The considered Zero Energy Building is a three-story building located in Singapore which was recently retrofitted in 2009 with a range of green features. A solar chimney system was constructed to enhance the air ventilation within the interior spaces using a series of solar assisted ducts that linked the lower floor classrooms and upper floor hall. The mechanism of the solar chimney system is explained in detail and experiments conducted separated the classroom into experimental and reference regions of similar volumes. Results showed that the solar chimney system is operating well in the hot and humid tropics, including cooler days. Furthermore, the presence of the solar chimney system effectively caused the interior air speed of the experimental region to reach a maximum of 0.49m/s and t...

Outlines ideas for solar chimneys. South Africa and India have considered such projects, and a prototype was constructed in Spain. One suggestion is for a plant that would generate 100 megawatts of electricity and cost about 220 million UK pounds. It would require a chimney about 1 kilometre high and a collector about 3.5 kilometres across. It is estimated electricity from the plant would cost 7.6 pence per kilowatt hour

An indirect type natural convection solar dryer with integrated collector-storage solar and biomass-backup heaters has been designed, constructed and evaluated. The major components of the dryer are biomass burner (with a rectangular duct and flue gas chimney), collector-storage thermal mass and drying chamber (with a conventional solar chimney). The thermal mass was placed in the top part of the biomass burner enclosure. The dryer was fabricated using simple materials, tools and skills, and it was tested in three modes of operation (solar, biomass and solar-biomass) by drying twelve batches of fresh pineapple (Ananas comosus), with each batch weighing about 20kg. Meteorological conditions were monitored during the dehydration process. Moisture and vitamin C contents were determined in bot...

An indirect type natural convection solar dryer with integrated collector-storage solar and biomass-backup heaters has been designed, constructed and evaluated. The major components of the dryer are biomass burner (with a rectangular duct and flue gas chimney), collector-storage thermal mass and drying chamber (with a conventional solar chimney). The thermal mass was placed in the top part of the biomass burner enclosure. The dryer was fabricated using simple materials, tools and skills, and it was tested in three modes of operation (solar, biomass and solar-biomass) by drying twelve batches of fresh pineapple (Ananas comosus), with each batch weighing about 20 kg. Meteorological conditions were monitored during the dehydration process. Moisture and vitamin C contents were determined in both fresh and dried samples. Results show that the thermal mass was capable of storing part of the absorbed solar energy and heat from the burner. It was possible to dry a batch of pineapples using solar energy only on clear days. Drying proceeded successfully even under unfavorable weather conditions in the solar-biomass mode of operation. In this operational mode, the dryer reduced the moisture content of pineapple slices from about 669 to 11% (db) and yielded a nutritious dried product. The average values of the final-day moisture-pickup efficiency were 15%, 11% and 13% in the solar, biomass and solar-biomass modes of operation respectively. It appears that the solar dryer is suitable for preservation of pineapples and other fresh foods. Further improvements to the system design are suggested. (author)

Heat transfer process and fluid flow in a solar chimney used for natural ventilation are investigated numerically and experimentally her in. Solar chimney was designed, manufactured and tested by selecting different positions of air entrance namely: bottom entrance, side entrance, and both side and bottom entrances. The effect of integrating the chimney with paraffin (phase change material) on its thermal behavior has been also investigated. CFD analysis based on finite volume method is used to predict the thermal performance, and fluid flow in two-dimensional solar chimney under unsteady state condition, to identify the effect of different parameters such as solar radiation, and inclination angle. Experimental results show that a solar chimney with side entrance gives better thermal perfo...

The solar chimney which has been built in Kerman (Kerman city-Iran) is a small scale electrical power plant. The chimney of this unit has 60 m height and 3 m diameter. The collector of this unit is 40 m × 40 m square. To reach nominal power of this unit of power plant, parameters which are effective in optimization are studied. In this regard, we deliberate and propose suggestions to maximize usage of solar energy and kinetic energy. The calculation of maximum power is one of the objectives of this study, so the paper present economic analysis for Kerman solar chimney. A home code has been written for this modeling, in MATLAB.

Heat transfer process and natural ventilation driven by a solar chimney attached to a sidewall of building are investigated with CFD technique (MITFLOW) in detail. In this paper, conditions and parameters studied in the modelling study are the cavity width of the solar chimney, the wall temperature, the height and breadth of the solar chimney, the ratio of outlet area to inlet area as well as the outlet location of the solar chimney. The ranges of calculation parameters focused on a solar chimney with single-sided solar collector (single-sided heated wall) cover following conditions: solar chimney length L = 0.5m~5.0m, breadth B=0.1m~0.5m, height H=2.0m~5.0m, and B/H=0.05~0.25. Heated wall surface temperature Tw is changed in the range of 30°C~70°C; the ratio of the outlet area to inlet area Ar is changed in the range of 0.6~1.0. It is found that for given building geometry and inlet areas, there is an optimum cavity width at which a maximum airflow rate can be achieved. Based on the prediction, the airflow rate reaches maximum when B/H is approximately 1/10. It is also found that for given chimney geometry, solar chimney ventilation flow rate can be increased with the enhancement of chimney height only the cross sectional area no more than the critical area, because cross section area has a strong effect on the transitional and/or turbulent convective heat transfer in an enclosure. From the view of economy technology, the optimized height of a solar chimney can be determined according to the optimized section ratio of breadth to height and available breadth in practice. On the analysis of CFD prediction, it is noted that optimized ventilation flow rate can be obtained when the outlet area takes the same area as the inlet area. Generally, there is good agreement among the numerical results, available experimental data from literature and theoretical analysis of natural ventilation from the solar chimney.   

An efficiency model at design performance for counter-rotating turbines is developed and validated. Based on the efficiency equations, an off-design performance model for counter-rotating turbines is developed. Combined with a thermodynamic model for a solar chimney system and a solar radiation model, annual energy output of solar chimney systems is determined. Two counter-rotating turbines, one with inlet guide vanes, the other without, are compared to a single-runner system. The design and off-design performances are weighed against in three different solar chimney plant sizes. It is shown that the counter-rotating turbines without guide vanes have lower design efficiency and a higher off-design performance than a single-runner turbine. Based on the output torque versus power for various turbine layouts, advantageous operational conditions of counter-rotating turbines are demonstrated. (author)

Solar chimney power plants are a technology capable to generate electric energy through a wind turbine using the solar radiation as energy source; nevertheless, one of the objectives pursued since its invention is to achieve energy generation during day and night. Soil under the power plant plays an important role on the energy balance and heat transfer, due to its natural behavior as a heat storage system. The characteristics of the soil influence the ability of the solar chimney power plant to generate power continuously. Present work analyzes the thermodynamic behavior and the power output of a solar chimney power plant over a daily operation cycle taking into account the soil as a heat storage system, through a numerical modeling under non-steady conditions. The influence of the soil t...

A prototype atrium building is suggested with a large solar chimney on top of the atrium, which is expected to promote natural smoke exhaust and accumulate smoke at a event of a fire and promote natural ventilation when outdoor climate is desirable. In this paper natural ventilation efficiency is evaluated. The solar chimney is similar to conventional chimneys except the south-facing wall is replaced by a glazing. Solar radiation transmits the glass and thermal energy is stored in the other three walls. Air in the chimney is heated and by stack effect natural ventilation is realized. Experiment is conducted on a 1/25 scale model to evaluate the efficiency of this solar assisted natural ventilation system. Several area conditions of inlet and outlet are chosen while other conditions keep the same. CFD simulation is simultaneously done. According to results of model experiment and simulation, natural ventilation promoted by the solar chimney is quite sufficient to meet the demands of atrium ventilation. As to the office rooms, if area is properly set, fresh air requirement can be satisfied only by natural ventilation. In the case of this study, when inlet area changes to 24m2, necessary ventilation rate can be obtained.   

The concept of combining a salinity gradient solar pond with a chimney to produce power in salt affected areas is examined. Firstly the causes of salinity in salt affected areas of northern Victoria, Australia are discussed. Existing salinity mitigation schemes are introduced and the integration of solar ponds with those schemes is discussed. Later it is shown how a solar pond can be combined with a chimney incorporating an air turbine for the production of power. Following the introduction of this concept the preliminary design is presented for a demonstration power plant incorporating a solar pond of area 6 hectares and depth 3 m with a 200 m tall chimney of 10 m diameter. The performance, including output power and efficiency of the proposed plant operating in northern Victoria is analysed and the results are discussed. The paper also discusses the overall advantages of using a solar pond with a chimney for production of power including the use of the large thermal mass of a solar pond as a practical and efficient method of storing collected solar energy. (author)

A 183m reinforced concrete chimney for a coal-fired power station was instrumented in the latter part of its life during the construction of a replacement chimney. Because of concerns about large-amplitude response induced by interference effects from the new chimney in the prevailing upwind direction, a response monitoring system was installed, quickly followed by a tuned mass damper (TMD) system. As well as providing live display of the chimney response, the monitoring system was also used to check the functioning of the TMD. The monitoring system featured a direct implementation of the stochastic subspace identification procedure in the ‘virtual instrument’ controlling the system, so that modal damping values for the system were displayed automatically, in real-time. The...

For underground station buildings, a passive safety system is proposed for energy conservation under daily use and for evacuation safety in case of a fire. The stack effect by a solar chimney and the ambient air cooling effect by dry mist, which have been examined in recent years, are used in the proposed system. During any period of the year, the proposed system controls the air current in the direction of "outside air ? staircase ? concourse and platform ? solar chimney ? outside air ". If a fire occurs under this status, the safety of staircases will be secured because smoke will be discharged through chimneys. When adopting this system for an underground station building, it is necessary to check the boundary conditions in the building for effective system operation. Therefore, in the present study, a model as small as 1/20 the size of an actual station building was fabricated, and experiments were conducted using scaling laws.   

Limited resources of fossil fuels imperatively demand the development and use of new heating techniques. Optimized utilization of existing resources is achieved by reducing flue gas temperature. A lower flue gas temperature in the chimney, i.e. one below dewpoint temperature, gives rise to humidity. Humidity-proof chimney systems ensure that existing humidity does not cause structural harm to the building. Chimney construction using pre-fabricated elements is a rational construction method. Specially designed chimneys for simultaneous feed air supply and flue gas discharge are excellently suited for multiple connections in multi-family houses. These ``heat-exchanger chimney systems`` permit to utilize the residual heat of the flue gas. In order to be adequately prepared for new and emerging heating techniques, builders should decide on humidity-proof chimney systems. An open chimney or tile stove can be easily installed if a second flue is erected. (orig.) [Deutsch] Begrenzte Vorraete an fossilen Brennstoffen zwingen zur Entwicklung und zum Einsatz neuer Heizungstechnologien. Optimierte Nutzung vorhandener Ressourcen bedingt die Reduzierung der Abgastemperatur. Bei verminderten Abgastemperaturen wird die Taupunkttemperatur im Schornstein unterschritten, und somit entsteht Feuchtigkeit. Feuchteunempfindliche Schornsteinsysteme gewaehrleisten, dass die vorhandene Feuchtigkeit nicht zur Beschaedigung der Bausubstanz fuehrt. Vorgefertigte Elementschornsteine sichern den rationellen Versetzvorgang des Schornsteins auf der Baustelle. Im Mehrfamilienhausbau ist der Luft-Abgas-Schornstein der Spezialschornstein fuer Mehrfachbelegungen. Waermetauscher-Schornsteinsysteme eroeffnen die Moeglichkeit, die Restwaerme der Abgase in den Verbrennungskreislauf zurueckzufuehren. Um den neuen und zukuenftigen Heizungstechnologien gerecht zu werden, empfiehlt sich die Planung von feuchteunempfindlichen Schornsteinsystemen. Mit einem Zweitschornstein laesst sich der nachtraegliche Einbau eines offenen Kamins oder eines Kachelofens leicht realisieren. (orig.)

In this paper, the computational fluid dynamics technique (CFD) was used for air flow simulation in the solar chimney. The flow is assumed laminar, unsteady and incompressible. The air flow model consisted of a system of governing equations continuity, momentum, energy are solved for 2D Cartesian system uses the SIMPLE algorithm and the Power-Law differencing scheme. The influence of the variation depth of the solar chimney on the thermal efficiency of the system was studies. The principle of functioning of the system is visualized. The temperatures obtained on the level of the zone of occupation are adaptable to the interval of thermal comfort. The results of simulation are congruent with those of the literature.

One of the unique features of the newly designed San Diego Children's museum is the solar chimney that is expected to promote buoyancy-driven flow that would come into the space through large, user-controlled roll up doors on the south facade. As part of a sustainable design choice, the proposed museum exhibition space will not have any mechanical heating or cooling systems. Indoor temperatures will be controlled using ventilation air using a variable air volume principle driven by wind and buoyancy. The ventilation system inserts fresh outside air at low levels and exhausts at higher levels achieving displacement ventilation. Particular attention was given to defining the shape of the outlet from the chimney in order to maximize wind-induced suction effects in the outlet surface. A building management system (BMS) and a control strategy were developed to optimize the performance of the building. The tools used in the analysis were a specifically designed weather analysis spreadsheet, EnergyPlus with COMIS and computational fluid dynamics. This study of the passive climate control system also involved an analysis of weather characteristics; analysis of the different glazing, chimney geometries and roof insulation; refining existing window opening geometry and positions; defining window opening control strategies. It was concluded that it is possible to improve the chimney performance by using a high level opening on the East side. Additional gains can be obtained by inserting a small opening facing North. 5 refs., 5 tabs., 10 figs.

Experimental investigations were carried out on a hot water container with three types of heat exchanger spirals: a short, and a tall, spiral with the same diameter and a tall spiral with a small diameter at the top and a large diameter as the lower end. It was found that the heat transfer property is significantly increased, by ca. 15% - 65%, if the height of the spiral is increased, this is because of the chimney effect which is most effective when used in connection with a typical flow volume through the spiral. It was also shown that the chimney effect for tall spirals is greatly increased if the spirals have the diameters. It can thus be concluded that the `stack effect` can be utilized to advantage in solar heating systems. (AB)

Deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimneys harbor a high diversity of largely unknown microorganisms. Although the phylogenetic diversity of these microorganisms has been described previously, the adaptation and metabolic potential of the microbial communities is only beginning to be revealed. A pyrosequencing approach was used to directly obtain sequences from a fosmid library constructed from a black smoker chimney 4143-1 in the Mothra hydrothermal vent field at the Juan de Fuca Ridge. A total of 308?034 reads with an average sequence length of 227?bp were generated. Comparative genomic analyses of metagenomes from a variety of environments by two-way clustering of samples and functional gene categories demonstrated that the 4143-1 metagenome clustered most closely with that from a ...

Sixteen technical notes are compiled coveering: Apertures other than Northlights; Design of pile caps; thermal insulation of roofs of industrial buildings; room heating by solar energy; charging device for small capacity lime kilns; waste water disposal system for rural areas; low cost sound absorbing materials; solar space heating system; pedestal piles for low cost houses; solar timber seasoning kiln; design of cold storage for fruits and vegetables; techniques for improved thatch roofs; resilient floors for structural noise reduction; plastic composite panels for partition claddings and flush doors; chimney design for domestic kitchens; and a cheap and effective fire retardant treatment for paddy thatch/coconut leaves/palmyrah thatch. The notes give brief descriptions of the design and use of the materials and techniques covered.

The First Order for the Execution of the German Immission Protection Law (1. BlmSchV), the socalled small Combustion Plant Order, wants to reduce the emission of impurities to the air by setting limits for `Losses of waste gas`. Due to a legally laid down but physically wrong method of measurement, the gross waste gas heat is detected and evaluated directly after the boiler as the loss of waste gas of the whole combustion plant. The heat recovery via the chimney, the chimney heat, is overlooked. Thus many conventional plants are classified as needing refurbishment, where the nett loss of waste gas leaving the chimney is actually not excessive. Due to the step by step lowering of the permitted gross losses of waste gas of old plants, settings of the burners were caused, which led to low chimney heat and consequently to the formation of condensate and contamination of the chimney. The latest edition (1996) of the 1. BlmSchV will reinforce these wrong efforts. Proposals have been submitted for the repair and reform of the 1. BlmSchV. One should also think about the total costs of supervision of about half a billion DM per annum. The 1. BlmSchV should support and aim for real improvements such as use of the calorific value, heat pumps and heating power. The existing favouring of bivalent heating, together with a solar collector, is, however, expressly recognised. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die Erste Verordnung zur Durchfuehrung des Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetzes (1. BlmSchV), die sogenannte Kleinfeuerungsanlagen-Verordnung, will durch Vorgabe von Grenzwerten fuer die `Abgasverluste` eine Verminderung der Emission von Luftverunreinigungen erreichen. Durch eine gesetzlich festgeschriebene aber physikalisch falsche Messmethode wird jedoch die Bruttoabgaswaerme direkt hinter dem Kessel bereits als Abgasverlust der gesamten Feuerungsanlage angesehen und bewertet. Die Waermerueckgewinnung ueber den Kamin, die Kaminwaerme, wird uebersehen. Dadurch werden viele herkoemmliche Anlagen als sanierungsbeduerftig eingestuft, deren tatsaechlicher, den Schornstein verlassender Netto-Abgasverlust keineswegs ueberhoeht ist. Durch die schrittweise Erniedrigung der zugelassenen Bruttoabgasverluste auch von Altanlagen wurden Einstellungen der Brenner provoziert, die zu einer zu geringen Kaminwaerme und daraus folgend zu Kondensatbildung und Kaminversottung fuehrten. Die juengste Novelle (1996) der 1. BlmSchV wird diese Fehlleistungen noch weiter verstaerken. Zur Reparatur und Reform der 1. BlmSchV werden Vorschlaege unterbreitet. Auch der Ueberwachungsaufwand, der immerhin Gesamtkosten von rund einer halben Milliarde DM pro Jahr kostet, sollte ueberdacht werden. Die 1. BlmSchV sollte wirkliche Verbesserungen wie Brennwertnutzung, Waermepumpe und Kraftheizung foerdern und anstreben. Die bereits bestehende Beguenstigung der bivalenten Heizung in Verbindung mit einem Sonnenkollektor wird jedoch ausdruecklich anerkannt. (orig.)

For those working with solar energy and/or conservation and the careful use of resources, constructing a solar oven can be a fun and useful activity. This book describes the construction and use of solar ovens for cooking. Construction details are provided for two inexpensive solar ovens and a reflector hot plate that can then be used to cook 100 tested recipes. Chapter topics include: (1) a brief history of solar cookers; (2) solar energy and how to use it; (3) building the solar oven; (4) building the solar hot plate; (5) other solar cookers; (6) introduction to solar cookery; (7) breads; (8) vegetables; (9) legumes and grains; (10) casseroles; (11) poultry and fish; (12) meat; and (13) desserts. Appendices contain instructions for a minimal solar box cooker, suppliers of solar cooking equipment, and author information. (LZ)

Microbial communities of methanogenic, sulfate-reducing and methanotrophic prokaryotes from deep-sea environments were investigated by molecular phylogenetic analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences of the genes encoding for the methyl coenzyme M reductase (mcrA), dissimilatory sulfite reductase (dsrAB) and particulate methane monoxygenase (pmoA), respectively. Clone libraries of PCR amplified genes were constructed using DNA extracted from deep-sea vent chimneys (Rainbow and Logatchev hydrothermal vent fields, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Atlantic Ocean; 9degreeN East Pacific Rise, Pacific Ocean) and from vertically subsampled sediment cores from cold-seep areas (Blake Ridge, western Atlantic Ocean; Florida Escarpment, Gulf of Mexico). Recombinant clones were screened by RFLP and representativ...

The major heat load of buildings and workshops, made of metal structures, is the solar energy supplied through the roof. Several passive modifications have been introduced to the roof in order to reduce the temperature of indoor air in arid areas. An experimental investigation, employing passive modifications, has been carried out to study the reduction in air temperature. The results show that the inside air temperature falls to within 6 and 3{sup o}C, respectively, from the ambient temperature when the ceiling is painted white, or provided with a layer of thermal insulation. Using evaporative cooling or a solar chimney leads to an inside temperature within 1{sup o}C of the ambient temperature. (author)

In the present study use of solar-assisted buoyancy-driven natural ventilation in a simple atrium building is explored numerically with particular emphasis on the thermal comfort conditions in the building. Initially various geometric configurations of the atrium space were considered in order to investigate airflows and temperature distributions in the building using a validated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. The Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) modelling approach with the SST-k-@w turbulence model and the Discrete Transfer Radiation Model (DTRM) was used for the investigations. The steady-state governing equations were solved using a commercial CFD solver FLUENT^(C). From the numerical results obtained, it was noted that an atrium space integrated with a solar chimney wo...

The objective of the PV-VENT project was research, development, and tests in the following areas: 1. Develop and illustrate different ways of architectural integration of solar energy systems with combined PV power production and pre-heating of ventilation air in buildings, 2. Investigate the potential in pre-heating fresh air to the building by cooling the PV-panels with the fresh air and further to determine how much this cooling will increase the electrical performance of the PV-panels, 3. Develop and test air to air heat exchangers with an efficiency of 80% or above, 4. Develop and test fans and ventilation systems with an overall fan power demand of about 35 W, 5. Develop and test a direct coupling of the PV-panels to the fans in order to avoid the losses in an inverter, 6. Develop and test different ventilation systems utilizing the abovementioned features. Three different ways of integrating PV-panels with pre-heating of fresh air to the building have been demonstrated in Lundebjerg: a large PV-gable with amorphous PV-panels, a PV-facade with polycrystalline (c-Si) PV-panels and solar ventilation chimneys with polycrystalline (c-Si) PV-panels. Especially the latter feature, the solar ventilation chimney is a new and interesting concept as it allows for increased PV areas although the orientation of the building is not optimal for utilization of solar energy, as was the case in Lundebjerg. It is believed that the PV-VENT project has added important information and experience to the field of combining PV and ventilation systems. Information and experience that future systems of this type may benefit from. Several of the components from the project are believed to be able to contribute to set the standards for future PV and ventilation systems. Several of the components from the project is today commercial available and are used in ordinary building projects. (BA)

This report explores three mechanisms for encouraging solar ready building design and construction: solar ready legislation, certification programs for solar ready design and construction, and stakeholder education. These methods are not mutually exclusive, and all, if implemented well, could contribute to more solar ready construction. Solar ready itself does not reduce energy use or create clean energy. Nevertheless, solar ready building practices are needed to reach the full potential of solar deployment. Without forethought on incorporating solar into design, buildings may be incompatible with solar due to roof structure or excessive shading. In these cases, retrofitting the roof or removing shading elements is cost prohibitive. Furthermore, higher up-front costs due to structural adaptations and production losses caused by less than optimal roof orientation, roof equipment, or shading will lengthen payback periods, making solar more expensive. With millions of new buildings constructed each year in the United States, solar ready can remove installation barriers and increase the potential for widespread solar adoption. There are many approaches to promoting solar ready, including solar ready legislation, certification programs, and education of stakeholders. Federal, state, and local governments have the potential to implement programs that encourage solar ready and in turn reduce barriers to solar deployment. With the guidance in this document and the examples of jurisdictions and organizations already working to promote solar ready building practices, federal, state, and local governments can guide the market toward solar ready implementation.

...delivered from the production line with actuators P/N 9401037 (``chimney...delivered from the production line with actuators P/N 9401037 (``chimney...delivered from the production line with actuators P/N 9401037...

Chimneys and flues are subject to the present requirements of modern heating systems. The chimney defects increasingly observed are caused by flue gas condensation processes resulting from effects on the major parameters determining the function of chimneys (increased flue gas water contents, higher water vapor dew point temperatures, reduced flue gas flows, lower and fluctuating flue gas temperatures, modified types and structures of buildings). According to DIN 4705/part 1, chimneys are required to constantly 'draw' and be dry (risk of sooting). Based on aspects concerning the failure of existing old chimneys, details are given on the present requirements (rapid heating of ducts, corrosion resistance, smooth surfaces and optimum shape, good thermal insulation, appropriate dimensioning of cross sections). Special steel chimney components fulfill these requirements (domestic chimneys, reduction of profiles of existing chimneys, flues for high-efficiency boilers, pressure- and water-tight flue gas and air discharge systems). (HWJ).

This report investigates the performance, economy and payback time for solar heating systems for domestic water heating. The calculations are made for use of 50, 100 and 160 litre domestic hot water a day respectively. The performance, economy and payback time are calculated for 16 different designs of solar heating systems without shadows and with the solar collector installed on a wall facing south. The solar heating system designs are constructed from four different solar heating tanks and four different solar collectors. (BA)

A new system power plant using liquid natural gas (LNG) as fuel is being constructed in Osaka harbor area. It has a capacity of 1,800,000 kW; the height of chimney is to be 200 m, and FRP liners 5.3 m in diameter are installed in a ferro-concrete construction. Starting in 1984, FRP or fiberglass reinforced plastics have been examined for use in components or large power plant chimneys. FRP has been estimated as a material of good resistance for such environments, and three types of vinylester resin and two types of isophthalic acid unsaturated polyester were evaluated for environmental resistance under static conditions, such as high temperature heating tests (140{sup 0}C and 200{sup 0}C), cyclic tests involving heating and cooling (140{sup 0}C-30{sup 0}C), one-side immersion tests in sulfuric acid at 90{sup 0}C constant or cyclic tests (90{sup 0}C-40{sup 0}C), and also by field tests in actual running power station. After such evaluations, corrosion tests under dynamic conditions were carried out by the stress relaxation method (newly standardized method in Japan: JIS K7107-1987) and by the chemical fatigue tests. Especially, the fatigue strength of adhesive bonded joint of FRP is very important, so the tensile fatigue tests under environmental conditions were carried out. (orig./MM).

Solar Diamant System GmbH, Wettringen, Northrhine-Westphalia, member of Deutscher Fachverband Solarenergie e.V. (DFS), has been sucessful in the development and marketing of solar collectors for more than 15 years. The sales volume of about 10,000 m{sup 2} which was reached in 1991 alone is more than double that of the previous year. The company offers entire solar heating and photovoltaic systems and glasshouses and attached greenhouses for passive solar energy utilization, chimney and tile stove insets in addition. The staff (65 permanent and 20 independent members) of this most versatile of German's solar system manufactures made the sales volume climb to little less than 10 million marks. The responsible manager gives an account of how the firm was built up and introduces the new, futuristic but dignified, solidly made administrative building and factory complex which has a useful area of about 2,800 m{sup 2} and covers about 80% of the company's electric power and heat demands by renewable energy sources. (orig.).

A new industrial concept that aims at the development of the chemical engineering technology for the solar production of lime is being examined. To establish the technical feasibility, a 10 kW solar reactor has been designed, constructed, and experimentally tested at a high-flux solar furnace. The quality of the produced solar lime meets industrial standards. (author)

This bibliography of citations to the international literature concerns the development of solar power satellites. The design and construction of the satellite solar arrays and the technology of satellite solar energy conversion and transmission to earth are the major topics covered. Feasibility Analyses of the solar power satellite concept are also included. (Contains 320 citations)

Calibrated in kilowatt hours per square meter, the solar counter produced by Dodge Products, Inc. provides a numerical count of the solar energy that has accumulated on a surface. Solar energy sensing, measuring and recording devices in corporate solar cell technology developed by Lewis Research Center. Customers for their various devices include architects, engineers and others engaged in construction and operation of solar energy facilities; manufacturers of solar systems or solar related products, such as glare reducing windows; and solar energy planners in federal and state government agencies.

A basic homemade system for solar heating of hot water was constructed, including a homemade solar collector, self-priming pump, and electrical components. Collector efficiency is reported to be poor. (LEW)

5-108 Key Solar Cell/Solar Blanket Detail Test Objectives ..... of an SPS program: Commercial Operations, Manufacturing and Construct tion, and Precursor ...... The Czochralski method is characterized by large amounts of waste materials ...

The kind of heat generator and particularly its exhaust gas data has a not insignificant impact on the chimney and therefore possibly also on the safe operation of firing systems. In order to avoid problems such as e.g. breakdown due to too low chimney draught or also structural damage due to penetration of dampness in the chimney the heat generator and chimney have to be well-suited to each other. Here apart from building regulations the generally accepted rules of technology have to be complied with. For the planning and dimensioning of chimneys there are particularly DIN 18 160 about 'House chimneys' and DIN 4705 about 'Calulation of chimney dimensions'. (orig.).

This paper reports a numerical investigation of flow reversal effects on the buoyancy induced air flow in a solar chimney for ventilation applications over a range of controlling parameters. The reverse flow phenomenon is quantitatively examined by calculating its penetration depth. In order to suppress the reverse flow and enhance ventilation performance, a configuration with an inclined passive wall is proposed as a new design; the effectiveness of this design has been examined over the Rayleigh number range of Formula Not Shown . It is identified that there exists an optimum inclination angle corresponding to an optimum aspect ratio at which the mass flow rate is the maximum for a given Rayleigh number. The numerical results are supported by a scaling argument and a flow visualization e...

This paper describes the environmental considerations leading to the selection of a site on Lamma Island for the Hong Kong Electric Company's new coal-fired 1700 MW power station and the subsequent detailed environmental impact assessment of the station design, its construction and its operation. The assessment covered such things as flue gas dispersion studies to determine chimney height, fugitive emission problems from coal stock piles and conveyors, pulverized fly ash disposal, noise and vibration during construction and operation, dispersion of cooling water outflows and the visual impact of the station and its transmission system. In addition to these technical aspects, the organizational, institutional and consultative aspects are discussed involving the interaction of Government agencies, the power company and the community.

A computer program was written to calculate void-fraction, flow rate, system circulation time and pressure drops for SIDAS under natural circulation conditions. In this program the thermohydraulic behaviour of the loop is simulated. Taking into account for the large uncertainty in two-phase frictional pressure drops, the chimney length is calculated, together with the length of the tubes which connect the downcomer at assembly height with the assembly inlet in a roundabout way. Tube diameter is chosen such that the frictional pressure losses are negligible. Using the results, it was decided to construct the chimney `telescopically` (consisting of a fixed part and a movable part) in order to influence the driving force. Calculations of the enthalpy of the condensed vapour flow for various system conditions have shown that it is impractical to use this flow to lower the temperature of the total downcomer flow at the necessary subcooling temperature. It is therefore decided to use the condensor flow only for lowering the total downcomer flow enthalpy at saturation enthalpy and to establish the necessary subcooling separately by cooling of the flow in the connecting tubes. (orig.).

The 2008 Wells, Nevada Earthquake (Mw 6) was a background event that did not rupture the surface and occurred on a fault that was previously unrecognized as a seismic hazard. The earthquake occurred just north of the town of Wells and residents generally reported about 20 to 40 seconds of shaking. Ground motion caused severe structural and nonstructural damage to several older buildings, especially two-story buildings. About 60% of the unreinforced masonry buildings were damaged, causing bricks and concrete crowns from walls and parapets to fall onto sidewalks, alleys, and adjacent buildings. Newer construction generally faired well, but commonly had cosmetic interior cracks. Over 60 masonry chimneys (approximately 10% to 15% of the total chimneys) were broken or thrown down and most homes and businesses suffered the some content loss. There were no deaths and only a few minor injuries associated with the event, partly because it occurred in the morning when many people were still home. Damage to the town's infrastructure included water-main breaks, two home propane-line leaks, a few electric-line breaks, and a couple of sewer- line breaks. One large propane tank rolled over, sheared off its valve, and leaked liquid propane, creating a critical-response situation. Several objects slid, fell, or were shaken in different dominant directions. The people of Wells, Elko County, and neighboring Utah and Idaho used an effective pioneering spirit to help the community respond and recover.

The construction, operation, and maintenance requirements for a solar power satellite, including the space and ground systems, are reviewed. The basic construction guidelines are explained, and construction location options are discussed. The space construction tasks, equipment, and base configurations are discussed together with the operations required to place a solar power satellite in geosynchronous orbit. A rectenna construction technique is explained, and operation with the grid is defined. Maintenance requirements are summarized for the entire system. Key technology issues required for solar power satellite construction operations are defined.

We discuss the present status of the solar data archives geographically distributed in the Italian Astronomical Observatories of the National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF). In particular, we describe the national project SOLARNET (SOLAR NETwork) aimed at federating all the Italian solar archives as a distributed database, the first step toward an Italian Virtual Solar Observatory (IVSO), and the European Grid for Solar Observations (EGSO) project, which is under implementation to construct the basis for a large solar archive federation based on the Grid architecture to provide the scientific user with advanced resources such as a solar feature catalogue.

Papers concern recent experience in the research, development and application of passive solar technology. Specific topics include the legislative barriers and incentives to passive solar systems, coupled thermal and lighting simulations for evaluating daylighting design effectiveness, passive solar applications in inner city housing, radiative cooling in a desert climate, salinity gradient solar ponds, the retrofit of a masonry home for passive space heating, the performances of active and passive solar domestic hot water systems, builder experience with passive solar home construction, the use of solar energy installations on farm buildings, and a method of determining the thermal performance of passive storage walls.

FOREWORD. During the 21-month Phase B Space Station Electric Power System study ..... erectable construction, and solar cells of different construction, thickness ..... engine, and sends the rest of the energy to the radiator as waste heat. The ...

The book is a detailed construction guide for a solar food dryer for private households. Background information on dried food is presented including methods of preparation. Research findings on solar dryers are brought to the fore, and the cost and labour involved in deep freezing, preservation by sterilisation, and solar drying are compared.

Thin Film Polycrystaline CdS Solar Cells. Construction ... solar cell and the thin film CdS Solar Cell to be the most promising for space ... Since the coating is frequency selective the .... film causes a broadening of the spectral response, under ...

A new type of a-Si/c-Si heterojunction solar cell, called the HIT (Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin-layer) solar cell, has been developed based on ACJ (Artificially Constructed Junction) technology. A conversion efficiency of more than 18% has been achieved, which is the highest ever value for solar cells in which the junction was fabricated at a low temperature (<200°C).

Solar modules, TGV engines and perfume Zerstaeuber seem to have nothing in common. The new solar module developed by French producer Apollon Solar makes use of both technologies in the construction process. The contribution presents the 'Nice' module which has many new features. (orig.)

Numerical studies were performed to examine the effects of flow velocities of opposing streams on the flow pattern and turbulent mixing characteristics in a three-dimensional chimney structure using CFD code PHOENICS. This chimney structure facilitates guiding of the radioactive water from the reactor core (i.e., core flow) towards the side outlet nozzles and simultaneously drawing out water from the reactor pool through the chimney top. The radioactive water flows upward and has a tendency to reach to the pool top through the chimney top which is open for fuel and isotope handling. The chimney design allows drawing out a part of the pool water in the downward direction to suppress the upward flowing radioactive water jet. This downward flow through the chimney is compensated by providing ...

Due to the introduction of the Single European Market in 1993 also in the field of chimneys the standardization of the European countries has to be adapted to each other. This means for the FRG an adaptation of building laws and supplementary regulations, e.g. combustion regulations. Due to the different types of chimneys in the EG-countries in the so-called EG1 a resolution was passed to start out from different chimney types. Corresponding to the different types the chimneys can also be used for different applications. Additionally different classes (e.g. temperature resistance) have been created. All in all the range of chimney types will increase in the FRG. The offered chimney types and variants will then be mainly planned and built for special applications. (BWI).

Continuous monitoring of long-term and sudden changes of tilt of building structures located in mining areas with various geological-tectonic conditions and forms of effects of underground mining operations, also reveals the influence of a number of other environmental and operational conditions. The following can be counted among them: climatic, road traffic, hydrogeological. They can be distinguished with a relatively high precision. Finally, the recorded changes (reaction of buildings) are the resultant of environmental (mining and others) conditions, type of the structure itself, its appropriation, and technical- operational conditions. High structures, e.g. chimneys, hoisting towers, react in a basically different way than the extended ones such as monumental (as an example) or residential blocks, especially of large-panel construction.

Abstract in spanish Para la construcción de una sombra se trabaja con dos planos paralelos, separados 3,1 m entre sí. El primero, duro y pétreo, construye el suelo y el segundo, una textura de vigas de madera, conforma el cielo. Se crean dos volúmenes entre ambos planos, definiendo el programa interior y el uso de la sombra. Al centro, una chimenea separa las vistas entre el patio de acceso y la cancha de golf de Marbella, constituyéndose como el umbral de acceso y salida de la casa. Abstract in english For the construction of shade, two parallel planes are separated 3.1 m. The first, hard and stony, creates the ground plane and the second, a textures of wooden beams, makes up the ceiling. Two volumes are created between both planes, defining the interior program and the use of shade. At the center, a chimney separates the views between the entry patio and the golf course of Marbella.

A retorting apparatus including a vertical kiln and a plurality of tubes for delivering rock to the top of the kiln and removal of processed rock from the bottom of the kiln so that the rock descends through the kiln as a moving bed. Distributors are provided for delivering gas to the kiln to effect heating of the rock and to disturb the rock particles during their descent. The distributors are constructed and disposed to deliver gas uniformly to the kiln and to withstand and overcome adverse conditions resulting from heat and from the descending rock. The rock delivery tubes are geometrically sized, spaced and positioned so as to deliver the shale uniformly into the kiln and form symmetrically disposed generally vertical paths, or "rock chimneys", through the descending shale which offer least resistance to upward flow of gas. When retorting oil shale, a delineated collection chamber near the top of the kiln collects gas and entrained oil mist rising through the kiln.

An efficient solar collector panel of a `sandwich` construction having good properties of selection and being especially suitable for Nordic climates. The use of copper pipes in relation to aluminium eradicates corrosion problems. The solar collector is easily integrated in building constructions. (au)

The objective of this project is to demonstrate on a commercial scale several innovative applications of cost-reducing technology to the Chiyoda Thoroughbred-121 (CT-121) process. In both greenfield and retrofit situations demonstrations of the following innovative design approaches will further reduce the cost and provide a clear advantage to CT-121 relative to competing technologies. Use of fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) to construct the absorber vessel, wet ducts, and chimney (stack), elimination of flue gas reheat, elimination of the spare absorber, and use of a single vessel for simultaneous particulate and SO{sub 2} removal. The demonstration will be performed at Georgia Power Company's Plant Yates Unit No. 1 (100 MW capacity) near Newman, Georgia. The project is being conducted in the following three phases: Phase 1 -- Permitting and Preliminary Engineering; Phase 2 -- Detailed Engineering, Construction, and Startup; and Phase 3 -- Operation, Testing and Disposition. Since April, all environmental permits and FAA approvals have been granted by the issuing authorities with the exception of the gypsum stack design and operating plan permit which is expected within the next 60 days. Phase 2 activities reached a peak during the April--June quarter as major components were fabricated and delivered to the site. Internal installation and finishing work continues on Jet Bubbling Reactor while the Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic chimney only lacks the last few support steel pieces to be complete. Concrete work continues, including containment sumps, ball mill foundation and duct supports. The limestone slurry tank has been finished and acoustically tested but will require additional work on the floor before it will be acceptable. Also, a mechanical contractor has been selected and should begin work in August. There have also been numerous visitors to the site from the Southern Company, DOE, EPRI, Bechtel and Chiyoda. 1 fig.

Builders and developers will accept passive solar construction and designs for integration with their existing practice if accurate and detailed plans of actual, proven passive solar subsystems and assemblies are made available to them. A Passive Solar Construction Handbook was developed. It focuses primarily upon single family homes. The multifamily update of the Handbook, is described and examples of the valuable builder information are shown. It represents a new breakthrough in DOE sponsored projects, performing a Technology Transfer on a most useful level.

Results are presented of flow-induced vibration tests conducted to assess the vibration characteristics of a chimney structure suspended in a liquid flow. The test article is a full-scale model of a flow chimney used in a nuclear reactor as a part of reactor upper internals. All pertinent prototype conditions achievable were simulated in a laboratory environment. The test results show that the chimney experiences an unstable, motion-limited vibration which has a distinct lock-in phenomenon with respect to the flowrate. This unstable vibration is associated with the leakage-flow-modulated excitation through the small clearances between the chimney and its supports.

This paper presents the results of flow-induced vibration tests conducted to assess the vibration characteristics of a chimney structure suspended in a liquid flow. The test article is a full-scale model of a flow chimney used in a nuclear reactor as a part of reactor upper internals. Tests were performed by simulating all pertinent prototype conditions achievable in a laboratory environment. The test results show that there exists a fluid-elastic instability of the chimney motion which has a distinct lock-in phenomenon with respect to the flow rate. This unstable vibration is associated with the leakage-flow-modulated excitation through the small clearances between the chimney and its supports.

A collection of magazine articles which focus on solar energy is presented. This is the final book of the four part series of the Solar Energy Reader. The articles include brief discussions on energy topics such as the sun, ocean energy, methane gas from cow manure, and solar homes. Instructions for constructing a sundial and a solar stove are also included. A glossary of energy related terms is provided. (BCS)

Glazing can be optimized to enhance passive solar heating and daylight harvesting by exceeding the prescriptive limits of the energy code. This savings can be garnered without the high cost of external overhangs or expensive glazing products. The majority of savings from solar glazing are attributable to the increase in solar heating and secondarily to daylight illumination. Glazing with high solar gains can have a compelling advantage over code-compliant conventional glazing with low solar gains. In this article, the author discusses how solar glazing can benefit schools, and offers tips for school construction.

A solar panel construction is described including an elongated, sealed, flat, polygonal case or receptacle within which is supported a metal solar energy collector panel on rigid permeable insulation material and also relatively soft yieldable permeable insulation material. A radiant energy transmitting means is spaced above the collector panel, the construction being hermetically sealed and dehumidified and particularly arranged to yield under conditions of temperature extremes without loss of hermetic sealing and loss of efficiency. A method is described of preconditioning such a solar panel construction to obtain optimum effectiveness between temperature ranges to which the panel construction will be subjected. 14 claims, 14 figures.

A newly discovered hydrothermal field called the Mariner field at the northernmost central Valu Fa Ridge (VFR) in the Lau Basin was explored and characterized by geochemical and microbiological surveys. The hydrothermal fluid (max. 365 u^C) emitting from the most vigorous vent site (Snow chimney) was boiling just beneath the seafloor at a water depth of 1908 m and two end-members of hydrothermal fluid were identified. Mineral and fluid chemistry of typical brine-rich (Snow chimney and Monk chimney) and vapor-rich (Crab Restaurant chimney) hydrothermal fluids and the host chimney structures were analyzed. Microbial community structures in three chimney structures were also investigated by culture-dependent and - independent analyses. The 16S rRNA gene clone analysis revealed that both bacterial and archaeal rRNA gene communities at the chimney surface zones were different among three chimneys. The bacterial and archaeal rRNA gene communities of the Snow chimney surface were very similar with those in the dead chimneys, suggesting concurrence of metal sulfide deposition at the inside and weathering at the surface potentially due to its large structure and size. Cultivation analysis demonstrated the significant variation in culturability of various microbial components, particularly of thermophilic H2- and/or S-oxidizing chemolithoautotrophs such as the genera Aquifex and Persephonella, among the chimney sites. The culturability of these chemolithoautotrophs might be associated with the input of gaseous energy and carbon sources like H2S, H2 and CH4 from the hydrothermal fluids, and might be affected by phase-separation- controlled fluid chemistry. In addition, inter-fields comparison of microbial community structures determined by cultivation analysis revealed novel characteristics of the microbial communities in the Mariner field of the Lau Basin among the global deep-sea hydrothermal systems.

The DIN pocket book no. 130 'Heating systems 2. Safety engineering. DIN standards, laws and regulations' addresses the engineer, builder and contractor with an collection of safety standards and safety regulations relevant to the heating sector. Introductory instructions for handling the manual and applying the different standards are followed by the texts of safety standards for heating systems. They refer among others to flue gas dampers of heating systems for liquid or gaseous fuels, safety requirements for low pressure steam boilers, safety requirements for hot water heating systems with flow temperatures up to 110/sup 0/C or more, water heating systems for drinking water and water for industrial purposes, heat transfer installations operating with organic heat transfer media, oil-fired systems, gas-fired systems, solar heating systems using water or water mixtures as heat transfer media or operating with organic heat transfer fluids, solar collectors, atomizing oil burners, gas burners, connection of atomizing oil burners and gas burners with ventilation on heat generators, oil atomizing nozzles, electric connectors and draft regulators for chimneys. The annex contains data on steam generator equipment, steam boiler systems and safety pressure controls. (HWJ).

Since 1977 research and development activities include various biotechnology systems: algal systems, microbial systems, water hyacinth utilization systems, pisciculture biogas systems; food, fodder and forestry systems (including algal systems), cattle feeding with water hyacinth, biodynamic-intensive vegetable gardening, hydroponic raft culture in stagnant water, small-lot energy-food forestry, and energy plantations; wind and solar energy systems including a bidirectional horizontal-axis down-wind sail-wing windmill, a horizontal-axis down-wind sail-wing windmill, solar crop and fish dryers, solar cookers and water sterilizers; appropriate-construction systems including pond-construction systems, passive solar-building techniques and pond roofing; and communication systems.

The Italian CTI (Italian Thermotechnical Committee) normative for the thermal resistance classification of chimneys is presented. The normative provides definitions of terminology, test modalities and relevant equipment set-up, calculation methods to determine thermal resistance from test results, and chimney identification criteria.

As a rule, all energy other than that used for water heating is defined as a boiler heat loss. Chimneys are often found in the heated parts of buildings, but the heat they dissipate is neglected in most cases. Planning aspects meeting the individual requirements of heating systems are followed by suggestions for the optimum design and installation of boilers and chimneys. (BWI).

Brothers volcano is a dacitic volcano located along the Kermadec arc, New Zealand, and hosts the NW Caldera hydrothermal vent field perched on part of the steep caldera walls. The field strikes for ~600 m between depths of 1550 and 1700 m and includes numerous, active, high-temperature (max 302°C) chimneys and even more dead, sulfide-rich spires. Chimney samples collected from Brothers show distinct mineralogical zonation reflecting gradients in oxidation state, temperature, and pH from the inner walls in contact with hydrothermal fluids through to the outer walls in contact with seawater. Minerals deposited from hotter fluids (e.g., chalcopyrite) are located in the interior of the chimneys and are surrounded by an external zone of minerals deposited by cooler fluids (e.g., sulfates, sphalerite). Four chimneys types are identified at Brothers volcano based on the relative proportions of chalcopyrite and sulfate layers, and the presence or absence of anhydrite. Two are Cu-rich, i.e., chalcopyrite-rich and chalcopyrite-bornite-rich chimneys, and two are Zn-rich, i.e., sphalerite-rich and sphalerite-chalcopyrite-rich. Barite and anhydrite are common to both Cu-rich chimney types whereas Zn-rich chimneys contain barite only. The main mineral phases in all the chimneys are anhydrite, barite, chalcopyrite, pyrite/marcasite, and sphalerite. Trace minerals include galena, covellite, tennantite, realgar, chalcocite, bornite, hematite, goethite, Pb-As sulfosalts, and Bi- or Au-tellurides. The vast majority of tellurides are Cu-rich chimney also contained native Te in a similar distribution as the tellurides. Whole rock geochemical analysis has determined the maximum concentration of trace elements and REE such as In (53.1 ppm), Ga (1870), Y (26), La (21.2), Ce (21), Sm (2.8), Gd (4), and Yb (3) in Brothers chimneys. To better understand the mineral associations and zonation of these and other trace elements within the chimney walls, we have undertaken element mapping on the four different chimneys types with both X-Ray fluorescence microscopy using synchrotron radiation and with Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICPMS). For example, in a chalcopyrite-rich chimney visibly laminated chalcopyrite in the interior contains bands of Co, Mo, Ag, Te, Au, and Bi, whereas In, La, Ce, Ga, and Y are concentrated in other mineral phases towards the exterior. Element mapping allows us to better understand the physico-chemical gradients within chimney walls, as well as metal sources and transportation, and depositional processes.

A method and apparatus are provided for passively cooling the control rod drive mechanisms (CRDMs) in the reactor vessel of a nuclear power plant. Passive cooling is achieved by dispersing a plurality of chimneys within the CRDM array in positions where a control rod is not required. The chimneys induce convective air currents which cause ambient air from within the containment to flow over the CRDM coils. The air heated by the coils is guided into inlets in the chimneys by baffles. The chimney is insulated and extends through the seismic support platform and missile shield disposed above the closure head. A collar of adjustable height mates with plate elements formed at the distal end of the CRDM pressure housings by an interlocking arrangement so that the seismic support platform provides lateral restraint for the chimneys. (Author).

Even in the Western and Central European climate, solar cookers can enable environment-friendly cooking and baking on about 100 to 150 days of the year. Some foods taste better when cooked more carefully, and vitamins and nutrients will be better preserved than in conventionally cooked food. After a short historical outline, the authors present some commercial solar cookers suited for our climate. This is followed by a detailed guide on how to construct a simple wooden solar cooker box from commercially available materials. Examples of solar cooking initiatives illustrate the many applications of solar cookers and parabolic trough cookers. The text is supplemented by practical hints and recipes.

A thermally insulated chimney attached to a vertical heated section induces an increase in the natural convection flow in the heated vertical cylinder and leads to a higher heat transfer rate. The flows in the chimney are originally driven by the natural convection. However its behavior is similar to the forced convective flows as the heated vertical cylinder is located in a duct or chimney and then the mass flow rate at every elevation should be the same. Heat transfer in the chimney depends on the dimensionless geometrical parameters (Fig. 1), such as the extension ratio (the total length of chimney system, L{sub t}, over the heated section length, L{sub h}), the expansion ratio (the diameter of chimney, D{sub t}, over the diameter of heated vertical cylinder, D{sub h}), the aspect ratio of cylinder (the length of cylinder, L{sub h}, over the diameter of cylinder, D{sub h}), and the location of cylinder in a duct (the top or bottom of chimney). Although some works have been done on the heat transfer in the chimney, arrangements detailed experimental investigations on the determination of the optimal location of the heated cylinder in the chimney are rare. And previous studies have been performed for extension ratio 1.0-5.0. This work investigated the influence on the chimney dimensions (entrance and exit length, and diameter) on the heat transfer of a vertical cylinder in a duct. The measured mass transfer rates for the natural convection of vertical cylinder in a duct were presented for Prandlt number 2,094, Rayleigh number 4.55x10{sup 9}, 5.79x10{sup 10}, and 1.69x10{sup 11}. Experiments were performed using a copper sulfate electroplating system to simulate heat transfer based upon the analogy concept

The student's manual in this two-part instructional kit is designed to help students in individualized courses in bricklaying and stone masonry to tie together classroom learning and on-the-job practice. The manual includes assignments, technical information, objectives that tell what the student is to learn from each assignment, and exercise questions that can help in meeting those objectives. The 14 units of the student manual cover the following topics: introduction to the manual, basic mathematics, safety, drawings and blueprints, masonry tools and equipment, masonry materials, elements of masonry construction, wall construction, footings and arches, chimneys and fireplaces, floors and pavements, cleaning clay products, concrete masonry and stone construction, and owning a masonry business. The related instructor's guide contains suggestions on the use of the student manual and on coordinating work experience with learning at school. The guide also contains (1) answers to exercise questions and assignment test questions, (2) one set of assignment tests, and (3) a work sheet that the instructor can use to relate instruction to job experience for students. Coordinated with the student's manual, the guide contains 14 sections corresponding to the manual's 14 units. (KC)

Under the Passive Solar Building Programme, more than 100 buildings have been constructed in the high altitude region of the Indian State of Himachal Pradesh. A policy decision has been taken by the State that all government/semi-government buildings are to be designed and constructed as per passive solar housing technology. The evaluation studies of some of these buildings have been carried out by our group. In the present study, the thermal performance of a passive solar bank building at Shimla, has been evaluated. This solar building incorporates a heat-collecting wall and a roof-top solar air heater with an electric heating backup, sunspaces and double-glazed windows. The monitoring of the building shows that the solar passive features in the building results in comfortable living cond...

After discussing the advantages and disadvantages of solar technical air heating for hay drying in barns, typical and practiceproven warm air solar collectors with different design and power characteristics are presented. A description of three recently constructed hay drying plants follows, where measurements and experiments were carried out. In addition, the new method of solar technical round bale drying and a feed value analysis are evaluated and prospective possibilities of further improvement given.

The objective of this study is to encourage the use of solar energy in industrial drying of fruits, with the producers poles, at the same time, promote the rational use of energy for heat, or replacing the hydroelectric and oil derivatives for this purpose. This study is presented in the following chapters: availability of solar energy; details of constructive solar heated air; drying fruit; market. (author)

A polymer syrup for encapsulating solar cell assemblies. The syrup includes uncrosslinked poly(n-butyl)acrylate dissolved in n-butyl acrylate monomer. Preparation of the poly(n-butyl)acrylate and preparation of the polymer syrup is disclosed. Methods for applying the polymer syrup to solar cell assemblies as an encapsulating pottant are described. Also included is a method for solar cell construction utilizing the polymer syrup as a dual purpose adhesive and encapsulating material.

A device for measurement of a liquid's density is presented. The device has been developed for use in salt gradient solar ponds. Magnetic levitation of a weight is the basis for the density sensor. Construction and calibration of the instrument are described. A sample scan of the University of Illinois salt gradient solar pond is included showing the sensor's ability to identify important features in a solar pond's density profile.

Some practical ideas for successful solar remodeling are presented. Such ideas as constructing a hip-roofed surface, superinsulated cathederal ceilings, trombing the basement walls, and a baby sunspace are discussed.

We use Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry to evaluate GENESIS silicon wafer solar wind collectors as well as candidate materials for construction of the OSIRIS-REx asteroid regolith collection mechanism.

... and allow normal spacecraft operations independent of solar illumination. .... It is made of aluminum skin-stringer construction, with longerons and ring frames. .... Using the Shuttle's payload bay color video camera augmented by a 35mm ...

...construct and operate one U.S. Evolutionary Power Reactor (U.S. EPR) to be...existing Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant (CCNPP), Units 1 and 2, near...contributions of wind and solar power, the combination...

Solar cells are constructed of specially treated silicon wafers, and are very expensive to manufacture. ... of this size would require roughly 100 square feet of radiator to reject waste heat (assuming a 10-percent overall conversion efficiency ).

In Morocco, the turn in the energy sector is overseen by His Majesty the King himself: in 2009, the King introduced the Moroccan Solar Plan and created the Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy (MASEN) for its implementation. This year, the construction work for the first project complex will commence at the edge of the Sahara desert. (orig.)

Many cost-effective solutions to the major passive solar concept problems that can be applied to a whole range of residential and light commercial buildings are presented. Some passive solar components are presented that up until now have been site built but which lend themselvwes to being manufactured and installed by building tradesmen. Twenty-four construction detail drawings are included. (MHR)

The original objective of the reported work was to make solar collectors from appliances recovered from solid waste. Obtaining an appliance for the purpose of recycling into a collector was found to be difficult. A workshop was held to construct two solar collectors. Benefits of the program are listed, and workshop evaluations and P.R. materials are attached. (LEW)

Training in solar dryer construction and food preservation was provided to villagers in three barangays in rural Leyte, Philippines. A 24 hour dietary recall assessed dietary status of the women prior to the solar dried food intervention. Nutrients of greatest dietary concern were thiamine, vitamin A, riboflavin, iron and energy.

This article presents two examples of town planning with sustainable and solar contribution criterion. It analyses that the town planning have a lot of possibilities to make easy the design and the construction of more efficient building and with passive and active solar contribution, when we integrate de bio climatic measures in the beginning of the process, and that is very difficulty to construct bio climatic buildings the town planning are presented. (Author)

The concept of passive solar energy is described; the various functions which passive solar systems must perform are explained; and the various types of passive systems found in the Cycle 5 projects are discussed. Each of 91 solar home designs are discussed and some of the key points raised in the discussion of passive solar concepts are indicated in these descriptions and on the illustrations. Additional detail on issues of climate requirements and site design concerns, examples of building construction details showing good practice, and suggestions on how to market solar homes are included. The appendices address more technical aspects of the design and evaluation of passive solar homes, and provide information on other resources available to those involved in passive solar housing. (MHR)

It is well accepted that the solar cycle originates from a magnetohydrodynamics dynamo deep inside the Sun. Many dynamo models have long been proposed based on a lot of observational constraints. In this paper, using 342 NSO/Kitt Peak solar synoptic charts we study the solar cycle phases in different solar latitudinal zones to set further constraints. Our results can be summarized as follows. (1) The variability of solar polar regions' area has a correlation with total unsigned magnetic flux in advance of 5 years. (2) The high-latitude region mainly appears unipolar in the whole solar cycle and its flux peak time lags sunspot cycle for 3 years. (3) For the activity belt, it is not surprised that its phase be the same as sunspot's. (4) The flux peak time of the low-latitude region shifts forward with an average gradient of 32.2 $day/deg$. These typical characteristics may provide some hints for constructing an actual solar dynamo.

The Danish Energy Authority has prepared research and development strategies for a number of energy technologies, including solar heating. This report presents an inventory of solar heating and proposes a strategy for further development. The report has been prepared by a number of important stakeholders in the Danish solar heating area. The inventory part of the report includes most solar heating technologies, however, emphasis is on technologies which have had or are expected to become important for exploitation in Denmark. The strategy part of the report proposes prioritized areas in research, development and demonstration based on international trends and Danish strong and weak points, which are: 1) centralized solar heating supply, district heating, 2) individual solar heating supply in connection with development and construction of buildings, building integration, and finally 3) product development of solar collectors. (BA)

Air movement in a naturally-ventilated room can be induced through the use of a solar chimney or Trombe wall. In this work Trombe walls were studied for summer cooling of buildings. Ventilation rates resulting from natural cooling were predicted using the CFD (computational fluid dynamics) technique. The renoramlization group (RNG) k-{epsilon} turbulence model was used for the prediction of buoyant air flow and flow rate in enclosures with Trombe wall geometries. The CFD program was validated against experimental data from the literature and very good agreement between the prediction and measurement was achieved. The predicted ventilation rate increased with the wall temperature and heat gain. The effects of the distance between the wall and glazing, wall height, glazing type and wall insulation were investigated. It was shown that in order to maximize the ventilation rate, the interior surface of a Trombe wall should be insulated for summer cooling. This would also prevent undesirable overheating of room air due to convection and radiation heat transfer from the wall. (orig.)

The author explains the technical fundamentals of room ventilation according to present standards. The focus is on hygiene, prevention of moisture, and energy consumption. Projecting, construction and maintenance of space HVAC systems are discussed at length, and controlled ventilation is strongly recommended. The book addresses architects, planners of space HVAC systems, building societies and building managers, builder-owners, building authorities, businesses of the space HVAC sector, constructors, chimney sweepers, and students of the various aspects of constructional engineering. (orig.) [German] Der Autor erlaeutert die technischen Grundlagen auf der Basis der heutigen Anforderungen an die Wohnungslueftung. Dabei stehen Fragen der Absicherung hygienischer Luftzustaende, der Vermeidung von Feuchteschaeden und des Enegiebedarfs im Mittelpunkt. Der Schwerpunkt des Buches liegt auf der sorgfaeltigen Planung, Ausfuehrung und Instandhaltung von raumlufttechnischen Anlagen. Insgesamt ist das Werk als ein Plaedoyer fuer die kontrollierte Lueftung von Wohngebaeuden zu verstehen. Das Buch ist ein unverzichtbarer Ratgeber fuer: Architekten, TGA-Planer, Wohnungsbau- und Wohnungswirtschaftsunternehmen, Bautraeger, Bauaemter, HLS-Unternehmen, Anlagenbauer, Schornsteinfeger sowie Studenten der einschlaegigen Fachrichtungen des Bauwesens. (orig.)

The site of the proposed Panhandle Reservoir No. 1 is suitable for development of the proposed project from a geotechnical point of view. The maximum embankment section should consist of an impervious central core, Zone 1; a semi-previous shell on either side of the Zone 1 and part of the core, Zone 1A; an upstream previous shell, Zone 2; a downstream shell of miscellaneous materials, Zone 4; and a chimney drain and downstream drainage blanket, Zone 3. Suitable materials for all of the required construction are located in the immediate vicinity of the dam with the exception of the stone required for the riprap, riprap bedding, and gabions. This stone will have to be imported from off site. Reduction of seepage through the dam foundation and abutments requires stripping of the upper soils, construction of a shallow keyway trench, and grouting of the bedrock. If additional seepage reduction is required, additional methods such as positive cutoff through the upper more permeable bedrock or an upstream impervious blanket will be required. The dam should be monitored with frequent visual surveillance and instrumentation including surface displacement monuments, piezometers, and inclinometers. The maximum proposed embankment section and foundation have adequate strength to withstand the expected seismic and static loadings with a satisfactory factor of safety.

Zusammenfassung Der Chimney-Graft im Aortenbogen ist ein Stent oder Stentgraft, der in einem supraaortalen Gefäßast freigesetzt wird, parallel mit dem aortalen Stentgraft verläuft und diesen wie ein Schornstein in das freie Aortenlumen überragt. Er stellt eine technische Möglichkeit zur akuten endovaskulären Behandlung von Aortenpathologien dar, die keine ausreichende proximale Landungszone im Aortenbogen haben, um den antegraden Blutfluss zu supraaortalen Gefäßästen zu bewahren. Bei unbeabsichtigter Überstentung eines supraaortalen Gefäßastes im Rahmen einer thorakalen endovaskulären Aortenrekonstruktion (TEVAR) kann der Chimney-Graft eine wertvolle Rückzugstechnik sein, um das überstentete Gefäß schnell zu rekanalisieren. Wir berichten über unsere Erfahrung mit dem Chimney-Graft und besp...

This paper reviews the technology transfer of the 1980 National Center for Appropriate Technology (NCAT) Solar Greenhouse Grants Program. Last summer, 100 Community Action Agencies (local anti-poverty organizations) received $1500 grants for materials to construct attached solar greenhouses. The novel aspect of the program was the mechanism for technology transfer. Regional solar greenhouse construction workshops were held by NCAT for representatives of community agencies receiving the grants. The students in the regional workshops then returned to their locales to lead similar workshops in building the greenhouses. This multi-tiered technology transfer approach appears to be an effective means of disseminating simple technologies to a large number of people.

A non-mechanical solar dryer based on convective heat and mass transfer and with energy storage has been constructed and tested to investigate the drying characteristics of various tropical products. The dryer is constructed from materials available locally, and operates on solar energy. The solar collector is capable of transferring 118 W m/sup -2/ to the drying air at a temperature of 32/sup 0/C. The moisture loss during the drying process can be described by a general equation of the form dM/dt = -kM. The drying constants k/sub 1/ and k/sub 2/ for the constant and falling rate periods are calculated.

As a result of increasing interest in the application of passive solar techniques to the heating of buildings, the need has arisen for a document which will assist construction of additional passive experiments by presenting actual test data on several quite successful passive buildings. The buildings are situated in a variety of locales and demonstrate the use of direct gain, Trombe wall, solar greenhouse, and roof pond with movable insulation principles. The report also contains a discussion of the methods for determining the heating and cooling needs of a passive solar building and includes timely information from several recently published documents relating to passive solar design. References are included for additional information.

Dye-sensitized TiO{sub 2} solar cells assembled with a polymer electrolyte were investigated, aiming at the construction of an 8 V solar module. The individual solar cells were assembled with 4.5 cm{sup 2} active area and were characterized under outdoor conditions, exhibiting an average efficiency of 0.9% per cell (at 12:00 noon). The solar module was built by connecting 13 cells in series. The integrated average daily power was estimated to be 183 mW. The present paper discusses the performance of the individual cells and the module. (author)

We present an all-oxide solar cell fabricated from vertically oriented zinc oxide nanowires and cuprous oxide nanoparticles. Our solar cell consists of vertically oriented n-type zinc oxide nanowires, surrounded by a film constructed from p-type cuprous oxide nanoparticles. Our solution-based synthesis of inexpensive and environmentally benign oxide materials in a solar cell would allow for the facile production of large-scale photovoltaic devices. We found that the solar cell performance is enhanced with the addition of an intermediate oxide insulating layer between the nanowires and the nanoparticles. This observation of the important dependence of the shunt resistance on the photovoltaic performance is widely applicable to any nanowire solar cell constructed with the nanowire array in direct contact with one electrode.

An object of this invention is to provide solar cell equipment including a frame that can carry the current generated in the equipment. The cross-section of the frame of this invention can be designed to be adequately large, and can thus easily pick up high electrical currents that may be generated. The invention reduces the number of interconnections needed within each solar cell module. Individual solar cell devices can be directly interconnected to one another. A simple structure of parallel and/or series circuits of solar cell devices may be realized. Devices that include an individual solar cell or solar cell module that can be provided with frame means can be employed as the solar cell equipment in this invention. The frame is usually constructed of aluminum or steel members, may be sealed with silicone, and may be composed of a combination of metal and an electrically conductive plastic. For optimum performance, the solar cell equipment is mechanically stabilized with the assistance of glass panes or glass fibers. The electrical connections between solar cells or connections between a solar cell and the frame can be formed with electrically conductive foils, metallizations, or plastic. Such connections can be produced by employing printed circuit board technology. Solar cell equipment including a frame of this invention can be framed on 2 sides, on all sides, or at only parts of its edges. Various electrically conductive frame parts may be separated by electrically insulating frame parts. 7 figs.

The upwind power plant is a thermally driven machine for electrical power generation from free solar energy. The authors have carried out an analysis to improve the description of the operation mode. The pressure drop at the turbine and the mass flow rate have a decisive influence on the efficiency. This can be determined only by coupling of all parts of an upwind power plant. In this study the parts ground, collector, chimney and turbine are together modeled numerically. The basis is the well known numerical Computational Fluid Dynamics program FLUENT. This program solves the basic equations of the thermal fluid dynamics with the following assumptions: steady state, compressible, standard k- turbulence model and axi-symmetrical. Model development and parameter studies particularly arise with this tool. The assumption of a steady state solution does not take into account the heat storage of the ground, so time dependent calculations are of specially interest in the future. (orig.) [German] Das Aufwindkraftwerk ist eine thermofluiddynamische Maschine zur Erzeugung von Elektroenergie aus Sonnenenergie. Das Aufwindkraftwerk nutzt das Treibhausprinzip und den Kaminsog aus, um mit solar erhitzter Luft eine oder mehrere Turbinen zu betreiben. Es werden Ergebnisse vorgestellt, um die Wirkungsweise dieser Stroemungsmaschine besser beschreiben zu koennen. Die Druckentnahme an der Turbine und der Massenstrom haben einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf den Wirkungsgrad dieser Maschine. Nur durch Kopplung aller Teilgebiete eines Aufwindkraftwerkes kann der Wirkungsgrad beschrieben werden. Hierzu zaehlen unter anderen der Kollektor, der Erdboden, die Turbine und der Kamin. Die Grundlage fuer die Loesung der Differentialgleichungen der Thermofluiddynamik stellt das numerische Simulationsprogramm FLUENT dar. Die Stroemung wurde berechnet unter der Annahme einer kompressiblen, reibungsbehafteten (Standard k-{epsilon} Turbulenzmodell), stationaeren und rotationssymmetrischen Basisstroemung. Modellentwicklungen und Parameterstudien entstanden mit diesem Programm. Die Verteilungen von Druck, Temperatur, Geschwindigkeit und Dichte fuer den stationaeren Zustand liefern ein besseres Verstaendnis fuer die komplexen physikalischen Vorgaenge im Aufwindkraftwerk. Aufbauend auf diesen koennen nun zeitabhaengige Simulationen an Klein- und Grosskraftwerken durchgefuehrt werden. (orig.)

The authors propose to enlarge the living area by reconstructing the house terrace into a glasshouse. Their manual describes how to do this in do-it-yourself construction. The reader is given an outline of the function of solar architecture, the planning of a glasshouse annex, and a file of design worksheets and other construction aids.

Experiment Borexino, that is now under construction at the Gran Sasso laboratory in Italy, is devoted to provide the first direct measurement of the solar {sup 7}Be neutrinos. It is expected to start data taking at the end of 2001. In this paper at brief description of its status and construction phases is given. (author)

This document show the solar water heater made of PET bottles, a simple-construction solar water heater that try to give us two important solutions, water heating using solar energy and reutilization of the PET bottles left in the nature. Also, it will be showed how to do the dimensioning of it. Based on the showed dimensioning a application / software is developed and after that simulations are made using the application to provide how is the economy if it's used this kind of solar water heater and their environmental contribution by reutilization of the PET bottles abandoned in the nature. For example, in a common home the economy is about 45% of the electricity bill considering that the warmed water is used just to take a shower. So, the conclusion is: the solar water heater made by PET bottles is a very relevant equipment to the use of the solar energy, to useful applications and environmental contribution. (author)

Solar Decathlon 2005 is a U.S. Department of Energy and National Renewable Energy Laboratory competition involving 19 colleges and universities from the United States, Canada, and Spain. These teams will compete to design, build, and demonstrate solar homes. In fall 2005, teams will transport their competition solar houses to Washington, D.C., where they will construct a solar village on the National Mall. When the houses are assembled, the teams will compete against each other in 10 contests (hence, a decathlon) for about a week. The contests range from design to comfort to energy performance. Each team must provide an aesthetically pleasing entry that produces sufficient solar energy for space conditioning, hot water, lighting, appliances, and an electric car. The Solar Decathlon is co-sponsored by BP, The Home Depot, the American Institute of Architects, the National Association of Home Builders, and the DIY Network. For more information, visit the Web site at www.solardecathlon.org.

After reviews of the early history of the use of wood in house heating in the US, this manual has chapters on wood combustion, wood combustion equipment, sizing of wood combustion units, sizing and choosing a chimney, chimney connectors, installation of woodstove heating systems, installation of central wood heating systems, and operation and maintenance practices. Some of this information and recommendations may be hard to find in other information sources. Considerable emphasis is given to safety and fire prevention considerations. (LTN)

When exchanging old heating systems against new, it is essential to find out whether the old chimney is still suitable. The following changes to the heating system can cause problems in this context: lower performance and consequent lower exhaust gas mass flow; lower exhaust gas losses and consequent lower exhaust gas temperatures; longer burner operating time impeding the evaporation of moisture in the chimney. The article presents a comparison of different means of exhaust gas conducting systems. (BWI)

Silver/glass mirrors have excellent optical properties but need a method of support in order to be used in concentrating solar thermal systems. In collaboration with the Cummins dish/Stirling development program, they started investigating sandwich construction as a way to integrate silver/glass mirrors into solar optical elements. In sandwich construction, membranes such as sheet metal or plastic are bonded to the front and back of a core (like a sandwich). For solar optical elements, a glass mirror is bonded to one of the membranes. This type of construction has the advantages of a high strength-to-weight ratio, and reasonable material and manufacturing cost. The inherent stiffness of sandwich construction mirror panels also facilitates large panels. This can have cost advantages for both the amount of hardware required as well as reduced installation and alignment costs. In addition, by incorporating the panels into the support structure reductions in the amount of structural support required are potentially possible.

Conditions which can lead to hazardous situations have been found in chimneys and outlets connected to gas-fired boilers with open combustion chambers and gas blast burners in Denmark. The most common problems are poorly maintained brick chimneys, chimneys with damp parts which can cause crumbling, the lack of bird gratings or outlet coverings, ventilation channels between which leaks can can be found, the use of older pipes which become corroded and which scale as a result of this, badly mounted pipes with, for example, Leca insulation, steel chimneys which are not resistant to corrosion and which scale as a result of this, and ceramic linings which crumble or become decrystallized. To bring chimneys up to an acceptable level of safety the solution recommended is to fit them in each case with authorized metallic casings and outlet protection. Other solutions can be sealing/retrofitting of the chimney/outlet, bird gratings and coverings for outlets and regular control and cleaning. Regulations demand that trained installators advise users of gas installations on the responsible choice of safety measures. The gas supplier must be informed immediately of any changes carried out in this respect. (AB)

The Chiyoda Thoroughbred CT-121 flue gas desulfurization (FGD) process at Georgia Power`s Plant Yates has recently completed a two year demonstration of its capabilities under both high- and low-particulate loading conditions. This $43 million demonstration was co-funded by The Southern Company, the Electric Power Research Institute, and the U.S. Department of Energy under the auspices of the Innovative Clean Coal Technology (ICCT) program`s second round. The focus of the project was to demonstrate several cost-saving modifications to the already efficient CT-121 process. These modifications included: the extensive use of fiberglass reinforced plastics (FRP) in the construction of the scrubber vessel and other associated vessels, the elimination of flue gas reheat through the use of an FRP wet chimney and reliable operation without a spare absorber module. This paper will focus on the successes of the two-year project as well as the lessons learned during the first extended operation of a full-scale scrubber in the Southern electric system.

This report summarizes the economic impacts of wood energy for the 11 Northeastern states. The report begins with a brief description of the types of economic impacts estimated in the study. The direct economic impacts are the jobs and income directly attributable to wood energy activities. They are referred to as first round impacts since they reflect the economic activity generated by the first spending of the fuelwood dollar, from the consumer to the supplier. Direct impacts include employment in logging, transport, and end-use operations such as chimney sweeping and boiler operating. Direct impacts also include personal income to employees, payments of stumpage fees to landowners, and profits earned by fuelwood enterprises. Indirect employment and income result from purchases made by fuelwood supply businesses, purpose made by the employees of fuelwood supply businesses, and purchases made by wood burning households or companies for wood combustion system installation, construction, and maintenance. They include purchases of equipment, spare parts, supplies, and services, including financial services.

Seafloor alteration of rocks and minerals exerts influence on many biogeochemical elemental cycles, but the controls, rates, and influence on and by microbiological processing are not well understood. Furthermore, because mineral-microbe interactions and biologically mediated alteration processes may propagate well into the subseafloor, it is important to ground our understanding of these processes where samples can be accessed and hypotheses tested. Here, the bacterial diversity in deep sea hydrothermal sulfides from the EPR 9°N region and basalts from the Loihi Seamount near Hawaii were investigated using massively parallel pyrosequencing (454 sequencing) of the V6 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene. Our goal was to determine the relative diversity of these samples, which are all influenced by hydrothermal fluids, versus other seawater habitats unaffected by hydrothermal processes. Using the 454 sequencing method, we obtained ~60 base pair reads for thousands of sequences per sample, allowing for vastly more detailed fingerprinting of the microbial community than previously possible. We retrieved seven samples from hydrothermal vent chimneys high in sulfide content from the EPR 9°N region and one sample from basalts at the Loihi Seamount off Hawaii. Rarefaction curves of total species number per sample were constructed and diversity between samples was compared. In addition, for the basalt sample a comparison of 454 data to full length sequences of the 16S rRNA gene sequenced via traditional capillary sequencing was made to try to understand the different results garnered by using these two different methods.

The BIG cruise -leg I- was carried out on the Guaymas basin in June 2010 on board the French research vessel L'Atalante. An AUV high-resolution survey was made on the southern trough ridge to gather fine-scale bathymetry and acoustic imagery data. The results of the high resolution survey were used, the next days, to explore the vent's area during several Nautile dives. The southern trough hydrothermal fields of the Guaymas basin have often been studied. However, the local geological context was not really well-defined. During the AUV surveys, maps at 70 m above the seafloor were done over the hydrothermal area. The data were gridded at 2 m spacing. During the same cruise, Nautile dives help us to compare the field observations and the geological features revealed by the high resolution mapping and to investigate the fine-scale relationships between the vents and their geological environment. Integration of these data is made easier by the use of the GIS software technology. It helps us perpetuate data, undertake comparisons, combine different types of data, realize fine-scale geological mapping. Even if some problems are recurrent (precision of positioning, integration of old data...), such combinations of high resolution mapping and visual observations and sampling have changed our vision of hydrothermal geological context. In the Guaymas sedimented spreading axis, our new data show that major hydrothermal sites, in the south part of the southern trough only, are located inside or at the border of 100 to 250 m long, 60 to 150 m wide, 6 to 12 m deep small collapsed sub-circular depressions. The direction of the collapse is variable. Curved faults at the outer border of these depressions control the largest and mature edifices. Smaller, possibly younger, immature chimneys are located at the centre of some depressions. The mature hydrothermal structures appear as mounds up to 80 m in diameter, 20 m in high, each hydrothermal edifice being very-well identified on the 2 m resolution map. Classical high temperature chimneys are present but also areas of high temperature fluids percolating through the petroleum-rich sediment. Echosounder profiles, realized near the bottom with the AUV, show the root of some hydrothermal edifice 40 m down in the sediment and their link with the small depressions. The profiles also show normal faults buried in the sediment and the collapsed depression controlling the hydrothermal edifices. The bordering curved-faults appear as superficial features. To explain the local features seen on high resolution data, we propose a succession of process: i) collapse related to deep recent fissuration in the volcanic basement, ii) discharge controlled along the border of the sub-circular collapse structures and starting of chimneys construction, iii) maturation of the external edifices and collapse of the depression enhanced by mobilisation of sediment out of the depression by fluid discharge.

The report describes the results from inspection visits to three solar dryers in Ghana. The work is part of the project Test and Research Project into the Drying of Food and Wood Products with Solar Heat financed by Danida (Danish International Development Assis-tance) via the Danish Embassy in Ghana. The project was established based on an initiative by the Energy Commission of Ghana. The present report describes the findings from visits to a solar crop dryer, a solar fish dryer and a solar kiln for drying of wood. The report further contains the results from one week of detailed measurements on the solar crop dryer. The impression from the inspection of the solar dryers is that the dryers show good craftsmanship and that they look nice. It is clear that quite a lot of enthusiasm has been put into the dryers. A week of detailed measurements on the solar crop dryer revealed that the dryer was performing as expected. A few simple tests on the fish dryer indicated that this dryer also was performing as intended. Of the solar wood dryers only the forced open-air dryer was running by the time of the inspection. This dryer seemed to run as expected. The solar kiln was still under construction during the inspection. The solar kiln was soon after the inspection put into operation. Plans for the test of the solar dryers and reporting on the findings from the tests have been developed. Tests on the solar dryers are by the time of writing this being carried out. The tests will show how well the dryers perform and if the aims of the project have been reached. (EHS)

Solar collectors, concentrators, and absorbers; solar cells; solar cookers, dryers, furnaces, generators; solar heat engines; solar heating and cooling systems; solar power plants; solar stills; solar water heaters; solar heat storage systems; solar water pumps; solar sea power plants; orbital solar power plants; optical coatings and filters for solar devices; solar energy policies, use, supply, trends, and economics.

Three Integrated Collector Storage Solar Water Heaters (ICSSWH) have been designed, constructed and experimentally studied in comparison to a Flat Plate Thermosiphonic Unit (FPTU). Each of the ICS experimental models consists of one cylindrical tank horizontally mounted in a stationary symmetrical Compound Parabolic Concentrating (CPC) reflector trough. The main objective is the design and construction of low cost solar water heaters with improved thermal performance and lower possible depths. The experimental models can be mounted on horizontal as well as on inclined roofs by adopting the lowest possible depth. The results show that these solar devices perform more than effectively all year long. This could contribute significantly on the development of ICS type solar water heaters.

A 406 m/sup 2/ vacuum collector system was installed on the flat roof of a vine and soft drink processing plant. The vacuum tube effect was intensified by inclined 100 m/sup 2/ focusing collectors. The system generates heat at temperatures of approximately 90/sup 0/C. The other parts of the solar loop consist of a circulating pump, a heat exchanger and an emergency cooler, interconnecting piping and values and fittings. General types of fluids such as glycols, mineral or synthetic oils can be used as a heat transfer medium. Fluid temperatures reached up to 142/sup 0/C. Circuit diagrams, diagrams and photographs serve to illustrate the constructional characteristics as well as the efficiency of the collector system. The publication discusses the requirements of industrial process heat and feasible ways of generating solar process heat. Moreover it points out the design and constructional features of vacuum tube collector systems, solar heat generation and the economy of solar power plants. (HWJ).

A hybrid solar dryer was designed and constructed using direct solar energy and a heat exchanger. The dryer consists of solar collector, reflector, heat exchanger cum heat storage unit and drying chamber. The drying chamber was located under the collector. The dryer was operated during normal sunny days as a solar dryer, and during cloudy day as a hybrid solar dryer. Drying was also carried out at night with stored heat energy in water which was collected during the time of sun-shine and with electric heaters located at water tank. The efficiency of the solar dryer was raised by recycling about 65% of the drying air in the solar dryer and exhausting a small amount of it outside the dryer. Under Mid-European summer conditions it can raise up the air temperature from 30 to 40 C above the ambient temperature. The solar dryer was tested for drying of ripe banana slices. The capacity of the dryer was to dry about 30 kg of banana slices in 8 h in sunny day from an initial moisture content of 82% to the final moisture content of 18% (wb). In the same time it reduced to only 62% (wb) moisture content in open sun drying method. The colour, aroma and texture of the solar dried products were better than the sun drying products. (author)

A solar facility that provides 445/sup 0/K (345/sup 0/F) process steam to the Johnson and Johnson manufacturing plant in Sherman, Texas, is described. The facility consists of 1070 m/sup 2/ (11,520 ft/sup 2/) of parabolic trough concentrating collectors, an 18,921 l (5000 gal) flash boiler, and a 20 hp circulating pump. The construction, startup/checkout, costs, and performance of this solar facility are summarized.

This manual offers an approach to the residential energy audit prepared by energy specialists from Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Solar Energy Research Institute, University of Massachusetts and the U.S.D.O.E. which illustrates step by step how to perform an energy audit of any home. Subjects include measurements, calculations and all aspects of the audit, including construction considerations, mechanical, HVAC, electrical and furnace audit techniques as well as discussion of residential solar and wind energy systems.

The goal of the invention is the optimal utilization of cover tapes for the design of solar heated roof covers. Such a solar collector of large surface is characterized by the versatility use, installation at slight costs, larger absorber surface, profiles cover tapes, good thermal conductivity of the cover and a double transparent cover. Therefore a more effective heat utilization will be possible. Constructive details of the cover tape in connection with the soldered pipeline system are described in some drawings.

In this paper was developed four methods to constructions of solar cooker, relatively easy to make and low in cost. This parabolic concentrating cooker is basically a solar furnace. The thermal of the prototype have been studied and comparative study with the gas cooker is also included. The materials used for cooker and reflector surfaces have been discussed. (author). 20 refs., 7 figs., 2 tabs

The feasibility of constructing salt gradient solar pond commercial power plants in the Salton Sea has been confirmed by a study completed in May 1981. The Salton Sea is an inland salt lake located in the Imperial Valley of Southern California. 600 MW/sub e/ of base load power can be generated if 15% of the sea's 932-km/sup 2/ (360-square mile) surface area is converted to solar ponds. 3 refs.

Mathematical treatment of massive wall systems is a useful tool for investigation of these solar applications. The objectives of this work are to develop (and validate) a numerical solution model for predication the thermal behaviour of passive solar systems with massive wall, to improve knowledge of using indirect passive solar systems and assess its energy efficiency according to climatic conditions in Bulgaria. The problem of passive solar systems with massive walls is modelled by thermal and mass transfer equations. As a boundary conditions for the mathematical problem are used equations, which describe influence of weather data and constructive parameters of building on the thermal performance of the passive system. The mathematical model is solved by means of finite differences method and improved solution procedure. In article are presented results of theoretical and experimental study for developing and validating a numerical solution model for predication the thermal behaviour of passive solar system...

Australia has a very sunny climate, with a very high demand for air conditioning. Implementing solar assisted air conditioning is an ideal option to achieve a high solar fraction which leads to a significant amount of energy and greenhouse gas emission savings. Solar assisted air conditioning systems are environmentally friendly by being constructed in a way that minimises the need for chlorofluorocarbons CFC, Hydro chlorofluorocarbons HCFC or Chlorofluorocarbons HFC refrigerants and by using a low grade thermal renewable energy, therefore, making them energy efficient and environmentally safe. They can be used either as stand-alone systems or with conventional AC, to improve the indoor air quality. Solar cooling is a new and a fast growing technology compared to other fields of solar ener...

The solar heating and hot water system installed at the William Tao & Associates, Inc., office building in St. Louis, Missouri is described, including maintenance and construction problems, final drawings, system requirements, and manufacturer's component data. The solar system was designed to provide 50 percent of the hot water requirements and 45 percent of the space heating needs for a 900 sq ft office space and drafting room. The solar facility has 252 sq ft of glass tube concentrator collectors and a 1000 gallon steel storage tank buried below a concrete slab floor. Freeze protection is provided by a propylene glycol/water mixture in the collector loop. The collectors are roof mounted on a variable tilt array which is adjusted seasonally and is connected to the solar thermal storage tank by a tube-in-shell heat exchanger. Incoming city water is preheated through the solar energy thermal storage tank.

A solar tunnel dyer was constructed and evaluated the performance for drying aonla pulp. The dryer consists of a transparent UV stabilized plastic covered solar collector cum drying unit. Evaluation parameters are air temperature, solar insolation, moisture content, relative humidity and airflow rate. A minimum of 111.18 m2 solar collector area is required to dry a batch 1000 kg aonla pulp in 16 hours (two days drying period). The initial and final moisture content considered were 424.93 and 10.08% dry basis, respectively. It was observed that on an average 43 per cent of higher temperature was obtained in solar tunnel dryer over the ambient temperature. The results obtained during the test period denoted that the maximum gained energy occurred at 13 o???clock hour and then gradually decli...

The IEA Task 13 `Advanced Solar Low-Energy Houses` of the International Energy Agency`s Solar Heating and Cooling Program was established to promote international co-operation in the design testing and use of buildings and components that make use of solar energy. The objective is to minimized the amount of purchased energy and at the same time to achieve a good indoor climate. The Finnish IEA Task 13 demonstration house, IEA5 Solar House, has been designed within the framework of the international collaboration. The objective of the IEA5 Solar House is to minimize the energy consumption using present technology or new technology on recognized construction principles in Finnish climatic conditions. In this report the building process has been presented. The energy saving solutions of the house and the designing process has been reported.

This invention deals with the broad general concept for focussing light. A mini-optics tracking and focussing system is presented for solar power conversion that ranges from an individual's portable system to solar conversion of electrical power that can be used in large scale power plants for environmentally clean energy. It can be rolled up, transported, and attached to existing man-made, or natural structures. It allows the solar energy conversion system to be low in capital cost and inexpensive to install as it can be attached to existing structures since it does not require the construction of a superstructure of its own. This novel system is uniquely distinct and different from other solar tracking and focussing processes allowing it to be more economical and practical. Furthermore, in its capacity as a power producer, it can be utilized with far greater safety, simplicity, economy, and efficiency in the conversion of solar energy.

Various solar wind forecasting methods have been developed during the past decade, such as the Wang???Sheeley model and the Hakamada???Akasofu???Fry Version 2 (HAFv2) model. Also, considerable correlation has been found between the solar wind speed v and the coronal hole (CH) area A M on the visible side of the Sun, showing quantitative improvement of forecasting accuracy in low CME activity periods (e.g., Vr?nak, Temmer, and Veronig, Solar Phys. 240, 315, 2007a). Properties of lower layers of the solar atmosphere are good indications of the subsequent interplanetary and geomagnetic activities. We analyze the SOHO/EIT 284 Å images and construct a new forecasting factor (Pch) from the brightness of the solar EUV emission, and a good correlation is found between the Pch factor and the 3-day-...

A deliberate lowering of the flue gas temperature from a boiler or furnace below the water vapour dew point makes possible utilisation of the latent heat for useful purposes. Such condensation technique is well suited for gas fired boilers and is commercially available, also for single family houses. The use of flue gas condensation requires attention to material choice in certain parts of the boiler, heat exchanger design, burner design, condensate chemistry etc. This study focuses on the problem of condensate formation in the chimney and a method of avoiding it. The method adopted depends on the flue gases being reheated after the condensation in the boiler. By this, flue gases are guaranteed to have a temperature and humidity which does not cause any remaining condensate in the chimney, so it is possible to have a chimney without a corrosion resistant lining. In this report the necessary reheating is determined both theoretically and from laboratory tests. Also treated is the influence of reheating on the boiler characteristics, considering the interaction between the parts of the building and the heating system such as the energy and heat demand, the heating system design, the chimney dimensions, and the burner input. A model for the calculation of the temperatures in the chimney has been developed for this purpose. Different boiler designs suitable for flue gas reheating have also been studied. The investigation show that a suitable degree of reheating of 30-75 deg C and dilution of the flue gases to an equivalent excess air ratio of 150-200% only lowers the annual average boiler efficiency slightly. The ambient part of the chimney should be fitted with a thin insulation layer to avoid condensate formation at any point in the chimney. 33 refs., 52 figs., 6 tabs.

A foam inflated rigidized (FIR) truss structure to support a single chamber solar concentrator has been developed and demonstrated. This technology promises to advance the state of the art in construction of lightweight, deployable solar concentrators for solar thermal propulsion applications. In this paper the design, analysis, deployment and integration of this structure are discussed. A FIR structure is a rigid composite tube that can be formed in space by inflating a resin impregnated fabric skin with a solvent swollen polymeric foam. Once inflated, the skin resin is cured using the available ultraviolet radiation. By using high strength and stiffness fiber materials, a stiff, strong, lightweight structure is produced (Lester, 1994).

Gymnasiums and sports halls are due to their construction and operating mode particularly suited for the use of solar energy. The presented project aims at optimizing the use and operating mode of solar air heaters in such buildings and to give proof of economic operation. Starting point for this is the direct comparison of calculations based on simulation and measured data. With the example of a sports hall in Munich retrofitting of an originally conventional heating system with a solar system is shown. A conventional heating system will in future only be used as supplementary heating. (BWI).

Two folding and light solar ovens designed and constructed by Solar Box Cookers International (SBCI), Sacramento, U.S.A., have been studied experimentally. Furthermore, their performance is compared with standard two glass solar ovens designed by one of us (S.S.N.), in the climate of Costa Rica. According to our measurements, made with and without load, taken during 30 different days, both cardboard ovens are 15-25% less efficient than the conventional oven and, secondly, the improved SBCI oven is slightly better than the previous SBCI oven. (Author)

A phenomenological neutrino mass matrix is proposed to explain the solar and atmospheric neutrino deficits and to present the neutrino as a candidate of hot dark matter in the 3?L+3?R framework. The realization of mixing angles which can explain the solar and atmospheric neutrino problems is taken as the first criterion in this construction. The differences among neutrino mass eigenvalues are introduced as a perturbation. In this scheme the structure of a charged lepton mass matrix is not severely constrained by the solar and atmospheric neutrino data.   

The North Carolina Solar Center has constructed a comprehensive series of outreach, extension and education programs that are designed to advance the use of solar energy technologies in the state. Since their creation in the late 1980`s, the public and professional response to these programs has been extremely positive as witnessed by high attendance and participation levels. A similar focus on providing solar information, training and technical assistance to the public and key audiences may be a critical component for any state which wishes to move forward the transition to renewable energy resources.

Sub-MeV solar neutrino experiments and long-baseline reactor oscillation experiments toe the cutting edge of neutrino research. The upcoming experiments KamLAND and BOREXINO, currently in their startup and final construction phase respectively, will provide essential information on neutrino properties as well as on solar physics. Future projects, at present under development, will measure the primary solar neutrino fluxes via electron scattering and neutrino capture in real time. High precision data for lepton mixing as well as for stellar evolution theory will become available in the future. This paper aims to give an overview of the upcoming experiments and of the projects under development.

This review covers salt-gradient solar ponds and their applications. It traces the historical development since the physical phenomenon of salt-gradient solar ponds was discovered in 1902. It also discusses considerations such as stability criteria and the establishment and maintenance of the salt gradient. It outlines the basic thermophysical processes and considers the three-ozone configuration of the pond. The paper reviews thermal modeling of solar ponds including analytical and numerical models. It briefly presents construction, operation, end use technology and economics aspects. Note is taken of such innovative concepts as gel or viscosity ponds, membrane ponds and saturated salt ponds.

A solar heat-aided system is investigated, in which CO2 is recycled, with methanol, dimethyl ether, etc., serving as carriers of the solar heat energy. In the evaluation of validity of the system as a whole, the system scale and economy and technologies necessary for the system were studied, which was to find out whether solar methanol production was commercially feasible in the sun belt. It was concluded that solar methanol was capable of competing against LNG (liquefied natural gas) in cost, that Japan was able to establish its own technologies for developing coal gasification solar reactors using overseas technologies for information, and that therefore such a system was technologically and economically valid. In the study of related technologies as is, surveys were conducted on coal gasification, natural gas reforming furnaces, methanol synthesis, dimethyl ether synthesis, light condensing technology, current state and cost of solar reactors, etc. Also investigated were the marketability of solar hybrid fuel, CO2 reduction efficiency, and the construction cost at the assumed site of construction (Australia). (NEDO)

The Sacramento Area Office (SAO) of the Western Area Power Administration (Western) needs to increase the security of operations, to eliminate overcrowding at the current leased location of the existing facilities, to provide for future growth, to improve efficiency, and to reduce operating costs. The proposed action is to construct an approximate 40,000-square foot building and adjacent parking lot with a Solar Powered Electric Vehicle Charging Station installed to promote use of energy efficient transportation. As funding becomes available and technology develops, additional innovative energy-efficient measures will be incorporated into the building. For example the proposed construction of the Solar Powered Electric Vehicle Charging.

Large areas of south facing glass allow winter sunlight to penetrate the building, while overhangs provide summer shading. High ceilings allow deep penetration of this light for space heating and natural lighting. Massive construction stores solar radiation for evening warmth and provides a buffer from extreme temperature fluctuations. Natural ventilation will provide cooling. The system consists of 720 square feet of roof-mounted, liquid, flat plate solar collectors and three 350 gallon fiberglass storage tanks. The acceptance and performance tests are discussed. Also discusseed are: collector selection, construction contract, costs, and economics.

Using a coplanar, end-mounted antenna as a baseline, various configuration trades were performed to select a preferred solid state concept. The increase in efficiency that could be realized by use of multi bandgap solar cells, either with klystron or solid state antenna was evaluated. Satellite configurations were developed to exploit the sandwich antenna concept wherein solar cells are located on one side of the antenna panel and solid state dc/RF converters on the other side. These concepts entailed various primary and secondary reflector arrangements for directing solar energy to the solar cell side of the antenna with higher concentration ratios than used on the coplanar configurations. Operations analysis included development of a satellite construction scenario, a concept for the SCB, a top-level satellite construction operation, construction operation, construction timelines and crew sizes, mass flows to orbit, and a satellite maintenance scenario. The list of materials required for satellite construction was updated to identify significant differences relevant to the solid state satellite concept. Means of decommissioning satellites at the end of their design life were studied.

The thin walls of young black smoker chimneys experience steep physico-chemical gradients during active venting of hydrothermal fluid, and these gradients control trace element precipitation within those walls. Here, we utilise a combination of high sensitivity ICPMS and UV laser ablation (resolution of better than 30 ?m) to demonstrate the existence of non-random V, Ag, In, Te, Ba, Au, Pb and U distributions within the chalcopyrite wall of an immature black smoker chimney. The data are the first of their kind to be produced for black smoker chimney walls. Distributions of In and Te are attributed to preferential incorporation into lattices at elevated temperature. Enrichments of U and V derived from seawater are the product of redox immobilisation on sulphide surfaces. The distributions of Au, Ag, Pb and Ba may be related to interactions at the hydrothermal fluid-seawater mixing front; however, comparison of distribution data with reaction-transport models of chimney walls suggest a possible pH control on precipitation. These data illustrate the power of the LA-ICP-MS method, and such spatially resolved data have the potential to constrain models of element precipitation both in chimneys and in associated mounds.

An analytical study is presented on the thermohydraulic stability of a boiling natural circulation loop with a chimney at low pressure start-up. The effect of flashing induced by the pressure drop in the channel and the chimney due to gravity head on the instability is considered. A method to analyze linear stability is developed, in which a drift-flux model is used. The analytical result of a stability map agrees very well with the experimental one obtained in a previous report. Instability does not occur when the heater power is too low to generate voids in the chimney and only natural circulation of single phase can be induced. Instability tends to occur when boiling occurs only near the chimney exit due to flashing. This instability phenomenon has some similarities with density wave oscillation, such as the phase difference of temperature between the boiling region and non-boiling region, and the oscillation period which is near to the time required for fluid to pass through the chimney. However, there are also some differences from density wave oscillation, such as the boiling region is very short, and pressure fluctuation can affect void fraction fluctuation. (author)

A device based on harnessing concentrated solar power in combination with using thermoacoustic principles has been built, instrumented, and tested. Its acoustic power is generated by solar radiation and is subsequently used to pump heat from external loads. The direct conversion between thermal and mechanical energy without going through any electronic stage makes the mechanism simple. Construction of the solar collector is also rather unsophisticated. It was converted from a 10-ft satellite dish with aluminized Mylar glued on the surface. The thermoacoustic device was mounted on the dish with its engine's hot side positioned near the focus of the parabolic dish, about 1 meter above the center of the dish. A 2-dimensional solar tracking system was built, using two servo motors to position the dish at pre-calculated coordinates. The solar powered thermoacoustic cooler is intended to be used where solar power is abundant and electricity may not be available or reliable. The cooler provides cooling during solar availability. Cooling can be maintained by the latent heat of ice when solar power is unattainable. The device has achieved cooling although compromised by gas leakage and thermal losses and was not able to provide temperatures low enough to freeze water. Improvements of the device are expected through modifications suggested herein.

Besides ordinary hot water systems (HWS) solar drying is one of the most promising areas for solar energy application in the East and Middle European countries. The reason is that there is a large amount of crop to be dried, and it is known that drying is a very big energy consuming process if one wants to achieve a high quality end product. The crops considered to be dried with solar units are grass, alfalfa, grains, tobacco, medicinal plants, etc. To apply for newly designed solar dryers two main approaches can be economically considered. One solution is to construct very simple, very cheap, small-scale rural driers. The other solution is to set up sophisticated large-scale driers, but in that case the solar unit should be integrated into the energy system of the whole farm in order to get a reasonable payback period. An important issue of the application of solar units for drying is to develop appropriate new drying technologies along with the availability and storing possibility of the collected solar energy. At the same time the use of a control system has to be considered also to increase the amount of solar energy by increasing the daily drying period, and finally to get a high quality of drying product. Some case studies of grain and hay driers are discussed in technical details. 4 figs., 5 refs.

Many of the basic elements of passive solar design are reviewed. The unique design constraints presented in passive homes are introduced and many of the salient issues influencing design decisions are described briefly. Passive solar construction is described for each passive system type: direct gain, thermal storage wall, attached sunspace, thermal storage roof, and convective loop. For each system type, important design and construction issues are discussed and case studies illustrating designed and built examples of the system type are presented. Construction details are given and construction and thermal performance information is given for the materials used in collector components, storage components, and control components. Included are glazing materials, framing systems, caulking and sealants, concrete masonry, concrete, brick, shading, reflectors, and insulators. The Load Collector Ratio method for estimating passive system performance is appended, and other analysis methods are briefly summarized. (LEW)

A new preengineered construction and technology of construction of a 280-W photoelectrical station and sealing of silicon solar cells using silicon joint sealants available in the Uzbekistan are described. Methods for assembling accumulators of progressive switching of cells with a capacity of 200 A h and manufacturing a battery charge controller using microprocessors are specified. This photoelectric setup supplies electrical power for the places far from centralized power supplies, among them seismic stations.

Post Construction Activities defines issues to be considered once the project is constructed and occupied. It addresses those elements of the passive solar building that are unique and may require special attention by the occupants. Performance evaluation of the home in terms of energy performance, comfort and occupant satisfaction is also addressed as a means of providing information back to the designer on how well the project is performing.

Education and training of students of architecture, industrial design, planning and environmental sciences in solar energy utilization, as practiced at the University of Calgary, is described. Classes are relatively small, which allows for considerable flexibility in terms of the different modes of instruction. Lectures, case studies, field trips and workshops all have their place, although the most effective and most popular mode of instruction is the hands-on approach in building and installing a solar heating system. During the course, the students build various types of solar cookers and concentrating solar collectors, including air-type and water-type flat plate collectors. Usually one solar component is built by each class, but previous projects are available for examination and monitoring. This paper elaborates upon the pedagogical basis of shop experience for architectural students. In this context it addresses issues related to shop space, materials, construction, installation testing and monitoring, as well as safety and performance of the student-constructed solar systems. 3 refs., 9 figs.

Brothers volcano, of the Kermadec intraoceanic arc, is host to a hydrothermal system unique among seafloor hydrothermal systems known anywhere in the world. It has two distinct vent fields, known as the NW Caldera and Cone sites, whose geology, permeability, vent fluid compositions, mineralogy, and ore-forming conditions are in stark contrast to each other. The NW Caldera site strikes for ?600 m in a SW?NE direction with chimneys occurring over a ?145-m depth interval, between ?1,690 and 1,545 m. At least 100 dead and active sulfide chimney spires occur in this field and are typically 2?3 m in height, with some reaching 6?7 m. Their ages (at time of sampling) fall broadly into three groups: <4, 23, and 35 years old. The chimneys typically occur near the base of individual fault-controlled ...

An efficient gas flue is most important for safety reasons. The aim was to describe problems related to hoods on chimneys and on flues connected to gas-fired boilers with open combustion chambers. Problems identified were a risk that starlings could build nests in chimneys and flues which are built of stone or similar material if no net or grating had been mounted. It was also concluded that extraction systems (including chimneys) which have draught control systems and which extract from gas boilers should be fitted with a cap or cowl in order to give some protection from driving rain and wind influences. Designs for various solutions are described in detail. (AB) (20 refs.)

Brothers volcano, of the Kermadec intraoceanic arc, is host to a hydrothermal system unique among seafloor hydrothermal systems known anywhere in the world. It has two distinct vent fields, known as the NW Caldera and Cone sites, whose geology, permeability, vent fluid compositions, mineralogy, and ore-forming conditions are in stark contrast to each other. The NW Caldera site strikes for ?600?m in a SW?NE direction with chimneys occurring over a ?145-m depth interval, between ?1,690 and 1,545?m. At least 100 dead and active sulfide chimney spires occur in this field and are typically 2?3?m in height, with some reaching 6?7?m. Their ages (at time of sampling) fall broadly into three groups: <4, 23, and 35?years old. The chimneys typically occur near the base of individual fault-controlled ...

A mechanism for hydrocarbon expulsion from low temperature (T = o= Field observations, including measured recharge volumes and the fluid discharge volumes through a chimney from an overpressured zone, have been used to produce a triple porosity, poroelastic fluidisation expulsion model which links the discharge volume to pressure loading. The model predicts that expulsion from an active pressure mound will be cyclic and episodic. Published geochemical results from seismic chimneys in the Lower Congo Basin have been reinterpreted using the model to demonstrate that expulsion through a chimney is episodic, and to identify overpressured zones where the dominant fluid is oil and others where the overpressured zone contains both oil and gas. It is suggested that some of the oil in these overpre...

Sectional drawings facilitate access to the effects of improved gas burners on the removal of flue gases. Details are given on the avoidance of damage caused by deficiencies. Reference is made to the co-ordination of gas applicance/chimney functions, penetration-of-moisture problems, co-operation of experts, new buildings (chimney types), retrofitting measures (supplementary air supplies, contraction of cross sections, alternative flue gas systems), reliability of combustion air supplies (systems not/depending on ambient air supplies, roof supply/exhaust air systems, LAS systems (Luft-Abgas-Schornstein - air/flue gas chimney)) allowing to connect several gas appliances, outer wall connections, and tightly cased gas appliances for systems which are independent of ambient air supplies. (HWJ).

We describe the realization of an apparatus for the continuous measurement of 41Ar released from LENA chimney. The apparatus is sensitive enough to determine activity concentrations as low as 102 Bq m-3. The detector is a 3' x 3' crystal NaI(Tl) scintillator with a 6 % energy resolution placed on the lateral surface of the superior part of the chimney. The pulses produced in the detector by the gamma-rays are amplified and conted by a 1024 channel analyzer. The total efficiency has been determined using a Monte Carlo program. The intrinsic efficiency of the detector has been calculated for a gamma-rays source uniformly distributed on its base surface; the geometric efficiency has been then calculated using a source uniformly distributed in the final cylindrical section of the chimney. The Monte Carlo program has been tested by comparing the intrinsic efficiency calculated for a point source versus energy with data reported in the literature. (orig.)

Background To present the clinical experience of consecutive series with use of balloon-expandable and self-expanding chimney endografts (balloon-expandable covered stent group [BECS] vs self-expanding covered stent group [SECS]) in the endovascular treatment of challenging aortic pathologies requiring renal and/or visceral revascularization. Methods Between January 2009 and May 2011, data for 37 high-risk patients from one center and 35 patients from another institution, with pararenal aortic pathologies treated by the chimney endovascular technique, were prospectively collected. The chimney-graft technique is based on the deployment of a covered or bare-metal stent parallel to the aortic endograft, thereby creating a conduit that runs outside the aortic main endograft, and has been propo...

Given the increases in both the environmental and economic costs of energy, there is a need to design and build more sustainable and low-energy building systems now. Curtain wall assemblies are engineered wall assemblies that are used widely in both high-rise as well as low-rise construction. These assemblies show great promise-with the minimal modification outlined in this paper they can be built better now. Often ignored, spandrel panels that comprise a part of curtain wall assemblies can be natural solar collectors. By using a new, simple, low-cost method such as a solar dynamic buffer zone (SDBZ), solar energy can be efficiently gathered or excluded using the movement of air. Such a method can be used in both retrofit as well as new construction. This paper will introduce and outline a...

A solar housing project of 68 single family dwellings is constructed on the southern slope of a hill in the town of Emmerthal. High thermal insulation, active and passive solar energy use, and a two-stage heat pump process will reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 50 percent as compared to the current standard. All buildings are designed to consume 30 percent less than the heating energy consumption required by the WSVO '95. 60 percent of the hot water will consumed will be heated by solar energy. Consulting and information of the builder-owners as well as quality assurance measures during construction will serve to ensure that these goals are met and will also provide a documentation of the energy balance of the housing project.

The invention deals with the task of designing a solar concentrator the construction of which ensures a reduction of energy losses in sun ray concentration, a higher degree of concentration, extented possibilities for a concentration of several spectral regions of solar radiation and to create the possibility of a simultaneous separate concentration of the different spectral regions on several ray emerging surfaces. This task is solved with a solar concentrator, designed as a prism with surfaces for entry, reflection and emerging of rays. According to the invention a material layer inside which a spatial hologram is created, is put on the entry surface and/or the reflection surface. The hologram on the entry surface allows penentration, on the reflection surface it is a reflection type one, each of them is constructed in a way as to admit radiation under a total reflection angle.

This book presents plans and designs for residential solar heating or cooling systems that use no external mechanical power to move collected solar heat. The proposed designs range in size from 300 to 1,600 square feet and are based on minimal construction time, minimal materials and labor, optimized utilization, and adaptability of space. Topics considered include home ownership economics, site selection and microclimate, codes and regulations, cross ventilation and inductive airflow, basic building materials, the use of waste or salvageable materials, construction procedures, interiors, daylighting, control over noise, indoor air quality, compact homes, midsized homes, multiple homes, ultracompact homes, and survival homes. The passive solar home plans presented are principally designed for the large temperate and cold-climate zones of the continental United States.

Dynamic simulation programes require hourly values of solar radiation and ambient temperature forming large files, which are usually difficult to handle with available personal computers (PC). This report describes stochastic models of these variables which have been constructed to overcome this dif...

The construction and investigation of a laboratory prototype for 3 kW have confirmed the full functionality of the principle of resonance (QRC variant) for solar inverters of this capacity class. On the basis of the results, however, it is proposed not to proceed with the realisation of an industrial inverter prototype at the present. figs., tabs., 2 refs.

below about the 50% level the internal resistance rises so much because of majority carrier ...... resistivity s_licon solar cells in the construction of sz%ellite _olac eel]. --_ pc,war su_[v ...... Once i_ is possible to pin down the energy levels responsible for minori_y ...... position of the Fermi level at the semiconductor surface F ...

High-rack warehouses as a rule are not aesthetically pleasing or interesting. In contrast to this, the planners of a new high-rack warehouse of a Coesfeld textile store chain constructed a building which is transparent and has corrugated solar outer walls.

The energy related portions of an architectural design process for a passive solar heating system that directly incorporated the needs, values, and aspirations of the people who will construct and use the buildings are described. The design process and the documentation and evaluation of the final design are presented. (MHR)

aa -- A basaltic lava with a rough, jagged surface. ... Comets either orbit the Sun or pass through the Solar System on hyperbolic orbital paths . ... In 1758, predicted accurately the return of a comet previously observed in 1531, 1607, 1682. .... gentle slopes constructed of successive nonviscous, mostly basaltic, lava flows.

An extended width parabolic trough solar collector is supported from pylons. Collector is formed from a center module and two wing modules joined together along abutting edges by connecting means. A stressed skin monocoque construction is used for each of the modules.

An extended width parabolic trough solar collector is supported from pylons. Collector is formed from a center module and two wing modules joined together along abutting edges by connecting means. A stressed skin monocoque construction is used for each of the modules.