Assays for the in vitro establishment of Swietenia macrophylla and Cedrela odorata

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Julián Pérez Flores

2012-08-01

starting the explants in culture and neither the activated charcoal nor the AgNO3 alone or combined prevented leaf abscission. The AgNO3 decreased contamination, but also increased leaf abscission. Bud breaks was two-fold higher for nodal explants established in vessels with vented caps than with normal caps. Mahogany nodal explants were easier to surface sterilize and more buds broke from BAP treated explants than Spanish cedar treated explants in the in vitro establishment. Key words: Spanish cedar, Mahogany, Mature plants, Surface sterilization, in vitro response Resumen: La contaminación y la recalcitrancia de tejidos de tallo de Caoba (Swietenia macrophylla King y Cedro español (Cedrela odorata L. son las causas principales de su inefectiva micro-propagación. Los objetivos de la investigación fueron: a evaluar el hipoclorito de sodio (NaClO y una mezcal preservadora de plantas (PPM® como desinfectantes superficiales y/o agregados al medio de cultivo para el establecimiento in vitro de explantes nodales de Caoba y Cedro español de 10 años de edad; b evaluar la respuesta in vitro de tales explantes tratados con N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP (0, 2.2, 4.4, 8.8, 17.7 μM, nitrato de plata (AgNO3 (0, 3 mg l-1, carbón activado (0, 1 g l-1 y tapas porosas. Los experimentos fueron establecidos bajo un diseño completamente al azar. La contaminación se redujo en ambas especies con NaOCl al 15% durante 20 min como desinfección superficial o con PPM® (2 ml l-1 agregado al medio de cultivo. El mayor porcentaje de brotación de explantes se obtuvo con BAP a 17.7 μM en caoba (64% comparado con cedro (25%. Los brotes se defoliaron a los 20 días de cultivo y ni el carbón activado ni el AgNO3, solos o combinados evitaron la defoliación. El AgNO3 disminuyó la contaminación, pero incrementó la defoliación. La brotación fue dos veces mayor en los explantes nodales establecidos en recipientes con tapas porosas que cuando se utilizaron tapas normales. Los explantes nodales

In vitro Propagation of Cedar (Cedrela odorata L.) from Juvenile Shoots Propagación in vitro de Cedro (Cedrela odorata L.) a partir de Brotes Vegetativos Juveniles

OpenAIRE

Rolando García-Gonzáles; Miladys Delgado; Yailín González; Aníbal González; Miguel Garriga; Peter  D.S Caligari; Basilio Carrasco; Karla Quiroz

2011-01-01

Cedrela odorata L. is one of the most important timber species currently traded in the Caribbean and Central America; however, it has been intensively exploited. In vitro techniques and clonal propagation can help to develop new plantations and assist in establishing improvement programs for this species. The aim of this study was to develop a protocol to establish in vitro conditions and to micropropagate this species from nodal explants from juvenile cuttings taken from field trees. Disinfe...

Caracterização da madeira de quatro espécies florestais

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Javan Pereira Motta

2014-12-01

Full Text Available O conhecimento das relações existentes entre a estrutura anatômica da madeira com suas propriedades físicas ou mecânicas é importante para seu uso adequado. Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar a anatomia microscópica e propriedades físicas da madeira de quatro diferentes espécies florestais. A madeira estudada foi proveniente das seguintes espécies: Cedrela fissilis (Cedro, Híbrido clonal Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis (Eucalipto urograndis, Hovenia dulcis (Uva do Japão e Gallesia integrifolia (Pau d'alho. Para a determinação da retratibilidade, utilizou-se a norma MB26/40 da ABNT (1940; as dimensões lineares foram obtidas com palmer, precisão de 0,001mm. O estudo da anatomia da madeira seguiu as recomendações da norma de procedimento em estudos de anatomia de madeira, da COPANT (1974 e também da IAWA (1989. Os caracteres anatômicos avaliados foram: diâmetro tangencial (µm e frequência de vasos (nomm-2; comprimento de fibra (µm, diâmetro de lume (µm e espessura de parede de fibra (µm; altura (µm, largura (µm e frequência de raios (nomm-1. Os valores do coeficiente anisotrópico foram de 1,16; 1,77; 1,81 e 1,84 para a madeira de C. fissilis, H. dulcis, Híbrido clonal e G. integrifolia, respectivamente, demonstrando que a madeira de C. fissilis possui elevada estabilidade dimensional e as demais madeiras, valores aceitáveis para esse coeficiente.

CRECIMIENTO DE Cedrela odorata L. BIOFERTILIZADA CON Rhizophagus intraradices y Azospirillum brasilense EN VIVERO

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Juan F. Aguirre-Medina

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Cedrela odorata L. es una especie que se distingue por la calidad de su madera. El cedro esta - blecido en campo debe adaptarse a cambios en disponibilidad de recursos; la sobrevivivencia es mayor cuando el sistema radical se asocia con microorganismos que mejoran la nutrición y crecimiento. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de Rhizophagus intraradi - ces y Azospirillum brasilense sobre el crecimiento de C. odorata y la capacidad de absorción de nitrógeno (N y fósforo (P. Las semillas de cedro se sembraron en macetas de acuerdo con los siguientes trata - mientos: testigo, fertilización 15 N -15 P -15 K , R. intraradices , A. brasilense , R. intraradices + A. brasilense , y R. intraradices + A. brasilense + fertilización 15 N -15 P -15 K . Las variables morfológicas y fisiológicas de rendimiento y la colonización radical se registraron cada 28 días, y los contenidos de N y P, al final del experimento (140 días. En general, R. intraradices promovió mayor crecimiento vegetal ( P ≤ 0.05 de los componentes morfológicos y fisiológicos del rendimiento. La altura máxima (97 cm se registró en las plantas con R. intraradices + A. brasilense + fertilización 15 N -15 P -15 K , representando 40 % más altura que el testigo. El N y P incrementaron con la inoculación de los microorganismos solos y combinados.

LINEAR MIXED MODEL TO DESCRIBE THE BASAL AREA INCREMENT FOR INDIVUDUAL CEDRO (Cedrela odorata L.TREES IN OCCIDENTAL AMAZON, BRAZIL

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Thiago Augusto da Cunha

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Reliable growth data from trees are important to establish a rational forest management. Characteristics from trees, like the size, crown architecture and competition indices have been used to mathematically describe the increment efficiently when associated with them. However, the precise role of these effects in the growth-modeling destined to tropical trees needs to be further studied. Here it is reconstructed the basal area increment (BAI of individual Cedrela odorata trees, sampled at Amazon forest, to develop a growth- model using potential-predictors like: (1 classical tree size; (2 morphometric data; (3 competition and (4 social position including liana loads. Despite the large variation in tree size and growth, we observed that these kinds of predictor variables described well the BAI in level of individual tree. The fitted mixed model achieve a high efficiency (R2=92.7 % and predicted 3-years BAI over bark for trees of Cedrela odorata ranging from 10 to 110 cm at diameter at breast height. Tree height, steam slenderness and crown formal demonstrated high influence in the BAI growth model and explaining most of the growth variance (Partial R2=87.2%. Competition variables had negative influence on the BAI, however, explained about 7% of the total variation. The introduction of a random parameter on the regressions model (mixed modelprocedure has demonstrated a better significance approach to the data observed and showed more realistic predictions than the fixed model.

Influence of gamma radiation on mechanical and thermal properties of Cedrella fissilis and Ocotea porosa used in works of art

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Severiano, Lucio C.; Bardi, Marcelo A.G.; Machado, Luci D.B.; Lahr, Francisco A.R.

2009-01-01

Woods, as other materials, are susceptible to alterations in their internal structure because of physical, chemical or biological agents. Wood can be considered a natural composite with high strength capacity provided by cellulose and hemicellulose agglutinated by lignin, substances with very distinct structures. In several applications, the use of radiation can be interesting, once it turns wood more resistant to biological demand. The application of gamma radiation in work of arts and archaeological artifacts preservation began in 1970, in France. By other side, no changes in wood properties and no remaining radioactive waste were desirable. Gamma radiation from a cobalt-60 source usually is applied as a tool to the decontamination of insects and microorganisms, as well as to provide resins cure in impregnated wood. In this way, the aim of this paper is to evaluate gamma radiation effects on some physical, thermal and resistance mechanical of Brazilian wood species used in carving, as Cedro Rosa (Cedrella fissilis) and Imbuia (Ocotea porosa). Gamma radiation process considered different doses (25 kGy, 50 kGy and 100 kGy). Results showed that no gamma radiation influences were detected in the studied wood properties in the dose range applied. This is a relevant conclusion that will improve safety on arts conservation around the world. (author)

Influence of gamma radiation on mechanical and thermal properties of Cedrella fissilis and Ocotea porosa used in works of art

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Severiano, Lucio C.; Bardi, Marcelo A.G.; Machado, Luci D.B. [Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN/SP), Sao Paulo, SP (Brazil)], e-mail: lucioseveriano@usp.br; Lahr, Francisco A.R. [Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Carlos, SP (Brazil). Escola de Engenharia. Dept. de Engenharia de Estruturas de Madeira

2009-07-01

Woods, as other materials, are susceptible to alterations in their internal structure because of physical, chemical or biological agents. Wood can be considered a natural composite with high strength capacity provided by cellulose and hemicellulose agglutinated by lignin, substances with very distinct structures. In several applications, the use of radiation can be interesting, once it turns wood more resistant to biological demand. The application of gamma radiation in work of arts and archaeological artifacts preservation began in 1970, in France. By other side, no changes in wood properties and no remaining radioactive waste were desirable. Gamma radiation from a cobalt-60 source usually is applied as a tool to the decontamination of insects and microorganisms, as well as to provide resins cure in impregnated wood. In this way, the aim of this paper is to evaluate gamma radiation effects on some physical, thermal and resistance mechanical of Brazilian wood species used in carving, as Cedro Rosa (Cedrella fissilis) and Imbuia (Ocotea porosa). Gamma radiation process considered different doses (25 kGy, 50 kGy and 100 kGy). Results showed that no gamma radiation influences were detected in the studied wood properties in the dose range applied. This is a relevant conclusion that will improve safety on arts conservation around the world. (author)

Luz, substrato e temperatura na germinação de sementes de cedro-vermelho Light, substrate and temperature in the germination of seeds of Cedrela odorata

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Marco Antônio Amaral Passos

2008-02-01

Full Text Available O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o tipo de substrato, a temperatura e os regimes de luz mais adequados à germinação de sementes de Cedrela odorata L. O delineamento experimental adotado, em todos os ensaios, foi o inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições de 25 sementes cada. As temperaturas constantes de 25 e 30ºC, a temperatura alternada de 20-30ºC e os substratos pó de coco e areia são as melhores condições para a germinação das sementes de C. odorata. A germinação das sementes da espécie estudada não se mostrou sensível aos diferentes regimes de luz aplicados.This work aimed to evaluate the kind of substrate, and temperature and light conditions more suitable for seed germination of Cedrela odorata L. The experimental design adopted in all experiments was the completely randomized design with four repetitions of twenty-five seeds each. The constant temperatures (25 and 30ºC, the alternated temperature (20-30ºC, and the coconut fiber and sand substrates are the better conditions for seed germination of C. odorata. Seed germination of the studied specie showed no sensitiveness to the different levels of light applied.

GROWTH AND NUTRITIONAL ANALYSIS OF TREE SPECIES IN CONTAMINATED SUBSTRATE BY LEACHABLE HERBICIDES

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Rebecca de Araújo Fiore

Full Text Available ABSTRACT Ecosystems contamination by residues of pesticides requires special attention to the herbicides subject to leaching. The objective was to select tree species to rhizodegradation contaminated by residues of 2,4-D and atrazine and to recompose riparian areas to agricultural fields, then reducing the risk of contamination of water courses. A total of 36 treatments consisted of the combinations of forest species were evaluated [Inga marginata (Inga, Schizolobium parahyba (guapuruvu, Handroanthus serratifolius (ipê amarelo, Jacaranda puberula (carobinha, Cedrela fissilis (cedro, Calophyllum brasiliensis (landin, Psidium mirsinoides (goiabinha, Tibouchina glandulosa (quaresmeira, Caesalpinia férrea (pau-ferro, Caesalpinia pluviosa (sibipiruna, Terminalia argêntea (capitão and Schinopsis brasiliensis (braúna] and three solutions simulating leachate compound (atrazine, 2,4-D and water - control, with four replicates each. The characteristics measured were plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area and dry biomass, and foliar nutrition. Forest species survived the herbicide application, and most showed an increase in macronutrients even under an herbicide application, and the Inga had the highest tolerance regarding growth analysis. It is recommended to use species that are more tolerant to Atrazine and 2,4-D in field experiments to confirm previous results of this simulation.

Possibilidade de ganho de fuste em espécies euxilóforas nativas da região central do Rio Grande do Sul

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Rodrigo Mattos Borges de

2003-01-01

Full Text Available The present work was developed to observe and quantify the possibility of stem gain in five native euxylophorous species [Angico (Parapiptadenia rigida, Canjerana (Cabralea canjerana, Cedro (Cedrela fissilis, Grápia (Apuleia leiocarpa, and Louro (Cordia trichotoma] in non managed native forests of São João do Polêsine municipality, state of RS. There were studied 17 temporary plots of 10 x 100 m. In the trees of the five elected species for this study, that presented diameter at breast height (dbh larger than 5 cm, the total height, the commercial height and the potential commercial height of the stems were measured. The stem gain was defined as the difference between the current and potential commercial height, in relation to current commercial height and was expressed in percentage. The average percentile of shaft gain for all the species was larger than 70%, while Louro showed a stem gain significantly smaller than the other species. By a regression analysis (stepwise procedure, mathematical models were selected to describe the stem gain of each species and all the species together. The results showed that there is a potenctial for value adding to the native forest formations of the area, not yet explored by silviculture practices.

POSSIBILITY OF STEM GAIN OF NATIVE EUXYLOPHOROUS SPECIES FROM THE CENTRAL REGION OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL

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Rodrigo Borges de Mattos

2010-08-01

Full Text Available The present work was developed to observe and quantify the possibility of stem gain in five native euxylophorous species [Angico (Parapiptadenia rigida, Canjerana (Cabralea canjerana, Cedro (Cedrela fissilis, Grápia (Apuleia leiocarpa, and Louro (Cordia trichotoma] in non managed native forests of São João do Polêsine municipality, state of RS. There were studied 17 temporary plots of 10 x 100 m. In the trees of the five elected species for this study, that presented diameter at breast height (dbh larger than 5 cm, the total height, the commercial height and the potential commercial height of the stems were measured.  The stem gain was defined as the difference between the current and potential commercial height, in relation to current commercial height and was expressed in percentage. The average percentile of shaft gain for all the species was larger than 70%, while Louro showed a stem gain significantly smaller than the other species. By a regression analysis (stepwise procedure, mathematical models were selected to describe the stem gain of each species and all the species together. The results showed that there is a potenctial for value adding to the native forest formations of the area, not yet explored by silviculture practices.

Ensayos de propagación de algunas especies forestales aptas para el manejo de la microcuenca La Lejía, Cundinamarca, Colombia

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Julieth Pérez-Vega

2011-12-01

Full Text Available Propagation trials were conducted on 13 tree spe- cies considered in previous studies as a suitable for rehabilitation of the La Lejiamicrobasin in Cun- dinamarca, Colombia. Studied species were Gua- dua angustifolia (guadua, Trichanthera gigantea (madre de agua, Tabebuia rosea (ocobo, Cordia alliodora (nogal cafetero, Croton spp (drago, Erythrina edulis (balú, Persea americana (agua- cate, Cedrela montana (cedro de altura, Cedrela odorata(cedro rosado, Ficus spp (caucho, Ficus carica (brevo, Psidium guajava (guayaba and So- lanum betaceum (tomate de árbol. In three com- munity nurseries we evaluated the response of seeds, rescued seedlings and hardwood cuttings in five substrate types (i.e. 1. soil, 2. soil and organic fertilizer, 3. soil and rice husk, 4. soil and a mi- crobial mixture, and 5. all types combined. Spe- cies response was measured during three months in terms of germination/survival percentage and changes in leaf number and seedling height. The re- sults showed that survival and growth were signifi- cantly higher in soil and organic fertilizer and soil and rice husk for any propagation type. The best performance was exhibited by Cedrela Montana and Erythrinaedulis. We highlight the importance of community nurseries for successful monitoring and implementation of propagation strategies of valuable tree species for local communities.

Possible Tyromyces fissilis (Basidiomycota, Polyporales) co-infection in a lung transplant recipient

Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

Chrenková, V.; Kolařík, Miroslav; Hubáček, P.

2015-01-01

Roč. 60, č. 1 (2015), s. 33-35 ISSN 0015-5632 Institutional support: RVO:61388971 Keywords : fungal diseases * Tyromyces fissilis * cystic fibrosis Subject RIV: EE - Microbiology, Virology Impact factor: 1.335, year: 2015

Climate and Streamflow Reconstruction on the São Francisco Basin, Brazil, Using Tree-Ring Data

Science.gov (United States)

Pereira, G. D. A.; Barbosa, A. C. M. C.; Granato-Souza, D.; Stahle, D. W.; Torbenson, M.; dos Santos, R. M.; Rodrigues Alves Delfino Barbosa, J. P.

2017-12-01

The São Francisco River crosses the most drought-prone region of Brazil and regional economic dynamics are dependent on the water availability in the basin. The seasonally dry forests are widely distributed in the basin, where Cedrela fissilis Vell (cedro) are frequently found. This semi-arid region provides a favorable setting where the deciduous cedro trees form well-defined semi-ring porous annual rings that can be exactly crossdated and used to build climate sensitive chronologies. Therefore, we have developed chronologies of cedro from seasonally dry forest fragments of three sites located in the middle-sector of the São Francisco River basin and south limit of the Brazilian Drought Polygon. The samples were analyzed according to standard procedures: sample preparation, ring count, crossdating and measurement of the tree rings. Dating quality was tested using the computer program COFECHA and ring-width time series where detrended and standardized to produce the final index chronology using the ARSTAN program. The results show that crossdating within and among trees from different sites demonstrate the potential to expand the spatial sampling. The tree-ring chronologies are sensitive with wet season precipitation totals (October - March), and can explain approximately 40% of the variance (1961-2015). Significant correlation was also observed with total annual discharge of the Rio São Francisco River measured at Barra (r=0.48; 1961-2015). However, the correlation disapears after 1993 (r=0.64 for 1961-1993, but r=-0.004 for 1994-2015) and we suspect that the stream gage at Barra has been impacted by human activity. Tree-ring chronologies can provide important information on climate and streamflow variability of São Francisco River, where hydrological records are often short and discontinuous. This chronology is now being extended with 150-yr old trees from the region and may be used to reconstruct climate and streamflow records back to the pre

Evolução do uso e valorização das espécies madeiráveis da Floresta Estacional Decidual do Alto-Uruguai, SC

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Ademir Roberto Ruschel

2003-01-01

Full Text Available Species identification and their market value and price evolution since the colonization time of the remnants of the Brazilian Semi-Evergreen Forest (Floresta Estacional Decidual do Rio Uruguai for potential timber production was assessed through 41 questionnaires, applied to timbermen and settlers from the surrounding region. The diversity of species for timber production commonly known by the people reached 63. From the 15 predominant species is relevant to mention Apuleia leiocarpa, Parapiptadenia rigida, Balfourodendron riedelianum, Nectandra megapotamica, Patagonula americana, Luehea divaricata, Cedrela fissilis, Ocotea diospyrifolia, Holocalyx balansae, Myrocarpus frondosus, Cabralea canjerana and Peltophorum dubium. The species with the highest commercial value were: Cordia trichotoma, Cedrela fissilis, Myrocarpus frondosus and Balfourodendron riedelianum. Data from the interviews suggest that several species from the Lauraceae family and Schefflera morototoni, Aralia warmingiana, Machaerium stipitatum, Chrysophyllum marginatum had an increment in use and commercial value during the last 15 years. Changing in the commercial value of a species was pointed out as due not only to the timber quality but also to the amount of the timber availability. Overall, it was detected that the species values changed across time and that the timber industry found several ways to adapt to the demands of forest products.

STUDY OF THE ARBORIZATION AND GREEN AREAS OF THE CAMPUS II OF THE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF GOIÁS, BRAZIL ESTUDO DA ARBORIZAÇÃO E DAS ÁREAS VERDES DO CAMPUS II DA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE GOIÁS

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Márcia Yuriko Hashimoto

2007-09-01

Full Text Available

Continuing the study of the green areas of the Campus II of the Federal University of Goiás it was developed a research in order to check the situation of the arborization at Campus. The sites of the present study consisted of spaces among buildings, streets, places, parking places and a little wood. A scale of 1:5000 was used to localize them in an aerophotogramatic plant The plants were located and identified. The native species are remainders of the semideciduous forest occurring in the locality, e. g. Apuleia molaris Spruce (garapa, Anadenanthera peregrina L. (angico, Cedrela fissilis Vel. (cedro and Tabebuia serratifolia (Vahl. Nichols. (ipê amarelo and many other species. Spathodea campanulata Beauv. (espatódea, Delonix regia Rafin (flamboyant, Pachira aquatica Aublet. (munguba, Caesalpinia echinata Lan. (pau-brasil and Syagrus oleracea (Mat. Becc. (guariroba are some of the exotic species from other states and from the flora of Goiás. The totality of 1,389 individuals were distributed among 43 families and 84 genres. The study showed that some species have not been planted in adequate localities because of the high tonnage, root system and falling of the leaves. This investigation will permit an amplification, improvement of the arborization and recomposition of the green areas of Campus II. It will also contribute to future landscaping projects.

Em continuidade ao estudo das áreas verdes do Campus II da UFG, desenvolveu-se um trabalho para verificar a situação da arborização localizada no referido Campus. O local para o estudo da vegetação consistiu nos espaços entre prédios, sistema viário, praças, estacionamentos e mini-bosque e para a localização dos mesmos usou-se uma planta aerofotogram

POSSIBILIDADE DE GANHO DE FUSTE EM ESPÉCIES EUXILÓFORAS NATIVAS DA REGIÃO CENTRAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL

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Alessandro Dal’Col Lúcio

2003-09-01

Full Text Available O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o intuito de observar e quantificar a possibilidade de ganho de fuste em cinco espécies euxilóforas (Angico (Parapiptadenia rigida, Canjerana (Cabralea canjerana, Cedro (Cedrela fissilis, Grápia (Apuleia leiocarpa, e Louro (Cordia trichotoma em matas nativas, não-manejadas, de São João do Polêsine, RS. Foram levantadas 17 parcelas temporárias de 10 x 100 m nas matas nativas do município. Nas árvores das cinco espécies eleitas para este estudo, que apresentavam diâmetro à altura do peito (dap superior a 5 cm, foram medidas a altura total, a altura comercial atual e a altura comercial potencial dos troncos. O ganho de fuste foi definido como a diferença entre a altura comercial atual e potencial, em relação à altura comercial atual e expresso em porcentagem. O percentual médio de ganho de fuste para todas as espécies em conjunto foi superior a 70%. O Louro mostrou um ganho de fuste significativamente menor que as demais espécies. Mediante a análise de regressão (stepwise, selecionou-se modelos matemáticos que melhor descrevem o ganho de fuste de cada espécie e das espécies em conjunto. Os resultados mostraram que existe um potencial para o aumento do valor das formações florestais nativas da região, ainda não-explorado por ações silviculturais.

Mercado de madeiras tropicais: substituição na demanda de exportação Tropical sawnwood market: substitution export demand

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Alexandre Nascimento de Almeida

2010-03-01

Full Text Available Neste trabalho foi abordado o grau de substituição de seis espécies da Amazônia no mercado internacional de madeira serrada. Utilizou-se como base metodológica o modelo de elasticidade de substituição. Os dados usados no modelo são mensais e foram coletados na Secretaria de Comércio Exterior do Brasil (SECEX para o período de janeiro de 1996 a setembro de 2007. As espécies analisadas foram: mogno (Swietenia macrophylla, cedro (Cedrela spp., virola (Virola surinamensis, louro (Nectandra spp. e Ocotea spp., angico (Anadenanthera spp. e ipê (Tabebuia spp.. As elasticidades estimadas indicaram que todas as espécies são boas substitutas ao mogno. Para as espécies que possuem características físicas diferentes, pode-se inferir que fatores de mercado relacionados à garantia de fornecimento do mogno influenciaram os resultados encontrados. Em geral, os resultados sugeriram uma semelhança entre as espécies consideradas nobres (mogno, ipê e cedro para o mercado internacional, indicando-as como boas substitutas entre si.This work analyzed the level of substitution of six Amazonian species on the international sawnwood market, by employing the substitution elasticity model. Data supplied by the Brazilian Department of Foreign Trade (SECEX was collected monthly from January/1996 to September/2007. The species analyzed were: mogno (Swietenia macrophylla, cedro (Cedrela spp., virola (Virola surinamensis, louro (Nectandra spp. e Ocotea spp., angico (Anadenanthera spp. e ipê (Tabebuia spp.. The elasticities indicated that all of the species as substitutes for mogno. For the species which possess different physical characteristics, market factors probably related to the supply guarantee of mogno have influenced these results. In general, the results suggested a similarity among the species considered noble (mogno, ipê and cedro on the international market indicating them as good substitutes among themselves.

RESISTANCE TO THE ATTACK OF DRY-WOOD TERMITES (Cryptotermes brevis) OF SIX WOOD SPECIES

OpenAIRE

Fabrício Gomes Gonçalves; José Tarcísio da Silva Oliveira

2006-01-01

The dry wood termites are one of the largest causes of damages in wood used in Brazil. This work analyzed the attackof the Cryptotermes brevis in six commercials wood species in the north of the Rio de Janeiro and south of the Espírito Santo. The testobserved the number of holes, the percentage of died individuals and the damage of the pieces. When compared to the Pinus sp(reference), the species with less susceptibility to the attack were Cedrela fissilis, Cariocar brasiliense and Goupia gla...

Perros ferales en la isla de Cedros, Baja California, México: una posible amenaza para los pinnípedos Feral dogs at Isla de Cedros, Baja California, Mexico: a possible threat for pinnipeds

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María Concepción García-Aguilar

2012-09-01

Full Text Available La presencia de perros ferales (Canis lupus familiaris en la isla de Cedros, Baja California, México, fue documentada hace más de 15 años. En el verano de 2009 e invierno 2009/2010, se realizaron 2 campañas de muestreo en la costa noreste de la isla para evaluar los hábitos alimentarios de los perros en las cercanías de las zonas de reproducción y descanso del lobo marino de California (Zalophus californianus y del elefante marino del norte (Mirounga angustirostris. Los mamíferos constituyeron el grupo consumido más importante en la alimentación de los perros (85.4%. Los resultados de este estudio muestran que en la costa noreste de la isla de Cedros los perros se alimentan de pinnípedos: el elefante marino fue la especie que más se consumió, con el mayor porcentaje en ambas temporadas (43.3% en verano y 51.9% en invierno; el lobo marino, fue la segunda durante el verano (23.3%, aunque su porcentaje disminuyó en el invierno (5.8%. Además del potencial impacto que el consumo por los perros pueda tener sobre las poblaciones de los pinnípedos, una amenaza adicional es la posible transmisión de los patógenos caninos, con serias consecuencias epizoóticas.The presence of feral dogs (Canis lupus familiaris in Isla de Cedros, Baja California, Mexico, has been documented for over 15 years. In the summer of2009 and the winter of 2009/2010, 2 sampling surveys were conducted in the northeast coastal portion of the island to assess the diet of feral dogs in the vicinity of hauled out California sea lions (Zalophus californianus and northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris. Mammals were the most important prey group in the diet of dogs (85.4%. Our results show that in the northeast coast of Isla de Cedros, feral dogs feed on pinnipeds: the elephant seal was the most important prey in both seasons (43.3% in summer and 51.9% in winter, followed by the sea lion as the second most important prey during the summer (23.3%, while its

Quantitative features of Cedrela odorata L. wood (Meliaceae)

OpenAIRE

Luchi, Agnes E.

2011-01-01

Cedrela odorata L. (Meliaceae) occurs in the Atlantic forest, Amazon rain forest, riparian forest of the country, and wetlands, which demand species adapted to their water conditions. Studies in ecological wood anatomy demonstrated that weather factors' variations have direct influence on the wood anatomical structure and that the fragmentation of the natural habitats is a direct cause of the edge effect which alters the abiotic aspects of the location, interfering consequently in its vegetat...

A semi-empirical model for predicting crown diameter of cedrela ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

A semi-empirical model relating age and breast height has been developed to predict individual tree crown diameter for Cedrela odorata (L) plantation in the moist evergreen forest zones of Ghana. The model was based on field records of 269 trees, and could determine the crown cover dynamics, forecast time of canopy ...

Veracruz, México

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E. López-Sánchez

2007-01-01

Full Text Available El presente trabajo establece las bases para la instrumentación de plantaciones forestales comerciales (PFC por medio de sistemas agroforestales (SAF como alternativa para un sistema de producción sustentable. Propone los estándares para el diseño, establecimiento y manejo de los principales sistemas agroforestales con referencia a la región de Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, que incluyen dentro de sus componentes arbóreos cedro rojo (Cedrela odorata L., cedro nogal (Juglans pyriformis Liebm. y primavera (Roseodendron donnell-smithii (Rose Miranda en combinación con maíz, cacahuate y café, los principales cultivos agrícolas de la región. El desarrollo actual de las plantaciones forestales comerciales y la experiencia desarrollada determina las combinaciones agroforestales como una opción técnica viable. La evaluación financiera de los SAF muestra ganancias tres y cinco veces mayores del cedro rojo sobre la primavera ($1’600,000.00 vs $500,000.00 y sobre el cedro nogal ($1’600,000.00 vs $300,000.00 respectivamente; los indicadores financieros TIR, VAN y R B/C respaldan estos dividendos. La rentabilidad de los cultivos agrícolas en un periodo similar al de las plantaciones agroforestales arrojan cifras negativas; el establecimiento conjunto de las especies agrícolas y forestales produce una sinergia positiva financiera.

Valoración de métodos convencionales y no convencionales para el control del taladrador de las meliáceas en América

OpenAIRE

Ruiz, Bayron Alexander; Tamayo, Juan Carlos; Martínez, Melida; Medina, Henry Hernán; Salcedo, Eduardo; Hernández, Efrén; Palacios, Carlos Alexis; Silva, José Antonio; González, Ricardo

2016-01-01

En el presente artículo de revisión se hace una recapitulación de investigaciones recientes que se han realizado con el propósito de disminuir el efecto negativo producido por los insectos Hypsipyla grandella e Hypsipyla robusta (taladrador de los brotes tiernos) en plántulas pertenecientes a la familia de las meliáceas, destacando la caoba (Swietenia macrophylla) y el cedro (Cedrela odorata), consideradas de suma importancia comercial por su estructura y calidad de la madera en la industria ...

In vitro rhizogenesis: histoanatomy of Cedrela odorata (Meliaceae microcuttings

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Liliana Millán-Orozco

2011-03-01

Full Text Available Cedrela odorata (Meliaceae is considered as one of the most valuable forest tree in the tropics. Clonal propagation of this species provide an alternative method to propagate superior genotypes, being the production of good quality adventitious roots one of the most important steps in micropropagation techniques. The sequence of anatomical changes that takes place during the formation of adventitious roots in shoots of Cedrela odorata cultured in vitro is described in this study. Eigth-week-old shoots, from multiplication cultures, were rooted in Murashige and Skoog´s medium (1962 with half- strength macronutrients and with 0 or 1mg/l indole-3-butyric acid (IBA. Between 12 and 24h after the start of rooting, some cambium, phloem and interfascicular parenchyma cells became dense cytoplasm, nuclei with prominent nucleoli and the first cell divisions were observed, especially in shoots treated with auxin (dedifferentiation phase. After 3-4 days, the number of dedifferentiated cells and mitotic divisions increased considerably, and the formation of groups of some 30-40 meristematic cells (meristemoids was observed (induction phase. The first primordial roots developed from the 4th-5th day. The vascular tissues of these primordia connected to those of the explant, and roots began to emerge from the base by day 6. Development of the primordial roots was similar in the control shoots and shoots treated with 1mg/l IBA, although there were more roots per explant in the latter. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (1: 447-453. Epub 2011 March 01.Cedrela odorata (Meliaceae es una especie tropical de gran valor económico. La propagación in vitro de esta especie ofrece una vía alternativa para la clonación de genotipos superiores, siendo la formación de un buen sistema radical uno de los pasos claves en la micropropagación. En este trabajo analizamos la secuencia de cambios anatómicos que tienen lugar durante la formación de raíces adventicias en microestaquillas

Evolução do uso e valorização das espécies madeiráveis da Floresta Estacional Decidual do Alto-Uruguai, SC.

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Ademir Roberto Ruschel

2010-08-01

Full Text Available Com base nas informações coletadas em 41 entrevistas feitas junto a madeireiros, ex-madeireiros e colonizadores, determinou-se quais as espécies potencialmente madeiráveis, o valor de uso e a valorização econômica das espécies madeiráveis para os remanescentes da Floresta Estacional Decidual na região do Alto--Uruguai, SC, desde o início da colonização daquela região. A diversidade de espécies florestais de uso madeirável conhecida popularmente na região foi de 63 espécies. Contudo, em termos de dominância esse grupo reduz-se a 15 espécies. A maior dominância foi observada para as espécies Apuleia leiocarpa, Parapiptadenia rigida, Balfourodendron riedelianum, Nectandra megapotamica, Patagonula americana, Luehea divaricata, Cedrela fissilis, Ocotea diospyrifolia, Holocalyx balansae, Myrocarpus frondosus, Cabralea canjerana e Peltophorum dubium. As espécies de maior valor comercial foram Cordia trichotoma, Cedrela fissilis, Myrocarpus frondosus e Balfourodendron riedelianum. Já Schefflera morototoni, Aralia warmingiana, Machaerium stipitatum, Chrysophyllum marginatum e várias espécies da família Lauraceae apresentaram, no decorrer do tempo, incremento no uso e na comercialização. O valor de uma espécie é condicionado tanto pela qualidade quanto pela quantidade ofertada. Em geral, verificou-se uma evolução no valor das espécies bem como na indústria madeireira que utilizou várias maneiras para se adaptar às demandas desses produtos florestais.

Avaliação do desenvolvimento de mudas nativas em uma área paludosa, no município de Inconfidentes, MG

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Bruna Mélega Sarmento

2013-09-01

Full Text Available O presente trabalho trata-se da avaliação inicial do desenvolvimento de cem mudas nativas, durante onze meses, plantadas numa área paludosa na fazenda experimental da Escola Agrotécnica Federal de Inconfidentes – EAFI , Inconfidentes, MG. As dez espécies nativas escolhidas para o plantio foram Nectandra nitidula (canelinha, Croton urucurana (sangra-d’água, Inga vera (ingá, Triplaris americana (pau-formiga, Alchornea glandulosa (tapiá, Erythrina falcata (moxoco, Cordia ecalyculata (café-de-bugre, Cedrela odorata (cedro-do-brejo, Acacia polyphylla (monjoleiro e Citronella gongonha (laranjeira-do-brejo. Foram plantadas dez mudas de cada espécie, no espaçamento de 1,5 x 2,0 m em setembro do ano de 2007. Foram feitas avaliações mensais até o mês de julho do ano de 2008. Os parâmetros utilizados nas avaliações foram: Altura (H, Diâmetro à Altura do Solo (DAS e Diâmetro de Copa. Nas onze avaliações, esses parâmetros mostraram que as espécies apresentaram diferentes ritmos de desenvolvimento, em função da área ser permanentemente encharcada. As espécies que se destacaram em Altura, DAS e Diâmetro de Copa foram Citronella gongonha (laranjeira-do-brejo e Cedrela odorata (cedro-do-brejo, significando que essas espécies são as mais propícias para o ambiente paludoso

Áreas prioritárias na Amazônia para conservação dos recursos genéticos de espécies florestais nativas: fase preliminar Priority areas for genetic resources conservation of native Forest Species: preliminary phase

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Angela Maria Conte Leite

1993-07-01

Full Text Available O CENARGEN/EMBRAPA está realizando a prospecção das áreas prioritárias para a conservação in situ dos recursos genéticos de espécies com importância sócio-econômica para cada bioma existente no Brasil, buscando a conservação da variabilidade genética das mesmas. Para a prospecção da floresta tropical úmida amazônica, inicialmente foram feitos levantamentos de herbários nacionais bem como de literatura, para tentar definir os padrões de distribuição geográfica de algumas espécies prioritárias da região. A ocorrência das mesmas foi correlacionada com solos, clima, vegetação e com a existência de unidades de conservação na Amazônia, no intuito de se propor as áreas mais adequadas para a implantação de reservas genéticas (conservação in situ e de bancos de germoplasma (conservação ex situ à campo. As espécies relatadas no presente trabalho são Aniba rosaeodora Ducke (pau-rosa, Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K. (castanha-do-Pará, Carapa quianensis Aubl. (andiroba, Cedrela fissilis Veil, e C. odorata L. (cedros, Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. e C. multijuga Hayne (copaibas, Cordia goeldiana Huber (freijó, Jacaranda copaia (Aubl. D. Dom (pará-pará, Simaruba amara Aubl. e Virola sebifera Aubl. e V. surinamensis Warb. (ucuúbas e Voucapoua americana Aubl. e V. pallidor Ducke (acapús. Trabalhos posteriores com as mesmas incluirão a corroboração à campo dos dados obtidos nos herbários e na literatura, bem como estudos a nível de população dentro das áreas selecionadas.CENARGEN/EMBRAPA is investigating priority areas for in situ conservation of genetic resources of socially and economically important species. Herbaria and the literature were consulted to determine the distribution patterns of some tropical rain forest species. Known species distribution were correlated with soils, climate, vegetation types and the existence of conservation units, in order to propose the establishment of genetic reserves for

Identification of Four Wood Species by an Electronic Nose and by LIBS

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Juliana R. Cordeiro

2012-01-01

Full Text Available This paper presents two complementary methods capable of identifying four wood species (Cedrela fissilis, Ocotea porosa, Hymenolobium petraeum, and Aspidosperma subincanum both by their volatile organic compounds and by the presence of 10 chemical elements: Al, B, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Na, and Si. The volatile compounds were detected by an electronic nose formed by an array of three different conductive polymer gas sensors. The elemental determination was made by laser-induced breakdown spectrometry (LIBS. The emissions measured were treated by principal component analysis (PCA. Leave-one-out analysis showed a rate of hits of 100%.

In vitro rhizogenesis: histoanatomy of Cedrela odorata (Meliaceae microcuttings

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Liliana Millán-Orozco

2011-03-01

Full Text Available Cedrela odorata (Meliaceae is considered as one of the most valuable forest tree in the tropics. Clonal propagation of this species provide an alternative method to propagate superior genotypes, being the production of good quality adventitious roots one of the most important steps in micropropagation techniques. The sequence of anatomical changes that takes place during the formation of adventitious roots in shoots of Cedrela odorata cultured in vitro is described in this study. Eigth-week-old shoots, from multiplication cultures, were rooted in Murashige and Skoog´s medium (1962 with half- strength macronutrients and with 0 or 1mg/l indole-3-butyric acid (IBA. Between 12 and 24h after the start of rooting, some cambium, phloem and interfascicular parenchyma cells became dense cytoplasm, nuclei with prominent nucleoli and the first cell divisions were observed, especially in shoots treated with auxin (dedifferentiation phase. After 3-4 days, the number of dedifferentiated cells and mitotic divisions increased considerably, and the formation of groups of some 30-40 meristematic cells (meristemoids was observed (induction phase. The first primordial roots developed from the 4th-5th day. The vascular tissues of these primordia connected to those of the explant, and roots began to emerge from the base by day 6. Development of the primordial roots was similar in the control shoots and shoots treated with 1mg/l IBA, although there were more roots per explant in the latter. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (1: 447-453. Epub 2011 March 01.

Propriedades físicas, químicas e mecânicas da madeira de cedro australiano cultivado em Corupá, SC

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Rosilani Trianoski

2014-12-01

Full Text Available O cedro australiano (Toona ciliata M. Roem é uma espécie de elevado valor comercial, com características similares ao mogno e cedros nativos, que vem se destacando em plantios florestais no Brasil, cuja madeira produzida deve ser alvo de pesquisas tecnológicas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as propriedades físicas, químicas e mecânicas desta espécie em plantio com 18 anos. Foi observada massa específica baixa (0,330 g cm3, estabilidade dimensional média baixa (anisotropia: 2,22, teor de extrativos elevado (10,33% e propriedades mecânicas moderadas: MOR e MOE à flexão: 498 kgf cm-2 e 66.163 kgf cm-2; MOR e MOE à compressão paralela: 258 kgf cm-2 e 100,813 kgf cm-2; cisalhamento: 82 kgf cm-2, e dureza média: 208 kgf.

75 FR 47301 - Cedro Hill Wind LLC; Butler Ridge Wind Energy Center, LLC; High Majestic Wind Energy Center, LLC...

Science.gov (United States)

2010-08-05

...- 000; EG10-34-000; EG10-34-000; EG10-35-000; EG10-36-000; EG10-37-000; EG10-38-000] Cedro Hill Wind LLC; Butler Ridge Wind Energy Center, LLC; High Majestic Wind Energy Center, LLC; Wessington Wind Energy Center, LLC; Juniper Canyon Wind Power LLC; Loraine Windpark Project, LLC; White Oak Energy LLC; Meadow...

RESISTANCE TO THE ATTACK OF DRY-WOOD TERMITES (Cryptotermes brevis OF SIX WOOD SPECIES

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Fabrício Gomes Gonçalves

2006-03-01

Full Text Available The dry wood termites are one of the largest causes of damages in wood used in Brazil. This work analyzed the attackof the Cryptotermes brevis in six commercials wood species in the north of the Rio de Janeiro and south of the Espírito Santo. The testobserved the number of holes, the percentage of died individuals and the damage of the pieces. When compared to the Pinus sp(reference, the species with less susceptibility to the attack were Cedrela fissilis, Cariocar brasiliense and Goupia glabra, that alsopresented the largest percentages of mortality of termites. The Schizolobium parahyba, Toona ciliata and the Tachigalia myrmecophyllawere the species with the highest level of damage.

Conseqüências genéticas da regeneração natural de espécies arbóreas em área antrópica, AC, Brasil Genetic consequences of tree species natural regeneration in an anthropogenic area, Acre State, Brazil

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Karina Martins

2008-09-01

Full Text Available O cedro (Cedrela odorata L. e o ipê-amarelo (Tabebuia serratifolia Nichols. são espécies arbóreas tropicais economicamente valiosas e que têm sido ameaçadas pela exploração madeireira predatória e pela fragmentação florestal. Ambas apresentam dispersão anemocórica e regeneram naturalmente em áreas de pastagem. Esse estudo comparou, para as duas espécies, a diversidade genética de indivíduos estabelecidos em pastagem e em floresta. Trinta indivíduos de ipê-amarelo foram genotipados com cinco locos isoenzimáticos e 54 de cedro, com quatro locos microssatélites. A diversidade genética foi elevada nas duas subpopulações. Para ipê-amarelo, a diversidade genética foi maior na pastagem. Para cedro, observou-se perda de alelos na pastagem (Â = 11,75 alelos/loco em comparação à floresta (Â = 14,50. Além disso, 31% dos alelos de cedro foram exclusivos da floresta. Não houve divergência genética entre as subpopulações de ipê-amarelo, porém, para cedro, houve divergência significativa, embora baixa (2,2%. Os resultados mostraram que, para as duas espécies, a subpopulação da pastagem não passou por um gargalo genético severo. A colonização de áreas antrópicas mostrou-se eficiente, mas há necessidade de fluxo gênico contínuo, por sucessivas gerações, entre as áreas para restabelecer (cedro e manter (ipê os níveis de diversidade genética observados na área de vegetação primária.Spanish cedar (Cedrela odorata L. and Yellow poui (Tabebuia serratifolia Nichols. are economically valuable tropical tree species that have been threatened by predatory logging and by forest fragmentation. Their seeds are wind-dispersed and both the species colonize and grow-up in pastures. This study compared the genetic diversity in a pasture-established population to a forest population. Thirty yellow poui trees were genotyped with five isozyme loci and fifty four spanish cedar trees were genotyped with four microsatellite

Bark essential oil composition of Cedrela tonduzii C. DC. (Meliaceae from Monteverde, Costa Rica

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Hannah M. Eason

2007-11-01

Full Text Available The bark essential oils from two different individuals of Cedrela tonduzii were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS. The chemical compositions of the two oils were qualitatively similar, but showed quantitative differences. One sample had abundant quantities of a -selinene (32% and germacrene-D (17%, while the second sample was rich in a-humulene (34%, β-caryophyllene (13% and germacrene-D (13%.

Evaluation of Cedrela gum as a binder and bioadhesive component in ibuprofen tablet formulations

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Michael Ayodele Odeniyi

2013-03-01

Full Text Available The compressional, mechanical and bioadhesive properties of tablet formulations incorporating a new gum obtained from the incised trunk of the Cedrela odorata tree were evaluated and compared with those containing hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC. Compressional properties were evaluated using Hausner's ratio, Carr's Index, the angle of repose, and Heckel, Kawakita and Gurnham plots. Ibuprofen tablets were prepared using the wet granulation method. Bioadhesive studies were carried out using the rotating cylinder method in either phosphate buffer pH 6.8 or 0.1 M hydrochloric acid media. The gum is a low viscosity polymer (48 cPs, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the presence of a hydroxyl group. Py and Pk values, which are measures of plasticity, showed the gum to be significantly (pPropriedades de compressão, mecânicas e de formulações de comprimidos bioadesivos, que incorporam nova goma de mascar obtidas a partir de incisão de tronco da árvore de Cedrela odorata, foram avaliadas e comparadas com aquelas contendo hidroxipropilmetilcelulose (HPMC. Propriedades de compressão foram avaliadas usando a razão de Hausner, índice de Carr, ângulo de repouso e os gráficos de Heckel, Kawakita e Gurnham. Prepararam-se comprimidos de ibuprofeno utilizando o método de granulação a úmido. Realizaram-se estudos de bioadesividade utilizando o método de cilindro rotativo em tampão fosfato pH 6,8, ou meio ácido com 0,1 M de ácido clorídrico. A goma é um polímero de baixa viscosidade (48 cPs e a espectroscopia no infravermelho por Transformada de Fourier (FTIR revelou a presença de um grupo hidroxila. Valores de Py e Pk, que são medidas de plasticidade, mostraram que a goma é significativamente (p <0,05 mais plástica do que HPMC e que a plasticidade aumenta com a concentração de polímero. Todas as formulações de comprimidos mostraram-se não-friáveis (<1,0% e aquelas contendo a goma apresentaram maior resist

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES ON THE GERMINATION OF SEEDS CEDRELA FISSILIS VELLOZO (MELIACEAE

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R. Marchezan

2017-12-01

Full Text Available The present study was to evaluate the Cedar seed germination and the handling of different substrates to elucidate what is the best condition for the species. The experiment was conducted in the laboratory, without control of incidence of light or temperature, leaving them as much as possible under natural conditions. Treatments consisted of four treatments and four repetitions, each repetition consisted of 10 subrepetitions, totaling 40 units (plastic cups per treatment. Seeds were sown with two seeds per cup. The characteristics evaluated were the percentage of germination and germination speed index (GSI. It is concluded this way that the seeds subjected to the earth and sand worked to conduct tests for germination cedar seeds were those that gave higher percentages of germination and IVG. While the substrates, commercial and land forest were considered unfavorable for conducting germination tests for cedar seeds.

Hydroethanolic extract of the inner stem bark of Cedrela odorata has low toxicity and reduces hyperglycemia induced by an overload of sucrose and glucose.

Science.gov (United States)

Giordani, Morenna Alana; Collicchio, Thiago Carvalho Mamede; Ascêncio, Sergio Donizeti; Martins, Domingos Tabajara de Oliveira; Balogun, Sikiru Olaitan; Bieski, Isanete Geraldini Costa; da Silva, Leilane Aparecida; Colodel, Edson Moleta; de Souza, Roberto Lopes; de Souza, Damiana Luiza Pereira; de França, Suélem Aparecida; Andrade, Claudia Marlise Balbinotti; Kawashita, Nair Honda

2015-03-13

Cedrela odorata L. (Meliaceae) is a native plant of the Amazon region and its inner stem bark is used in the treatment of diabetes in the form of maceration in Brazilian popular medicine. Until now, there is no scientific study on this activity. The present study was aimed at evaluating the anti-hyperglycemic activity, anti-diabetic, toxicity, antioxidant and potential mechanism of action of hydroethanolic extract of the inner stem bark of Cedrela odorata. The inner stem bark extract of Cedrela odorata was prepared by maceration in 70% ethanol for 7 days to obtain hydroethanolic extract of Cedrela odorata (HeECo). The preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed according to procedures described in the literature. Selected secondary metabolites detected were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Acute toxicity of HeECo was investigated in male and female mice with oral administration of graded doses of HeECo from 10 to 5000 mg/kg. Subchronic oral toxicity study was done by oral administration of HeECo (500 mg/kg) and vehicle for 30 days to both sexes of Wistar rats. Clinical observations and toxicological related parameters were determined. Blood was collected for biochemical and hematological analyses, while histological examinations were performed on selected organs. Anti-hiperglycemic and antidiabetic effects were evaluated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In acute evaluation, the animals received pretreatment with 250 and 500 mg/kg of HeECo, before carbohydrate overload. For subchronic effect, the antidiabetic activity of HeECo was evaluated using the same doses for 21 days. At the end of the treatments, the levels of triacylglycerols, malondialdehyde, total antioxidant status, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were evaluated in the plasma. The extract showed low acute toxicity. HeECo exhibited inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and caused a lowering in the peak levels of blood glucose in

Rescate y germinación in vitro de embriones inmaduros de cedro negro (Juglans neotropica Diels

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Oscar Darío Quintero-García

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Embriones inmaduros de cedro negro (Juglans neotropica (Juglandaceae con 16 y 20 semanas de desarrollo fueron removidos asépticamente de los frutos y sembrados durante 60 días en los medios de cultivo MS (Murashige y Skoog, 1962, WPM (Lloyd y McCown, 1980 y DKW (Driver y Kuniyuki, 1984, sin reguladores de crecimiento. Se observó que embriones con 16 semanas de desarrollo no germinaron en los tres medios de cultivo; por el contrario, los embriones con 20 semanas de desarrollo presentaron una germinación de 100%. Se encontró un marcado efecto del medio en el crecimiento de los embriones, siendo el medio MS mejor (P < 0.05 que los medios DKW y WPM, debido a que en él los embriones presentaron mayor altura y proporción tallo/raíz para la obtención de plántulas completas.

Extracción y evaluación de taninos condensados a partir de la corteza de once especies maderables de Costa Rica Extraction and evaluation of condensed tannins from bark of eleven species of trees from Costa Rica

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Jorge Aguilar López

2012-12-01

Full Text Available La naturaleza química de los taninos condensados los convierte en una fuente natural de compuestos orgáni- cos, con una aplicación potencialmente amplia para usos medicinales e industriales. La extracción y análisis de este tipo de metabolitos a partir de la flora de diversas regiones del planeta ha sido el objetivo del estudio de diversos grupos de trabajo, y en este caso se ha querido hacer un aporte al estado del conocimiento actual, realizando un estudio sobre la natu- raleza y la cantidad del tanino condensado que se puede extraer de la corteza de 11 especies arbóreas presentes en Costa Rica: guanacaste (Enterolobium cyclocarpum, alcornoque (Licania arborea, jobo (Spondias mom- bin, pochote (Pachira quinata, níspero (Manilkara chicle, almendro (Andira inermis, roble (Tabebuia rosea, cedro (Cedrela odorata, cenízaro (Samanea saman, pino (Pinus caribaea y ciprés (Cupressus lusitanica. Las muestras de corteza fueron preparadas, secadas y extraídas con etanol. Se analizaron los extractos etanóli- cos para determinar el contenido de taninos condensa- dos a través del número de Stiasny, y se caracterizaron mediante espectroscopía infrarroja (FT-IR. Las especies con mayor proporción de material extraído fueron guanacaste (9.5841% m/m, pochote (15.0066% m/m, pino (19.3400% m/m y ciprés (10.5300% m/m, mientras que los extractos con una mayor proporción de taninos condensados correspondieron a alcornoque (61.9% m/m, jobo (66.1% m/m, pochote (72.8% m/m, níspero (50.5% m/m, cedro (72.7% m/m y pino (70.7% m/m.The chemical nature of condensed tannins offers a natural source of such organic compounds, with potential application to medicinal and industrial uses. The extraction and analysis of this type of metabo- lites from plants of many regions of the world have been the objective of researching groups. In this case, it is desired to contribute to present knowledge, establishing the nature and amounts of condensed tannins extracted

Effect of Household Solid Waste on Initial Growth Performance of Acacia auriculiformis and Cedrela toona in Mycorrhiza Inoculated Soil

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M.M. Abdullah-Al-Mamun

2015-09-01

Full Text Available Solid waste disposal and management became one of the major environmental concerns in Bangladesh. Realising the problem, the present study has been undertaken with a view to find a sound and effective way of bio-degradable solid waste management. The study was carried out in the nursery of Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences at University of Chittagong to determine the effects of solid waste and waste inoculated with mycorrhizal soil on initial growth performance of Acacia auriculiformis and Cedrela toona. Before planting the seedlings, decomposable waste and mycorrhiza inoculated decomposable waste were placed on the planting holes. Physical growth parameters of seedlings (shoot and root length, leaf and branch number, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root and nodulation status and the macro nutrients (N, P and K were recorded after six months of planting. The highest performance of physical parameters was recorded in the soil treated by mycorrhiza inoculated waste. Cedrela toona was represented by maximum nutrients uptake (N-2.60%, P-0.21% and K-2.34% respectively in the soil treated with mycorrhiza. In case of Acacia auriculiformis, N uptake was maximum (3.02% in control while K uptake was highest (1.27% in soil with waste and P (0.18% uptake was highest in the soil treated with mycorrhiza inoculated waste. Highest initial growth performance was revealed by seedlings treated with mycorrhiza inoculated waste. This study suggested to use mycorrhiza and waste for plantation purposes for hygienic disposal of solid waste and to reduce cost of cultivation.

Rescate y germinación in vitro de embriones inmaduros de cedro negro (Juglans neotropica Diels

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Quintero García Oscar Darío

2012-03-01

Full Text Available

Embriones inmaduros de cedro negro (Juglans neotropica (Juglandaceae con 16 y 20 semanas de desarrollo fueron removidos asépticamente de los frutos y sembrados durante 60 días en los medios de culti+o M- (Muras3ige 4 -koog, 99<=, WPM (Blo4d 4 McCoFn, 9980 4 GHW (Gri+er 4 Huni4uki,

Interspecific variation in leaf pigments and nutrients of five tree species from a subtropical forest in southern Brazil

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MÁRCIA BÜNDCHEN

2016-01-01

Full Text Available ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to analyze the seasonal variation in the nutrient and pigment content of leaves from five tree species - of which three are perennial (Cupania vernalis, Matayba elaeagnoides and Nectandra lanceolata and two are deciduous (Cedrela fissilis and Jacaranda micrantha - in an ecotone between a Deciduous Seasonal Forest and a Mixed Ombrophilous Forest in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Leaf samples were collected in the four seasons of the year to determine the content of macronutrients (N, K, P, Mg, Ca, S and photosynthetic pigments (Chla, Chlb, Chltot, Cartot, Chla:Chlb and Cartot:Chltot. The principal component analysis showed that leaf pigments contributed to the formation of the first axis, which explains most of the data variance for all species, while leaf nutrient contribution showed strong interspecific variation. These results demonstrate that the studied species have different strategies for acquisition and use of mineral resources and acclimation to light, which are determinant for them to coexist in the forest environment.

EVALUATION OF COLOR OF THE JUVENILE AND MATURE CEDAR WOOD BY MEANS OF CIEL*a*b* METHOD

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Rafael de Avila Delucis

2014-10-01

Full Text Available The present study aimed to characterize the radial profile of cedar wood (Cedrela fissilis by the colorimetric technique. Three different trees of approximately 100 years old were selected in Canguçu, Rio Grande do Sul. From each felled tree, discs were removed at breast height (1,3 m with a thickness of 20 cm and subsequently samples were segmented in centimeter lengths from pith to bark. The samples were conditioned at equilibrium moisture content of 12%, to carry out the colour evaluation with a portable colorimeter Konica Minolta brand in accordance with the CIEL*a*b* method. To determine the segregation of juvenile and mature woods position was employed the apparent specific gravity to 12% (ρa12% as a parameter. With colorimetric analysis, it was found that the lightness, the green-red coordinate and hue angle presented intimate relation with the transition from juvenile and adult logs. Has a result of blueyellow coordinate and chromaticity showed approximately a linear trend in pith-bark direction.

HPLC mapping of second generation ethanol production with lignocelluloses wastes and diluted sulfuric hydrolysis

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Diogo José Horst

2014-09-01

Full Text Available Wood wastes are potential material for second generation ethanol production within the concept of residual forest bio-refinery. Current paper reports on ethanol production employing an HPLC method for monitoring the chemical content dispersed in the hydrolysate liquor after fermented. The proton-exchange technique was the analytical method employed. Twelve types of wood chips were used as biomass, including Hymenolobium petraeum, Tabebuia cassinoides, Myroxylon peruiferum, Nectandra lanceolata, Ocotea catharinensis, Cedrelinga catenaeformis, Cedrela fissilis Vell, Ocotea porosa, Laurus nobilis, Balfourodendron riedelianum, Pinus Elliotti and Brosimum spp. The influence of diluted sulfuric hydrolysis on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae during the fermentation assay was also investigated. Standard compounds mapped in the analysis comprised fructose, lactic acid, acetic acid, glycerol, glucose and ethanol. The yeast showed ethanol productivity between 0.75 and 1.91 g L-1 h-1, respectively, without the addition of supplementary nutrients or detoxification. The use of these materials for the bioconversion of cellulose into ethanol has been proved. Current analysis contributes towards the production of biofuels by wastes recovery and by process monitoring and optimization.

Classification of CITES-listed and other neotropical Meliaceae wood images using convolutional neural networks.

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Ravindran, Prabu; Costa, Adriana; Soares, Richard; Wiedenhoeft, Alex C

2018-01-01

The current state-of-the-art for field wood identification to combat illegal logging relies on experienced practitioners using hand lenses, specialized identification keys, atlases of woods, and field manuals. Accumulation of this expertise is time-consuming and access to training is relatively rare compared to the international demand for field wood identification. A reliable, consistent and cost effective field screening method is necessary for effective global scale enforcement of international treaties such as the Convention on the International Trade in Endagered Species (CITES) or national laws (e.g. the US Lacey Act) governing timber trade and imports. We present highly effective computer vision classification models, based on deep convolutional neural networks, trained via transfer learning, to identify the woods of 10 neotropical species in the family Meliaceae, including CITES-listed Swietenia macrophylla , Swietenia mahagoni , Cedrela fissilis , and Cedrela odorata . We build and evaluate models to classify the 10 woods at the species and genus levels, with image-level model accuracy ranging from 87.4 to 97.5%, with the strongest performance by the genus-level model. Misclassified images are attributed to classes consistent with traditional wood anatomical results, and our species-level accuracy greatly exceeds the resolution of traditional wood identification. The end-to-end trained image classifiers that we present discriminate the woods based on digital images of the transverse surface of solid wood blocks, which are surfaces and images that can be prepared and captured in the field. Hence this work represents a strong proof-of-concept for using computer vision and convolutional neural networks to develop practical models for field screening timber and wood products to combat illegal logging.

Quantificação e Avaliação das Principais Espécies Florestais Licenciadas no Estado do Acre de 2005 a 2012

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Flávia Alessandra Pinheiro da Rocha Cordeiro e Silva

Full Text Available O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar, identificar e quantificar os 15 principais gêneros e espécies florestais exploradas legalmente no estado do Acre, na Amazônia brasileira, bem como analisar o número de autorizações emitidas para exploração de florestas manejadas, o volume de madeira e a área de manejo licenciada pelo Instituto de Meio Ambiente do Acre de janeiro de 2005 a agosto de 2012. Os dados coletados demonstraram que a área e o volume de madeira licenciados apresentaram um crescimento no período analisado, atingindo o ápice em 2010 e 2011, respectivamente. Os 15 principais gêneros e espécies licenciados foram: cumaru-ferro (Dipteryx spp., garapeira (Apuleia spp., sumaúma (Ceiba spp., açacu (Hura crepitans L., matamatá (Eschweilera spp., jatobá (Hymenaea spp., tauari (Couratari spp., manitê (Brosimun spp., caucho (Castilla ulei Warb., cedro (Cedrela spp., guariúba (Clarisia racemosa Ruiz e Pav., faveira (Parkia spp., copaíba (Copaifera spp., guaribeiro (Phyllocarpus riedelii Tul. e abiurana (Pouteria spp..

PRODUCCIÓN DE MADERA Y CARBONO EN LA REGENERACIÓN DE SISTEMAS AGROFORESTALES EN LA RESERVA INDÍGENA DE TALAMANCA, COSTA RICA

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Wilson A. Calero Borge

2012-02-01

Full Text Available El trabajo se desarrolló en la Reserva Indígena de Talamanca, Costa Rica. Se remidieron 64 parcelas de cacao (C y banano (B, para estimar el almacenamiento y el incremento de madera y carbono de laurel (Cordia alliodora y cedro amargo (Cedrela odorata L. de regeneración natural en estos sistemas agroforestales (SAF. Se realizó inventario de laurel y cedro real y se midieron árboles con d3 4 cm. El volumen comercial (Vc (d 3 45 cm se proyectó con matrices de transición tipo Usher.Los incrementos de madera y carbono se obtuvieron en el períodocomprendido 2001-2005.No hubo diferencias signifi cativas (P<0.05 para la densidad (d y existencias totales de madera (Vt en los SAF, la d es de 52,4 árboles ha-1 en C y 53,8 árboles ha-1 en B, contienen un volumen total de 55,4 m3 ha-1 en C y 52,6 m3 ha-1 en B. Las tasas de fi jación de carbono son de 1,3 y 1,8 t ha-1 año-1 en C y B respectivamente.A cinco años de proyección los C producirán 52,0 (m3 ha-1 y los B 54,2 (m3 ha-1 de Vc con un IPAVc de 4,08 y 4,74 (m3 ha-1 año-1 en C y B respectivamente. Para todos los SAF evaluadosel aprovechamiento de madera será sostenible, con las actuales tasas de aprovechamiento y reclutamiento de individuos. Se recomienda aplicar del modelo propuesto para el diseño ymanejo de SAF.

Antioxidant and Antiglycating Constituents from Leaves of Ziziphus oxyphylla and Cedrela serrata

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Rizwan Ahmad

2016-03-01

Full Text Available Ziziphus oxyphylla and Cedrela Serrata plants have a folkloric use in Pakistan for treatments of different ailments, i.e., Jaundice, Hepatitis, Diabetes, and antimicrobial. Until now, none of the research studies have reported any phytochemical work on leaves of these two plants. This study aimed to isolate and perform phytochemical analysis in order to search for the constituent having the active role in treatment of the aforementioned ailments. A bioassay-guided fractionation and isolation procedure was used to isolate the concerned phytochemicals present in leaf extracts of Z. oxyphylla and C. serrata. The process involved the hyphenated techniques, i.e., Flash Chromatography, Semi-Preparative HPLC/DAD, UPLC/MS, and NMR in order to isolate and elucidate the structure of the phytochemicals. Seven compounds (1–7 were isolated and identified as flavonoids, more in particular glycosides of quercetin and kaempferol. They showed DPPH scavenging activity, compound 3 (isoquercitrin being the most active one with an IC50 of 10.8 µg/mL (positive control quercetin; IC50 3.6 µg/mL. The superoxide-radical scavenging and total antioxidant (ABTS assays indicated IC50 values ranging from 200 to 910 µg/mL and 170 to 320 µg/mL, respectively (positive control quercetin: 374 and 180 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, these compounds had low IC50 values for inhibition of protein glycation (AGEs inhibition, ranging from 530 to 818 µg/mL, comparable to aminoguanidine (510 µg/mL used as a positive control. This study resulted in the identification of seven flavonoid glycosides for the first time from the leaves of Z. oxyphylla and C. serrata with antioxidative and antiglycating activities.

Identification of endangered or threatened Costa Rican tree species by wood anatomy and fluorescence activity.

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Moya, Róger; Wiemann, Michael C; Olivares, Carlos

2013-09-01

A total of 45 native Costa Rican tree species are threatened or in danger of extinction, but the Convention on International Trade Endangered Species (CITES) includes only eight of these in its Appendices. However, the identification of other species based on their wood anatomy is limited. The present study objective was to describe and to compare wood anatomy and fluorescence activity in some endangered or threatened species of Costa Rica. A total of 45 (22 endangered and 23 threatened with extinction) wood samples of these species, from the xylaria of the Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica and the Forest Products Laboratory in Madison, Wisconsin, were examined. Surface fluorescence was positive in eight species, water extract fluorescence was positive in six species and ethanol extract fluorescence was positive in 24 species. Almost all species were diffuse porous except for occasional (Cedrela odorata, C. fissilis, Cordia gerascanthus) or regular (C. salvadorensis and C. tonduzii) semi-ring porosity. A dendritic vessel arrangement was found in Sideroxylon capari, and pores were solitary in Guaiacum sanctum and Vantanea barbourii. Vessel element length was shortest in Guaiacum sanctum and longest in Humiriastrum guianensis, Minquartia guianensis and Vantanea barbourii. Finally, anatomical information and fluorescence activity were utilized to construct an identification key of species, in which fluorescence is a feature used in identification.

Identification of endangered or threatened Costa Rican tree species by wood anatomy and fluorescence activity

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Róger Moya

2013-09-01

Full Text Available A total of 45 native Costa Rican tree species are threatened or in danger of extinction, but the Convention on International Trade Endangered Species (CITES includes only eight of these in its Appendices. However, the identification of other species based on their wood anatomy is limited. The present study objective was to describe and to compare wood anatomy and fluorescence activity in some endangered or threatened species of Costa Rica. A total of 45 (22 endangered and 23 threatened with extinction wood samples of these species, from the xylaria of the Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica and the Forest Products Laboratory in Madison, Wisconsin, were examined. Surface fluorescence was positive in eight species, water extract fluorescence was positive in six species and ethanol extract fluorescence was positive in 24 species. Almost all species were diffuse porous except for occasional (Cedrela odorata, C. fissilis, Cordia gerascanthus or regular (C. salvadorensis and C. tonduzii semi-ring porosity. A dendritic vessel arrangement was found in Sideroxylon capari, and pores were solitary in Guaiacum sanctum and Vantanea barbourii. Vessel element length was shortest in Guaiacum sanctum and longest in Humiriastrum guianensis, Minquartia guianensis and Vantanea barbourii. Finally, anatomical information and fluorescence activity were utilized to construct an identification key of species, in which fluorescence is a feature used in identification.

Pharmacological and Genotoxic Properties of Polyphenolic Extracts of Cedrela odorata L. and Juglans regia L. Barks in Rodents

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Dulce Carolina Almonte-Flores

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Evaluation of the phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of Cedrela odorata L. and Juglans regia L. bark extracts was performed in vitro. Juglans regia showed greater extract concentration and higher antioxidant activity. Hypoglycemic activity in rats was assessed by generating a glucose tolerance curve and determining the area under the curve (AUC. Diabetes was later induced by an injection with streptozotocin (65 mg/kg of b.w. and confirmed after 24 hours. The extract was administered (200 mg/kg b.w. over 10 days, and blood glucose was monitored and compared with a control group. The glucose AUC showed a hypoglycemic effect of J. regia and C. odorata in normal rats. Both extracts reduced hepatic lipid peroxidation in diabetic rats. Polyphenolic extracts reduced cholesterol levels in a hypercholesterolemic mouse model and decreased hepatic lipid peroxidation. Polyphenolic extract doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg b.w. were administered alone or with cyclophosphamide (CPA 50 mg/kg ip, which was used as a positive control. Analyses were performed using leukocytes in a comet assay after 4 and 24 h of treatment. Genotoxic effects were evaluated by the comet assay, which showed that while J. regia extract had no effect, C. odorata extract induced slight damage at 200 mg/kg, with the formation of type 0 and 1 comets.

Effects of donor plant age and explants on in vitro culture of Cedrela montana Moritz ex Turcz

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Sofía Basto

2012-12-01

Full Text Available To evaluate the organogenic potential of Cedrela montana Moritz ex Turcz. Explants from mature (10-20 year-old and juvenile (7-18 month-old trees were collected. The first grouping included buds, leaves, and nodes derived from juvenile basal offshoots and rejuvenated shoots from cuttings. The second, included leaves, petioles, nodes, internodes and nodes of in vitro elongated shoots. The highest organogenic potential was observed in nodes from juvenile trees: 45.8% of explants presented axillary bud elongation, while 56.2% presented rooting in a growth regulator free culture medium. Fifty-one percent of elongated shoots produced adventitious shoots with 0.5 μM NAA and 0.5 μM BA; 30% with 0.5 μM NAA and 1 μM BA; and 30% with 1 μM BA. Twenty percent presented roots with 0.5 μM NAA. Root formation was stimulated in a medium supplemented with activated charcoal (5 gL-1. The acclimatization of eighty percent of plantlets regenerated from nodes, and of 72.5% in vitro generated shoots was successful. On the contrary, mature trees material presented low organogenic response. Axillary bud elongation was recorded just in 10.7% of explants from juvenile shoots and in 6.7% of explants from rejuvenated shoots. The age of donor plant and type of explant affect the organogenic potential of C. montana. This study contributes to the understanding of this species’ response under in vitro conditions.

Cedrela odorata L. PRODUCTION IN A RAW SAWDUST SUBSTRATE IN TECHNICIAN SYSTEM AT TECPAN DE GALEANA, GUERRERO, MEXICO

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José Justo Mateo-Sánchez

2011-01-01

Full Text Available Nursery high quality plants production by using expensive commercial substrates (peat moss, perlite, vermiculite decreases profits; this is the main reason to search alternative production substrates. Pine sawdust is a sub product of forestry industry cheap and available in forest areas. In recent years it has been used as a substrateproviding good results. In this study it was evaluated the effect of different sawdust mixtures on Cedrela odorata L. plant growth in a technician system in forest nursery under shade cloth covered. A completely randomized experimental design was used with eleven substrate components combinations (sawdust + peat moss-perlite-vermiculite mixtures ranging from 0% to 100% each. After three and a half months morphological variables were measured so as some quality indexes in seedlings. The largest diameter was obtained by the mixture of 70% sawdust + 30% peat moss mix-vermiculite-perlite. The highest in height by using the mixture 80% sawdust + 20% peat moss - vermiculite – perlite mixture. The highest leaves dry weight corresponded to 90 % sawdust + 10% peat moss-vermiculite-perlite mixture. However the highest root weight and total dry weight values occurred in 60% sawdust + 40% peat moss – perlite - vermiculite mixture. As for the height-diameter ratio (slenderness index, the best value is obtained a mixture of 80% sawdust + 20% peat moss, perlite, vermiculite. According to Dickson Quality Index (DQI, used to predict the plant field surviving, the highest value was obtained for the 60% sawdust + 40% peat moss-perlite-vermiculite mixture.

Potencialidad de Cedrela odorata (Meliaceae para estudios dendrocronológicos en la selva central del Perú

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Manuel Jesús Pereyra Espinoza

2014-08-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo determinamos el potencial de Cedrela odorata para estudios dendrocronológicos en la Selva Central del Perú. Para ello, analizamos las características anatómicas que definen los anillos de crecimiento, desarrollamos una cronología de ancho de anillos y relacionamos el crecimiento de los árboles con los registros de precipitación. La cronología de ancho de anillos está compuesta por 47 series de 27 árboles y cubre el período 1795-2009. Los anillos están claramente delimitados por porosidad semicircular, asociados a bandas de parénquima marginal y paratraqueal. El crecimiento de los árboles estuvo relacionado con las precipitaciones de la estación lluviosa previa y con las de finales de la estación seca del corriente período de crecimiento. Así mismo, observamos una estrecha relación entre el crecimiento y las precipitaciones totales, considerando el ciclo hidrológico de diciembre a setiembre, para el periodo 1990-2009. Estos resultados indican la influencia de las precipitaciones en el crecimiento radial de C. odorata. La buena discriminación de los anillos anuales, la fuerte relación con la precipitación, el amplio rango de distribución y la longevidad de los árboles, hacen de C. odorata una especie promisoria para estudios dendrocli-matológicos y dendroecológicos en los bosques tropicales y subtropicales de América.

EFEITO RESIDUAL DE INSETICIDAS NATURAIS NO CONTROLE DE SITOPHILUS ZEAMAIS MOTS. EM MILHO ARMAZENADO

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Rodrigo Leandro Braga de Castro Coitinho

2006-01-01

Full Text Available The residual effect of natural insecticides was evaluated on adults of Sitophilus zeamais Mots. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae on stored corn grains. Clove (Syzygium aromaticum L., white pepper (Piper nigrum L., neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss and silica dioxide powders were tested as well as neem, eucalyptus (Eucaliptus globulus Labill and Eucaliptus citriodora Hook., eugenol, andiroba (Carapa guianensis Aubl., rosemary (Lippia gracillis HBK., cedar (Cedrela fissilis Vell. and pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb. oils. Powders were tested at concentration of 1kg/t in 50g-corn-plot and the oils at dosage of 50¿L in 20g-corn-plot. The plots infestation was accomplished using 20 and 8 adults (males and females of S. zeamais being 0 to 15 days old, respectively, in the experiments with powders and oils. Silica dioxide caused 46.7, 38.3 and 37.5% of mortality, respectively, in the initial (soon after the treatment with the powders or oils and at 60 and 120 days of storage periods, but the mortality induced by the other powders was inexpressive. In the three studied storage periods, silica dioxide was the more efficient in reducing adults emergency. At the initial storage period, all the oils caused mortality above 79%, however, after 60 and 120 days, mortality was lower than 2.5%. The adult emergency increased as stored period increased, although at 120 days the best performance was obtained using neem, followed by andiroba, cedar, rosemary and E. globulus oils.

ATIVIDADE INSETICIDA DE ÓLEOS VEGETAIS SOBRE Sitophilus zeamais MOTS. (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE EM MILHO ARMAZENADO

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Rodrigo Leandro Braga de Castro Coitinho

2006-01-01

Full Text Available Oils of andiroba (Carapa guianensis Aubl., copaiba (Copaifera sp., Eucaliptus globulus Labill. and Eucaliptus citriodora Hook., neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss, eugenol, souari nut (Caryocar brasiliense Camb., rosemary (Lippia gracillis HBK., and cedar (Cedrela fissilis Vell. were evaluated in adults of Sitophilus zeamais Mots. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae. In the non-choice test, 20 g of corn grains per plot were treated with 50¿L of each oil and homogenized for two minutes. The plot was infested with eight 0 to 15 days-old S. zeamais adults. The E. globulus, eugenol, rosemary, and neem oils caused 100% mortality in S. zeamais adults. Except for copaiba, all oils caused mortality above 87% and the reduction in emergence of 100%. In the free-choice tests, arenas consisting of two plastic containers symmetrically interconnected to a central box by two plastic tubes were used. Twenty grams of non-treated corn (control were placed in one of the boxes and the same amount of grain treated with 50¿L of each oil comprised the other treatment. Sixteen non-sexed S. zeamais adults (0-15 days old were released in the central box. The rosemary, E. citriodora, eugenol and copaiba oils were the most repellent for S. zeamais adults, with repellence percentage varying from 97.3 to 87.7. Rosemary, andiroba, neem, and cedar reduced S. zeamais emergence in 100%, while the reduction caused by the other oils ranged from 72.7 to 97.9%.

Endosymbiotic copepods may feed on zooxanthellae from their coral host, Pocillopora damicornis

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Cheng, Y.-R.; Dai, C.-F.

2010-03-01

The Xarifiidae is one of the most common families of endosymbiotic copepods that live in close association with scleractinian corals. Previous studies on xarifiids primarily focused on their taxonomy and morphology, while their influence on corals is still unknown. In this study, we collected a total of 1,579 individuals belonging to 6 species of xarifiids from 360 colonies of Pocillopora damicornis at Nanwan Bay, southern Taiwan from July 2007 to May 2008. Furthermore, using optical and electron microscopic observations, we examined the gut contents of Xarifia fissilis, the most abundant species of the Xarifiidae that we collected. We found that the gut of X. fissilis was characterized by a reddish-brown color due to the presence of numerous unicellular algae with diameters of 5-10 μm. TEM observations indicated that the unicellular algae possessed typical characteristics of Symbiodinium including a peripheral chloroplast, stalked pyrenoids, starch sheaths, mesokaryotic nuclei, amphiesmas, an accumulation body, and mitochondria. After starving the isolated X. fissilis in the light and dark (light intensity: 140 μmol photon m-2 s-1; photoperiod: 12 h light/12 h dark) for 2 weeks, fluorescence was clearly visible in its gut and fecal pellets under fluorescent microscopic observations. The cultivation experiment supports the hypothesis that the unicellular algae were beneficial to the survival of X. fissilis under light conditions, possibly through transferring photosynthates to the hosts. These results suggest that X. fissilis may consume and retain unicellular algae for further photosynthesis.

Agrupamento em amostras de sementes de espécies florestais nativas do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - Brasil Cluster in seeds samples of native forest species from the State of Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil

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Fabiano de Oliveira Fortes

2008-09-01

Full Text Available Este trabalho teve como objetivos agrupar por espécie as matrizes de porta-sementes mais similares, utilizando as variáveis observadas em análises de sementes de espécies florestais nativas no Centro de Pesquisas Florestais e Conservação do Solo, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, analisadas a partir de 1997 até março de 2001. Para a análise de agrupamento, foram utilizadas todas as espécies que possuíam quatro ou mais análises de amostras de sementes por lote coletado, pelo método de agrupamento aglomerativo hierárquico tendo a distância euclidiana média padronizada como medida de similaridade. O dendograma foi construído utilizando o método da ligação completa. Utilizou-se também a técnica de componentes principais para a redução do número de variáveis. O gênero Schinus sp. e as espécies nativas Cassia leptophylla Vogel, Peltophorum dubium (Spreng. Taub., Cedrela fissilis Vell., Allophylus edulis (A. St.-Hil., Cambess. & A. Juss. Radlk., Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil., Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell. Morong. e Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel J. F. Macbr. foram as espécies em que, no terceiro e quarto componentes principais, conseguiram explicar aproximadamente 80% da variação existente no conjunto de dados com a umidade e a percentagem de germinação de plântulas anormais, sendo eliminadas na maioria das espécies e as percentagem de germinação de plântulas normais e de sementes mortas presentes em todos os grupos. A análise de agrupamento mostrou-se eficiente na separação dos grupos de todas as espécies testadas sendo que a procedência pouco influenciou na formação dos grupos.This research had the objectives of clustering, the most similar seeds matrixes by species, using the observed variables in analysis of seed samples of native forest species in the Center of Forest Researches and Conservation of the Soil, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, since 1997 up to March 2001. For the cluster analysis, all the

Estimativa das propriedades de flexão estática de seis espécies de madeiras amazônicas por meio da técnica não-destrutiva de ondas de tensão Predicting flexural properties of six Amazonian hardwoods using stress wave nondestructive method

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Cláudio Henrique Soares Del Menezzi

2010-01-01

Full Text Available A utilização de técnicas não-destrutivas (NDT pode incrementar o nível de informação tecnológica sobre espécies de madeira conhecidas, bem como daquelas ainda não estudadas. A principal vantagem das técnicas NDT é que são rápidas e várias medidas podem ser feitas, melhorando assim o nível de confiança dos resultados. Nesse contexto, o trabalho objetivou avaliar a viabilidade de utilização da técnica de ondas de tensão na estimativa de propriedades de flexão de seis espécies de madeiras amazônicas. As espécies foram escolhidas com base na sua densidade: Balfourodendron riedelianum, Cedrela fissilis, Cordia goeldiana, Bowdichia virgilioides, Dipteryx odorata and Tabebuia sp. Foram obtidas vinte amostras por espécie nas dimensões segundo ASTM D143-94 para a determinação das propriedades de flexão, totalizando assim 120 amostras. Antes do ensaio destrutivo em flexão estática, as amostras foram avaliadas não-destrutivamente por meio da técnica de ondas de tensão para a determinação do módulo de elasticidade dinâmico e a velocidade de propagação das ondas tensão. De acordo com os resultados, os modelos de regressão foram altamente significativos para a predição das propriedades de flexão do conjunto de espécies. Dessa forma, pode-se concluir que o método é adequado para predizer as propriedades de flexão onde há variação, por exemplo, entre espécies. No entanto, quando a variabilidade é baixa, como dentro da espécie, os modelos apresentaram baixa previsibilidade.The utilization of non-destructive testing (NDT can augment the technological information about well-known wood species, as well as those which have not yet been investigated. The main advantage is that NDT methods are fast, and many measures can be undertaken to improve the confidence level of the evaluation. In this context, the paper aims to study the feasibility of the stress wave method to estimate flexural properties of six

Development of clonal matrices of australian red cedar in different substrates under fertilizer doses Desenvolvimento de matrizes clonais de cedro Australiano em diferentes substratos sob doses de fertilizantes

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Bruno Peres Benatti

2012-06-01

Full Text Available In order to evaluate fertilizers doses in different substrates for growth and development of clonal matrices of Australian Red Cedar [Toona ciliata var. australis (F. Muell. Bahadur], an experiment was conducted in a greenhouse. Five substrates were evaluate, with proportions by volume, the first consisting of 100% of Multiplant florestal®, the second of 50% vermiculite, 20% carbonized rice hulls, 20% soil and 10% coconut fiber, the third with 50% soil and 50% sand, the fourth was composed by 50% Multiplant florestal®, 10% soil and 40% coconut fiber and the fifth with 65% of Multiplant florestal®, 25% vermiculite and 10% carbonized rice hulls. The fertilizers doses applied were 0.0; 0.3; 0.6; 1.2; 2.4 of fertilization suggested by Malavolta (1980 for vases. The characteristics evaluated were: collar diameter of the matrices, production of dry mater by shoots, root system and total and accumulation of nutrients by shoot at the end of the experimental period of 150 days. The Australian Red Cedar plants have high nutritional requirements, as showed by the better development obtained with higher fertilizer doses than those suggested by Malavolta (1980. The substrate three provided the worst development to clonal matrices while the substrates 1, 4 and 5 provided the best environment for the development considering all the fertilizer doses and all variables.Com o objetivo de avaliar diferentes substratos com taxas de fertilizantes para o crescimento e desenvolvimento de matrizes clonais de cedro australiano [Toona ciliata var. australis (F. Muell. Bahadur], foi realizado um experimento em casa de vegetação. Foram avaliados cinco substratos, com as proporções em volume, sendo o primeiro composto por 100% Multiplant florestal®, o segundo de 50% Vermiculita, 20% casca de arroz carbonizada, 20% terra e 10% fibra de coco, o terceiro com 50% terra e 50% areia, o quarto com proporção de 50% Multiplant florestal®, 10% terra e 40% de fibra de coco e

PLANEACIÓN DE UN SISTEMA SILVOPASTORIL EN LADERA EN HUATUSCO, VERACRUZ APLICANDO EL MÉTODO NEZAHUALCÓYOTL

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L. Quinto

2009-01-01

Full Text Available El estudio describe el diseño e implementación de un módulo silvopastoril en ladera aplicando el método Nezahualcóyotl para establecer el componente arbóreo compuesto por: Swietenia macrophylla King (caoba, Tabebuia rosea (Bertol DC. (roble y Cedrela odorata L. (cedro rojo. El terreno se ubicó en la zona de Huatusco; en él se construyeron a nivel cinco bordos-zanjas, sobre los bordos se plantaron cada 4 m e intercalados, los árboles con dos meses de crecimiento en vivero. A cuatro meses de la plantación la supervivencia fue similar (a=0.05 entre especies y superior a 80 %. El componente ganadero no se implementó en campo sólo se describió su diseño y planeación, este componente consistió de pradera de Brachiaria brizantha y bovinos a media ceba. Se describe el establecimiento de la pradera mediante cultivo de maíz en aparcería. Se identifican los principales rubros de egresos para el establecimiento del módulo silvopastoril aplicando el método Nezahualcóyotl estimando como costo $ 44,347.00 por cada tercio de hectárea. Se concluyó que el método Nezahualcóyotl es una opción para el establecimiento del componente arbóreo de un sistema silvopastoril en terrenos con pendiente.

Current and Future Distribution of the Tropical Tree Cedrela odorata L. in Mexico under Climate Change Scenarios Using MaxLike

Science.gov (United States)

Martínez Meyer, Enrique; Sánchez-Velásquez, Lázaro R.

2016-01-01

Climate change is recognized as an important threat to global biodiversity because it increases the risk of extinction of many species on the planet. Mexico is a megadiverse country and native tree species such as red cedar (Cedrela odorata) can be used to maintain forests while helping mitigate climate change, because it is considered a fast growing pioneer species with great economic potential in the forestry industry. In order to assess possible shifts in areas suitable for C. odorata plantations in Mexico with ecological niche models, we used the MaxLike algorithm, climate variables, the geo-referenced records of this species, three general circulation models and three scenarios of future emissions. Results show a current potential distribution of 573,079 km2 with an average probability of occurrence of 0.93 (± 0.13). The potential distribution area could increase up to 650,356 km2 by 2060 according to the general circulation model HADCM3 B2, with an average probability of occurrence of 0.86 (± 0.14). Finally, we delimited an area of 35,377 km2 that has a high potential for the establishment of C. odorata plantations, by selecting those sites with optimal conditions for its growth that are outside protected areas and are currently devoid of trees. C. odorata has a significant potential to help in the mitigation of the effects of climate change. Using MaxLike we identified extense areas in Mexico suitable to increase carbon sequestration through plantations of this highly valued native tree species. PMID:27732622

Current and Future Distribution of the Tropical Tree Cedrela odorata L. in Mexico under Climate Change Scenarios Using MaxLike.

Science.gov (United States)

Estrada-Contreras, Israel; Equihua, Miguel; Laborde, Javier; Martínez Meyer, Enrique; Sánchez-Velásquez, Lázaro R

2016-01-01

Climate change is recognized as an important threat to global biodiversity because it increases the risk of extinction of many species on the planet. Mexico is a megadiverse country and native tree species such as red cedar (Cedrela odorata) can be used to maintain forests while helping mitigate climate change, because it is considered a fast growing pioneer species with great economic potential in the forestry industry. In order to assess possible shifts in areas suitable for C. odorata plantations in Mexico with ecological niche models, we used the MaxLike algorithm, climate variables, the geo-referenced records of this species, three general circulation models and three scenarios of future emissions. Results show a current potential distribution of 573,079 km2 with an average probability of occurrence of 0.93 (± 0.13). The potential distribution area could increase up to 650,356 km2 by 2060 according to the general circulation model HADCM3 B2, with an average probability of occurrence of 0.86 (± 0.14). Finally, we delimited an area of 35,377 km2 that has a high potential for the establishment of C. odorata plantations, by selecting those sites with optimal conditions for its growth that are outside protected areas and are currently devoid of trees. C. odorata has a significant potential to help in the mitigation of the effects of climate change. Using MaxLike we identified extense areas in Mexico suitable to increase carbon sequestration through plantations of this highly valued native tree species.

Current and Future Distribution of the Tropical Tree Cedrela odorata L. in Mexico under Climate Change Scenarios Using MaxLike.

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Israel Estrada-Contreras

Full Text Available Climate change is recognized as an important threat to global biodiversity because it increases the risk of extinction of many species on the planet. Mexico is a megadiverse country and native tree species such as red cedar (Cedrela odorata can be used to maintain forests while helping mitigate climate change, because it is considered a fast growing pioneer species with great economic potential in the forestry industry. In order to assess possible shifts in areas suitable for C. odorata plantations in Mexico with ecological niche models, we used the MaxLike algorithm, climate variables, the geo-referenced records of this species, three general circulation models and three scenarios of future emissions. Results show a current potential distribution of 573,079 km2 with an average probability of occurrence of 0.93 (± 0.13. The potential distribution area could increase up to 650,356 km2 by 2060 according to the general circulation model HADCM3 B2, with an average probability of occurrence of 0.86 (± 0.14. Finally, we delimited an area of 35,377 km2 that has a high potential for the establishment of C. odorata plantations, by selecting those sites with optimal conditions for its growth that are outside protected areas and are currently devoid of trees. C. odorata has a significant potential to help in the mitigation of the effects of climate change. Using MaxLike we identified extense areas in Mexico suitable to increase carbon sequestration through plantations of this highly valued native tree species.

Chemical and energetic characterization for utilization of thinning and slab wood from Australian red cedar Caracterização química e energética para aproveitamento da madeira de costaneira e desbaste de cedro australiano

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Lina Bufalino

2012-06-01

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This work aimed to quantify and compare chemical and energetic properties of Australian red cedar Toona ciliata MJ Roem var. australis (FV Muell. C. DC wood from thinning and primary sawing for reconstituted panel and energy production; and also to verify the efficiency of extractive removal by water treatments, in order to improve wood quality for particleboard production. Lignin, holocellulose, extractives, ash, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur contents and higher heating value were determined. Two water treatments for extractive removal were performed: immersion in cold water for 24 hours and immersion in boiling water for 2 hours. Lower values of ash, holocellulose, hydrogen and nitrogen contents and higher contents of lignin, total extractives, hydrogen and nitrogen contents were found for wood from primary sawing residues. For other properties, the values were significantly equal. Australian red cedar wood presents high extractive content, being water pre-treatment necessary for the production of some particleboards. Higher heating values of materials indicate potential for energy production.

doi: 10.4336/2012.pfb.32.70.13

O objetivo desse trabalho foi quantificar e comparar as propriedades químicas e energéticas da madeira de cedro australiano Toona ciliata MJ Roem var. australis (FV Muell. C. DC proveniente de desbaste e desdobro para produção de painéis reconstituídos e energia, além de verificar a eficiência da remoção de extrativos por tratamentos em água para viabilizar a produção de painéis de partículas. Os teores de lignina, holocelulose, extrativos totais, cinzas, carbono, hidrogênio, oxigênio, nitrogênio, enxofre e poder calorífico superior foram determinados. Dois tratamentos em água para remoção de extrativos foram realizados nos materiais: imersão em água fria durante 24 horas e em água fervente durante 2 horas. Foram encontrados menores teores de cinzas, holocelulose

Micropropagación de cuatro especies maderables tropicales de interés para Colombia, mediante técnicas de cultivo In vitro

OpenAIRE

Millán Orozco, Liliana

2006-01-01

En esta investigación se puso a punto la técnica de micropropagación en cuatro especies maderables tropicales: Cedrela odorata y Cedrela montana (Meliaceae); Chlorophora tinctoria (Moraceae) y Quercus humboldtii (Fagaceae), incluyendo las etapas de establecimiento, multiplicación y enraizamiento.

LEVANTAMENTO FLORÍSTICO DO ESTRATO ARBÓREO DE TRÊS FRAGMENTOS DE FLORESTA CILIAR COMO SUBSÍDIO À RECOMPOSIÇÃO DA VEGETAÇÃO DO RIO CEDRO, MONTES CLAROS – MG

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Maria Clara Oliveira Durães

2014-01-01

Full Text Available The objectives of this study were to know the floristic composition of three fragments of riparian forest from Rio Cedro, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais state and select species to be used in its recomposition. It was done a floristic survey, similarity analysis and sucessional classification of species. We sampled 356 individuals in three fragments, and: 99 at the 1st one, 117 at the 2nd one and 140 at the 3rd one with a total of 53 species, 2 unidentified, 46 genera and 22 families. The majority floristic wealth was found at the 1st fragment: 28 species, then at the 2rd one with 26 last at the 3nd with 25. The families with the highest number of individuals were Fabaceae (111, Malvaceae (50, Arecaceae (45, Anacardiaceae (32. The Fabaceae family showed the greatest number of species represented. By the tests, Sorensen’s similarity rate was obtained for the fragments: 1 and 2, 52.8%, 2 and 3, 40% and 1 and 3 33.3%. The greatest wealth of pioneering species and secondary ones characterize an initial phase of transition from forest pioneering, typical of sucessional medium probation and show characteristics of seasonal decidual forest. The fragments studied are disrupted. In order to the recomposition of the riparian forest, a selection of species to be used in its recomposition and the combination of different ecological groups are proposed.

ALIGNING MICROTOMOGRAPHY ANALYSIS WITH TRADITIONAL ANATOMY FOR A 3D UNDERSTANDING OF THE HOST-PARASITE INTERFACE – PHORADENDRON SPP. CASE STUDY

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Luiza Teixeira-Costa

2016-08-01

Full Text Available The complex endophytic structure formed by parasitic plant species often represents a challenge in the study of the host-parasite interface. Even with the large amounts of anatomical slides, a three-dimensional comprehension of the structure may still be difficult to obtain. In the present study we applied the High Resolution X-ray Computed Tomography (HRXCT analysis along with usual plant anatomy techniques in order to compare the infestation pattern of two mistletoe species of the genus Phoradendron. Additionally, we tested the use of contrasting solutions in order to improve the detection of the parasite’s endophytic tissue. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show the 3-dimensional structure of host-mistletoe interface by using HRXCT technique. Results showed that Phoradendron perrottetii growing on the host Tapirira guianensis forms small woody galls with a restricted endophytic system. The sinkers were short and eventually grouped creating a continuous interface with the host wood. On the other hand, the long sinkers of Phoradendron bathyoryctum penetrate deeply into the wood of Cedrela fissilis branching in all directions throughout the woody gall area, forming a spread-out infestation pattern. The results indicate that the HRXCT is indeed a powerful approach to understand the endophytic system of parasitic plants. The combination of 3-dimensional models of the infestation with anatomical analysis provided a broader understanding of the host-parasite connection. Unique anatomic features are reported for the sinkes of Phoradendron perrottetii, while the endophytic tissue of Phoradendron bathyoryctum conformed to general anatomy observed for other species of this genus. These differences are hypothesised to be related to the 3-dimensional structure of each endophytic system and the communication stablished with the host.

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Juan Valladolid Ontaneda

2017-06-01

Full Text Available El estudio de selección de árboles semilleros se realizó en las comunas Olón, Dos Mangas y Salanguillo del cantón Santa Elena, provincia de Santa Elena, Ecuador. El objetivo del estudio fue, identificar, caracterizar y seleccionar árboles semilleros de especies maderables con buenas características morfológicas, y que permitan disponer de semillas para trabajos de propagación de especies forestales en viveros con fines de reforestación. El estudio se inicia con la identificación y ubicación de plantaciones forestales de varias especies forestales establecidas entre los años 2000 a 2005, en las plantaciones se evaluaron las características dasométricas y morfológicas, las que permitieron seleccionar 11 árboles con características morfológicas deseables correspondientes a cinco especies forestales laurel blanco(Cordia alliodora, laurel negro(Cordia megalantha, caoba (Swietenia macrophylla, cedro (Cedrela odorata y melina (Gmelina arbórea; cada árbol fue georreferenciado utilizando coordenadas UTM Datum WGS 1984 Zona 17M. La cantidad de semillas que pueden producir dichas especies forestales es proyectada por año la cual servirá como referencia para establecer programas de reforestación con materiales propios y adaptados a las condiciones ambientales en la provincia de Santa Elena Abstract  The study of selection of seed trees was carried out in the Olón, Dos Mangas and Salanguillo communes of the canton Santa Elena, Santa Elena province, Ecuador. The objective of the study was to identify, characterize and select seedlings of timber species with good morphological characteristics, and to allow seeds to be used for the propagation of forest species in nurseries for reforestation purposes. The study began with the identification and location of forest plantations of several forest species established between 2000 and 2005, on the plantations, the dasometric and morphological characteristics were evaluated, allowing the

Biologia de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae em Algodoeiro de Fibra Colorida Tratado com Silício

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Alex Silva

2014-04-01

Abstract. The caterpillar Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith is a key pest of the corn culture and each year its occurrence in the cotton culture has increased, causing severe damage from the seedling phase to maturation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the silicon on the biology of S. frugiperda in white and colored fiber cotton plants. The bioassays were conducted with two cultivars of cotton, BRS Cedro (white fibers and BRS Verde (green fibers, with and without silicon application. The silicon was applied as a solution of 1% silicon acid, at a dosage equivalent to 3 ton/ha of SiO2. The following biological parameters were evaluated: larval mortality, duration of the larval and pupal phase, pupal viability, pupal weight, gender ratio, adult longevity of males and females and the number of eggs/female. It was verified that the silicon application only increased the mortality of caterpillars fed with BRS Cedro leaves, not demonstrating any effect on the caterpillars when applied on BRS Verde. Furthermore, the BRS Cedro cultivar, when compared to the BRS Verde cultivar, presented a lower pupal weight and a lower eggs/female production.

Plantas lenhosas da Floresta Ombrófila Mista do Parque Municipal das Araucárias – Guarapuava (PR / Woody plants of the Mixed Ombrophylous Forest the Araucaria Municipal Park - Guarapuava (PR

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Juliano Cordeiro

2011-12-01

Full Text Available Foi realizado o levantamento florístico das espécies lenhosas da uma área de 41 ha de Floresta Ombrófila Mista (FOM do Parque Municipal das Araucárias, localizado em Guarapuava (PR com coordenadas geográficas 25º 20’ 44” e 25º 21’ 35” de latitude Sul e 51º 27’ 31” e 51º 28’ 16” de longitude Oeste. O patamar altimétrico do Parque fica em torno dos 1070 m.s.n.m., o predomínio é relevo suave ondulado e solo do tipo Latossolo Bruno Ácrico Húmico. O levantamento foi realizado de mar/04 a out/08 com média de uma visita a cada vinte dias. Foram identificadas 107 espécies, pertencentes a 77 gêneros e 41 famílias botânicas, distribuídos nas formas biológicas de microfanerófitos (n=44, mesofanerófitos (n=39, nanofanerófitos (n=15, lianas (n=8 e megafanerófito (n=1. As famílias que apresentaram maior diversidade foram: Solanaceae com 12 espécies, Myrtaceae com nove, Fabaceae com oito, Bignoniaceae com seis, Asteraceae com cinco. Estas famílias agruparam 37,4% das espécies, enquanto que as outras 38 famílias responderam por 62,6% da diversidade. Aproximadamente 60,5% das famílias são representadas por apenas uma espécie cada. Considerando o critério a frequência Allophylus edulis (A. St.-Hil., A. Juss & Cambess. Hieron. ex Niederl., Casearia decandra Jacq., Cedrela fissilis Vell., Cinnamodendron dinisii Schwacke, Jacaranda puberula Cham., Matayba elaeagnoides Radlk., Ocotea porosa (Nees & Mart. Barroso, Ocotea puberula (Rich. Nees, Ocotea pulchella (Nees Mez, Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, Vernonanthura discolor (Spreng. H. Rob. e Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam. podem ser consideradas espécies companheiras da Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol. Kuntze na florística da FOM. Os dados quanto ao total de espécies da FOM ainda são incompletos. Faz-se necessário que levantamentos sejam direcionados aos escassos remanescentes que restam e que o critério amostral estenda-se sobre todas as formas biol

Evaluación de fenoles y limonoides en hojas de Cedrela odorata (Meliaceae de una plantación experimental establecida en Tezonapa Veracruz, México

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Samantha del Rocío Mariscal-Lucero

2015-06-01

Full Text Available Cedrela odorata (Meliaceae es una especie forestal maderable nativa de América Tropical, conocida por la alta calidad de su madera. Plantaciones de esta especie son atacadas severamente por Hypsipyla grandella; la atracción o repelencia de la plaga está relacionada con metabolitos secundarios tipo fenoles y limonoides (triterpenos, por lo que el estudio de estos compuestos es importante para comprender algunos fenómenos fitoquímicos. Se evaluó la concentración de fenoles totales y limonoides en hojas de C. odorata (Meliaceae de una plantación establecida en Tezonapa Veracruz México, se analizaron 66 individuos de siete procedencias. La concentración de fenoles y limonoides mostró diferencias significativas, no solo entre las procedencias sino también entre los árboles de una determinada procedencia (Tukey, p≤0.05. La concentración de fenoles totales varió de 49 a 223mg EAG/g e, los flavonoides de 7 a 158mg EC/g e y las proantocianidinas de 4 a 104mg EC/g e, mientras que en limonoides se obtuvieron valores de 227 a 748mg EL/g e. Mediante Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Resolución con detector UV-Arreglo de Diodos (HPLC-UV-DAD se encontró un compuesto mayoritario que corresponde a un flavonol de tipo glicósido de Kaempferol y se identificó el flavanol catequina a bajas concentraciones. Por medio de Cromatografía de Gases-Espectrometría de Masas (CG-MS se identificaron los sesquiterpenos β-elemeno, E-cariofileno, aromadendreno, humuleno, gama-cadineno, D-germacreno, biciclogermacreno y los poli terpenos Di-α-Tocoferol y β-sitosterol. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la evaluación de los fenoles puede desempeñar un papel importante como parámetro de selección en programas de mejora y conservación, si se complementan con las prácticas convencionales de mejoramiento genético.

Short communication. Characterization of chloroplast region rrn16-rrn23S from the tropical timber tree Cedrela odorata L. and de novo construction of a transplastomic expression vector suitable for Meliaceae trees and other economically important crops.

Science.gov (United States)

López-Ochoa, L A; Apolinar-Hernández, M M; Peña-Ramírez, Y J

2015-02-20

The forest tree Spanish cedar (Cedrela odorata L.) is well-known for its high-value timber; however, this species is attacked by the shoot borer (Hypsipyla grandella) during its early years of development, resulting in branched stems and making the plants useless for high-quality wood production. The generation of resistant varieties expressing entomotoxic proteins may be an alternative to pesticide treatments. The use of plastid transformation rather than nuclear transformation should be used because it reduces the risk of transgene dissemination by pollen. Chloroplast transformation vectors require an expression cassette flanked by homologous plastid sequences to drive plastome recombination. Thus, C. odorata plastome sequences are a prerequisite. The rrn16-rrn23 plastome region was selected, cloned, and characterized. When the sequence identity among the rrn16-rrn23 regions from C. odorata and Nicotiana tabacum was compared, 3 inDels of 240, 104, and 39 bp were found that might severely affect transformation efficiency. Using this region, a new transformation vector was developed using pUC19 as a backbone by inserting the rrn16-trnI and trnA-rrn23 sequences from C. odorata and adding 2 independent expression cassettes into the trnI-trnA intergenic region, conferring spectinomycin resistance, the ability to express the gfp reporter gene, and a site that can be used to express any other gene of interest.

Spanish-cedar : Cedrela spp.

Science.gov (United States)

B. F. Kukachka

1964-01-01

From the earliest days of exploration and colonization in tropical America, Spanish-cedar has been one of the most important timber trees of the area. The wood became an article for the export trade during the 1800’s when the cigar industry demanded the use of Spanish-cedar for packing cigars. These fragrant boxes were commonplace before rising costs in the 1930’s...

Dinámica de la concentración y acumulación de nutrimentos en los componentes de la biomasa aérea de Cedrela odorata L. en Costa Rica

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Daniel Ramírez

2018-01-01

Full Text Available Se planteó el presente estudio con el objetivo de estudiar la dinámica de la concentración y la acumulación de nutrimentos en árboles de Cedrela odorata L. (Meliaceae, para mejorar el conocimiento y la gestión de las plantaciones forestales tropicales. Mediante una serie falsa de tiempo (crono secuencia compuesta por 15 plantaciones en bosque Muy Húmedo Tropical de Costa Rica, se determinó la biomasa aérea, la concentración de nutrimentos y se estimó su acumulación en los componentes de la biomasa en árboles seleccionados. Como resultado se obtuvo que la concentración de los nutrimentos presentó tendencia a disminuir en el orden: nitrógeno > potasio > magnesio > calcio > azufre > fósforo para los macro nutrimentos, mientras que los micro elementos siguen la secuencia hierro > boro > zinc > manganeso > cobre > aluminio. Destacaron los altos valores de concentración de potasio medidos en los pecíolos (1,46 ± 0,48% en contraste con contenidos más bajos de este elemento en el follaje (1,09 ± 0,21%. Se desarrolló modelos de regresión lineal para evaluar el comportamiento de la concentración de nutrimentos y se observó tendencia a la disminución de la concentración nitrógeno, fósforo, potasio y magnesio con el incremento de la edad, al ser este comportamiento más evidente en el potasio del fuste. Por otro lado, los modelos de regresión generados para evaluar el comportamiento de la acumulación de nutrimentos en los distintos componentes de la biomasa presentaron un comportamiento exponencial, con significancia estadística principalmente en el fuste y en el total acumulado. Dichos modelos permiten estimar posibles salidas de nutrimentos del sitio de plantación durante la cosecha, así como el reciclaje de cantidades de nutrimentos en componentes de la biomasa que permanecen en el sitio de plantación.

Taking Care of Ourselves and Others

Science.gov (United States)

Nazareno, Lori; Krafel, Alysia

2017-01-01

Not all schools are obsessed with ensuring high test scores for students. Some schools have designed themselves around a priority of creating safe, empathetic learning environments. The Chrysalis Charter School in Palo Cedro, California, has a mission of developing a culture of kindness. The Minnesota New Country School in Henderson, Minnesota,…

Contributions to an integrated control programme of Hypsipyla grandella (Zeller) in Costa Rica

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Grijpma, P.

1974-01-01

The shootborer Hypsipylagrandella (Zeller) (Lep., Pyralidae) is the main obstacle to the artificial regeneration of valuable meliaceous tree species such as mahogany ( Swietenia spp.) and Spanish cedar ( Cedrela spp.) in

Growth of four tropical tree species in petroleum-contaminated soil and effects of crude oil contamination

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Pérez-Hernández, I.; Ochoa-Gaona, S.; Adams, R.H.; Rivera-Cruz, M.C.; Pérez-Hernández, V.; Jarquín-Sánchez, A.; Geissen, V.; Martínez-Zurimendi, P.

2017-01-01

Under greenhouse conditions, we evaluated establishment of four tree species and their capacity to degrade crude oil recently incorporated into the soil; the species were as follows: Cedrela odorata (tropical cedar), Haematoxylum campechianum (tinto bush), Swietenia macrophylla (mahogany), and

Tolerance of Four Tropical Tree Species to Heavy Petroleum Contamination

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Perez-Hernandez, I.; Ochoa-Gaona, S.; Schroeder, R.H.A.; Rivera-Cruz, M.C.; Geissen, V.

2013-01-01

Four species of trees were selected to evaluate the tolerance to heavy crude oil contamination by means of a tolerance index integrating germination, height, biomass and survival as variables. Fresh seeds to Cedrela odorata (tropical cedar), Haematoxylum campechianum (tinto bush), Swietenia

Learning from our mistakes: minimizing problems with invasive biofuel plants

CSIR Research Space (South Africa)

Richardson, DM

2011-03-01

Full Text Available -legume service trees (e.g., Cecropia spp.); 168  Fast-growing timber trees (e.g., Eucalyptus spp., Casuarina spp.); 169  High-value timber trees (e.g., Cedrela odorata, Cordia alliodora); 170  Fruit trees (e.g., Citrus spp., Psidium guajava). 171 172...

Contrasting the distribution of butterflies and termites in plantations and tropical forests

Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

Basset, Yves; Barrios, H.; Ramirez, J. A.; Lopez, Y.; Coronado, J.; Perez, F.; Arizala, S.; Bobadilla, R.; Leponce, M.

2017-01-01

Roč. 26, č. 1 (2017), s. 151-176 ISSN 0960-3115 R&D Projects: GA ČR GB14-36098G Institutional support: RVO:60077344 Keywords : Barro Colorado Island * Cedro espino * faunal turnover Subject RIV: EH - Ecology, Behaviour OBOR OECD: Ecology Impact factor: 2.265, year: 2016 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10531-016-1231-6

Intensificación de la circulación atmosférica meridional en la región subtropical de América del sur inferida a partir de registros dendroclimatológicos

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1998-01-01

variations du climat dans les zones subtropicales et établir les relations avec les changements survenus dans la circulation atmosphérique à l’échelle du continent. El principal objetivo de este estudio es demostrar la aplicabilidad de los registros dendrocronológicos para caracterizar las variaciones climáticas que, durante los últimos dos siglos, han afectado la región subtropical montano de América del Sur, al este de los Andes. Cronologías de ancho de anillos derivadas a partir del nogal criollo (Juglans australis y del cedro tucumano (Cedrela lilloi han sido usadas para estimar las variaciones regionales de la temperatura y la precipitación desde el año 1800, aproximadamente. Las series de anchos de anillos con respuesta a la precipitación muestran, al igual que los datos instrumentales, un incremento sostenido en las precipitaciones de la región montaña subtropical desde aproximadamente 1950, el cual es totalmente anómalo en el contexto histórico de los últimos 200 años. El gradiente de presión atmosférica entre las regiones tropical y subtropical de América del Sur, medido por la diferencia de presión entre Cuiabá (15° S y Reconquista (29° S, se ha intensificado progresivamente a partir de 1950. Esta intensificación del gradiente de presión, en combinación con un aumento de las temperaturas en el subtrópico, parece haber inducido una migración latitudinal hacia el sur de la celda continental de baja presión sobre América del Sur, con el consiguiente aumento de las precipitaciones y la reducción del período seco anual en el subtrópico montano. Los patrones espaciales de correlación entre el ancho de anillos y la temperatura del mar, indican que el incremento en las precipitaciones también respondería a un aumento sostenido de la temperatura en el océano Atlántico Sur, desde aproximadamente 1950. Estos resultados dan cuenta de la gran potencialidad de los registros dendrocronológicos para reconstruir las variaciones clim

Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculum produced on-farm and phosphorus on growth and nutrition of native woody plant species from Brazil

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Luis Claudio Goetten

2016-03-01

Full Text Available Mycorrhizal fungus inoculum produced on-farm can be used during production of woody plant seedlings to reduce costs associated with purchase of commercial inoculant and fertilization. This study aimed to test the efficiency of a mycorrhizal inoculant produced on-farm to promote growth and nutrition of woody species in combination with different levels of phosphorus. Plants were submitted to different treatments of phosphorus (0, 40 and 80 mg P/dm3 and mycorrhizal inoculation (uninoculated, and inoculation with Rhizophagus clarus [Rc] or Claroideoglomus etunicatum [Ce]. Species included were Luehea divaricata, Centrolobium robustum, Schinus terebinthifolius, Garcinia gardneriana, Cedrella fissilis, and Lafoensia pacari. The inoculum was produced using the on-farm methodology. Mycorrhizal colonization of plants inoculated with Rc and Ce ranged from 44.8 to 74.8%, except forGarcinia gardneriana. Inoculation treatment increased plant height and stem diameter of Luehea divaricata, Centrolobium robustum and Cedrella fissilis while phosphorus, inoculation and the interaction affected these parameters for G. gardneriana and Lafoensia pacari. Shoot biomass increased significantly with inoculation treatment in four species. For most species, mycorrhizal fungus inoculation and the addition of phosphorus increased the shoot phosphorus content. Mycorrhizal fungus inoculum produced on-farm successfully colonized tree seedlings and improved growth and/or nutrition under nursery conditions, producing seedlings useful for revegetation of degraded lands.

Phylogenetic relationships and cryptic species diversity in the Brazilian egg-brooding tree frog, genus Fritziana Mello-Leitão 1937 (Anura: Hemiphractidae).

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Walker, Marina; Lyra, Mariana L; Haddad, Célio F B

2018-06-01

The genus Fritziana (Anura: Hemiphractidae) comprises six described species (F. goeldii, F. ohausi, F. fissilis, F. ulei, F. tonimi, and F. izecksohni) that are endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Although the genus has been the subject of studies dealing with its taxonomy, phylogeny, and systematics, there is considerable evidence for cryptic diversity hidden among the species. The present study aims to understand the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among the species of Fritziana, as well as the relationships among populations within species. We analyzed 107 individuals throughout the distribution of the genus using three mitochondrial gene fragments (12S, 16S, and COI) and two nuclear genes (RAG1 and SLC8A3). Our data indicated that the species diversity in the genus Fritziana is underestimated by the existence of at least three candidate species hidden amongst the group of species with a closed dorsal pouch (i.e. F. fissilis and F. ulei). We also found four species presenting geographical population structures and high genetic diversity, and thus require further investigations. In addition, we found that two candidate species show a new arrangement for the tRNA-Phe gene, unique in Anura so far. Based on our results, we suggest that the conservation status of the species, as well as the species diversity in the genus Fritziana, needs to be reviewed. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Chemical composition and anti-bacterial activity of essential oil from ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

This work assesses the chemical compositions and in vitro anti-bacterial activities of seed essential oil from Cedrela sinesis (A. Juss.) Roem. seed. which has abundant mineral elements such as K, Ca, Fe. The fatty acid profiles of seed essential oil are characterized by considerable unsaturated fatty acids (90.39%) ...

A Contemporary Challenge to State Sovereignty: Gangs and Other Illicit Transnational Criminal Organizations in Central America, El Salvador, Mexico, Jamaica, and Brazil

Science.gov (United States)

2007-12-01

Criminal values are derived from norms based on slave holding, sexual activity with minors and their exploitation in prostitution, the farming of humans...values from norms based on slave holding, sexual activity with minors and their exploitation in prostitution, the “farming” of humans for body...de Cocaina, abuso de drogas (Coca Paste and Cocaine: The Abuse of Drugs), Lima: CEDRO, 1990, pp. 301-321; Stephen E. Flynn, The Transnational Drug

RELEASE AND MUCOADHESION PROPERTIES OF DICLOFENAC MATRIX TABLETS FROM NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC POLYMER BLENDS.

Science.gov (United States)

Odeniyi, Michael A; Khan, Nasir H; Peh, Kok K

2015-01-01

The delayed release and mucoadhesive properties of Cedrela gum and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose blend in diclofenac sodium tablet formulations were evaluated. Tablets were prepared by direct compression and the crushing strength and detachment force were found to increase from 74.49 ± 1.22 to 147.25 ± 2.57 N and 0.302 ± 0.36 to 1.141 ± 0.05 N from low to high level of polymers, respectively. The release kinetics followed Korsmeyer-Peppas release and the n varied between 0.834 and 1.273, indicating that the release mechanism shifts from Fickian to super case I (anomalous release). The drug release profile fits a pulsatile-release pattern characterized by a lag time followed by a more or less rapid and complete drug release. The Cedrela gum-hydroxypropylmethylcelluse blend tablets delayed diclofenac release for 2 h and sustained the release for 12 h. The polymer blend delayed drug release in the 0.1 M HCl simulating gastric environment and subsequent release pH 6.8 phosphate buffer.

Early results from genetic trials on the growth of Spanish cedar and itssusceptibility to the shoot borer moth in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico.

Science.gov (United States)

Sheila E. Ward; Kevyn E. Wightman; Bartolo. Rodriguez Santiago

2008-01-01

Cedrela odorata (Spanish cedar) is a neotropical broadleaf tree species that is in high demand for furniture and interior fittings. In 1998, seed collections were made from Spanish cedar in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, for genetic conservation and tree improvement projects. Progeny from these collections were established in genetic trials at Bacalar, Noh Bec, and Zoh...

Establecimiento in vitro de Cedrela salvadorensis Standl

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Bibiana Soto Vargas

2010-12-01

Full Text Available El objetivo del trabajo fue estableceruna metodología para introducir elprocedimiento in vitro como unaalternativa de propagación para futurostrabajos de conservación o mejoramientogenético de la especie.Como materialexperimental se utilizaron tanto plántulasde invernadero de ocho meses de edadpara la introducción de estaquillas comoplántulas de semillas germinadas in vitropara la obtención de segmentos de nudo.En la desinfección de las estaquillas seutilizó Benlate® (Benomil 0,5 gL-1 yAgrimicin® (estreptomicina 4,5 gL-1. Losdesinfectantes evaluados fueron NaOCl(3% i.a durante 10 minutos y CaOCl(9,23% i.a durante 25 minutos.Todos los explantes se colocaron en unmedio de cultivo Murashige y Skoog(1962 que se complementó con 2.7 gL-1de gelrite y cuatro concentraciones deBenciladenina (BA (0; 0,5; 1,5; 2,5y 3,5 mgL-1. El mejor método para ladesinfección de las estaquillas fue NaOCl(3% i.a durante 10 minutos. La mejorrespuesta de las estaquillas de plántulas deinvernadero se observó en la concentraciónde 0,5 mgL-1 de BA; por su parte, la mejorrespuesta de las plántulas germinadas invitro fue en 2,5 mL-1 de BA.

Las Plantas Cultivadas y Sus Plagas.

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Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias

1942-12-01

Full Text Available El artículo contiene en orden alfabético las plantas cultivadas con las diferentes plagas por las cuales se ven afectadas y para las que se han venido buscando mecanismos de control y erradicación. Algunas de estas plantas son: Aguacate, Acacia, Almendro, Algodón, Banana, Cacahuate, Cacao, Cafeto, Caña de azúcar, Caoba, Carambola, Cedro, Granadilla, Limón, Maíz, Tabaco, entre otras.

Shallow magnetic inclinations in the Cretaceous Valle Group, Baja California: remagnetization, compaction, or terrane translation?

Science.gov (United States)

Smith, Douglas P.; Busby, Cathy J.

1993-10-01

Paleomagnetic data from Albian to Turonian sedimentary rocks on Cedros Island, Mexico (28.2° N, 115.2° W) support the interpretation that Cretaceous rocks of western Baja California have moved farther northward than the 3° of latitude assignable to Neogene oblique rifting in the Gulf of California. Averaged Cretaceous paleomagnetic results from Cedros Island support 20 ± 10° of northward displacement and 14 ± 7° of clockwise rotation with respect to cratonic North America. Positive field stability tests from the Vizcaino terrane substantiate a mid-Cretaceous age for the high-temperature characteristic remanent magnetization in mid-Cretaceous strata. Therefore coincidence of characteristic magnetization directions and the expected Quaternary axial dipole direction is not due to post mid-Cretaceous remagnetization. A slump test performed on internally coherent, intrabasinal slump blocks within a paleontologically dated olistostrome demonstrates a mid-Cretaceous age of magnetization in the Valle Group. The in situ high-temperature natural remanent magnetization directions markedly diverge from the expected Quaternary axial dipole, indicating that the characteristic, high-temperature magnetization was acquired prior to intrabasinal slumping. Early acquisition of the characteristic magnetization is also supported by a regional attitude test involving three localities in coherent mid-Cretaceous Valle Group strata. Paleomagnetic inclinations in mudstone are not different from those in sandstone, indicating that burial compaction did not bias the results toward shallow inclinations in the Vizcaino terrane.

The feeding preferences of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. SMITH (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae on cotton plant varieties=Preferência alimentar de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. SMITH (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae em variedades de plantas algodoeiras

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Ostenildo Ribeiro Campos

2012-04-01

Full Text Available This work evaluated the attractiveness and the non-preference for feeding of newly hatched fall armyworm larvae on the cotton plant parts and different varieties used in the study. The trials were performed at 27 ± 1ºC, a 70% ± 10% relative humidity and a 14h photoperiod. Leaves, bracts, squares and carpel walls of the BRS Itamarati-90 variety and leaves of Fibermax-966, Fibermax-977, DeltaOpal, DeltaPenta, BRS Acala-90, Coodetec-408, Coodetec-409, Coodetec-410, BRS-Cedro, BRS-Ipê, BRS-Aroeira, IPR-96, IPR-120, BRS-Araçá, IAC-24 and BRS Itamarati-90 varieties were used in attractiveness, multiple-choice and confinement (no-choice non-preference feeding trials. Twenty larvae were released per petri dish test (arena system with 10 repetitions. Attractiveness trials were evaluated by counting feeding caterpillars over 60 min. and by measuring non-preference at 24h. Leaves were the most attractive item and were preferred for feeding. In the multiple-choice arena trials, Coodetec-410 was the most attractive variety, and BRS Acala-90, Fibermax-966 and DeltaPenta were the least attractive to fall armyworm larvae. In the non-preference trial, BRS-Araça was the variety favored for feeding. BRS-Cedro, BRS Itamarati-90, DeltaPenta, Coodetec-408 and BRS-Aroeira were the least-favored varieties. In the 60 min. attractiveness trials, 46 min. proved to be the most suitable time for evaluating the attractiveness of cotton plants to newly hatched fall armyworm larvae.Avaliou-se atratividade e não-preferência alimentar de lagartas recém-eclodidas de Spodoptera frugiperda por partes de plantas e plantas de variedades de algodoeiro. Testes foram realizados a 27 ± 1ºC, UR de 70% ± 10% e fotofase de 14h. Folhas, brácteas, botões florais e cascas de maçãs da variedade BRS Itamarati-90 e folhas de Fibermax-966, Fibermax-977, DeltaOpal, DeltaPenta, BRS Acala-90, Coodetec-408, Coodetec-409, Coodetec-410, BRS-Cedro, BRS-Ipê, BRS-Aroeira, IPR-96, IPR-120

Evaluación de la resistencia al cizallamiento por compresión y falla en madera de uniones encoladas en maderas nacionales e importadas

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Sebastián Quagliotti

2011-05-01

Full Text Available En el presente trabajo se muestran los resultados de la evaluación de la resistencia al cizallamiento por compresión y falla en madera de uniones encoladas en Eucalyptus grandis, Pinus taeda, Pinus eliottii, lapacho y cedro. El procedimiento se basó en las siguientes normas: ASTM D 5751-99, JIS K 6852-1994 y EN 205:1991. Las etapas más relevantes fueron las siguientes: encolado y corte de probetas, tratamientos de inmersión en agua a 30 ºC, 60 ºC, 100 ºC y ensayo en máquina universal. Se determinó la resistencia al cizallamiento por compresión, retención del poder adhesivo y porcentaje de falla en madera. Es posible concluir que el PVA no es un adhesivo para ser utilizado en ambientes de alta humedad, debido a los bajos valores de resistencia y porcentaje de falla comparados con los valores en seco, como se muestra en las especies  estudiadas luego de ser sometidas a los diferentes tratamientos. Cabe resaltar que, una vez realizados los tratamientos de inmersión, las probetas encoladas con isocianato de E. grandis tienen los valores de retención del poder adhesivo más altos, como también menor disminución del porcentaje de falla en madera en comparación con las otras especies estudiadas.AbstractThe results of the shear strength (by compression and wood failure of bond unions in Eucalyptus grandis, Pinus taeda, Pinus eliottii, Tabebuia ipe y Cedrela spp are shown in the present work. The process was based on the following standards: ASTM D 5751-99, JIS K 6852-1994 y EN 205:1991. The most relevant stageswere bonding and the cutting of samples, water immersion treatment (30, 60, 100 ºC and universal machine test. Shear strength, Ratio wet/dry shear and Wood Failure percentage were determined. As a conclusion, the PVA is not an adhesive to be used under high humidity conditions, due to the low values of shear strength and percentage of wood failure that the study species shown after water immersion treatment compared with the

EVALUACIÓN DE LAS REFORESTACIONES EN LA FORMACIÓN DE SUELO A PARTIR DE TEPETATES

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Gabriela Rebeca Ávila-Campuzano

2011-01-01

Full Text Available Para restaurar la vegetación de los lomeríos con tepetate y enmendar los problemas ambientales, la Comisión del Plan Lago de Texcoco inició en 1973 un programa de conservación del suelo y del agua, a través de la reforestación en la zona de lomeríos y la pastización en las áreas bajas en los terrenos del exLago de Texcoco. Han pasado 37 años, y son escasos los estudios donde se evalúe el impacto directo de las reforestaciones sobre la formación del suelo y la recuperación de sus funciones como parte del ecosistema. El presente estudio se realizó en la zona oriente del Estado de México, en donde se evaluaron los impactos edáficos de diferentes plantaciones forestales (cedros, eucaliptos, pinos y casuarinas sobre áreas con tepetate rojo. Se describieron tres perfiles de suelo por plantación y se realizaron análisis físicos, químicos y micromorfológicos. Los resultados evidencian que tanto las casuarinas como los cedros, son las especies que forman suelo en menos tiempo y favorecen la captación y almacenamiento del agua; mientras que los pinos y eucaliptos, si bien se adaptan favorablemente en estas condiciones ambientales, su influencia en la restauración ambiental es menor.

Long-term trends in nitrogen isotope composition and nitrogen concentration in brazilian rainforest trees suggest changes in nitrogen cycle.

Science.gov (United States)

Hietz, Peter; Dünisch, Oliver; Wanek, Wolfgang

2010-02-15

Direct or indirect anthropogenic effects on ecosystem nitrogen cycles are important components of global change. Recent research has shown that N isotopes in tree rings reflect changes in ecosystem nitrogen sources or cycles and can be used to study past changes. We analyzed trends in two tree species from a remote and pristine tropical rainforest in Brazil, using trees of different ages to distinguish between the effect of tree age and long-term trends. Because sapwood differed from heartwood in delta(15)N and N concentration and N can be translocated between living sapwood cells, long-term trends are best seen in dead heartwood. Heartwood delta(15)N in Spanish cedar (Cedrela odorata) and big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) increased with tree age, and N concentrations increased with age in Cedrela. Controlling for tree age, delta(15)N increased significantly during the past century even when analyzing only heartwood and after removing labile N compounds. In contrast to northern temperate and boreal forests where wood delta(15)N often decreased, the delta(15)N increase in a remote rainforest is unlikely to be a direct signal of changed N deposition. More plausibly, the change in N isotopic composition indicates a more open N cycle, i.e., higher N losses relative to internal N cycling in the forest, which could be the result of changed forest dynamics.

Extreme Drought Events Revealed in Amazon Tree Ring Records

Science.gov (United States)

Jenkins, H. S.; Baker, P. A.; Guilderson, T. P.

2010-12-01

The Amazon basin is a center of deep atmospheric convection and thus acts as a major engine for global hydrologic circulation. Yet despite its significance, a full understanding of Amazon rainfall variability remains elusive due to a poor historical record of climate. Temperate tree rings have been used extensively to reconstruct climate over the last thousand years, however less attention has been given to the application of dendrochronology in tropical regions, in large part due to a lower frequency of tree species known to produce annual rings. Here we present a tree ring record of drought extremes from the Madre de Dios region of southeastern Peru over the last 190 years. We confirm that tree ring growth in species Cedrela odorata is annual and show it to be well correlated with wet season precipitation. This correlation is used to identify extreme dry (and wet) events that have occurred in the past. We focus on drought events identified in the record as drought frequency is expected to increase over the Amazon in a warming climate. The Cedrela chronology records historic Amazon droughts of the 20th century previously identified in the literature and extends the record of drought for this region to the year 1816. Our analysis shows that there has been an increase in the frequency of extreme drought (mean recurrence interval = 5-6 years) since the turn of the 20th century and both Atlantic and Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) forcing mechanisms are implicated.

[Chemical and biological evaluation of the effect of plant extracts against Plasmodium berghei].

Science.gov (United States)

Castro, O; Barrios, M; Chinchilla, M; Guerrero, O

1996-08-01

Extracts from thirteen species of plants were evaluated by "in vivo" antimalarial test against plasmodium berghei effects. Significant activities were observed in the ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts, elaborated of Cedrela tonduzii leaves, Trichilia havanensis and Trichilia americana barks, Neurolaena lobata and Gliricidia sepium leaves and Duranta repens fruits. Compounds identified include flavanoids, coumarins, mellilotic acid and iridoids which some kind of biodynamic activity has previously been reported. The flavone quercetin 1 purified from C. tonduzii gave strong antimalarial activity, however, its respective glucosides (quercetin 3-glucoside 2 y robinine 7) showed little significant activity.

Nutrient solution and substrates for ‘cedro doce’ (Pochota fendleri seedling production

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Oscar J. Smiderle

Full Text Available ABSTRACT This study assessed the effect of different substrates and addition of nutrient solution on the production of Pochota fendleri seedlings, leaf contents of macro and micronutrients and chlorophyll a and b. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 3 x 2 factorial scheme, with four replicates. The factors were three substrates, with or without addition of nutrient solution, composing six treatments: (T1 = sand; (T2 = soil; (T3 = sand + soil (1:1; (T4 = sand + nutrient solution; (T5 = soil + nutrient solution; (T6 = sand + soil + nutrient solution. Growth characteristics (height, collar diameter, shoot dry matter, root dry matter, root/shoot ratio and total dry matter and contents of macro- and micronutrients and chlorophyll a and b were evaluated. The use of nutrient solution reduces the time to obtain seedlings of Pochota fendleri, and it is important for proper growth and quality of seedlings. The sequence of nutritional requirement presented by Pochota fendleri seedlings in three substrates with addition of nutrient solution follows the descending order: macronutrients (N > Ca > K > Mg > P > S and micronutrients (Fe > Mn > B > Zn > Cu.

ADAPTABILIDADE E ESTABILIDADE FENOTÍPICA DE CULTIVARES DE ALGODOEIRO NO ESTADO DO MATO GROSSO, BRASIL PHENOTYPIC ADAPTABILITY AND STABILITY OF COTTON CULTIVARS IN THE MATO GROSSO STATE, BRAZIL

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Cristina Schetino Bastos

2007-09-01

Full Text Available

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de avaliar a adaptabilidade e a estabilidade de cultivares de algodão (Gossypium hirsutum L., utilizando a metodologia proposta por Eberhart & Russell (1966. Para tanto, onze variedades de algodão foram avaliadas em sete locais do Estado do Mato Grosso, Brasil, em dois anos agrícolas (2002/2003 e 2003/2004. O delineamento experimental empregado foi o de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições e as características avaliadas foram a produtividade de algodão em caroço e a porcentagem de fibra. Com relação à produção de algodão em caroço, as cultivares BRS Aroeira, BRS Ipê, BRS Cedro, BRS Jatobá e Delta Opal demonstraram ampla adaptabilidade e estabilidade para as regiões produtoras do Estado. Entretanto, considerando a porcentagem de fibra, não foram encontradas cultivares de algodão com ampla adaptabilidade e estabilidade nos ambientes estudados.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Gossypium hirsutum; fibra; estabilidade.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the stability and adaptability of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cultivars using the method of Eberhart & Russell (1966. Eleven varieties of cotton were tested at seven locations in Mato Grosso State, Brazil, in two growing seasons (2002/2003 and 2003/2004. The experimental design was the randomized complete blocks with four replications and the evaluated traits were lint percentage and seed cotton yield. For seed cotton yield, BRS Aroeira, BRS Ipê, BRS Cedro, BRS Jatobá and Delta Opal showed broad adaptability and stability in Mato Grosso State. However, for lint percentage there were not found cotton cultivars with both broad adaptability and stability for the studied environments.

Entomofauna Associated with Agroforestry Systems of Timber Species and Cacao in the Southern Region of the Maracaibo Lake Basin (Mérida, Venezuela).

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Mazón, Marina; Sánchez-Angarita, Daniel; Díaz, Francisco A; Gutiérrez, Néstor; Jaimez, Ramón

2018-04-20

Agroforestry systems are environment-friendly production systems which help to preserve biodiversity while providing people with a way of earning a living. Cacao is a historically important crop in Venezuela that traditionally has been produced in agroforestry systems. However, few studies have evaluated how different trees used in those systems affect the dynamics and abundance of insects. The present study evaluated the entomofauna assemblages associated with different combinations of four timber-yielding trees and four Criollo cacao cultivars established in a lowland tropical ecosystem in Venezuela. A randomized block design with two replicates was used, each block having 16 plots which included all 16 possible combinations of four native timber trees ( Cordia thaisiana , Cedrela odorata , Swietenia macrophylla , and Tabebuia rosea ) and four Criollo cacao cultivars (Porcelana, Guasare, Lobatera and Criollo Merideño). Insects were collected with yellow pan traps and sorted to order. Coleoptera and parasitoid Hymenoptera were determined to the family level. In total, 49,538 individuals of seven orders were collected, with Hymenoptera, Diptera, and Hemiptera being the most abundant, although only Lepidoptera and Coleoptera abundances were significantly influenced by the timber tree species. Twenty-three families of parasitoid Hymenoptera and 26 of Coleoptera were found. Significant differences in insects’ assemblages were found both in parasitoid Hymenoptera and Coleoptera families associated to every shade tree, with the families Eulophidae and Lycidae being indicators for Cordia , and Chalcididae for Swietenia . The entomofauna relationship with the cacao cultivar was barely significant, although Scydmaenidae and Scarabaeidae were indicators for Lobatera and Merideño, respectively. No significant effects were found for interaction with cacao cultivars and native trees. We concluded that the particular insect assemblages found in Cedrela odorata and Cordia

Entomofauna Associated with Agroforestry Systems of Timber Species and Cacao in the Southern Region of the Maracaibo Lake Basin (Mérida, Venezuela

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Marina Mazón

2018-04-01

Full Text Available Agroforestry systems are environment-friendly production systems which help to preserve biodiversity while providing people with a way of earning a living. Cacao is a historically important crop in Venezuela that traditionally has been produced in agroforestry systems. However, few studies have evaluated how different trees used in those systems affect the dynamics and abundance of insects. The present study evaluated the entomofauna assemblages associated with different combinations of four timber-yielding trees and four Criollo cacao cultivars established in a lowland tropical ecosystem in Venezuela. A randomized block design with two replicates was used, each block having 16 plots which included all 16 possible combinations of four native timber trees (Cordia thaisiana, Cedrela odorata, Swietenia macrophylla, and Tabebuia rosea and four Criollo cacao cultivars (Porcelana, Guasare, Lobatera and Criollo Merideño. Insects were collected with yellow pan traps and sorted to order. Coleoptera and parasitoid Hymenoptera were determined to the family level. In total, 49,538 individuals of seven orders were collected, with Hymenoptera, Diptera, and Hemiptera being the most abundant, although only Lepidoptera and Coleoptera abundances were significantly influenced by the timber tree species. Twenty-three families of parasitoid Hymenoptera and 26 of Coleoptera were found. Significant differences in insects’ assemblages were found both in parasitoid Hymenoptera and Coleoptera families associated to every shade tree, with the families Eulophidae and Lycidae being indicators for Cordia, and Chalcididae for Swietenia. The entomofauna relationship with the cacao cultivar was barely significant, although Scydmaenidae and Scarabaeidae were indicators for Lobatera and Merideño, respectively. No significant effects were found for interaction with cacao cultivars and native trees. We concluded that the particular insect assemblages found in Cedrela odorata

Modeling Long-term Creep Performance for Welded Nickel-base Superalloy Structures for Power Generation Systems

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Shen, Chen

2015-01-01

We report here a constitutive model for predicting long-term creep strain evolution in’ strengthened Ni-base superalloys. Dislocation climb-bypassing’, typical in intermediate’ volume fraction (~20%) alloys, is considered as the primary deformation mechanism. Dislocation shearing’ to anti-phase boundary (APB) faults and diffusional creep are also considered for high-stress and high-temperature low-stress conditions, respectively. Additional damage mechanism is taken into account for rapid increase in tertiary creep strain. The model has been applied to Alloy 282, and calibrated in a temperature range of 1375-1450°F, and stress range of 15-45ksi. The model parameters and a MATLAB code are provided. This report is prepared by Monica Soare and Chen Shen at GE Global Research. Technical discussions with Dr. Vito Cedro are greatly appreciated. This work was supported by DOE program DE-FE0005859

Perfil de lípidos y ácidos grasos de Perna viridis, mejillón verde (Mollusca: Bivalvia en el oriente venezolano y la costa oeste de Trinidad

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Tamar Koftayan

2011-03-01

Full Text Available Los lípidos totales fueron extraídos, identificados y cuantificados por gravimetría, mediante TLC/FID (sistema Iatroscan. Los ácidos grasos de los lípidos totales, fosfolípidos y triacilgliceroles fueron identificados y cuantificados por cromatografía de gases. Las mayores concentraciones de lípidos totales se presentaron en las muestras de Los Cedros, La Brea y Chaguaramas con valores de 7.92, 7.74 y 7.53%; respectivamente y los valores mínimos en las de La Restinga (6.08%. En la composición lípidica, las muestras de Chacopata presentaron la menor concentración de fosfolípidos (48.86% y los máximos valores de colesterol (38.87% y triacilgliceroles (12.26%, y las muestras de La Esmeralda y Río Caribe exhibieron concentraciones máximas de fosfolípidos (88.71-84.93%, respectivamente y mínimas de colesterol (6.50-4.42%. En los lípidos totales, los ácidos grasos saturados se encontraron entre 15.04 y 65.55%, con máximos en muestras de La Esmeralda y mínimos en Chacopata y los poliinsaturados estuvieron entre 7.80 y 37.18%, con máximos valores en la Brea y mínimos en la Esmeralda. En los fosfolípidos, la concentración de ácidos grasos saturados estuvo entre 38.81 y 48.68% para las muestras de Chaguaramas y Chacopata, respectivamente; los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados se encontraron entre no detectado y 34.51%, con altas concentraciones en muestras de Los Cedros (27.97% y Chaguaramas (34.51%. En los triacilgliceroles, la composición de ácidos grasos saturados variaron entre 14.27 y 53.80%, con baja concentración en Chacopata y alta concentración en La Restinga; los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados estuvieron entre 4.66 y 35.55%, con valores menores en las muestras de Chacopata (4.66% y mayores en Chaguaramas. El consumo frecuente de Perna viridis es recomendable, debido a su alto contenido de fosfolípidos y ácidos grasos insaturados.Lipid and fatty acid profile of Perna viridis, Green Mussel (Mollusca: Bivalvia in

Crescimento e teor de metais de mudas de espécies arbóreas cultivadas em solo contaminado com metais pesados Growth and metal concentration of seedlings of woody species in a heavy metal contaminated soil

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Teresa Cristina Lara Lanza de Sá e Melo Marques

2000-01-01

Full Text Available O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o teor de metais pesados e o crescimento de mudas de 20 espécies arbóreas tropicais em solo com elevado grau de contaminação com metais pesados. Em casa de vegetação, as mudas foram transplantadas para vasos contendo 3,3 kg de misturas com diferentes proporções (0, 20, 40 e 60% v/v de solo contaminado. Verificou-se comportamento diferenciado das espécies quanto à inibição de crescimento e aos teores de metais na raiz e na parte aérea em decorrência da contaminação. Com base na produção de matéria seca da parte aérea, concluiu-se que apenas Myrsine umbellata, Cedrella fissilis, Tabebuia impetiginosa e Copaifera langsdorffii não foram afetadas pela contaminação, enquanto Hymenaea courbaril, Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia, Acacia mangium e Platypodium gonoacantha sofreram pequeno impacto. As demais espécies foram muito inibidas pela contaminação do solo, o que é causado pela absorção, na maioria dos casos, de Zn e Cd. Várias espécies apresentaram elevada capacidade de reter esses metais nas raízes, evitando sua translocação para a parte aérea.The objective of the paper was to evaluate metal content and ability to grow in soil with excess of heavy metals of seedlings of 20 woody species. In the greenhouse, seedlings were transplanted to pots with 3.3 kg of soil-mixes with different proportions (0, 20, 40, 60% v/v of a heavy metal contaminated soil. It was found that plant species behaved differently in terms of growth inhibition and metal content in the shoots and roots. Based upon the dry matter yield, only Myrsine umbellata, Cedrella fissilis, Tabebuia impetiginosa and Copaifera langsdorffii were not affected by increasing contamination, whereas Hymenaea courbaril, Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia, Acacia mangium and Platypodium gonoacantha were only slightly affected by it. All the other species were highly inhibited by the excess of metals in the soil, being such effects related, in most

PROCESSO GERMINATIVO E VIGOR DE SEMENTES DE Cedrela odorata L. SOB ESTRESSE SALINO

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Elane Grazielle Borba de Sousa Ferreira

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Aiming at contributing to the knowledge of physical factors affecting community structure in Atlantic Forest remnants of southern Bahia state, Brazil, we analyzed the annual variation in the understory microclimate of a hillside forest fragment in the ‘Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Serra do Teimoso’ (RST and a rustic cacao agroforestry system (Cabruca, located nearby the RST. Canopy openness (CO, air temperature (Ta, air relative humidity (RH and vapor pressure deficit (VPD data were collected between April, 2005 and April, 2006 at the base (RSTB, 340 m and the top (RSTT, 640 m of the RST and at the Cabruca (CB, 250 m. Data of rainfall, Ta, RH and VPD were also collected in an open area (OA, 270 m. The highest rainfalls (> 100 mm occurred in November, 2005 and April, 2006, whereas October, 2005 was the driest month (< 20 mm. CO ranged between 2.5 % in the CB (April, 2006 and 7.7 % in the RST (October, 2005. Low rainfall in October, 2005 affected VPDmax in all sites. Those effects were more pronounced in OA, followed by CB, RSTB and RSTT. During the period of measurements, the values of Ta, RH and VPD in CB were closer to the values measured in OA than to the values measured inside the forest.

[Lipid and fatty acid profile of Perna viridis, green mussel (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in different areas of the Eastern Venezuela and the West Coast of Trinidad].

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Koftayan, Tamar; Milano, Jahiro; D'Armas, Haydelba; Salazar, Gabriel

2011-03-01

The species Perna viridis is a highly consumed species, which fast growth makes it an interesting aquaculture alternative for Venezuelan and Trinidad coasts. With the aim to contribute with its nutritional value information, this study analyzed lipid and fatty acid contents from samples taken in five locations from Eastern Venezuela and three from Trinidad West Coast. Total lipids were extracted and quantified, from a pooled sample of 100 organisms per location, by standard gravimetric methods, and their identification and quantification was done by TLC/FID (Iatroscan system). Furthermore, the esterified fatty acids of total lipid, phospholipids and triacylglycerols were identified and quantified by gas chromatography. Eastern Venezuela samples from Los Cedros, La Brea and Chaguaramas showed the highest total lipid values of 7.92, 7.74 and 7.53, respectively, and the minimum values were obtained for La Restinga (6.08%). Among lipid composition, Chacopata samples showed the lowest phospholipid concentration (48.86%) and the maximum values for cholesterol (38.87%) and triacylglycerols (12.26%); besides, La Esmeralda and Rio Caribe samples exhibited maximum phospholipids (88.71 and 84.93 respectively) and minimum cholesterol (6.50 and 4.42%) concentrations. Saturated fatty acids represented between 15.04% and 65.55% within total lipid extracts, with maximum and minimum values for La Esmeralda and Chacopata, respectively. Polyunsaturated results resulted between 7.80 and 37.18%, with higher values in La Brea and lower values in La Esmeralda. For phospholipids, saturated fatty acids concentrations varied between 38.81 and 48.68% for Chaguaramas and Chacopata samples, respectively. In the case of polyunsaturated fatty acids, these varied between non detected and 34.51%, with high concentrations in Los Cedros (27.97%) and Chaguaramas (34.51%) samples. For the triacylglycerols, the saturated fatty acids composition oscillated between 14.27 and 53.80% with low

¿Por qué poedmos leer fácilmnete las paalbras con lertas trasnpuetsas?

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Manuel Perea

2015-10-01

Full Text Available Cuando leemos, es fácil confundir CEDRO con CERDO. Un grupo de modelos explica los efectos de transposición de letras en función de la incertidumbre perceptiva a la hora de asignar posiciones a los objetos visuales (es decir, las letras, mientras que otro grupo de modelos los explica mediante la activación de “bigramas abiertos” a nivel ortográfico. Presentamos varios experimentos de nuestro laboratorio que fueron diseñados para discriminar entre ambos tipos de modelos. Los resultados apoyan a los modelos que asumen que existe incertidumbre perceptiva al codificar la posición de las letras en las palabras. Además, ofrecen un marco teórico para examinar aquellos tipos de dislexia que tienen como origen un déficit en los mecanismos de asignación de letras a posiciones.

Mineralogy of the fraction and age estimation rubidium - strontium of the Bambui Group, MG, Brazil

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bonhomme, M.G.

1976-01-01

A study of the illite crystallinity of sediments of the Upper Precambrian Bambui Group, MG, has been done to determine the zones without metamorphism, the only ones able to give the age of the sedimentation. Only the region of Januaria escaped from any sensible thermo-tectonic event. The Bambui sediments contain well crystallized vermiculite probably formed during the anchimetamorphism. The rubidium-strontium age obtained in Januaria (619 + - 17 m.y.) corresponds in fact to the main phase of the Brazilian orogenic cycle. The late isotopic homogeneization was caused by a strong late diagenesis. The anchimetamorphic phosphateous sediments in Cedro do Abate show that the ferro-magnesian illite is a more easely open system than aluminous illite, and in this case dates the later event of the Brazilian cycle at 445 + - 25 m.y. The age of 600 m.y. for the metamorphism is a younger limit for the real age of the Bambui, the late Precambrian age of which is confirmed

[Cedrela odorata (Meliaceae) potential for dendrochronological studies in the Selva Central of Perú].

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Pereyra Espinoza, Manuel Jesús; Inga Guillen, Gaby Janet; Santos Morales, Mariano; Arisméndiz Rodríguez, Rodolfo

2014-06-01

Despite the progress made during the past 20 years, searching dendrochronological potential in tropical and subtropical tree species, tropical dendrochronology, is still in a development stage. The aim of this research was to determine the potential of C. odorata for dendrochronological studies in the Selva Central of Perú. The tree-ring anatomical characteristics were carefully examined and we were able to develop a 215 year (1795-2 009) tree-ring chronology and correlate it with precipitation records. The tree-ring chronology was developed based on 47 series of 27 trees. Tree rings are clearly delimited by large pore diameters in earlywood and small ones in latewood associated with marginal and paratracheal parenchyma. The tree-ring chronology was related to precipitation records from Satipo and significant correlations were found with the previous rainy season and late dry season of the current growth period. Moreover, we found close relationship between tree growth and total precipitations of the hydrological period (December to September) for the interval 1990-2009. These results demonstrate the influence of rainfall at different stages of C. odorata radial growth. The good discrimination of annual rings, strong relationship with precipitation, the wide range and longevity of trees (200 years) make C. odorata a very promising species for dendrochronological studies in tropical and subtropical forest of America.

Biological activity of Ruta chalepensis (Rutaceae and Sechium pittieri (Cucurbitaceae extracts on Hypsipyla grandella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae larvae

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Fernando Mancebo

2001-06-01

Full Text Available Biological activity of a plant extract (common rue, Ruta chalepensis and a semi purifíed fraction (from "tacaco cimarrón", Sechium pittieri on mahogany shootborer larvas (Hypsipyla grandella was studied. A randomized complete block design, with four replications, was used. H. grandella third instar larvas were exposed for 24 h to Cedrela odorata leaf discs dipped in several treatment dissolutions of each extract (0.1, 0.32, 1.0, 3.20, and 10%; afterwards, each larva was transferred to a flask containing an artificial diet and was allowed to complete its development. Variables measured included food consumption (foliar area eaten in 24 h, mortality, and developmental effects (developmental time for each larval instar and the pupa, and pupal weight. The common rue extract showed a clear antifeedant activity at a concentration as low as 0.32%, whereas the "tacaco cimarrón" fraction caused toxicity, especially at the two highest concentrations (3.20 and 10%.Se estudió la actividad biológica de un extracto de follaje de ruda (Ruta chalepensis y de una fracción semipurificada de "tacaco cimarrón" (Sechium pittieri sobre las larvas del gusano barrenador de las meliáceas (Hypsipyla grandella. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar, con cuatro repeticiones. Durante 24 h se expusieron larvas de tercer estadio de H. grandella a discos de follaje de Cedrela odorata impregnados con cada tratamiento. Estos consistieron en disoluciones de cada extracto (0.1, 0.32, 1.0, 3.20 y 10%; posteriormente cada larva se transfirió a un frasco que contenía dieta artificial, donde se le permitió completar su desarrollo. Las variables de respuesta fueron el consumo de alimento (área foliar comida en 24 h, la mortalidad y efectos sobre el desarrollo (tiempo de desarrollo de cada estadio larval y de la pupa, y el peso de la pupa. El extracto de ruda causó fagodisuasión a una concentración de apenas 0.32%, mientras que la fracción de "tacaco cimarr

Sobrevivência de espécies arbóreas plantadas em clareiras causadas pela colheita de madeira em uma floresta de terra firme no município de Paragominas na Amazônia brasileira Survival of seedlings planted in gaps after harvesting in a terra firme rain forest in Paragominas region in the Brazilian Amazonia

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Jaqueline Macêdo Gomes

2010-03-01

Full Text Available Analisou-se a sobrevivência de mudas plantadas em 400 clareiras causadas por exploração florestal de impacto reduzido, em floresta de terra firme na Amazônia Oriental. Foram plantadas 3.818 mudas de 17 espécies, das quais apenas Schizolobium amazonicum não ocorre na área de estudo. A distância entre as mudas plantadas foi de aproximadamente 5m. As avaliações ocorreram em 2005 e 2006. Com base na sobrevivência das mudas aos 11 meses após o plantio, as espécies indicadas para o enriquecimento de clareiras são: Schizolobium amazonicum, Cedrela odorata, Jacaranda copaia, Manilkara huberi, Astronium gracile, Pouteria bilocularis, Tabebuia impetiginosa,Pseudopiptadenia suaveolens, Cordia goeldiana, Parkia gigantocarpa, Simarouba amara, Sterculia pilosa, Laetia procera, Dinizia excelsa e Schefflera morototoni. Estudos sobre a taxa de crescimento, em períodos mais longos, são necessários para confirmar a utilização dessas espécies em plantios de enriquecimento de clareiras oriundas de exploração florestal, como alternativa para aumentar a produtividade e o valor econômico das florestas naturais manejadas na Amazônia brasileira.Survival of seedlings planted in 400 gaps created by reduced impact logging in a terra firme forest in the Eastern Amazonia was evaluated. 3,818 seedlings from 17 species occurring in the study area, except for Schizolobium amazonicum (paricá, which is rare in natural forests of Paragominas region, were planted in the gaps. Spacing of planted seedlings was 5m. According to survival of seedlings during 11 months after planting, the species Schizolobium amazonicum, Cedrela odorata, Jacaranda copaia, Manilkara huberi, Astronium gracile, Pouteria bilocularis, Tabebuia impetiginosa,Pseudopiptadenia suaveolens, Cordia goeldiana, Parkia gigantocarpa, Simarouba amara, Sterculia pilosa, Laetia procera, Dinizia excelsa and Schefflera morototoni can be suggested for enriching in gaps created by reduced impact logging

Uso do solo e infraestrutura viária na relação com as dinâmicas produtivas em assentamentos agroextrativistas no Amapá

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Olavo Silva

2016-12-01

Full Text Available Este trabalho analisa aspectos de uso do solo e as condições gerais da rede viária terrestre na relação com as dinámicas produtivas nos Projetos de Assentamentos Agroextrativistas do Cedro, Bom Jesus dos Fernandes e Governador Janary no município de Tartarugalzinho, centro/leste do Amapá. A pesquisa utilizou-se de dados documentais de órgãos públicos como INCRA, IBAMA e IMAP, levantamentos de dados e informações em campo e processamento de imagens SRTM e arquivos vetoriais em SIG. Identificou-se e caracterizou-se o uso do solo, altimetria do relevo, hidrografia, e as condições da infraestrutura viária terrestre. Embora existam possibilidades de mudanças benéficas, atualmente, as atividades produtivas praticadas nos assentamentos resultam de modelos implantados na Amazônia Brasileira de forma tradicional, pouco sustentáveis e ineficazes para prover melhoria nas infraestruturas existentes e na qualidade de vida nos assentamentos.

Isotopic footprint: ¿does the forensic analyses improve forest control?

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Ulrich Melessa

2013-10-01

Full Text Available In the Ecuadorian market a high percentage of timber from tropical forests is of illegal origin. Illegal acts and infringments along the production chain are more frequent if the concern species is valuable such as mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla and cedar (Cedrela odorata. In this regard, one of the most frequently falsified data is the geographical origin of wood. At date there is no forensic scientific method for determining objectively and independently the geographic source stated in the documentation of traded timber. The analysis of the isotope composition, known as a isotope fingerprint, has a clear special pattern and is feasible for this purpose.From Ecuador samples of mahogany and cedar were contributed to build a geo-referenced database and improve the method to make it more operational to serve in control and surveillance programs. This article explains the problems related to the subject, the method and its potential use. 

Aplicación de un modelo experimental de valoración económica del uso y manejo de la flora colombiana. Estudio de caso: Meliaceae y Anacardiaceae

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Nydia Johanna Muñoz Castaño

2006-07-01

(L. Sleumer (trompillo, Anacardium occidentale L. (marañón, Anacardium giganteum Hancock ex Engler (marañón gigante, Spondias mombin L. (hobo, Camnosperma panamense Standl. (sajo y Astronium graveolens Jacq. (diomate o quiebracha. El modelo y el indicador propuestos integran todos los tópicos que se consideraron partícipes del valor económico de las especies en dos grandes aspectos: el biológico y el biocultural y socioeconómico. El indicador produce un valor aproximado de la especie valorando los aspectos contemplados en el modelo a través de cinco componentes: valor actual de uso, valor actual de importancia cultural, valor actual de los productos y servicios, valor potencial de los productos y servicios y estatus de la información. Con su aplicación en el estudio de caso se determinó a Cedrela odorata como la especie más valiosa.

ALMACÉN DE CARBONO EN SISTEMAS AGROFORESTALES CON CAFÉ

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William Espinoza-Domínguez

2012-01-01

Full Text Available El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de estimar el almacén de carbono en sistemas agroforestales (SAF con base en café en la región de Huatusco, zona de mayor producción de café (Coffea arabiga L. en el estado de Veracruz, México, a fin de obtener información cuantitativa sobre el potencial de mitigación de carbono en los SAF de la región. Para ello, se estimaron los reservorios de carbono en biomasa vegetal y la materia orgánica edáfica existentes en sistemas agroforestales de café-plátano, café-macadamia, café-cedro rosado, café-ganado ovino y café-chalahuite, y como referencia de una condición no agroforestal se incluyeron un bosque primario y un potrero con pradera natural. La recolección de muestras se hizo en parcelas de 4 x 25 m (100 m2, donde se colectó biomasa de vegetación herbácea y mantillo, y para el suelo la profundidad de muestreo fue de 0 a 30 cm. El sistema agroforestal que presentó la mayor cantidad de carbono aéreo, estimado con modelos alelométricos, fue café-cedro rosado (Ca + Ce, con 114 Mg C·ha-1, seguido de los sistemas café - macadamia (Ca + Ma, con 34 Mg C·ha-1; café-chalahuite (Ca + Ch, con 29 Mg C·ha-1; café-plátano velillo (Ca + Pl, con 27 Mg C·ha-1; y por último el sistema silvopastoril (Sp, con 2 Mg C·ha-1. Para el caso del carbono orgánico del suelo, el tratamiento (Ca + Ce fue el que presentó mayor contenido de carbono fácilmente oxidable en el suelo, con 58 Mg C·ha-1, y el menor fue el tratamiento potrero (P, con 50 Mg C·ha-1. Del carbono orgánico total entre los SAF el tratamiento Ca + Ce fue el que tuvo el mayor valor, con 172 Mg C·ha-1, y el tratamiento silvopastoril (Sp presentó el menor, con 65 Mg C·ha-1. De los sistemas evaluados se concluye que, en promedio, los SAF almacenan 102 Mg C·ha-1, mientras que el potrero almacena 52 t C·ha-1, y el bosque primario es el sistema que más almacena carbono total, con un valor de 355 Mg C·ha-1.

Lithofacies of deep marine basalts emplaced on a Jurassic backarc apron, Baja California (Mexico)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Busby-Spera, C.J.

1987-09-01

Basalts of the mid-Jurassic Gran Canon Formation, Cedros Island, Mexico, were emplaced on a volcaniclastic apron in a deep marine backarc basin. Elongate pillows and lava tubes, as well as paleocurrent data from the volcaniclastic apron, indicate a southward regional paleoslope away from the island arc source. Basalts emplaced on relatively proximal parts of the apron are nearly entirely pillowed and have thick flow units with mega-pillows. Basalts on distal parts of the apron (about 15 to 20 km down paleo-current) are dominated by pillow fragment breccias (flow foot rubble), and individual lava flows are generally thin, with small pillows, suggesting that the distal ends of lava flows, erupted upslope, are represented. These distal flow fronts, however, are interstratified with features that typically form close to a vent, including thick massive to mega-pillowed lavas and lava tubes up to 8 m in diameter. It is inferred that a fissure (or system of fissures) extended from the arc into the backarc basin, erupting basalt lavas onto both proximal and distal parts of the volcaniclastic apron. Such intraplate volcanism may be common on the hot frontal arc side of backarc basins. 26 references.

Ecologia da ictiofauna de um córrego de cabeceira da bacia do alto rio Paraná, Brasil Ecology of the ichthyofauna of a headwater stream of the upper Paraná River basin, Brazil

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Elis Mara Lemes

2002-09-01

Full Text Available Ecological studies were conducted in the ichthyofauna of Cedro, a small headwater stream located in a degraded area of State of São Paulo, Brazil, situated in the upper Paraná River basin. These are the results of two non-consecutive years observations and collections in two biotopes of that stream: a pool and a rapid. The ecological characteristics studied change in space and time. The present richness of species is high (21 species, nine of which are constant, six accessory and six accidental. The diversity is low (0.69 to 2.38, and the numeric predominance, from one to three species, occurred in both biotopes. The most frequent species are Poecilia reticulata (Peters, 1859 (28.1%, Corydoras cf. aeneus (Gill, 1858 (20.3% and Hypostomus cf. ancistroides (Ihering, 1911 (19.8%. The density ranges from 0.7 to 19.8 specimens/m³. The similarity index indicates high similarity between the ichthyofauna (45.0% to 95.0% inside the same or contiguous biotopes. The evenness (0.46 to 1.0 is comparable to those found in similar studies carried out in other streams.

Extraction and evaluation of condensed tannins from bark of eleven species of trees from Costa Rica

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Aguilar Lopez, Jorge; Vega Guzman, Ileana; Borbon Alpizar, Henry; Soto Fallas, Roy Mario; Jaen Jimenez, Jean Carlo; Vargas Abarca, Ana Sofia; Jimenez Bonilla, Pablo; Herrera Nunez, Jacqueline

2012-01-01

A study is made regarding the nature and the amount of condensed tannin which can extract of bark from 11 tree species present in Costa Rica: guanacaste (Enterolobium cyclocarpum), cork oak (Licania arborea), jobo (Spondias mombin), pochote (Pachira quinata), loquat (Manilkara chicle), almond (Andira inermis), oak (Tabebuia rosea), cedar (Cedrela odorata), cenizaro (Samanea saman), pine (Pinus caribaea) and cypress (Cupressus lusitanica). The cortex samples were prepared, dried and extracted with ethanol. The ethanolic extracts were analyzed for condensed tannin content through the number of Stiasny, and characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The species with the highest proportion of extracted material were: guanacaste (9.5841% w/w), pochote (15.0066% w/w), pine (19.3400% w/w) and cypress (10.5300% w/w). The extracts with a higher proportion of condensed tannins have been: cork oak (61.9% w/w), jobo (66.1% w/w), pochote (72.8% w/w), loquat (50.5% w/w), cedar (72.7% w/w) and pine (70.7% w/w). (author) [es

Propagação vegetativa de cedo-australiano (Toona ciliata M. Roemer por miniestaquia Vegetative propagation of Toona ciliata M. Roemer by the minicutting technique

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Jonicélia Cristina Araújo Vieira de Souza

2009-04-01

Full Text Available O método de propagação usual do cedro-australiano (Toona ciliata é via seminal, entretanto a oferta sazonal das sementes e sua curta viabilidade ao longo do tempo representam um problema para a produção contínua de mudas destinadas à implantação de povoamentos. Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a viabilidade da propagação vegetativa da espécie por miniestaquia e a necessidade da aplicação de acido indolbutírico (AIB para o enraizamento das miniestacas. A partir de um banco de estacas de origem seminal, foram obtidas brotações para produção de mudas clonais, em três diferentes épocas de coleta (2,5; 4,5; e 5,5 meses após a recepa das mudas. Antes do estaqueamento, as miniestacas tiveram suas bases imersas em quatro concentrações de AIB (0; 1.500; 3.000; e 4.500 mg L-1. Durante o experimento, obtiveram-se 100% de sobrevivência das minicepas e das miniestacas. Houve 100% de enraizamento das miniestacas nas três coletas, não ocorrendo diferença no comprimento de raízes em função das doses de auxina aplicadas. Quanto maior o intervalo entre as coletas e quanto maiores as brotações que originaram as miniestacas, maior a velocidade de crescimento das mudas. Miniestacas de cedro-australiano possuem capacidade de enraizamento, e mudas recepadas apresentam brotação, possibilitando a clonagem da espécie pelo processo de miniestaquia.Sexual propagation is the method commonly used for the Australian Red Cedar Toona ciliata. However, seasonal seed availability and short viability are a concern for the continuous offer of seeds for implantation. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the viability of vegetative propagation of this species through minicutting and to test indolbutiric acid (IBA application for rooting of minicuttings. Sprouts for clonal minicutting production were obtained from a miniclonal garden established from seeds, in three different harvest times (2.5; 4.5 and 5.5 months

Biossólido como substrato para produção de mudas de Toona ciliata var. australis

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Marcos Vinicius Winckler Caldeira

2012-12-01

Full Text Available O êxito de plantios florestais não está ligado unicamente à espécie utilizada, mas depende diretamente do tipo de recipiente, da qualidade das sementes e do substrato utilizado. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a influência do biossólido como substrato na produção de mudas de cedro-australiano (Toona ciliata. O experimento foi realizado em casa de sombra do Viveiro Florestal/CCA/UFES. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, sendo constituído de seis tratamentos contendo biossólido, em proporções decrescentes, associado com terra de subsolo e dois tratamentos sem o uso de biossólido (esterco bovino + terra de subsolo e substrato comercial, respectivamente, com oito repetições. No geral, os melhores resultados para as características morfológicas analisadas foram obtidos com a utilização de 100 a 70% de biossólido na composição do substrato. Portanto, o biossólido pode ser considerado adequado para o crescimento de mudas de Toona ciliata o que demonstra uma alternativa viável de disposição final desse resíduo.

Análisis de captura de carbono en seis especies forestales nativas (3 esciofias-3 heliofias plantadas con fines de restauración en el Parque Ecológico La Poma (PEP - sabana de Bogotá – Colombia

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Bayron David Díaz Cepeda

2015-12-01

Full Text Available Se presentan los resultados de la determinación de carbono orgánico realizado para seis especies forestales (aliso, cedro, mano de oso, guayacán de Manizales, roble, encenillo en hojas, ramas, fuste y raíces. Las plantas evaluadas se encuentran en el Parque Ecológico La Poma (PEP. N, 991854.50 – E, 977425.32, ubicado en el municipio de Soacha-Cundinamarca. Se realizaron análisis químicos en muestras de 100 g de materia seca para calcular el carbono contenido, utilizando la metodología de Walkley y Black, encontrando diferencias significativas por especie e individuo, siendo el guayacán de Manizales la que presentó respecto a su biomasa la mayor relación de carbono, con hasta un 40 % en relación a la muestra. Por otro lado, las especies de más lento crecimiento como el roble invierten la mayor parte del carbono absorbido en el fuste, más del 50 % destinado a la formación de tejidos lignificados. Y en especies de rápido crecimiento hasta un 30 % en el sistema radicular buscando suplir la demanda de agua y nutrientes.

Profitability of Cedrela odorata L. in Agroforestry Systems with Coffee in Pérez Zeledón, Costa Rica

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Mariela González-Rojas

2017-12-01

Full Text Available The objective of this research was to determine the production of cedar wood in agroforestry systems (AF with coffee, using a prediction model of the commercial volume obtained in the study area, as well as the profitability generated by the sale of coffee, wood and payment for environmental services (PPSA. The study was carried out in the canton of Pérez Zeledón, province of San José, Costa Rica. There were established 30 temporary sampling plots of 1000 m2 in AF with cedar between five and 17 years of age. The diameter growth (DBH and the commercial height (CH of the species were evaluated, as well as the management of the SAF (activities, inputs and yields and coffee production through the producer interview. The obtained models allowed to predict the commercial volume (m3 tree-1 according to age (R2 = 88.7%, DBH (R2 = 90.3% and CH (R2 = 97.2%. The average coffee production of the sampled sites was 26 fanegas ha-1 year-1. At the age of 17 years of the cedar, a production of 1.04 m3 tree-1 (92.13 m3 ha-1 of standing timber was obtained, which represented a financial contribution of 81% of the net present value (NPV of the AF in the analysis period. The estimated financial indicators allow concluding that the coffee-cedar AF is profitable since it generated a positive NPV of ₡ 8 198 601,5, an internal rate of return (IRR of 16% which was higher than the cost of money (discount rate of 6.1% and a B/C ratio of 1.34.

[Psychological counselling and motivational psychotherapy in the treatment of drug dependence: assessment of interventions with the CEDRO Lugar de Escucha Program].

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Rojas Valero, Milton; Espinoza Paul, Luis

2008-01-01

The objective of the present research is to assess perception of and levels of satisfaction with the Lugar de Escucha program, as well as its brief interventions using counseling and motivational sessions. The study is of a pre-experimental type, with a single-group pretest-posttest measurement design. The sample was made up of 128 participants (9.4% females and 90.6% males), aged 15 to 51 (mean= 23.65; standard deviation = 7.92), users of cannabis, cocaine base paste, cocaine, inhalants and alcohol who attended the program. Data collection was carried out using Attention Forms (FdA); the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment Scale (URICA); the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (CST); and the Cases Follow-up Survey (ESC). In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the Lugar de Escucha Program, we assessed participants' motivational phases during the first interview and at referral, their level of satisfaction with the service received and the percentage of entrance to different treatment programs of the referred participants. The results on perception and satisfaction confirm a predominance of the program's strengths. With regard to the motivational phases, the findings show that the motivational induction interventions help to establish and maintain the patient's motivation for attitude change and for cessation of the abuse. In this sense, according to the findings, such interventions tend to be more effective when applied to patients in the Precontemplational and Contemplational phases. This suggests the need to work with more homogeneous groups, considering type of drugs, age and gender, and to use pre and post instruments. Likewise, the results suggest the need to classify patients in phases of change; such classification could be a useful tool for the improvement of treatment programs for drug users.

Criteria to be considered to achieve a sustainable second cycle in Amazon Forest

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Evaldo Muñoz Braz

2015-09-01

Full Text Available Remnant forest structure and increment by diameter class play a decisive role in the recovery volume for the next cutting cycle. Tree species in the Amazon Forest do not present a defined pattern of diameter structure, which is discussed here using Cedrela odorata L. as a case study The aim of this study was to identify, by simulation, recovery from logging in a real situation at three timber production sites, and the alternatives that are available to ensure commercial timber volume to a second cut cycle in the Brazilian Amazon. The study is concerned regarding the diametric classes of productive trees to the next cycle, the comparison demonstrates that one of the strategies recovers stock volume more quickly than expected in the cut cycle defined by Brazilian law. The number of trees remaining at the sites does not corroborate the common assumption that forest management depletes large diameter trees. This paper presents assessment strategies to evaluate and establish the diametric structure that would enable the possible recovery in the second cut cycle, depending on the volume logged during the first cut cycle.

Estabilidade físico-química e mercado do mexilhão (Perna perna cultivado em Ubatuba - SP Physicochemical stability and market of mussels (Perna perna cultivated in Ubatuba - SP, Brasil

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Érika Fabiane Furlan

2007-09-01

Full Text Available O presente estudo objetivou caracterizar o mexilhão Perna perna como alimento no que se refere à estabilidade físico-química, valor nutricional e consumo. Os mexilhões avaliados foram coletados em três regiões distintas do litoral norte de São Paulo: praia da Barra Seca, praia do Engenho da Almada e costão do Cedro. Determinou-se a composição centesimal (umidade, proteína bruta, carboidrato, lipídios e cinza, o valor calórico, o pH e as bases voláteis nitrogenadas totais. Paralelamente foi realizado estudo de mercado, através de questionários não estruturados, aplicados aos comerciantes e consumidores locais. Detectou-se variação dos constituintes químicos dos mexilhões em função da sazonalidade, bem como, do local de origem destes. Estes constituem uma fonte protéica (9,1 g.100 g-1, com baixo teor lipídico (1,1 g.100 g-1 e calórico (72,7 Kcal.100 g-1. Apresentaram uma estabilidade físico-química de 4 dias, sob temperatura de 10 °C (±1, conforme aferido pelos resultados apresentados, que não se correlacionaram entre si. No geral, os estabelecimentos comerciais apontaram uma preferência pela aquisição do mexilhão sem as conchas e uma maior demanda do produto preparado na forma de vinagrete. Foi diagnosticado o desconhecimento do produto pelos consumidores e conseqüente necessidade de marketing visando sua promoção.This research work consisted of characterizing Perna perna mussel as a food in terms of its physicochemical stability, nutritional value and consumption. Specimens of the mussel were collected from three sites off the northern coast of the state of São Paulo, namely Barra Seca, Engenho da Almada and Costão do Cedro. The centesimal composition (humidity, crude protein, carbohydrates, lipids and ash, caloric value, pH and total basic volatile nitrogen were determined. A market study was also carried out based on a nonstructured questionnaire distributed to local tradesmen and consumers. The

Wind speed forecasting in three different regions of Mexico, using a hybrid ARIMA-ANN model

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Cadenas, Erasmo [Facultad de Ingenieria Mecanica, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Santiago Tapia No. 403, Centro (Mexico); Rivera, Wilfrido [Centro de Ivestigacion en Energia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 34, Temixco 62580, Morelos (Mexico)

2010-12-15

In this paper the wind speed forecasting in the Isla de Cedros in Baja California, in the Cerro de la Virgen in Zacatecas and in Holbox in Quintana Roo is presented. The time series utilized are average hourly wind speed data obtained directly from the measurements realized in the different sites during about one month. In order to do wind speed forecasting Hybrid models consisting of Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models were developed. The ARIMA models were first used to do the wind speed forecasting of the time series and then with the obtained errors ANN were built taking into account the nonlinear tendencies that the ARIMA technique could not identify, reducing with this the final errors. Once the Hybrid models were developed 48 data out of sample for each one of the sites were used to do the wind speed forecasting and the results were compared with the ARIMA and the ANN models working separately. Statistical error measures such as the mean error (ME), the mean square error (MSE) and the mean absolute error (MAE) were calculated to compare the three methods. The results showed that the Hybrid models predict the wind velocities with a higher accuracy than the ARIMA and ANN models in the three examined sites. (author)

AVALIAÇÃO DE ESPECTRÔMETRO NIR PORTÁTIL E PLS-DA PARA A DISCRIMINAÇÃO DE SEIS ESPÉCIES SIMILARES DE MADEIRAS AMAZÔNICAS

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Liz F. Soares

Full Text Available Supervising wood exploitation can be very challenging due to the existence of many similar species and the reduced number of wood identification experts to meet the demand. There is evidence that valuable endangered wood species are being smuggled disguised as other species. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS and chemometrics has been successfully used to discriminate between Amazonian wood species using high resolution instruments. In this study, a handheld spectrometer was evaluated for the discrimination of six visually similar tropical wood species using PLS-DA. Woods of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla and cedar (Cedrela odorata, both high value tropical timber species included in Appendixes II and III of the CITES, respectively; crabwood (Carapa guianensis; cedrinho (Erisma uncinatum; curupixá (Micropholis melinoniana; and jatobá (Hymenea coubaril. The data for model development and validation take into account both laboratory and field measurements. Outlier exclusion was performed based on Hotelling T2, residuals Q and errors in the estimated class values. The efficiency rates were higher than 90% for all species, showing that the handheld NIR combined with PLS-DA succeeded in discriminate between these species. These results stimulate the application of handheld NIR spectrometers in the supervision of wood exploitation, which can contribute to the species preservation.

ETHNOBOTANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF FOREST ESSENCES WITH MEDICINAL PROPERTIES USED BY THE XIPAYA ETHNICITY IN THE CITY OF ALTAMIRA-PA

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Joielan Xipaia dos Santos

2016-06-01

Full Text Available The aim of this study was to carry out an ethnobotanical characterization of forest essences with medicinal properties used by the Xipaya ethnicity from Tukamã village in PA. For this, traditional methods for ethnobotanical surveys were used, such as the application of descriptive and qualitative questionnaires, Shannon-Wiener and Simpson diversity indexes, and Pielou’s evenness and agreement of main use (AMU indexes. The most cited botanical families were Fabaceae, Moraceae, Lecythidaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Lauraceae. It was observed that the preparation methods weredifferent, and the parts of the plant that were used were also different. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index was 3.24. The Pielou’s evenness index was 0.97, and the Simpson diversity index was 0.04. All were considered significant. The species with precious bark (Aniba canelilla, red cedar (Cedrela odorata, Genipa (Genipa Americana, Pink Ipê (Tabebuia impetiginosa, Mulungu (Erythrina mulungu, Quassia (Quassia amara, and dragon's blood (Croton urucurana were unanimous regarding AMU. Therefore, we observed that the Xipaya community, from the Tukamã village, still hold enough information on medicinal forest essences, the women being the main key holders of these practices and thus contributing to the education, culture, and lifestyle of this community. Keywords: Indigenous women, biodiversity of species, medicinal plants.

Do persistently fast-growing juveniles contribute disproportionately to population growth? A new analysis tool for matrix models and its application to rainforest trees.

Science.gov (United States)

Zuidema, Pieter A; Brienen, Roel J W; During, Heinjo J; Güneralp, Burak

2009-11-01

Plants and animals often exhibit strong and persistent growth variation among individuals within a species. Persistently fast-growing individuals have a higher chance of reaching reproductive size, do so at a younger age, and therefore contribute disproportionately to population growth (lambda). Here we introduce a new approach to quantify this "fast-growth effect." We propose using age-size-structured matrix models in which persistently fast and slow growers are distinguished as they occur in relatively young and old age classes for a given size category. Life-cycle pathways involving fast growth can then be identified, and their contribution to lambda is quantified through loop analysis. We applied this approach to an example species, the tropical rainforest tree Cedrela odorata, that shows persistent growth variation among individuals. Loop analysis showed that juvenile trees reaching the 10-cm diameter class at below-median age contributed twice as much to lambda as slow juvenile growers. Fast growth to larger-diameter categories also contributed disproportionately to lambda. The results were robust to changes in parameter values and life-history trade-offs. These results show that the fast-growth effect can be strong in long-lived species. Persistent growth differences among individuals should therefore be accommodated for in demographic models and life-history studies.

Tree rings and rainfall in the equatorial Amazon

Science.gov (United States)

Granato-Souza, Daniela; Stahle, David W.; Barbosa, Ana Carolina; Feng, Song; Torbenson, Max C. A.; de Assis Pereira, Gabriel; Schöngart, Jochen; Barbosa, Joao Paulo; Griffin, Daniel

2018-05-01

The Amazon basin is a global center of hydroclimatic variability and biodiversity, but there are only eight instrumental rainfall stations with continuous records longer than 80 years in the entire basin, an area nearly the size of the coterminous US. The first long moisture-sensitive tree-ring chronology has been developed in the eastern equatorial Amazon of Brazil based on dendrochronological analysis of Cedrela cross sections cut during sustainable logging operations near the Rio Paru. The Rio Paru chronology dates from 1786 to 2016 and is significantly correlated with instrumental precipitation observations from 1939 to 2016. The strength and spatial scale of the precipitation signal vary during the instrumental period, but the Rio Paru chronology has been used to develop a preliminary reconstruction of February to November rainfall totals from 1786 to 2016. The reconstruction is related to SSTs in the Atlantic and especially the tropical Pacific, similar to the stronger pattern of association computed for the instrumental rainfall data from the eastern Amazon. The tree-ring data estimate extended drought and wet episodes in the mid- to late-nineteenth century, providing a valuable, long-term perspective on the moisture changes expected to emerge over the Amazon in the coming century due to deforestation and anthropogenic climate change.

EFFECT OF THE PLANTATION DENSITY IN THE GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF Cnidoscolus chayamansa MCVAUGH (EUPHORBIACEAE

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Jesús Mao Estanislao Aguilar Luna

2012-01-01

Full Text Available The plantation density (PD is a decisive factor in the agronomical resources of cultivation; as such, in this experiment, the effect of the growth and the productivity of the chaya plants were evaluated, as an associated growing in the cedar-lime system, to determine its optimum PD. The chaya plants were positioned at 1.50 x 3.00 m, utilizing cuttings without leaves; associated with young trees (less than 2 years of Cedrela odorata and Citrus latifolia in a circular plantation design 'Nelder' of 3154 m2. Eight PD from 2602 to 3772 plants·ha-1 were defined with 10 repetitions. The variables were: rhizogenic potential (RP, growth rate (GR, index of vigor (IV, index of leaf area (ILA and production of dry biomass (PDB. The results indicated that of the 3046 to 3772 plants·ha-1 were found to have the best RP, the ILA (5.44 and PDB (8.48 kg·plant-1; even though the IV (1.16 and GR (0.51 cm·day-1 were the best in 2602 to 2647 plants·ha-1. As the primary objective in this specie is the PDB, the PD optimal was 3046 to 3772 plants·ha-1.

Dendrochronology of species from Brazilian Araucaria Forest, Candoi, PR Dendrocronologia de espécies da Floresta Ombrófila Mista do Município de Candói, PR

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Patricia Póvoa de Mattos

2010-06-01

Full Text Available In the present work the dendrochronological potential of six species of the Araucaria Forest is analyzed. The trunks of 20 trees were collected in Candoi, State of Parana, Brazil, from an area that belongs to
ELEJOR, Centrais Elétricas do Rio Jordão, for the following species: Araucaria angustifolia, Clethra scabra, Cedrela lilloi, Ocotea porosa, Podocarpus lambertii and Sebastiania commersoniana (3 to 6, from each species. The trunks were sawed, and at breast height a sample was taken from the center of the board, from bark to bark, crossing the pith, for macroscopic analysis. These samples were dried and polished, making possible the recognition and measurement of growth rings The historical climatic data series were provided by SIMEPAR, the State weather institute. The trees presented diameter at breast height (DBH, varying from 14 cm to 40 cm, with age of 60 years, annual diameter increment of 0.6 cm, in average. Although the number of trees was small, it was possible to observe that the site was not limiting for the species, as the growth rings showed very low sensitivity.
However, the very extreme growth condition of 1999 and 2000, when  occurred a very low precipitation period followed by a very severe winter, was registered in the growth ring series of most of the disks analyzedFoi analisado o potencial dendrocronológico de seis espécies da Floresta Ombrófila Mista (FOM.
Foram coletados troncos em Candói, PR, em uma área pertencente a ELEJOR, Centrais Elétricas do Rio Jordão,
sendo três a seis indivíduos das espécies: Araucaria angustifolia, Clethra scabra, Cedrela lilloi, Ocotea
porosa, Podocarpus lambertii e Sebastiania commersoniana. Os troncos foram serrados, sendo retiradas amostras à altura do peito, da prancha central, de casca a casca, cruzando a medula, para análise macroscópica. Essas amostras foram secas e lixadas, possibilitando o reconhecimento e medição dos anéis de crescimento. A

Caracterização e Seleção de Clones de Capim-Elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum. na Zona da Mata de Pernambuco

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Mello Alexandre Carneiro Leão de

2002-01-01

Full Text Available O estudo visou caracterizar uma coleção de 71 clones de capim-elefante e selecionar os mais promissores para serem testados sob pastejo. A caracterização foi realizada na Estação Experimental do Cedro/IPA, no município de Vitória de Sto. Antão/PE, nas estações chuvosa e seca. Cada clone foi representado por parcelas não repetidas de 10 m². Segundo análise de correlação linear, os clones mais produtivos em relação à MS, também apresentaram maiores alturas de planta e de meristemas apicais, diâmetros de colmo, relações colmo/folha (C/F, números de perfilhos basais e total e comprimentos de folha. Excetuando-se a relação C/F, as mesmas características também correlacionaram-se positivamente com a produção de lâmina foliar (LF. Foi observada uma correlação linear positiva e altamente significativa (r = 0,9517 entre as produções de MS e de LF. Baseando-se nos materiais que apresentaram as maiores produções de LF/área, foram selecionados 10 clones: Mineirão/IPEACO, Hexaplóide, Mole de Volta Grande, King Grass, 591-76 ou Cameroon, CE 5 A.D., Gigante de Pinda, CE 4 A.D., Elefante da Colômbia e Vrukwona

Diversidad florística y estructura en cacaotales tradicionales y bosque natural (Sumaco, Ecuador

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Oswaldo Angel Jadán Maza

2016-07-01

Full Text Available Se caracterizaron la diversidad, estructura horizontal y vertical de la vegetación arbórea y arbustiva en cacaotales tradicionales y bosque maduro. Se evaluó la diversidad alfa, beta y se identificaron relaciones entre la riqueza con la estructura de la vegetación arbórea. El bosque registró los mayores valores en riqueza de especies, abundancia y estructura, seguido por el sistema agroforestal tradicional con cacao semilla. Las especies más importantes ecológicamente en el bosque fueron Iriartea deltoidea y Otoba glycycarpa. En todos los sistemas agroforestales tradicionales fueron Cordia alliodora y Cedrela odorata. En los sistemas agroforestales con cultivo de cacao la riqueza de especies se correlaciona positivamente con la densidad y área basal, marcando dependencia directa entre estas variables. Este resultado no puede generalizarse ya que en el bosque maduro y sistema agroforestal de subsistencia no se registran estas dependencias. Esto posiblemente es explicado por la discetaniedad, tamaños de vegetación y distribución aleatoria de los individuos sobre la riqueza de especies. Se concluyó que el bosque maduro y el sistema agroforestal con cacao semilla son los sistemas más importantes para conservación de especies arbóreas y arbustivas, según la riqueza, diversidad, índices de similitud y estructura de la vegetación.

Floristic aspects and diversity of regenerated arboreal species under a stand of Anadenanthera peregrina Speg.

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Gutenberg de Almeida Nascimento

2009-06-01

Full Text Available This study was conducted at the campus of the Federal University of Lavras, Minas Gerais state, in an area of 7.56ha which in earlier times was planted with Anadenanthera peregrina. It aimed to describe the floristic composition of the site so asto provide a theoretical basis to assist future local management interventions. A total of 81 plots, each measuring 10x10m, wereallocated and arranged in such way as to cover as much apparent variation in the physiognomic gradient of the vegetation as possible.All individuals with DBH (diameter at breast height > 5.0 cm were recorded. Each individual had their DBH and height recorded.Diversity was assessed using Shannon, Pielou and Jentsen indices and compared to adjacent areas and to other areas with similarhistory of land use. The sampling procedure recorded 1,180 individuals, distributed among 25 families and 66 species. The familypresenting the largest number of recorded species was Fabaceae, with 16 species (24.24%. The genera presenting the greatest floristicrichness were Casearia, with four species, Machaerium and Rollinia, each with three species, and Anadenanthera, Tapirira, Cordia,Protium, Inga, Ocotea, Miconia, Cedrela and Myrcia, each with two species. The Shannon diversity index (H was 1.47 nats.ind-1,indicating that the local community has low species diversity.

Study of the effect of gamma radiation on some physical-mechanical properties of wood used in Brazilian cultural and artistic heritage

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Severiano, Lucio Cesar

2010-01-01

Wood is considered a natural composite of extreme complexity, basically composed by cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose (polyosis) and extractives. Its composition favors biological attacks from different species. In this context, several techniques have been studied and applied for disinfecting and decontaminating wood-made works of art and cultural heritage, which have been damaged by fungi, bacteria and insects. Gamma radiation emitted by unstable isotopes, such as 60- cobalt, has also been studied as an alternative to the conventional wood preservatives. So, gamma rays treatment has been shown to be efficient to the removal of infestations by insects and microorganisms in wood-made artifacts, to be fast and not to require quarantine because it does not generate toxic waste. Similar to other techniques, this process does not prevent the irradiated material of re-infestation or recontamination. In this context, the effects of relatively high disinfestation gamma radiation doses (up to 100 kGy) on cedro rosa and imbuia, two typical Brazilian wood species, are accompanied by the changes on the following attributes: apparent density, retracting, parallel compression to fibers, bending in the modulus of elasticity, hardness, shear and thermal stability. Results have shown that gamma radiation, in the studied dose range, does not promote alterations on properties of investigated wood species. In case of a re-infestation, these observations indicate that the wood species can be submitted to repeatedly irradiation processes without causing damage to their structure up to the studied dose range, in despite of radiation effects be always cumulative. (author)

Geology of the eastern emerald belt (EEB)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Moreno, Giovani; Terraza, Roberto; Montoya, Diana

2009-01-01

The stratigraphic record in EEB begins with an upper Paleozoic basal siliciclastic sequence (Farallones Group, Devonian - Carboniferous), unconformably overlain by basal Cretaceous formations (Bata to the east, Santa Rosa - Ubala - Chivor to the west o the Quetame Massif). The Cretaceous marine ingression took place in a tectonically active basin since Triassic and Jurassic. This tectonic setting last until the end of earliest Cretaceous giving place to a thick sedimentary sequence made of the aforementioned basal units and the Lutitas de Macanal, Las Juntas, Fomeque and Une formations. Paleozoic basement highs normal fault bounded, restrict the Cretaceous sedimentation in the EEB zone, this is evidence especially for the basal Cretaceous units (Berriasian). In this way, to the east of Montecristo Anticline (overlaying Farallones Group) we found conglomerates (Bata Formation), instead to the west sedimentation was mainly lodolithic (Santa Rosa Formation, new litostratigraphic unit). Toward Ubala, overlaying Paleozoic basement (Farallones Anticline) rest a calcareous -Terrigenous set (Ubala Formation new litostratigraphic unit). In Chivor - Malacara area we found evaporitic sets with calcareous rocks (Chivor Formation, new litostratigraphic unit) overlaying Santa Rosa Formation. In Valanginian times the sea regionally drown the area of EEB and give rise to marine offshore conditions (Lutitas de Macanal Formation) with episodic events of gravity flows (El Figaro - Los Cedros members). During Hauterivian to Albian times the accumulation of a sandy - muddy sediments in tidal fats or deltaic systems give rise the record of Las Juntas -Une formations. Finally in Barremian early Albian times there are a siliciclastic - calcareous record of marine offshore environments (Fomeque Formation).

Study of the effect of gamma radiation on some physical-mechanical properties of wood used in Brazilian cultural and artistic heritage; Estudo do efeito da radiacao gama sobre algumas propriedades fisico-mecanicas de madeiras usadas em patrimonios artisticos e culturais brasileiros

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Severiano, Lucio Cesar

2010-07-01

Wood is considered a natural composite of extreme complexity, basically composed by cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose (polyosis) and extractives. Its composition favors biological attacks from different species. In this context, several techniques have been studied and applied for disinfecting and decontaminating wood-made works of art and cultural heritage, which have been damaged by fungi, bacteria and insects. Gamma radiation emitted by unstable isotopes, such as 60- cobalt, has also been studied as an alternative to the conventional wood preservatives. So, gamma rays treatment has been shown to be efficient to the removal of infestations by insects and microorganisms in wood-made artifacts, to be fast and not to require quarantine because it does not generate toxic waste. Similar to other techniques, this process does not prevent the irradiated material of re-infestation or recontamination. In this context, the effects of relatively high disinfestation gamma radiation doses (up to 100 kGy) on cedro rosa and imbuia, two typical Brazilian wood species, are accompanied by the changes on the following attributes: apparent density, retracting, parallel compression to fibers, bending in the modulus of elasticity, hardness, shear and thermal stability. Results have shown that gamma radiation, in the studied dose range, does not promote alterations on properties of investigated wood species. In case of a re-infestation, these observations indicate that the wood species can be submitted to repeatedly irradiation processes without causing damage to their structure up to the studied dose range, in despite of radiation effects be always cumulative. (author)

VICHADA: LA HOSPITALIDAD DEL ORINOCO. Pag. 150-157

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Wilmer Velandia

2013-03-01

Full Text Available Donde el cielo y la sabana se unen en el infinito, se vislumbra una sola montaña en la lejanía, parece un gigante, antiguo y oscuro al final de la inmensidad un “Tepuye”, después de unas cuantas horas de camino se acerca este gran anciano que data del precámbrico, pero no está solo. Se observan algunos compañeros iguales a él, se podrían considerar como los guardianes del imponente y hermoso Orinoko, considerado en lengua Sikuani como la gran serpiente enroscada acompañada de una gran riqueza paisajística cultural y biodiversa; bosques de galería, diferentes tipos de sabana, esteros, lagunas, morichales, bosques inundables, las que recorren aguas blancas, negras y mixtas, rodeadas por diferentes etnias y grupos indígenas como Piaroas, Sikuanis – Guahibos, Cuibas y Amoruas, que viven en forma pacífica con llaneros y colonos, orgullosos de estas tierras, amables y hospitalarios que desde hace muchos años comparten este paraíso con: bagres, pirañas, anguilas, rayas, arawanas, anacondas, ranas, sapos, caimanes, babos, iguanas, tortugas, loros, búhos, guacamayas, azucareros, pavones, paujiles, águilas, zamuros, aulladores, armadillos, ocarros, chigüiros, osos hormigueros, ocelotes, jaguares, nutrias, murciélagos, cuerpo espines, zorros, venados y delfines, que pasan sus días entre; cedros, moriches, saladillos, caraños, yarumos, laureles, caimos, guaduas, guamos, alcornoques, chaparros, arepillos, palmiches y gualtes.

Experiences in the containerized tree seedlings forest nurseries production

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Eduardo González-Izquierdo

2014-12-01

Full Text Available The work summarizes the results of the research carried out by the team of forest nurseries at Sustainable Forest Management Group in Pinar del Río University Forest Research Centre in the last 25 years. The characteristics of seedlings quality are presented, the best growing media, the water management to harden the forest species under the ecological conditions of more and more lingering periods of drought. The studied forest species were: Talipariti elatum (Sw. Fryxell, Pinus tropicalis Morelet , Swietenia mahagon(L.Jacq. Swietenia macrophylla King, Caesalpinia violacea (Mill. Stand, Genipa americana L, Gerascanthus gerascanthoides (Kunth Borhidi y Cedrela odorata L. y Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden. The main results can be summarized in the following way: the size of the containers oscillates between 90 and 300 cubic centimeters; the growing media combines organic and composted components fundamentally of Pinus caribaea and Eucalyptus ssp bark., with proportions that they vary according to the species and the disposability of these components in the nurseries where the plants take place; for the water management hardening procedures were used by watering in last month of the cultivation. In general the economic analyses demonstrated the decrease of the production costs for seedlings with the employment of this novel technology, the same as their advantages on the traditional technology of seedlings production in polybags: humanization of manpower work in forest nursery, reduction of costs production, improvement of produced seedling quality and productivity increase of their workers.

The impact of tree age on biomass growth and carbon accumulation capacity: A retrospective analysis using tree ring data of three tropical tree species grown in natural forests of Suriname.

Science.gov (United States)

Köhl, Michael; Neupane, Prem R; Lotfiomran, Neda

2017-01-01

The world's forests play a pivotal role in the mitigation of global climate change. By photosynthesis they remove CO2 from the atmosphere and store carbon in their biomass. While old trees are generally acknowledged for a long carbon residence time, there is no consensus on their contribution to carbon accumulation due to a lack of long-term individual tree data. Tree ring analyses, which use anatomical differences in the annual formation of wood for dating growth zones, are a retrospective approach that provides growth patterns of individual trees over their entire lifetime. We developed time series of diameter growth and related annual carbon accumulation for 61 trees of the species Cedrela odorata L. (Meliacea), Hymenaea courbaril L. (Fabacea) and Goupia glabra Aubl. (Goupiacea). The trees grew in unmanaged tropical wet-forests of Suriname and reached ages from 84 to 255 years. Most of the trees show positive trends of diameter growth and carbon accumulation over time. For some trees we observed fluctuating growth-periods of lower growth alternate with periods of increased growth. In the last quarter of their lifetime trees accumulate on average between 39 percent (C. odorata) and 50 percent (G. glabra) of their final carbon stock. This suggests that old-growth trees in tropical forests do not only contribute to carbon stocks by long carbon resistance times, but maintain high rates of carbon accumulation at later stages of their life time.

Quercitrin from Toona sinensis (Juss. M.Roem. Attenuates Acetaminophen-Induced Acute Liver Toxicity in HepG2 Cells and Mice through Induction of Antioxidant Machinery and Inhibition of Inflammation

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Van-Long Truong

2016-07-01

Full Text Available Quercitrin is found in many kinds of vegetables and fruits, and possesses various bioactive properties. The aim of the present study was to elucidate hepatoprotective mechanisms of quercitrin isolated from Toona sinensis (Juss. M.Roem. (syn. Cedrela sinensis Juss., using acetaminophen (APAP-treated HepG2 cell and animal models. In an in vitro study, quercitrin suppressed the production of reactive oxygen species and enhanced expression of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2, activity of antioxidant response element (ARE-reporter gene, and protein levels of NADPH: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1, catalase (CAT, glutathione peroxidase (GPx, and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD-2 in APAP-treated HepG2 cells. In an in vivo study, Balb/c mice were orally administered with 10 or 50 mg/kg of quercitrin for 7 days and followed by the injection with single dose of 300 mg/kg APAP. Quercitrin decreased APAP-caused elevation of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels, liver necrosis, the expression of pro-inflammatory factors including inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase 2 and inerleukin-1β, and phosphorylation of kinases including c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38. Quercitrin restored protein levels of Nrf2, NQO1 and activities and expressions of CAT, GPx, SOD-2. The results suggested that quercitrin attenuates APAP-induced liver damage by the activation of defensive genes and the inhibition of pro-inflammatory genes via the suppressions of JNK and p38 signaling.

Agroforestry systems of timber species and cacao: survival and growth during the early stages

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Wilmer Espinoza

2013-08-01

Full Text Available In recent times, increased emphasis has been placed on diversifying the types of trees to shade cacao (Theobromacacao L. and to achieve additional services. Agroforestry systems that include profitable and native timber trees are a viable alternative but it is necessary to understand the growth characteristics of these species under different environmental conditions. Thus, timber tree species selection should be based on plant responses to biotic and abiotic factors. The aims of this study were (1 to evaluate growth rates and leaf area indices of the four commercial timber species: Cordia thaisiana, Cedrela odorata, Swietenia macrophylla and Tabebuia rosea in conjunction with incidence of insect attacks and (2 to compare growth rates of four Venezuelan Criollo cacao cultivars planted under the shade of these four timber species during the first 36 months after establishment. Parameters monitored in timber trees were: survival rates, growth rates expressed as height and diameter at breast height and leaf area index. In the four Cacao cultivars: height and basal diameter. C. thaisiana and C. odorata had the fastest growth and the highest survival rates. Growth rates of timber trees will depend on their susceptibility to insect attacks as well as to total leaf area. All cacao cultivars showed higher growth rates under the shade of C. odorata. Growth rates of timber trees and cacao cultivars suggest that combinations of cacao and timber trees are a feasible agroforestry strategy in Venezuela.

Chalet en Florida - (EE.UU.

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Morgan, William

1975-11-01

Full Text Available This house has been designed as a series of ascending platforms in a continuous spiral around a central staircase and the various platforms have each been assigned different room functions, such as: living room, master bedroom and children's bedroom, studio, dining room and kitchen, guest room and under the house space has been provided for a garage. The construction is entirely wooden and is lifted above the ground by 9 exposed piles to which are bolted the beams that support the exposed ceiling Joists. For these elements laminated yellow pine wood has been used as well as for the floorings, roofs and deckings. The walls are of panelled cedar plywood whereas the material of the interior doors and cabinetry is mahogany.Esta vivienda se diseñó como una secuencia de plataformas que ascienden, en espiral continua, alrededor de una escalera interior, en las cuales se dispusieron: el cuarto de estar, los dormitorios de padres y de niños, un estudio, el comedor y la cocina, una habitación para los invitados y, debajo del edificio, una plaza de aparcamiento. La construcción, realizada con madera en su totalidad, se levanta del suelo mediante nueve pilares vistos, a los que se atornillan las jácenas que soportan las viguetas, también vistas, de los forjados. Para estos elementos constructivos se empleó madera laminada de pino amarillo, al igual que para los suelos, techos y cubiertas. Los muros laterales se hicieron con un entablado de madera contrachapada de cedro, mientras que para el artesonado, las puertas interiores y las estanterías, se utilizó la madera de caoba.

CARACTERIZACIÓN AGROFORESTAL EN SISTEMAS DE CAFÉ TRADICIONAL Y RÚSTICO, EN SAN MIGUEL, VERACRUZ, MÉXICO

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Luis Villavicencio-Enríquez

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Se realizaron caracterizaciones agroforestales en cafetales de tipo tradicional y rústico en la comunidad de San Miguel, Amatlán de los Reyes, Veracruz, México, con el objetivo de analizarlos y compararlos entre sí. Los resultados indican que ambos sistemas obtienen beneficios económicos similares aunque la composición de especies del dosel y los productos obtenidos son distintos. El principal producto económico son los árboles maderables (Cedrela odorata, Robinsonella mirandae y Mastichodendron capirii, seguido del café (Coffea arabica y C. canephora y las palmas Chamaedorae tepejilote y Chamaedorae elegans. La relación beneficio/costo obtenida para la venta de los productos forestales y agrícolas indica una mayor ganancia económica para el sistema rústico de café ($ 20,784.00·año-1·ha-1 respecto al sistema tradicional de café ($ 19,236.00·año-1·ha-1. Aunque las ganancias en ambos sistemas son relativamente buenas, el efecto que este tipo de explotación tiene sobre los recursos forestales puede ser poco sustentable a través del tiempo, ya que en el sistema rústico no existen labores de reforestación. El sistema tradicional de café se encuentra en una mejor condición de sustentabilidad y producción a largo plazo, ya que los elementos utilizados para la comercialización de árboles maderables y para combustible son reforestados por la importancia comercial que éstos tienen.

Oxygen isotopes in tree rings are a good proxy for Amazon precipitation and El Niño-Southern Oscillation variability

Science.gov (United States)

Brienen, Roel J. W.; Helle, Gerd; Pons, Thijs L.; Guyot, Jean-Loup; Gloor, Manuel

2012-10-01

We present a unique proxy for the reconstruction of variation in precipitation over the Amazon: oxygen isotope ratios in annual rings in tropical cedar (Cedrela odorata). A century-long record from northern Bolivia shows that tree rings preserve the signal of oxygen isotopes in precipitation during the wet season, with weaker influences of temperature and vapor pressure. Tree ring δ18O correlates strongly with δ18O in precipitation from distant stations in the center and west of the basin, and with Andean ice core δ18O showing that the signal is coherent over large areas. The signal correlates most strongly with basin-wide precipitation and Amazon river discharge. We attribute the strength of this (negative) correlation mainly to the cumulative rainout processes of oxygen isotopes (Rayleigh distillation) in air parcels during westward transport across the basin. We further find a clear signature of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the record, with strong ENSO influences over recent decades, but weaker influence from 1925 to 1975 indicating decadal scale variation in the controls on the hydrological cycle. The record exhibits a significant increase in δ18O over the 20th century consistent with increases in Andean δ18O ice core and lake records, which we tentatively attribute to increased water vapor transport into the basin. Taking these data together, our record reveals a fresh path to diagnose and improve our understanding of variation and trends of the hydrological cycle of the world's largest river catchment.

Estudio térmico e infrarrojo de cinco tipos de madera comercializadas en norte de santander, para su posible uso como fuente de energía

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Yessika Contreras-Valero

2017-07-01

Full Text Available Background: Wood is one of the most exploited natural resources by man; however, its use leads to the production of considerable amounts of waste, which pollute due to its decomposition. For this reason, several investigations have search different possible uses for this wastes, among which is, its use as a source of energy; however, waste contains different types of wood so, its potential is unknown. Objective: In this work, we determined the thermal properties, infrared analysis and combustion heat of five types of wood fresh and dry, marketed in Norte de Santander: cedar (Cedrela montana, pine (Cupressus lusitánica mil, eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulos labill, guadua (Guadua angustifolia and pardillo (Cordia gerascanthus. Methods: Thermal behavior was determined using an equipment SDT-Q600 de T.A. Instruments with simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis (TGA / differential scanning calorimetry (DSC. The energetic content was studied using a Phillipson modified combustion bomb, and infrared analysis using an infrared spectrophotometer FT-IR-ATR, SHIMADZU Prestige-21. Results: Thermal analysis showed the presence two weight losses and three thermal events (2 endothermic and 1 exothermic, these events are due to the moisture and the degradation of the chemical components. Each wood has different combustion heat. Infrared analysis allowed corroborating the presence of cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose and other organic compounds. Conclusion: The analysis carried out on the wood samples allowed to establish their differences and similarities that can be used to choose each as a source of energy or as a construction material.

Insect growth regulatory effects of some extracts and sterols from Myrtillocactus geometrizans (Cactaceae) against Spodoptera frugiperda and Tenebrio molitor.

Science.gov (United States)

Céspedes, Carlos L; Salazar, J Rodrigo; Martínez, Mariano; Aranda, Eduardo

2005-10-01

A methanol extract from the roots and aerial parts of Myrtillocactus geometrizans (Cactaceae) yielded peniocerol 1, macdougallin 2, and chichipegenin 3. The natural products 1, 2 their mixtures, MeOH and CH(2)Cl(2) extracts showed insecticidal and insect growth regulatory activity against fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)], an important insect pest of corn, and [Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera)], a pest of stored grains in Mexico. The most active compounds were 1, 2, and a mixture (M(2)) of 1 and 2 (6:4). All these extracts, compounds and the mixture had insect growth regulating (IGR) activity between 5.0 and 50.0 ppm and insecticidal effects between 50 and 300 ppm in diets. The extracts were insecticidal to larvae, with lethal doses between 100 and 200 ppm. These compounds appear to have selective effects on the pre-emergence metabolism of Coleoptera, because in all treatments of the larvae of T. molitor, pupation were shortened and this process show precociousness in relation to controls. In contrast to S. frugiperda larvae, onset of pupation was noticeably delayed. Emergence in both cases was drastically diminished. In both pupae and in the few adults that were able to emerge, many deformations were observed. The results of these assays indicated that the compounds were more active than other known natural insect growth inhibitors such as gedunin and methanol extracts of Cedrela salvadorensis and Yucca periculosa. Peniocerol, macdougallin and chichipegenin, as well as mixtures of these substances, may be useful as natural insecticidal agents.

Gênero, maternidade e deficiência: representação da diversidade = Gender, Maternity and Deficiency: Representation of Diversity

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Welter, Ivânia

2008-01-01

Full Text Available Este artigo é parte de pesquisa realizada no Curso de Serviço Social da Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina (UNOESC, Campus de São Miguel do Oeste, tendo como objetivo geral identificar as principais representações sociais de mães cujos filhos têm Síndrome de Down. O interesse pela temática apresentada surgiu a partir de experiências vivenciadas no período de Estágio Curricular, realizado junto à Escola Especial “Viviane” – APAE de São José do Cedro (SC. E, também, pelo fato de o Serviço Social contribuir por intermédio da atuação profissional nas problemáticas ocasionadas pela deficiência mental. O resultado deste trabalho foi constatado através de pesquisa de campo com seis mães que possuem filhos com Síndrome de Down, bem como em referenciais teóricos nos quais foram visualizadas as principais representações sociais que se refletem desde o contato inicial com a deficiência, identificadas através da culpa, negação/aceitação no relacionamento familiar e social e, principalmente, reafirmando a condição histórica e social da mulher/mãe como principal cuidadora do filho com deficiência. Apontamos, dentre as estratégias de enfrentamento da realidade vivenciada pela mulher/mãe, a contribuição de profissionais com preparo técnico, sendo que o assistente social poderá atuar na implantação e implementação de políticas de inclusão social da pessoa com deficiência e sua família

El uso y transporte del agua en la Fábrica Papelera de Peña Pobre. Un estudio de Arqueología Industrial

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Sinhúe Lucas Landgrave

2012-09-01

Full Text Available Los recursos acuíferos de la zona sur del valle de México tuvieron una importante repercusión en las tempranas industrias del país que se situaron en esta vasta región delimitada naturalmente por a las serranías colindantes, esta zona fue uno de los principales protagonistas junto con algunas partes del estado de Puebla del toque de la industrialización tan anhelado para nuestro país. Muchas empresas tanto papeleras como aquellas destinadas a la producción de textiles encontraron en esta región las cantidades suficientes de agua para sus respectivos procesos productivos que así lo demandaban. Es por ello que dicha parte sureña que actualmente ocupa el Distrito Federal fue muy atractiva en términos de recursos naturales como lo son el abastecimiento de agua, producto de las escorrentías de los cerros, varios ríos tanto de corrientes permanentes como de temporal, la cercanía de diversos manantiales que existieron y algunos que aún existen en la región. Aunado a estas características, existió una nutrida fuente de recursos madereros provenientes de las zonas serranas pertenecientes a los bosques del Ajusco y demás sistemas montañosos colindantes en donde es común la presencia de Pino, Cedro y Oyamel, lo que constituyó el escenario propicio que dio la oportunidad de fincar estas factorías, y lo que es más importante aún, garantizar su crecimiento. Dicho escenario natural fue el lugar propicio para que la Fábrica Papelera de Peña Pobre, se asentara en el siglo XIX. Este Artículo presenta un estúdio de Arqueología Industrial.

The 27 May 1937 catastrophic flow failure of gold tailings at Tlalpujahua, Michoacán, México

Science.gov (United States)

Macías, J. L.; Corona-Chávez, P.; Sanchéz-Núñez, J. M.; Martínez-Medina, M.; Garduño-Monroy, V. H.; García-Tenorio, F.; Cisneros-Máximo, G.

2014-08-01

On 27 May 1937, after one week of sustained heavy rainfall, a voluminous flood caused the death of at least 300 people and the destruction of the historic El Carmen church and several neighborhoods in the mining region of Tlalpujahua, Michoacán, central Mexico. This destructive flood was triggered by the breaching of the impoundment of the Los Cedros tailings and the sudden release of 16 Mt of water-saturated waste materials. The muddy silty flood, moving at estimated speeds of 20-25 m s-1, was channelized along the Dos Estrellas and Tlalpujahua drainages and devastated everything along its flow path. After advancing 2.5 km downstream, the flood slammed into El Carmen church and surrounding houses at estimated speeds of ~7 m s-1, destroying many of construction walls and covering the church floor with ~2 m of mud and debris. Eyewitness accounts and newspaper articles, together with analysis of archived photographic materials, indicated that the flood consisted of three muddy pulses. This interpretation is confirmed and extended by the results of our geological investigations during 2013 and 2014. Stratigraphic relations and granulometric data for selected proximal and distal samples show that the flood behaved as a hyperconcentrated flow along most of its trajectory. Even though premonitory signs of possible impoundment failure were reported days before the flood, and people living downstream were alerted, authorities ordered no evacuations or other mitigative actions. The catastrophic flood at Tlalpujahua provides a well-documented, though tragic, example of impoundment breaching of a tailings dam caused by the combined effects of intense rainfall, dam weakness, and inadequate emergency-management protocols - unfortunately an all too common case-scenario for most of the world's mining regions.

An efficient immunodetection method for histone modifications in plants.

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Nic-Can, Geovanny; Hernández-Castellano, Sara; Kú-González, Angela; Loyola-Vargas, Víctor M; De-la-Peña, Clelia

2013-12-16

Epigenetic mechanisms can be highly dynamic, but the cross-talk among them and with the genome is still poorly understood. Many of these mechanisms work at different places in the cell and at different times of organism development. Covalent histone modifications are one of the most complex and studied epigenetic mechanisms involved in cellular reprogramming and development in plants. Therefore, the knowledge of the spatial distribution of histone methylation in different tissues is important to understand their behavior on specific cells. Based on the importance of epigenetic marks for biology, we present a simplified, inexpensive and efficient protocol for in situ immunolocalization on different tissues such as flowers, buds, callus, somatic embryo and meristematic tissue from several plants of agronomical and biological importance. Here, we fully describe all the steps to perform the localization of histone modifications. Using this method, we were able to visualize the distribution of H3K4me3 and H3K9me2 without loss of histological integrity of tissues from several plants, including Agave tequilana, Capsicum chinense, Coffea canephora and Cedrela odorata, as well as Arabidopsis thaliana. There are many protocols to study chromatin modifications; however, most of them are expensive, difficult and require sophisticated equipment. Here, we provide an efficient protocol for in situ localization of histone methylation that dispenses with the use of expensive and sensitive enzymes. The present method can be used to investigate the cellular distribution and localization of a wide array of proteins, which could help to clarify the biological role that they play at specific times and places in different tissues of various plant species.

The status of conservation of urban forests in eastern Amazonia

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DD Amaral

Full Text Available This study aims to identify the remnant tree flora in six forest fragments in the metropolitan area of Belém and to analyze these fragments in terms of biological conservation, species richness and diversity in the local urban landscape. The fragments and their respective sampling areas were as follows: Amafrutas reserve (15 ha, Trambioca Is. reserve (2 ha, Bosque Rodrigues Alves city park (15 ha, Combu Is. reserve (10 ha, Gunma Park reserve (10 ha and Mocambo reserve (5 ha. Inventories were built from lineal plots of 250 m² and included trees with DBH equal to or greater than 10 cm at a height of 1.3 m above ground. Sixty-nine families and 759 species, of which eight were officially listed as endangered (Brazilian National Flora: Ministry of Environment, Normative Instruction of September, 2008; Pará State Flora: Decree Nº. 802 of February 2008 were recorded. These endangered species are: Aspidosperma desmanthum Benth. ex Müll. Arg. (Apocynaceae, Cedrela odorata L. (Meliaceae, Eschweilera piresii S.A Mori (Lecythidaceae, Euxylophora paraensis Huber (Rutaceae, Hymenolobium excelsum Ducke (Leguminosae, Manilkara huberi (Ducke Chevalier (Sapotaceae, Tabebuia impetiginosa (Mart. ex DC. Standl. (Bignoniaceae, Mezilaurus itauba (Meisn. Taub. ex Mez (Lauraceae and Qualea coerulea Aubl. (Vochysiaceae. Emergency actions such as implementing management plans for already existing Conservation Units, the creation of new such units in areas of primary forest fragments (as in the case of the Amafrutas reserve, as well as the intensification of actions of surveillance and monitoring, should be undertaken by Federal, State, and Municipal environmental agencies so as to ensure the conservation of these last primary forest remnants in the metropolitan area of Belém.

Low Herbivory among Targeted Reforestation Sites in the Andean Highlands of Southern Ecuador.

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Marc-Oliver Adams

Full Text Available Insect herbivory constitutes an important constraint in the viability and management of targeted reforestation sites. Focusing on young experimental stands at about 2000 m elevation in southern Ecuador, we examined foliar damage over one season as a function of tree species and habitat. Native tree species (Successional hardwood: Cedrela montana and Tabebuia chrysantha; fast-growing pioneer: Heliocarpus americanus have been planted among prevailing local landcover types (abandoned pasture, secondary shrub vegetation, and a Pinus patula plantation in 2003/4. Plantation trees were compared to conspecifics in the spontaneous undergrowth of adjacent undisturbed rainforest matched for height and foliar volume. Specifically, we tested the hypotheses that H. americanus as a pioneer species suffers more herbivory compared to the two successional tree species, and that damage is inversely related to habitat complexity. Overall leaf damage caused by folivorous insects (excluding leafcutter ants was low. Average leaf loss was highest among T. chrysantha (7.50% ± 0.19 SE of leaf area, followed by H. americanus (4.67% ± 0.18 SE and C. montana (3.18% ± 0.15 SE. Contrary to expectations, leaf area loss was highest among trees in closed-canopy natural rainforest, followed by pine plantation, pasture, and secondary shrub sites. Harvesting activity of leafcutter ants (Acromyrmex sp. was strongly biased towards T. chrysantha growing in open habitat (mean pasture: 2.5%; shrub: 10.5% where it could result in considerable damage (> 90.0%. Insect folivory is unlikely to pose a barrier for reforestation in the tropical Andean mountain forest zone at present, but leafcutter ants may become problematic if local temperatures increase in the wake of global warming.

Flora asociada a la actividad melífera en apiarios al sur del departamento del Huila, macizo colombiano

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Gustavo Adolfo Silva Arias

2006-07-01

Se determinaron 135 de las especies como melíferas, la mayoría pertenecientes a las familias Asteraceae, Fabaceae s l y Lamiaceae. Se hallaron 87 especies melíferas en La Argentina, 57 en Palestina y 43 en Pitalito. Seis de las especies melíferas encontradas se establecieron como las más importantes por presentar los mayores índices de importancia ecológica (Saurauia aromatica, Cuphea micrantha, Bidens pilosa, Baccharis nitida, Coffea arabica y Cedrela sp.. Adicionalmente se consideran como especies importantes de la flora melífera a Toxicodendron striatum, Viburnum cornifolium, Vismia baccifera, Hyptis pseudosinuata, Austroeupatorium inulaefolium e Inga cocleensis, que a diferencia de las anteriores presentan índices de importancia más bajos pero están presentes en las tres localidades muestreadas y poseen un amplio espectro de hábitats. Se presenta un catálogo digital con fotos de alta resolución de 109 especies, correspondientes a 44 familias, de los cuales 61 especies hacen parte de la flora melífera reconocida. Los resultados obtenidos permitirán escoger especies melíferas de mayor importancia para iniciar trabajos de calendarios florales y ofertas de néctar, además de proponer el manejo de especies poco comunes que además de poseer importancia melífera pueden generar otros beneficios ecológicos y financieros. Este trabajo junto con la caracterización de la vegetación de las mismas zonas, permitirán establecer la capacidad de carga apícola de acuerdo a la oferta ambiental de la zona.

Water use in four model tropical plant associations established in the lowlands of Costa Rica

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Marco V Gutiérrez-Soto

2008-12-01

Full Text Available We examined soil water use patterns of four model plant associations established in the North Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica by comparing the stable hydrogen isotope composition, δD, in xylem sap and in soil water at different depths, under rainy and dry conditions. Four 5-year-old model plant associations composed of 2 tree species (Hyeronima alchorneoides and Cedrela odorata having different architecture and phenology were studied. Average tree height was 8.9 and 7.6 m, respectively. Each tree species was grown in monoculture and in polyculture with 2 perennial monocotyledons (Euterpe oleracea and Heliconia imbricata. Maximum rooting depth at the time of δD determination was ~ 2 m for almost all species. Most roots of all species were concentrated in the upper soil layers. Stomatal conductance to water vapor (gS was higher in the deciduous C. odorata than in the evergreen H. alchorneoides; within each species, gS did not differ when the trees were grown in mono or in polyculture. During the rainy season, gradients in soil water δD were not observed. Average rainy season xylem sap δD did not differ among members of the plant combinations tested (-30 ‰, and was more similar to δD values of shallow soil water. Under dry conditions, volumetric soil water content declined from 50 to ~ 35%, and modest gradients in soil water δD were observed. xylem sap δD obtained during dry conditions was significantly lower than rainy season values. xylem sap δD of plants growing in the four associations varied between -9 and -22‰, indicating that shallow water was predominantly absorbed during the dry period too. Differences in xylem sap δD of trees and monocots were also detected, but no significant patterns emerged. The results suggest that: a the plant associations examined extracted water predominantly from shallow soil layers (Examinamos los patrones de uso de agua del suelo de cuatro asociaciones vegetales establecidas en el Caribe norte de

Precipitation variability inferred from the annual growth and isotopic composition of tropical trees

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Ballantyne, A. P.; Baker, P. A.; Chambers, J. Q.; Villalba, R.

2005-12-01

Here we demonstrate that annual growth and isotopic ratios in tropical trees are responsive to seasonal and annual precipitation variability. We identify several regions of tropical South America characterized by significant relationships between oxygen isotopic ratios (δ 18O) in precipitation and precipitation amount (r = -0.82). Many of these regions are also sensitive to inter-annual variability in the South American Monsoon modulated by the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The effectiveness of δ 18O and annual growth of tropical trees as a precipitation proxy is validated by high-resolution sampling of a Tachigali vermelho tree growing near Manaus, Brazil (3.1° S, 60.0° S). Growth in Tachigali spp. was highly correlated with both precipitation and cellulose δ 18O (r = 0.60) and precipitation amount was significantly correlated with δ 18O at a lag of approximately one month (r = 0.56). We also report a multi-proxy record spanning 180 years from Cedrela odorata growing in the Peruvian Amazon near Puerto Maldonado (12.6° S, 69.2° W) revealing a significant relationship between cellulose and monsoon precipitation over the region (r = -0.33). A 150-year record obtained from Polylepis tarapacana growing at Volcan Granada in Northern Argentina (22.0° S, 66.0° W) is also reported with a significant relationship between local monsoon precipitation and a regionally derived ring width index (r = 0.38). Although no significant relationship was revealed between cellulose δ 18O and precipitation in this taxa at this location, separate radii within the same tree revealed a significantly coherent δ 18O signal (r = 0.38). We compared our proxy chronologies with monsoon precipitation reanalysis data for tropical South America, which revealed key features of the South American Monsoon and their sensitivity to ENSO variability.

Use and management of tree fodder resources on farms in central Veracruz, Mexico

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L. Ascencio-Rojas

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Se realizó este estudio para determinar el uso y potencial de árboles y arbustos en 60 explotaciones ganaderas de los municipios de Tlapacoyan, Misantla y Martínez de la Torre, Veracruz, México. Los productores fueron encuestados con el objetivo de identificar, localizar y describir el uso de especies leñosas promisorias de interés forrajero, en tres sistemas de producción animal. Las encuestas registraron información acerca de: tamaño de la explotación, miembros (edad, escolaridad, años de experiencia de la familia, sistema de producción animal, manejo de pasturas, principales productos de la explotación; y la identificación, manejo y uso de árboles y arbustos en el sitio. Los datos se analizaron por estadísticos descriptivos como promedios y frecuencias relativas. Se caracterizaron tres sistemas de producción animal. Doble propósito (57%, cría y finalización (30%, y finalización en pasturas (13%; donde se identificaron 145 especies de árboles, siendo Bursera simaruba, Gliricidia sepium y Cedrela odorata las más comunes. Las dos primeras, de 12 especies fueron las más consumidas por el ganado, principalmente en ramoneo (38.80% o corte y acarreo (3.50%. El uso principal de estas especies fue: leña, carbón, madera y cercos vivos. El estudio mostró que existe una alta diversidad de especies leñosas de uso forrajero, con múltiples funciones en las explotaciones, destacando algunas especies como forrajeras, con un valor añadido en los sistemas de producción animal durante las épocas críticas del año.

Attaining the canopy in dry and moist tropical forests: strong differences in tree growth trajectories reflect variation in growing conditions.

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Brienen, Roel J W; Zuidema, Pieter A; Martínez-Ramos, Miguel

2010-06-01

Availability of light and water differs between tropical moist and dry forests, with typically higher understorey light levels and lower water availability in the latter. Therefore, growth trajectories of juvenile trees--those that have not attained the canopy--are likely governed by temporal fluctuations in light availability in moist forests (suppressions and releases), and by spatial heterogeneity in water availability in dry forests. In this study, we compared juvenile growth trajectories of Cedrela odorata in a dry (Mexico) and a moist forest (Bolivia) using tree rings. We tested the following specific hypotheses: (1) moist forest juveniles show more and longer suppressions, and more and stronger releases; (2) moist forest juveniles exhibit wider variation in canopy accession pattern, i.e. the typical growth trajectory to the canopy; (3) growth variation among dry forest juveniles persists over longer time due to spatial heterogeneity in water availability. As expected, the proportion of suppressed juveniles was higher in moist than in dry forest (72 vs. 17%). Moist forest suppressions also lasted longer (9 vs. 5 years). The proportion of juveniles that experienced releases in moist forest (76%) was higher than in dry forest (41%), and releases in moist forests were much stronger. Trees in the moist forest also had a wider variation in canopy accession patterns compared to the dry forest. Our results also showed that growth variation among juvenile trees persisted over substantially longer periods of time in dry forest (>64 years) compared to moist forest (12 years), most probably because of larger persistent spatial variation in water availability. Our results suggest that periodic increases in light availability are more important for attaining the canopy in moist forests, and that spatial heterogeneity in water availability governs long-term tree growth in dry forests.

Assessing the extent of "conflict of use" in multipurpose tropical forest trees: a regional view.

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Herrero-Jáuregui, Cristina; Guariguata, Manuel R; Cárdenas, Dairon; Vilanova, Emilio; Robles, Marco; Licona, Juan Carlos; Nalvarte, Walter

2013-11-30

In the context of multiple forest management, multipurpose tree species which provide both timber and non-timber forest products (NTFP), present particular challenges as the potential of conflicting use for either product may be high. One key aspect is that the magnitude of conflict of use can be location specific, thus adding complexity to policy development. This paper focuses on the extent to which the potential for conflict of use in multipurpose tree species varies across the Amazonian lowland forests shared by Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela, emphasizing the economic dimension of conflict. Based on a review of the current normative and regulatory aspects of timber and NTFP extraction in the five countries, the paper also briefly discusses the opportunities and constraints for harmonization of timber and NTFP management of multipurpose species across the region. It was found that about half of the 336 timber species reviewed across the five countries also have non-timber uses. Eleven timber species are multipurpose in all five countries: Calophyllum brasiliense, Cedrela odorata, Ceiba pentandra, Clarisia racemosa, Ficus insipida, Jacaranda copaia, Schefflera morototoni, Simarouba amara and Terminalia amazonia. Seven other multipurpose species occurred only in either Venezuela (Tabebuia impetiginosa, Spondias mombin, Pentaclethra macroloba, Copaifera officinalis, Chlorophora tinctoria, Carapa guianensis) or Ecuador (Tabebuia chrysantha). Four multipurpose tree species presented the highest potential of conflict of use across the region: Dipteryx odorata, Tabebuia serratifolia, Hymenaea courbaril and Myroxylon balsamum yet these were not evenly distributed across all five countries. None of the five studied countries have specific legislation to promote sustainable use of any of the multipurpose species reported here and thus mitigate potential conflict of use; nor documented management options for integration or else segregation of both their

Avaliação de danos por insetos em toras estocadas em indústrias madeireiras de Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil

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Abreu Raimunda Liége Souza de

2002-01-01

Full Text Available Em seis indústrias madeireiras de Manaus, Amazonas, foi realizado um trabalho de pesquisa, com a utilização de um questionário,para averiguar as condições de uso e processamento da madeira e as medidas preventivas contra o ataque de insetos. Foram realizados, também,um levantamento da ocorrência de insetos em 19 espécies de madeiras utilizadas por essas indústrias e a avaliação do dano provocado pelas principais espécies de Coleoptera (besouros e Isoptera (cupins. Das respostas apuradas, constatou-se que nenhuma das empresas visitadas emprega qualquer produto para prevenir o ataque de insetos às toras, assim como a secagem e a estocagem das toras são feitas de forma incorreta, contribuindo para aumentar a intensidade de ataque de insetos. Foram encontradas uma família de cupins e 16 de besouros, ressaltando que destas apenas cinco causam danos à madeira. Do total de 13 espécies de insetos coletados, destacam-se Xyleborus affinis Eichhoff e Platypus parallelus (Fabricius, encontradas em 18 espécies madeireiras, sendo conseqüentemente responsáveis pela maioria dos danos nas toras X. volvulus (Fabricius e Platypus sp. foram encontradas em cinco espécies; X. ferrugineus (Fabricius em três espécies; Minthea rugicolis Walk, Minthea sp. e Nasutitermes corniger (Motschulsky em duas, e Dinoderus bifoveolatus Wollaston, Anoplotermes sp.; e Cnesinus sp. em uma. As espécies de madeiras que sofreram maior grau de deterioração, causada principalmente por coleópteros, foram Ceiba pentandra (L. Gaertn. e Copaifera multijuga Hayne, seguidas por Couroupitaguianensis Aubl., Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess., Cedrela odorata L., Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg., Hura crepitans L., Hymenolobium sp., Maquira coriacea (Karsten C.C. Berg, Nectandra sp., Virolasurinamensis Warb. e Vochysia sp.

A travessia da terra vermelha: uma saga dos refugiados judeus no Brasil

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Lucius de Melo

2013-03-01

Full Text Available Os olhos da soprano viravam pássaros. Fugiam da máscara num sonoro e acelerado bater de asas porque, assim como a boca, também gostavam de cantar. A mágica que os subtraía do rosto fazia da vida uma ilusionista e da cabeça de Nora Naumann, uma cartola. Transformava os olhos em alados e afinados cantores para também tentar libertá-los da gaiola intransponível da memória. Mas, eles nada mais eram que o passado em forma de passarinho. Desprendiam-se com facilidade do corpo para voar sem pressa e prazerosamente sobre os campos verdes formados pelas copas das árvores da infinita floresta brasileira. Voavam sobre as perobas, cedros, caviúnas, marfim, canjeranas, óleo-pardo, canelas, amoreiras, araucárias e as gigantescas e imponentes figueiras brancas cujas raízes aéreas se derramavam tronco abaixo. Rodopiando como um casal em passos de valsa, desviavam do tucano solitário e do bando de papagaios tagarelas da ponta da asa vermelha. Também chegavam às praias tropicais e, misturadas às gaivotas e fragatas, voavam, voavam, ora dando rasantes sobre o mar ora furando as nuvens; depois atravessavam o oceano, cruzavam as montanhas nevadas da Europa, até pousarem cansados sobre o piano de cauda da Escola de Música de Dresden ou no palco de Teatro de Dusseldorf, na Alemanha. Só então descansavam, e, em seguida, voltavam acelerados ao interior do Brasil, cortando o céu como estrelas cadentes, cruzando a escuridão da noite, até chegarem bem perto das tímidas chamas que dançavam sobre as pontas das enferrujadas e oleosas lamparinas. Trêmulas luzes que iluminavam um pedaço de peroba-rosa enfeitado com letras talhadas à mão que identificavam o nome da singela casa de espetáculos: Ópera dos Grilos.

The 27 May 1937 catastrophic flow failure of gold tailings at Tlalpujahua, Michoacan, Mexico

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Macias, J. L.; Corona-Chavez, P.; Sanchez-Nunez, J. M.; Martinez-Medina, M.; Garduno-Monroy, V. H.; Capra, L.; Garcia-Tenorio, F.; Cisneros-Maximo, G.

2015-05-01

On 27 May 1937, after one week of sustained heavy rainfall, a voluminous flood caused the death of at least 300 people and the destruction of the historic El Carmen church and several neighborhoods in the mining region of Tlalpujahua, Michoacan, central Mexico. This destructive flood was triggered by the breaching of the impoundment of the Los Cedros tailings and the sudden release of circa 16 Mt of water-saturated waste materials. The muddy silty flood, moving at estimated speeds of 20-25 m s-1, was channelized along the Dos Estrellas and Tlalpujahua drainages and devastated everything along its flow path. After advancing 2.5 km downstream, the flood slammed into El Carmen church and surrounding houses at estimated speeds of ~ 7 m s-1, destroying many construction walls and covering the church floor with ~ 2 m of mud and debris. Revision of eyewitness accounts and newspaper articles, together with analysis of archived photographic materials, indicated that the flood consisted of three muddy pulses. Stratigraphic relations and granulometric data for selected proximal and distal samples show that the flood behaved as a hyperconcentrated flow along most of its trajectory. A total volume of the Lamas flood deposit was estimated as 1.5 x 106 m3. The physically based bidimensional (2-D) hydraulic model FLO-2D was implemented to reproduce the breached flow (0.5 sediment concentration) with a maximum flow discharge of 8000 m3 s-1 for a total outflow volume (sediment + water) of 2.5 x 106 m3, similar to the calculations obtained using field measurements. Even though premonitory signs of possible impoundment failure were reported days before the flood, and people living downstream were alerted, authorities ordered no evacuations or other mitigative actions. The catastrophic flood at Tlalpujahua provides a well-documented, though tragic, example of impoundment breaching of a tailings dam caused by the combined effects of intense rainfall, dam weakness, and inadequate

Species and rotation frequency influence soil nitrogen in simplified tropical plant communities.

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Ewel, John J

2006-04-01

Among the many factors that potentially influence the rate at which nitrogen (N) becomes available to plants in terrestrial ecosystems are the identity and diversity of species composition, frequency of disturbance or stand turnover, and time. Replicated suites of investigator-designed communities afforded an opportunity to examine the effects of those factors on net N mineralization over a 12-year period. The communities consisted of large-stature perennial plants, comprising three tree species (Hyeronima alchorneoides, Cedrela odorata, and Cordia alliodora), a palm (Euterpe oleracea), and a large, perennial herb (Heliconia imbricata). Trees were grown in monoculture and in combination with the other two life-forms; tree monocultures were subjected to rotations of one or four years, or like the three-life-form systems, left uncut. The work was conducted on fertile soil in the humid lowlands of Costa Rica, a site with few abiotic constraints to plant growth. Rates of net N mineralization and nitrification were high, typically in the range of 0.2-0.8 microg x g(1) x d(-1), with net nitrification slightly higher than net mineralization, indicating preferential uptake of ammonium (NH4+) by plants and microbes. Net rates of N mineralization were about 30% lower in stands of one of the three tree species, Hyeronima, than in stands of the other two. Contrary to expectations, short-rotation management (one or four years) resulted in higher net rates of N mineralization than in uncut stands, whether the latter were composed of a single tree species or a combination of life-forms. Neither additional species richness nor replenishment of leached N augmented mineralization rates. The net rate at which N was supplied tended to be lowest in stands where demand for N was highest. Careful choice of species, coupled with low frequency of disturbance, can lead to maintenance of N within biomass and steady rates of within-system circulation, whereas pulses, whether caused by cutting

Uso de diferentes fontes de nitrogênio na cultura da soja

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Evelin Cristina Marcon

2017-05-01

Full Text Available O nitrogênio é um nutriente requerido em quantidade pela da soja, pois é responsável pelo crescimento da cultura e produção de novas células e tecidos. Com estudo teve-se por objetivo avaliar diferentes fontes de nitrogênio na soja e a sua influência sobre proteína bruta e rendimento de grãos. O experimento foi realizado durante o ciclo 2015/2016, na Fazenda Escola da Unoesc, São José do Cedro – SC. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso (DBC, com 7 repetições. A unidade experimental constituiu-se de uma parcela. Os tratamentos compreenderam diferentes fontes de nitrogênio (sólido (Super N, líquido N 32 e a testemunha sem nitrogênio testadas na cultivar TMG 7062 IPRO. A aplicação de nitrogênio foi realizada em cobertura em duas etapas, metade da dose aplicada no estádio R1 (início do florescimento e a outra metade em R3 (formação da vagem, nas dosagens de 4 L ha-1 para o nitrogênio líquido 32% e 200 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio sólido 46%. Após a colheita, avaliou-se o teor de proteína bruta, o rendimento de grãos por área, a viabilidade econômica e a produtividade. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F e, quando significativos, foram submetidos à comparação de médias pelo teste de Tukey (P≤0,05. Para a cultura da soja a aplicação de nitrogênio líquido suplementar tem efeito positivo sobre o componente de rendimento da soja massa de mil grãos. A aplicação de nitrogênio sólido incrementou a produtividade de grãos. O uso de nitrogênio proporcionou maior rendimento econômico no ciclo 2015/2016 para a cultivar TMG 7062 IPRO em relação a testemunha.

Diagnóstico de um projeto de enriquecimento florestal na Comunidade do Brasileirinho, Manaus, Amazonas Diagnosis of a project of forest enrichment in the Community of the Brasileirinho, Manaus, Amazon

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André Luis Willerding

2005-12-01

Full Text Available As ações do projeto consistiram no reconhecimento da comunidade, realizando-se entrevistas, seguidas de um levantamento da demanda por espécies florestais e frutíferas, aquisição, transporte e distribuição das mudas e sementes. Das 28 propriedades cadastradas, 18 tornaram-se participantes, engajando-se no projeto. Na comunidade, a fruticultura é a principal atividade e o cupuaçu a principal cultura, presente em oito propriedades participantes com 2950 indivíduos plantados. Outras culturas importantes são: manga, pupunha, açaí, coco. O projeto promoveu também a introdução e o plantio de espécies vegetais com valor de mercado. Com as atividades do projeto, diversificaram-se as espécies florestais e frutíferas existentes na comunidade. Distribuíram-se 12.455 mudas de pau-rosa, cedro, andiroba, mogno, maçaranduba, seringueira, camu-camu (caçari, araçá-boi, cubiu e outras. Como perspectiva, as ações pretendem fixar o agricultor no campo, propor alternativas econômicas, sensibilizar a comunidade com relação à preservação da floresta e exploração racional dos recursos naturais.The activities of this project consisted in the recognition of the community by interviews, followed by a survey of the demand for forest and fruitful species, the acquisition, transport and distribution of seedlings and seeds. Of the 28 registered properties, 18 participated in the project. In the community, fruit culture is the main activity, and cupuaçu the main fruit in eight participant properties with 2950 plants. Other cultures are: mango, pupunha, açaí, coconut. The project also promoted the introduction and plantation of vegetal species with market value. Among the project activities, community forest and fruit species were diversified with 12,455 seedlings of wood-rose, cedar andiroba, mahogany, maçaranduba, seringueira, camu-camu, araçá-boi, cubiu and anothers were distributed. As the perspective, the activities intend to fix

India [Status and technology of polymer-containing fibrous materials in the Eastern Hemisphere

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Iya, V. K. [Isotope Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Bombay (India)

1968-10-15

Forest resources such as wood and bamboo and other fibrous materials such as bagasse, jute and coir constitute important basic raw materials for the economic development of India. In spite of the variety and number of trees growing in India, the country is facing a shortage of high-grade timbers such as teak, sal (Shorea robusta) and deodar (Cedrus deodara), which are used in construction work requiring mechanical strength and durability. This shortage is reflected in the present trend in India to carry out all construction work in concrete and steel, even where timber is more suitable. This situation arose partly from the indiscriminate use of the better species for all types of work. The growing demand for timber (section 3 below) can be met only if the weaker and less durable varieties, which now serve mostly as fuel wood, can be more efficiently utilized. Table I lists the Indian woods which show promise for development into wood-polymer combinations. Species such as the Indian oaks, birch, maple, walnut, yew, ash, pencil cedar wood and Indian rose wood are required for special items such as decorative furniture, cabinets, sports goods, guns and rifles, and have been scarce or difficult to obtain from the remote Himalayan regions where they grow. Most of these have to be imported at increased prices to meet the demands for these purposes. Cheaper woods such as toon (Cedrela toona), mango, sissoo (Dalbergia sissoo) and silver oak, which are grown in the plains as shade trees and in plantations, can, after suitable treatment, be used as effective substitutes. The built-in finish, the possibility of introducing colouring matter, and the extra hardness and abrasion resistance attributed to wood-polymer combinations should be special attractions. The extra cost for treatment may be more than offset by this aspect and there should be no difficulty in finding a market for WPC in India. However, the situation may not be the same with WPC for general utility, and a

Adherence to dietary recommendations in diabetes mellitus: disease acceptance as a potential mediator

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Jaworski M

2018-01-01

Full Text Available Mariusz Jaworski,1 Mariusz Panczyk,1 Małgorzata Cedro,2 Alicja Kucharska3 1Division of Teaching and Outcomes of Education, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; 2Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; 3Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland Background: Adherence by diabetic patients to dietary recommendations is important for effective therapy. Considering patients’ expectations in case of diet is significant in this regard. The aim of this paper was to analyze the relationship between selected independent variables (eg, regular blood glucose testing and patients’ adherence to dietary recommendations, bearing in mind that the degree of disease acceptance might play a mediation role.Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 91 patients treated for type 2 diabetes mellitus in a public medical facility. Paper-and-pencil interviewing was administered ahead of the planned visit with a diabetes specialist. Two measures were applied in the study: the Acceptance and Action Diabetes Questionnaire and the Patient Diet Adherence in Diabetes Scale. Additionally, data related to sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle-related factors, and the course of the disease (management, incidence of complications, and dietician’s supervision were also collected. The regression method was used in the analysis, and Cohen’s methodology was used to estimate partial mediation. Significance of the mediation effect was assessed by the Goodman test. P-values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant.Results: Patients’ non-adherence to dietary recommendations was related to a low level of disease acceptance (standardized regression coefficient =−0.266; P=0.010. Moreover, failure to perform regular blood glucose testing was associated with a lack of disease acceptance (standardized regression

Residencia Huck - Washington – (EE.UU.

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Liddle, Alan

1976-07-01

locales de estar de la planta baja y un estudio situado sobre el nivel de la planta superior, disfruta de unas espléndidas vistas sobre el lago. La casa está revestida, en su totalidad, con láminas de madera de cedro, las cuales, con el movimiento de planos de las cubiertas y aleros proporcionan al conjunto el aspecto de un volumen escultural.

Ethnobotanical survey of medicinally important shrubs and trees of Himalayan region of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan.

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Rashid, Sofia; Ahmad, Mushtaq; Zafar, Muhammad; Sultana, Shazia; Ayub, Muhammad; Khan, Mir Ajab; Yaseen, Ghulam

2015-05-26

=100%) was expressed by Abies pindrow, Adhatoda vasica, Bauhinia variegata and Cedrela serrata. Based on use value Juglans regia (0.88) was found most significant species followed by Acacia nilotica (0.83), Phyllanthus emblica (0.81), Pinus roxburghii (0.75) and Punica granatum (0.71). The area has a rich diversity of medicinally important shrub and tree species. The tradition of using plants for medicinal purposes is still alive in the local community but recently this tradition is gradually declining in new generation. Therefore awareness is needed to be raised among the local people on sustainable use and conservation of local flora. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Reação de cultivares de algodoeiro a Rhizoctonia solani na fase de plântula e benefícios do tratamento de sementes com fungicidas

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Augusto César Pereira Goulart

Full Text Available RESUMO O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a reação de onze genótipos de algodoeiro ao fungo Rhizoctonia solani AG-4, na fase de plântula, com potencial de uso em futuros programas de melhoramento bem como os benefícios do tratamento de sementes com fungicidas para cada cultivar em estudo. O experimento foi conduzido por dois anos nas casas de vegetação da Embrapa Agropecuária Oeste, em Dourados, MS. Sementes de cada cultivar, não tratadas e tratadas com a mistura fungicida tolylfluanid + pencycuron + triadimenol (30+50+50g do i.a./100kg de sementes, foram semeadas em areia contida em bandejas plásticas, dispostas em orifícios individuais, eqüidistantes e a 3cm de profundidade. A inoculação com R. solani foi feita pela distribuição homogênea do inóculo do fungo na superfície do substrato (2,5g do inóculo do fungo/bandeja plástica com dimensões de 56x35x10cm. O fungo foi cultivado por 35 dias em sementes de aveia preta autoclavadas e trituradas em moinho (1mm. As avaliações foram realizadas com base no desenvolvimento de sintomas e sobrevivência das plântulas, utilizando os dados de emergência inicial e final, tombamento de pós-emergência e plântulas lesionadas pelo patógeno. Foi observado efeito significativo da interação cultivares x tratamento com fungicidas (P<0,05. Ficou claramente demonstrada a importância do tratamento das sementes de algodoeiro com fungicidas, sendo que as melhores emergências e os menores índices de doença (tombamento e plântulas lesionadas, independente da cultivar testada, foram obtidos quando as sementes foram tratadas. Em relação as cultivares avaliadas na ausência do tratamento da sementes com fungicidas, observou-se comportamento diferenciado de alguns genótipos com relação ao ataque do fungo R. solani, merecendo destaque BRS Aroeira, seguidas de BRS Cedro, BRS Ipê e FMT 701, demonstrando uma maior tolerância destas cultivares ao ataque de R. solani em comparação �

Graben calderas of the Sierra Madre Occidental: The case of Guanajuato, central Mexico

Science.gov (United States)

Aguirre-Diaz, G. J.; Tristán-González, M.; Labarthe-Hernández, G.; Marti, J.

2013-12-01

deposits occur along this orthogonal faulting network, but mainly along the NW fault of Veta Madre that crosses through the center of the caldera. The mid-Tertiary stratigraphy in Guanajuato follows the general sequence observed in graben calderas; i.e., from oldest to youngest includes 1) at least 1,500 m of alluvial fan deposits within a tectonic basin (Guanajuato Red Conglomerate), 2) pyroclastic flow deposits, consisting of surge deposits (Loseros Formation) that are concordant with a massive, large volume, rhyolitic ignimbrite (Bufa Rhyolite), which is covered by a layered series of pyroclastic flow deposits (Calderones Formation), and 3) effusive volcanism in the form of rhyolitic lava domes (Chichíndaro Rhyolite) and basaltic-andesite dikes and lavas (Cedros Andesite). The Guanajuato graben caldera formed at about 33 Ma, based on our new U-Pb zr age of the main ignimbrite, Bufa Rhyolite.

Regiões com potencial climático para plantio comercial do guanandi no Brasil. Regions with climatic potential for commercial planting of guanandi in Brazil.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Marcos Silveira WREGE

2017-06-01

Full Text Available O guanandi, nativo do Brasil, é uma espécie com usos múltiplos, produz madeira de excelente qualidade, muito apreciada no mercado e constitui excelente alternativa ao cultivo do mogno e cedro rosa. É uma espécie muito boa para uso em plantios visando ao reflorestamento ambiental, inclusive na recomposição de florestas ciliares, pelo fato de ser muito procurada pela fauna e por suportar terrenos com nível freático elevado. Apesar das inúmeras vantagens, há poucas informações sobre a espécie, havendo necessidade de aprofundar os estudos, inclusive os relativos ao zoneamento climático. O presente trabalho é importante para auxiliar no planejamento de uso da terra, servindo de base para estudos de zoneamento agrícola de riscos climáticos, importante instrumento de política agrícola para concessão de seguro rural e crédito agrícola. A identificação das regiões com os menores riscos climáticos é ferramenta essencial para auxiliar produtores rurais a conduzirem suas atividades com maior êxito, ao escolher, para cada região, a cultura mais bem adaptada. A geada e a deficiência hídrica são responsáveis pela maioria dos sinistros agrícolas no país, ocasionando perdas econômicas por longos períodos. Assim, este estudo apresenta as diferentes zonas climáticas existentes no Brasil para o cultivo comercial do guanandi, por meio das informações geoespaciais de risco de ocorrência de geadas e de déficit hídrico, mapeadas utilizando SIG. As melhores zonas para o plantio comercial do guanandi foram aquelas com baixos riscos de geada, associadas a um balanço hídrico favorável, o que ocorre em grande parte do Brasil, principalmente na região amazônica e na costa brasileira. Guanandi is a woody species native to Brazil with multiple uses, it has a wood of excellent quality, much appreciated in the market and it is a good alternative for the cultivation of mahogany and pink cedar. It is a very good species for use in