary structure and compositions, transient electrochemistry of bare metal surfaces, measurement and modelling of crack chemistry, elaboration of several SCC models, including slip-dissolution and film induced cleavage, and mitigation by ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The authors used studies of local cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (LCMRGlc) to examine development of cerebral organization in 5 days to 1 year old children. A group (n=8) of infants with diverse pediatric disorders allowed investigation of developmental changes in LCMRGlc, while also providing relevant clinical management information. Patients consisted of questionable and definite neonatal seizures, cerebral embolism from cardiac sources, and otherwise normal infants with facial nevi with consideration of Sturge-Weber. Gradual increase in cortical LCMRGlc coincides with suppression of intrinsic subcortical reflexes present in all newborns. Two retarded children (2 years old) showed LCMRGlc developmental patterns of a few days old, which corresponded to their functional and mental status. These studies illustrate great potential of PET to study normal and altered states of human brain development.

Science.gov (United States)

We developed mice with germline endogenous expression of oncogenic Hras to study effects on development and mechanisms of tumor initiation. They had high perinatal mortality, abnormal cranial dimensions, defective dental ameloblasts, and nasal septal deviation, consistent with some of the features of human Costello syndrome. These mice developed papillomas and angiosarcomas, which were associated with Hras(G12V) allelic imbalance and augmented Hras signaling. Endogenous expression of Hras(G12V) was also associated with a higher mutation rate in vivo. Tumor initiation by Hras(G12V) likely requires augmentation of signal output, which in papillomas and angiosarcomas is achieved via increased Hras-gene copy number, which may be favored by a higher mutation frequency in cells expressing the oncoprotein. PMID:19416908

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A technique has been developed to estimate the percent population having electric power access based on the presence of satellite detected nighttime lighting. A global survey was conducted for the year 2006 using nighttime lights collected by the U.S. Air Force Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) in combination with the U.S. Department of Energy Landscan population dataset. The survey includes results for 229 countries and more than 2000 subnational units. The results are compared to reported electrification rates for 87 countries compiled from a variety of sources by the International Energy Agency. The DMSP derived estimate of number of people worldwide who lack access to electricity is 1.62 billion, only slightly larger than the 1.58 billion estimated by the International Energy Agency.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Application of an optimization technique to extract the non-ideal parameters of gas absorption with chemical reactions process was described. The gas absorption was modeled using mass transfer theory to represent the realistic behaviors of an absorber. The model was a highly non-linear iterative model which correlated the overall rate of absorption as the function of unknown non-ideal parameters, including the physical liquid mass transfer coefficient and the wetted interfacial area of of packings. The optimization program was developed to minimize the sum of squares of relative errors between the model predictions and the experimental data. Four sets of experimental data (case studies) with different operating conditions were used for extracting parameters. Comparisons between predicted and experimental measured overall absorption rate were in good agreement, average absolute value of relative errors not exceeding 5.4 %. ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The development of calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) mineral scale in reverse osmosis (RO) membrane desalting was investigated by direct real-time observation of crystal growth. Gypsum scaling studies were conducted in a specially modified plate-and-frame reverse osmosis cell fitted with an optical window, with dark-field membrane lighting arrangement within the membrane cell to enhance crystal boundaries and allow recording of digital surface images magnified through an optical microscope. The evolution of the surface number density (SND) of gypsum crystals resembled a sigmoidal population growth process with an increasing rate of crystal formation at higher solution supersaturation (with respect to gypsum) at the membrane surface. The rate of formation of new crystals declined as the su...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The formaldehyde surface emission monitor (FSEM) has been developed for passive non-destructive measurement of formaldehyde (CH/sub 2/O) emission rates from CH/sub 2/O resin-containing materials. It is envisaged as a potential quality control and in-situ monitoring technique. For quality control applications to pressed-wood products, strong correlations between the results of the FSEM and environmentally controlled (small scale) chamber tests were observed. The FSEM is used to measure the cumulative CH/sub 2/O emission from a finite area of pressed-wood product during a fixed test period. The final result is reported as an average CH/sub 2/O emission rate (mg CH/sub 2/O/m/sup 2/h).

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

This paper is concerned with the study of the Electrorheological RayleighTaylor instability (ERTI) at the interface between a densely packed saturated poorly conducting couple stress porous layer accelerated by a lighter poorly conducting couple stress fluid in a thin shell in the presence of a transverse electric field and laser radiation. A simple theory based on fully developed flow approximations is used to derive the dispersion relation for the growth rate of ERTI. The cutoff and the maximum wave numbers and the corresponding maximum frequencies are obtained. It is shown that the effects of couple stress parameter and the electric field reduce the growth rate considerably compared to a non-conducting fluid in the absence of an electric field. These are favorable to control the surface...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

An algorithm for solving the extended security constrained economic dispatch (ESCED) problem with real-time economic dispatch grade speed and reliability is presented. The ESCED problem is formulated by adding regulating margin and ramp rate constraints to the network security constrained economic dispatch problem previously solved by the CEDC algorithm. Starting with Newton`s method to optimize the Lagrangian, the ESCED is developed by superimposing on Newton`s method eight major components called Tracking Start Initialization, Hessian Pre-Elimination, Implicit Dual Variable Calculations, Regulating Margin Sensitivity Coefficient Calculations, Traumatic Event Evaluation, Constraint Relaxation, Implicit Ramp Rate Constraint Implementation, and Relaxed Incremental Cost Calculations. Test results are also presented.

CERN Document Server

Real-time object detection is one of the core problems in computer vision. The cascade boosting framework proposed by Viola and Jones has become the standard for this problem. In this framework, the learning goal for each node is asymmetric, which is required to achieve a high detection rate and a moderate false positive rate. We develop new boosting algorithms to address this asymmetric learning problem. We show that our methods explicitly optimize asymmetric loss objectives in a totally corrective fashion. The methods are totally corrective in the sense that the coefficients of all selected weak classifiers are updated at each iteration. In contract, conventional boosting like AdaBoost is stage-wise in that only the current weak classifier's coefficient is updated. At the heart of the totally corrective boosting is the column generation technique. Experiments on face detection show that our methods outperform the ...

CERN Document Server

Motional heating of ions in micro-fabricated traps is a challenge hindering experimental realization of large-scale quantum processing devices. Recently a series of measurements of the heating rates in surface-electrode ion traps characterized their frequency, distance, and temperature dependencies, but our understanding of the microscopic origin of this noise is still vague. In this work we develop a theoretical model for the electric field noise which is associated with a random distribution of adsorbed atoms on the trap electrode surface. By using first principle calculations of the fluctuating dipole moments of the adsorbed atoms we evaluate the distance, frequency and temperature dependence of the resulting electric field fluctuation spectrum.Our theory calculates the noise spectrum beyond the standard scenario of two-level fluctuators, by incorporating all the relevant vibrational states. The $1/f$ noise is shown to commence at roughly ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Recent studies indicate that [Fe]-hydrogenases and H{sub 2} metabolism are widely distributed among green algae. The enzymes are simple structured and catalyze H{sub 2} evolution with similar rates than the more complex [Fe]-hydrogenases from bacteria. Different green algal species developed diverse strategies to survive under sulfur deprivation. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii evolves large quantities of hydrogen gas in the absence of sulfur. In a sealed culture of C. reinhardtii, the photosynthetic O{sub 2} evolution rate drops below the rate of respiratory O{sub 2} consumption due to a reversible inhibition of photosystem II, thus leading to an intracellular anaerobiosis. The algal cells survive under these anaerobic conditions by switching their metabolism to a kind of photo-fermentation. Although possessing a functional [Fe]-hydrogenase gene, the cells of Scenedesmus obliquus produce no significant ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Metastable austenitic steels show excellent mechanical properties, such as high strength combined with excellent ductility and toughness due to martensitic transformation under mechanical loading (transformation induced plasticity effect). A good energy consumption, and, in the case of high-alloyed metastable austenitic steels, a high corrosion resistance, increase the potential of these materials for diverse applications, also in regard of safety requirements. Up to now, numerous wrought alloys were investigated concerning mechanical behaviour, TRIP-effect, martensitic transformation behaviour and modelling of transformation kinetics or stress-strain behaviour. New high alloyed cast CrMnNi-steels, developed at Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, provide the chance to reduce processing steps, production time and costs. In order to understand the influence of temperature on the martensitic phase transformation behaviour and therefore on mechanical properties ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Abstract A next generation material for surface passivation of crystalline Si is Al2O3. It has been shown that both thermal and plasma-assisted (PA) atomic layer deposition (ALD) Al2O3 provide an adequate level of surface passivation for both p- and n-type Si substrates. However, conventional time-resolved ALD is limited by its low deposition rate. Therefore, an experimental high-deposition-rate prototype ALD reactor based on the spatially separated ALD principle has been developed and Al2O3 deposition rates up to 1.2-nm/s have been demonstrated. In this work, the passivation quality and uniformity of the experimental spatially separated ALD Al2O3 films are evaluated and compared to conventional temporal ALD Al2O3, by use of quasi-steady-state photo-conductance (QSSPC) and carrier density ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

In this thesis the rate constants for a number of radical reactions in aqueous solution have been studied in a wide temperature range. The reactions of H with H_2O_2, OH and HO_2 and the reactions of HO_2 with OH, Fe"2"+ and Cu"2"+ have been studied. For each reaction rate constants have been determined as a function of temperature using the technique of high temperature, high pressure (HTP) pulse radiolysis. The rate constants were obtained by fitting a kinetic computer model to the experimental data. From an Arrhenius plot the activation energy of each reaction was determined. The data determined in this way are important for modeling of radiolysis in nuclear light water reactors. A previously developed model for calculation of the effect of water radiolysis products on oxidation and dissolution of spent nuclear fuel has been improved. In the new model, called TraRaMo, simultaneous transport by ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

It is reported that due to the large demand for electricity in Japanese homes and given the fact that the energy consumption rate of air conditioners to the total energy consumption rate in an average home exceeds 20%, an energy saving-type room air conditioner is essential, also for environmental reasons. Japanese customers ranked high running costs as a major drawback of conventional equipment. Toshiba started developing the first generation energy saving air conditioners in 1993. Improvements to the concept were made and the 1995 model offers a heating COP of 4.65 and a cooling COP of 4.3 at rated conditions, an improvement of more than 30% compared to the conventional model. Various component improvements have led to this high performance including the indoor fan design, a DC compressor motor and inverter using digital sampling, advanced (PMV) control technology, and compact heat exchangers. The ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In this paper the authors present some final results from a research project focused on introducing automatic control to the operation of cupola iron furnaces. The main aim of this research is to improve the operational efficiency and performance of the cupola furnace, an important foundry process used to melt iron. Previous papers have described the development of appropriate control system architectures for the cupola. In this paper experimental data is used to calibrate the model, which is taken as a first-order multivariable system with time delay. Then relative gain analysis is used to select loop pairings to be used in a multiloop controller. The resulting controller pairs melt rate with blast volume, iron temperature with oxygen addition, and carbon composition with metal-to-coke ratio. Special (nonlinear) filters are used to compute melt rate from actual scale readings of the amount of iron produced and to smooth ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The effects of compression ratio on the history of the fuel-burning process was investigated in a single-cylinder direct-injection diesel engine. Two compression ratios of 21.4 and 18.5 were studied by using two wide and shallow bowls. The engine was operated at different speeds and overall air-fuel ratios, but with constant start-of-combustion timing at top dead center. The measured cylinder pressure was used to derive fuel-burning rate. At all conditions, the low-compression-ratio bowl had a larger mass of premixed-burned fuel and a higher peak specific fuel-burning rate. The fuel-burning rate in the diffusion-controlled phase of combustion decreased with decreasing compression ratio. The resulting combustion duration became longer at reduced compression ratio, and the difference could be as large as 14 crank-angle degrees. For the engine conditions examined in this study, the mass of fuel present in the combustion ...

Science.gov (United States)

External inefficiency in education--inequity between the characteristics of graduates and the job market--is a problem in Indonesia and many other countries. Job markets at the junior secondary level are very tight in Indonesia with low levels of unemployment at all ages, short job-search times, and high real rates of return. Unemployment, however, among the senior secondary vocational and senior secondary general school graduates is high, even though the real rates of return are also high. The same is true for college and university graduates. Rates decrease, however, as years pass after graduation. There are several reasons for this external inefficiency: underinvestment in secondary education, increased use of market signals for planning and annual budgeting decisions, excess"social demand" for higher education and insufficient resource recovery, inaccurate selection criteria, and inadequate educational financing ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The initial thichnesses of feeder pipes in Wolsung-1 are analyzed to estimate status of feeder thinning. The assumption of the estimation is that feeders of same type are decreased to same thickness by bending and have same thickness after bending. Following three methods are used to estimated thicknesses of the remains besides 52 feeders with initial thickness data in Wolsung-1. First is the estimating initial thickness of same type in Wolsung-1 from initial thickness data of Wolsung-2, -3 and -4. Second is the finding average value of each type from 52 initial thickness data of Wolsung-1. Last is the finding the thickness-after-bending of Wolsung-1 from thickness decrease rate of each type by bending in Wolsung-2, -3 and -4. The first method is eliminated by thickness-before-bending of Wolsung-1 lower than that of Wolsung 2, 3 and 4. The thinning rates of 2nd and 3rd method are compared with the {sup C}ANDU Feeder FAC ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A system is claimed for multiplexing or demultiplexing pulsed laser radiation having an acousto-optical device which is electrically controlled to switch a common path of high pulse rate laser radiation between a plurality of spatially distinct paths for relatively lower pulse rate laser radiation at which the pulses are sequenced according to a predetermined time pattern. The acousto-optical element typically includes a Bragg cell which is electrically driven by a set of distinct frequencies, causing deflection of radiation passing therethrough at a predetermined set of angles whereby pulsed radiation on a single path may be distributed onto the plural separate paths or radiation on plural separate paths of time-sequenced pulses of radiation can be combined into a single path of augmented pulse rate. The control of the acousto-optical element may be provided by selectively switching the output of a plurality of fixed ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The objective of the project was to provide a readily understandable and usable methodology for preliminary analysis of the economic benefit that can accrue from the use of thermal energy storage for building heating and cooling. The procedure was to be capable of providing an estimate of cooling plant and storage size, as well as the monthly savings that can be saved. The research focused on the development of a procedure for a limited class of commercial and institutional buildings in North Carolina. A simplified procedure for analyzing the potential for using thermal energy storage (TES) in such buildings in North Carolina was developed. The procedure developed consists of charts and nomographs that can be used for estimating the size of TES systems, and for estimating the monthly demand savings. The monthly demand savings can be combined with the applicable rate schedule to determine the annual cost ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In order to evaluate the effectiveness of some decontamination agents against skin contamination of {sup 60}Co and {sup 137}Cs, the experiments were carried out in this study. In the experiments, pig skin was used instead of human skin, {sup 60}CoCl{sub 2} and {sup 137}CsCl were used the liquid sources of skin contamination. To examine the effectiveness of decontamination agents, skin decontamination was tried using soup, EDTA, DAERICON which was developed for decontamination of radionuclides on the surface of building structure, and new decontamination agents such as IOCON, TRICON, and CHARCON, which were developed in this study. The absorption of radionuclides through the skin was evaluated by the gamma-ray detection on the surface of sample skin after radionuclides were penetrated into the skin during 16 hour soiling time. The results of this absorption experiment indicated that 11.5% and 3.2% of initial amounts of {sup 137}Cs and {sup ...

Science.gov (United States)

Little recent research is available about where specific types of farm managers search for information about better production practices. The objective of this study was to investigate what information sources managers used and how they rated the usefulness of each source. The authors administered mail questionnaires to probability samples from sampling frames they developed for four groups: dairy and fresh market vegetable producers from Wisconsin and berry and nursery producers from a multistate region. Questionnaire items asked operation managers to check off, from a list of information sources, those that they used in the last year to learn about new equipment or procedures to improve their operations and then to rate the usefulness of each source. In the last year, nursery, dairy, and berry managers most often used information from print media (63% to 84%), followed by other farmers (50% to 80%). Fresh market vegetable ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Net heats of reaction were measured in an isothermal calorimeter for both single phase (organic) and two phase (organic and aqueous) TBP/HNO{sub 3} reacting solutions at temperatures above 100 C. The oxidation rate constant was determined to be 5.4E-4 min{sup {minus}1} at 110 C for an open ``vented`` system as compared to 1.33 E-3 min{sup {minus}1} in the closed system. The heat released per unit material oxidized was also reduced. The oxidation in both phases was found to be first order in nitric acid and pseudo-zero order in butylnitrate and water. The hydrolysis (esterification) rate constant determined by Nichols` (1.33E-3 min{sup {minus}1}) fit the experimental data from this work well. Forced evaporation of the volatile components by the product gases from oxidation resulted in a cooling mechanism which more than balanced the heat from the oxidation reaction in the two-phased systems. Rate expressions were derived and ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Cervix cancer is the most common female cancer in Korea. In spite of their relatively local invasive tendency, still 44% of patient will develop recurrent cancer This result suggests that more aggressive local treatment may increase the cure rate but increased complication risk also cannot be avoidable. Various institutions proposed different treatment regimen, but recommended dose were about 4500 cGy for whole pelvis and 8000 cGy at point A, even though they agreed that those doses may not be satisfactory for control of bulky disease. 96 cases of invasive cervical cancer, treated with postoperative or primary radiation therapy were analyzed to determine the complication rate and prognostic factor in our treatment regimen which is 500-1000 cGy higher than other institution. Mean follow up duration was 21 months. Symptomatic patients including mild but persistent abdominal discomfort was 46%, but only 1 patient (1%) had ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The detector for retrospective radon exposure measurements is developed. The detector consists of the multilayer package of solid-state nuclear track detectors LR-115 type. Nitrocellulose films works both as {alpha}-particle detector and as absorber decreasing the energy of {alpha}-particles. The uncertainties of implanted {sup 210}Pb measurements by two- and three-layer detectors are assessed in dependence on surface {sup 210}Po activity and gross background activity of the glass. The generalized compartment behavior model of radon decay products in the room atmosphere was developed and verified. It is shown that the most influencing parameters on the value of conversion coefficient from {sup 210}Po surface activity to average radon concentration are aerosol particles concentration, deposition velocity of unattached {sup 218}Po and air exchange rate. It is demonstrated that with the use of additional information on surface ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The UNITIL Companies have identified the need to undertake new economic development initiatives and to respond to an increasingly competitive energy marketplace. The economy of UNITIL`s service areas and New England generally have suffered from the perception that energy prices, and electricity prices in particular, are very high and non-competitive. However, opportunities now exist for more competitive priced electricity services to be made available to meet the needs of economic development. The introduction of Energy Bank{trademark} was designed to meet this objective through a competitively priced, market-based option for new or expanding industrial loads. The Energy Bank{trademark} is priced at about 5 cents/kWh, a rate 40% below the regional average industrial rate. As Energy Bank{trademark} grows, it will yield substantial benefits to all customers in UNITIL`s service areas, through increased ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A numerical investigation of a humidification dehumidification desalination (HDD) process using solar energy is presented. The HDD system consists mainly of a concentrating solar water heating collector, flat plate solar air heating collector, humidifying tower and dehumidifying exchanger. Two separate circulating loops constitute the HDD system, the first for heating the feed water and the second for heating air. A mathematical model is developed, simulating the HDD system, to study the influence of the different system configurations, weather and operating conditions on the system productivity. The model validity is examined by comparing the theoretical and experimental results of the same authors. It is found that the results of the developed mathematical model are in good agreement with the experimental results and other published works. The results show also that the productivity of the unit is strongly influenced by the air flow ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The development of turbine components for the automotive 100 kW ceramic gas turbine has entered the final stage of the seven-year project and is making satisfactory progress, toward the goals. The authors attained the interim targets of the aerodynamic performances and have been carrying out tests to further improve efficiency. As for ceramic parts, they have changed the material of the turbine rotor to a new one that is excellent in long-sustained and high-temperature strength properties, and have confirmed substantial strength at high temperature through hot-spin tests. After evaluating blade-vibration stress through analyses and experiments, the authors completed an endurance evaluation at 1200 C (1473 K) TIT (Turbine Inlet Gas Temperature) and a rated speed of 100,000 rpm. The authors are now carrying out endurance tests at 1350 C (1623 K) TIT. For ceramic stationary parts, they already finished the evaluations at 1200 C TIT and are also ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This study aims to develop a particulate model combining solid waste particle combustion and heavy metal vaporization from burning particles during MSW incineration in a fluidized bed. The original approach for this model combines an asymptotic combustion model for the carbonaceous solid combustion and a shrinking core model to describe the heavy metal vaporization. A parametric study is presented. The global metal vaporization process is strongly influenced by temperature. Internal mass transfer controls the metal vaporization rate at low temperatures. At high temperatures, the chemical reactions associated with particle combustion control the metal vaporization rate. A comparison between the simulation results and experimental data obtained with a laboratory-scale fluid bed incinerator and Cd-spiked particles shows that the heavy metal vaporization is correctly predicted by the model. The predictions are better at higher ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The rate at which full-scale technology transfer takes place depends on the quality of the supply companies, i.e. training, organisational development and product infrastructure. These parameters are discussed for the example of a water mill, and a flow diagram is presented. [Deutsch] Wie rasch ein umfassender Transfer in Frage kommt, entscheidet sich mit der Qualitaet und dem Niveau der zuliefernden Betriebe. Hierbei sind Ausbildung, Organisationsentwicklung und Produktionsinfrastruktur besonders angesprochen. Fuer eine Wassermuehle werden diese Parameter konkret eroertert und an Durchlaufdiagrammen erlaeutert. (GL)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A new analysis is developed for long secondary photocurrent transients which gives the distribution of trapped holes in valence band tail states. Thermally assisted tunneling to dangling bonds is implicated as the rate limiting step in hole-recombination. Light-soaking causes the energetically deeper hole traps with the longer residence times to be lost first and in the same number as would be expected for the increase in dangling bonds; This result supports a model which has hole trapping in valence tail states as a precursor to light induced dangling bonds.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Green River oil shale was air oxidized at subretorting temperatures. Off gases consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and water were monitored and quantitatively determined. A mathematical model of the oxidation reactions based on a shrinking core model has been developed. This model incorporates the chemical reaction of oxygen and the organic material in the oil shale as well as the diffusivity of the oxygen into the shale particle. Diffusivity appears to be rate limiting for the oxidation. Arrhenius type equations, which include a term for oil shale grade, have been derived for both the chemical reaction and the diffusivity.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Objective: The aim of this study was to obtain an overview of the methodological quality of studies on the measurement properties of neck pain and disability questionnaires and to describe how well various aspects of the design and statistical analyses of studies on measurement properties are performed. Methods: A systematic review was performed of published studies on the measurement properties of neck pain and disability questionnaires. Two reviewers independently rated the quality of the studies using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklist. This checklist was developed in an international Delphi consensus study. Results: A total of 47 articles were included on the measurement properties of 8 different questionnaires. The meth...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The great uranium debate throughout the industrialised world has intensified awareness of the biological hazards from ionizing radiation. It is therefore appropriate to use this awareness to draw attention to medical X-Radiation which today represents the most significant risk to future generations. There is ample legislation to control proliferation of nuclear development but in diagnostic radiology proliferation is unlimited; most international surveys indicate an unchecked annual growth rate of 15%. The article looks at risk hypotheses, dose measurements and the responsibilities of practising radiographers, and also reviews the international situation as reported at the 1977 world congress of radiation protection.

Science.gov (United States)

The entrainment flow rate distribution, the gas velocity profile, and the concentration profile of droplets across the channel cross section in fully developed region of a horizontal rectangular channel of 150mm width and 50mm height were measured. The concentration profile of droplets was expressed by a simple equation based on a constant diffusion coefficient model. From this equation the effects of gravity and turbulent diffusion of droplets on the concentration profile were evaluated. The characteristic mean settling velocity of a group of droplets with various diameters was derived, and using this value the mean diffusion coefficient of the group of droplets was obtained

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The High Exposure Facility is a collimated high-level gamma irradiator that is located in the basement of the 318 building. It was custom developed by PNNL back in 1982 to meet the needs for high range radiological instrument calibrations and dosimeter irradiations. At the time no commercially available product existed that could create exposure rates up to 20,000 R/h. This document is intended to pass on the design criteria that was employed to create this unique facility, while maintaining compliance with ANSI N543-1974, "General Safety Standard for Installations Using Non-Medical X-Ray and Sealed Gamma-Ray Sources, Energies up to 10 MeV."

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Brief comments are given on the evolution of the institutional nature of ENEL (Italian Electricity Board) as it relates to the framework of legislation for the nationalization of the utility in December, 1962. Special attention is given to the development of legislative criteria to allow the creation of a rate structure, in the case of autoproduction by industry, that would stimulate national economic growth. A discussion is also made of the changing role of ENEL as it responds to the planning objectives cited in the Italian National Energy Plan which calls for a more integrated effort by the regional governments and the Electricity Board in the management of natural resources.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

An improved method to design suitable compensating schemes for extra high voltage transmission lines is presented. The technique is general and effective and will greatly facilitate the design of the optimal compensation scheme for extra high voltage transmission lines. The technique is illustrated for a typical 500 kV system. The equations developed here for voltage maxima and minima along the transmission line eliminate the need for point-to-point computation of the voltage profile. The controversy existing in the literature over the problem of making a choice between pi and tee configurations has been removed and it is established with a mathematical proof that the tee configuration requires compensating elements of lower ratings.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Completion of the Phase III evaluation and comparison of salt disposition alternatives was supported with enhanced computer models and analysis for each case on the ''short list'' of four options. SPEEDUP(TM) models and special purpose models describing mass and energy balances and flow rates were developed and used to predict performance and production characteristics for each of the options. Results from the computational analysis were a key part of the input used to select a primary and an alternate salt disposition alternative.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This article describes innovations in new-boiler startups, based on experiences at United Development Group`s 50-MW Niagra cogeneration facility, Niagra Falls, NY. The plant comprises: a circulating coal fluidized bed boiler supplying steam to a nearby factory and electricity to the grid. Before operation the system was flushed with demineralized water, and the boiler degreased, the steam blow relied on a new procedure involving a continuous flow of steam. Startup was then initiated, following manufacturers heatup rate and soak times closely. After startup boiler tube sections were checked, and cleaned if necessary. 1 fig.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In the laboratory of Elementary Particle Physics and Detectors at the Faculty of Physics and Nuclear Techniques of the University of Mining and Metallurgy, research works on the development of proportional counters for the detection of X- and soft {gamma}-rays and {alpha}, {beta} particles have been carried out As a result of optimization of counters characteristic parameters such as: energy resolution, life time, count rate effect and temperature effect the operating stability has been reached and the elaborated detectors have been applied not only in research laboratories, but also in Polish industry, medicine and agriculture. Examples of above mentioned applications have been presented in the paper. (author). 7 refs, 7 figs, 1 tab.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The method of aluminium metal activation by liquid eutectics Ga-In (70:30) and Ga-In-Sn-Zn (60:25:10:5) is developed. Subsequent dispersion of the obtained specimens up to a particle size of >0.5mm leads to the drastic interaction of aluminium powder and water with evolving hydrogen. In the present work the oxidation rate of activated aluminium and water is investigated depending on eutectic composition, reaction temperature, and powder particle size. The mechanism of the main eutectic's components influence on the reacting ability of aluminium is discussed. (author)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The single specimen unloading compliance technique has become the preferred method for evaluating J-integrals. It involves data acquisition and analysis using a computer. This paper describes in detail the development of a simple experimental system and related software that can be used in a laboratory equipped with a microcomputer and with access to a minicomputer. The effects of loading rate, test temperature, specimen geometry and material composition can be readily evaluated using this system. The results on a pressure vessel steel and an #alpha#-#beta# titanium alloy are discussed in Part II. (author).

Science.gov (United States)

The purpose of this study was to examine the day-to-day reproducibility and single measurement reliability of peak force, time to half peak force and rate of force development indices of knee extension neuromuscular performance in patients with end-stage renal failure. Eleven self-selected patients (6 men, 5 women) receiving maintenance dialysis (dialysis history 67 +/- 42.8 month) completed 3 inter-day assessment sessions. Each comprised a standardized warm-up and 3 intermittent static maximal voluntary actions of the knee extensors of the preferred limb (45 degrees knee flexion angle [0 degrees = full knee extension]) using a specially-constructed dynamometer. Repeated measures ANOVA of coefficient of variation scores revealed significant differences between indices in their reproducibility across day-to-day trials. Post-hoc comparisons of group mean scores suggested that peak force (6.6 +/- 3.0%) offers significantly greater measurement ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This report covers the progress made on the title project for the project period. Four major areas of inquiry are being pursued. Advanced solid state NMR methods are being developed to assay the distribution of the various important functional groups that determine the reactivity of coals. Special attention is being paid to methods that are compatible with the very high magic angle sample spinning rates needed for operation at the high magnetic field strengths available today. Polarization inversion methods utilizing the difference in heat capacities of small groups of spins are particularly promising. Methods combining proton-proton spin diffusion with [sup 13]C CPMAS readout are being developed to determine the connectivity of functional groups in coals in a high sensitivity relay type of experiment. Additional work is aimed at delineating the role of methyl group rotation in the proton NMR relaxation behavior of coals.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This paper outlines an approach to develop estimates of individual customer contestability using a combined statistical and engineering analysis. The approach is targeted for use for mid-size commercial and industrial customers who are not being considered for individual flexible pricing contracts. Contestability is defined as the potential lost revenue associated with customers leaving the utility or significantly reducing electricity purchases. Contestability is modeled from the customer`s perspective using a two-stage decision process. In the first stage, the customer decides if he will continue to purchase electricity from the utility (referred to as customer retention), and in the second stage, the customer determines the amount of electricity purchased (referred to as load retention). Measures of individual customer contestability will be key factors in developing market segments and new rate offerings in future ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Recent progress in yttrium-based oxide high-temperature superconductors has enabled the production of a large diameter bulk with a strong flux-pinning force. A combination of this superconductor and a permanent magnet makes it feasible to fabricate a noncontact, non-controlled superconducting magnetic bearing with a very small rotational loss, applicable to a flywheel energy storage system. A conceptual design of an 8 MWh flywheel energy storage system using the new bearing has been developed, based on measured data on a miniature bearing model, which proved to be potentially capable of achieving a high energy storage efficiency of 84 pc. A 100 W h-class experimental system was then built, which attained a high revolution rate of 17000 rpm, with a rotational loss of about 0.6 W. (authors). 2 refs., 7 figs., 3 tabs.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A computer-based beam dosimetry measurement system for boron neutron capture therapy provides accurate, sensitive, and rapid readout and recording of all beam dose components, epithermal and thermal neutron flux, and gamma-ray dose rate. This dosimetric system includes input from the characterization of the epithermal neutron beam developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, actual BPA pharmacokinetic data from a specific human subject being irradiated, output of MacNCTPLAN, a treatment planning system developed by the authors group, and input from the five on-line beam detectors. The purpose of this system and associated readout systems is to ensure that the desired dose is delivered to the subject within acceptable dose tolerances, e.g., #+-#5% of the target dose, and that any perturbations in the neutron beam that may occur during irradiation can be rapidly evaluated and the appropriate measures taken.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the various models or simulations for predicting drug release from bulk-degrading systems. A brief description of bulk degradation processes and factors affecting the degradation rate, and consequently the release kinetics, is presented first. Next, several important classical models, often used as the basis for subsequent model development, are discussed. Both mathematical models and Monte-Carlo based simulations have been developed for controlled release from bulk-degrading systems. The mathematical models can be further subdivided into two categories. First, the diffusion-based models whose transport mechanism is mainly governed by diffusion, but with degradation-dependent diffusion coefficients. These are generally simpler and easier...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Childhood cancer survivors at highest risk of developing a secondary malignancy are those with hereditary retinoblastoma. The majority of such secondary cancers will be sarcomas, most commonly of bone. One-third of these occur outside a typical radiation field, commonly in an extremity. Bone sarcoma is also the most commonly reported secondary cancer to develop among survivors of Ewing's sarcoma. In this group, radiation doses greater than 60 Gy as well as alkylating agent chemotherapy have been identified as contributors to the increased risk. The prognosis for patients with a secondary sarcoma has been poor, with few cures reported to date. However, an aggressive, combined modality approach, including radical resection, postoperative radiation, and adjuvant chemotherapy, may improve the survival rate.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This paper presents a new method and newly developed stabilizing equipment to prevent the loss of synchronism of generators in pumped-storage plants from spreading. The proposed method includes functions to estimate the swing of each generator by using on-line generator output sampled at a rate of 600 times per second after an occurrence of disturbance such as fault, faulty equipment and so on, to predict generator swing 200-300 milliseconds ahead and loss of synchronism between generators in pumped-storage plants and those in thermal and nuclear plants, and to decide the number of generators that must be shed to maintain stability. Tokyo Electric Power Co. (TEPCO) installed the newly developed stabilizing equipment based on this method in the power system in June, 1986.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A new magnet power supply system for J-PARC 50GeV Synchrotron is proposed as solutions both in the power capacity and in the precision at the same time. The developed 10MW class magnet power supply consists of the advanced self-commutated current-source type converter (ACSC) using the new device IEGT rated at 4500V-2100A and the ''hybrid filter'' including the variable impedance filter with the equivalent 16 kHz switching. With 1/16 scale-model system using a prototype bending magnet, the experimental results showed the current ripple less than 1 x 10"-"6 and the tracking error less than #+-#0.5 x 10"-"4. (author)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The authors are developing a high specificity detector for detecting the increased metabolic rate of breast tumors. Positron emission mammography (PEM) provides a highly efficient, high spatial resolution positron imaging system. PMT plays a very important role in PEM detectors, because most of the systems consist of scintillator arrays coupled with PMT. Our detector is composed of 20 x 20 arrays of 2 mm x 2 mm x 20 mm of Bi_4Ge_3O_1_2 (BGO) scintillators and a novel flat panel position-sensitive PMT (FP-PS-PMT)-Hamamatsu R8400-00-M256. Spatial resolutions of 2.0 mm FWHW and energy resolutions of 23% FWHM are achieved. (authors)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The development of an electrolytic reduction technology for spent fuels in the form of oxide is of essence to introduce LWR SFs to a pyroprocessing. In this research, the technology was investigated to scale a reactor up, the electrochemical behaviors of FPs were studied to understand the process and a reaction rate data by using U{sub 3}O{sub 8} was obtained with a bench scale reactor. In a scale of 20 kgHM/batch reactor, U{sub 3}O{sub 8} and Simfuel were successfully reduced into metals. Electrochemical characteristics of LiBr, LiI and Li{sub 2}Se were measured in a bench scale reactor and an electrolytic reduction cell was modeled by a computational tool.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

In energy industries, it is always of difficulty to produce high heat value(HHV) gas continuously using pulverized coal. In this paper, a new type furnace for partitioned alternative gasification using pulverized coal is developed, in which the oxidation and reduction reaction occur alternatively with the dropping of pulverized coal and finally HHV gas could be continuously obtained at the reduction zone exit and low heat value(LHV) gas at the oxidation zone exit. Furthermore, the gasification characteristics and their factors in furnace are numerically simulated under two dimensional model with a self-coded program, based on heat, mass and energy transfer as well as reaction principles. It is found that the producing rate of HHV gas is 1.10Nm3/kg with heat value of 11.72MJ/Nm3, however, t...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A controlled field pilot has been developed in Bozeman, Montana, USA, to study near surface CO2 transport and detection technologies. A slotted horizontal well divided into six zones was installed in the shallow subsurface. The scale and CO2 release rates were chosen to be relevant to developing monitoring strategies for geological carbon storage. The field site was characterized before injection, and CO2 transport and concentrations in saturated soil and the vadose zone were modeled. Controlled releases of CO2 from the horizontal well were performed in the summers of 2007 and 2008, and collaborators from six national labs, three universities, and the U.S. Geological Survey investigated movement of CO2 through the soil, water, plants, and air with a wide range of near surface detection techniques. An overview of these results will be presented.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Brachytherapy is used for treating certain types of cancer by inserting radioactive sources into tumours. CDTN/CNEN is developing brachytherapy seeds to be used mainly in prostate cancer treatment. Dose calculations play a very significant role in the characterization of the developed seeds. The current state-of-the-art of computation dosimetry relies on Monte Carlo methods using, for instance, MCNP codes. However, deterministic calculations have some advantages, as, for example, short computer time to find solutions. This paper presents a software developed to calculate doses in a two-dimensional space surrounding the seed, using a deterministic algorithm. The analysed seeds consist of capsules similar to IMC6711 (OncoSeed), that are commercially available. The exposure rates and absorbed doses are computed using the Sievert integral and the Meisberger third order polynomial, respectively. The software ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Based on the tried and proven 32/40 diesel engine MAN B and W Diesel AG has developed a dual fuel gas engine covering a rate from 2.4 to 7.2 MW for stationary application in cogeneration and power stations. This paper reports the salient points of the 32/40 DG development project from the concept phase through to prototype testing. To reach the targets a dual fuel prechamber combustion system was developed using an externally arranged, cylinder individual gas admission for the main combustion chamber and a pilot fuel injection to the prechamber. Due to the high thermal and mechanical load sustaining capability of the strong-built heavy fuel diesel engine, bmep (19.9 bar) and efficiency (42.6%) in excess of the targets were achieved with a more than satisfactory life of components. Moreover, the NO{sub x} limit of 500 mg/m{sup 3} as specified in the German TA Luft was successfully met.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This research and development is intended to structure a network centering around a center having systematized high-level maintenance technology, by utilizing the technological infrastructure having been built in local areas, together with element technologies possessed by national and private research institutes, universities and colleges. It is also purposed to establish a new industrial system for maintenance to realize high reliability, high operation rate and low cost in plants in certain areas. The present fiscal year had the following achievements: research and development of a maintenance system, a maintenance model, a maintenance vehicle, damage estimating technology for stationary parts such as piping, an anomaly diagnostic system using acoustic emission, an anomaly diagnostic system using wear particles in lubricant, an anti-wear material using surface modification, a lubrication control system, and an anomaly ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A series of measurements of O_3 yield in nuclear induced O_2 and O_2-SF_6 discharges created by bombardment with energetic particles from the "1"0B(n,#alpha#)"7Li reaction are reported. Continuous irradiation at dose ratios of 10"1"5-10"1"7 eV.cm"-"3.s"-"1 and pulsed irradiation (approx.10 ms FWHM) at a peak dose rate of approx.10"2"0 eV.cm"-"3.s"-"1 were conducted. At the lower dose rates, SF_6 addition generally increased the ozone yield, which at the high dose rates, SF_6 addition decreased the observed ozone concentration. A numerical model was developed and applied to experimental conditions. The steady-state ozone concentration was found to be limited by the reaction O_3"- + O_3 #-># 2O_2 + O_2"-. A simplified analytical model of steady-state conditions was used to predict model sensitivity to various parameters. In addition to dose rate effects, pressure and temperature ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This paper proposes an integrated method for using experimental data and CFD modeling to develop engineering correlations for atrium smoke management. Part I focused on the experimental program and validation of a CFD model of the experimental facility. Part II describes the extension of this model to a parametric study of balcony spill plumes. Smoke management in buildings during fire events often uses mechanical ventilation systems to maintain smoke layer elevation above a safe evacuation path. Design of these systems requires accurate correlations for the smoke production or mass flow rate of the buoyant fire plume. One design issue is the mass flow rate of fire plumes which spill out from a fire compartment, under a balcony and up through an atrium or other large volume. Current engineering correlations for these balcony spill plumes (BSPs) are based on a combination of one-tenth scale test data and theoretical ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The first study in this dissertation describes the development of a suppressed ion chromatographic (SIC) technique for the direct, simultaneous determination of the As and Se oxyanions in soil solution. Baseline resolution of 1 mg L[sup [minus]1] each of arsenite, arsenate, selenite, and selenate was achieved in the presence of 50 mg L[sup [minus]1] each of F, Cl, NO[sub 3]-N, SO[sub 4]-S, and PO[sub 4]-P. Detection limits ranged from 0.026 mg L[sup [minus]1] for selenite to 0.120 mg L[sup [minus]1] for arsenate. The accuracy of the SIC technique was verified by comparison to spectroscopic methods. The second study investigated the suitability of linear-plateau regression analysis for statistical evaluation of As adsorption data. The time required to reach the adsorption plateau depended on soil characteristics and As species. Identification of the adsorption plateau by the linear-plateau model allowed comparison of adsorption rates and maxima ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Interactions beween a high latitude, continental shelf, spring phytoplankton bloom and water column physics and chemistry were studied using /sup 15/N measured rates of nitrogen uptake. Peak bloom conditions commenced when the mixed layer shallowed and minimized respirational losses. Integrative light-mixing growth models were accurate during early bloom stages. An advection-diffusion model associated peak bloom nitrate uptake with pycnocline mixing rates of 2.1 m d/sup -1/ in an 18 m mixed layer. Maximum nitrogen specific uptake rates (hr/sup -1/), unlike those of carbon, coincided with peak bloom conditions. Although species compositions among peak bloom periods were similar, particulate C/N ratios were not. Apparently, both intercellular factors and prevailing mixing conditions influence specific uptake rates and cell composition. A large proportion of new (nitrate) to total productivity was ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

From 1977 through 1984, 293 previously untreated patients with biopsy proven carcinoma of the uterine cervix were treated by whole pelvis irradiation and high intensity 60Co remote afterloading (RAL) intrauterine tandem techniques in Haiti. The treatment results were analyzed retrospectively to evaluate the therapeutic results and prognostic factors of a strict protocol involving 40 Gy to the whole pelvis (2 Gy/day, 5 days/week). In addition, on the 5th day of the 3rd week, the first outpatient 60Co remote afterloading intracavitary insertion, delivering 7.5 Gy to point A with each insertion, repeated 3 times by a week separation for a total of 4 times. The total TDF for external beam plus RAL was 158 and 175 for early and late effects respectively. One hundred-four patients were evaluable after 1 year or more follow-up, with a median of 26.5 months. No evidence of disease (NED) by Stage at 1 year was: Stage I of 100% (3/3), Stage II of 82% (9/11), Stage III of 80% (47/59), and Stage ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Thirty-nine previously untreated patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue were treated by irradiation or a combination of irradiation and surgery, with or without chemotherapy, between January 1971 and December 1980. All of the patients had a follow-up period of at least nine years. Twenty-two patients were men and 17 were women. The average age was 50.1 years, with a range of 30 to 74 years. The absolute five-year survival rate was 82.1% and the cumulative ten-year survival rate 76.9% for these 39 patients. Cervical node metastases were clinically found on admission in 14 patients whose five-year survival rate was 64.3%, whereas it was 92.0% for 25 patients without metastasis. The absolute five-year survival rate decreased from 92.3% for patients with stage I lesions to 90.9%, 87.5% and 42.9% for those with stage II, stage III and stage IV lesions, respectively. Most of the patients received ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This paper presents results of a laboratory and field study of naphthenic acid corrosion and the development of an effective chemical inhibitor for this type of corrosive attack. In the laboratory corrosion test, which involved 20 hour weight loss measurements in high flash solvent with a total acid number (TAN) of 16 mg KOH/gm at a temperature of 600 F (316 C), blank corrosion rates averaged 140 to 150 mpy (3.56 to 3.81 mm/y). Inhibited rates averaged about 10 to 12 mpy (0.254 to 0.305 mm/y). The field test was carried out on a heavy vacuum gas oil (HVGO) stream at 550 F (288 C) . Blanks varied from a high of 425 mpy (10.79 mm/y) for a 24 hour test to a low of about 100 mpy (2.54 mm/y) for a 150 hour test. Both electrical resistance (ER) probes and weight loss coupons showed corrosion rates below 5 mpy (0.127 mm/y) as long as they were adequately passivated. Passivation consisted of exposing the ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The development of crud removal technology has started with the finding of the resin aging effect that an old ion exchange resin, aged by long year of use in the condensate demineralizer, had an enhanced crud removal capability. It was confirmed that some physical properties such as specific surface area and water retention capacity were increased due to degradation caused by long year of contact with active oxygens in the condensate water. So, it was speculated that those degradation in the resin matrix enhanced the adsorption of crud particulate onto the resin surface, hence the crud removal capability. Based on this, crud removal resin with greater surface area was first developed. This resin has shown an excellent crud removal efficiency in an actual power plant, and the crud iron concentration in the condensate effluent was drastically reduced by this application. However, the cross-linkage of the cation resin had to be lowered in a ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Electric and hybrid-electric vehicles are being developed and commercialized around the world at a rate never before seen. These efforts are driven by the prospect of vehicles with lower emissions and higher fuel efficiencies. The widespread adaptation of such vehicles promises a cleaner environment and a reduction in the rate of accumulation of greenhouse gases, Critical to the success of this technology is the use of electrochemical power sources such as batteries and fuel cells, which can convert chemical energy to electrical energy more efficiently and quietly than internal combustion engines. This overview will concentrate on the work being conducted in the US to develop advanced propulsion systems for the electric and hybrid vehicles, This work is spearheaded by the US Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC) for electric vehicles and the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicle (PNGV) for ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This study aims to evaluate fatigue strength properties at long-term high temperature of 316FR steels developed for structural materials applied to high temperature components in the 21st Century such as Demonstration FBR, and to obtain design indicators on high temperature strength properties arranged on chemical composition and grain size on a base of 316FR stainless steels. As results obtained by the study, it could be found that as a result of systematic examinations on temperatures and strain rate dependence on symmetric triangular strain waveform of 316FR steels between 500 to 600degC, temperature of fatigue life, and strain rate dependence can be integrally evaluated by a parameter analysis method developed by authors and life prediction at ultra low strain rate of less than 10"-"6/s and its experimental verification could be carried out. And, it was also found that as a ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Recent Canadian progress in the development of the curved-blade Darrieus vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT) is described. Cooperation between government, industry and power utilities in the conduct of field trials, over several years, has demonstrated improved performance and reliability of grid-coupled turbines of this type. The rated power of the VAWTs currently under test ranges from 30 kW, in a wind/diesel powerplant, to 230 kW, in an installation on an island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Progress has also been made in understanding the basic aerodynamic behavior of the VAWT and theoretical methods for performance and load prediction have correspondingly improved. A brief description is given of Project EOLE, a cooperative project between the federal government and the utility Hydro-Quebec to develop and test, during the next two to three years, a 4 MW VAWT prototype, which will be coupled to the power grid at a location ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Proactive qualification is today an integral part of the development process for steam turbines used in steam and combined cycle power plants. By providing experimentally based `random` variables, such as the steam path efficiency and blading reliability, it makes a valuable contribution to the economic `random` variables of the power plant, e.g. the rate of return, as viewed by the customer. One of the areas in which proactive product and process qualification plays an important role is the development of LP steam paths. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die proaktive Qualifikation ist heute fester Bestandteil des Entwicklungsprozesses bei Dampfturbinen, die fuer den Einsatz in Dampf- und Kombikraftwerken bestimmt sind. Sie leistet mit Hilfe experimentell ermittelter `Zufalls`-Variablen, wie z.B. Wirkungsgrad der Fluten und Zuverlaessigkeit der Beschaufelungen, einen wertvollen Beitrag zu den fuer die Kunden wichtigen wirtschaftlichen ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Zaafarana oilfield development, operated by Zaafarana Oil Co. (Zafco) presented a series of unique challenges, including redeployment of an internal-turret mooring system, use of a turret-based electrical-cable jumper system, and permanent use of cable-deployed electric submersible pumps in the gravel-pack well completions. Following a detailed three-dimensional (3D) seismic program, the field was discovered by the first well in December 1990. Four subsequent appraisal wells were drilled. The discovery well and two of the appraisal wells tested oil at rates ranging from 2,000 to 10,100 B/D. Initial development plans called for the use of two conventional platforms with a pipeline to a shore-based treatment and storage terminal. Data acquired from subsequent wells were incorporated into the mapping and reserve estimates resulting in a sharp downgrade of the estimated recoverable reserves. The reduced estimate, combined ...

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Persistent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection affects 170 million people worldwide. Acute HCV infection is often asymptomatic, but many infected individuals develop persistent infections that may lead to development of end-stage liver diseases, including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus, an HCV vaccine that could significantly lower the chronicity rate would have a major impact on the disease burden. Unfortunately, HCV is a highly mutable virus, and escape mutations can undermine vaccine-induced virus-specific immunity. Also, HCV exists as multiple genotypes, and so genotype-specific vaccines might be required to achieve broad protection. Finally, vaccine development has been hampered by the lack of a small animal model and cell culture systems, but these are currently being established. Despite these obstacles, several vaccine candidates tested in the chimpanzee HCV model have shown ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The stability of a solid ice cover subjected to rapidly varying water levels and discharge was investigated. The support from the bank limits the stress in the ice cover and consequently bank contact must be maintained to ensure ice cover stability. An analysis was required of the stability of ice hinges, a flexible connection between a solid ice cover and the riverbank. Phase II and phase III of the research involved a field study of the Peace River, investigating the evolution of ice hinges with water level variation, from initial ice cover cracking parallel to the banks, to a fully developed hinge. A test program of midwinter discharge variations was undertaken to gather specific data and measurements of ice hinge link length, ice thickness, hinge joint behavior, riverbank geometry, and response of ice hinging to water level variation. As a result of the program, concepts developed throughout the study were confirmed, preliminary guidelines ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Despite the rapid development of literature pertaining to fundamental (1-4) studies of oxidation catalysis, a general theory of heterogeneous selective oxidation catalysis explaining the selectivity behavior of different metal oxide systems has not yet been developed. Redox mechanisms have been widely invoked in the kinetic and mechanistic descriptions of selective oxidation reactions, suggesting a dynamic behavior of hydrocarbon and oxygen interactions with the catalyst surface. Nevertheless, most of the recent theoretical approaches of this subject matter (5-7) are essentially static in nature. Correlations are made with surface structure on the basis of crystallographic considerations with selectivity being related to the nature, number, bond-strength and nearness of oxygen atoms in the neighborhood of adsorption centers. The effect of the reaction medium on the configuration of the catalyst surface, and thus its influence on the reaction ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract prepared.

CERN Document Server

Observations of the Type II-P (plateau) Supernova (SN) 1999em and Type IIn (narrow emission line) SN 1998S have enabled estimation of the profile of the SN ejecta, the structure of the circumstellar medium (CSM) established by the pre-SN stellar wind, and the nature of the shock interaction. SN 1999em is the first and only Type II-P detected at both X-ray and radio wavelengths. It is the least radio luminous and one of the least X-ray luminous SN ever detected (except for the unusual and very close SN 1987A). The Chandra X-ray data indicate non-radiative interaction of SN ejecta with a power-law density profile (rho \\propto r^{-n} with n ~ 7) with a pre-SN wind with a low mass loss rate of ~2 \\times 10^{-6} Msun/yr for a wind velocity of 10 km/sec, in close agreement with radio mass-loss rate estimates. The Chandra data show an unexpected, temporary rise in the 0.4--2.0 keV X-ray flux at ~100 days after explosion. SN 1998S appears reasonably ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fourteen irradiated Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF) fuel pins were subjected to representative overpower transients in six flowing sodium loop experiments conducted in the TREAT reactor. The transient tests were extended to substantial overpower levels well beyond protected levels, with some tests intentionally run to failure to identify failure thresholds and characteristics. Test variables included transient ramp rate (5, 50, and 100 cents/s) and burnup (2 to 58 MWd/kg). Performance limits and failure characteristics were identified, and cladding strain and fuel melting data were obtained for development and verification of transient analysis codes. The test results demonstrated that FFTF Reference fuel pins are capable of surviving overpower levels well beyond the FFTF secondary Plant Protection System (PPS) trip limit of 1.25 times normal rated power. Based on analytical evaluations to interpolate and extrapolate test ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mechanistic models of aerosol decontamination by an overlying water pool during core debris/concrete interactions and spray removal of aerosols from a Mark I drywell atmosphere are developed. Eighteen uncertain features of the pool decontamination model and 19 uncertain features of the model for the rate coefficient of spray removal of aerosols are identified. Ranges for values of parameters that characterize these uncertain features of the models are established. Probability density functions for values within these ranges are assigned according to a set of rules. A Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis of the decontamination factor produced by water pools 30 and 50 cm deep and subcooled 0--70 K is performed. An uncertainty analysis for the rate constant of spray removal of aerosols is done for water fluxes of 0.25, 0.01, and 0.001 cm{sup 3} H{sub 2}O/cm{sup 2}-s and decontamination factors of 1.1, 2, 3.3, 10, 100, and 1000.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Neutron radiography is a non-destructive test method to examine a material by using the dependency of neutron attenuation on the nuclear characteristics of the atoms composing the object material. There are two categories of neutron radiography; static neutron radiography and dynamic neutron radiography. The static neutron radiography is a technique to observe a standing object by using a camera or a film cassette. The dynamic neutron radiography(DNR) is a technique to observe a moving object usually by using a camera. Depending on the camera frame rate, the dynamic neutron radiography is categorized into the real time neutron radiography(RTNR) and the high speed neutron radiography(HSNR). The frame rate for RTNR is 30 frames/s and that for HSNR is usually more that 500 frames/sec. Thus, RTNR is good for observing time-averaged phenomena and HSNR is good for observing instantaneous phenomena. DNR is a powerful tool for fluid visualization as ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

A laboratory-scale multi-layer system was developed for the adsorption of PCDD/Fs from gas streams at various operating conditions, including gas flow rate, operating temperature and water vapor content. Excellent PCDD/F removal efficiency (>99.99%) was achieved with the multi-layer design with bead-shaped activated carbons (BACs). The PCDD/F removal efficiency achieved with the first layer adsorption bed decreased as the gas flow rate was increased due to the decrease of the gas retention time. The PCDD/F concentrations measured at the outlet of the third layer adsorption bed were all lower than 0.1ng I-TEQNm-3. The PCDD/Fs desorbed from BAC were mainly lowly chlorinated congeners and the PCDD/F outlet concentrations increased as the operating temperature was increased. In addition, the r...

Science.gov (United States)

A possible receiver configuration is a cavity in which a falling sheet of solid particles is directly irradiated by the concentrated solar flux passing through the aperture. Regardless of the particular geometry, the radiative transfer within the falling particle curtain must be studied in order to determine the net radiative heating rate for the particles. A discrete ordinate radiative transfer model has been developed to predict the radiative coupling within the falling particle curtain. The model determines how much energy is absorbed by the particles, how much is transmitted to the rear wall of the receiver, and determines the effects of particle scattering and thermal emission on the net radiation absorbed by the particles. The model accounts for the directional nature of the radiation field, particle scattering, and the wavelength dependence of the optical properties. The discrete ordinate model has been used to assess the influence of ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This is a numerical verification of two groups of pipe whip tests sponsored or cosponsored by EPRI. Experimental data of the two pipe whip tests, one by Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) and by FRAMATOME/CEA, were provided by EPRI. A nonlinear finite element code, ABAQUS-EPGEN, developed under partial sponsorship by EPRI was used for modeling the pipe whip tests. Beam elements together with an equivalent nonlinear spring element or a partial shell mesh were used to model pipes and elbow in the pipe whip tests. Material nonlinearity due to plasticity, strain rate effects, and temperature, as well as geometric nonlinearity due to large rotation and boundary conditions were included in the study. Effects of strain rate and modeling techniques were assessed. Results by current industry approach were also included as a reference solution. This report can be used as a guideline for numerical simulation of pipe whip phenomena. 74 ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A method for converting organic iodides to elemental iodine would be advantageous in improving the performance of charcoal filters for the removal of radio iodines from reactor off gases. A photochemical method has been developed. The HAVCHM code was used to establish the relevant process time scales on a complete set of rate equations describing the primary and secondary reactions occurring in a plug-flow reactor containing low levels of elemental iodine and methyl iodide in air, which is irradiated by intense u.v. light. These simulations were used to justify the contraction of the complete set of reactions to the most significant elementary processes. The contracted set of rate equations are then solved analytically to render the concentration-time profiles of methyl iodide, total inorganic iodine and total oxidized organics, consistent with the achievement of a desirable radioiodine decontamination factor. For the short ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The basic principle of the green building philosophy is to design buildings that consider environmental performance. Residential and commercial buildings in Canada consume about 30 per cent of the total secondary energy use and are responsible for approximately 29 per cent of carbon dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas emissions and many other wastes. An optimization model was developed which minimizes life cycle cost and life cycle environmental impact. The model distinguishes different energy sources and incorporates their impacts, such as resource depletion, global warming and acidification. The model also considers design variables such as window type, orientation, building orientation, window-to-wall ratio, wall type and roof type. The model can be used to identify optimum green building designs for given conditions. The model uses expanded cumulative exergy consumption as the indicator for life cycle environmental performance. As such, it can be simplified by ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A new focal plane detector for an Enge split pole spectrograph has been developed which is able to resolve individual elements and isotopes up to the mass 100 region. It consists of a 60 cm long position sensitive parallel plate avalanche counter backed by a large Bragg curve detector. Compared with other position sensitive focal plane counters the new detector system has a very good time resolution (less than 300 ps) and can be operated at much higher counting rates (up to 25 kHz). The intrinsic resolution of the position detector is less than 1 mm. In addition to the energy and the nuclear charge signal obtained from the Bragg curve detector the angle of incidence into the detector can be measured with an accuracy of better than 1/sup 0/. The detector has already been used in a variety of experiments where good timing, counting rate behavior, and excellent mass resolution over a large energy range were essential.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

TAPP-3 and 4 are the 540 MWe PHWRs having horizontal fuel channel. At normal 100% FP operation there is no boiling in the channel. However, when the power increases due to any transient, the boiling may start in the channel. The main application for critical heat flux (CHP) prediction is to set the operating power with a comfortable margin to avoid CHF occurrence. This margin of CHF can be expressed in terms of minimum critical heat flux ratio (MCHFR), which is the ratio of CHF to local heat flux for the same pressure, mass flux and quality. The CHF depends on power, coolant flow rate as well as coolant condition in the channel. As the power increases the flow reduces in the channel and cooling is degraded. The thermal hydraulic code is developed for present analysis. The output of analysis are CHF prediction quality calculation at axial locations of the maximum rated channel at various power levels and channel flow ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

An accelerated crucible rotation (ACR) technique was applied to the Bridgman (B) directional solidification of Al-Cu hypoeutectic and eutectic alloys. For Al-4.5% Cu hypoeutectic alloys. The development of dendrites was prevented and the cellular spacing was reduced by forced convection in the ACR-B process. For the Al-CuAl{sub 2} eutectic alloy, maximum rotation rates of 100, 200, 300 and 400 rpm were adopted, and the growth rate R was varied between 5 and 60 {mu}m/s. The results show that the periodic structure related to the crucible rotation periods occurs when the Reynold's number Re > 500, and that the average eutectic spacing decreases with the increase of Re. It is found that the convection increases the temperature gradient in front of the liquid/solid interface and reduces the depth of the concave interface, depending on Re and R. The convection also changes the solute distribution around the tips ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Liquid radioactive raffinates from nuclear fuel reprocessing at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory were solidified, or calcines, in a fluidized bed reactor at approximately 500 C to form a dry granular material. This calcine has been provisionally stored near-surface in concrete-encased stainless steel bins at the Idaho Nuclear Technology Engineering Center. Research addressing the permanent immobilization of radioactive waste has been ongoing. One option is to separate the radioactive constituents from the calcine, thereby reducing the radioactive waste volume to be ultimately stored at a national nuclear waste repository. Nitric acid dissolution of the calcine is a key front-end unit operation in the separations option. In order to design calcine dissolution equipment, quantification of dissolution reaction rate parameters is required. A pilot-plant-produced, non-radioactive calcine was utilized to study the dissolution kinetics of a ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Na/S battery can have the higher energy density and higher power density than that of existing high performance secondary battery. This battery is expected to use for electric load leveling and electric vehicle. Ni/MH battery was developed in advanced countries, but it is one of the advanced technologies which are preserved in their own country. In the study on Na/S battery, properties of B{sup -}alumina electrolyte was investigated. Also the construction technologies of this test cell was established by combining tube type of B{sup -}alumina solid electrolyte with Na-, S- electrode etc. Especially of this cell, charge/discharge performance and open circuit voltage was examined. Mi/MH battery sample were tested with SBT500 system for self-discharge rate at room temp, was measured. It was found that the electrolyte and separator can be optimized to minimize the self-discharge rate. (author). refs., figs., tabs.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mathematical tools are needed to screen out sites where Joule-Thomson cooling is a prohibitive factor for CO{sub 2} geo-sequestration and to design approaches to mitigate the effect. In this paper, a simple analytical solution is developed by invoking steady-state flow and constant thermophysical properties. The analytical solution allows fast evaluation of spatiotemporal temperature fields, resulting from constant-rate CO{sub 2} injection. The applicability of the analytical solution is demonstrated by comparison with non-isothermal simulation results from the reservoir simulator TOUGH2. Analysis confirms that for an injection rate of 3 kg s{sup -1} (0.1 MT yr{sup -1}) into moderately warm (>40 C) and permeable formations (>10{sup -14} m{sup 2} (10 mD)), JTC is unlikely to be a problem for initial reservoir pressures as low as 2 MPa (290 psi).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This report presents the results of Run 260 performed at the Advanced Coal Liquefaction R D Facility in Wilsonville. The run was started on July 17, 1990 and continued until November 14, 1990, operating in the Close-Coupled Integrated Two-Stage Liquefaction mode processing Black Thunder mine subbituminous coal (Wyodak-Anderson seam from Wyoming Powder River Basin). Both thermal/catalytic and catalytic/thermal tests were performed to determine the methods for reducing solids buildup in a subbituminous coal operation, and to improve product yields. A new, smaller interstage separator was tested to reduce solids buildup by increasing the slurry space velocity in the separator. In order to obtain improved coal and resid conversions (compared to Run 258) full-volume thermal reactor and 3/4-volume catalytic reactor were used. Shell 324 catalyst, 1/16 in. cylindrical extrudate, at a replacement rate of 3 lb/ton of MF coal was used in the catalytic stage. Iron oxide was ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

We present a development of the use of the AAPM TG-43 dose formalism applied to "1"3"7Cs gynecological implant sources. The geometry factor, radial dose function, and anisotropy function of a "1"3"7Cs source modeled after the Nuclear Associates 67-809 series stainless steel jacketed tube source were derived following the AAPM TG-43 formalism. The dose rate distribution through the center of the source using the AAPM TG-43 dose formalism is calculated and compared with the calculations obtained using the Sievert summation and Monte Carlo simulation. The three methods resulted in an agreement within less than 5%, or an isodose rate line agreement within 2 mm. We demonstrate that the AAPM TG-43 formalism can be applied to "1"3"7Cs linear sources and is capable of serving as a "1"3"7Cs dose calculation algorithm that can be used for treatment planning purpose.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A remarkably simple argument successfully accounts for the rate of star formation in different galaxies. The snag is that the timescale is uncomfortably short.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In January 2001, Husky Oil Operations Limited (Husky), in joint-venture with Petro-Canada, submitted a Benefits Plan for the White Rose Development to the Canada- Newfoundland and Labrador Offshore Petroleum Board (C-NLOPB). This revised document provided the case for requesting an increase in the facility maximum daily production rate and the average annual production rate for the White Rose field from 100,000 barrels per day (bpd) as stated in the approved White Rose Development Plan to 140,000 bpd. In order to determine the potential for increasing oil production through the Floating Production, Storage and Offloading (FPSO) vessel, two things were considered, namely the proper reservoir management of the White Rose field to ensure optimum resource recovery, and the capacity of the FPSO topsides processing system and supporting utilities to accommodate increased production. This document presented a ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The number of ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) implementations within the oil industry has increased substantially in the past years. PETROBRAS has recently developed a business case, a 10 steps methodology developed by Symnetics-Benchmarking Partners (management consultancy), aimed at enhancing strategic and tangible ROI - Return on Investment of IT projects. The Business Case has not only provided alignment of PETROBRAS strategies with ERP capabilities, but also identified process gaps and opportunities for improvement as well as developing a high level implementation plan including timing, costs and potential benefits. Anticipated economic gains were mainly focused on the following business processes: materials management (30%), planning and controlling (25%), project management (24%) and order fulfillment (14%). PETROBRAS has chosen a phased approach for implementing the ERP. Two scenarios were considered: time, cost, ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This report describes work accomplished in the project, titled ''Development of Appropriate Resistance Spot Welding Practice for Transformation-Hardened Steels.'' The Phase 1 of the program involved development of in-situ temper diagrams for two gauges of representative dual-phase and martensitic grades of steels. The results showed that tempering is an effective way of reducing hold-time sensitivity (HTS) in hardenable high-strength sheet steels. In Phase 2, post-weld cooling rate techniques, incorporating tempering, were evaluated to reduce HTS for the same four steels. Three alternative methods, viz., post-heating, downsloping, and spike tempering, for HTS reduction were investigated. Downsloping was selected for detailed additional study, as it appeared to be the most promising of the cooling rate control methods. The downsloping maps for each of the candidate ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

World oil prices are responsible for new concerns about the health of the international banking system, particularly the $60 billion in annual deficits of the developing countries. If the banks continue lending money to these countries in hopes of repayment in better times, they could jeopardize their financial position; but if they stop the loans, they will jeopardize repayment of the present debts. High US interest rates, heavy goods and technology, economic sanctions imposed by the US in response to Russia's invasion of Afghanistan, and the unregulated Eurocurrency market have contributed to the problem. No one knows how great a loss the capital markets can sustain and still survive. New banking arrangements by the World Bank and other institutions are still unproven. 19 references. (DCK)

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The design of a global steady-state thermal model of a 100kWt molten salt cavity receiver was developed as part of the key project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of People's Republic of China (MOST). In the design process, the following factors were analyzed: receiver area, heat loss (convective, emissive, reflective and conductive), number of tubes in the receiver panel, tube diameter and receiver surface temperature. The model was also used to calculate the receiver performance of the Sandia National Laboratories' molten salt electric experiment (MSEE). In addition, the thermal performance of the designed molten salt cavity receiver is presented for a fixed outlet flow rate and a fixed output temperature.

Science.gov (United States)

A theory for the mass transfer process was developed. It was assumed that the largest convective motions in the flow control the rate of mass transfer. Measurements of mass transfer coefficients for the absorption of oxygen by water films were made for concurrent flows in a horizontal rectangular channel, and for concurrent and free-falling downflow in a one-inch pipe. The measured values of the Sherwood number for concurrent flows were up to three times as great as would be predicted from this relation. This increase in Sherwood number was correlated with a dimensionless group similar to a Martinelli parameter which is characteristic of two phase flows. An explanation for this effect is given in terms of the way that the scales of the convective motions are related to bulk flow parameters.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Real-time neutron powder diffraction and small-angle scattering techniques have been developed on the TOF diffractometer DN-2 at the IBR-2 pulsed reactor at JINR (Dubna) with a total flux on the sample of 10"7 neutrons cm"-"2s"-"1 and a resolution of about 1%. A special arrangement of the detector system ensures a high counting rate of diffracted neutrons. Depending upon sample type and experimental conditions, the measuring time t_s of one neutron pattern varies from a few minutes to several seconds. The performance of the diffractometer is discussed and typical data are shown to demonstrate current achievements using real-time techniques at a pulsed reactor. (orig.).

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

A novel microcapsule adsorbent for separation of uranium from phosphoric acid solutions was developed by immobilizing the di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid-?trioctyl phosphine oxide extractants in the polymeric matrix of calcium alginate. Physical characterization of the microcapsules was accomplished by scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric techniques. Equilibrium experiments revealed that both ion exchange and solvent extraction mechanisms were involved in the adsorption of Formula Not Shown ions, but the latter prevailed in a wider range of acid concentration. According to the results of kinetics study, at low acidity level, the rate controlling step was slow chemical reaction of Formula Not Shown ions with the microdroplets of extractant, whereas it changed to intraparticle...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

November 1989, marked the beginning of a new three-year cycle of DOE grant support, in connection with which the program underwent a major reorganization. This document presents the progress on the three objectives of the present program which are: to isolate by the technique of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE), proteins of special interest because of the relative mutability of the corresponding gene, establish the identity of the protein, and, for selected proteins, move to a characterization of the corresponding gene; to develop a more efficient approach, based on 2-D PAGE, for the detection of variants in DNA, with special reference to the identification of mutations in the parents of the individual whose DNA is being examined; and, to continue an effective interface with the genetic studies on the children of atomic bomb survivors in Japan, with reference to both the planning and implementation of new studies at the molecular level.

Science.gov (United States)

Two third-grade Taiwanese students at risk for emotional and behavioral disorders participated in a pull-out, small-group social skills training program developed to promote their skill acquisition and maintenance. Using a multiple baseline across skills design, the authors demonstrated that both participants made marked performance improvement in all three targeted social skills of on-task, appropriate conflict resolution, and cooperation during the intervention condition. Maintenance and follow-up data showed that both participants sustained their use of taught social skills in the training setting and their third-grade classroom, respectively. Social validity measures, including peer sociometric ratings and consumer satisfaction questionnaires and interviews, supported the positive effects of the social skills training program for both participants. Implications for research and practice are discussed. (Contains 2 tables and 2 figures.)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Twenty-four long-term survivors of Ewing's sarcoma were identified as being at risk for a second primary tumor. Among this group of patients followed from 3 to 22 y, 4 new bone tumors were observed, whereas 1.2 x 10"-"3 were expected. All new tumors arose in heavily irradiated areas. The risk associated with radiation after 3 years was 7.2 cases/million person-years per rad. The cumulative cancer risk over 10 years for irradiated patients was 35% (SE, 15.1%). Intensive chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide and vincristine administered in five or more courses) seemed to exert an enhancing effect, increasing the rate of development of new tumors.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

A novel continuous laminar shear structuring crystallizer with a suitable cooling system was designed and built. This is a new method to continuously crystallize edible fat in the desirable polymorphic form from the melt while being uniformly sheared.The machine consists of four main sections: Feed unit, shearing mechanism, cooling system and power unit. In each of these sections specific design considerations are taken into account which makes the process controllable and continuous. The shearing unit is made of two concentric cylinders. The internal cylinder is stationary and has a cooling system inside for temperature control. The outer cylinder rotates to produce a uniform shear in the sample fluid placed in the 1.5mm gap between the cylinders. The sample's feed rate is controlled whil...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The ozone production process in a pulsed positive dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) is studied by measuring the spatial distribution of ozone density using a two-dimensional laser absorption method. DBD occurs in a 6 mm point-to-plane gap with a 1 mm-thick glass plate placed on the plane electrode. First, the propagation of DBD is observed using a short-gated ICCD camera. It is shown that DBD develops in three phases: primary streamer, secondary streamer and surface discharge phases. Next, the spatial distribution of ozone density is measured. It is shown that ozone is mostly produced in the secondary streamer and surface discharge, while only a small amount of ozone is produced in the primary streamer. The rate coefficient of the ozone production reaction, O + O_2 + M #-># O_3 + M, is estimated to be 2.5 x 10"-"3"4 cm"6 s"-"1.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

For the development of a long-lived, electrically rechargeable zinc-air battery the structure and wettability of pasted zinc electrodes were optimized. Pasted zinc electrodes containing 1 to 10% cellulose, but having almost the same nominal capacities, were prepared and tested in zinc/oxygen cells. The effect of discharge rate on cell voltage and delivered capacity, as well as the maximum power, were measured. Furthermore, cell charge-discharge behaviour and cycle life were examined. After different times of operation, the porosity and the pore size distribution of the pasted zinc electrodes were measured by means of mercury porosimetry. The life cycle and peak power drain capability of the Zn/oxygen battery could be substantially improved by the addition of 10 wt% cellulose to the pasted zinc electrode. (author)

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The first automated method for the determination of mexiletine hydrochloride - an antiarrhythmic agent - is reported. The method is based on the reaction of the analyte with o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) in the presence of sulfite in basic medium using a sequential injection (SI) manifold. The reaction product was monitored spectrofluorimetrically (lex=350nm/lem=446nm). A simple and effective on-line dilution approach was adopted in order to expand the linearity and apply the method to assay, dosage uniformity and dissolution tests with minimum sample preparation. Chemical (pH, amount concentrations of OPA and sulfite) and instrumental variables (temperature, flow rate, injection volumes, etc.) that affected the determination were studied. The developed assay was validated in terms of linearity, ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The Lorentz and coordinate covariant calculus of spinors in Riemannian spacetime, which is the mathematical model for the description of the quantum mechanics of elementary particles with spin interacting with the classical gravitation field, is explored. The Dirac equation describing the interaction of neutrinos with the gravitational fields of the Robertson-Walker cosmological world models is separated, and the spectrum of eigenfunctions and eigenvalues for particular choices of the set of quantum numbers is given explicitly for the k = 0 and k = +1 models, although only the radial equations determining the final quantum number are given for the k = -1 model. The mathematical theory of the motion of a perfect fluid whose elements interact via long-range neutrino-exchange forces, as well as gravitationally, is developed. The formalism for calculating, by calculating the Bogoliubov transformation of the Fock space operators that instantaneously diagonalize their ...

CERN Document Server

Proteins are polymers of amino acids. These macromolecules are synthesized by intracellular machines called {\\it ribosome}. Although, traditionally, the experimental investigation of protein synthesis has been an active area of research in molecular cell biology, important quantitative models of this phenomenon have been reported mostly in the research journals devoted to statistical physics and related interdisciplinary topics. From the perspective of a physicist, protein synthesis is a phenomenon of {\\it classical transport of interacting ribosomes on a messenger RNA (mRNA) template} that dictates the sequence of the amino acids on the protein. Here we bring this frontier area of contemporary research into the classroom by appropriate simplification of the models and methods. In particular, we develope a simple toy model and analyze it by some elementary techniques of non-equilibrium statistical mechanics to predict the average rate of ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Background. A 19-year-old girl was diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus, based on findings of arthritis, malar rash, positive antinuclear antibody test and high levels of antibodies to double-stranded DNA. Two months after diagnosis, the patient presented with a sudden drop in blood hemoglobin level. Several days later, she developed bloody sputum, rapidly progressive dyspnea and hypoxemia. High-resolution CT showed diffuse alveolar infiltrates in both lung fields.Investigations. Physical examination, complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, urinalysis, 24-h urine protein excretion, fecal occult blood test, d-dimer test, acid hemolysis test, activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time, direct and indirect Coombs tests, bone marrow smear, arterial blood ga...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mass transfer to a wall of a horizontal rectangular channel reactor was investigated by the limiting current technique for Reynolds numbers ranging from 200 to 32000. Overall mass transfer coefficients at various mass transfer surface angles were obtained while the reactor was operated under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. Dimensionless correlations were developed for isothermal flows from 25 to 55{sup o}C and for non-isothermal flows with applied temperature differences up to 30{sup o}C. In the laminar flow range natural convection dominated, but under turbulent conditions combined natural and forced convection prevailed. Mass transfer was approximately doubled under optimum selection of channel surface rotation, temperature gradient and flow rate. (author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Malaysia's petroleum industry is looking forward to an expansionary period until the end of the century, with the role of gas being greatly enhanced. The state oil firm Petronas sees increasing oil and gas reserves, making fuller use of abundant gas reserves, an exploration thrust into deepwater areas and the intensification of environmental protection as some of the points of emphasis in its current programme. The state firm president Tan Sri Datuk Azizan Zainul Abidin says that in the past few years a national economic growth rate of 8 percent has resulted in rising energy demand. Economic growth is projected to continue, so that an increase in power demand can be expected for the next few years. 'Fortunately, we are experiencing the same bullish trend in oil exploration and development,' he says. (author)

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

In this study, we investigated the kinetics of linoleic acid production via lipase-mediated hydrolysis of corn DDGS oil in a batch reactor with continuous mechanical agitation and developed a kinetic model that incorporated the product inhibition to study the complete hydrolysis. The model agreed very well with observed data; though situations with low enzyme dosage or low stirring rates were modeled successfully without product inhibition, actual product concentration in such situations was too low to exert any inhibitory effects. Increasing the enzyme concentration increased hydrolysis, and beyond certain enzyme concentrations, effects tended to fade away because of excessive enzyme desorption from the interface. An enzyme dosage within the range of 40-60KLU/L of oil dispersion could be ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The current paper continues the analysis of a completely novel method of fluid manipulation technology in micro-fluidics systems, inspired by nature, namely by the mechanisms found in ciliates. More information on this subject can be found at http://www.hitech-projects.com/euprojects/artic/. In order to simulate the drag forces acting on an array of artificial cilia, we have developed a computer code that is based on fundamental solutions of Stokes flow in a semi-infinite domain. The actuation mechanism consists of a bi-directional rotating excitation magnetic field. The magnetization induced by the magnetic field was calculated in a separate routine based on the Integral Nonlinear Equations Approach with 1D discretization of wire (cilium). Time averaged x-coordinate mass flow rates, strea...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

In this work, chromatographic separation of niacin and niacinamide using pure water as the sole component in the mobile phase has been investigated. The separation and analysis of niacinamide have been optimized using three columns at different temperatures and various flow rates. Our results clearly demonstrate that separation and analysis of niacinamide from skincare products can be achieved using pure water as the eluent at 60^oC on a Waters XTerra MS C18 column, a Waters XBridge C18 column, or at 80^oC on a Hamilton PRP-1 column. The separation efficiency, quantification quality, and analysis time of this new method are at least comparable with those of the traditional HPLC methods. Compared with traditional HPLC, the major advantage of this newly developed green chromatography techniq...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Currently, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-mismatched/haploidentical allografts have been validated as an alternative stem cell source for patients who have no immediate access to an HLA-matched related or unrelated donor. However, relapse remains a challenge after HLA-mismatched/haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) that is employed in the treatment of patients with hematological malignancies. In recent years, newly developed immunomodulatory strategies, which include prophylactic and therapeutic donor lymphocyte/natural killer (NK) cell infusion, donor selection based on NK alloreactivity/non-inherited maternal antigen (NIMA), immune reconstitution promotion, and application of exogenous cytokines, have made it possible to decrease the relapse rate and improve outco...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The closed-cycle hydrogen-oxygen PEM regenerative fuel cell (RFC) at Nasa Glenn Research Center has successfully demonstrated closed-cycle operation at rated power for multiple charge/discharge cycles. During the charge cycle the RFC has absorbed input electrical power simulating a solar day cycle ranging from zero to 15 kWe peak, and delivered steady 5 kWe output power for periods exceeding 8 h. Orderly transitions from charge to discharge mode, and return to charging after full discharge, have been accomplished without incident. The RFC is beginning to demonstrate its potential as an energy storage device for aerospace solar power systems such as solar electric aircraft, lunar and planetary surface installations - any airless environment where minimum system weight is critical. This hard...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In order to understand the role of EGF in the development of human mammary epithelial tissue, we analysed the binding of /sup 125/I-EGF to sections of breast cancer biopsies. A mean specific /sup 125/I-EGF binding of 8.9 fmol per mg protein was estimated in thin sections of 17 breast cancer biopsies. Microautoradiographic analysis of /sup 125/I-EGF binding to the tissue sections was applied to demonstrate that EGF was bound predominantly to mammary epithelial cells. The binding was clearly correlated to the number of mitoses of mammary epithelial cells in the same samples. The highest EGF binding and proliferation rates were found in biopsies from breast cancer with axillary lymph-node metastases.

CERN Document Server

We consider the exact path sampling of the squared Bessel process and some other continuous-time Markov processes, such as the CIR model, constant elasticity of variance diffusion model, and hypergeometric diffusions, which can all be obtained from a squared Bessel process by using a change of variable, time and scale transformation, and/or change of measure. All these diffusions are broadly used in mathematical finance for modelling asset prices, market indices, and interest rates. We show how the probability distributions of a squared Bessel bridge and a squared Bessel process with or without absorption at zero are reduced to randomized gamma distributions. Moreover, for absorbing stochastic processes, we develop a new bridge sampling technique based on conditioning on the first hitting time at zero. Such an approach allows us to simplify simulation schemes. New methods are illustrated with pricing path-dependent options.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In this work, a comprehensive model has been developed for the absorption of carbon dioxide into promoted hot potassium carbonate solution. The model, which is based on penetration theory, incorporates an extensive set of important reactions and takes into account the coupling between mass transfer and chemical kinetics. The penetration theory provides an appropriate absorption rate and enhancement factor for the chemical absorption. Operating data for carbon dioxide absorption into DEA-hot potassium carbonate solution has been compared with model predictions. The impact of parameters such inlet temperature of lean solution, promoter concentration, liquid split fraction, hot feed location and type of promoter on the performance of a split-flow absorber have been examined. The use of other promoters is an efficient way to enhance the carbon dioxide absorption, which has been discussed in this paper.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The introduction of live insects into human food is rare in developed countries. However, we report, for the first time, an emerging risk that exists from dried fruit in Central Europe. Recently, massive and frequent infestation of dried fruit imported from the Mediterranean region by the mite, Carpoglpyhus lactis L. (Acarina: Carpoglyphidae), has been found. In 180 samples taken from supermarkets, 13% were contaminated; the contamination levels ranged from 0 to 660 mites per g of dried fruit. The contamination was found in dried apricots, figs, plums and raisins. To estimate the risks and food preferences of C. lactis, its growth rate was examined under laboratory conditions. Starting with a hypothetical population of 10 mites per g of dried fruit, the risk level of 1000 mites per g of dr...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This report presents the data and results of a site specific case study comparing costs of an overhead line with an underground circuit traversing the same route. The costs used for the overhead line are actual numbers for a line scheduled to be built by a utility. The underground circuit costs were developed using the same criteria of line rating, contingencies, and location. Often cost comparisons between overhead and underground lines are made using figures taken from studies with widely varying assumptions. This project attempts to provide a comparison by studying the costs of overhead and underground lines following the same route and using the same design assumptions. Caution must be used, however, in extending the results of this study beyond its original intent. It is site-specific and may be representative of only one area of the country. 9 refs., 23 figs., 18 tabs.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

There are no specific diagnostic tests or a gold standard method for measuring disease activity and outcome in spondyloarthropathies (SpA). Many different methods have been developed to assess the signs and symptoms in SpA. The aim of this study was to evaluate the value of scintigraphy, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and Bath Ankilosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) in the evaluation of disease activity in early axial SpA diagnosed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Thirty early MRI-positive axial SpA patients (23 males, 7 females) with a median age of 35 (18?55) years and a median duration of inflammatory low back pain of 24 (8?60) months were included in the study. In the patients with sacroiliitis, the sensitivity, specificity, and pos...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The dramatic increase in diagnostic rates of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents in the USA has led to an intense interest in the phenomenology of the disorder. Here we present data from a newly-developed instrument to assess episodic mania-like symptoms in youth in a large population-based sample (N?=?5326) using parent- and self-report. We found that a substantial proportion of children screened positive for having episodes of ?going high? and were at an increased risk for morbidity and impairment. Using factor analysis, we identified that episodic mania-like symptoms comprised two dimensions: An under-controlled dimension that was associated with significant impairment, and a low-risk exuberant dimension. Using latent class analysis, we identified a small group of children scor...