Communication in cartelized industries

NARCIS (Netherlands)

van Cayseele, P.J.G.; Camesasca, P.D.

2010-01-01

In this article we first survey both the European Commission’s legal standard and economic theory on communication in industries in which a cartel is operating. We notice a strong tension between the per se illegal nature of communication on price and price fixing, considered to be proof of the

On the instance of misuse of unprofitable energy prices under cartel law

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Schoening, M.

1993-01-01

The practice of fixing prices which do not cover the costs can on principle not be considered an instance of misuse pursuant to Articles 22 Section 4 Clause 2 No. 2, 103 Section 5 Clause 2 No. 2 of the GWB (cartel laws). If the authority for the supervision of cartels takes action against companies operating with unprofitable prices, this constitutes a violation not only of cartel law, but also of the constitution. The cartel authorities have no right to dismiss a dominating company's referral to poor business prospects on the ground that its business report is theoretically manipulable. Rather, the burden of proof of concealment is on the authorities. (orig.) [de

Note on the stability of large cartels

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Postlewaite, A; Roberts, J

1977-11-01

Professor L. Johansen (Econometrica, 45: 1651-(1977)) made a valuable point in raising the issue of the stability of competitive behavior and outcomes, even in large economies composed of many small agents, when these agents can collude in attempting to manipulate price formation. The authors formerly argued that, in most situations involving a large number of small agents, the ability of any individual to manipulate prices by altering his offers to buy and sell from their competitive values would go to zero as the number of agents increases. Correspondingly, the gain he could realize by such non-competitive behavior would vanish asymptotically. Thus, if there are any differential costs involved in such manipulation, there would be no incentive in large economies for agents individually to depart from competitive behavior. Professor Johansen suggests that this argument does not apply if agents collude, and certainly one would expect that usually some group would find forming a cartel to its advantage. However, cartels would seem to present a serious threat to the competitive system in the long run only if they are themselves stable against individuals breaking from the cartel and readopting competitive behavior. The purpose of this note is to show how a minor adaptation of the authors analysis in a former paper, ''Incentives for Price-Taking Behavior in Large Exchange Economies'' (Econometrica, 44: 115(1976)) indicates that instability of this type is pervasive for the case of cartels composed of many small agents. It is believed this serves to highlight the nature of the oligopoly problem.

Strategic delegation improves cartel stability

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Han, M.A.

2010-01-01

Fershtman and Judd (1987) and Sklivas (1987) show how strategic delegation in the one-shot Cournot game reduces firm profits. However, with infinitely repeated interaction, strategic delegation allows for an improvement in cartel stability compared to the infinitely repeated standard Cournot game,

Partners in ecocide: Australia's complicity in the uranium cartel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Venturini, V.G.

1983-01-01

In 1972 uranium producers from France, South Africa, Australia, Great Britain and Canada organized an international cartel to control the production and sale of uranium. The complicity of Australia in the manipulation of the market by and on behalf of C.R.A., Mary Kathleen Uranium, Pancontinental and Queensland Mines is discussed. The roles of both governments and companies and the antitrust implications of the cartel are considered

Assessing the Effectiveness of Competition Law Enforcement Policy in Relation to Cartels

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Priit Mändmaa

2014-11-01

Full Text Available Despite the high fines for cartel infringements it is claimed that the current competition law enforcement lacks deterrent effect for the avoidance of cartel infringements and is procedurally fragile. This article analyses the current competition law enforcement policy in relation to cartels. More specifically, the article assesses the effectiveness of the policy in deterring the formation of cartels and pursuing the goals of competition law by analysing the theory of deterrence, case law, procedural norms, imposed fines and academic literature. The main conclusions are that wrong targets are aimed at under the deterrence principle, the proceedings are of a criminal law nature and require a separation of powers, and that the current level of fines does not pose a threat on the economy and continually fail to deter price-fixing.

Cartel Stability and Economic Integration

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Schröder, Philipp J.H.

2007-01-01

This paper revisits the notion that economic integration - modeled as a reduction of trade costs - may be anti-competitive, in the sense that it may reinforce the ability of an international cartel to maintain a collusive understanding about staying out of each other's markets. The paper is novel...

The Child Welfare Cartel, "Redux"

Science.gov (United States)

Stoesz, David

2016-01-01

In response to "The Child Welfare Cartel," defenders of the National Child Welfare Workforce Institute (NCWWI) make three errors: First, restricting federal funds to schools of social work is "not" authorized by the statute cited in the creation of NCWWI. Second, social work is "not" the only discipline engaged in…

On price taking behavior in a nonrenewable resource cartel-fringe game

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Withagen, C.A.A.M.; Benchekroun, H.

2012-01-01

We consider a nonrenewable resource game with one cartel and a set of fringe members. We show that (i) the outcomes of the closed-loop and the open-loop nonrenewable resource game with the fringe members as price takers (the cartel-fringe game à la Salant, 1976) coincide and (ii) when the number of

Improving Deterrence of Hard-Core Cartels

OpenAIRE

Mariana Tavares de Araujo

2010-01-01

Holding perpetrators accountable and tailoring the optimal mix of sanctions through a combination of administrative and criminal penalties are two core elements of Brazil’s anti-cartel enforcement. Mariana Tavares de Araujo (SDE, Brazil)

Methodology of economic analysis of evidence of cartel in the resale market of fuels; Metodologia de analise de indicios economicos de cartel no segmento de revenda varejista de combustiveis

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Costa, Cleber Ribeiro da Silva [Agencia Nacional do Petroleo, Gas Natural e BiocombustIveis (ANP), Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil); Tiryaki, Gisele Ferreira [Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA (Brazil); Ramos, Maria Olivia [Universidade Salvador (UNIFACS), BA (Brazil)

2010-07-01

The existence of anti competitive conduct such as cartels would lead to a situation of high prices and profits harming competition and society in general. The methodology of economic analysis of evidence of cartel by the ANP in the resale market of fuels involves analysis of the behavior of the average prices of resale and distribution, the nominal average gross margin on resale, the coefficient of variation of prices of resale and distribution of fuel for a given period by the municipality. Combining the analysis of these elements, the ANP has suggested the investigation into possible cartels. This text aims to bring contributions for a better definition of the relevant market in the analysis of economic evidence in cartel in the market for resale of fuel and add elements currently not considered in the analysis of ANP and regulation of the sector. To this end, this article is organized into three sections besides the introduction and final consideration. The first section takes place at the constitution some myths about cartels thread reseller retailer of automotive fuel by analyzing the main causes leading to complaints by consumers. Then presents a conceptual analysis of relevant market, since this definition is essential to characterize anti-competitive practices of operations performed by companies holding market power, notably the formation of cartels. Finally, it is a discussion on how the action of the main bodies involved in dismantling of anti competitive practices in the industry. Expected to find results that work with greater integration between agencies to safeguard competition and better defining the relevant market segment for the resale of fuel. (author)

Greed and Grievance and Drug Cartels: Mexico’s Commercial Insurgency

Science.gov (United States)

2017-05-25

sent through social media videos of heavily armed Zetas torturing and executing their rivals. They were the ‘new money’ of Mexican cartels, with an...and Hondurans, Guatemalans, and even Americans.131 Leveraging ubiquitous social media outlets, the Zetas spread...advocate for judicial reform and to speak out against the growing power and influence of Mexican cartels. The governor of Ms. Mota’s home state of

Cartel practice in Brazil : A Study of the Decisions of CADE and the profile of Convictions Cartel

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Felipe Braga Albuquerque

2016-06-01

Full Text Available The objective of this work is to analyze the cartel practice in Brazil, aiming to identify the effective use of the judiciary in control practices violations of the economic order. The study concludes, based on a methodology of theoretical and documentary research, that although there is in Brazil a good administrative structure to protect the competitive environment, this structure strengthened from the Law 12.529/2011, there remains a deficiency of knowledge of antitrust policy by the population, resulting in a small number of processes aimed at compelling infringing practices or work for the restoration of damage. Initially, the paper addresses the protection of competition in Brazil , and then analyzes the administrative structure and the Brazilian System of Competition Defense, after sets the focus on the analysis of cartel cases, sort of violation of the economic order, promoting the survey cases sentenced by the Administrative Council for Economic Defense - CADE between the years 2000 to 2013, and finally It is made a review analysis.

Does OPEC act as a cartel? Empirical investigation of coordination behavior

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kisswani, Khalid M.

2016-01-01

In this paper I use quarterly and monthly data from 1994 to 2014 to test if OPEC acts as a cartel, and therefore, it affects oil prices through members' coordination. I use Engle and Granger two-step approach, Johansen cointegration test and Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach of cointegration to examine the long-run relation between OPEC production and each member's production as an evidence of coordination. Besides, I apply Granger causality and Toda and Yamamoto tests to check the direction of causality between the OPEC production and oil prices (U.K. Brent and Dubai Fateh). The findings show no evidence of cointegration between the production of the members and that of OPEC, indicating no cartel behavior exists. Moreover, the results show that OPEC production does not cause oil prices; rather it is the other way around. - Highlights: • I test if OPEC acts as a cartel; it affects oil prices through members' coordination. • I use cointegration to examine long run relation between OPEC production and member's production. • I test causality between the OPEC production and oil prices. • The findings show no evidence of cointegration indicating no cartel behavior exists. • The results show OPEC production does not cause oil prices; rather it is the other way around.

Methodology of analysis of economic indicia of cartel in the resale retail of the fuel sector; Metodologia de analise de indicios economicos de cartel no segmento de revenda varejista de combustiveis

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Costa, Cleber Ribeiro da Silva [Agencia Nacional do Petroleo, Gas Natural e Biocombustiveis (ANP), Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil); Tiryaki, Gisele Ferreira [Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA (Brazil); Ramos, Maria Olivia [Universidade Salvador (UNIFACS), BA (Brazil)

2010-07-01

The existence of anti competitive conduct such as cartels would lead to a situation of high prices and profits harming competition and society in general. The methodology of economic analysis of evidence of cartel by the ANP in the resale market of fuels involves analysis of the behavior of the average prices of resale and distribution, the nominal average gross margin on resale, the coefficient of variation of prices of resale and distribution of fuel for a given period by the municipality. Combining the analysis of these elements, the ANP has suggested the investigation into possible cartels. This text aims to bring contributions for a better definition of the relevant market in the analysis of economic evidence in cartel in the market for resale of fuel and add elements currently not considered in the analysis of ANP and regulation of the sector. To this end, this article is organized into three sections besides the introduction and final consideration. The first section takes place at deconstitution some myths about cartels thread reseller retailer of automotive fuel by analyzing the main causes leading to complaints by consumers. Then presents a conceptual analysis of relevant market, since this definition is essential to characterize anti-competitive practices of operations performed by companies holding market power, notably the formation of cartels. Finally, it is a discussion on how the action of the main bodies involved in dismantling of anti competitive practices in the industry. Expected to find results that work with greater integration between agencies to safeguard competition and better defining the relevant market segment for the resale of fuel. (author)

Westinghouse says cartel rigged U.S. uranium market

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Anon.

1976-01-01

On Oct. 15, 1976, Westinghouse filed a complaint in Federal court in Chicago charging that 29 U.S. and foreign uranium producers damaged Westinghouse by illegally rigging the uranium market; they also link the Atomic Industrial Forum to the U.S. activities of this cartel. Background information is presented for the charge, which has become the focal point of Westinghouse's defense against the uranium supply breach of contract suits filed against the firm by 27 electric utilities (3 filed in county court in Pittsburgh, 24 jointly in Federal court in Virginia). Westinghouse attorneys say that most of the evidence they have shows the existence of a cartel in the past, but they hope to show it is still operating in the U.S

Methodology of economic analysis of evidence of cartel in the resale market of fuels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Costa, Cleber Ribeiro da Silva; Tiryaki, Gisele Ferreira; Ramos, Maria Olivia

2010-01-01

The existence of anti competitive conduct such as cartels would lead to a situation of high prices and profits harming competition and society in general. The methodology of economic analysis of evidence of cartel by the ANP in the resale market of fuels involves analysis of the behavior of the average prices of resale and distribution, the nominal average gross margin on resale, the coefficient of variation of prices of resale and distribution of fuel for a given period by the municipality. Combining the analysis of these elements, the ANP has suggested the investigation into possible cartels. This text aims to bring contributions for a better definition of the relevant market in the analysis of economic evidence in cartel in the market for resale of fuel and add elements currently not considered in the analysis of ANP and regulation of the sector. To this end, this article is organized into three sections besides the introduction and final consideration. The first section takes place at the constitution some myths about cartels thread reseller retailer of automotive fuel by analyzing the main causes leading to complaints by consumers. Then presents a conceptual analysis of relevant market, since this definition is essential to characterize anti-competitive practices of operations performed by companies holding market power, notably the formation of cartels. Finally, it is a discussion on how the action of the main bodies involved in dismantling of anti competitive practices in the industry. Expected to find results that work with greater integration between agencies to safeguard competition and better defining the relevant market segment for the resale of fuel. (author)

SCREENING METHODS FOR THE DETECTION OF CARTELS

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mihail BUŞU

2014-06-01

Full Text Available During their everyday activities, the economic operators conclude a multitude of agreements in tacit or written form, such as: contracts or conventions. Some of these arrangements are absolutely necessary for the development of their current activities. These are agreements which, by respecting the rules of competition, are able to bring benefits to consumers and to the entire economy, as a whole. On the other hand, the economic operators often conclude agreements which are harmful to the economy as well as to the consumers, violating the competition rules. Some examples in this respect are: operators’ agreements on price fixing, on market or customers sharing. Before investigating the violation of competition rules, the relevant authorities should identify the possibility of the existence of such illegalities. The theoretical models for detecting the cartels do represent a proactive tool concerning the antitrust activity of competition authorities. The present paper furnishes a review of the methods for detecting cartels as well as a part of their practical application.

By land, sea, or air? A comparative analysis of cartel smuggling strategies

OpenAIRE

Harney, Sean M.

2017-01-01

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited Cartels are known for their innovative smuggling techniques, across land, sea, or air, which allow them to clandestinely transport drugs across any point of entry into the United States. With this in mind, it is worth asking: why do cartels choose a certain drug smuggling technique over another, which domain is more commonly used and potentially more successful, and what sorts of structural changes would it take to shift from one metho...

The Formation of Cartels and the Proposition of Leniency Agreements by Companies Perpetrators of Violations of the Economic Order

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

João Paulo Vieira Deschk

2016-12-01

Full Text Available The cartel is considered the most serious injury to competition among the anticompetitive conduct. Cartel is an agreement between competitors, whose goal is to eliminate competition, which may be through price fixing, production quotas, market division, among others. The cartel brings huge losses to the company, increasing the price of products and affecting their availability in the market. Harming consumers, economic development, and technological innovation, affecting considerably the social well-being, addressing the prosecution of cartels by antitrust authorities, highlighting the evidentiary means, especially the leniency program.

Cartel Stability and Economic Integration

OpenAIRE

Philipp J. H. Schröder

2004-01-01

This paper investigates the effect of economic integration on the ability of firms to maintain a collusive understanding about staying out of each other?s markets. The paper distinguishes among different types of trade costs: ad valorem, unit, fixed. It is shown that for a sufficient reduction of ad valorem trade costs, a cartel supported by collusion on either quantities or prices will be weakened, thus integration is pro-competitive. If integration consists of a reductions in unit (fixed) t...

The Kone Case and the Lifts Cartel – An Upward Effect on Prices and Effectiveness?

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Vedder, Hans

2014-01-01

On June 5 the Court has handed down the eagerly awaited judgment in the Kone case. This is one of the several cases that result from the Commission’s decision finding a cartel in the elevators and escalators sector. The decision concerned a bid rigging cartel involving four well-known firms (Kone,

Elementos decorativos en el cartel taurino

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Begoña Torres

2001-01-01

Full Text Available El estudio de los elementos decorativos del cartel taurino (viñetas, orlas y adornos -que se abordan en este artículo por primera vez- es una fuente de información fundamental que nos aporta importantes datos sobre la relación del cartel taurino con el libro y otros impresos, los cambios en el gusto, la pervivencia de elementos ornamentales a lo largo del tiempo, la preferencia en los temas decorativos y el intercambio de adornos entre diferentes imprentas, la difusión masiva de imágenes, su relación con el texto, y las innovaciones técnicas introducidas en la imprenta durante los siglos XIX y XX.The study of decoratives elements represented in the bullfight affiche (drawings, borders and ornaments -addresses for the firts time in this anide- it's a basic source of Information, which contributes to get important facts about the relationship between a poster and other books and printed material; the changes in the style, the persistency of ornamental elements thoughout time, the preference just in decorative themes and the exchanges of ornaments among printers; the massive dissemination of images, his relation with the text and the technical innovations brought into the press during the 19th and the 20 centuries.

Nuclear proliferation. II. Monopoly or cartel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Baker, S.J.

1976-01-01

Increasing competition between a growing number of nations exporting nuclear technology and recent exporting of full fuel-cycle facilities raise fears of nuclear proliferation and widespread nuclear weapons. As a result of the 1973 oil crisis, industrial nations seeking a share in the international nuclear market in order to protect their economic interests must also cooperate to protect these same interests from nuclear risks. Disagreement over the form of cooperation centers on the competing exporters' tactics of undercutting safeguards and political restrictions. Monopoly was never an option for even the United States. Government intervention in the international nuclear market in the form of subsidies and financial incentives is a more practical approach than a free market. A cartel arrangement is appropriate to nuclear energy in the sense of reducing economic uncertainties, but political objections would be strong and there would be some risk of independent nuclear development. As a strategy to forestall proliferation, however, the cartel can control exports of enrichment and reprocessing facilities and make it more expensive for nations to independently develop nuclear weapons. An enlargement of safeguards arrangements by nuclear suppliers will require nations to trade some of their economic interests in order to achieve international political objectives

Methodology of analysis of economic evidence of cartel in the resale retail of the fuel sector

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Costa, Cleber Ribeiro da Silva; Tiryaki, Gisele Ferreira; Ramos, Maria Olivia

2010-01-01

The existence of anti competitive conduct such as cartels would lead to a situation of high prices and profits harming competition and society in general. The methodology of economic analysis of evidence of cartel by the ANP in the resale market of fuels involves analysis of the behavior of the average prices of resale and distribution, the nominal average gross margin on resale, the coefficient of variation of prices of resale and distribution of fuel for a given period by the municipality. Combining the analysis of these elements, the ANP has suggested the investigation into possible cartels. This text aims to bring contributions for a better definition of the relevant market in the analysis of economic evidence in cartel in the market for resale of fuel and add elements currently not considered in the analysis of ANP and regulation of the sector. To this end, this article is organized into three sections besides the introduction and final consideration. The first section takes place at deconstitution some myths about cartels thread reseller retailer of automotive fuel by analyzing the main causes leading to complaints by consumers. Then presents a conceptual analysis of relevant market, since this definition is essential to characterize anti-competitive practices of operations performed by companies holding market power, notably the formation of cartels. Finally, it is a discussion on how the action of the main bodies involved in dismantling of anti competitive practices in the industry. Expected to find results that work with greater integration between agencies to safeguard competition and better defining the relevant market segment for the resale of fuel. (author)

Does OPEC still exist as a cartel? An empirical investigation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bremond, Vincent; Hache, Emmanuel; Mignon, Valerie

2010-11-01

The aim of this paper is to determine if OPEC acts as a cartel by testing whether the production decisions of the different countries are coordinated and if they have an influence on oil prices. Relying on co-integration and causality tests in both time series and panel settings, our findings show that the OPEC influence has evolved through time, following the changes in the oil pricing system. While the influence of OPEC is found to be important just after the counter-oil shock, our results show that OPEC is price taker on the majority of the considered sub-periods. Finally, by dividing OPEC between savers and spenders, we show that it acts as a cartel mainly with a subgroup of its members. (authors)

THE IMPACT THE COMPETITION POLICY HAS ON THE LIBERALISATION OF INTERANTIONAL TRADE. CASE STUDY: THE CARTEL

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Berinde Mihai

2015-07-01

Full Text Available The liberalization of international trade is the key when we talk about globalization from an economic aspect, because only when there will be a single global market can we talk about abundance as to what economic globalization is concerned. It is a known fact that market economies can work in free competition conditions. Taking into account the present tendencies of international trade, a decisive role is played by competition authorities. The policy in this field and the commercial policies play complementary roles, because in the absence of one of the two policies, we cannot see economic development and growth. In order to benefit from the full advantages of a free trade, companies must respect the laws of competition. In this context, in this paper, we proposed to study the way in which the existence of a cartel on a certain market can cancel the positive effects of international trade. The working hypothesis from which we started in this study was the following: identifying a cartel that functioned on the European market before and after the Uruguay Round, in order to study the negative effects that this anti-competition practice had. The Uruguay negotiation Round has been chosen, because the best results concerning the liberalization of international trade have been achieved in it. The cartel case was not chosen at random; we have searched to find one that was active in a field which got significant customs tax reductions in the Uruguay Round. We have decided to analyze the impact which a cartel had in the field of industrial products. Following our study, we have managed to empirically demonstrate the way in which a cartel can cancel the benefits of international trade liberalization. The analysis of the way in which the Industrial Tubes cartel acted on the EU market, as well as the analysis of the indicators that led to the undisputable conclusion that this cartel case canceled the positive effects which should have been felt on the

Addressing responsibility of owners and managers in cartel agreements: A competition law perspective

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Pavlic Ljiljana

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Horizontal agreements between competitors with t h e object/effect of reducing competition between them through market partitioning, bid rigging, production/distribution quantities limitation and price fixing are considered to be the infringements of competition law. Cartel is an agreement under which competitors agree not to compete with each other and presents the most serious form of anticompetitive behaviour. Such arrangements allow companies to exert market power they would not otherwise have by artificially restricting competition with deleterious effect on welfare. Competition authorities around the world continue to declare cartel detection and conviction in competition enforcement as their highest priority. Taking part in cartel can have severe consequences for managers as well for the undertaking. In some jurisdictions employees involved in the infringement of competition law are criminally prosecuted facing financial fines and possible imprisonment. The reason behind it is an acknowledgment by competition authorities that the mere threat of sanctions against managers and personal liability could be a more effective deterrent than the possibility of only undertaking-focused sanctions. The amount of fines imposed for antitrust infringements, and for hard core cartel violations in particular, has notably augmented over the last years. This paper will argue why managers are employed in harmful activities risking imposition of severe fines and adverse reputational impact for themselves and the owners of the undertakings they work for and what are the tools within undertaking that can reduce the risk of being involved in unlawful antitrust practices and minimize the negative impact if anticompetitive behaviour has occurred.

Cartel law as an instrument for ensuring security of energy supply; Kartellrecht als Instrument der sicheren Energieversorgung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Roth, W.H. [Bonn Univ. (Germany). Inst. fuer Internationales Privatrecht und Rechtsvergleichung

2007-07-01

The title of this paper - cartel law as an instrument for ensuring security of supply - may seem surprising to some. After all, the concepts of security of supply and cartel law are generally viewed as conflicting with one another, as when prohibitive or interdictive norms of cartel law are restricted or suspended in the name of ensuring security of supply. The title implies that there is also another perspective on this relationship, namely that cartel is geared to the goal of maintaining a viable competitive environment. To the extent that competition serves the purpose of ensuring consumers' greatest possible security of supply, even though this may not be its only purpose, any economic system that is driven by competition will also work towards ensuring the security of the energy supply. Seen from this perspective the paper's title is aptly worded, speaking of security of supply through competition rather than through its (justified) restriction. The creation of a European internal energy market in which energy resources are offered and demanded across borders will contribute to ensuring the security of the energy supply. To the extent that cartel law acts towards keeping markets open and safeguarding competition it will also serve the purpose of ensuring security of supply. This applies in particular in cases where contractual bonds act as a repellent, preventing other suppliers from entering the market and thus also counteracting the diversification of buying sources.

LIMITATIONS OF EU COMPETITION LAW AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON RECIDIVISM AND DETERRENCE: ANALYSIS OF THE CONVENIENCE OF A PENAL APPROACH TO CARTELS

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Amaya ANGULO GARZARO

2014-05-01

Full Text Available Competition law seeks to foster competition and innovation through the sanctioning of antitrust behavior, and it especially seeks to discourage the creation of hardcore cartels. To that effect, the European Union imposes administrative sanctions to cartels, whereas the United States use their penal system against them. This paper will analyze the advantages and limitations of each option, and will determine whether it would be more effective for the European Union to also use its penal system against cartels.

Market control in the electricity production and wholesale markets. A critical analysis of the more recent views of the Federal Cartel Office

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Drozella, Gisela; Krebs, Harald

2013-01-01

In its sector-specific investigations in the electricity production and wholesale markets the German Federal Cartel Office continues to apply its concept of what it terms a primary sales market. The authors describe the discrepancy that exists between the beliefs about market action that underlie the Cartel Office's determination of market boundaries and market action as it actually occurs in reality. The legal concept of the exercise of unilateral market control by several companies as developed by the Cartel Office on the basis of an economic instrument appears unsustainable, both legally and economically. This is compounded by methodological shortcomings. It is therefore the authors' opinion that the approach taken by the Cartel Office in its sector-specific investigations does not afford a sustainable basis for its finding of electricity production companies exercising market control.

Problems of cartel law in license contracts within the power economy

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hueffer, U.

1992-01-01

First the licence contract is presented as a particularly important instrument of the power economy. In a second step a link is established with cartel law; that is, the special status of the power economy under cartel law and the significance of the licence contract within this context are illuminated. On this basis then, a very controversial complex of problems is entered into: the assessment of so-called expiration clauses in licence contracts, i.e. the legal situation upon expiration of a licence contract. It turns out that qualms about the time value being the takeover price have no legal basis. The fact that they were expressed at all is due to the lack of a synopsis of the relevant subareas of commercial law. Scientific purposes require a synopsis of the commercial law concerned rather than an argument in which each party splits off single aspects of the issue. (orig./HSCH) [de

Impacts of Weather Shocks on Murder and Drug Cartel Violence in Mexico

Science.gov (United States)

Miguel, E.; Hsiang, S. M.; Burke, M.; Gonzalez, F.; Baysan, C.

2014-12-01

We estimate impacts of weather shocks on several dimensions of violence in Mexico during 1990-2010, using disaggregated data at the state-by-month level. Controlling for location and time fixed effects, we show that higher than normal temperatures lead to: (i) higher total murder rates, (ii) higher rates of drug cartel related murders, and (iii) higher suicide rates. The effects of high temperatures on inter-personal violence (murders) and on inter-group violence (drug cartel related murders) are large, statistically significant and similar to those found in other recent settings. The use of panel data econometric methods to examine the effect of weather on suicide incidence is novel. We assess the role of economic channels (i.e., agricultural production affected by weather) and conclude that they cannot account for most of the estimated impacts, suggesting that other mechanisms, including psychological explanations, are likely to be important in this setting.

The concession contractual quantity limit agreements in the light of energy law and cartel law; Konzessionsvertragliche Mengengrenzvereinbarungen im Lichte von Energierecht und Kartellrecht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hoech, Thomas; Kalwa, Feh [Kanzlei Hoech und Partner, Dortmund (Germany)

2009-12-15

In the year 2009, the Federal Cartel Office (Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany) reached to two decisions on the cartel legal validity of quantity limit agreements in franchise agreements and on their handling with the survey and calculation of concession deliveries. In both cases, the Federal Cartel Office proceeds from an offence against paragraph 19 sect. 1 GWB (law against the restriction of competition) and paragraph 19 sect. 2 GWB. Under this aspect, the authors of the contribution under consideration report on different legal questions. The question arises whether paragraph 19 GWB is applicable to the decided facts at all, or whether the exclusion regulation paragraph 111 sect. 1 of the Energy Economy Law (EnWG) intervenes. The authors describe the right of concession delivery and the two resolutions of the Federal Cartel Office. Afterwards, these resolutions are appreciated regarding to the raised legal questions.

Crackdown on Cartels Highlights the Need for Competition Law Compliance in South Africa

OpenAIRE

Heather Irvine

2008-01-01

The South African Competition Commission intensified its efforts to combat cartel activity in 2007, and a number of cases involving price-fixing and market division in key sectors of the South African economy were referred to the Competition Tribunal for adjudication.

El cartel como recurso para presentar resultados de investigación científica

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Omar A. Piñeiro Fernández

1998-04-01

Full Text Available RESUMEN: Se hace referencia al cartel como recurso para presentar resultados de investigación en reuniones científicas. Se especifican los requisitos mínimos que se deben cumplir en su preparación y se ofrecen elementos básicos en relación con su estructura. Se enumeran sus ventajas y se dan algunas orientaciones a los efectos de su exposición. Se fundamenta la utilidad de publicar posteriormente los trabajos presentados en cartelReference is made to posters as a means for exhibiting research work outcome in scientific events. The minimum design requirements and the basic structural elements of posters are specified. Likewise, poster advantages, recommendations for exhibition and the usefulness of publising the papers which are presented in posters are also set forth

OPEC and Venezuelan oil production. Evidence against a cartel hypothesis

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Reynolds, Douglas B.; Pippenger, Michael K. [Department of Economics, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK (United States)

2010-10-15

This study revisits the OPEC cartel hypothesis using a case study. A test is conducted to see if Venezuela has its production Granger cause its OPEC quota or whether the OPEC quota for Venezuela Granger causes Venezuelan production. The results show both occur at different times. In the short run, OPEC's oil production quota for Venezuela Granger causes Venezuelan production. However, shortly after cuts, Venezuela cheats on agreements, suggesting a tit-for-tat oligopoly game, which is not anti-competitive. In the long run, we show that Venezuelan oil production Granger causes OPEC's quota for Venezuela, but not vice versa. Having Venezuelan oil production Granger cause OPEC quotas for Venezuela in the long run suggests OPEC does not coordinate outputs as much as it reacts to them. The evidence suggests Venezuela is not a part of an OPEC anti-competitive syndicate even though we show that Venezuelan oil production is low. An alternative explanation for why Venezuela and possibly other OPEC members have low oil production outputs is that institutions and risk aversion, not cartel participation, is the cause. A vector error correction model shows that there is no tendency for Venezuelan oil production to converge to OPEC's quota for Venezuela. (author)

OPEC and Venezuelan oil production: Evidence against a cartel hypothesis

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Reynolds, Douglas B., E-mail: DBReynolds@Alaska.ed [Department of Economics, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK (United States); Pippenger, Michael K. [Department of Economics, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK (United States)

2010-10-15

This study revisits the OPEC cartel hypothesis using a case study. A test is conducted to see if Venezuela has its production Granger cause its OPEC quota or whether the OPEC quota for Venezuela Granger causes Venezuelan production. The results show both occur at different times. In the short run, OPEC's oil production quota for Venezuela Granger causes Venezuelan production. However, shortly after cuts, Venezuela cheats on agreements, suggesting a tit-for-tat oligopoly game, which is not anti-competitive. In the long run, we show that Venezuelan oil production Granger causes OPEC's quota for Venezuela, but not vice versa. Having Venezuelan oil production Granger cause OPEC quotas for Venezuela in the long run suggests OPEC does not coordinate outputs as much as it reacts to them. The evidence suggests Venezuela is not a part of an OPEC anti-competitive syndicate even though we show that Venezuelan oil production is low. An alternative explanation for why Venezuela and possibly other OPEC members have low oil production outputs is that institutions and risk aversion, not cartel participation, is the cause. A vector error correction model shows that there is no tendency for Venezuelan oil production to converge to OPEC's quota for Venezuela.

OPEC and Venezuelan oil production: Evidence against a cartel hypothesis

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Reynolds, Douglas B.; Pippenger, Michael K.

2010-01-01

This study revisits the OPEC cartel hypothesis using a case study. A test is conducted to see if Venezuela has its production Granger cause its OPEC quota or whether the OPEC quota for Venezuela Granger causes Venezuelan production. The results show both occur at different times. In the short run, OPEC's oil production quota for Venezuela Granger causes Venezuelan production. However, shortly after cuts, Venezuela cheats on agreements, suggesting a tit-for-tat oligopoly game, which is not anti-competitive. In the long run, we show that Venezuelan oil production Granger causes OPEC's quota for Venezuela, but not vice versa. Having Venezuelan oil production Granger cause OPEC quotas for Venezuela in the long run suggests OPEC does not coordinate outputs as much as it reacts to them. The evidence suggests Venezuela is not a part of an OPEC anti-competitive syndicate even though we show that Venezuelan oil production is low. An alternative explanation for why Venezuela and possibly other OPEC members have low oil production outputs is that institutions and risk aversion, not cartel participation, is the cause. A vector error correction model shows that there is no tendency for Venezuelan oil production to converge to OPEC's quota for Venezuela.

European Union Antitrust Enforcement against Cartels – Priorities in the Context of Globalisation of Business and Economic Crisis

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Iordache Lucia

2014-07-01

Full Text Available In the context of globalisation and EU member states’ efforts to overcome the difficulties of the economic crisis, realising the full potential of the Single Market is the main component of a credible plan for higher and sustainable growth in the EU. Competition policy is the central pillar of the Single Market. A strong antitrust enforcement, especially fighting cartels and preventing the creation of new ones, is at the core of open and fair pan-European markets, higher productivity and growth across Europe. This article summarizes the activities of the European Commission for the investigation and sanctioning of companies involved in cartels, focusing on the effectiveness of preventive policy of the Commission in antitrust enforcement, reflected in particular by the evolution of the fines imposed in cartel cases. The analysis outlines how antitrust policy contributes to strengthening the single market and the EU economic growth and examines the challenges for the implementation of antitrust policy caused by the changes in the dynamics and complexity of the economic environment, at the national and international level.

La tipografía del cartel taurino en el siglo XIX

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Begoña Torres González

2000-01-01

Full Text Available En este artículo se aborda -por primera vez- el estudio de la tipografía en el cartel taurino del siglo xix. Resulta una nueva aportación puesto que, sobre este tema concreto, no existe ninguna bibliografía. Para llevarlo a cabo, se ha comenzado por intentar aclarar el panorama confuso de las clasificaciones tipográficas. Basándonos en la clasificación Vox -aceptada internacionalmente- se han diferenciado, uno por uno y de forma cronológica, el tipo de caracteres empleados en la cartelería taurina decimonónica. También se han investigado los modelos estéticos, los intercambios entre imprentas, la perduración de diferentes estilos en el tiempo, el concepto tan peculiar de «legibilidad» del cartel, la relación con el libro y otros impresos, el diseño de letras manuales... en fin, la estrategia de la comunicación, el atractivo de la representación y el inmovilismo, frente a la originalidad y la renovación.This article addresses -for the first time the study of graphic tipology represented in the bullfight affiche of the 19th century. Since specific bibliography on the topic is inexistent, this is an innovative contríbution to the field. The initial intention is to clarify the, so far, confusing classification ofits graphic tipology. Following the internationally accepted Vox classification, the goal of the study has been to differenciate one by one, each typographic character in the tauromachy poster of the 19th century. In addittion, this is an overview ofthe aesthetic patterns, the exchanges among printers, the persistency of certain styles throughout time, the alway peculiar concept of «legibility» in a poster, the relationships between a poster and other books and printed material, the design of the handwritten letters... and ultimately, the communication strategy, the appeal of representation and the dynamics between inmovilist attitudes and original and innovative ones.

Let's Not Stick Together: Anticipation of Cartel and Merger Control in The Netherlands

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Baarsma, B.; Kemp, R.G.M.; Noll, van der R.; Seldeslachts, J.

2012-01-01

Does enforcement action by the Netherlands Competition Authority (NMa) in the case of cartels and mergers produce an anticipatory effect? We use surveys among firms and their advisers to test whether merger plans that may fail to gain clearance from the NMa are not notified and whether the

Fifty Feet Above The Wall: Cartel Drones in the U.S.-Mexico Border Zone Airspace, and What to do About Them

Science.gov (United States)

2018-03-01

troop movements and border security personnel. It is sensible that the drug cartels, who have a history of adopting technology to perform surveillance...countering narco- drones at the U.S.–Mexico border. 14. SUBJECT TERMS U.S.–Mexico border, drug cartel, emerging threat, disruptive technology ...Forces Commander Michael Waltz. He contends, “unfortunately, I don’t think we’re ready right now…We don’t have the technology —both the detection

Inconvenient Truths: A Response to the Article by David Stoesz, "The Child Welfare Cartel"

Science.gov (United States)

Clark, James J.; Yegidis, Bonnie L.

2016-01-01

David Stoesz offers a sweeping critique of the Children's Bureau and social work education by claiming the existence of a "child welfare cartel." He also attacks the quality of social work education and research, which he claims has poorly invested government funding and helped create the unmitigated failures of the American child…

WTO law and economics and restrictive practices in energy trade : The case of the OPEC cartel

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Marhold, Anna

2016-01-01

The World Trade Organization cannot deal comprehensively with restrictive export practices maintained by energy cartels such as the OPEC. The main reason for this is the absence of competition rules in the multilateral trading system. However, in spite of the fact that the WTO does not have rules on

Market control in the electricity production and wholesale markets. A critical analysis of the more recent views of the Federal Cartel Office; Marktbeherrschung im Bereich Stromerzeugung/Stromgrosshandel. Eine kritische Analyse der neueren Sicht des Bundeskartellamts

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Drozella, Gisela; Krebs, Harald

2013-07-01

In its sector-specific investigations in the electricity production and wholesale markets the German Federal Cartel Office continues to apply its concept of what it terms a primary sales market. The authors describe the discrepancy that exists between the beliefs about market action that underlie the Cartel Office's determination of market boundaries and market action as it actually occurs in reality. The legal concept of the exercise of unilateral market control by several companies as developed by the Cartel Office on the basis of an economic instrument appears unsustainable, both legally and economically. This is compounded by methodological shortcomings. It is therefore the authors' opinion that the approach taken by the Cartel Office in its sector-specific investigations does not afford a sustainable basis for its finding of electricity production companies exercising market control.

Pricing policies for a two-part exhaustible resource cartel: the case of OPEC (world oil project). Working paper

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hnyilicza, E.; Pindyck, R.S.

1976-04-01

This paper examines pricing policies for OPEC under the assumption that the cartel is composed of a block of spender countries with large cash needs and a block of saver countries with little immediate need for cash and a lower rate of discount. The decision problem for the two-part cartel is embodied in a game-theoretic framework and the optimal bargaining solution is computed using results from the theory of cooperative games developed by Nash. The set of feasible bargaining points--and the corresponding Nash solution--is computed under two assumptions on the behavior of output shares: that they are subject to choice and that they are fixed at historical values. The results suggest that for fixed output shares, there is little room for bargaining and the price path approximates the optimal monopoly price path. If the shares are subject to control, optimal paths depend significantly on the relative bargaining power of each block.

The ''Jahrhundertvertrag'' (contract guaranteeing enhanced use of inland coal for electricity generation up to the end of the century) examined in the light of German and EC cartel law

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Maertens, M.

1995-01-01

The horizontal agreements concluded between the various electric utilities within the framework of the ''Jahrhundertvertrag'', (JHV), are a violation both of section 1 GWB (act against restraints on competition) and Art. 85 of the EC Treaty, and thus are void. The same applies to the horizontal agreements concluded between the coal mining companies in Germany, representing a violation of Art. 65, section 1 of the ECSC Treaty. As a result, the various vertical contracts concluded by the electical utilities and the coal mining companies are likewise affected by the decisions declaring the above agreements to be void. None of the applicable cartel law regimes permits exemptions from prohibition of restrictive practices beyond those provided for by cartel law. The electric utilities might receive permission from the German Federal Minister of Economics under section 8, sub-sec. 2 GWB, legalizing their agreements, but this permission would give legal effect to the cartel agreements in terms of civil law only if the EC Commission would decide to exempt this cartel from prohibition of restrictive practices of the EC Treaty by a decision in compliance with Art. 85, section 3 of the EC Treaty. The horizontal agreements of the mining companies are subject to Art. 65, section 2 of the ECSC treaty, and these stringent provisions do not leave room for an exemption in this case [de

Los carteles del narcotráfico en el Fútbol Profesional Colombiano: estructura de oportunidad

OpenAIRE

Mejía Morales, Juan Felipe

2014-01-01

El interés de este trabajo de grado es analizar la incidencia que ha tenido la estructura de oportunidad en la participación de los carteles del narcotráfico en el Fútbol Profesional colombiano. Este elemento es fundamental para entender este fenómeno pues desviste la arbitrariedad con la que se ha pretendido entender la entrada de estos colectivos al Fútbol. Igualmente, desde los conceptos teóricos de Charles Tilly, Sidney Tarrow y Doug McAdam, se evalúan los patrones de comportamiento de es...

Copyright Cartels or Legitimate Joint Ventures? What the MusicNet and Pressplay Litigation Means for the Entertainment Industry's New Distribution Models

OpenAIRE

Landy, Rachel

2012-01-01

Starr v. Sony BMG Music Entertainment illustrates the inherent tension between copyright holders seeking to enforce their exclusive rights and antitrust doctrine. In Starr, competing record labels pooled their copyrights into digital distribution joint ventures, MusicNet and Pressplay. Such collaboration toes a thin line between cartel-like ...

El destape del cartel de cine español. La nueva libertad sexual en la transición española

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Rocío Collado Alonso

2011-09-01

Full Text Available Este artículo, que sintetiza los resultados de un trabajo más amplio, pretende explorar la relación entre el cartel de cine y el cambio social, centrándose en el análisis del primero y no del segundo, por lo que se trata de un estudio comunicacional y no sociológico, buscando las interrelaciones que pueden producirse entre ambas opciones: el uso del cartel como reflejo de los valores sociales existentes y como elemento provocador del cambio social. Para ello situamos nuestro análisis en el período de la transición española, momento histórico de profundas transformaciones políticas, económicas y sociales. Es evidente que en nuestro país, desde comienzos de la década de los setenta, todavía con Franco, empieza a notarse el cambio político que estaba por llegar, sobre todo la permisividad oficial hacia un cine que se atreve a plantear temas anteriormente intocables, relacionados sobretodo con la política y con el sexo. La censura franquista había silenciado durante muchos años el deseo sexual y el erotismo, pero desde finales de los años sesenta comienza a surgir un cine comercial que manifiesta una clara tendencia hacia una cierta liberalización en temáticas sexuales, que terminará afianzándose en los años setenta apareciendo los primeros desnudos en la pantalla. Con todo ello, nuestro trabajo pretende analizar el papel del cartel de cine como reflejo de esta nueva situación. 

Los murales y carteles como recurso didáctico para enseñar ciencias en Educación Primaria

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

María Rosario Díaz Perea

2013-01-01

Full Text Available En la era de las nuevas tecnologías, siguen siendo necesarios los recursos educativos más tradicionales que motiven a los alumnos y les ayuden en su proceso de enseñanza – aprendizaje. Estos recursos, contextualizados en una metodología activa y globalizada, fomentan el desarrollo de las diferentes competencias básicas y promueven que los alumnos interactúen y cooperen para aprender. En este artículo se describen y analizan varias actividades relacionadas con la elaboración y el rendimiento didáctico de murales y carteles en la enseñanza de las ciencias en Educación Primaria. Además, se describe y evalúa una experiencia didáctica que hemos llevado a cabo en un colegio de Educación Primaria de la Comunidad de Madrid, durante dos cursos académicos consecutivos 2009-2010 y 2010-2011, cuyo eje principal fue la elaboración de murales y carteles científicos con alumnos de primer ciclo. Con esta experiencia, resaltamos la conveniencia de orientar la formación inicial y permanente del profesorado hacia la introducción de estrategias organizativas y metodologías cooperativas, que aseguren aprendizajes científicos significativos y funcionales, orientados también a la atención de la diversidad de nuestras aulas.

Saudi Arabia's oil policy after 1. oil crisis explained with the help of a cartel model

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Linderoth, H.

1992-01-01

Saudi Arabian oil policy is analyzed by using a cartel model where Saudi Arabia's oil production is a function of oil price and oil production in other OPEC countries. Elasticities for oil production and oil price are estimated covering oil crises and 3 intercrises periods. During all intercrises periods, production elasticity is not significantly different from 1 which, to a considerable extent, shows that the oil production in Saudi Arabia followed that of the other OPEC countries. During oil crisis periods, production elasticities were either significantly negative or not significantly different from zero. In most cases, the price elasticity was not significantly different from zero. (au)

La dona al cartell polític i social del període 1931-1939

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Patrícia Lázaro Pernias

2013-07-01

Full Text Available Es presenten els resultats més rellevants d’una recerca, finançada pel Centre d’Història Contemporània de Catalunya, l’objectiu principal de la qual era estudiar l’evolució de la representació de la figura femenina en els cartells de caràcter polític i social, editats per institucions catalanes des de la instauració de la Segona República fins a l’acabament de la Guerra Civil. S’ha elaborat un cens que ha inclòs informació sobre 172 obres que contenien figures femenines. L’anàlisi sobre el contigut icònic i verbal ha permès identificar diversos arquetipus quant a la representació de la dona durant el període d’estudi.

Objective market demarcation in the case of natural gas supplies at household and small trade customers (HuK customer) according to the cartel law supervision of abuse; Sachliche Marktabgrenzung bei Erdgaslieferungen an Haushalts- und Kleingewerbekunden (HuK-Kunden) in der kartellrechtlichen Missbrauchsaufsicht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Jaeger, Lutz

2008-09-15

The investigation showed: The dominant opinion of the trust jurisdiction and the practice of the cartel authorities are not outdated. The supply of customers of household and small-scale trade with natural gas is not part of a uniform heating market, if the supply of these customers with natural gas forms its own material market. This view is confirmed by the new Soda-Club-II-decision of the cartel senate of the Federal High Court. It has to be awaited whether it also will follow this line with the examination of the recent decisions of the Higher Regional Court Celle and Frankfurt (Main).

THE POSITION OF INDIRECT EVIDENCE AS VERIFICATION TOOLS IN THE CARTEL CASE

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Veri Antoni

2014-06-01

Full Text Available Indirect (circumstantial evidence, either economic evidence or communication evidence, has been used in cartel cases in many countries such as United States of America, Japan, Australia, Brazil, Malaysia, and others. According to Indonesia criminal procedure law, the position of indirect (circumstantial evidence is categorized as an indication (clue evidence whereas according to Indonesia civil procedure law, indirect (circumstantial evidence is categorized as presumption. Considering the characteristics the antimonopoly law which aims to find material truth, the position of indirect evidence is more properly said to be an indication. Owing to its status as an indication, indirect evidence should be exhibited together with the other direct evidence.   Indirect evidenceatau bukti tidak langsung, baik bukti ekonomi atau bukti komunikasi, telah digunakan dalam kasus-kasus kartel di banyak negara, seperti Amerika Serikat, Jepang, Australia, Brazil, Malaysia, dan lain-lain. Menurut hukum acara pidana Indonesia, posisi bukti tidak langsung dikategorikan sebagai indikasi (bukti petunjuk, padahal menurut hukum acara perdata Indonesia, bukti tidak langsung dikategorikan sebagai praduga. Mengingat karakteristik hukum anti-monopoli yang bertujuan untuk mencari kebenaran materiil, posisi bukti tidak langsung lebih tepat dikatakan indikasi. Karena statusnya sebagai indikasi, bukti tidak langsung harus dipamerkan bersama dengan bukti langsung lainnya.

Free Competition Theory and the secret agreements between companies. Saint-Gobain under the charges of cartel

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Andreas STAMATE

2011-12-01

Full Text Available The European view of economic competition, which is the European Parliament view and enforced by the European Commission does not have a coherent theory of efficiency in allocating resources and justice on a market. The positive law proceeds at incriminating and penalizing with arbitrarily fixed fines the players on different markets but not offering a definition of what competition or free market means, not to mention a theory of the firm. It delivers, of course, a sort of theory, but we argue that it is not coherent and moreover, pretends to be what it cannot possible be, nam¬ely free of any value judgments. The present paper exposes an alternative view to the theory used by EC when decided to fine with 1.4 billion euros the European car glass suppliers Saint-Gobain, Pilkington, AGC and Soliver for cartelizing, and it also presents the case from the perspective of free competition theory based on private property rights of owners.

El 'leit motiv' de la estética de Pedro Almodóvar analizado a través de la cartelística de su obra

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María Tabuenca Bengoa

2011-06-01

Full Text Available Pedro Almodóvar está considerado un representante de la estética y el savoir faire de una generación de artistas y creadores surgidos en España en la década de los ochenta, justo en plena ebullición de las libertades. Es el objetivo, por tanto, determinar concretamente cuál es la estética que marcó a Almodóvar durante los años de la Movida madrileña y las posibles repercusiones que ésta ha podido tener en su evolución creativa.Tratamos de ver cuál es pues el verdadero alcance de las influencias artísticas experimentadas y compartidas por el director y comprobar, por lo tanto, cómo estos influjos tienen un reflejo en la elección de los carteles designados para identificar sus películas y una progresión en el tiempo.El objetivo del presente estudio es el análisis tanto formal (gráfico, tipográfico y cromático, como de contenido de los carteles que han anunciado y promocionado las películas de cineasta manchego a lo largo de su carrera como director, la cual viene desarrollándose íntegramente en España durante las cuatro últimas décadas.

Price movements guided by the OPEC cartel, when there is a possible increase on prices inside the Market

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Alex Paubel Junger

2017-07-01

Full Text Available The main purpose of this paper is to calculate the estimation of oil supply and demand in the last 12 quarters (2013-2015, using an OLSconometric model, indicating the supply and demand of the market, in a second moment the oil market current supply and demand curves would be indicated for the average price of Brent oil in the abovementioned period. So that in a second moment the "dead weight" of OPEC's economic price model is calculated and how this deadweight economically affects the oil and gas market globally, economically withdrawing the profits that the main producers could obtain if OPEC did not set the price artificially in unstable political scenarios. Lastly, regarding the global economy, and more precisely, the loss in the energy through financial results due the actions taken by OPEC led by Saudi Arabia and its partners in the Middle East, indicating the market failures caused by a cartel.

Methodology applied by the Petroleum, Natural Gas and Bio fuels National Agency for detection of cartels - their limits and perspectives; Metodology adotada pela Agencia Nacional do Petroleo, Gas Natural e Biocombustiveis para detectecao de carteis - seus limites e perspectives

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pedra, Douglas Pereira; Sales, Orlando de Araujo Vilela; Baran, Patricia Huguenin; Paiva, Rodrigo Milao de [Agencia Nacional do Petroleo, Gas Natural e Biocombustiveis (ANP), Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil). Regulacao de Petroleo, seus Derivados, Alcool Combustivel e Gas Natural; Bicalho, Lucia Maria de Oliveira Navegantes [Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (PPE/COPPE/UFRJ), RJ (Brazil). Coordenacao dos Programas de Pos-Graduacao de Engenharia. Programa de Planejamento Energetico

2010-07-01

This paper presents the present methodology used by the Defense Competition Coordination of the Petroleum National Agency for detection of vestiges of cartels in the Brazilian fuel market, their limits, in view of the instruments presently at the disposal of the Agency and perspectives of modification from the eventual availability of new instruments.

Motivations and Implications of Community Service Provision by La Familia Michoacána / Knights Templar and other Mexican Drug Cartels

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Shawn T. Flanigan

2014-10-01

Full Text Available Research demonstrates that service provision by violent organizations can be an effective strategy for coercing the local community to accept and conceal a group’s violent activities, and for creating loyalty to these groups. This has been most frequently explored among political organizations such as terrorist groups, with organizations like Hezbollah and Hamas very visibly engaged in providing social welfare in addition to their violent activities. Recent reports indicate that criminal organizations in Mexico also are involved in instances of public service provision in local communities. This article explores the extent to which drug cartels operating in Mexico are involved in public service provision to members of communities where they operate, and considers possible motivations and implications for public service provision by these criminal organizations, with specific attention to the organization La Familia Michoacána/ Knights Templar. The article also gives attention to the consequences to citizenship and government of service provision by violent nonstate actors, and the ways such service provision may disrupt the social contract between the citizen and the state.

Stories of Drug Trafficking in Rural Mexico: Territories, Drugs and Cartels in Michoacán

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Salvador Maldonado Aranda

2013-04-01

Full Text Available Abstract:In the international media, drug-related violence, corruption and militarization have received much attention. While this is understandable in view of the prominence of border area operations of drug cartels, drug trafficking is a pervasive phenomenon in other parts of Mexico as well, not in the least in significant parts of Western Mexico (especially in Guerrero, Colima and Michoacán. The latter state has a long history of drug production and trafficking (poppies and marihuana, and of military campaigns against it, especially in the area known as the 'Tierra Caliente', Michoacán. In recent decades, however, the situation has acquired a new dimension. This paper will examine the socio-economic and political characteristics of the area and analyse the emergence of drug trafficking as part of profound processes of agrarian transformation, especially since the 1980s. What are these transformations and how can the drug economy of the area be understood? In recent years the Tierra Caliente has become the scene of particularly atrocious confrontations between rivalling drug cartels; hence it was also the first target of military intervention after Felipe Calderón assumed power. How is this explained and what are the main consequences for violence, human rights and the drug and peasant economy?Resumen: Historias del narcotráfico en el México rural: Territorios, drogas y cárteles en MichoacánEn los medios masivos internacionales el tema de las drogas y la violencia relacionada con la corrupción y la militarización ha recibido mucha atención. Si bien esto es comprensible en vista de la importancia de las operaciones de los cárteles de la droga en la zona fronteriza, el tráfico de drogas es un fenómeno generalizado en otras partes de México y de manera importante en el occidente de México (especialmente en Guerrero, Colima y Michoacán. Este último estado tiene una larga historia de producción y tráfico de drogas (marihuana y

Mexico’s National Security Challenges and the Military Endeavor

Science.gov (United States)

2013-03-01

10 highlighted major challenges for nations in the region and their armies, such as poverty and lack of social development, massive migration ...31 15 2006 2007-2009 2010 2011 Sinaloa cartel Sinaloa cartel Sinaloa cartel Sinaloa cartel Beltran Leyva cartel South pacific cartel...Mexican population in many states, such as Tamaulipas, Coahuila, Chihuahua, Sinaloa , and Durango, is fearful of organized crime. The majority of the

Borders, Corridors, and Economics: The Keys to Stopping Cross Border Violence

Science.gov (United States)

2013-04-22

control in the United States. The Tijuana Cartel, Federation Cartel, Gulf Cartel, Juarez Cartel, Sinaloa Cartel, Knights Templar Cartel, and Los Zetas...defeated rule of law and legitimate commerce migrated toward security. The lack of rule of law transmitted violence across Peru and was perpetuated by...million people live in poverty in Mexico. Deeply impoverished and unemployed people in Mexico have three options for survival: migration , tenuous and

Legal supervision of network access charges in the energy sector. Determination of charges through ''simulated competition'' and abuse monitoring in accordance with regulatory law, cartel law and civil law; Die Rechtskontrolle von Netzentgelten im Energiesektor. Entgeltbestimmung durch ''simulierten Wettbewerb'' und Missbrauchskontrolle nach Regulierungsrecht, Kartellrecht und Zivilrecht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kling, Michael

2013-08-01

This publication shows how the level of network access charges plays a decisive role in the liberalisation of the grid-bound energy sector. Price abuse on the part of network operators that leads to monopoly profits must therefore be prevented through legal supervision in accordance with cartel law, regulatory law and civil law.

Drug Violence Along the Southwest Border: Another American Punitive Expedition?

Science.gov (United States)

2011-03-16

Leyva Cartel, the Sinaloa Federation, the Gulf Cartel and La Familia Cartel. Each has numerous organizational branches similar to large corporations and... Madres , Mexican rurales60 rode with Texas Rangers who were pursuing Comanche Indians. In the Arizona territory, Mexican and American Soldiers... Familia Drug Cartel: Implications for Mexican Security (Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute, December 2010), 83

The Latin American Drug Trade: Scope, Dimensions, Impact, and Response

Science.gov (United States)

2011-01-01

the forefront of the trade: the Gulf cartel, La Familia, Los Zetas, the Beltrán Leyva orga- nization, the Sinaloa cartel, the Carrillo Fuentes...blocs that essentially pitch the Sinaloa cartel, the Gulf cartel, and La Familia—which collectively formed the New Federation in February 2010...interacted with other trans- border concerns, such as weapon trafficking, people smuggling, and the migration of Central American gang violence. It is in

ANALISIS EFEKTIVITAS UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 5 TAHUN 1999 TENTANG LARANGAN PRAKTEK MONOPOLI DAN PERSAINGAN USAHA TIDAK SEHAT TERHADAP PEMBATASAN PRAKTEK KARTEL DI INDONESIA

OpenAIRE

MONICA SARAGIH, EZRA

2015-01-01

This essay titled Analysis of The Effectiveness Regulation Number 5 of 1999 on Monopoly Practice Ban and Unfair Business Competition on Restriction of Cartel Practices in Indonesia. Cartel practice is one of agreements banned in Regulation Number 5 of 1999 on Monopoly Practice Ban and Unfair Business Competition. Recently cartel practice cases have mushroomed in Indonesia. The growing cartel practices occur because of some factors such as Act that gives opportunity for it or the legal organiz...

Military Review: The Professional Journal of the U.S. Army. September-October 2006

Science.gov (United States)

2006-10-01

three illustrative cases: the blood-diamond cartel, drug trafficking syndicates , and Al-Qaeda. The blood-diamond cartel. West africa’s blood...human terra so that the United States can craft effective, realistic policy actions. Drug trafficking syndicates . Drug syndicates or cartels are...Company, 1934), 13. New York Times columnist tom Friedman observed the practice and consequence of making lethal targeting the primary focus at the

A theory of price-fixing/market-sharing rings as applied to OPEC behavior since march 1982

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kazushi Uemura

1992-01-01

In the past, OPEC has been analyzed as a cartel, but usually without a formal theoretical framework. Don Patinkin's cartel model was occasionally used, but was turned down for being 'too strict' to explain OPEC behavior. One of the most serious short-comings of Patinkin's model is its prediction that high-cost producers would first shut down for the survival of a cartel. In OPEC agreements, it has been seen many times that Saudi Arabia (a low-cost producer) reduced its production for the survival of the cartel. A new and promising cartel theory, A theory of price-fixing/market-sharing rings, has been introduced ('CMT model'). In this paper, it is going to use CMT model's structure and model OPEC's major price-fixing/market-sharing agreements and a period without such an agreement since March, 1982 when OPEC, for the first time in its history, reached a price-fixing/market-sharing agreement. 3 refs., 2 figs., 2 tabs

Monopolization by "Raising Rivals' Costs": The Standard Oil Case.

OpenAIRE

Granitz, Elizabeth; Klein, Benjamin

1996-01-01

Standard monopolized the petroleum industry during the 1870s by cartelizing the stage of production where entry was difficult--petroleum transportation. Standard enforced the transportation cartel by shifting its refinery shipments among railroads to stabilize individual railroad market shares at collusively agreed-on levels. This method of cartel policing was effective because Standard possessed a dominant share of refining, a dominance made possible with the assistance of the railroads. The...

A study of the regulative acts’ leniency clause effect on the behavior of the firms

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Harshil Kaur

2017-12-01

Full Text Available This paper experimentally investigates the effect of leniency clause on cartel formation and self-reporting by firms in an asymmetric cartel. The notion of asymmetric is used in terms of different market share of the firms, which form a cartel. This setting is used to bring the experimental design closer to reality. We experimentally controlled for ‘Provision of Deal’- when a firm with larger market share can offer some side payments to the firms with smaller market share and induce them not to report. We run three treatments: 1 Leniency without Deal (LWOD, 2 Leniency with Deal (LWD and 3 Reward with Deal (RWD. In LWOD treatment players can come forward and self-report their communication to the authority. In LWD treatment before self-reporting there is another step where big players can transfer 10 points to the small player and induce them not to report. In RWD treatment players earn 25 points if they report, unlike LWD or LWOD where they paid some amount after reporting as well. The results of the experiment demonstrate that there is no notable difference in the formation of cartels among the three treatments. However, cartel members see the adverse effect of the provision of a deal on the self-reporting of cartels. The incidence of reporting falls significantly from 61.48% in Leniency without Deal treatment to 25.86% in Leniency with Deal treatment. Further, giving positive rewards to the self-reporters counteract the effect of the deal to a large extent. Thus, reporting is remarkably high at 41.44% in Reward with Deal treatment as compared to 25.86% in Leniency with Deal treatment. To sum up, the experiment accentuates the waning effect of leniency clause in an asymmetrical cartel.

An 'OPEP' to the natural gas?; Uma 'OPEP' (Organizacao dos Paises Exportadores de Petroleo) para o gas natural?

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Moreira, Tathiany R. [Agencia Nacional do Petroleo, Gas Natural e Biocombustiveis (ANP), Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil); Szklo, Alexandre S.; Machado, Giovani V. [Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), RJ (Brazil). Coordenacao dos Programas de Pos-graduacao de Engenharia (COPPE). Programa de Planejamento Energetico

2008-07-01

The development of the worldwide natural gas industry and the importance that this energy source has acquired in the energy matrix of various countries has given rise to certain uneasiness amongst the importing countries regarding the increase in gas dependence. This preoccupation is due to the fact that natural gas occurs in concentrated areas and that its major producers have joined together in the Gas Exporter Countries Forum, giving rise to a debate of the possibility of this Forum developing into cartel configuration. This paper aims at an analysis of the viability of cartel formation in the natural gas industry, following the same model as that of the oil industry. Considering the basic conditions necessary for successful cartel activities in the natural gas industry, the text presents some factors that can indeed contribute towards collusion among the exporting countries. However, the positive effects that a gas cartel can generate for the exporting countries are not guaranteed. On the contrary, what is actually observed are conditions favorable to the rupture of collusive deals and to an increase in the penetration of substitute energy sources, given that monopoly prices are fixed to the natural gas by the cartel. (author)

Nuclear exporters cartel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mandelbaum, M.

1977-01-01

Events that have transpired in the past few years that have caused renewed concern about the spread of nuclear weapons are reviewed. Many proposals have been made recently for keeping the bomb from spreading. The author feels that the most novel and intriguing of them is the one advanced by Senator Abraham Ribicoff and Steven J. Baker; in their proposal, the world market for nuclear reactors would be divided into precisely defined shares among the industrial nations that now manufacture them for export; each exporter would be guaranteed a certain number of sales annually; and each would pledge not to sell uranium enrichment or plutonium reprocessing technology, as Germany did to Brazil. This might not halt proliferation, but it would give the world a few more years to find a solution

Participation acquisitions at and between redistributors; Beteiligungserwerbe an und zwischen kommunalen Weiterverteilern

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Klaue, S. [Freie Univ. Berlin (Germany). Inst. fuer Publizistik- und Kommunikationswissenschaften

2007-10-15

In the contribution under consideration the author reports on participation acquisitions at and between redistributors. The imperfect treatment of the acquisition of minority participations at public utilities by cartel authorities and courts did not bring satisfying results for the structure to the power economy. The preconditions for more competition became worse due to the changes in the structure of power economy which were not prevented by the cartel authorities. The competitive order loses at clarity, if the previous practice of the cartel authorities is continued. It is undecided whether the development of a dominating market system by a multiplicity of minority acquisitions can be described as an improper use of a market dominating position according to paragraph 19 of the law against restraints of competition.

Actors of Columbian drug trade : development and transformation

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Soňa Smolíková

2011-06-01

Full Text Available The aim of this article is to portray the main shifts which have been taking place in Colombian drug scene since the 70’s up to the present especially in relation to actors of this business and form of their activity. At first the development of Colombian drug trade till the 80’s when two big cartels centered in Medellín and Cali arose will be briefly outlined. These cartels were able to control a great part of domestic drug trade and due to their enormous power represented serious threat to Colombian state. Thus the cartels declared open warfare with the state in the 80’s. After the cartels’ elimination in the middle of 90’s new actors represented by small drug organizations arose in Colombian drug scene. These small groups were dependent upon cooperation with foreign partners, especially with Mexican cartels. Ever more important role in drug business is played by Colombian left-wing guerilla groups which will be described in the next part of the article. The problem of right-wing paramilitary groups and their participation in Colombian drug trade will be mentioned as well.

Two Faces of Attrition: Analysis of a Mismatched Strategy against Mexican and Central American Drug Traffickers

Science.gov (United States)

2017-03-31

on big Strategy, LeTort Paper, Strategic Studies Institute (Carlisle, PA, February 2006), 13. 21 U.S. President, National Security Council, U.S...generations in certain regions.5 Historically, the Colombian traffickers were renowned for their cocaine trafficking into the United States under the... Colombian cartels opened the way for Mexican cartels to expand their operations from just acting as transportation groups to purchasers of cocaine.8

The Pro-collusive Effect of Increasing the Repose Period for Price Fixing Agreements

OpenAIRE

Jeroen Hinloopen

2005-01-01

This discussion paper resulted in the publication The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy (2007), 7(1), 1135. Intuitively, extending the period of repose for price fixing agreements enhances the effectiveness of competition policy enforcement. This paper proofs this intuition wrong. As extending the repose period reduces cartel members' defection payoff while it leaves unaltered expected compliance profits, it induces cartels to be more stable internally.

Mexico: The Accidental Narco?

Science.gov (United States)

2011-06-30

9 Gonzales, Maria de la Luz (2009-03-25). "Suman 10 mil 475 ejecuciones en esta administracion : PGR" (in Spanish). El Universal. http...the Sinaloa cartel, Ignacio Coronel was killed in 2010. The leader of La Familia, Nazario Moreno Gonzalez, could not escape the reach of Mexican...cartel, La Familia, had proposed truces with the government and promised a reduction in violence if the government focuses more on targeting its

Terrorist Criminal Pipelines and Criminalized States: Emerging Alliances

Science.gov (United States)

2011-06-01

now estimated as the world’s largest producer of cocaine, and the Sinaloa Cartel in Mexico, with the world’s largest distribution network. Both...trafficking and financial operations of the Sinaloa Cartel are important, FARC alliances and actions offer an important look at the use of nonstate...disciple of Manuel Fraga, and held several senior party posts with the Alianza Popular. By his own admission, he then migrated to the Socialist Party, but

Crossing Our Red Lines About Partner Engagement in Mexico

Science.gov (United States)

2013-03-01

market prices. The Tijuana, Sinaloa, Juarez and Gulf Cartels, La Familia Michoacana/Los Caballeros Templarios and Los Zetas are loosely federated...Develop and employ soft power.  Law 5: Cultivate community support or acquiescence. Ibid., 25-32. 6 It is true that a few cartels (e.g., La Familia ...against the Iranian nuclear program: Presidents of the US… don’t have… a bunch of little red lines that determine their decisions. What they have

The Role of Religion in the Mexican Drug War

Science.gov (United States)

2011-10-28

operations. His interest is in the “…role religion plays in motivating and justifying actions…” in the operational environment.1 His article and the...emptied of supernatural meaning and one in which ‘mystery’ no longer played a part.”18 In this form of secularization mystery, superstition, and... article /Mexico-catches-reputed-leader-of-La-Familia-cartel- 2078363.php 23 Grayson, La Familia Drug Cartel: Implications for U.S.-Mexican Security, 5

The Hybrid Threat: Crime, Terrorism and Insurgency in Mexico. Proceedings of the Joint Policy and Research Forum

Science.gov (United States)

2011-12-01

to name a few. Drug trafficking in Mexico is big, if illicit, business. The most notorious players include the Sinaloa Cartel, the Gulf Cartel...091311.pdf. A Joint CSL-HSPI Study12 problem didn’t originate in Mexico, but migrated there in force after Colombia cracked down on its own drug lords...four’ – Jua´rez, Gulf, Sinaloa , and Tijuana – which operate generally in the north. But, perhaps foreshadowing a fourth generation in the gangs

The Relationship between Criminal and Terrorist Organizations and Human Smuggling

Science.gov (United States)

2009-12-01

franchise . There can be smaller cells that are quasi independent from the larger cartel but pay tribute to that cartel for the ability or the right...to move product into and out of the U.S. Thus if you go outside the rules of the franchise you either pay some penalty or you lose the right to...date of arrival at his restaurant of his smuggling clients. In another notebook, he had the names and numbers of his restaurant customers and their

Legal basis of energy economy. Collection of important laws and regulations of the amended power economy law. 7. ed.; Rechtsgrundlagen der Energiewirtschaft. Sammlung wichtiger Gesetze und Vorschriften zum novellierten Energiewirtschaftsrecht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Herrmann, B.J.; Schweers, E.

2007-07-01

The book under consideration is an actual collection of important laws and regulations according to the amended power economy law. It is the 7th edition and contains components of the European and national cartel law. Furthermore, the power economy law, the regulations of mains access, and the regulations of mains fee are revised editorial. The book consist of four main chapters: (a) General energy law; (b) Bylaws to energy economical laws; (c) Law of privileged energy supports; (d) cartel law.

Analysis of West African Drug Trafficking: The Dynamics of Interdiction and State Capacity

Science.gov (United States)

2011-03-01

Trouble Ahead: The Cocaleros of Peru .” Current History 105, no. 688 (Feb, 2006): 79–83 15Senlis Council. Impact Assessment of Crop Eradication in...WORLD/africa/09/21/africa.drug.cartels/index.html. Brown, Vanda. “Trouble Ahead: The Cocaleros of Peru .” Current History 105, no. 688 (February, 2006...Studies 2, no. 1 (March 1964): 118–120. Clay , Cane. “Drug Cartels Find New Home in West Africa.” The Jacksonville Free Press, September 24, 2009

Cartel para una esquina

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Héctor Rojas Herazo

1968-01-01

Full Text Available Sí, realmente es la nuestra la más dura, anónima y dramática de todas las tareas : la de emplearnos a fondo -con nuestros huesos, con nuestra piel y con nuestro traje- en la misión de vivir. Poner los nervios, los cabellos y los sentidos frente a la luz. Estar en ellos. Moler los días y las noches en nosotros.

The Child Welfare Cartel

Science.gov (United States)

Stoesz, David

2016-01-01

The probity of the Children's Bureau's National Child Welfare Workforce Institute (NCWWI) is examined with respect to the status of child welfare as well as the performance of social work education. By requiring that funding go only to accredited schools of social work, which is not authorized by relevant provisions of the Social Security Act,…

Vertcal integration: origins of oil industry integration

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Rainbow, R.

2001-01-01

This article examines the structure of the US oil industry in relation to the history of the industry, capital market assumptions, and advice on the enhancement of 'shareholder value'. The driving forces behind the attempts to establish cartels and vertical integration are considered, and the emergence of US companies resulting from the break-up of the Standard Oil Trust cartel, the influence of costs and logistics on the structure of the industry outside the USA , and the structure of the natural gas industry are discussed along with the discovery of large Middle East oil reserves, the enormous growth in demand for oil products in Europe and Japan, and the formation of the OPEC cartel. Details are given of the breaking down of vertical integration in the big oil companies, the theory of conglomerates, the success of big companies, the importance of scale to balance exploration risks, and the need to adjust in time to shifts in the business environment

OPEC and the world oil prices: Is the genie back in the bottle

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Griffin, J.M.

1992-01-01

After reviewing and analyzing OPEC's behavior in the past two decades, a simulation model is employed to explore plausible paths for oil prices. OPEC's members are subdivided into analytically convenient maximizing groups. Lener index analysis is applied to measure observed market power and the potential monopoly power for the cartel core. Price paths for the 1990s under alternative OPEC configurations are presented, and it is suggested that the return to monopolization is large. Price levels of the 1970s were not sustainable even with a perfectly disciplined cartel core. Long run supply and demand elasticities were much greater than OPEC expected. Even though cheating contributed to OPEC's predicament in the 1980s, the primary determinant of oil price decline was external market forces. Future price instability is possible for both political and economic reasons, with a likely scenario of prices oscillating around the cartel core's optimum price path that features prices in the present range rising moderately. 8 refs., 6 tabs., 3 figs

OPEC behavior

Science.gov (United States)

Yang, Bo

This thesis aims to contribute to a further understanding of the real dynamics of OPEC production behavior and its impacts on the world oil market. A literature review in this area shows that the existing studies on OPEC still have some major deficiencies in theoretical interpretation and empirical estimation technique. After a brief background review in chapter 1, chapter 2 tests Griffin's market-sharing cartel model on the post-Griffin time horizon with a simultaneous system of equations, and an innovative hypothesis of OPEC's behavior (Saudi Arabia in particular) is then proposed based on the estimation results. Chapter 3 first provides a conceptual analysis of OPEC behavior under the framework of non-cooperative collusion with imperfect information. An empirical model is then constructed and estimated. The results of the empirical studies in this thesis strongly support the hypothesis that OPEC has operated as a market-sharing cartel since the early 1980s. In addition, the results also provide some support of the theory of non-cooperative collusion under imperfect information. OPEC members collude under normal circumstances and behave competitively at times in response to imperfect market signals of cartel compliance and some internal attributes. Periodic joint competition conduct plays an important role in sustaining the collusion in the long run. Saudi Arabia acts as the leader of the cartel, accommodating intermediate unfavorable market development and punishing others with a tit-for-tat strategy in extreme circumstances.

Future of gas

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Forbes, A.; Widdershoven, C.; Nicola, S.; Cragg, C.

2009-01-01

Two articles and two columns in this section on the future of natural gas. In the first article attention is paid to the possibility that large natural gas producers are setting up a cartel a la OPEC. Most experts argue that the structure of gas markets makes the gas business much less amenable to cartelisation than the oil business. If that is true, why are so many people in the gas industry afraid of a gas cartel? The second article focuses on the future role of North Africa in the supply of natural gas

Deregulation and regulation by the national and European antitrust laws. The development and amendment of antitrust laws and their effects on the public utilities. Papers

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Baur, J.F.

1994-01-01

The papers presented at the meeting discuss the following subjects: The public utilities and their scope of exemptions from provisions of the antitrust laws as established by court rulings; reimbursement for electricity supplied to the grid and the phasing out of franchise agreements; the competition policy of the Federal Cartel Office towards the public utilities; legal and economic implications of the competition policy adopted by the Federal Cartel Office for the structures of the public sector of the power supply industry; ensuring safe and priceworthy power supply in Europe. The five papers can be separately retrieved from the database. (HSCH) [de

The Scale and Geography of Collusion in the European Market

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Buch-Hansen, Hubert; Levallois, Clement

2015-01-01

Europe has a long history of cartels, but the changes in the scale and geography of collusion in the European market from the post-war decades until the present have not been systematically investigated. Using network analysis methods and an original dataset based on decisions in EU cartel cases......, this paper maps the developments in detected collusion in the European market from 1958 to 2008 and tentatively explains these developments. It appears that collusive activities increased during the 1960s and after the mid-1980s and that a long decline in the scale of collusion began in the mid-1990s...

Common guideline of the Federal Network Agency and the Federal Cartel Office for the award of electricity and gas concession contracts and for changing concession holders. A correct step towards competition for power and gas distribution grids; Gemeinsamer Leitfaden von Bundeskartellamt und Bundesnetzagentur zur Vergabe von Strom- und Gaskonzessionsvertraegen und zum Wechsel des Konzessionsnehmers. Ein richtiger Schritt in Richtung Wettbewerb um Strom- und Gasverteilnetze

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Buettner, Svenja; Templin, Wolf [Kanzlei Becker Buettner Held, Berlin (Germany)

2011-04-15

By means of the guidance of the Federal Network Agency (Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany) and the Federal Cartel Office (Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany) the desired competition for energy supply systems is finally strengthening explicitly. It is a step in the right direction and provides clarification in many ways. The comments on the scope of the claim to relinquishment and also on the economically reasonable compensation can convince to a large extent. However, the authorities lack the courage and the empirical safety such as to clarify absolutely the claim to transfer property from paragraph 46 section 2 sentence 2 Energy Economy Law. With regard to the information demands in the selection process the guideline presents only a minimum number. For any further confusion, ultimately the legislature is called upon to address the contentious issues of the concession contract law.

Merger control in the energy sector. An empirical investigation for the Federal Republic of Germany; Fusionskontrolle in der leitungsgebundenen Energiewirtschaft. Eine empirische Untersuchung fuer Deutschland

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lauk, Martina Margret

2008-11-06

In 1998, EU legislation initiated a liberalisation process among European energy markets. The process of market opening has significantly changed the functioning of the markets and the competition conditions of the energy sector. At the same time, the industry witnessed a surge of mergers and far-reaching changes in the structure of German electricity and natural gas markets occurred. Against this background, the doctoral thesis at hand surveys the merger activities in the energy sector as well as the merger control policy of the German Federal Cartel Office during the first years of liberalisation. The study starts with a portrayal of the institutional framework of the German merger control regime and a survey of the relevant economic literature on horizontal and vertical mergers. Subsequent to the legal and theoretical considerations, the merger activities and the merger control policy of the German Federal Cartel Office are investigated empirically. The data set is based on information taken from merger control files at the archive of the Federal Cartel Office in Bonn. It contains information on more than 250 merger cases and appendant decisions in the German natural gas and electricity sector put before the Federal Cartel Office between 1999 and 2003. In order to perform a statistical analysis, the information contained in the written decisions is transformed into variables. The data set is complemented by information on electricity and gas networks taken from external data sources. The empirical part of the study is divided into two parts: The aim of the first part is to investigate the integration strategies of energy utilities with respect to basic characteristics of the firms involved as well as structural factors of the markets affected by the respective mergers. In the descriptive section, key patterns of the integration strategies of the energy utilities can be identified. The results of the discrete choice analysis show that in addition to firm size of

Merger control in the energy sector. An empirical investigation for the Federal Republic of Germany; Fusionskontrolle in der leitungsgebundenen Energiewirtschaft. Eine empirische Untersuchung fuer Deutschland

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lauk, Martina Margret

2008-11-06

In 1998, EU legislation initiated a liberalisation process among European energy markets. The process of market opening has significantly changed the functioning of the markets and the competition conditions of the energy sector. At the same time, the industry witnessed a surge of mergers and far-reaching changes in the structure of German electricity and natural gas markets occurred. Against this background, the doctoral thesis at hand surveys the merger activities in the energy sector as well as the merger control policy of the German Federal Cartel Office during the first years of liberalisation. The study starts with a portrayal of the institutional framework of the German merger control regime and a survey of the relevant economic literature on horizontal and vertical mergers. Subsequent to the legal and theoretical considerations, the merger activities and the merger control policy of the German Federal Cartel Office are investigated empirically. The data set is based on information taken from merger control files at the archive of the Federal Cartel Office in Bonn. It contains information on more than 250 merger cases and appendant decisions in the German natural gas and electricity sector put before the Federal Cartel Office between 1999 and 2003. In order to perform a statistical analysis, the information contained in the written decisions is transformed into variables. The data set is complemented by information on electricity and gas networks taken from external data sources. The empirical part of the study is divided into two parts: The aim of the first part is to investigate the integration strategies of energy utilities with respect to basic characteristics of the firms involved as well as structural factors of the markets affected by the respective mergers. In the descriptive section, key patterns of the integration strategies of the energy utilities can be identified. The results of the discrete choice analysis show that in addition to firm size of

Cartel surprised by quota reduction

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Debnar, M.

2003-01-01

Development of world prices of petroleum in April - September 2003 are analysed. OPEC accepted a decision to lower oil production in 900 thousands barrels per day to 24.5 millions barrels per day from 1 November 2003. Although Russian Federation reports higher oil production every month, it does not represent danger for OPEC for the present. Problem is to import the oil. Situation will change dramatically from 2008. Russian Federation plans anyway to build gigantic pipeline to Murmansk port in Barents Sea. Thanks to it Russian oil export to USA should sharply extend. It was reported by Russian Minister of economy German Gref with note that construction of pipeline is priority for Russian Federation, which wants to diversification its oil export from traditional Europe. Project of pipeline construction from Western Siberia to deep water of Murmansk terminal was published by five oil companies leaded by Lukoil and Yukos already at the end of last year. Pipeline should cost 4 billions USD and it should transport up to 2.4 millions barrels of oil per day. In the meantime Caspian oil should start to flow to Europe

Cartel Car Bombings in Mexico

Science.gov (United States)

2013-08-01

Security OSINT Open Source Intelligence UXO Unexploded Ordnance PAN National Action Party (Partido Acción Nacional) PGR Office of the...infor- 35 mation beyond that provided by open source intelligence ( OSINT ). Such information, and the military intelligence process behind it that...required to be at the unclassified, yet limited distribution/sensitive and non-restric- tion on use OSINT levels for law enforcement utilization

Cartel Stability and Economic Integration

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Schröder, Philipp

2004-01-01

This paper investigates the effect of economic integration on the ability of firms to maintain a collusive understanding about staying out of each other's markets. The paper distinguishes among different types of trade costs: ad valorem, unit, fixed. It is shown that for a suffcient reduction of ad...

Mexico – A New Narco-Democracy in Latin America?

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Lidija Kos-Stanišić

2011-01-01

Full Text Available In this paper, the author analyses the democratic transition and the first decade of the Mexican democracy. She points out that the democratic transition took place parallel with a huge expansion of the drug business, which caused the creation of extraconstitutional actors – drug cartels. The situation is particularly pressing in six Mexican federal states where the drug cartels cause deficiencies in the functioning of the majority of partial regimes of constitutional democracy. The conclusion raises fears that the collapse of democracy might extend to other federal states and that Mexico could turn into a narco-democracy in its entire national territory.

Barro y matemáticas: 9 sucesiones y una escala

OpenAIRE

Lluis, Josep; Pol, Catalina; Triay, Maria

2009-01-01

El objeto de este artículo es presentar el cartel didáctico que relaciona matemáticas y cerámica titulado La successió del fang (La sucesión del barro) y las actividades que entorno a él se han realizado en el marco de la Fira del Fang (Feria del Barro) que organiza el Ayuntamiento de Marratxí (Mallorca). En esta ocasión, el cartel didáctico ha corrido a cargo de la Societat Balear de Matemàtiques SBM-XEIX. El público escolar al que va dirigido abarca principalmente edades desde 4 a 12 años....

Organized Crime and National Security: The Albanian Case

National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

Gjoni, Ilir

2004-01-01

.... It shows that the new institutions are fragile and at times unable to cope with powerful organized criminal syndicates, rampant corruption, illegalism, elite bureaucratic cartels, and weak judicial...

Oil cartel and international financial stability

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

McKenzie, G

1976-06-01

For many years there has existed a debate among economists as to whether the problems of unemployment, inflation, and international economic adjustment are largely financial in nature or whether they are ''real''; i.e., arising from dislocations in commodity and labor markets. The correct position is that they are a bit of both. This is the viewpoint that provides the background for this paper, which examines the consequences of the recent petroleum price increases imposed by the major oil-exporting countries. On the one hand, the ''real'' implications are fairly obvious. First, petroleum products are used either directly or as fuels in virtually every commodity-production process. Higher input costs are therefore bound to lead to increased prices for most other commodities. Second, higher petroleum prices will lead (and are leading) to the use and/or search for viable substitutes. However, there have been several important financial implications as well. First, there has been a dramatic change in the pattern of domestic and international financial flows resulting from the rapid accumulation of new wealth by the oil-exporting countries. Second, there has been an important change in the nature of these flows with significant implications for the stability of domestic commodity and foreign exchange markets. This paper emphasizes the interaction of ''real'' and financial variables that has taken place as a result of the actions of the oil exporters.

The Hungarian car insurance cartel saga

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Cseres, K.J.; Szilágyi, P.; Rodger, B.

2013-01-01

his chapter discusses the landmark Hungarian case relating to the car insurance and repair markets, which involved both vertical and horizontal agreements. The case concerned the horizontal relationship between Hungary’s two largest insurance companies and their vertical relationships with car

in_focus - Competition and Development: The Power of Competitive ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

2008-01-01

Jan 1, 2008 ... This has brought about many changes in the economies of developing ... touching on issues of globalization, consumer welfare, cartels and monopolies ... citizens can promote and practice to limit the impact of such practices.

Can collusion promote sustainable consumption and production?

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Schinkel, M.P.; Spiegel, Y.

2016-01-01

Several competition authorities have taken public interest considerations, such as promoting sustainable consumption and production, into account in cartel proceedings.We show that when consumers value sustainable products and firms choose investments in sustainability before choosing output,

In view of unified market how liberalize the natural gas market

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Cavicchia, V.

2000-01-01

A liberalization to make in parallel with a electric market. That separate clearly the operations of retail and transport, that liberalize the access to stock, clear directions of prices structure avoid cartel agreement among transport managers [it

Improving Access to Justice and Basic Services in the Informal ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Cartels often control basic services in these informal settlements, charging ... It will generate practical knowledge on how formal and informal land tenure, ... Researchers will also assess how these tools and planning processes can be used to ...

Can OPEC hold it together?

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lauerman, V.

2002-01-01

This presentation described the status of OPEC and whether it can continue to operate under the current economic situation. OPEC is the most successful commodity cartel in history, but the author cautions that it is only a matter of time before it self destructs. OPEC has not served the interest of Saudi Arabia in the past and it will not be able to serve its interest in the future without strong incremental demand for OPEC oil. The author stated that OPEC is threatened by Islamic fundamentalists and by financial difficulty due to a decline in export revenues. Other threats for OPEC are environmental, strategic and technological. The author concluded that Saudi Arabia is likely to choose to abandon OPEC, because the cartel will continue to be at the mercy of world oil demand and non-OPEC supply. 19 figs

World oil prices flat to declining

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Adelman, M.A.

1993-01-01

A forecast is presented of the likely trends in world oil prices over the short to medium term. A historical background is presented of the OPEC cartel and its role in influencing oil prices. The incentives and disincentives for OPEC to raise prices, and the tensions within the cartel are explored. Slower demand growth and the expansion of natural gas are expected to put downward pressure on oil prices, which are currently artificially high. The impacts of high taxes on development and exploration are examined, and it is shown that state ownership poses an obstacle to improved performance. Threats of price decline are expected to continue to lead to threats of hasty, or even violent action on the part of OPEC members, as happened in 1990. Privatization and tax codes designed to skim rent are positive trends

Freedom to Compete?

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Buch-Hansen, Hubert

2012-01-01

Transnational corporations (TNCs) have been driving forces behind promoting policies aimed at protecting and further intensifying competition in global markets. This article aims to examine the extent to which leading European TNCs that have promoted such policies have been involved in cartels...

US Policy Approaches for Combating Violence in Northern Mexico

Science.gov (United States)

2011-03-14

5 Aaron Terrazak, “Mexican Immigrants in the United States,” February 2010, linked from Migration Policy Institute Home Page at Migration ...Sentenced For Conspiracy That Supplied Weapons to Sinaloa Cartel, Ambassador Pascual Congratulates Mexico for Arrest of Edger Valdes Villarreal,” United

National Strategy for the Southwest Border: Having the Desired Effect?

Science.gov (United States)

2011-03-18

Colombia . In recent years, Mexican drug cartels have become more sophisticated, more violent, better armed, and have been very successful at establishing...moving into other criminal enterprises such as kidnapping, human trafficking, extortion, and prostitution . The drug cartels’ ability to use their

Where Should I Be? The Operational Commander in 2010: Effective Positioning in Conflict and Planning

Science.gov (United States)

1998-05-21

all the participants turned again in Pavlovian style to Matthew’s board. He, too, spoke not a Somalia • No operational commander. • Very...ourselves fighting may very well not be nation-states. Drug cartels, cultures whose membership crosses international boundaries, criminal

How does ANWR exploration affect OPEC behavior? - A simulation study of an open-loop cournot-nash game

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yang, Zili

2008-01-01

Exploring petroleum reserves in the Alaskan Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) has been proposed to reduce the dependence on foreign oil and to ease the energy shortage in the United States. To investigate the impacts of the ANWR exploration on strategic behavior of OPEC members, a calibrated dynamic model of oligopolistic competition and cartel collusion in the U.S. petroleum market is built in this paper. Numerical simulations on an open-loop game are used here to examine the scope and magnitude of strategic interactions between OPEC's decisions and ANWR exploration. The simulation results show that OPEC's strategic postures have much stronger effects on the U.S. petroleum market than the ANWR exploration. The simulations in this paper indicate that preventing cartel collusion by OPEC is more effective than the ANWR exploration in alleviating short petroleum supplies of the United States in the near future. (author)

Gafas

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ramon Balius i Juli

2007-06-01

Full Text Available Este número de la revista, como podéis ver, es un número monográfico dedicado al tema Visión y Deporte. Era necesario encontrar una portada adecuada a estos dos conceptos. Pensamos que reúne estas cualidades un cartel de la Colección de la Biblioteca del Deporte, en el cual un atleta con gafas, vestido con una camiseta del BUC (Barcelona Universitari Club,* está a punto de lanzar la jabalina. Su aspecto es el de un deportista de diseño bien estructurado, quizá un poco cuadriculado, que está haciendo su trabajo con seguridad. Este cartel se había editado para anunciar los 3.os Campeonatos de España Universitarios de Atletismo que se celebraron en Barcelona, en el Estadio de Montjuich (sic los días 9 y 10 de mayo de 1936. Menos de dos meses después tenía que inaugurarse en el mismo escenario la denominada Olimpíada Popular, acontecimiento que la sublevación militar del 18 de julio, inicio de la Guerra Civil, impidió. Lo que resulta significativo de este cartel son las gafas del protagonista. Creemos que son pocos los deportistas que compiten con esta ayuda. Posiblemente con las gafas se quería potenciar el carácter intelectual y universitario del atleta. Creemos que no es casual que el récord del mundo de 1936 lo poseía el finés Matti Jarvinen, que usaba gafas.

Electric power prices, price control and competition on the European domestic electric power market. Stromtarife, Preisaufsicht und Wettbewerb im Europaeischen Binnenmarkt fuer Strom

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Weigt, N

1993-01-01

If one speaks of electric power prices and price control in the year 1992, this subject has a different dimension than it did two or three years ago, when the new federal rate scale for electric power (ETO Elt) was drawn up and put into practice. Since the beginning of this year, a draft for guidelines which was drawn up by the EC Commission exists which, going on the assumption that the European domestic electric power market will set an example, does away with territorial protection and in the name of third party access (TPA) allows for electric power-line transit, thus introducing at least partial competition to the electric power market. We no longer think in terms of closed systems with clear-cut responsibilities in regard to power supply, which form the basis for the laws on electric power prices, the cartel laws, the practices of the electric power control board and the cartel authorities. Thus, using the new federal rate scale for electric power and its principles as formulated in Article 1 as a point of departure, developments will go in the direction of a competitive system in accordance with the ideas of the EC Commission and German free-enterprise theoreticians, as laid down for example by the deregulation commission. Thus developments will lead us away from the status quo in the direction of possible reforms, if not to say revolutionary structural changes and the consequnces which they will bring for price and cartel laws. (orig.)

Essays on cartel behavior and deterrence policy

OpenAIRE

Avramovich, Maria Cecilia

2012-01-01

Esta tesis consta de tres artículos sobre el impacto de distintas políticas para la disuasión de delitos corporativos en el comportamiento estratégico de los agentes económicos. Combina temas de Organización Industrial, Derecho y Economía, con fundamentos teóricos de microeconomía. El primer artículo analiza el impacto de la política de defensa de la competencia en la disuasión de la colusión y en la eficiencia productiva de los cárteles que sobreviven, en contextos en donde...

U.S. Haiti Policy: An Evolving Comprehensive, Multilateral Approach

Science.gov (United States)

2011-03-24

disaster; a cholera -stricken capital region; and an unresolved NOV 10 national election. Haiti can start anew, building on the current ravages. Former...have sustained limited military engagements to respond to threats emanating in Venezuela, Mexico , and throughout the Americas as drug cartels and

Impresiones de una época de cambios…

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Leticia Rodríguez Mendoza

2015-05-01

Full Text Available Cartel ilustrado en Colombia: década 1930-1940. Pedro José Duque López et al. Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas, Arte y Diseño, Bogotá, 2009, 334 págs., il.

Carrera por la educación, la salud y el deporte

OpenAIRE

Gobierno del Principado de Asturias

2018-01-01

Cartel día mundial sin tabaco:31 de mayo de 2004 Gobierno del Principado de Asturias: Consejería de Salud y Servicios Sanitarios, Consejería de Educación y Ciencia y Consejeria de Cultura,Comunicación Social y Turismo.

Collusion in the Dutch construction industry: an industrial organization perspective

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Doree, Andries G.

2004-01-01

Several investigations by parliament, cabinet, justice and antitrust authorities have shown a widespread use of cartels and structural bid rigging within the Dutch construction industry. The reputation of the Dutch construction industry has been dented with both the general public and clients. As a

An economic analysis of leniency programs in antitrust law

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Hinloopen, J.

2003-01-01

Within a dynamic market environment the forces that drive the effectiveness of leniency programs in antitrust law are analyzed. This effectiveness unambigously is enhanced by (i) increasing the reduction in fine payments in return for reporting a cartel, and (ii) increasing the expected per-period

Antitrust Enforcement Under Endogenous Fines and Price-Dependent Detection Probabilities

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Houba, H.E.D.; Motchenkova, E.; Wen, Q.

2010-01-01

We analyze the effectiveness of antitrust regulation in a repeated oligopoly model in which both fines and detection probabilities depend on the cartel price. Such fines are closer to actual guidelines than the commonly assumed fixed fines. Under a constant detection probability, we confirm the

Manifestations of the MOMM Phenomenon II: Relevant Data on Professional Darwinism and Membership Composition.

Science.gov (United States)

Horan, John J.; And Others

Horan (1989) reported that graduates and employees of four institutions (Minnesota, Ohio State, Maryland, and Missouri - the "MOMM Cartel") heavily dominate every science and practice organ of the American Psychological Association's Division 17 governing body. Goldman (1990) provided additional data indicating that egregious exclusion…

To protect in order to serve, adverse effects of leniency programs in view of industry asymmetry

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Motchenkova, Evgenia; Leliefeld, Daniel

2007-01-01

This paper studies the application of leniency programs. An analysis of the structure and design of leniency programs and existing literature raises a new question: Are leniency programs effective, in the sense that they deter cartels from formation, in asymmetrical markets? A game theoretical

Joint Force Quarterly. Issue 42, 3rd Quarter, July 2006

Science.gov (United States)

2006-07-01

Staff and Service staffs are organized on lines created by Napoleon, not necessarily optimized for digital communications and reachback or the...traffickers. The resources and ambition of the Medellin and Cali cartels made them national threats because they fielded armies of their own, carried

Building a Planning Transition Capability into the New American Way of War

Science.gov (United States)

2007-05-14

Noriega was linked to the Medellin drug cartel of Columbia. 61 Ibid., 7. 31 years, in multiple assignments, in Latin American.62 He was...the echelon of headquarters, is more of what modern, digitally equipped commands strive to achieve. Compartmentalization is not conducive to

Optimal enforcement of competition law

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Motchenkova, E.

2005-01-01

Despite the recent theoretical developments in the field of antitrust law enforcement, much still needs to be done in order to prevent collusion and price-fixing in the major indiustries. Although penalties were recently increased considerably and new instruments of cartel deterrence such as

Modeling the Combined Terrorist-Narcotics Trafficker Threat to National Security

Science.gov (United States)

2012-05-01

operating on the Ecuadorian border, has developed ties to the Sinaloa cartel, which operates inside the Ecuadorian border.5 Also well known is that... migration takes place through these entities: social policy formulate and implement (Soc F&I Tot), social policy evaluation (Soc Eval Tot), social policy

Measuring Transnational Organized Crime Threats to US National Security

Science.gov (United States)

2016-05-26

interests. These threats were separate from traditional regional or state-centered threats, and included such diverse issues as terrorism, mass migrations ...organizations as examples of TOC; the Sinaloa Cartel, the Yakuza, the Camorra. This conceptual framework leads to the conclusion that the best way to deal

Mexican Drug Trafficking Organizations: Matching Strategy to Threat

Science.gov (United States)

2013-03-01

raids,16 family ties, and heritage. Issues ranging from national security to the environment and migration are complex issues that demand involvement...the perfect network for the Sinaloa Cartel to move heroin and methamphetamine26, and this is just one of the aforementioned 1000 cities where DTOs

How does article 101(3) TFEU case law relate to EC guidelines and the welfare perspective?

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Rosenboom, N.S.R.

2013-01-01

The cartel exemption of article 101(3) TFEU offers room to include public interest. The 2004 guidelines of the European Commission state that only direct economic benefits should be included an only users on the relevant market (or other related markets) can benefit. This condition raises important

Fighting Corruption in Mexico: Lessons from Colombia

Science.gov (United States)

2011-06-01

from agriculture while only 8.2 percent of Colombia‘s land is dedicated to agriculture. On these lands, Colombians grow bananas, coffee , cut flowers... obsession with dismantling the cartels, but not addressing the conditions that had allowed the drug trade to flourish, would need to be addressed

Crisis in Mexico: Assessing the Merida Initiative and its Impact on Us-Mexican Security

Science.gov (United States)

2009-04-01

strategic narcotics transportation routes in seven Mexican states. 14 The Sinaloa Cartel, headed by Joaquin “El Chapo” Guzman Loera, operates from...Fingerprint Exchange (CAFÉ) that will be linked to the FBI. Two million dollars went to refurbish 65- and 82-foot patrol boats for Costa Rica‟s Coast

Screening for collusion: a spatial statistics approach

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Heijnen, P.; Haan, M.A.; Soetevent, A.R.

2012-01-01

We develop a method to screen for local cartels. We first test whether there is statistical evidence of clustering of outlets that score high on some characteristic that is consistent with collusive behavior. If so, we determine in a second step the most suspicious regions where further antitrust

Screening for collusion: a spatial statistics approach

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Heijnen, P.; Haan, M.A.; Soetevent, A.R.

2015-01-01

We develop a method to screen for local cartels. We first test whether there is statistical evidence of clustering of outlets that score high on some characteristic that is consistent with collusive behavior. If so, we determine in a second step the most suspicious regions where further antitrust

Screening for collusion : A spatial statistics approach

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Heijnen, Pim; Haan, Marco A.; Soetevent, Adriaan R.

2015-01-01

We develop a method to screen for local cartels. We first test whether there is statistical evidence of clustering of outlets that score high on some characteristic that is consistent with collusive behavior. If so, we determine in a second step the most suspicious regions where further antitrust

Bordering on Failure: Mexican Instability, Drug Wars, and the Threat to U.S. Security

Science.gov (United States)

2012-04-19

NAFTA was that Mexico had to demonstrate it was not a one party political system; thus, the PRI began to loosen its suppression of opposition...are recruiting Texas school age children to support Cartel operations. The border region constitutes 9.4% of the state’s population and now has

CTC Sentinel. Volume 5, Issue 2, February 2012

Science.gov (United States)

2012-02-01

Los Zetas grew independent of the Gulf Cartel, the organization was at a disadvantage because it did not have contacts in Colombia or other...Terrorism in North Africa and the Sahel: Al-Qaida’s Franchise or Freelance,” Middle East Institute, August 201; “Islamist Terrorism in the Sahel

La publicidad emocional y su presencia en el ámbito urbano de Salamanca

OpenAIRE

Domínguez Rodríguez, Ana

2014-01-01

Una vez desarrollado el marco conceptual en relación a la publicidad ligada con las emociones y el branding emocional, la autora se centra en la publicidad gráfica y en el análisis de 17 carteles repartidos por el centro de la ciudad de Salamanca

Industry structure and collusion with uniform yardstick competition : theory and experiments

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Dijkstra, Peter; Haan, Marco A.; Mulder, Machiel

2014-01-01

We study cartel stability in an industry that is subject to uniform yardstick regulation. In a theoretical model, we show that the number of symmetric firms does not affect collusion. In a laboratory experiment, however, we do find an effect. If anything, increasing the number of firms facilitates

Price abuse monitoring under paragraph 29 of the Law Against Restraints on Competition; Die Preismissbrauchskontrolle nach paragraph 29 GWB

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Koleva, Raliza

2013-08-01

Written against the backdrop of criticism levelled at paragraph 29 of the Law Against Restraints on Competition (GWB) the present study undertakes a critical discussion of this legal norm along with questions and points of criticism that have been raised in its context in the literature and case law. It first addresses the central question as to whether paragraph 29 GWB conforms to the stipulations of European law and the German constitution. It then expounds the system behind paragraph 29 GWB, making a detailed examination of the individual elements of the offences covered by the regulation while giving thorough consideration to existing case law on instruments of price abuse monitoring that have been used to date under cartel law. A further focus of the present study is on the question as to what circumstances a supply company under suspicion of price abuse may claim in attempting to justify significant differences that have been found to exist between its own prices and those of a comparable company. This aspect is of great practical relevance in lawsuits concerning price abuse under cartel law, since the option of demonstrating justification is the most important line of approach for supply companies under suspicion of price abuse in attempting to fend off such allegations. Based on an analysis of past practice of the German Federal Cartel Office and the antitrust courts the author undertakes to determine a scale for assessing the costs which the responding supply company can claim in its defence. Finally she endeavours to methodologically capture the price limit concept, making proposals for its practical application with due consideration to the findings that have transpired from the study.

A comparative value chain analysis of smallholder burley tobacco production in Malawi – 2003/4 and 2009/10

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Prowse, Martin Philip; Moyer-Lee, Jason

2014-01-01

Smallholders grow the majority of Malawi’s main export crop – burley tobacco. We analyse this value chain segment for the 2003/4 and 2009/10 seasons. The comparison shows smallholder profits in 2003/4 were limited by two main factors: a cartel of leaf merchants at auction and inefficient marketing...

Analysis of the Properties of Current Penalty Schemes for Violations of Antitrust Law

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Motchenkova, E.; Kort, P.M.

2004-01-01

The main feature of the penalty schemes described in current sentencing guidelines is that the fine is based on the accumulated gains from cartel or price-fixing activities for the firm.These gains are usually difficult to estimate, but they can be approximated by a fraction of the turnover.The

Transnational Organized Crime, Terrorism, and Criminalized States in Latin America: An Emerging Tier-One National Security Priority

Science.gov (United States)

2012-08-01

groups, as has been seen in the ongoing war between the Juarez and Sinaloa cartels in Mexico.47 Because of the lucrative nature of control of the...admission he then migrated to the Socialist Party, but 82 never rose through the ranks. He is widely associated with radical anti-globalization views

Iran and Latin America: Strategic Security Issues

Science.gov (United States)

2011-05-01

as a disciple of Manuel Fraga, and served as a national and several senior party posts with the Alianza Popular. By his own admission he then migrated ...exchange technologies and lessons learned with other terrorist and criminal groups (ETA of Spain, Irish Republican Army, the Sinaloa cartel of Mexico )9 we

77 FR 76346 - Opening of Boquillas Border Crossing and Update to the Class B Port of Entry Description

Science.gov (United States)

2012-12-28

... southern border in recent years, drug cartels will view the crossing as a ``back-door'' to the United..., criminals, drugs, or other contraband out of the country. On the other hand, a few commenters noted that CBP... the village of Boquillas used the crossing to trade goods, buy food, and visit relatives. One...

Narcotics-Fueled Violence in Mexico: Crisis for the United States?

Science.gov (United States)

2011-03-24

cartels in Mexico which operate on a highly geographic basis. The DTOs responsible for the majority of violence in Mexico are the Tijuana, Gulf, Sinaloa ...infrastructure along the border region to deal with problems such as a mass migration . The Army maintains large facilities at Fort Bliss in El Paso, Texas and

Perception or Fact: Measuring the Effectiveness of the Terrorism Early Warning (TEW) Group

Science.gov (United States)

2005-09-01

to-end communication must travel through the intermediate nodes. • The star, hub, or wheel network, as in a franchise or a cartel structure where a...World Trade Center bombing in New York City in 1993, the sarin gas attack in the Tokyo subway and the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995, there appeared

Child Welfare Research and Training: A Response to David Stoesz

Science.gov (United States)

Smith, Brenda D.; Vandiver, Vikki L.

2016-01-01

In this response to David Stoesz' critique, "The Child Welfare Cartel," the authors agree that child welfare research and training must be improved. The authors disagree, however, with Stoesz' critique of social work education, his assessment of the most-needed forms of child welfare research, and his depiction of the goals and…

Losing American Students, Mexican Universities Struggle against a Scary Image

Science.gov (United States)

Ambrus, Steven

2012-01-01

Like most Mexicans, Eugenio Yarce has been deeply affected by the violence between drug cartels and the Mexican army, which has filled news coverage with accounts of kidnappings, assassinations, and torture. But for Mr. Yarce, deputy rector for outreach here at the private Autonomous Popular University of the State of Puebla, or Upaep, the…

Mexican Cartels: The Threat Along Our Southern Border

Science.gov (United States)

2011-12-01

associates to set off explosives at a public restaurant in Washington, D.C., where Adel al-Jubeir, the Saudi Arabian ambassador to the US, was to be...informed there could be as many as 150 casualties, including U.S. Senators known to frequent the establishment, as a result of the restaurant bombing... franchises to distribute drugs, launder money and arrange for the southward export of deadly firearms. Ranchers may not say much to the media for

Exploiting Weaknesses: An Approach to Counter Cartel Strategy

Science.gov (United States)

2011-12-01

Surveillance MISO Military Information Support Operations MSB Money Services Businesses NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement NHRC National...structure. Finally, the last phase constitutes the development of a pragmatic disruption strategy against the financial practices, key terrain and...Forces Unconventional Warfare manual defines an insurgency as, “An organized movement aimed at the overthrow of a constituted government through use of

Networks, Netwar, and Information-Age Terrorism

Science.gov (United States)

1999-01-01

intermediate nodes. • The star, hub, or wheel network, as in a franchise or a cartel structure where a set of actors is tied to a central node or actor...Aviv and Jerusalem. On March 21, a Hamas satchel bomb exploded at a Tel Aviv cafe , killing three persons and injuring 48; on July 30, two Hamas

Merida Initiative: Insight Into U.S. Mexico Relations

Science.gov (United States)

2016-09-01

LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED STATES ....................................................................................................33 E. MEXICO AS...United States and Mexico go far beyond sheer geography.” She goes on to say, “Bound by economic, environmental , cultural, familial, security, and...attribute the rise in prevalence of Mexican cartels to U.S. seizures of drugs in the Caribbean, essentially closing this route down and forcing Colombian

Prácticas narrativas, reconstrucción del yo y redes sociales: el caso de Instagram y el dolor crónico

OpenAIRE

Sendra Toset, Anna; Farré Coma, Jordi

2017-01-01

Cartel presentado en el 3er Congreso Internacional de Comunicación en Salud (3ICHC), celebrado los días 19 y 20 de octubre de 2017 en la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. El objetivo principal de este estudio es analizar las prácticas narrativas de los pacientes con dolor crónico en Instagram

Employment of the El Salvador Armed Forces for Internal Security

Science.gov (United States)

2011-02-02

the drug trades.6 The migration back and forth of the members of the Maras to countries in the northern of hemisphere and to drug dealers in the...and “ Sinaloa ” cartels from Mexico trying to 7 get control of the drug traffic in El Salvador. Those groups use Gangs MS 13 and 18th Street gangs

The U. S., Its Press, and the New World Information Order. Freedom of Information Center Report No. 488.

Science.gov (United States)

Wete, Francis N.

Criticisms of the one-way flow of international information were first voiced in the 1940s, when, in the name of free flow of information and worldwide access to news, the United States launched an offensive to dismantle European news cartels. At a UNESCO conference in 1945, the United States was chiefly responsible for making the free flow of…

JIATF-SWB: Building an Operational Bridge for the Southwest Border

Science.gov (United States)

2011-04-12

mexican_cartels_integr.htm. (accessed 20 March 2011). 4 Office of the President. “Obtener la base de datos de Fallecimientos ocurridos por presunta rivalidad...Obtener la base de datos de Fallecimientos ocurridos por presunta rivalidad delincuencial en el periodo diciembre 2006 a diciembre 2010... basing , technical, intelligence, and training support to JIATF-SWB. 15. SUBJECT TERMS Mexico, Southwest Border, USNORTHCOM, Interagency, 16

Beneath the Surface: Intelligence Preparation of the Battlespace for Counterterrorism

Science.gov (United States)

2004-11-01

Embassy Marine guards killed in a cafe in El Salvador in June 1985. 163-1.fm5 Page 12 Friday, December 2, 2005 5:52 PM 13 Whereas the bombings of...nodes. The hub, star, or wheel network, as in a franchise or a cartel where a set of actors are tied to a central (but not hierarchical) node or actor

El papel de las redes sociales en la salud

OpenAIRE

Toledo Agua, María José; Cerezo Luque, Montserrat

2017-01-01

Cartel presentado en el 3er Congreso Internacional de Comunicación en Salud (3ICHC), celebrado los días 19 y 20 de octubre de 2017 en la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es analizar y describir el uso de las redes sociales, y analizar sus pros y sus contras en la sanidad.

Impacto de las redes sociales sobre la salud

OpenAIRE

Roldán Roldán, Raquel; Aranda Aranda, Federico Manuel; González Castillo, Silvia

2017-01-01

Cartel presentado en el 3er Congreso Internacional de Comunicación en Salud (3ICHC), celebrado los días 19 y 20 de octubre de 2017 en la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar si existe una influencia de las redes sociales sobre la población en temas relacionados con su salud.

Importancia del trabajo de enfermería en la clasificación. Una revisión bibliográfica

OpenAIRE

Blanco Jiménez, Soledad

2017-01-01

Cartel presentado en el 3er Congreso Internacional de Comunicación en Salud (3ICHC), celebrado los días 19 y 20 de octubre de 2017 en la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. El objetivo de este trabajo conocer la importancia del triaje o clasificación de pacientes en la atención segura proporcionada al paciente.

An Enhanced Role of the Economics Element of National Power in Military Operations: The Mexican Economy as a Case Study for U.S. Northern Command Theater Security Cooperation (TSC) Planning

Science.gov (United States)

2011-10-26

economic sectors. 6 Ibid. 7 Hugo G. Nutini and Barry L. Isaac, Social Stratification in Central...this reason, the U.S. military must consider scenarios to include countering increasingly dangerous drug cartels, intervening in a “migratory hurricane ...domestic- credit-private-sector-gdp (accessed OCTOBER 17, 2011). Nutini, Hugo G., and Barry L. Isaac. Social Stratification in Central Mexico: 1500-2000

Shift in the National Drug Strategy: Implications for the SOUTHCOM AOR

Science.gov (United States)

1994-06-17

NT.F:C.,ThON ! .’.NUI SER -4. 70,... l lOU R, -, Cf CE OF IL l NI l .. ELEV•ENT NO. . NO ACCESS’ON NO. 11. TITLE (. ict .*e Security Cla.ficaeionj SHIFT IN...illegal drugs and cooperate in international efforts.22 In Colombia, the Gaviria government challenged the violence of the Medellin Cartel capturing key

In Support of the Common Defense: A Homeland Defense and Security Journal. Volume 2

Science.gov (United States)

2013-06-01

create a coast-to-coast, interoperable digital emergency communications network.36 Accordingly, Homeland Security Act 2002 and Homeland Security...or fixed monitor that depicts friendly forces on an easy-to-read digitized geospatial map. The number of assets being tracked directly determines...Common Defense diminished since Colombian security forces killed notorious Medellin cartel leader Pablo Escobar in 1993.74 There undeniably is an

Influencia de las nuevas tecnologías en la promoción de la salud

OpenAIRE

Aranda Aranda, Federico Manuel; González Castillo, Silvia; Roldán Roldán, Raquel

2017-01-01

Cartel presentado en el 3er Congreso Internacional de Comunicación en Salud (3ICHC), celebrado los días 19 y 20 de octubre de 2017 en la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. El objetivo de esta comunicación ha sido analizar si el desarrollo de las TICs influye en la promoción de la salud.

La comunicación del TCAE y el lavado e higiene de manos

OpenAIRE

Aguayo Domínguez, María Auxiliadora

2017-01-01

Cartel presentado en el 3er Congreso Internacional de Comunicación en Salud (3ICHC), celebrado los días 19 y 20 de octubre de 2017 en la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. El objetivo es disminuir la contaminación de las manos y prevenir la propagación de gérmenes patógenos a zonas no contaminadas

Abuse of dominant position in Albania based in jurisprudence

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Endri Papajorgji

2016-11-01

Full Text Available Competition law and cartel is the basis of a modern economy. While in the US, competition law exists and is terminologically known and is part of legislation since 1890 (Sherman Law, in Europe, it has become part of the founding treaties of the EU since 1957 by the Treaty of Rome. However, at that time, “culture of competition” would be born in the member states of the EU, which traditionally favour cartel agreements, state aid and the promotion of national products. Some EU member states have included competition law in their national legislation in the early 90-s. Rules were set for the first time on competition in the coal and steel market under Articles 65 and 66 of the Treaty of Rome, constituted a new terminology for member states. Albania has worked during these 24 years of democracy, to apply the basic principles of market economy and along with it the Lisbon Treaty, Regulations and EU Directives in the frame of competition. Main purpose of this manuscript is to give an overview of the abuse of dominant position in the frame of the most important court decision of this legal institution in Albania.

OPEC: Market failure or power failure?

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Cairns, Robert D.; Calfucura, Enrique

2012-01-01

The actions of OPEC and Saudi Arabia are discussed in terms of their objectives and their technical and social constraints. It is concluded (1) that OPEC does not act as a cartel and (2) that Hotelling’s rule is not an important feature of pricing or production. OPEC’s (more specifically, Saudi Arabia’s) ideal policy is to keep price moderate to try to assure a market for their high reserves over the long run. Such an action would require heavy investments in capacity, including in excess capacity, for times of interruption of supply from other countries as in the 1990s and for times of high demand as in the 2000s. The action may be inconsistent with other objectives and in any case may be too difficult to achieve. - Highlights: ► Hotelling models abstract from the essence of oil technology. ► Members of OPEC do not act as members of a classical cartel. ► Political–economic considerations influence objectives. ► The aim of Saudi Arabia, the price leader, is to keep price moderate. ► Supply was inelastic in the 2000s. Saudi investment was not adequate.

What does the future hold for OPEC?; Quel avenir pour l'OPEP?

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2011-07-01

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) celebrated its 50. anniversary in September 2010. For half a century now, the cartel has succeeded in playing a major role on the energy market, despite divisions and changes. But today, its future is threatened, primarily in consequence of emerging alternative energies that are likely to blossom in the years to come due to rising crude oil prices

What does the future hold for OPEC?

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2011-01-01

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) celebrated its 50. anniversary in September 2010. For half a century now, the cartel has succeeded in playing a major role on the energy market, despite divisions and changes. But today, its future is threatened, primarily in consequence of emerging alternative energies that are likely to blossom in the years to come due to rising crude oil prices

Network industries deregulation and energy industries reorganization

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Delaporte, P.; Chevalier, J.M.; Bourdaire, J.M.

1999-01-01

The electric power distribution systems deregulation is going to change the economical and institutional scenery. The empowerment term can be anything but a happy change for the customer by giving him the free choice. But this evolution calls the public power in question again. Meanwhile the government has to remain vigilant and watch over the safety in terms of cartel and environment risk. (A.L.B.)

The Effective Business Practices of Mexican Drug Trafficking Organizations (DTOs)

Science.gov (United States)

2013-06-01

today, customers have easy access to information, products, and services from numerous companies simply by using the Internet or a smartphone , so...customers in the smartphone 81 Campbell, Drug War Zone, 245. 82 Paul Gootenberg, “Talking About The...Drug addictions bring people back once they become hooked. Cartels have been known to allow contractors to use the “bait and hook” technique, a method

Joint Counterdrug Operations

Science.gov (United States)

1998-02-17

Chapter II Joint Pub 3-07.4 cocaine HCL production. There are over 150 groups trafficking in cocaine, with cartels centered in Medellin and Cali. These...nontraditional mapping products and several digital mapping data bases for geological information and intelligence systems. • Defense Security Assistance Agency...variety of means. Dissemination means include personal contact, physical transfer or courier of hard copy textual and graphic materials, digital and

The Balloon Effect and Mexican Homeland Security: What it Means to be the Weakest Link in the Americas’ Security Chain

Science.gov (United States)

2011-12-01

Direccion de Comunicacion Social SEMAR, 2011b), arresting 19 cartel members and seizing guns, money, and communication systems (Direccion de... Comunicacion Social SEMAR, 2011a). 51 Table 1. Selected Equipment and Training Delivered to Mexico and Central America Under the Merida...history (3rd ed.). New York: Algora Publishing. Direccion de Comunicacion Social SEMAR. (2011a). Asegura la Armada a 19 Presuntos Integrantes del

The Implications of Colombian Drug Industry and Death Squad Political Violence for U.S. Counternarcotics Policy

Science.gov (United States)

1993-01-01

goal. Gilberto and Miguel Rodriguez Orejuela, of the Cali cartel, used to own Grupo Radial Colombiano, a prominent Colombian radio network. Pablo Escobar...is incapacitated. Eventually, Escobar was exposed as a tracker through the efforts of Justice Minister Lam Bonflla and he resigned. Lam Bonilla was...and El Espectador, Justice Minister Rodrigo Lara Bonilla , Attorney General Carlos Hoyos Jimenez, police anti-narcotics commander Colonel Jaime

The social costs to the US of monopolization of the world oil market, 1972--1991

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Greene, D.L.; Leiby, P.N.

1993-03-01

The partial monopolization of the world oil market by the OPEC cartel has produced significant economic costs to the economies of the world. This paper reports estimates of the costs of monopolization of oil to the US over the period 1972--1991. Two fundamental assumptions of the analysis are, (1) that OPEC has acted as a monopoly, albeit with limited control, knowledge, and ability to act and, (2) that the US and other consuming nations could, through collective (social) action affect the cartel's ability to act as a monopoly. We measure total costs by comparing actual costs for the 1972--1991 period to a hypothetical ''more competitive'' world oil market scenario. By measuring past costs we avoid the enormous uncertainties about the future course of the world oil market and leave to the reader's judgment the issue of how much the future will be like the past. We note that total cost numbers cannot be used to determine the value of reducing US oil use by one barrel. They are useful for describing the overall size of the petroleum problem and are one important factor in deciding how much effort should be devoted to solving it. Monopoly pricing of oil transfers wealth from US oil consumers to foreign oil producers and, by increasing theeconomic scarcity of oil, reduces the economy's potential to produce. The actions of the OPEC cartel have also produced oil price shocks, both upward and downward, that generate additional costs because of the economy's inherent inability to adjust quickly to a large change in energy prices. Estimated total costs to the United States from these three sources for the 1972--1991 period are put at $4.1 trillion in 1990$($1.2 T wealth transfer, $0.8 T macroeconomic adjustment costs, $2.1 T potential GNP losses). The cost of the US's primary oil supply contingency program is small ($10 B) by comparison

Examining the Rise in Mexican Drug Cartel Related Violence

Science.gov (United States)

2016-06-10

unlimited. Fair use determination or copyright permission has been obtained for the inclusion of pictures, maps, graphics, and any other works incorporated...Policia Federal] PRI Institutional Revolutionary Party [Partido Revolucionario Institucional] PRONAPRED Social Prevention of Violent Crime [ Programa ...Nacional de Prevencion del Delito] US United States x ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figure 1. Case Study Comparison Method

Can a cartel fuel the engine of economic development?

Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

Noguera, Jose; Pecchenino, R. A.

-, č. 280 (2005), s. 1-30 ISSN 1211-3298 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z70850503 Keywords : OPEC * macroeconomic stability * resource curse Subject RIV: AH - Economics http://www.cerge-ei.cz/pdf/wp/Wp280.pdf

The Real Long War: The Illicit Drug Trade and the Role of the Military

Science.gov (United States)

2013-09-01

products were freely available. In Singapore and Malaysia , moreover, the government only banned the sale of opium in 1946.44 Historically, drug...Peru, the main source of coca leaf, has 61,000 hectares under cultivation, traditionally used in food , tea, and indigenous native ceremonies. Plans to...their own countries. Many armies in Africa and Central and South America have been penetrated and contaminated by the drug cartels and their anti

Northern Command: A Relevant and Necessary Partner to Increase Security in Mexico

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-27

month.19 Drug cartels leverage low pay and offer “ plato o plomo” or “silver or lead” which forces policemen to choose between taking a bribe or a...Scott Stewart, Hezbollah, Radical but Rational , Stratfor Security Weekly, (12 August 2010), http://www.stratfor.com/weekly...34Hezbollah, Radical but Rational ." Stratfor.com. August 12, 2010. http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20100811_hezbollah_radical_rational (accessed 28

Drug Trafficking as a Lethal Regional Threat in Central America

Science.gov (United States)

2011-12-16

and Bolivia. 28 Panama It produces marijuana and serves as a critical transit country for all drugs coming from South America to the United...Colombian drug cartels. Paraguay This is a marijuana producing country. Its production probably never leaves South America; it is believed to supply...broad diversification of their products. The Mexican DTOs went through great efforts to establish laboratories for the cheap synthetic drugs in Mexico

Germany, Europe and the Euro Crisis: Economy, State and Society in the Past and Present

Science.gov (United States)

2013-12-01

with two differing camps at the extremes of the framework. To the left are the proponents of government intervention to the extremes of Karl Marx ...cartels and worker’s leverage, a misreading of this history exists. A pendulum exists as well, and Karl Polanyi explained it to be one that swings from...monetary policy, subsidy control, and a large number of the regulations in the 4 Karl Polanyi, The

Análisis semiolingüístico de una "mezcla perfecta"

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Dr. C. Ana María Guerra-Casanellas

2015-10-01

Full Text Available El presente trabajo se encarga de estudiar desde una perspectiva  semiolingüística las producciones de sentido que pueden darse en los procesos de interpretación de un texto publicitario en soporte cartel. Se ha trabajado por medio del análisis del discurso teniendo en cuenta los elementos que sostienen, desde lo verbal y lo icónico, el acto argumentativo.

Uranium: a foreign resource N.L

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Venturini, V.G.

1983-01-01

The issue of the mining and export of Australian uranium is examined. Particular reference is made to the existence of a uranium cartel between 1970 and 1975 and the associated U.S. Westinghouse Antitrust suite. Problems associated with nuclear power and benefits to Australia associated with the mining of uranium are questioned. Changing government policy on the issue is discussed. Recommendations of the Ranger uranium environmental enquiry are noted

Mexico’s Drug War and Its Unintended Regional Consequences

Science.gov (United States)

2013-03-01

Guatemalan President Proposes Drug.” 26 Johnson, Forman, and Bliss , Police Reform in Latin America, 32, 28, 30. 27 Tim Johnson, “Society Has Lost...Nations Office on Drugs, Transnational Organized Crime, 76. 22 Stephen Johnson, Johanna Mendelson Forman and Katherine Bliss , Police Reform in...america (accessed October 29, 2012). 33 Johnson, Forman, and Bliss , Police Reform in Latin America, 22. 34 Hooper, "The Mexican Drug Cartel Threat

Worldwide Emerging Environmental Issues Affecting the U.S. Military. Summarizing Environmental Security Monthly Scanning January 2008 - June 2008

Science.gov (United States)

2008-06-01

collaboration among DOE’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, and China’s...cause of climate change. Chinese and Australian scientists are examining possibilities for deeper drilling in parts of Antarctica to find atmospheric...comprehensive adaptation approach. Food’s Failed Estates = Paris’s Hot Cuisine ; Food Sovereignty – à la Cartel? by ETC Group analyzes food security prospects

Competition policy and public procurement in developing countries

OpenAIRE

Falvey, Rod; La Chimia, Annamaria; Morrissey, Oliver; Zgovu, Evious

2008-01-01

Measures to support Competition Policy and enhance the efficiency of Public Procurement can enhance the impact of regional integration agreements. The first part addresses Competition Policy - measures employed by government to ensure a fair competitive market environment. Competition policy aims to ensure that markets remain competitive (through anti-trust or anti-cartel enforcement) or become competitive (through liberalisation). For a variety of reasons, competition is often restricted in ...

Colombia: Learning Institutions Enable Integrated Response

Science.gov (United States)

2010-09-01

publica - tions of the “human rights cartel.” The frames whereby the parastates assessed the conflict remained virtually unchanged, and in some cases...Politica de Defensa y 144 | FRoM the FIeld PRISM 1, no. 4 Seguridad Democratica, requires slightly more pages for its presentation but is identical...capability” to “establish security force presence throughout the country” (lograr presencia fuerza publica en todo territorio nacional). Though a

Institutional arrangements for the reduction of proliferation risks formulation, evaluation, and implementation of institutional concepts. Appendices

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

1979-12-01

The purpose of this supporting analysis is to provide a foundation for developing a model, an international or multinational institution capable of accomodating the back end of the fuel cycle, while meeting US nonproliferation goals. The analysis is based on a review of selected, defunct and extant institutions which, although not necessarily concerned with nonproliferation, have faced a trade-off between acceptability and effectiveness in meeting their objectives. Discussion of the various institutions is divided into three categories: international organizations, multinational consortia, and cartels or producer associations. Examples of international organizations include the International Seabed Authority, Intelsat, the United Nations and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The International Seabed Authority is discussed. Multinational consortia are organizations that have been developed primarily to meet common commercial objectives. Membership includes at least three member nations. Examples include the Scandinavian Airline System (SAS), URENCO, Unilever, Royal Dutch Shell, Eurochemic, Eurodif, Euratom, European Coal and Steel Community, and Serena. Cartels or producer associations are multinational agreements that restrict market forces; viz, production, market share, customers or prices. Examples include the Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries (CIPEC), the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), and the Fifth International Tin Agreement (ITA), as well as agreements governing diamonds and uranium, bauxite and coffee. OPEC, CIPEC and ITA are discussed

The argument for robust competition supervision in developing and transition countries

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Frank Emmert

2016-09-01

Full Text Available The article discusses first the differences between market economic models, socialist or planned economies, and economies controlled by monopolies or cartels, to make the case for competition supervision. Subsequently it argues for a broad approach to competition super-vision - beyond a narrow view of antitrust law. The second part of the paper discusses monopoly or dominant position and the criteria to measure them. It reviews the reasons for merger control as a preventive step against monopoly or dominant position. Finally it discusses the issues related to collusion in the form of cartels and how to detect them. The third part of the paper focuses on the best ways for developing and transition countries to introduce or reinforce comprehensive competition supervision: Functioning institutions and how they have to be empowered and structured; priorities to be set; how competition oversight has to be embedded in the legal system, including court review; and why effective enforcement is so important and how it can be promoted. In an annex** there are links to some 75 countries which have newly introduced competition laws in the past 25 years and their legislative materials. Finally, there are links to another 30 countries which have substantially revised their legislative bases in the same time frame.

Institutional arrangements for the reduction of proliferation risks formulation, evaluation, and implementation of institutional concepts. Appendices

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

1979-12-01

The purpose of this supporting analysis is to provide a foundation for developing a model, an international or multinational institution capable of accomodating the back end of the fuel cycle, while meeting US nonproliferation goals. The analysis is based on a review of selected, defunct and extant institutions which, although not necessarily concerned with nonproliferation, have faced a trade-off between acceptability and effectiveness in meeting their objectives. Discussion of the various institutions is divided into three categories: international organizations, multinational consortia, and cartels or producer associations. Examples of international organizations include the International Seabed Authority, Intelsat, the United Nations and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The International Seabed Authority is discussed. Multinational consortia are organizations that have been developed primarily to meet common commercial objectives. Membership includes at least three member nations. Examples include the Scandinavian Airline System (SAS), URENCO, Unilever, Royal Dutch Shell, Eurochemic, Eurodif, Euratom, European Coal and Steel Community, and Serena. Cartels or producer associations are multinational agreements that restrict market forces; viz, production, market share, customers or prices. Examples include the Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries (CIPEC), the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), and the Fifth International Tin Agreement (ITA), as well as agreements governing diamonds and uranium, bauxite and coffee. OPEC, CIPEC and ITA are discussed.

Concurrence verticale industriels-distributeurs : stratégie des acteurs et évolution du droit

OpenAIRE

Chanut , Odile

2015-01-01

International audience; Price war on the shelves for national and international brands, pursuit of food retail groups concentration or supermarket procurement centres concentration, cartels in the industrial sector to cope with retailers purchasing power, French Competition Authority’s recent reports, ALUR Law (2014) and Macron Law (2015) including some policy on retail ... news shows that vertical competition between the food industry and the large retailers is exacerbated in a context of we...

CTC Sentinel. Volume 5, Issue 1, January 2012

Science.gov (United States)

2012-01-01

New York Times, March 18, 2010. 25 Howard La Franchi , “A Look Inside a Giant Drug Cartel,” Christian Science Monitor, December 6, 1999. 26 David...the rule of law. Lack of access to social services and higher education, growing social inequality, civilian casualties caused by international...oppressive rule by the American- backed warlords, your brothers stood up and established peace and justice in this land.9 Since then, Hammami’s public

What We’re Getting Wrong About Mexico

Science.gov (United States)

2011-01-01

or other valuable assets on a permanent basis . . . .Violent entrepreneurship is a means of increasing the private income of the wielders of force...product.”22 Drug cartels are a type of violent entrepreneurship because they derive their income by force to succeed in private transactions that are...during the decades long “Troubles” in Northern Ireland (over 3,500) and exceeds the number of deaths inflicted by Turkey’s long-running Kurdistan

The Closest Alligator to the Boat: Mexico’s Drug-Fueled Violence

Science.gov (United States)

2011-01-28

outside stimulus. This plays into why cartels are able to so freely recruit new members into their ranks. Machismo , a learned response and a real...part of Hispanic culture, is one of the overriding forces driving the Latin American male psyche. Machismo , directly translated from Spanish...closest English word to machismo is macho which seems to be an out of vogue word in 2010 America. In America, it is acceptable to be in touch with

Counternetwork: Countering the Expansion of Transnational Criminal Networks

Science.gov (United States)

2017-01-01

steps if the threat of diver- sion to another cartel, border seizures, price hikes , and other causes is sufficiently high. They are less likely to...considerable ground to Los Zetas, it continues to be an important player in the Mexican drug trade and has benefited from a strategic alliance forged with...new [opera- tional locations]. Because all of the Zetas’ businesses benefit from geographic economies of scale, the group also has had an insa- tiable

Lack of agreement over the use and ownership of the internationally shared resources (such as air space, outer space and the oceans) leading to international conflict

Science.gov (United States)

1975-01-01

The lack of adequate institutional mechanisms to regulate, monitor and govern the use of commonly owned world resources appears to be politically destabilizing and subject to socioeconomic pressures of overpopulation, food shortages, cartelism, terrorism, and wealth distribution to developing countries. The capacity and propensity to wage war and its potential consequences are elaborated. It is shown that technology is one of the dominant factors affecting the exploration and management of commonly shared resources.

Domestic Trends in the United States, China, and Iran. Implications for U.S. Navy Strategic Planning

Science.gov (United States)

2008-01-01

the Medellin and Cali cartels in Colombia. To date, the U.S. military has supported other government agencies that are leading the fight against...Defense spending has increased 500 percent since 2000 and is expected to further increase in the future by double- digit annual growth rates.8...gal narcotics. China China is currently experiencing one of the most rapid economic expan- sions in modern times. Years of double- digit economic growth

Colombia’s Conflicts: The Spillover Effects of a Wider War

Science.gov (United States)

2002-10-01

a summary of the history and impact of civil violence on Colombian history, see Comision de estudios sobre la violencia, Colombia: Violencia y...Brasilia pie acapos del Cartel de brasil,” El Nuevo Herald, March 27, 2001; Mendel, p. 7. 87. Quoted in Gentleman, pp. 28-29. 88. “Tracion en el mercado ...guerrilla groups, the leftist Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and Ejercito de Liberacion Nacional (ELN) and the rightist Auto Defensas

Worldwide Emerging Environmental Issues Affecting the U.S. Military. February 2008 Report

Science.gov (United States)

2008-02-01

similar future bans wherever U.S. Forces are stationed or materiel is sold in nations that follow the French lead in such matters. Sources: France...scraps licenses for 1,500 pesticides http://www.enn.com/top_stories/article/30282 French Pesticide Ban Hits Major Listed Firms http://www.planetark.org... Cuisine ; Food Sovereignty – à la Cartel? by ETC Group warns that the world’s number of hungry people could rise by 50% by 2025. Lack of fresh water

Customer satisfaction as a mediator between causes (trust and communication) and the outcome (customer loyalty) in business-to-business relationship marketing in the South African cement manufacturing industry

OpenAIRE

Phineas Mbango; Maxwell A. Phiri

2015-01-01

Customer loyalty has become more relevant in the cement industry since the unbundling of the cartel system in 1994, the entrance of new competitors into the market and the effect of globalization. This study’s literature review reveals that there is limited published research in the Cement Industry, particularly in South Africa, which deals with customer loyalty management. The major objective of the study was to test satisfaction as a mediator between causes and outcome, the causes being tru...

Ondas gravitacionales y teoría de cuerdas

OpenAIRE

Fernández-Alonso, M. Carmen; Platón, María

2016-01-01

Cartel anunciador de la charla; Presentación del ciclo de charlas “Jam Science-Divulgación Científica” celebradas en el Moe Club (Alberto Alcocer, 32, Madrid) el penúltimo martes de cada mes de 20.00 a 22.00h, desde enero de 2015.Ponente: Dr.Fernando Marchesano. Instituto de Física Teórica (IFT-UAM-CSIC). Grabación y edición de los vídeos: Agora Mundi.

Competition And Antitrust Law In Ecuadorian Constitution

OpenAIRE

Marcelo Marín Sevilla

2013-01-01

This work allows us to establish the Economic Constitution and the Competition Law (C.L) in the Constitution. Additionally, the paper analyzes whether the rules outlined in the C. L. and in doctrine are consistent and appropriate with the Constitution of Ecuador. The Competition and Antitrust Laws has rules for investigating and punishing the cartels, the abuses of power market (dominant position), the rules for merger control, the behaviors of Abuse of economic dependence, and unfair competi...

Profiling, Screening and Criminal Recruitment

OpenAIRE

Christopher Cotton; Cheng Li

2012-01-01

We model major criminal activity as a game in which a law enforcement officer chooses the rate at which to screen different population groups and a criminal organization (e.g., drug cartel, terrorist cell) chooses the observable characteristics of its recruits. Our model best describes smuggling or terrorism activities at borders, airports and other security checkpoints. When the social costs of crime are high, law enforcement is most-effective when it is unconstrained in its ability to profi...

Silicon to syringe: Cryptomarkets and disruptive innovation in opioid supply chains.

Science.gov (United States)

Gilbert, Michael; Dasgupta, Nabarun

2017-08-01

Cryptomarkets offer insight into the evolving interplay between online black markets and cartel-based distribution. The types and forms of heroin, fentanyl, and prescription drugs show wide diversification. In this commentary we describe changes in the conceptualizations, technologies and structures of drug supply chains in the 21st Century, with special attention to the role of cryptomarkets as tools, contexts, and drivers of innovation in public health research. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Can Imports Discipline Collusive Firms? Case of the Philippine Cement Industry

OpenAIRE

Rafaelita M. Aldaba

2008-01-01

Applying a conjectural variations (CV) model introduced by Haskel and Scaramozzino (H&S model 1997), the paper examines the impact of trade liberalization on the Philippine cement industry where alleged cartel activities have taken place after the entry of the worlds Big Three cement firms : Holcim, Cemex, and Lafarge. In the H&S model, the relationship between firm behavior and competition is estimated with price cost margin (price minus marginal costs over price) as indicator of competition...

La politica economica del fascismo. La crisi del ‘29

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Paolo Sylos Labini

2014-03-01

Full Text Available Text of a speech held at the University of Rome in 1965. The author discusses the economic policy of Fascism, claiming that several of its characteristic features, e.g. the policy of industrial and financial bailouts, the policy of industry cartels and firms’ groups, and protectionism, were part of an international trend. In these areas international similitudes probably outweigh differences. What was peculiar of Fascism was the approach towards trade unions and the peculiarly corporatist policy.

A Marte a través del cine. Ficción y realidad

OpenAIRE

Fernández-Alonso, M. Carmen; Platón, María

2016-01-01

Cartel anunciador de la charla; Presentación del ciclo de charlas “Jam Science-Divulgación Científica” celebradas en el Moe Club (Alberto Alcocer, 32, Madrid) el penúltimo martes de cada mes de 20.00 a 22.00h, desde enero de 2015. Ponente:Dr. Jesús Martínez Frías-Instituto de Geociencias IGEO (CSIC-UCM).Grabación y edición de los vídeos: DC SciComm

Violencia postestructural: migrantes centroamericanos y cárteles de la droga en México

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Simón Pedro Izcara Palacios

2016-04-01

Full Text Available Post-structural violence refers to those situations where the victim becomes the executioner as a survival mechanism in a violent environment. This article, based on in-depth interviews with 53 Central American migrants kidnapped and forced to participate in criminal activities in Mexico, analyses the mechanisms used by Mexican drug cartels to recruit undocumented migrants, and concludes that the fear of losing their lives transforms peaceful and fearful labor migrants into ferocious criminals.

Gangs in Honduras: A Threat to National Security

Science.gov (United States)

2012-03-22

police, judiciary and political elites. In some parts of the country, “drug cartels act as de facto authority and there is evidence of a training camp...practical to politicians…to expect the military to solve the problem by force, nor is it practical for the military to plan and execute a purely military...Honduras: Tegucigalpa, National Defense College and El Salvador University, October 30, 2007), http://cdn.U.S.alnet.org/ tesis /files/osorio.pdf

Rethinking Food: How United States Agriculture Production Affects Security Policy and Global Markets

Science.gov (United States)

2014-06-13

moral duty to bring aid to the Indian people, but merely a small front of the newly designated “war on hunger.” It was argued India required assistance...increase in cost. Lastly, the participants of the cartel needed to align with US interests. Aside from these conditions, the author addresses the moral ... relativism and notes there are dissenters in each supposed grouping of people. Development also describes the various forms of famine and other crises

La Familia Drug Cartel: Implications for U.S.-Mexican Security

Science.gov (United States)

2010-12-01

opponents of their favored standard-bearers from voting. José Vázquez Piedra , the outgoing mayor of Turicato who won a seat in the state legislature...Brother of “La Tuta” Gómez Martínez. At large. Ibarra Piedra , Martín Plaza chief in Parácuaro At large. Peñaloza Soberanes, Alfredo and Antonio

Discovering Cartels: Dynamic Interrelationships between Civil and Criminal Antitrust Investigations

OpenAIRE

Ghosal, Vivek

2006-01-01

This paper focuses on the genesis, taxonomy and timeline of U.S. criminal antitrust investigations, and uses time-series data on enforcement to examine the interrelationships between the various criminal enforcement variables as well as the linkages between criminal and civil enforcement. The key findings are: (1) there appears to be considerable dynamic interplay between the criminal variables. For example, an increase in grand jury investigations or criminal cases initiated or the number of...

Strict Slaves of Slogans: Response to ''The Social Work Cartel''

Science.gov (United States)

Epstein, William M.

2016-01-01

The corruption of the social work enterprise is not simply episodic but systemic and long-standing including education, research, governance, and practice. Reform is unlikely since the constituency within the field and outside of it that wishes to change the situation is small and ineffective. The corruption of social work reflects the unfortunate…

Network access charges, vertical integration, and property rights structure - experiences from the German electricity markets

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Growitsch, C.; Wein, T.

2005-01-01

After the deregulation of the German electricity markets in 1998, the German government opted for a regulatory regime called negotiated third party access, which would be subject to ex-post control by the federal cartel office. Network access charges for new competitors are based on contractual arrangements between energy producers and industrial consumers. As the electricity networks are incontestable natural monopolies, the local and regional network operators are able to set (monopolistic) charges at their own discretion, restricted only by the possible interference of the federal cartel office (Bundeskartellamt). In this paper we analyze if there is evidence for varying charging behaviour depending on the supplier's economic independence (structure of property rights) or its level of vertical integration. For this purpose, we hypothesise that incorporated and vertically integrated suppliers set different charges than independent utility companies. Multivariate estimations show a relation between network access charges and the network operator's economic independence as well as level of vertical integration: on the low voltage level for an estimated annual consumption of 1700 kW/h, vertically integrated firms set-in accordance with our hypothesis-significantly lower access charges than vertically separated suppliers, whereas incorporated network operators charge significantly higher charges compared to independent suppliers. These results could not have been confirmed for other consumptions or voltage levels. (author)

Electricity transmission. Transmission providers' duties to permit and possibilities to deny TPA to the network; Durchleitung von Strom. Pflichten und Verweigerungsmoeglichkeiten von Elektrizitaetsversorgungsunternehmen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kasper, O.

2001-07-01

The author gives a full account of the new legal situation in the German electricity market and explains the recent changes induced by implementation of the legal framework of the European Union for building the internal electricity market, and by recent national legislation amending laws and regulations. The juridical changes and the new legal provisions and their effects in practice are explained in ten chapters. Some important keywords: the concept of third-party access (TPA) to electricity transmission networks - the IEM Directive of the EU - the reform of the German energy industry law - objectives and consequences of the reform - market deregulation - transmission pricing - competences of the national supervisory energy authority - national cartel law, market dominating position and abuse of a dominant market position - European cartel law. (orig./CB) [German] Der Autor gibt eine umfassende Darstellung der neuen Rechtslage im Strommarkt in Deutschland und erlaeutert die Veraenderungen, die sich aus den Vorgaben der Europaeischen Union zur Herstellung des Strom-Binnenmarkts und durch neue deutsche Gesetzgebung und Novellierung bestehender Regelungen ergaben. In zehn Kapiteln werden die neuen rechtlichen Bestimmungen und ihre Auswirkungen in der Praxis angesprochen. Einige wichtige Stichworte: Durchleitungsbegriff und Durchleitungsbedingungen - Binnenmarkt-Richtlinie Elektrizitaet - Neuregelung des deutschen Energiewirtschaftsrechts - Ziele und Folgen der Energierechtsreform - Deregulierung des Marktes - Bestimmung von Durchleitungsentgelten - Zustaendigkeit der nationalen Energieaufsichtsbehoerde - nationales Kartellrecht und kartellrechtlicher Missbrauchstatbestand - Europaeisches Kartellrecht. (orig./CB)

El teatro terrorífico: estrategia de acoso del crimen organizado

OpenAIRE

López Pozos, Cecilia

2018-01-01

In Mexico the drug trafficking Cartels represent a complex problem and the efforts to eradicate them have failed. In this war of drugs the juvenile population has been the most affected and which vulnerable join the organized crime corps voluntarily or forced, revealing a terrifying scenario of 'juvenicide'. En México, los cárteles de narcotraficantes constituyen un problema complejo, los esfuerzos por erradicarlos han fracasado y, en esta guerra del narcotráfico, la población juvenil ha s...

Tecnologías para la evaluación visual de conductores de vehículos

OpenAIRE

Issolio, Luis Alberto

2016-01-01

El sistema visual es una herramienta fundamental con que contamos para adquirir información sobre el medio en que nos desenvolvemos. Nuestras capacidades visuales nos permiten desarrollar muchas actividades de nuestra vida cotidiana, siendo la conducción vehicular de las que mayor exigencia requiere al sistema visual. Detectamos objetos en nuestro campo visual, leemos carteles y señales, verificamos la diversa información que nos da el tablero del vehículo, entre otras tareas que suelen ser c...

Masaje perineal en gestantes

OpenAIRE

Muros Naranjo, Maria Carmen; Luque López, Eva; Sánchez Pascual, María José

2015-01-01

Cartel presentadaoen la Segunda Conferencia Internacional de Comunicación en Salud, celebrada el 23 de octubre de 2015 en la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Introducción: el trauma perineal es una de las complicaciones más frecuentes tras un parto vaginal, que puede estar asociado a una morbilidad a corto y medio plazo; el masaje perineal aumenta la flexibilidad de los músculos perineales, lo que permite extenderse durante el proceso del parto sin que se produzcan desgarros. Objetivos...

La politica economica del fascismo. La crisi del ‘29.(Economic policy under the fascist regime: the crisis of 1929

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Paolo Sylos Labini

2014-03-01

Full Text Available Text of a speech held at the University of Rome in 1965. The author discusses the economic policy of Fascism, claiming that several of its characteristic features, e.g. the policy of industrial and financial bailouts, the policy of industry cartels and firms’ groups, and protectionism, were part of an international trend. In these areas international similitudes probably outweigh differences. What was peculiar of Fascism was the approach towards trade unions and the peculiarly corporatist policy.    

Rent Sharing and Gender Discrimination in Collegiate Athletics

OpenAIRE

Lackner, Mario; Zulehner, Christine

2013-01-01

In this paper, we analyze the effect of market power on the share of females in top management positions using data from a market in which some firms have market power due to an institutionalized cartel. We investigate collegiate athletics and interpret coaches as top-level managers or chief executive officers (CEOs). The causal link between market power and female employment is established by exploiting the existence of the Bowl Championship Series (BCS) as an exogenous shock. Our results sh...

Congreso Mexicano de Recursos Forestales 2017

OpenAIRE

González Tagle, Marco Aurelio; Alanís Rodríguez, Eduardo

2017-01-01

El Congreso de la Sociedad Mexicana de Recursos Forestales es un foro de comunicación dirigido a estudiantes, profesores, investigadores y gestores de los recursos naturales. El objetivo del congreso es promover y compartir los avances, soluciones y problemáticas de las diferentes disciplinas a través de conferencias magistrales, ponencias orales y carteles. Además, el congreso busca fortalecer la participación e interacción activa de estudiantes de pregrado y posgrado con investigadores y pr...

Problems Faced by Mexican Asylum Seekers in the United States

OpenAIRE

J. Anna Cabot

2014-01-01

Violence in Mexico rose sharply in response to President Felipe Calderón’s military campaign against drug cartels which began in late 2006. As a consequence, the number of Mexicans who have sought asylum in the United States has grown significantly. In 2013, Mexicans made up the second largest group of defensive asylum seekers (those in removal proceedings) in the United States, behind only China (EOIR 2014b). Yet between 2008 and 2013, the grant rate for Mexican asylum seekers in immigration...

La melatonina: ¿Una alternativa saludable para combatir el insomnio?

OpenAIRE

Pérez Collado, Elisa María; Quesada Martínez, María Inmaculada; Parra Parra, Yolanda

2015-01-01

Cartel presentado en la Segunda Conferencia Internacional de Comunicación en Salud, celebrada el 23 de octubre de 2015 en la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Introducción: la melatonina es una hormona que se encuentra de forma natural en el cuerpo, producida por la glándula pineal. Participa en procesos celulares, neuroendocrinos y neurofisiológicos. La melatonina determina el ciclo sueño-vigilia. La cantidad de melatonina producida por nuestro cuerpo disminuye a medida que envejecemos. Ob...

El poder de las grandes empresas petroleras: 19001950

OpenAIRE

Jesús Mora Contreras

2003-01-01

Entre 1900 y 1950 las grandes corporaciones petroleras internacionales lograron imponer a los propietarios del recurso natural en el Medio Oriente y en Venezuela las normas y procedimientos que regulaban contractual y legalmente las actividades de exploración y explotación de petróleo. Lograron además crear un cartel interna-cional de empresas productoras para dividirse el mercado entre ellas e imponer a los consumidores un sistema de fijación del precio mundial del crudo.

¿Mejora la calidad de vida de pacientes con EPOC si son tratados por las enfermeras?

OpenAIRE

Vega Ramírez, Francisco Antonio; Quero Fuentes, María del Mar

2015-01-01

Cartel presentado en la Segunda Conferencia Internacional de Comunicación en Salud, celebrada el 23 de octubre de 2015 en la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Introducción: la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), afecta a la calidad de vida (CV) de las personas y origina la necesidad de acciones adicionales de autocuidado. Objetivo: conocer si existe mejora en la calidad de vida en los pacientes con EPOC que son atendidos por enfermeras. Metodología: este estudio se basa en un di...

Future US energy demands based upon traditional consumption patterns lead to requirements which significantly exceed domestic supply

Science.gov (United States)

1975-01-01

Energy consumption in the United States has risen in response to both increasing population and to increasing levels of affluence. Depletion of domestic energy reserves requires consumption modulation, production of fossil fuels, more efficient conversion techniques, and large scale transitions to non-fossile fuel energy sources. Widening disparity between the wealthy and poor nations of the world contributes to trends that increase the likelihood of group action by the lesser developed countries to achieve political and economic goals. The formation of anticartel cartels is envisioned.

Colágeno asimilable. Fuente de prevención de enfermedades osteoarticuladas

OpenAIRE

Parra Parra, Yolanda; Quesada Martínez, María Inmaculada; Pérez Collado, Elisa María

2015-01-01

Cartel presentado en la Segunda Conferencia Internacional de Comunicación en Salud, celebrada el 23 de octubre de 2015 en la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Introducción: El colágeno es la proteína más abundante de nuestro cuerpo humano y uno de sus componentes esencial de articulaciones, cartílago, ligamento, tendones, huesos, piel. Su especial estructura lo hacen único, presenta una estructura fibrosa, que aporta gran resistencia y flexibilidad a los tejidos de los que forma parte. Cu...

Es hora de un cambio. Entrevista motivacional

OpenAIRE

Fernández Morales, María Irene; Manzano Felipe, María de los Ángeles; Pérez García, Carmen

2015-01-01

Cartel presentado en la Segunda Conferencia Internacional de Comunicación en Salud, celebrada el 23 de octubre de 2015 en la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Introduccion: la entrevista motivacional fue ideada por William Miller y Steve Rollnich en 1991, con la intención de trabajar la motivación, centrándose en el paciente, ayudándolo a resolver contradicciones sobre conductas o hábitos insanos y a desarrollar habilidades propias. Se trata de una “estrategia” de asistencia directa centrad...

People as a Problem : A discourse analysis of the Favela residents´portrayal in Rio de Janeiro´s press

OpenAIRE

Kaukonen, Susanna

2012-01-01

Many Latin American countries have during the past decades experienced an increase in violence (Howard et al 2007:716). The expansion of youth gangs and drug cartels in many countries of the region, and the states policy to fight these groups with a strong fist, has created a situation bearing the characteristics of an un-proclaimed civil war, that has come to affect all social classes (ibid:719). This expansion of the problem of violence, and the notion of insecurity it brings, has resulted ...

Los beneficios de la alfabetización en salud

OpenAIRE

García García, Mª Carmen

2015-01-01

Cartel presentado en la Segunda Conferencia Internacional de Comunicación en Salud, celebrada el 23 de octubre de 2015 en la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Introducción: la alfabetización abarca la conciencia de los propios problemas y necesidades de información, y la capacidad de identificar, localizar, evaluar, organizar y crear, utilizar y comunicar con eficacia la información para afrontar las cuestiones o problemas que se presenten. De esta forma, la alfabetización para la salud est...

Lavado de manos o uso de soluciones hidroalcohólicas

OpenAIRE

Mata Castilla, Beatriz de la; Bataller Monzó, Carlos; Montiel López, Mónica

2015-01-01

Cartel presentado en la Segunda Conferencia Internacional de Comunicación en Salud, celebrada el 23 de octubre de 2015 en la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Introducción: La importancia de las infecciones nosocomiales en los hospitales, hace necesaria la intervención para conocer qué métodos son los más eficaces, y detallar hasta que punto los profesionales sanitarios cumplen con la higiene de manos, todo ello para favorecer de la seguridad del paciente. Objetivos: Conocer la eficac...

The gains and losses of collusion: An empirical research on the market behaviors of China’s power enterprises

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ruize Gao

2015-05-01

Full Text Available Purpose: Collusion is a common behavior of oligarch enterprises aiming to get an advantage in market competition. The purpose of the thesis is to use the empirical research methods to explore positive or negative effects that the electricity generation manufacturers’ collusion has caused at the macro level of Market Economy and the micro level of enterprises’ behaviors. Design/methodology/approach: The designed research model in the thesis is an extension of Porter’s model (Porter, 1984. It applies a more advanced measurement method, FIML. In the example of price bidding project that started by electricity generation enterprises of China’s power industry, the thesis analyzes the relevant price data of subordinate power plants of China’s five power generation groups in pilots of price bidding Policy. Findings: It is found in the thesis that power generation enterprises are facing collusion issues in the market. To be exact, it is such a situation in which non-cooperative competition and collusion alternate. Under the competition, market is relatively steady, thus forming a lower network price. It is helpful to the development of the whole industry. However, once Cartel is formed, the price will rise and clash with power enterprises and transmission-distribution companies concerning the interests conflicts. At the same time, a higher power price will form in the market, making consumers suffer losses. All of these are bad for industry development. Not only the collusion of power enterprises affects power price but also the market power that caused by long-time Cartel will reduce the market entrant in electricity generation. Market resources are centralized in the hands of Cartel, causing a low effective competition in the market, which has passive effects on users. Implications: The empirical research also indicates that collusion undoubtedly benefits the power enterprises that involved. As a cooperation pattern, collusion can lead to

Machos y mujeres de armas tomar. Patriarcado y subjetividad femenina en la narco-telenovela colombiana contemporánea

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Isis Giraldo

2015-06-01

Full Text Available La producción de narco-ficciones en la televisión colombiana se ha convertido recientemente en un fenómeno cultural. Si bien ha habido un interés académico creciente en la representación del tráfico de drogas y de la violencia centrales en este tipo de narrativas, la construcción de la subjetividad femenina, la performatividad del género y el sistema sexo/género dominantes en las mismas han sido generalmente pasadas por alto. Este artículo presenta un análisis de El Cartel (2008 y El Capo (2009, dos narco-telenovelas colombianas recientes muy exitosas, centrado en torno a estos asuntos. Se argumenta que tanto El Cartel como El Capo construyen sujetos femeninos que abarcan paradigmas pre-feministas, feministas y post-feministas de subjetividad. La construcción de muchos de estos sujetos femeninos, así como de los masculinos, reposan sobre nociones esencializadoras de género que ignoran la cuestión de la performatividad. Paradójicamente, otras de estas construcciones ponen de relieve esta misma performatividad. Finalmente, ambas narrativas refuerzan un discurso conservador que reifica un sistema de sexo/género patriarcal donde el sujeto femenino gira en torno al masculino y es confinado a la esfera doméstica, mientras el masculino ostenta el poder tanto el ámbito doméstico como en el privado.

The outlook for US oil dependence

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Greene, D.L.; Jones, D.W.; Leiby, P.N.

1998-01-01

Oil dependence is defined as a dynamic problem of short- and long-run market power. The potential monopoly power of an oil cartel depends on its market share and the elasticities of oil supply and demand, while the economic vulnerability of oil-consuming states depends most directly on the quantity of oil imported and the oil cost share of gross domestic product (GDP). Of these factors, only the market share of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) cartel and the rate of growth of world oil demand are clearly different than they were 25 years ago. OPEC still holds the majority of world oil and, in the future, will regain market share. A hypothetical 2-year supply reduction in 2005-2006, similar in size to those of 1973-1974 or 1979-1980, illustrates the potential benefits to OPEC and harm to the US economy of a future oil price shock. OPEC's revenues are estimated to increase by roughly $0.7 trillion, while the US economy loses about $0.5 trillion. Strategic petroleum reserves seem ineffective against a determined, multi-year supply curtailment. Increasing the market's price responsiveness by improving the technologies of oil supply and oil demand can greatly reduce the costs of oil dependence. Each element of this interpretation of the oil dependence problem is well supported by previous studies. This paper's contribution is to unite these elements into a coherent explanation and to point out the enormously important implications for energy policy. (Author)

Getting out of the game: desistance from drug trafficking.

Science.gov (United States)

Campbell, Howard; Hansen, Tobin

2012-11-01

This ethnographic study was conducted along the U.S.-Mexico border, the centre of the western hemispheric illicit drugs trade. It examines factors that encouraged or discouraged drug traffickers to "get out of the game" (a common slang reference to leaving the drug business). In-depth, life history interviews were conducted of thirty ex-traffickers in the El Paso/Ciudad Juárez area. Participants discussed their experiences exiting drug trafficking and their retrospective, often conflicted, feelings about the trade. Although leaving drug trafficking is a complex and multi-faceted process, the principle factors for study participants were (1) punishment (by authorities or other traffickers), (2) self-image and identity, (3) social ties, (4) life course changes and (5) drug use/abuse. Traffickers often want to quit, but their divided self-identities make it difficult to relinquish the power and exhilaration they derive from the illicit drugs business. Harm reduction policies are needed that address the embeddedness of trafficker identities in dense webs of family, community, street gangs and transnational cartels, and the larger society, as well as the seductive appeal of Hollywood and pro-cartel narco-media. Traffickers need pathways that allow them to exit the illicit drugs business without surrendering their identity. Prison sentences are not enough to encourage traffickers to stop-also needed are culturally sensitive policies that help traffickers get out of the game and stay out. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Explaining Variation in the Apprehension of Mexican Drug Trafficking Cartel Leaders

Science.gov (United States)

2010-06-01

modelo democratico de seguridad cuidadana: entre la justicia civica y el sistema penal,” in Transnational Crime and Public Security: Challenges to...be unlikely to fabricate for purposes of promoting itself. A review of the DEA’s Web site for press releases and histories for information regarding...Camarena, has continued to the present, as illustrated by the following excerpt drawn from the DEA’s web -site in April 2010: The DEA has

Las redes sociales como elemento a tener en cuenta en promoción de la salud

OpenAIRE

García García, Mª Carmen

2015-01-01

Cartel presentado en la Segunda Conferencia Internacional de Comunicación en Salud, celebrada el 23 de octubre de 2015 en la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Introducción: primeramente, diferenciar entre redes que existen muchas e incluyen no solo a personas sino también a objetos, y redes sociales que nos rodean en nuestro trabajo, amigos y familia. Centrándonos en las redes sociales decir que se forman cuando existe un ideal común y se consolidan cuando aparece la figura de un líder. Así...

Importancia de la tetanalgesia en la realización de técnicas dolorosas en el recién nacido

OpenAIRE

Luque López, Eva; Sanchez Pascual, María José; Muros Naranjo, María Carmen

2015-01-01

Cartel presentado en la Segunda Conferencia Internacional de Comunicación en Salud, celebrada el 23 de octubre de 2015 en la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Introducción: Hoy en día, es conocido que las estructuras que transmiten el dolor están totalmente desarrolladas antes del nacimiento, al contrario de lo que se pensaba hasta hace no mas de una década. Así pues, hay numerosos estudios que demuestran que los recién nacidos son capaces de sentir dolor e incluso tener una respuesta mas e...

Competencia enfermera en las emergencias

OpenAIRE

Vidal Salcedo, Ana

2015-01-01

Cartel presentado en la Segunda Conferencia Internacional de Comunicación en Salud, celebrada el 23 de octubre de 2015 en la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Introducción: La creación y establecimiento de los equipos de emergencias extrahospitalarias supone un avance primordial en la atención de los usuarios. Ante ésta reciente forma de atención, los enfermeros necesitan definir su ámbito de actuación para identificar de manera específica su aportación en este medio de provisión de salu...

Major recent trends in the oil industry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Babusiaux, D.

2000-01-01

The article shows how globalisation of the petroleum industry continues to expand and accelerate with a strong trend to internalisation of national companies and corporate share capital. Globalisation tends to safeguard against shortages and the dependence of the West on the Middle East. Although geopolitical factors are important, it is economic considerations that are decisive. Technological innovation is the key to boosting competitiveness and offsetting the depletion of reserves. Worldwide, energy interdependence is growing but environmental factors cannot be overlooked. The behaviour of cartels with respect to pricing is explained

La lucha contra el maltrato infantil desde el ámbito sanitario

OpenAIRE

Carmena Hernández, Ana Isabel; Vidal Salcedo, Ana; Jiménez Carabias, María del Rocío

2015-01-01

Cartel presentado en la Segunda Conferencia Internacional de Comunicación en Salud, celebrada el 23 de octubre de 2015 en la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Introducción: el maltrato infantil ha sido, y es, una preocupación mundial expresada en multitud de asambleas generales de naciones unidas, con el fin de proteger los derechos de los niños. Desde principios del siglo XX, en España se lleva generando una ley que proteja a la infancia, que fomente unos buenos cuidados y una crianza salu...

Proceso de elaboración de una revista informativa

OpenAIRE

Asitimbay Llivisaca, Lourdes Mariela; Cárdenas Espinoza, Rocío Margarita; Cuesta Pillaga, Nancy Adriana

2006-01-01

El crecimiento de los Medios de Comunicación, en particular de los medios impresos han logrado que se puedan desarrollar formas de expresión muy amplias y variadas como: periódicos, revistas, folletos, libros, carteles, etc. Entre las características principales de estos medios está la facilidad que el lector al momento de contar con información a la mano, pues esta podrá ser revisada en cualquier momento; por el simple hecho de que están impresos, mientras que otros medios de comunicación no...

Reseñas

OpenAIRE

Montalvo, Carlos Arturo; Macías, Luis Fernando; Martínez Fajardo, Carlos E.; Rodríguez Vargas, Francisco; Suárez Eugenio, Rafael; Uribe, Víctor M.; Parra Restrepo, Bernardo; Martínez Fajardo, Carlos E.; Low, Carlos; González Santos, Luis Antonio; Pinilla F., José Dagoberto

2010-01-01

El modelo neoliberal y su impacto en la sociedad colombiana. / La nueva organización capitalista mundial vista desde el Sur. l. Mundialización y acumulación. / Reingeniería en la gerencia: cómo modificar el trabajo gerencial para rediseñar con éxito. / Tras la universidad: "Ley, cartel y cascabel". / Trust: the social virtues and the creation of prosperity. / Cultura de negociación: la experiencia de la deuda externa. / The heart that bleeds: Latin America now. / Reingeniería de procesos de n...

Too Big to Control?

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Wigger, Angela; Buch-Hansen, Hubert

no formal role in the overall course of the enforcement of EU competition rules. Paradoxically, whereas cartels that reduce competition in specifically agreed areas are fiercely prosecuted, mergers and acquisitions that permanently eliminate all competition are stimulated. The Commission has legitimized its......Some of the world’s most powerful global agro-chemical companies are gearing up to join forces, which will grant them even greater control over essential food markets. Although the European Commission is tasked with the role of ‘competition watchdog’, its track record for the enforcement of merger...

La musicoterapia en neonatos como herramienta terapeútica

OpenAIRE

Montiel López, Mónica; Montiel López, Francisco Javier; Mata Castilla, Beatriz de la; Bataller Monzó, Carlos

2015-01-01

Cartel presentado en la Segunda Conferencia Internacional de Comunicación en Salud, celebrada el 23 de octubre de 2015 en la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Introducción: La musicoterapia es el uso de la música o elementos musicales con el fin de brindar soporte emocional e indirectamente un efecto relajante divergiendo la atención al dolor y al estrés. La musicoterapia es útil en el tratamiento del dolor del recién nacido, donde son manipulados frecuentemente y sometidos a procedimientos...

Entramados institucionales y delincuencia. El caso de Michoacán, México

OpenAIRE

Jerjes Aguirre Ochoa; Perla Barbosa Muñoz

2012-01-01

A pesar de la emergencia social que ha significado la inseguridad en México existe poco debate académico sobre las políticas públicas que deben darse en el corto y mediano plazo para resolver el problema. Desde la perspectiva del Estado Federal Mexicano, la médula de la inseguridad la constituye la alta demanda de drogas en los Estados Unidos que alienta el crecimiento de carteles delincuenciales dedicados al tráfico de enervantes. En esta misma perspectiva, la facilidad en tráfico de armas d...

De la inseguridad a la incertidumbre: el desplazamiento forzado interno en el noroeste de México

OpenAIRE

Carlos Emilio Ibarra Montero

2014-01-01

Este artículo presenta las características del desplazamiento forzado interno en el noroeste de México, caso especíco de Sinaloa; parte de la idea de que el individuo ve trastocada su identidad en tres momentos: antes, durante y después, y su finalidad es entender el proceso de desplazamiento hacia las ciudades, de miles de familias provenientes de zonas rurales, que, como consecuencia del conflicto entre Estado y carteles de la droga, son ultrajadas y transgredidos sus derechos y, por lo tan...

The oil price outlook in 1993 and beyond

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Himona, I.

1993-01-01

The current reality appears to be that with spare capacity at a minimum, oil prices are truly market determined. OPEC's actual and perceived influence is much reduced, and in the absence of the cartel, in view of weak demand and fears about potential Iraqi return, the market's tendency is to push prices down. On the basis of ''good, old fashioned extrapolation'', if the current spare capacity of 5 percent is enough to depress prices, then the forecast excess capacity of 19 per cent by 1996 will certainly achieve as much - if not more. (author)

Belleza y olimpismo

OpenAIRE

Balius i Juli, Ramon

2000-01-01

La portada de este número de APUNTS la ocupa una figura deportiva, una gimnasta, por dos motivos. El primero y principal, por la extraordinaria belleza de la composición, el segundo, para homenajear modestamente al Olimpismo. Recordemos que esta revista corresponde al mes de Septiembre actual y que durante este mes se han estado celebrando en Sydney los Juegos Olímpicos de la XXVIII Olimpiada de la era moderna. La obra pictórica, que creemos bien merecería figurar en el cartel oficial de unos...

Impacto de la violencia en la sexualidad de la mujer

OpenAIRE

Liñán Urbano, Laura; Díaz Ortega, María del Mar; Zúñiga Estévez, Lucia

2015-01-01

Cartel presentado en la Segunda Conferencia Internacional de Comunicación en Salud, celebrada el 23 de octubre de 2015 en la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Introducción: El maltrato es un problema social que frecuentemente se ha relacionado con un importante impacto en la sexualidad de la mujer a corto y largo plazo. Objetivo: Determinar cómo influye en nivel de autoestima sobre la función sexual en mujeres maltratadas de las provincias de Almería, Málaga y Sevilla. Metodología: ...

OPEC: 10 years later

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

1983-09-01

This paper summarizes the trends and developments in the OPEC cartel since the Arab oil boycott. It discusses the economic developments among OPEC countries and the impacts on the US economy caused price increases. It discusses the adjustments the US and other world markets are making to cut the amounts of oil consumption. The paper also goes on to discuss the effects of a possible Persian Gulf cut-off of oil to the US and US allies. The effects of falling oil prices on Arab oil producers as compared to benefits are compared.

La influencia del marketing y la publicidad en la alimentación infantil: Los niños como objetivo

OpenAIRE

Polo Esteban, Henar

2016-01-01

El marketing y la publicidad se iniciaron en España a finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX mediante los carteles, pero el marketing y la publicidad alimentaria con target infantil se han desarrollado a partir de las últimas décadas del siglo XX. El estudio de las características psicológicas y mentales de los niños, por parte de los publicistas de las empresas agroalimentarias, ha llevado a la segmentación del mercado siguiendo un criterio demográfico, ya que se ha puesto de manifiest...

Violencias en el Norte de México: el caso de Ciudad Juárez

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Alberto Aziz Nassif

2014-06-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo se hace un análisis de los diferentes tipos de violencia que se generan en la crisis de una ciudad que fue abatida por las bandas del narcotráfico en la frontera de México con Estados Unidos. Hay efecto combinado de guerra entre cárteles por el control de la plaza, que se mezcla con la mala estrategia de enfrentamiento y la penetración de los cuerpos policíacos, lo que da como resultado una amplia destrucción de personas, familias y espacios. Las violencias se construyen porque hay causas estructurales, como el modelo de ciudad, porque hay una deficiente presencia del Estado y por una estrategia de guerra entre cárteles. Todo esto produce la crisis de violencia que se vive en Ciudad Juárez.   Abstract   This paper provides an analysis of the different types of violence that are generated in the crisis of a city that was shot down by drug gangs in Mexico’s border with the United States. The combined effects of the war between cartels for control of the square, mixed with the bad strategy of confrontation and the penetration of the police forces give as a result extensive destruction of individuals, families and spaces. Violence is built because there are structural causes such as the city’s model, because there is a weak State presence and war strategy between cartels. All this results in the violence crisis that exists in Ciudad Juarez.

Impacto de las corporaciones y organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro en la gobernabilidad en Medellín

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Efraín José Martínez Meneses

2011-07-01

Full Text Available Resumen:La transferencia del poder que ha venido ocurriendo desde hace 30 años en Medellín y concretamente en sus comunas deprimidas, ha evidenciado el olvido al que sometió el Estado a los barrios estigmatizados por el flagelo del narcotráfico. Es precisamente toda esta organización criminal de los llamados capos de la droga, la que paulatinamente ha venido dejando el poder a la deriva, y la recuperación del mismo se ha realizado con herramientas sociales provenientes de entidades sin ánimo de lucro que a través de programas de ayuda y educación han arrebatado a los aún persistentes carteles del narcotráfico, gran cantidad de miembros y posibles miembros.Palabras clave:Corporación social, derechos humanos, ONG, emprendimiento social, educación.Abstract:The transfer of power has been happening for 30 years in Medellin and specifically in their communes depressed, it became obvious oblivion to which the state submitted to the neighborhoods stigmatized by the scourge of drug trafficking. It is precisely all this criminal organization called drug lords, which have been gradually leaving the power to drift, and its recovery has been made with social tools from nonprofit organizations through programs that help and education have taken the drug cartels still persistent, large numbers of members and potential members.Palabras clave:Corporación social, derechos humanos, ONG, emprendimiento social, educación.

Técnicas de relajación en comunicación enfermera

OpenAIRE

García García, Mª Carmen

2015-01-01

Cartel presentado en la Segunda Conferencia Internacional de Comunicación en Salud, celebrada el 23 de octubre de 2015 en la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Introducción: las técnicas de relajación son procedimientos cuyo objetivo principal es enseñar a la persona a controlar su propio nivel de activación a través de ejercicios basados en la modificación directa de las condiciones fisiológicas sin ayuda de recursos externos. Las técnicas de relajación tienden a aumentar la actividad paras...

Factores que influyen en la comunicación enfermero-paciente

OpenAIRE

García García, Mª Carmen

2015-01-01

Cartel presentado en la Segunda Conferencia Internacional de Comunicación en Salud, celebrada el 23 de octubre de 2015 en la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Introducción: la comunicación es una transferencia de informaciones de un individuo a otro y un proceso continuo y dinámico. Es decir, es el proceso por el que el emisor manifiesta al receptor su forma de captar, sentir y vivir la realidad y lo que espera de él; y el receptor refleja lo que ha captado del emisor a nivel de lenguaje ve...

Actividad física a través de la telerehabilitación en el cáncer de mama: Una revisión de la literatura

OpenAIRE

Roldán Jiménez, Cristina

2017-01-01

Cartel presentado en el 3er Congreso Internacional de Comunicación en Salud (3ICHC), celebrado los días 19 y 20 de octubre de 2017 en la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. En 2015, los nuevos casos de cáncer de mama (CM) representaron un 29%, mientras que las mortalidades asociadas al cáncer representaron un 15% de todos los cánceres en mujeres 1. Por otro lado, se sabe que la inactividad física está asociada con un aumento de probabilidad de desarrollo de CM 2,3, mientras que la actividad ...

Experiencia en el seguimiento de la alimentación de población paquistaní diabética

OpenAIRE

Fructuoso González, Elisabeth; Calpe Cristino, Ainhoa; Ochando Aymerich, Montserrat; Rodero Nuño, Montserrat; Hidalgo Ortiz, Manuela; Chueco Ochando, Aida; Pérez-Hervada Maestre, María; Grau Bartomeu, Jordi; Plaza Espuña, Isabel

2015-01-01

Cartel presentado en la Segunda Conferencia Internacional de Comunicación en Salud, celebrada el 23 de octubre de 2015 en la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Introducción: Trabajo realizado en el marco de un Ensayo Clínico Aleatorizado multicéntrico desarrollado en 3 Centros de Salud: Besòs y Raval Sud de Barcelona, y Fondo de Santa Coloma de Gramenet, sobre ”Efectividad de una dieta adaptada a los hábitos culinarios de la población paquistaní en el grado de control metabólico de la diabet...

The arch oil price manipulators

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Anon.

1998-01-01

First set up in 1960, OPEC has become a highly successful cartel and a key player on the world geopolitical scene. Through quotas and dragooning its members, it has maintained the world price of oil at a level much higher than the marginal cost of new oil from the largest producers by holding off new supplies which might otherwise have flooded the market. The two main factors which have made this persistent success possible are examined. They are OPEC's very low production costs vis-a-vis its competitors and the extent of the organisation's shut-in, low-cost reserves. (UK)

ARE. Regional energy supplies - progress report 2000-2001; ARE. Regionale Energieversorgung 2000-2001. Taetigkeitsbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2002-05-01

The ARE progress report discusses the following issues: Economic development and its effects on power supply; Deregulation of the electricity and gas market; Competition between regional utilities; Energy policy of the new German government; European regulations; Legislation on energy supply; Energy supply and cartel law; Regional supply in the East German states. [German] Der Taetigkeitsbericht der ARE befasst sich mit folgenden Themen: Gesamtwirtschaftliche Entwicklung und ihre Auswirkung auf die Energiewirtschaft, Oeffnung des Monopoles fuer Strom und Gas, Wettbewerb der regionalen Energieversorger, Energiepolitik der neuen Bundesregierung, Europaeische Richtlininen, energiewirtschaftsrecht, Versorgungswirtschaft und Kartellrecht und der Regionalversorgung in den neuen Bundeslaendern.

Desi(g)nquitante. Aportaciones del diseño Gráfico y de moda a una iconografía contemporánea

OpenAIRE

SOUSA PINTO VIEIRA, MARIA ESTELA DE

2016-01-01

Exactamente por el interés en cuanto a la transmisión de mensajes a través la triada t-shirt (camiseta)-cartel-moda en cuanto a vehículos emitentes de información, surgió la necesidad de indagar en la evolución de la vestimenta a lo largo del tiempo, confeccionando así una cronología de la trascendencia comunicativa del vestuario. Ello nos ha llevado, indefectiblemente, a constatar la transformación que se opera en este campo hasta alcanzar el concepto de "moda" en cuanto a vehículo de comuni...

Handbook of natural resource and energy economics. Volume III

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kneese, A.V.; Sweeney, J.L.

1993-01-01

The last of a three-volume series of handbooks focuses on the economics of energy, minerals and exhaustible resources, and the forecasting issues. The relationship between energy, the environment and economic growth is also examined. Chapter headings are: economic theory of depletable resources; the optimal use of exhaustible resources; intertemporal consistency issues in depletable resources; buying energy and non-fuel minerals; mineral resource stocks and information; strategies for modelling exhaustible resource supply; natural resources in an age of substitutability; natural resource cartels; the economics of energy security; natural resource use and the environment; and energy, the environment and economic growth

Estudio descriptivo de la dieta de pacientes diabéticos paquistaníes durante el Ramadán

OpenAIRE

Calpe Cristino, Ainhoa; Fructuoso González, Elisabeth; Ochando Aymerich, Montserrat; Rodero Nuño, Montserrat; Hidalgo Ortiz, Manuela; Chueco Ochando, Aida; Pérez-Hervada Maestre, María; Grau Bartomeu, Jordi; Plaza Espuña, Isabel

2015-01-01

Cartel presentado en la Segunda Conferencia Internacional de Comunicación en Salud, celebrada el 23 de octubre de 2015 en la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Introducción: A propósito de un estudio de investigación: “Efectividad de una dieta adaptada a los hábitos culinarios de la población paquistaní en el grado de control metabólico de la diabetes”, ensayo clínico aleatorizado multicéntrico (desarrollado en tres Equipos de Atención Primaria (EAP): EAP Fondo en Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E...

Mecanismos para combatir la colusión en licitaciones: efectos de las decisiones sancionatorias sobre el proceso licitatorio en Colombia

OpenAIRE

Ramírez Duarte, Olga Lucia

2012-01-01

El trabajo constituye en primer lugar, un ejercicio importante de recopilación y sistematización de la regulación existente en materia de competencia, y en especial, de la colusión en licitaciones como una de las prácticas restrictivas de la Competencia. De igual forma, contiene un análisis microeconómico de un cartel, a efectos de explicar las razones que lo promueven y lo desestimulan. Luego de ello, se hace un análisis profundo de las normas específicas en la materia, contenidas en el Decr...

OPEC: 10 years after the Arab oil boycott

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Cooper, M.H.

1983-09-23

OPEC's dominance over world oil markets is waning 10 years after precipitating world-wide energy and economic crises. The 1979 revolution in Iran and the start of the Iranian-Iraqi war in 1980 introduced a second shock that caused oil importers to seek non-OPEC supplies and emphasize conservation. No breakup of the cartel is anticipated, however, despite internal disagreements over production and price levels. Forecasters see OPEC as the major price setter as an improved economy increases world demand for oil. Long-term forecasts are even more optimistic. 24 references, 2 figures, 2 tables. (DCK)

Regional power supply in 1998-1999. Progress report of the association of regional utilities - Arbeitsgemeinschaft regionaler Energieversorgungs-Unternehmen - ARE e.V.; Regionale Energieversorgung 1998-1999. Taetigkeitsbericht der Arbeitsgemeinschaft regionaler Energieversorgungs-Unternehmen - ARE - e.V.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2000-04-01

The ARE progress report discusses the following issues: Economic development and its effects on power supply; Deregulation of the electricity and gas market; Competition between regional utilities; Energy policy of the new German government; European regulations; Legislation on energy supply; Energy supply and cartel law; Regional supply in the East German states. [German] Der Taetigkeitsbericht der ARE befasst sich mit folgenden Themen: Gesamtwirtschaftliche Entwicklung und ihre Auswirkung auf die Energiewirtschaft, Oeffnung des Monopoles fuer Strom und Gas, Wettbewerb der regionalen Energieversorger, Energiepolitik der neuen Bundesregierung, Europaeische Richtlininen, energiewirtschaftsrecht, Versorgungswirtschaft und Kartellrecht und der Regionalversorgung in den neuen Bundeslaendern.

Las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TICs) en Ciencias de la Salud

OpenAIRE

Guedes Arbelo, Chaxiraxi; Martos López, Isabel María; Sánchez Guisado, María del Mar

2015-01-01

Cartel presentaoa en la Segunda Conferencia Internacional de Comunicación en Salud, celebrada el 23 de octubre de 2015 en la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Introducción: Las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TICs) se pueden definir como el conjunto de recursos, procedimientos y técnicas cuya finalidad es el procesamiento, almacenamiento y trasmisión de la información. La incorporación de las TICs en Ciencias de la Salud han supuesto un avance en la organización y gestión d...

Competition And Antitrust Law In Ecuadorian Constitution

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Marcelo Marín Sevilla

2013-01-01

Full Text Available This work allows us to establish the Economic Constitution and the Competition Law (C.L in the Constitution. Additionally, the paper analyzes whether the rules outlined in the C. L. and in doctrine are consistent and appropriate with the Constitution of Ecuador. The Competition and Antitrust Laws has rules for investigating and punishing the cartels, the abuses of power market (dominant position, the rules for merger control, the behaviors of Abuse of economic dependence, and unfair competition behaviors. Always the Antitrust Authority will analyze these behaviors in terms of welfare of both: the consumer and the market.

The Political Economy of World Heavyweight Boxing during the Great Depression

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Vlad ROŞCA

2012-01-01

Full Text Available The purpose of the paper is to show how boxing managed to remain an affordable and consumable good for the USAmerican citizens in the times of the Great Depression of 1929-1933, when industrial production was closing. Moreover, while other economic activities faced problems, boxing continued to produce money. The research analyzes the economic market of professional heavyweight boxing, presenting some of the tools that helped promoters produce and sell the fight shows to the consumers – like price discrimination and cartel agreements, for example, and, thus, helped generating incomes and assured money circulation in the economy.

Reframing Financial Sector Identity: Options For Reducing Mexican Drug Cartel Economic Power

Science.gov (United States)

2012-01-18

gas stations, hotels, clothing stores, self-service stores, cellular telephone retailers, transnational franchises , night clubs, discotheques, car...dealers, auto repair shops, restaurants , real estate for land, ranches, and farms, as well as financial investments. . . . 7 Each of these issues

By Land, Sea, or Air A Comparative Analysis of Cartel Smuggling Strategies

Science.gov (United States)

2017-06-01

affected by the United States’ actions to counter drug smuggling. According to Watt and Zepeda, “By 1914 counternarcotic legislation in the United...Colombia’s interior, $5,500 to $7,000 at Colombian ports, and $24,000 to $27,000 wholesale on the street in the United States depending on the...http://www.overview.uscg.mil/ Missions/. 182 Ibid. 183 Ibid. 48 environmental protection; and [I]ce operations.”184 In order for USCG personnel

Market-sharing approach to the world nuclear sales problem

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ribicoff, A.A.

1976-01-01

The recent decisions by West Germany and France to sell nuclear fuel facilities to Brazil and Pakistan, respectively, mark the first sharp divergence by major industrial nations from long-established U.S. nonproliferation policy. Thus far, the U.S. has been ineffective in seeking to persuade Germany and France not to proceed with them. This indicates a serious weakness in the execution of American nonproliferation policy, which if left uncorrected, could result in the rapid spread of nuclear weapons material and capability around the world. It is clear that complex problems are raised by the concept of market-sharing. A principal advocate, Dr. Lawrence Scheinman from ERDA, says that traditional arguments against market-sharing do not qualify as reasons against the concept. He does identify three basic arguments against market-sharing, which the author discusses in this article, namely: (1) reactor market-sharing is contrary to U.S. anti-cartel policy and in violation of antitrust laws; (2) other nuclear supplier countries would reject a market-sharing arrangement; and (3) the recipient countries of the Third World would view it as a nuclear cartel and refuse to do business with it. The author advocates that at the very least, the U.S. should enter the next round of supplier negotiations prepared to propose multinational arrangements for closing the commercial nuclear fuel cycle and for making all weapons-grade material generated by the fuel cycle unavailable to any nation on a sovereign basis. The U.S. should also make clear that it would view with the gravest concern the continuation of the present export policies of West Germany and France

In the Line of Fire: The Construction of Masculinity among Tamaulipan Youth Linked to Drugs Trafficking

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Rosío Córdova Plaza

2017-02-01

Full Text Available This article seeks to examine the conditions in which masculinity is constructed among the young men known as «falcons» engaged in surveillance and security for drug cartels. It analyses the ethnographic experience collected in two scenarios: Ciudad de Mante in the state of Tamaulipas and the Coatzacoalcos prison in Veracruz. We show methods of recruitment and operations, the roles these young men play and what their work means for their gender identities. We also reflect on ethnography in contexts of violence and suggest tools like cyberethnography and websites specializing in the issue with discussion forums, as a direct source of information for individuals outside the law.

El cerebro humano y sus productos. El origen del arte desde una perspectiva neurocientífica

OpenAIRE

Fernández-Alonso, M. Carmen; Platón, María

2015-01-01

Cartel anunciador de la charla; Presentación del ciclo de charlas “Jam Science-Divulgación Científica” celebrada en esta ocasión en Santander en el Bar Canela (Plaza de Cañadio 5) dentro de la Semana de la Ciencia de 20:00 a 21:30h.Con la colaboración de la Unidad de Cultura Científica y de la Innovación. Ponente: Dr. Manuel Martin-Loeches.Profesor de psicobiología de la UCM. Director de la Sección de Neurociencia Cognitiva del Centro de Evolución y Comportamiento Humano (UCMISCIII).Grabación...

The Economic Effect of Competition in the Air Transportation Industry

Science.gov (United States)

Hubbard, H. B.

1972-01-01

The air transportation industry has been described as a highly-competitive, regulated oligopoly or as a price-regulated cartel with blocked entry, resulting in excessive service and low load factors. The current structure of the industry has been strongly influenced by the hypotheses that increased levels of competition are desirable per se, and that more competing carriers can be economically supported in larger markets, in longer haul markets, with lower unit costs, and with higher fare levels. An elementary application of competition/game theory casts doubt on the validity of these hypotheses, but rather emphasizes the critical importance of the short-term non-variable costs in determining economic levels of competition.

Elliott Erwitt : "Personal Best"

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Guillemette Minisclou

2010-10-01

Full Text Available Le photographe américain Elliott Erwitt expose à la MEP une sélection de ses travaux intitulée « Personal Best » ou « le meilleur de ses photographies personnelles ».Si les cartels ne précisent ni le format ni le type de tirages, l’exposition réunit un ensemble éclectique de photographies exclusivement noir et blanc (à l’exception de la dernière image représentant la cérémonie d’investiture du président Barack Obama en janvier 2009. Cette rétrospective oscille entre différents genres photogr...

Tax havens or tax hells? A discussion of the historical roots and present consequences of tax havens

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ana Margarida Raposo

2013-09-01

Full Text Available Tax havens are not recent phenomena. However, in contrast to historical precedents, tax havens in the age of mobile capital allow for non-consensual transfers and are not profitable for every citizen. We discuss the four main groups of tax havens (former Western possessions, sovereign nations, countries controlled by cartels, and emerging economies. This article also synthesizes the history of tax havens and describes their current heterogeneity, discussing the main methods available to regulate tax haven flows. Some of the most efficient methods involve unilateral measures (such as the Fiscal Transparency of Outland Societies but also encompass multilateral measures (such as Tax Harmonization and the Request for Information.

Application of Core Theory to the Airline Industry

Science.gov (United States)

Raghavan, Sunder

2003-01-01

Competition in the airline industry has been fierce since the industry was deregulated in 1978. The proponents of deregulation believed that more competition would improve efficiency and reduce prices and bring overall benefits to the consumer. In this paper, a case is made based on core theory that under certain demand and cost conditions more competition can actually lead to harmful consequences for industries like the airline industry or cause an empty core problem. Practices like monopolies, cartels, price discrimination, which is considered inefficient allocation of resources in many other industries, can actually be beneficial in the case of the airline industry in bringing about an efficient equilibrium.

THE FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL GLOBAL CARTELS OF THE 1990s: OVERVIEW AND UPDATE

OpenAIRE

John M. Connor

2002-01-01

“Greed is good.” --Gordon Gecko in Wall Street (1987) “Greed Is Bad.”--Paul Krugman, The New York Times, June 4, 2002 “For many years, Archer Daniels Midland Co.’s philosophy of customer relations could be summed up by a quote from former ADM President James Randall: ‘Our competitors are out friends. Our customers are the enemy.’ This motto animated the company’s business dealings and ultimately led to blatant violations of U.S. antitrust law, a guilty plea and a staggering criminal fine agai...

The COIN Approach to Mexican Drug Cartels: Square Peg in a Round Hole

Science.gov (United States)

2011-10-28

manual “has become a coffee -table staple in Washington,” even leading to the appearance of one of its drafters, LTC John Nagl, on The Daily Show with... obsession with COIN. One thing, however, seems clear: given the still-speculative nature of the narco- insurgency paradigm, neither we nor the Mexican

Estrategias políticas para el tratamiento de las drogas ilegales en Colombia / Political Strategies for Treating Illegal Drugs in Colombia

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

ebastián Quintero

2013-09-01

Full Text Available Para la década del noventa, la institucionalidad en Colombia se encontraba vulnerada frente a grandes carteles que traficaban y comercializaban con narcóticos. Fue en este contexto en el cual surgió el Plan Colombia, estrategia para recuperar la institucionalidad, reducir los cultivos ilícitos de coca y amapola, debilitar la economía de los grupos ilegales insurgentes, y finalmente recuperar la confianza inversionista. Hoy 13 años después de implementado el Plan, los cultivos ilícitos han tenido una disminución pero persisten, el tráfico y el comercio de psicoactivos han mutado y el consumo se ha incrementado, por lo tanto se cuenta con una necesidad social manifiesta por abordajes que realmente procuren un desarrollo sostenible y que den respuesta a una demanda comunitaria por acciones que procuren la prevención, la atención, el tratamiento y la rehabilitación de las personas, con servicios de salud adecuados. During the 1990's, institutionality in Colombia was negatively affected by large drug-dealing cartels. It was in this context where the Plan Colombia was born. This plan was a strategy to recover institutionality, reduce illegal coca and poppy plantations, weaken the economy of illegal insurgent groups, and restore investor confidence. Today, 13 years after the implementation of the Plan, the amount of illegal plantations has decreased. However they are still present, the traffic and trade of psychoactive substances have evolved, and consumption has increased. Therefore, there is now an evident societal need for strategies which address these issues that truly lead to sustainable development. Likewise, the community requires actions aimed at preventing this issue and promoting the care, treatment, and rehabilitation of those affected by this reality while providing adequate healthcare service

Las estrategias de los partidos políticos españoles hacia las organizaciones sociales

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Verge, Tània

2007-12-01

Full Text Available This article analyses the strategies used by the three state-level Spanish political parties (Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party, Popular Party and United Left in relation to civil society and their evolution during the period 1977-2004. It will be shown that competition and co-optation were replaced by different collaboration mechanisms along the 1990s. On the one hand, collaboration might be functional to electoral mobilization and, on the other hand, it facilitates the obtaining of the necessary inputs to elaborate party manifestos. Furthermore, it reinforces parties’ credibility before the electorate regarding their commitment to certain social demands. Against the cartel party thesis, access to public financing is compatible with a new rapprochement to society.

En este artículo se analizan las estrategias utilizadas por los tres partidos políticos españoles de ámbito estatal (PSOE, PP e IU en relación con la sociedad civil organizada y su evolución en el período 1977-2004. Se demostrará que las estrategias de competición y cooptación cedieron paso a partir de los años noventa a distintas fórmulas de colaboración con las organizaciones sociales. Por un lado, esta última estrategia puede ser funcional a la movilización electoral y, por otro, facilita la obtención de los inputs necesarios para elaborar los programas electorales. Asimismo, permite a los partidos hacer creíble ante el electorado su compromiso con ciertas demandas sociales y recuperar cierta legitimidad pública. En contra de las tesis del cartel party, el acceso a la financiación pública resulta compatible con un nuevo acercamiento a la sociedad.

Labor Migration, Drug Trafficking Organizations, and Drug Use: Major Challenges for Transnational Communities in Mexico

Science.gov (United States)

González, Laura

2009-01-01

In our article, we present the recent findings of our ethnographic field study on drug use and the emergence of a drug use culture in transnational communities in Mexico. Transnational communities are part of a larger migratory labor circuit that transcends political borders and are not restricted to a single locality. Transnational migrants and returning immigrants link the multiple localities through their social networks. In southern Guanajuato, Mexico, using a transnational migration paradigm, we examined the manner in which transnational migration and drug trafficking organizations are contributing to a growing drug problem in these communities. We found that transnational migrants and returning immigrants, including deported workers, introduce drugs and drug use practices, and contribute to the creation of a drug use culture within the communities. The social conditions in the community that foster and proliferate drug use are many: the erosion of the traditional family, truncated kinship bases, and new social formations. These conditions are all consequences of migration and emigration. Recent drug cartel activities are also contributing to this growing drug problem. The cartels have aggressively targeted these communities because of availability of money, existing drug use, a drug use culture, and the breakdown of traditional deterrents to substance abuse. Although a number of communities in three municipalities were part of our study, we focus on two: Lindavista, a rancho, Progreso, a municipal seat. Our field study in Mexico, one of four sequential ethnographic field studies conducted in Guanajuato and Pennsylvania, was completed over a six month period, from September, 2008, through February, 2009, using traditional ethnography. The four field studies are part of a larger, ongoing, three-year bi-national study on drug use among transnational migrants working in southeastern Pennsylvania. This larger study, near its third and final year, is funded by the

Trade Liberalization and the Degree of Competition in International Duopoly

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Ashournia, Damoun; Hansen, Per Svejstrup; Hansen, Jonas Worm

2013-01-01

This paper analyzes how a reduction in trade costs influences the possibility for firms to engage in international cartels, and hence how trade liberalization affects the degree of competition. We consider a particular intra-industry trade model amended to allow for firms producing differentiated...... products. Our main finding is that trade liberalization may have an anti-competitive effect. We find that there is no unique relation between a reduction in trade costs and the degree of competition. When products are differentiated, a lowering of trade costs is pro-competitive if trade costs are initially...... high, but anti-competitive if trade costs initially are low. Hence, trade policy is not necessarily a substitute for competition policy...

Developments on the European energy market. Part 1. Natural gas supply. Extra import covers growing natural gas demand in Europe

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Van Gelder, J.W.

2000-01-01

This first part of a series on developments in the European gas market features the growth in gas supply. 35% of the gas demand must be covered from sources outside Europe. For the future additional imports are required from countries such as the Russian Federation, Algeria and Nigeria. Over the next few years the artificial link between ga and oil prices will disappear, bringing the gas price to a structurally lower level. It will be of crucial importance that gas suppliers will not be able to form cartels to keep prices high. All competing projects will curb price increases on the European market, but will definitely result in more freedom of choice for European natural gas consumers

DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL PARTIES AND PARTY FUNDING: MODELS AND CHARACTERISTICS

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Hrvoje MATAKOVIC

2015-03-01

Full Text Available The first modern political parties were formed at the end of the 18th century and have, from those times up to now, undergone 4 developing phases; each of the phases is bound to ideal-type political party model: cadre parties, mass parties, catch-all parties and cartel parties. Each of these party models differentiates in various characteristics: party foundation, number of members, and way of leading the election campaigns, but also in ways of financing. This paper describes the above mentioned 4 phases of political parties’ development and 4 phases of parties' finances development; it will be analysed in detail positive and negative sides of each of the models of party financing.

Violência e sociedade em Festa no Covil, de Juan Pablo Villalobos

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Andre Rezende Benatti

2014-12-01

Full Text Available O presente artigo tem como objetivo uma leitura da violência no romance Festa no Covil, do escritor mexicano Juan Pablo Villalobos. Abordaremos dentre outras questões como a violência se torna parte da rotina do pequeno narrador do romance, Tochtli, tornando-se não mais uma surpresa ou estranheza ou repulsa, mas algo corriqueiro que o acompanha diariamente. No romance, Tochtli é o herdeiro de um cartel de narcotráfico e é criado em um meio no qual a violência está tão presente que o menino não a percebe. Para a leitura nos valeremos de conceitos de Ronaldo Lima Lins (1990 e José Ovejero (2012.

Awarding legal and Union legal specifications for the routing and operation of district heating pipelines in the public street space; Vergabe- und unionsrechtliche Vorgaben fuer die Verlegung und den Betrieb von Fernwaermeleitungen im oeffentlichen Strassenraum

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Reidt, Olaf

2012-08-15

The contribution under consideration deals with the question which requirements arise from the national competition and procurement law under EU law for the construction, the continued existence and operation of district heating pipes in public streets. In particular, the question will be whether the planned signing of a concession agreement or the imminent expiry of a fixed-term concession agreement are to be made known throughout the Union. Various constellations in the district heating sector will comment on whether the EU law procurement directives require the compliance with the antitrust laws. Then the requirements of the European primary law are presented for such cases in which the public procurement directives and the cartel procurement law are not relevant.

De la inseguridad a la incertidumbre: el desplazamiento forzado interno en el noroeste de México

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Carlos Emilio Ibarra Montero

2014-11-01

Full Text Available Este artículo presenta las características del desplazamiento forzado interno en el noroeste de México, caso especíco de Sinaloa; parte de la idea de que el individuo ve trastocada su identidad en tres momentos: antes, durante y después, y su finalidad es entender el proceso de desplazamiento hacia las ciudades, de miles de familias provenientes de zonas rurales, que, como consecuencia del conflicto entre Estado y carteles de la droga, son ultrajadas y transgredidos sus derechos y, por lo tanto, marginadas por instituciones estatales e internacionales, pues pasan de la inseguridad a la incertidumbre que las ciudades de destino les imponen.

Progress report 1978/79

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This report emphasizes a few central points of interest to be found in the activities of the VIK whose tasks are primarily to promote in general the energy industry, unholding its members common interests in energy management. The following subjects are dealt with: 1. Avoidance of a power gap as a common task for industry and politics 2. Power industry legislation, legislation governing power supply contracts, cartel laws, legislation governing the protection against nuisances, and water legislation 3. Power generation and fuels and 4. Further developments in the field of steam generators and power plants, focusing especially nuclear power stations. The final part of the report is dedicated to the cooperation between members and to public relations. (UA) [de

Technological and economic changes challenging legislation. Proceedings. Wandlungen in Technik und Wirtschaft als Herausforderung des Rechts. Referate und Diskussionsbeitraege

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Scholz, R [ed.

1985-01-01

The publication abstracted reports on the meeting of 'young persons trained in the law in dialogue with the economy', which took place in November 1984 in Berlin. It contains a number of papers and contributions dealing with the following subjects: Pollution laws - autonomy or governmental supervision. Competition, cartels, protection of consumers and liabilities of the producer; information technologies and the media; independence, the submission to law and threatened situation of private autonomy. The meeting intended to review the interdisciplinary discussion between technology, economy and legislation. 3 papers have been abstracted separately: An introductory contribution on 'technology and legislation' by R. Lukes as well as two papers belonging to subject 1 - pollution laws - autonomy or governmental supervision. (HSCH).

Rationality and contradictions in the competition for concessions. A (second) contribution to the Joint Practical Guide of the German Federal Cartel Office and Federal Network Agency for the allocation of electricity and gas concession tolerated and to change the concessionaire of 21 May 2015; Rationalitaet und Widersprueche im Wettbewerb um Konzessionen. Ein (zweiter) Beitrag zum Gemeinsamen Leitfaden von Bundeskartellamt und Bundesnetzagentur zur Vergabe von Strom- und Gaskonzessionsvertraegen und zum Wechsel des Konzessionsnehmers vom 21. Mai 2015

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Steinbeck, David; Templin, Wolf [Boos Hummel und Wegerich Rechtsanwaelte, Berlin (Germany)

2015-08-15

This article follows to an essay in the ZNER of 2011 (S. 121 et seq.) for the first Joint Practical Guide of the Federal Network Agency (BNetzA) and Federal Cartel Office (FCO) from the year 2010, in which the authors had attested authorities a good ''step towards to more competition ''. In the essay is examined and shown that the Joint practical guide from the year 2010 this target could meet and what effect the now in its second edition newly revised guidelines on competition to distribution networks may have. The revision of the guidelines will be given to municipalities further action assistance to the hand, but - with few exceptions - only reproduces the jurisprudence of the staked legal framework. One proposed solution for the more diverse existing problems remains undone, whereas new problem areas are put up in several places. Nevertheless, the will of the authorities is to recognize, to avoid legal problems in the concession process and net acquisitions from the outset. [German] Dieser Beitrag knuepft an einen Aufsatz in der ZNER 2011 (S. 121 ff.) zum ersten Gemeinsamen Leitfaden von Bundesnetzagentur (BNetzA) und Bundeskartellamt (BKartA) aus dem Jahre 2010 an, in dem die Autoren den Behoerden einen richtigen ''Schritt hin zu mehr Wettbewerb'' attestiert hatten. In der Abhandlung wird untersucht und dargestellt, ob der Gemeinsame Leitfaden aus dem Jahr 2010 diesem Ziel gerecht werden konnte und welche Auswirkungen der nunmehr in der zweiten Auflage neu ueberarbeitete Leitfaden auf den Wettbewerb um Verteilnetze haben kann. Die Ueberarbeitung des Leitfadens wird den Kommunen eine weitere Handlungshilfe an die Hand gegeben, die aber - bis auf wenige Ausnahmen - den durch die Rechtsprechung abgesteckten Rechtsrahmen nur wiedergibt. Ein Loesungsvorschlag fuer die noch vielfaeltig bestehenden Probleme unterbleibt, wohingegen an mehreren Stellen neue Problemfelder aufgemacht werden. Gleichwohl ist der Wille der Behoerden

A Cartel that Lasts for Centuries: The Case of the Eastern Orthodox Church Indulgences

OpenAIRE

Axarloglou, Kostas; Cabolis, Christos; Chrissidis, Nikos

2012-01-01

In this paper, we present a non-conventional case of collusive behavior and tactics that last for centuries. In particular, we focus on the process through which the Patriarchates of the Eastern Orthodox Church (specifically, those of Constantinople, Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alexandria) distributed indulgences to believers in their jurisdictions during the period between the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries. By employing a wide variety of primary sources such as correspondence among the...

To the punishability of manipulations of the trade at the electricity market EEX in Leipzig; Zur Strafbarkeit von Manipulationen des Handels an der Stromboerse EEX in Leipzig

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Jahn, Matthias [Erlangen-Nuernberg Univ. (Germany). Lehrstuhl fuer Strafrecht und Strafprozessrecht

2009-01-15

The reproaches of the manipulation of the price formation at the electricity market EEX (Leipzig, Federal Republic of Germany) require supervision-legal, cartel legal and European legal attention. On 12 June 2008, the European Commission (Brussels, Belgium) expressed doubts, E.ON AG (Duesseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany) possibly used its dominating market position. So far, the criminal content of the manipulation reproaches was not considered yet. Circumstances can justify the first suspicion due to criminal experience on criminal offences. This is valid not only for the facts constituting an offence of the stock exchange fraud towards the electricity market EEX for the disadvantage of the customer, but also for the current trade at the EEX in accordance with paragraph 20 of the law of securities transactions.

Abusive behaviour of grid operators within concession procedures and grid acquisitions with respect to paragraph paragraph 30, 32 EnWG; Missbraeuchliches Verhalten von Netzbetreibern bei Konzessionierungsverfahren und Netzuebernahmen nach paragraph paragraph 30, 32 EnWG

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Becker, Peter [ZNER (Germany); Humboldt-Univ. zu Berlin (Germany). Energierecht; Becker Buettner Held, Berlin (Germany); Templin, Wolf [Kanzlei Boos Hummel und Wegerich, Berlin (Germany)

2013-02-15

The competition for the power distribution systems has inflamed all over in the Federal Republic of Germany due to the fact that concession contracts have a running time of only twenty years and end not later than 31st December, 1994. Those concession contracts will end currently. Thus the old affiliated companies have to fear for their market position. Under this aspect, the authors of the contribution under consideration report on the abusive behaviour of grid operators at licensing procedures and grid acquisitions with respect to paragraph paragraph 30, 32 Energy Economy Law. The authors report on the unilateral monopole consideration of the authorities and court as well as on the abusive behaviour of the old concessionaires from the standpoint of energy law and cartel law.

Electricity market liberalisation - the German model

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mueller, W.

2002-01-01

This article discusses the experience gained as a result of the opening of the German electricity market - not only from the national but also from European and international points of view. The history of electricity market liberalisation in Germany is described and the market's structure is compared with that of Switzerland. Both the advantages and disadvantages that have been brought about by liberalisation are discussed as well as the role of state regulation. Certain problem areas still to be tackled are discussed, such those in the areas of cartels, possibilities of supplier-change and tariffs. Also, liberalisation in the context of the European Union's efforts in this area are discussed, especially with respect to the consideration of differing structures in the various member countries of the Union

Obligations to power supply and Antitrust Law of the European Community; Strombezugsverpflichtungen und EG-Kartellverbot

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lerch, Dirk

2008-07-01

In the European electricity supply industry, a change to competition-oriented national markets under development of a common European electricity market is observed for some years. Under this aspect, the author of the contribution under consideration reports on obligations to the current power supply and on the trust prohibition in the European Community. The contribution under consideration consists of the following three chapters: (a) Discussion of fundamental questions regarding to cartel legal evaluation of obligations to power supply; (b) Conditions of the art. 81 sect. 1 EEC and application to obligations for power supply; (c) Exemption from the obligation to power supply according to art. 1 sect. 3 EEC. In particular, the regulation of the group exemption for vertical agreements of 22nd December, 1999, is considered.

Modeling OPEC behavior: theories of risk aversion for oil producer decisions

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Reynolds, D.B.

1999-01-01

Theories of OPEC such as price leadership, cartel, or game theoretic models suggest an incentive for OPEC members to expand their production capacity well above current levels in order to maximize revenues. Yet individual OPEC members consistently explore for and develop oil fields at a level well below their potential. The cause of low oil exploration and development efforts among OPEC members, and even some non-OPEC members, may have to do with risk aversion. This paper describes an alternative theory for OPEC behavior based on risk aversion using a two piece non-Neumann-Morgenstern utility function similar to Fishburn and Koehenberger (1979, Decision Science 10, 503-518), and Friedman and Savage (1948, Journal of political Economy 56). The model shows possible low oil production behavior. (author)

Modeling of geographical pricing: A game analysis of siberian fuel costs

Science.gov (United States)

Sivushina, Anastasiya; Kombu, Anchy; Ryumkin, Valeriy

2017-11-01

In the present study, we propose a novel game-theoretic pricing model describing the interaction between producers and retailers of goods in conditions of poor transport infrastructure and sparse geographical distribution of the points of sale. The proposed model generalizes the Stackelberg leadership model for an arbitrary number of leaders and followers. We show that the model always has a Nash and Stackelberg equilibria. We also provide formulas for the equilibrium prices and volume of sales. As an example we model diesel pricing in south Siberia. Our model found no signs of a cartel. The results of this paper can be used by policymakers to inform market regulations aimed at promoting free competition and avoiding monopolies in production and retail of goods.

Making Sense of an Unstable Legislature: Committee Assignments in the Argentine Chamber of Deputies, 1946–2001 La lógica de una legislatura inestable: la distribución de comisiones en la Cámara de Diputados Argentina, 1946-2001

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Silvina Lilian Danesi

2011-01-01

Full Text Available Latin American legislatures have gone largely unstudied, with the functioning of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies prior to the 1980s being an entirely unexplored subject. This paper fills that gap by examining the organization of the Chamber, with particular focus on its standing committee system from 1946 to 2001. We assess the portability of two U.S.-based theoretical approaches to legislative organization by applying them to committee assignments. An original data set of Argentine deputies was constructed and a way of measuring political power in committees was devised for this study. Despite weak democratic governments, military interventions, and changes to the electoral system, we find that ruling parties have consistently influenced the committee system, shaping its structure and securing an over-proportion of their deputies in key committee positions. These results support the applicability of the U.S. originated Cartel Theory of legislative organization to understanding and studying legislatures outside that country.Las legislaturas latinoamericanas no han recibido debida atención. Un caso emblemático es la Cámara de Diputados Argentina, cuyo funcionamiento previo a los 1980’s ha sido inexplorado. Este artículo persigue llenar ese vacío examinando la organización de su sistema de comisiones permanentes desde 1946 hasta 2001. Para ello, evaluamos la aplicabilidad de dos teorías norteamericanas sobre organización legislativa para analizar la integración de comisiones, creamos una base de datos de diputados argentinos y diseñamos una forma de medir su poder político en las comisiones. A pesar de la inestabilidad institucional y los cambios de sistema electoral, los resultados demuestran que los partidos que controlaron la Cámara influenciaron en forma sistemática el sistema de comisiones, cambiando su estructura y asegurando la sobrerrepresentación de sus diputados en cargos clave. El estudio confirma, asimismo, la

An assessment of the optimal timing and size of investments in concentrated solar power

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Massetti, Emanuele; Ricci, Elena Claire

2013-01-01

We extend the WITCH model to consider the possibility to produce and trade electricity generated by large-scale concentrated solar power plants (CSP) in highly productive areas that are connected to demand centers through High Voltage Direct Current cables. We test the attractiveness of the CSP option by imposing a global cap on Greenhouse gases concentration equal to 535 ppm CO 2 -eq in 2100, with and without constraints to the expansion of nuclear power and IGCC coal with carbon capture and storage (CCS). We find that it becomes optimal to produce with CSP from 2040 and to trade CSP electricity across the Mediterranean from 2050. Therefore projects like DESERTEC seem to be premature. After 2050, CSP electricity shares become significant. CSP has a high stabilization cost option value: depending on the constraints, it ranges between 2.1% and 4.1% of discounted GDP in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), between 1.1. and 3.4 in China, between 0.2% and 1.2% in the USA, between 0.1 and 1.3% in Eastern Europe and between 0.1 and 0.4% in Western Europe. A moderate level of subsidy to invest more and earlier in CSP might increase welfare. However, large-scale deployment should occur after 2040. We also show that MENA countries have the incentive to form a cartel to sell electricity to Europe at a price higher than the marginal cost. This suggests that a hypothetical Mediterranean market for electricity should be carefully regulated. - Highlights: ► An extensive use of Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) will be optimal after 2050. ► Trade of CSP electricity between MENA and Europe will start in 2050. ► CSP reduces greatly the option value of nuclear power and coal with CCS. ► Learning externalities motivate moderate subsidies for earlier CSP investments. ► MENA countries have the incentive to form a cartel to sell electricity to Europe

Mexico: a regional power or a failed State?

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Karol Derwich

2015-10-01

Caribbean region for many years. This opinion has strong foundations. Territory, geographical location, economy, and political influence are the key factors that predestine this country to the role of a regional power. The democratic transition that has taken place in Mexico in last decades and economic cooperation with the United States also allow it to play a role of regional leader. However, Mexico has significant problems that make it difficult for the country to play the role of a real leader. The most important one is the development of narcobusiness. This phenomenon brings not only the growing activity of drug cartels but also the eruption of narcoviolence in Mexico. This gives rise to grave problems for the Mexican authorities. The development of narcobusiness is partially the result of weakness of some of its institutions. For example, police forces do not carry out their tasks and are closely related to the drug cartels. As a result, the Mexican state is incapable of assuring security to its citizens – one of the most important functions of every state. Is it able to control its territory? It definitely does not have a monopoly for the use of violence on its territory. Huge corruption enables different non-state actors to influence decision making processes. All these problems make substantiated theses that the Mexican state is dysfunctional in some areas. Some analysts go much further in their opinions and describe Mexico as a failed state. The aim of the paper is to analyze the present position of Mexico in Latin America and the Caribbean region. Are the contemporary problems so big that they can lead to the collapse of the Mexican state or does Mexico have a real potential to play the role of a local leader and regional power? The author would like to analyze the impact of the present day internal problems in Mexico’s geopolitical position.

Facts against nuclear electricity generation. An analysis of the current situation. 2. Enlarged ed. Fakten gegen den Atomstrom. Eine aktuelle Bestandsaufnahme

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Buechele, C

1986-01-01

The book destroys a legend. The nuclear cartel still goes on telling the tale of safety, environmental compatibility and economic efficiency of nuclear electricity generation. But nothing in this story stands the test: Bare facts destroy the legend. Up to now, only insiders have been able to state counterarguments. The book in hand now presents in a nutshell all results and experience and facts to be brought forward against nuclear electricity generation. The material is presented in a problem-oriented, reliable and comprehensible manner. Anyone who long since suspected lies and malinformation of the public will step by step find the arguments justifying his suspicion. In an annex, Harald Gaber explains the Chernobyl disaster and its consequences. A literature index with comments is a helpful guide for further reading.

The energy legal net access in judicial and trust-official practice; Der energierechtliche Netzzugang in der gerichtlichen und kartellbehoerdlichen Praxis

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Henrichs, K.

2005-07-01

The author of the contribution under consideration reports on the energy legal net access in judicial and trust-official practice. At first, the fundamentals and conditions of the paragraph (paragraph) 6 sect. 1 of the Energy Economy Act (EnWG) are described more exactly, whereby contents, the nature of right, and the actual conditions of the claims of transmission are considered. The possibility of the denial of transmission forms the emphasis in accordance with paragraph 6 section 1 of EnWG. Furthermore, the author reports on the cartel law regulation paragraph 19 IV No. 4 GWB (German Antitrust Act), a basis for the patents of transmission. Finally, the author reports on the procedural problems in connection with the net access. The matters of procedure form a substantial key with the desire of transmission.

Anti-trust control of power prices; Kartellrechtliche Kontrolle von Strompreisen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Becker, Peter [Becker Buettner Held, Marburg (Germany)

2009-01-15

The European Commission (Bruessel, Belgium) intensively examined the question, whether electricity tariffs in Germany are formed abusively formed. For this, the centres of the four German energy utilities were examined in the year 2006. A billions-worth penalty against E.ON AG (Duesseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany) could be avoided, because E.ON AG committed itself to the sale of the high-voltage power supply grid and to the sale of power plant capacities. In the Federal Republic of Germany, only few things are done according to the control of electricity tariffs, although the legislator has given an incentive with paragraph 29 of the Law against Restraints of Competition. The author of the contribution under consideration examines the cartel law situation regarding to the price formation at the stock exchange and discusses an increased transparency.

Middle East gas: utilization, development and policies

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mabro, R [Oxford Inst. for Energy Studies (United Kingdom)

1997-06-01

The relationships between gas and liquid hydrocarbon fuels are interesting.Gas can be and being used to boost oil production and recovery factors in oil fields. This is proper use of gas. Gas displaces oil as a fuel in energy markets but yields a low net back. If all gas and oil producers formed a single cartel they will produce oil first and delay gas. But they are not. As a result the drive for gas harms oil and there is therefore an opportunity cost which gas producers who, in many instances, are also oil exporters, should consider. The economics of gas often depend on the condensates. In some instance gas is the economics by-product of condensates and not the other way round. Thus more gas means also more oil supplies in international markets.

Political and Economic Decisions and Competition – What is the Efficient Antimonopoly Policy?

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Irakli Lekvinadze

2014-03-01

Full Text Available This article discusses the influence of economic decisions which affect the antitrust and competition support policies. Many countries provide governmental initiatives for improving antirust legislation. There is an effort to develop efficient legislation, to define market boundaries, to identify dominating companies, and to prevent cartel development. A review of the literature has shown that refined legislation does not work. Qualified and non-politicized economic decisions are required to provide fair and equitable competition in the marketplace. The discussions of various researchers are profiled on the economic issues. This article analyzes The Republic of Georgia’s 20 year unique market experiences in Eastern Europe. Recommendations have been proposed to increase the effectiveness of an anti-monopoly policy. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4

Middle East gas: utilization, development and policies

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mabro, R.

1997-01-01

The relationships between gas and liquid hydrocarbon fuels are interesting.Gas can be and being used to boost oil production and recovery factors in oil fields. This is proper use of gas. Gas displaces oil as a fuel in energy markets but yields a low net back. If all gas and oil producers formed a single cartel they will produce oil first and delay gas. But they are not. As a result the drive for gas harms oil and there is therefore an opportunity cost which gas producers who, in many instances, are also oil exporters, should consider. The economics of gas often depend on the condensates. In some instance gas is the economics by-product of condensates and not the other way round. Thus more gas means also more oil supplies in international markets

Od zabijáka k lúzrovi. Literární postava jako vyjádření proměny ve vztahu jedince a bytí // From hired killer to loser

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Lada Hazaiová

2015-10-01

Full Text Available The face of the Colombian literature in the last twenty years has changed and next to the poetics of magical realism new discourses emerged expresing the changing social, cultural and ideological values. One of them represents Fernando Vallejo’s novel Our Lady of Assassins. Another contemporary discourse represents other Colombian writer Sergio Álvarez whose novel 35 dead was published in 2011 in Bogotá, respectively almost 20 years later. He works very similar issues as Vallejo, like urban violence, drug cartels and hired killers, but he also has given life to a special protagonist, called “loser“. The aim of this paper is to compare general features of both protagonists and to suggest that in loser a new type of protagonist has appeared, and not only in the Colombian literature.

Human networks in the European electric power industry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Barjot, Dominique; Kurgan-van Hentenryk, Ginette

2004-01-01

Behind electrical systems, we should not forget the human networks. The European case is interesting for that matter. There were major players involved, from the pioneers up to the conceivers of national and international systems. More particularly, the engineers should be considered for their technical as well as organizational performance. Attitudes must also be stressed: in Europe, electricity has constantly been developed with both nationalist and internationalist considerations, as shown by the passage from Unternehmergeschaeft to Bankgeschaeft after 1918. Neither should we forget the role played by institutions in the formation of networks: schools, holdings, cartels, and also those frontier zones formed by small countries like Belgium and Switzerland. The human networks, finally, left long term results such as: interconnection, inter-firm cooperation, technocracy, and the growing intervention of the State

What has changed in the 8th amendment of the GWB for the energy industry, water resource management and district heating industry?; Was aendert sich durch die 8. GWB-Novelle fuer die Energie-, Wasser- und Fernwaermewirtschaft?

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Haellmigk, Christian F.; Pelka, Sascha C. [Sozietaet CMS Hasche Sigle, Stuttgart (Germany)

2013-01-15

Compared with the Restriction of Competition (GWB) in its actual version, the eighth amendment of the GWB provides modifications especially in the misuse control, in the fusion control, in the cartel regulation adversity law and sanctions with respect to the factual application areas of the GWB. Under this aspect, the authors of the contribution under consideration report on the modifications of the general antitrust regulations with special impacts on the energy industry, water resources management and district heating industry. Furthermore, the authors report on a prolongation of the special misuse control in the energy industry with respect to paragraph 29 GWB as well as on the transfer of the special antitrust misuse regulations for the water resource management. Innovations in the range of legal consequences of a violation of the GWB are presented.

Competition and the Reference Pricing Scheme for pharmaceuticals.

Science.gov (United States)

Ghislandi, Simone

2011-12-01

By introducing n (>1) firms with infinite cross-price elasticity (i.e. generic drugs), we explore the effects of competition on the optimal pricing strategies under a Reference Pricing Scheme (RPS). A two-stage model repeated infinite number of times is presented. When stage 1 is competitive, the equilibrium in pure strategies exists and is efficient only if the reference price (R) does not depend on the price of the branded product. When generics collude, the way R is designed is crucial for both the stability of the cartel among generics and the collusive prices in equilibrium. An optimally designed RPS must set R as a function only of the infinitely elastic side of the market and should provide the right incentives for competition. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Aproximación a la literacidad crítica literacidad - doi: 10.5007/2175-795X.2010v28n2p353

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Daniel Cassany

2010-07-01

Full Text Available Exploramos aquí los conceptos de literacidad y de crítica, o de lectura y escritura de ideologías, tomando “ideología” como el posicionamiento que hace un autor en su texto sobre cualquier cuestión (política, social, deportiva, etc.. Analizamos el campo semántico de ambos conceptos, sus raíces filosóficas, pedagógicas y lingüísticas, y los vocablos usados en varios idiomas para denominarlos. Formulamos finalmente la distinción teórica entre un lector crítico y acrítico, a partir de las aportaciones del Análisis Crítico del Discurso, y lo ejemplificamos con el caso de un cartel político de 5 palabras.

Facts against nuclear electricity generation. 2. enlarged ed.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Buechele, C.

1986-01-01

The book destroys a legend. The nuclear cartel still goes on telling the tale of safety, environmental compatibility and economic efficiency of nuclear electricity generation. But nothing in this story stands the test: Bare facts destroy the legend. Up to now, only insiders have been able to state counterarguments. The book in hand now presents in a nutshell all results and experience and facts to be brought forward against nuclear electricity generation. The material is presented in a problem-oriented, reliable and comprehensible manner. Anyone who long since suspected lies and malinformation of the public will step by step find the arguments justifying his suspicion. In an annex, Harald Gaber explains the Chernobyl disaster and its consequences. A literature index with comments is a helpful guide for further reading. (orig.) [de

Una historia de diseño del cartel en Portugal del siglo XVII al XIX

OpenAIRE

María Helena Ferreira Braga Barbosa

2017-01-01

To write an history of the design of the poster about three centuries in Portugal allows to understand how this artefact has changed over time. Usually, the result does not configure the reasons that gave rise of the poster, because they are not always visible and so, they don’t illustrate the reality in which they emerged. This article reveals a series of factors associated not only with the historical events, as well the adjacent constraints to design a poster. Portugal has in some cases...

Una historia de diseño del cartel en Portugal del siglo XVII al XIX

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

María Helena Ferreira Braga Barbosa

2017-11-01

Full Text Available To write an history of the design of the poster about three centuries in Portugal allows to understand how this artefact has changed over time. Usually, the result does not configure the reasons that gave rise of the poster, because they are not always visible and so, they don’t illustrate the reality in which they emerged. This article reveals a series of factors associated not only with the historical events, as well the adjacent constraints to design a poster. Portugal has in some cases a particular path with regard to the design history of the poster. To reveal this history the adopted methodology to explain this narrative will refer the technology (paper production and selection, printing techniques, use of different materials, programme (categories of posters – political, cultural and commercial – in parallel with the historical events and authorship (anonymous and identified posters, styles and references. The article is divided in four sections, where each section is related to one century. The set of examples collected contribute to the knowledge of the history of design of the poster in Portugal.

OPEC and the international oil market: can a cartel fuel the engine of economic development?

Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

Noguera, Jose; Pecchenino, R. A.

2007-01-01

Roč. 25, č. 1 (2007), s. 187-199 ISSN 0167-7187 Institutional research plan: CEZ:MSM0021620846 Keywords : OPEC * International oil market * oil export Subject RIV: AH - Economics Impact factor: 0.464, year: 2007

How would the gas exporting countries forum influence gas trade?

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wagbara, O.N.

2007-01-01

The cleanest burning fossil fuel, today, is natural gas. While many businesses have gone global, it has remained an exception. An impending challenge facing the industry, however, is the evolution of a cartel from the 5-year-old Gas Exporting Countries Forum. How would this new organization influence the trade of gas globally? Does its existence imply a threat to the development of gas trade? The paper reviews this fairly new organization within the context of the above questions. It is mainly a comparative study of the body in relation to OPEC's historical, political and economic development. Subsequently, the author proposes probable influence options available to the Forum and the impending consequence of such actions on the market. The outcome of this study calls for further analysis and research on new issues and questions of interest. (author)

Crude prices - is OPEC relevant?

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Verleger, P.K. Jr.

1994-01-01

Oil-exporting nations are in deep trouble. A global recession is suppressing consumption growth and frustrating exporter attempts to boost prices. Future prospects for oil exporters appear even bleaker. New production from several satellites of the former Soviet Union (FSU) will reach the market within a few years, limiting the increase in OPEC scales, and the FSU's incremental output will be augmented by much larger exports from Iraq. An oil price surge resulting from turmoil in Nigeria will, ironically, only serve to emphasize OPEC's loss of influence. When a cartel-like organization breaks down, the result is usually lower and more volatile prices, and so political or physical production disruptions have a greater impact on volumes supplied. In the future, these disruptions will occur more often because of the worsening financial situation in exporting countries. (author)

Raw material supply: challenge and chance for economy and state

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Casper, W

1976-01-01

The imprint left by the 1973 oil embargo makes all nations aware of their dependence upon this and other raw materials. The author says the brunt of the embargo has dealt a heavier blow than has been realized on industrial nations and developing countries alike. The drastic decline of raw material prices has had threatening consequences for a number of raw-material-producing developing countries, making some nations unite for the purpose of market regulation. The cartel-like union of copper-producing countries is cited; producers of bauxite, iron ore, and tungsten have united; and some producers of tin have united. So far, the attempt to apply the oil strategy to other raw materials has not achieved the desired results; however, raw materials are no longer just a phase of the industrial process but have become a political matter of prime importance. (MCW)

Pocket book for the fuel trade 78/79. Compendium of the fuel trade. Buyer's guide for members of the fuel trade. Taschenbuch fuer den Brennstoffhandel 78/79. Kompendium des Brennstoffhandels. Einkaufsfuehrer fuer den Brennstoffhandel

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Temming, D. (ed.)

1978-01-01

After a list of the mineral oil companies, pit-coal and brown coal companies and wholesalers of fuel oil and coal in the Federal Republic of Germany topics of business economics, competitive trade law, price law and cartel law are dealt with and explanations about health insurance and social insurance, industrial law and motor-vehicle keeping are given. Apart from comparisons of heating costs for usage and the latest traffic tariffs for railway and road networks the pocket-book contains the latest laws and regulations relevant for the fuel dealer. Furthermore, current topics of advertising and sales promotion of fuel-oil and coal are discussed. The energy balance and the overall economies of the Federal Republic of Germany are presented by figures in the chapter dealing with data on fuel-oil technology and fuel-oil industry.

Pocket book for the fuel trade 78/79. Compendium of the fuel trade. Buyer's guide for members of the fuel trade. Taschenbuch fuer den Brennstoffhandel 78/79. Kompendium des Brennstoffhandels. Einkaufsfuehrer fuer den Brennstoffhandel

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Temming, D [ed.

1978-01-01

After a list of the mineral oil companies, pit-coal and brown coal companies and wholesalers of fuel oil and coal in the Federal Republic of Germany topics of business economics, competitive trade law, price law and cartel law are dealt with and explanations about health insurance and social insurance, industrial law and motor-vehicle keeping are given. Apart from comparisons of heating costs for usage and the latest traffic tariffs for railway and road networks the pocket-book contains the latest laws and regulations relevant for the fuel dealer. Furthermore, current topics of advertising and sales promotion of fuel-oil and coal are discussed. The energy balance and the overall economies of the Federal Republic of Germany are presented by figures in the chapter dealing with data on fuel-oil technology and fuel-oil industry.

Risk-centered calculation of network charges in the power transmission sector; Risikoorientierte Kalkulation von Netznutzungsentgelten in der Stromverteilungswirtschaft

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Maennel, W. [Friedrich-Alexander-Univ., Erlangen-Nuernberg (Germany). Betriebswirtschafliches Inst.

2004-04-01

Utilities insist that contrary to the opinions of the Federal Cartel Office and network users, distribution network operation is a high-risk enterprise. The contribution starts by listing typical relevant risks in power distribution and then proceeds to discussing risk factors one by one. Empirical findings generated with the Capital Asset Pricing Mode (CAPM) prove that the conservative approach for calculating the risk-based surcharges laid down in the VV II plus agreement is appropriate. (orig./CB) [German] Entgegen der Auffassung von Bundeskartellbehoerden und Netznutzern ist das stark anlagenintensive Netzgeschaeft mit bedeutsamen Unternehmerrisiken behaftet, deren Ueberwaelzung nur begrenzt moeglich ist. Ausgehend von generell bedeutsamen und typischen Unternehmerrisiken im Stromverteilungssektor beschaeftigt sich der Artikel mit den direkt auf die Eigenkapitalverzinsung einwirkenden Risikofaktoren. Mit dem Capital Asset Pricing Mode (CAPM) genierierte empirische Befunde bestaetigen die konservativen Wagniszuschlaege in der VV II plus. (orig.)

How would the gas exporting countries forum influence gas trade?

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wagbara, Obindah N.

2007-01-01

The cleanest burning fossil fuel, today, is natural gas. While many businesses have gone global, it has remained an exception. An impending challenge facing the industry, however, is the evolution of a cartel from the 5-year-old Gas Exporting Countries Forum. How would this new organization influence the trade of gas globally? Does its existence imply a threat to the development of gas trade? The paper reviews this fairly new organization within the context of the above questions. It is mainly a comparative study of the body in relation to OPEC's historical, political and economic development. Subsequently, the author proposes probable influence options available to the Forum and the impending consequence of such actions on the market. The outcome of this study calls for further analysis and research on new issues and questions of interest

The implications of the Wassenaar group

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chellaney, Brahma

1997-01-01

Technology control are principally aimed at preserving the military and economic interests of the leading powers and their allies. These interests include direct or indirect security threats, market access for selling goods and services, cheap imports of oil and other raw materials, favorable trading rules, and preventing the rise of regional hegemons. In the post cold war years, new barriers to trade in technology are being erected even as import and investment barriers are being dismantled and new economic opportunities are being availed of in countries such as India. The new Wassenaar cartel is part of the growing consensus and cooperation between former cold war antagonists on controlling the diffusion of technology that could potentially impinge on their interests. The rogue-states doctrine has come handy to justify new technology controls although the real intended targets of such controls are different

Confinement of the antitrust control of abuse in the energy sector. At the same time comment to OLG Duesseldorf from 19th October, 2011. Reference VI-3 Kart 1/11 (V) - GAG Ahrensburg; Grenzen der kartellrechtlichen Missbrauchskontrolle im Energiebereich. Zugleich Anmerkung zu OLG Duesseldorf v. 19.10.2011. Az. VI-3 Kart 1/11 (V) - GAG Ahrensburg

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Weyer, Hartmut [Technische Univ. Clausthal, Clausthal-Zellerfeld (Germany)

2012-10-15

Up to the amendment of the Energy Economy Law (EnWG) 2005 the legislator permitted parallel applicability of the Energy Economy law as well as the Restriction of Competition (GWB) to energy situations. Based on the GWB, especially in procedures by competition authorities key decisions on the reliable behaviour of operators of power distribution systems and natural gas distribution systems were disposed. This approach was restricted by the amendment of the EnWG 2005 with the introduction of paragraph 111 EnWG. In compliance with this, this restriction was implemented in paragraph 130 sect. 3 GWB. From now on, paragraph 111 Sect. 1 and 2 EnWG exclude the antitrust control of abuse according to the paragraphs 19, 20 and 29 GWB. With this, the competence of the cartel authorities are excluded in favour of the regulatory legal prescriptions of the EnWG.

Los colombianos y las redes del narcotráfico en Nueva York durante los años 70

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Eduardo Sáenz Rovner

2014-05-01

Full Text Available La idea que se tiene sobre el narcotráfico desde Colombia es que éste ha sido manejado por “carteles”. Lo que la evidencia empírica muestra es que además de las grandes organizaciones criminales, el narcotráfico durante las últimas décadas, y en particular durante los años 70, objeto de este escrito, ha sido un negocio abierto con innumerables participantes (incluyendo mulas “free lancers” que se constituían en microempresarios del narcotráfico, en buena parte colombianos pero también de otras nacionalidades. De ahí que la idea de carteles que ejercen poderes monopólicos, es equivocada. La información inédita con la que se escribió este ensayo es tomada principalmente de una serie de archivos norteamericanos.

Drug Cartels and Gangs in Mexico and Central America: A View through the Lens of Counterinsurgency

Science.gov (United States)

2010-06-04

organization. The demise of this long–standing dynasty began after the assassination of Pedro Joaquin Chamorro, leader of the Democratic Union of Liberation...describes Mexico and all of Central America as flawed democracies with the exception of Costa Rica, which is rated as a full democracy.36 The democratic

Cartel Next: How Army Design Methodology Offers Holistic and Dissimilar Approaches to the Mexican Drug Problem

Science.gov (United States)

2011-06-30

which the source is limited to South American regions that grow abundant quantities of the cocoa plant, this cycle manifests in many forms based upon...coffee, bananas, or other legal commodities. In other words, American apathy towards cultural drug consumption often verges on the comical; we

La guerre contre les drogues illicites : Est-ce qu’elle est perdue ? - Has the war against drugs been lost ? - La guerra contro le droghe è persa ?

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Dominick M.

2009-08-01

Full Text Available Le système légal du Mexique est dans un état de ruine à cause des cartels de la drogue soutenus et subventionnés par les États-Unis d'Amerique. En effet, les États-Unis sont le marché principal de la marijuana, de la cocaine et, en moindre quantité, des drogues synthétiques provénantes du Mexique. L’article met en évidence que les régions frontalières du Mexique sont pris en otage entre d’une part, les principaux producteurs mondiaux de coca et d’autre part, les principaux consommateurs (de l’Amerique du Nord et de l’Europe. Pour cela, l’avis de l’autrice et de son collaborateur est que le Mexique ne peut résoudre seul les problèmes liés au narcotrafique. The Mexican legal system is in a state of ruin because of illegal drug cartels supported, sustained and subsidized by the United States of America. It is the U.S. which is the market for marijuana, cocaine and to a lesser extent synthetic drugs trafficked through Mexico. This article evidences that especially the frontier regions of Mexico have been taken hostage between, on the one hand, the principal world producers of cocaine and, on the other hand, the principal consumers (from North America and from Europe. Accordingly, it is the view of the author and her collaborator that Mexico cannot resolve in isolation the problems involved in narco-trafficking.Il sistema legale messicano versa in uno stato disastroso a causa dei cartelli della droga sostenuti e sovvenzionati dagli Stati Uniti d’America. Infatti, gli USA rappresentano il principale mercato della marijuana, della cocaina e delle droghe sintetiche (queste ultime in misura minore provenienti dal Messico. L’articolo mette in evidenza che le regioni frontaliere del Messico sono prese in ostaggio, da una parte, dai principali produttori modiali di cocaina e, dall’altra, dai principali consumatori (che si trovano nell’America del Nord ed in Europa. Pertanto, secondo l’autrice ed il suo collaboratore

Multi-Period Natural Gas Market Modeling. Applications, Stochastic Extensions and Solution Approaches

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Egging, R.G.

2010-11-01

This dissertation develops deterministic and stochastic multi-period mixed complementarity problems (MCP) for the global natural gas market, as well as solution approaches for large-scale stochastic MCP. The deterministic model is unique in the combination of the level of detail of the actors in the natural gas markets and the transport options, the detailed regional and global coverage, the multi-period approach with endogenous capacity expansions for transportation and storage infrastructure, the seasonal variation in demand and the representation of market power according to Nash-Cournot theory. The model is applied to several scenarios for the natural gas market that cover the formation of a cartel by the members of the Gas Exporting Countries Forum, a low availability of unconventional gas in the United States, and cost reductions in long-distance gas transportation. The results provide insights in how different regions are affected by various developments, in terms of production, consumption, traded volumes, prices and profits of market participants. The stochastic MCP is developed and applied to a global natural gas market problem with four scenarios for a time horizon until 2050 with nineteen regions and containing 78,768 variables. The scenarios vary in the possibility of a gas market cartel formation and varying depletion rates of gas reserves in the major gas importing regions. Outcomes for hedging decisions of market participants show some significant shifts in the timing and location of infrastructure investments, thereby affecting local market situations. A first application of Benders decomposition (BD) is presented to solve a large-scale stochastic MCP for the global gas market with many hundreds of first-stage capacity expansion variables and market players exerting various levels of market power. The largest problem solved successfully using BD contained 47,373 variables of which 763 first-stage variables, however using BD did not result in

Price and prospects for oil: carrying the burden of excess capacity in the 1980s and beyond

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Goldstein, W

1985-12-01

The continuing decline in world oil prices will not be halted in the short term, and prospects for the long run are not encouraging. There is a problem of unprecedented gravity in the surplus capacity of the oil industry. A glut of 10 million bbl/day of crude oil remains unsold, the cohesion of the OPEC cartel is becoming more strained, and a sizeable proportion of refinery plant has been taken off-stream. The basic difficulty is that high interest rates have curbed international capital formation and depressed demand. Upward pressures on the US dollar have been created by the deficit on US domestic and external accounts, and have retarded the recovery of the global economy. Today, the cost of money exceeds the factor price of oil, and the market is highly unstable. The devastating costs of carrying surplus capacity are likely to survive through the 1980s. 6 figures.

Modelling long-term oil price and extraction with a Hubbert approach: The LOPEX model

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Rehrl, Tobias; Friedrich, Rainer

2006-01-01

The LOPEX (Long-term Oil Price and EXtraction) model generates long-term scenarios about future world oil supply and corresponding price paths up to the year 2100. In order to determine oil production in non-OPEC countries, the model uses Hubbert curves. Hubbert curves reflect the logistic nature of the discovery process and the associated constraint on temporal availability of oil. Extraction paths and world oil price path are both derived endogenously from OPEC's intertemporally optimal cartel behaviour. Thereby OPEC is faced with both the price-dependent production of the non-OPEC competitive fringe and the price-dependent world oil demand. World oil demand is modelled with a constant price elasticity function and refers to a scenario from ACROPOLIS-POLES. LOPEX results indicate a significant higher oil price from around 2020 onwards compared to the reference scenario, and a stagnating market share of maximal 50% to be optimal for OPEC

Measuring energy security. Can the United States achieve oil independence?

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Greene, David L.

2010-01-01

Stochastic simulation of the direct economic costs of oil dependence in an uncertain future is proposed as a useful metric of oil dependence. The market failure from which these costs arise is imperfect competition in the world oil market, chiefly as a consequence of the use of market power by the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) cartel. Oil dependence costs can be substantial. It is estimated that oil dependence costs to the US economy in 2008 will exceed $500 billion. Other costs, such as military expenditures or foreign policy constraints are deemed to be largely derivative of the actual or potential economic costs of oil dependence. The use of quantifiable economic costs as a security metric leads to a measurable definition of oil independence, or oil security, which can be used to test the ability of specific policies to achieve oil independence in an uncertain future. (author)

Energy and competition. Supplying Europe with safe and low-cost energy

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kuhnt, D.

1994-01-01

The EC Commission and the Energy Committee of the European Parliament want to achieve more competition in energy supply. To this end, deregulation is to be carried out as a first step. The proposals under discussion are based on the English-Welsh model which, however, can hardly be applied to the whole of the EC and not at all to Germany, as it provides for government controlled ''pseudo''-competition to override real competition. At the same time, the German Federal Cartel Office tries to abolish altogether the concept of territorial protection. In a ''competition'' brought about by such means, foreign utilities operating in Germany would enjoy advantages over domestic utilities. From an all-European point of view, also the draft amendment to the Energy Economy Act proposed by the German Federal Ministry of Economics, and a number of regulations covering energy trust legislation, are appearing at the wrong time. (orig.) [de

The H0 function, a new index for detecting structural/topological complexity information in undirected graphs

Science.gov (United States)

Buscema, Massimo; Asadi-Zeydabadi, Masoud; Lodwick, Weldon; Breda, Marco

2016-04-01

Significant applications such as the analysis of Alzheimer's disease differentiated from dementia, or in data mining of social media, or in extracting information of drug cartel structural composition, are often modeled as graphs. The structural or topological complexity or lack of it in a graph is quite often useful in understanding and more importantly, resolving the problem. We are proposing a new index we call the H0function to measure the structural/topological complexity of a graph. To do this, we introduce the concept of graph pruning and its associated algorithm that is used in the development of our measure. We illustrate the behavior of our measure, the H0 function, through different examples found in the appendix. These examples indicate that the H0 function contains information that is useful and important characteristics of a graph. Here, we restrict ourselves to undirected.

The changing structure of the international oil industry: implications for OPEC

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Abdalla, K.L.; )

1995-01-01

This paper examines the changes in international oil market structure observed in the 1980s and early 1990s and assesses possible effects on oil market conditions in the future and implications for OPEC. It focuses on the trend toward a more vertical organization mainly resulting from substantial purchases of downstream assets by state owned oil companies in major oil producing countries. While the Gulf war prevented greater horizontal concentration of oil reserves, it merely interrupted the trend toward vertical concentration in the international oil industry. The vertical integration of only some of the OPEC members will cause a further divergence of goals within the organization resulting in a lower likelihood of OPEC regaining its former position as an effective cartel. If the trend toward greater vertical concentration increases, future oil prices will, in part, be affected by decisions made by vertically integrated firms. (author)

Stability factors for OPEC and the oil market

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yousfi, Y.

1991-01-01

The nationalizations of the 1970s, as well as the 1973 and 1979 sharp price increases which heightened OPEC's notoriety, considerably exaggerated the organization's image of strength, power, and dominance. In contrast, the 1980s-which witnesses the murderous war between two OPEC founding members, the shrinkage of the energy market, the emergence of new oil exporters, the dramatic price collapse in early 1986, and acute economic crises in a great number of member countries-have framed OPEC as a weak and powerless organization, incapable of enforcing any discipline or establishing any dialogue with its competitors. This paper reports that in this period of market depression, the end of a cartel-or at best its breaking apart-became common talk as too much emphasis was placed on the deep antagonisms between the rich, less populated member countries and those with dense population and relatively low income

Manejo del aula, competencia básica del maestro líder

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ray Petty

2001-06-01

Full Text Available Es necesario establecer dos áreas específicas para llevar a cabo un proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje efectivo: la de los contenidos programáticos y la de la naturaleza del quehacer de aula. El autor se concentra en este último aspecto, fundamentado en un enfoque conductual. Se establecen tres componentes para el manejo de aula: (a Definición de conductas apropiadas e inapropiadas. (b La forma de llamar la atención de los estudiantes que no cumplen con las expectativas. (c El desarrollo de un sistema de manejo de conducta. Los docentes que utilizan carteles de normas en sus clases, encontrarán dos ejemplos, en los que descubrirá aciertos y errores. Se resalta la importancia de las "palmaditas positivas" o recompensas y se alerta del peligro de utilizar los castigos en forma indebida.

Short-term influences and long-term fundamentals: stabilizing and destabilizing effects in the energy industries

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Robinson, Silvan [Royal Inst. of International Affairs, London (United Kingdom)

1992-10-01

The ideology of the market economy has become dominant in all walks of economic life and the energy industries are no exception. In the oil business, the stabilizing structures of the international majors and of long-term prices have been replaced by industrial fragmentation and market price mechanisms. Monopolies in other energy industries are being progressively dismantled. This live experiment is being conducted on an industry which historically has suffered from feast and famine economics and has tried to protect itself through various forms of cartelization. The short-term effects of this open market have so far tended to improve flexibility and consumer choice. The price instability has proved manageable. The danger is that cash flow compression will reduced investments in the future and an ability to make very long lead time shifts in the energy mix. For this some government intervention in markets is necessary. (author).

Mexican journalists: an investigation of their emotional health.

Science.gov (United States)

Feinstein, Anthony

2012-08-01

Mexican journalists are frequently the victims of violence, often drug related. The purpose of the study was to assess their mental well-being. Of 104 journalists recruited from 3 news organizations, those who had stopped working on drug-related stories because of intimidation from the criminal drug cartels (n = 26) had significantly greater social dysfunction (p = .024); and more depressive (p = .001) and higher intrusive (p = .027), avoidance (p = .005), and arousal (p = .033) symptoms than journalists living and working under threat in regions of drug violence (n = 61). They also had more arousal (p = .05) and depressive (p = .027) symptoms than journalists (n = 17) never threatened before and living in regions without a drug problem. These findings provide preliminary data on the deleterious effects of drug-related violence on the Mexican media, amplifying the concerns expressed by journalist watchdog organizations monitoring the state of the press in the country. Copyright © 2012 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.

Detection of lead (pb and aluminum (Al metal as contaminant in food prepared by using locally manufactured cooked pots (Hala in Kosti City, Sudan

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

EI Salah

2015-06-01

Full Text Available The objectives of this study are to assess the quantities of Aluminu m; lead released into the food from locally manufactured cooked pots (Aluminium pots in Kosti market. Seven types of pots (Pistons, Cartels, Kettles, Kettles + trays, Pepsi cans, Atmonia and Steel which is locally manufactured cooked pots (Hala were used. Amount of Al and Pb that leaked into the food from locally manufactured cooked pots were assessed by using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The results were indicated that highly significance amount of Aluminum and lead which were leaked into the food that prepared by locally manufactured cooked pots (Hala.The analysis of urine for 10 selected randomly individuals that used locally manufactured cooked pots (Hala for preparation their food were indicated highly amount of Aluminum and Lead in their urine. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v4i2.12621 International Journal of Environment Vol.4(2 2015: 19-26

Alkali-Metal-Mediated Magnesiations of an N-Heterocyclic Carbene: Normal, Abnormal, and "Paranormal" Reactivity in a Single Tritopic Molecule.

Science.gov (United States)

Martínez-Martínez, Antonio J; Fuentes, M Ángeles; Hernán-Gómez, Alberto; Hevia, Eva; Kennedy, Alan R; Mulvey, Robert E; O'Hara, Charles T

2015-11-16

Herein the sodium alkylmagnesium amide [Na4Mg2(TMP)6(nBu)2] (TMP=2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide), a template base as its deprotonating action is dictated primarily by its 12 atom ring structure, is studied with the common N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) IPr [1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene]. Remarkably, magnesiation of IPr occurs at the para-position of an aryl substituent, sodiation occurs at the abnormal C4 position, and a dative bond occurs between normal C2 and sodium, all within a 20 atom ring structure accommodating two IPr(2-). Studies with different K/Mg and Na/Mg bimetallic bases led to two other magnesiated NHC structures containing two or three IPr(-) monoanions bound to Mg through abnormal C4 sites. Synergistic in that magnesiation can only work through alkali-metal mediation, these reactions add magnesium to the small cartel of metals capable of directly metalating a NHC. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Politics of Uranium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Anon.

1982-01-01

Uranium is the most political of all the elements, the material for the production of both the large amounts of electricity and the most destructive weapons in the world. The problems that its dual potential creates are only now beginning to become evident. Author Norman Moss looks at this situation and sheds light on many of the questions that emerge. The nuclear issue always comes back to how much uranium there is, what can be done with it, and which countries have it. Starting with a concise history of uranium and explaining its technology in terms the nonspecialist can understand, The Politics of Uranium considers the political issues that technical arguments obscure. It tells the little-known story of the international uranium cartel, explains the entanglements of governments with the uranium trade, and describes the consequences of wrong decisions and blunders-especially the problems of nuclear waste. It also examines the intellectual and emotional roots of the anti-nuclear movement

Solar thermal technology development: Estimated market size and energy cost savings. Volume 1: Executive summary

Science.gov (United States)

Gates, W. R.

1983-02-01

Estimated future energy cost savings associated with the development of cost-competitive solar thermal technologies (STT) are discussed. Analysis is restricted to STT in electric applications for 16 high-insolation/high-energy-price states. The fuel price scenarios and three 1990 STT system costs are considered, reflecting uncertainty over future fuel prices and STT cost projections. STT R&D is found to be unacceptably risky for private industry in the absence of federal support. Energy cost savings were projected to range from $0 to $10 billion (1990 values in 1981 dollars), dependng on the system cost and fuel price scenario. Normal R&D investment risks are accentuated because the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) cartel can artificially manipulate oil prices and undercut growth of alternative energy sources. Federal participation in STT R&D to help capture the potential benefits of developing cost-competitive STT was found to be in the national interest.

Gonzo Strategies of Deceit: An Interview with Joaquin Segura

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Brett W. Schultz

2011-06-01

Full Text Available The interview that follows is a dialogue between artist and gallerist with the intent of unearthing the artist’s working strategies for a general public. Joaquin Segura is at once an anomaly in Mexico’s contemporary art scene at the same time as he is one of the most emblematic representatives of a larger shift toward a post-national identity among its youngest generation of artists. If Mexico looks increasingly like a foreclosed home burning to the ground, Segura could likely be the one walking away, charred matchstick between thumb and forefinger and shit-eating grin on his face. His corrosive attacks on institutions, ideologies, and power reflect a deep general distrust of authority, increasingly evident within the work of younger Mexican artists. It is perhaps most directly the result of President Calderon’s deeply unpopular war against the cartels but no doubt equally the product of decades upon decades of rampant corruption and errant policy within Mexico.

Energy industry law in the field of tension between freedom of the market and governmental restrictions; Energiewirtschaftrecht im Spannungsfeld von marktlicher Freiheit und hoheitlichen Einschraenkungen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ehricke, Ulrich (ed.) [Koeln Univ. (Germany). Inst. fuer das Recht der Europaeischen Union; Koeln Univ. (Germany). Inst. fuer Energierecht

2011-07-01

The book contains the papers presented at the 39th annual meeting on energy law of the Institute of Energy Law of Cologne University, held on 4 November 2010: Problems of recommunalisation from the view of the communities as illustrated by the example of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg; The development of market definition in the light of the market dynamics of the electricity and gas markets; Legal problems of long-term capacity bookings in the gas infrastructure; Interconnection of the European electricity markets, reality or chimera?; The European energy stock exchange in the point of intersection of energy regulation and bank supervision - current information on the development of the supervision regime for the energy market; Problems of the new energy competence title in Art. 194A EnV; Current rulings of the 3th cartel senate of the Duesseldorf Higher Regional Court on energy law; New lines for environmental protection: Obstacles to the grid integration of renewable energy sources. (orig./RHM)

From War on Drugs to War against Terrorism: modeling the evolution of Colombia's counter-insurgency.

Science.gov (United States)

Banks, Catherine M; Sokolowski, John A

2009-03-01

Strategic and tactical planning for military intervention needs revision as the causes, methods, and means of conflict have evolved. Counter-insurgent engagement is one such intervention that governments, militaries, and non-governmental organizations seek to better understand. Modeling insurgencies is an acceptable means to gain insight into the various characteristics of asymmetric warfare to proffer prescriptive resolutions for mitigating their effects. Colombia's insurgency poses the challenge of assessing population behavior in a non-traditional revolutionary climate. Factors prevalent in traditional insurgency are not applicable in Colombia, specifically between the years 1993 and 2001 with the democratization of the drug cartels. The catastrophic events of September 11th reverberated in Colombia resulting in a new policy and strategy to the waging the counter-insurgency there. This research introduces a structured methodology to modeling the Colombian counter-insurgency incorporating qualitative assessment, mathematical representation, and a System Dynamics approach to represent the effects of the policy change.

Kidnapping and abduction minimizing the threat and lessons in survival

CERN Document Server

Heard, Brian John

2014-01-01

Terrorist groups and organized crime cartels pose an increasing threat of kidnapping throughout many regions in the word. At the same time, international travel has become more commonplace for both business and leisure purposes. Kidnapping and Abduction: Minimizing the Threat and Lessons in Survival provides a practical guide on the precautions travelers can take to avoid being kidnapped or derail a kidnapping attempt in progress. In the event this cannot be avoided, the book supplies advice on how to ensure survival during captivity. Readers will learn: The basic elements of kidnapping and abduction The motivations and mechanisms of kidnappers The hotspots where kidnapping/hostage taking is prevalent Vehicles best suited for avoidance of kidnap threat and proposals for up-armoring an existing vehicle How to recognize immediate threats and precautions to be taken in assessing threat level The types of weapons most favored by kidnappers and their threat level Available bullet-resistant materials and their use ...

Solar thermal technology development: Estimated market size and energy cost savings. Volume 1: Executive summary

Science.gov (United States)

Gates, W. R.

1983-01-01

Estimated future energy cost savings associated with the development of cost-competitive solar thermal technologies (STT) are discussed. Analysis is restricted to STT in electric applications for 16 high-insolation/high-energy-price states. The fuel price scenarios and three 1990 STT system costs are considered, reflecting uncertainty over future fuel prices and STT cost projections. STT R&D is found to be unacceptably risky for private industry in the absence of federal support. Energy cost savings were projected to range from $0 to $10 billion (1990 values in 1981 dollars), dependng on the system cost and fuel price scenario. Normal R&D investment risks are accentuated because the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) cartel can artificially manipulate oil prices and undercut growth of alternative energy sources. Federal participation in STT R&D to help capture the potential benefits of developing cost-competitive STT was found to be in the national interest.

New Models of International Agreement for Refugee Protection

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Susan F. Martin

2016-09-01

Full Text Available In June 2016, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR announced that more than 65 million persons have fled conflict and persecution. While certainly large in its own right, the number actually underestimates displacement in today’s world. Many millions more are displaced each year and cumulatively from a much broader range of life-threatening humanitarian crises than are captured by UNHCR’s figures. An average of 26.4 million were displaced annually by acute natural hazards since 2008 and an unknown but sizable number displaced by gang and cartel violence, electoral and communal violence, nuclear and industrial accidents, and a range of other human-made disasters. This article argues for new frameworks to more effectively address the situation of the totality of displaced persons, citing two recent efforts — the Nansen Initiative and Migrants in Countries in Crisis Initiative — as examples of practical ways to move forward in this regard.

Communication and organizacional change / Comunicación y cambio organizacional

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

M.A. Luz Ernestina Fierro Murga eierro@uach.mx

2008-01-01

Full Text Available Communication is an essential element in organizational life, thanks to this process, through which human beings share experiences, it is possible for persons to accomplish joint actions, generate agreements, commitments and participate in organizational change. The purpose of this investigation is to analyze -through open messages in the form of a poster- the influence of communications as strategies of power in organizational change.Resumen: La comunicación es un elemento esencial en la vida de las organizaciones, gracias e este proceso, a través del cual se ponen en común las experiencias y vivencias del ser humano, es posible que las personas realicen acciones conjuntas, generen acuerdos, compromisos y participen en el cambio organizacional. En esta investigación se tiene como propósito analizar -a través de las circulares abiertas en forma de cartel- la influencia que tienen las comunicaciones como estrategias de poder en el cambio organizacional.

Contract manual for the gas industry. Practically oriented drafting and legally compliant application; Vertragshandbuch Gaswirtschaft. Praxisgerechte Gestaltung und rechtssichere Anwendung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Baumgert, Caspar (ed.) [WEMAG AG, Schwerin (Germany)

2010-07-01

The handbook presents all contracts on the delivery and grid side, including their specific clauses and variants along the value chain. This includes base load and auxiliary supply, contracts for private, commercial and industrial special customers as well as re-distributors, metering contracts, grid contracts, storage contracts, and biogas and heat supply contracting. The legal problems are outlined clearly and easy to understand, and the following questions are answered: What are the boundary conditions set by the new energy industry law and general civil law? Inhowfar are the contents of contracts influenced by legal specifications? What options are available for contract drafting, and what are their consequences? What contents are of particular importance? What are the requirements that result from price regulation by civil and cartel law? What is the role of licence fees in product design? What are the chances and risks of innovative products? What options for reaction do providers have in case of (impending) customer insolvency? (orig./RHM)

“Benvenuti all’inferno”: aggressione neo-nazista e cultura hip-hop turco-tedesca negli anni Novanta

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Matthias Kappler

2013-12-01

Full Text Available The article explores the trauma of the racist attacks of Hoyerswerda, Rostock-Lichtenhagen, Mölln and Solingen in the early 1990s and their impact on the Turkish community in Germany using the example of rap lyrics composed during those years. Hip-hop culture in Germany is primarily appropriated by male immigrant youths, especially with Turkish roots. During the first years of German rap (early 1990s, it is thus natural that the themes of the rappers were dominated by issues of social integration, multicultural coexistence and, after traumatic events of the racist attacks, of xenophobia and racism. After a short introduction to Turkish-German hip-hop culture (general features, social and cultural implications, Kanaksta Rap and the Kanak Attak community, the article provides some lyrics (in German and Turkish and an analysis of the reception of the attacks in German hip-hop culture, especially in the production of the rap formation Cartel, a merging of several hip-hop groups with mainly Turkish elements.

Energy and emissions trading. Proceedings; Energie und Klimawandel. Tagungsband

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ehlers, Dirk; Wolffgang, Hans-Michael; Schroeder, Ulrich Jan (eds.)

2010-07-01

Within the 14th Muensteraner Foreign Trade legislation conference at 15th and 16th October, 2009 in Muenster (Federal Republic of Germany), the following lectures were held: (1) National and European energy policy (Dieter Kunhenn); (2) Trade, transport and distribution of energy - actual and future legal aspects (Markus J. Kachel); (3) Liberalization and regulation of energy services at multilateral and bilateral level (Christian Pitschas); (4) Legal protection for foreign direct investigations in the energy sector (Richard Kreindler); (5) Energy cartels in the light of the WTO law (Joerg Philipp Terhechte); (6) Subsidisation of renewable energy in the area of attention between WTO and EU subsidy law (Martin Lukas); (7) Legal aspects of pipeline through the Baltic Sea (Barbara Kaech); (8) Sustainability standards and their compatibility with the WTO law (Lorenz Franken); (9) Economic instruments between Kyoto and Kopenhagen - Quo vadis climate protection? (Benjamin Goeerlach); (10) Emissions rights trading with developing countries (Peter Ebsen); (11) Legal aspects of the European emissions rights trading (Stefan Altenschmidt).

The Evolution of Los Zetas in Mexico and Central America: Sadism as an Instrument of Cartel Warfare

Science.gov (United States)

2014-04-01

investment, tourism , natural resources, migration, energy, and se- curity. In recent years, narco-violence has afflicted our neighbor to the south...tattoo he sported . He and fellow Texan Rosalio “Bart” Reta, also an American citizen and Santísima Muerte devotee, lived in safe houses in upper-class...other border tourism centers to deposit up to $14,000 in cash per month. This limit should be lowered if substantial money laundering ap- pears to be

Multi-period natural gas market modeling Applications, stochastic extensions and solution approaches

Science.gov (United States)

Egging, Rudolf Gerardus

This dissertation develops deterministic and stochastic multi-period mixed complementarity problems (MCP) for the global natural gas market, as well as solution approaches for large-scale stochastic MCP. The deterministic model is unique in the combination of the level of detail of the actors in the natural gas markets and the transport options, the detailed regional and global coverage, the multi-period approach with endogenous capacity expansions for transportation and storage infrastructure, the seasonal variation in demand and the representation of market power according to Nash-Cournot theory. The model is applied to several scenarios for the natural gas market that cover the formation of a cartel by the members of the Gas Exporting Countries Forum, a low availability of unconventional gas in the United States, and cost reductions in long-distance gas transportation. 1 The results provide insights in how different regions are affected by various developments, in terms of production, consumption, traded volumes, prices and profits of market participants. The stochastic MCP is developed and applied to a global natural gas market problem with four scenarios for a time horizon until 2050 with nineteen regions and containing 78,768 variables. The scenarios vary in the possibility of a gas market cartel formation and varying depletion rates of gas reserves in the major gas importing regions. Outcomes for hedging decisions of market participants show some significant shifts in the timing and location of infrastructure investments, thereby affecting local market situations. A first application of Benders decomposition (BD) is presented to solve a large-scale stochastic MCP for the global gas market with many hundreds of first-stage capacity expansion variables and market players exerting various levels of market power. The largest problem solved successfully using BD contained 47,373 variables of which 763 first-stage variables, however using BD did not result in

Regional energy supply in 1994/1995. Progress report of the working pool of regional power supply companies (ARE e.V.); Regionale Energieversorgung 1994/1995. Taetigkeitsbericht der Arbeitsgemeinschaft regionaler Energieversorgungs-Unternehmen - ARE - e.V

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

1996-04-01

Generally speaking the present report deals with the regional power supply as part of the whole economy. In this connection it also addresses issues of economic development. The following topics are covered in its report on the activities of ARE since the annual meeting of 1994; energy policy, regional supply in the new Laender, European common market for electricity, energy-economic law, special provisions under cartel law concerning public utilities. The report concludes with a description of the organisation of ARE (tasks and aims, members, executive board, management, committees, headquarters). (RHM) [Deutsch] Gegenstand des Berichtes ist zunaechst die regionale Energieversorgung im Rahmen der Gesamtwirtschaft. Dabei wird sowohl auf die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung als auf die regionale Energieversorgung eingegangen. Anschliessend wird ein Ueberblick ueber die Taetigkeit des ARE seit der Jahrestagung 1994 gegeben. Dabei werden Aktivitaeten in den Bereichen Energiepolitik, Regionalversorgung in den neuen Bundeslaendern, europaeischer Binnenmarkt fuer Elektrizitaet, Energiewirtschaftsrecht sowie kartellrechtlicher Ausnahmebereich Versorgungswirtschaft behandelt. Abschliessend wird die Organisation der ARE (Aufgaben und Ziele, Mitglieder, Vorstand, Geschaeftsfuehrung, Ausschuesse, Geschaeftsstelle) beschrieben. (RHM)

La problemática del narcotráfico en México y los esfuerzos institucionales para responder al flagelo

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Carlos Barrachina Lisón

2012-07-01

Full Text Available En el sexenio del presidente Felipe Calderón (2006-2012 se toma la decisión de enfrentar a los carteles que operan en el país. Iniciada la “guerra contra las drogas”, el Estado mexicano no puede contar con las fuerzas de seguridad pública porque identifican en las mismas grandes problemas de organización, falta de eficacia y corrupción. Por ello optan como solución de compromiso sacar a los militares de los cuarteles, desempeñando estos posiciones de jefes de Policía en los principales estados y municipios mexicanos, y operando de forma directa con unidades militares regulares en las calles. Se señala esta como una de las causas del gran aumento de la violencia en México. Fruto de una reflexión “profesional”, Genero García Luna, secretario de Seguridad Pública impulsa paralelamente, con el apoyo político del presidente y de los gobernadores, una reforma compleja que busca modernizar el sistema de seguridad pública del país.

ESR dating at K and X band of northeastern Brazilian megafauna

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kinoshita, Angela; Magnolia Franca, Alcina; Augusto Costa de Almeida, Jose; Maria Figueiredo, Ana; Nicolucci, Patricia; Graeff, Carlos F.O.; Baffa, Oswaldo

2005-01-01

The archaeological dose (AD) was measured in three tooth samples of giant mammals that belonged to Brazilian megafauna using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy at X-band (ν ∼9.5GHz) and K-band (ν ∼24GHz). Samples were collected in Lagoa de Dentro, Puxinana city in Paraiba, a northeast state in Brazil and were identified as Haplomastodon waringi (Holland) (two teeth) and one tooth sample of Xenorhinotherium bahiense (Cartele and Lessa). The average AD led to an age for the Haplomastodon samples of 11.6kybp. For one sample (Haplomastodon) K-band was also employed to evaluate the AD. The K-band spectrum had three components, determined using spectral simulation as follows: a wide isotropic line with g factor 2.0048, an orthorhombic line with gx=2.0034, gy=2.0022 and gz=1.9974, and another isotropic line with g factor 2.0008. The amplitude of these three signals increase with the added dose and the average dose found was 26+/-5Gy. This result is compatible with the AD determined with X-band 21+/-3Gy

NUESTRA PORTADA El deporte en la ciudad de Barcelona visto por una ilustradora

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Ramon Balius i Juli

2008-03-01

Full Text Available Desde hace tiempo, en la revista Apunts elegimos y decidimos Nuestra Portada siguiendo la norma de dedicar las cuatro portadas correspondientes a un año a una temática similar. Así, hemos consagrado diferentes grupos de portadas a las obras deportivas de escultores o de pintores catalanes, a trabajos arquitectónicos de Gaudí, a distintos aspectos de la pluralidad de actividades de Leonardo da Vinci y, durante el último año, hemos presentado cuatro carteles de la colección del Biblioteca del Deporte. Por primera vez, Nuestra Portada ha sido encargada a una conocida y prestigiosa ilustradora que ha realizado un dibujo original destinado especialmente a la Monografía que publicamos sobre “El deporte en los espacios públicos urbanos”. Con esta decisión hemos seguido la definición de la Gran Enciclopedia Catalana que describe al ilustrador como “aquella persona que, basándose en el texto de una obra, escoge la ilustración más idónea para complementarla o enriquecerla”.

Regional energy supply in 1996/1997. Progress report of the working pool of regional power supply companies (ARE e.V.); Regionale Energieversorgung 1996-1997. Taetigkeitsbericht der Arbeitsgemeinschaft regionaler Energieversorgungs-Unternehmen - ARE - e.V

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

1998-04-01

Generally speaking the present report deals with the regional power supply as part of the whole economy. In this connection it also addresses issues of economic development. The following topics are covered in its report on the activities of ARE since the annual meeting of 1996; energy policy, regional supply in the new Laender, European common market for electricity and natural gas, energy-economic law, special provisions under cartel law concerning public utilities. The report concludes with a description of the organisation of ARE (tasks and aims, members, executive board, management, committees, headquarters). (RHM) [Deutsch] Gegenstand des Berichtes ist zunaechst die regionale Energieversorgung im Rahmen der Gesamtwirtschaft. Dabei wird sowohl auf die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung als auf die regionale Energieversorgung eingegangen. Anschliessend wird ein Ueberblick ueber die Taetigkeit des ARE seit der Jahrestagung 1996 gegeben. Dabei werden Aktivitaeten in den Bereichen Energiepolitik, Regionalversorgung in den neuen Bundeslaendern, europaeischer Binnenmarkt fuer Elektrizitaet und Gas, Energiewirtschaftsrecht sowie kartellrechtlicher Ausnahmebereich Versorgungswirtschaft behandelt. Abschliessend wird die Organisation der ARE (Aufgaben und Ziele, Mitglieder, Vorstand, Geschaeftsfuehrung, Ausschuesse, Geschaeftsstelle) beschrieben. (RHM)

Solar thermal technology development: Estimated market size and energy cost savings. Volume 2: Assumptions, methodology and results

Science.gov (United States)

Gates, W. R.

1983-02-01

Estimated future energy cost savings associated with the development of cost-competitive solar thermal technologies (STT) are discussed. Analysis is restricted to STT in electric applications for 16 high-insolation/high-energy-price states. Three fuel price scenarios and three 1990 STT system costs are considered, reflecting uncertainty over future fuel prices and STT cost projections. Solar thermal technology research and development (R&D) is found to be unacceptably risky for private industry in the absence of federal support. Energy cost savings were projected to range from $0 to $10 billion (1990 values in 1981 dollars), depending on the system cost and fuel price scenario. Normal R&D investment risks are accentuated because the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) cartel can artificially manipulate oil prices and undercut growth of alternative energy sources. Federal participation in STT R&D to help capture the potential benefits of developing cost-competitive STT was found to be in the national interest. Analysis is also provided regarding two federal incentives currently in use: The Federal Business Energy Tax Credit and direct R&D funding.

Solar thermal technologies benefits assessment: Objectives, methodologies and results for 1981

Science.gov (United States)

Gates, W. R.

1982-07-01

The economic and social benefits of developing cost competitive solar thermal technologies (STT) were assessed. The analysis was restricted to STT in electric applications for 16 high insolation/high energy price states. Three fuel price scenarios and three 1990 STT system costs were considered, reflecting uncertainty over fuel prices and STT cost projections. After considering the numerous benefits of introducing STT into the energy market, three primary benefits were identified and evaluated: (1) direct energy cost savings were estimated to range from zero to $50 billion; (2) oil imports may be reduced by up to 9 percent, improving national security; and (3) significant environmental benefits can be realized in air basins where electric power plant emissions create substantial air pollution problems. STT research and development was found to be unacceptably risky for private industry in the absence of federal support. The normal risks associated with investments in research and development are accentuated because the OPEC cartel can artificially manipulate oil prices and undercut the growth of alternative energy sources.

The Leniency Agreement as Antitrust Guardianship instrument in Brazil Abrir no Google Tradutor Feedback Google Tradutor https://translate.google.com.br/?hl=pt-BR Inglês. Português. Espanhol. Detectar idioma. Português. Inglês. Espanhol. Traduzir texto ou ... Participe da comunidade do Google Tradutor. Google Tradutor ... Google Tradutor https://translate.google.com.br/?hl=pt-PT Inglês. Português. Francês. Detectar idioma. Português. Inglês. Francês. Traduzir texto ou página Web. Escreva texto ou o endereço de um Web site ou traduza ... Tradutor Inglês Português tradutor.babylon-software.com/ingles/portugues/ Tradutor Inglês para Português Gratuito da Babylon. Traduza Inglês Português ou simplesmente baixe o nosso dicionário de definições e traduções gratuito. Reverso | Tradução online grátis, dicionário www.reverso.net/text_translation.aspx?lang=PT Reverso.net: serviço de tradução gratuita em Inglês, Português, Francês, Espanhol, Italiano, Alemão, Russo, Hebraico, Chinês, Japonês. Tradutor Ingles Português www.tradutoringlesportugues.biz/ Tradutor Ingles Português livre, O tradutor traduz qualquer texto de Português para Inglês e de Inglês para Português. Tradutor Português-Inglês www.tradutor24x7.com/portugues/ingles/ Livre Português para a tradução Inglês. Traduzir Português para Inglês on-line gratuito. Tradutor Inglês-Português www.tradutor24x7.com/ingles/portugues/ Livre Inglês para a tradução Português. Traduzir Inglês para Português on-line gratuito. Tradutor Online, Tradutor Inglês Português - Guia de Mulher www.guiademulher.com.br/tradutor.htm Tradutor inglês português, tradutor online de textos do inglês para o português. Ferramenta de idiomas. Use aqui o tradutor do google. Dicionário Inglês-Português - Tradução - bab.la pt.bab.la/dicionario/ingles-portugues/ Pesquisar no dicionário Inglês-Português: Encontre uma tradução para português no dicionário de inglês gratuito do bab.la. Bing Tradutor br.bing.com/translator/ 0/5000. Opções de Voz. Masculina. Feminina. Traduzir. Português ... Faça mais com o Tradutor. Privacidade e Cookies · Legal · Anunciar · Sobre os nossos ... Pesquisas relacionadas a tradutor ingles portugues tradutor ingles portugues gratis on line tradutor ingles portugues online gratuito tradutor ingles portugues gratis online tradutor ingles portugues download tradutor ingles portugues yahoo tradutor ingles portugues uol tradutor ingles portugues babylon tradutor ingles portugues bussola 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mais

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

José Maria Ramos

2016-06-01

Full Text Available The market economy countries have significant concerns with the restraint of trade, requiring constitute regulatory frameworks and mechanisms to protect economic competition, so that economic efficiency is governed by legislation determined by the State. To mitigate the problems arising from the formation of a cartel that prevent free competition, causing damage to the community, the Office of the leniency agreement arises, administered by the Board of Directors and Economic Defense - CADE - the body responsible for prevention and repression of offenses against economic order. The leniency agreement is one of the most effective tools used by antitrust authorities to provide effective enforcement of antitrust law as regards the repression of anti-competitive practices although there are some contradictions in the field of ethics. In fulfilling the leniency agreement, the proposing informer may have the extinction of the punitive action or reduction of one to two thirds of the penalty applicable at the administrative level and in the criminal context, automatically terminate the punishment of crimes against the economic order.

Entramados institucionales y delincuencia. El caso de Michoacán, México

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jerjes Aguirre Ochoa

2012-12-01

Full Text Available A pesar de la emergencia social que ha significado la inseguridad en México existe poco debate académico sobre las políticas públicas que deben darse en el corto y mediano plazo para resolver el problema. Desde la perspectiva del Estado Federal Mexicano, la médula de la inseguridad la constituye la alta demanda de drogas en los Estados Unidos que alienta el crecimiento de carteles delincuenciales dedicados al tráfico de enervantes. En esta misma perspectiva, la facilidad en tráfico de armas de asalto contribuye a agravar la situación. La realidad, sin embargo, es que existen problemas institucionales severos que han minado la capacidad del Estado por normar la convivencia entre los ciudadanos. El caso de Michoacán refleja entramados institucionales débiles producto de una transición política que no ha logrado consolidar instituciones a nivel de gobierno estatal y municipal, lo suficiente solidas para normar efectivamente la convivencia entre los michoacanos.

Solar thermal technology development: Estimated market size and energy cost savings. Volume 2: Assumptions, methodology and results

Science.gov (United States)

Gates, W. R.

1983-01-01

Estimated future energy cost savings associated with the development of cost-competitive solar thermal technologies (STT) are discussed. Analysis is restricted to STT in electric applications for 16 high-insolation/high-energy-price states. Three fuel price scenarios and three 1990 STT system costs are considered, reflecting uncertainty over future fuel prices and STT cost projections. Solar thermal technology research and development (R&D) is found to be unacceptably risky for private industry in the absence of federal support. Energy cost savings were projected to range from $0 to $10 billion (1990 values in 1981 dollars), depending on the system cost and fuel price scenario. Normal R&D investment risks are accentuated because the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) cartel can artificially manipulate oil prices and undercut growth of alternative energy sources. Federal participation in STT R&D to help capture the potential benefits of developing cost-competitive STT was found to be in the national interest. Analysis is also provided regarding two federal incentives currently in use: The Federal Business Energy Tax Credit and direct R&D funding.

Self-regulation - advantages and disadvantages in a German network operator's view; Selbstregulierung - Vor- und Nachteile aus Sicht eines deutschen Netzbetreibers

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Marquis, G. [Lech-Elektrizitaetswerke AG, Augsburg (Germany)

2001-06-18

After a very short time the existing mechanisms of self-regulation in connection with the tariff control and the cartel control resulted in an intense and dynamic competition in Germany's energy sector. Within the scope of self-regulation it is now essential to successively eliminate the problems identified during the implementation of competition. The introduction of a regulator as such is no guarantee of quality for competition. A number of problems during the implementation of the liberalisation are based on causes a regulator cannot remove either. (orig.) [German] Die vorhandenen Mechanismen der Selbstregulierung haben in Verbindung mit der Tarifaufsicht und der Kartellaufsicht in kuerzester Zeit zu einem intensiven und dynamischen Wettbewerb im Energiesektor in Deutschland gefuehrt. Im Rahmen der Selbstregulierung gilt es nun, die erkannten Probleme in der Umsetzung des Wettbewerbs sukzessive zu beheben. Die Einfuehrung eines Regulators per se stellt keine Qualitaetsgarantie fuer den Wettbewerb dar. Eine Reihe von Problemen in der Umsetzung der Liberalisierung haben Ursachen, die auch ein Regulator nicht beheben kann. (orig.)

Is it necessary to import biofuels?

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jensen, V.

1997-01-01

This conference paper discusses whether it is necessary to import biofuels into Denmark. As far as resources and capacities are concerned, the answer is no. From a commercial point of view the answer is yes. The electricity utilities and the district heating companies have established import as an alternative to domestic production of biomass. This is because agreements among suppliers had led to the absence of competition on price. This tendency to form cartels are seen for straw and chips. With pellets the situation is different; the market is controlled by the supply of shavings and filings from the furniture industry. This means that the market is very sensitive to changes in the export of furniture to Germany. Importing pellets has been difficult because of transportation problems. The prices of biofuels have been slightly falling. From 2005 the need for bioenergy will increase beyond the domestic resources of straw and chips. To secure that the Danish prices will not exceed those on the world market, in spite of the governmentally planned choice of fuels, some import of biomass will be required. 5 figs

MICROECONOMIC ANALYSIS IN COMPETITION POLICY

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Paul Prisecaru

2013-11-01

Full Text Available This paper presents some of the most important microeconomic tools used in assessing antitrust and merger cases by the competition authorities. By explaining the way that microeconomic concepts like “market power”, “critical loss” or “price elasticity of demand” are used by the modern competition policy, the microeconomics scholar can get a practical perspective on the way that these concepts fit into the more general concept of “competition policy”. Extensive economic research has shown what are the market forces and economic factors that determine how cartels, which are at the core of antitrust policy, are established and sustained over time. One of the most important of these factors is the markets exposure to innovation, especially disruptive innovation. In these markets, the paradox, from a competition policy perspective, can be considered the fact that collusion is one of the least important concerns, due to the specific elements that determine the nature of competition.Instead, the main anticompetitive risk in the markets exposed to intensive innovation is unilateral conduct by which dominant incumbents can exclude competitors.

Historicising ‘Irregular’ Migration from Senegal to Europe

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Stephanie Maher

2017-09-01

Full Text Available Contemporary discourses on migration from West Africa to Europe tend to frame migrants as victims of syndicated trafficking cartels that truck in human desperation. As part of this narrative, migrants are increasingly portrayed as ‘modern-day slaves’ in need of humanitarian protection. In both media and policy circles, African migrants are commonly referred to as desperate travellers who fall prey to exploitative ‘slave traders’ on their clandestine journeys to Europe. And yet, such framings do not adequately account for the ways in which migration from West Africa to Europe has a long and profound history, and thus does not sufficiently correspond to histories of enslavement. Nor do such framings appreciate how contemporary movements within and outside West Africa are informed by interrelated political genealogies that tie Europe to Africa in mutually dialectic ways. Focusing on the case of Senegal, this article aims to disrupt the ‘migrant as slave’ narrative by looking back at the histories of regional and international mobility that continue to shape population movements out of Senegal today.

Efectividad del programa Promoción de alimentación saludable en estudiantes de escuelas públicas del estado de Sonora

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Trinidad Quizán Plata

2013-01-01

Full Text Available El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de un programa de intervención en escolares de seis a ocho años en Hermosillo, Sonora. Fue un estudio experimental aleatorio y controlado, tres escuelas intervenidas (n= 62 y tres escuelas no intervenidas (n= 64. El programa de intervención incluyó talleres educativos, carteles publicitarios, disponibilidad de alimentos saludables, premiación por consumo de alimentos saludables, copla infantil y folletos informativos. La disponibilidad de alimentos saludables en las tiendas escolares aumentó después de aplicar el programa de intervención (p≤0.05 y se incrementó el consumo de frutas y verduras durante el recreo. Los escolares no intervenidos presentan mayor riesgo de consumir alimentos no saludables durante el recreo ( RM , 95% IC , 3.7, 1.7-7.8, p=0.001. El consumo de los macronutrimentos fue menor (p≤0.05 en el grupo de intervención. El PI tuvo efecto positivo en el consumo de alimentos de los escolares.

La editorial Ricordi y su aportación a la publicidad italiana de principios del siglo XX / The publisher Ricordi and his contribution to the Italian advertising early twentieth century

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Rut Francia Ferrero

2013-09-01

Full Text Available El objeto de estudio de la presente investigación es el nacimiento de las campañas publicitarias gráficas orquestadas por la fructífera colaboración entre empresarios, editores e ilustradores entre los siglos XIX y XX en Italia. El estudio se centra en la Casa Editorial Ricordi porque fue la creadora e impulsora del moderno cartel artístico y publicitario italiano, con un vasta producción de ejemplares, hoy considerados obras maestras del género. La etapa de oro del cartel italiano coincide, no por casualidad, con el predominio técnico y artístico de esta empresa en Italia que nada tenía que envidiar a sus competidoras francesas (como la prestigiosa Imprimerie Chaix parisina, tan querida por Jules Chéret, alemanas o inglesas. El período analizado (1890-1914 es el de mayor actividad y esplendor artístico en las artes gráficas. Son los años de los primeros pasos en el campo de la publicidad. Como en todos los comienzos, abundan las ideas, la energía, la ingenuidad y las ganas de experimentar. Es un tiempo lleno de cambios: la transformación económica, social e industrial que vivió Europa en un lapso tan corto de  tiempo es probablemente la mayor de su historia.The purpose of this research is the birth of graphic advertising campaigns orchestrated by the fruitful collaboration between employers, publishers and illustrators between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in Italy. The study focuses on the Ricordi publishing house because it was the creator and driving force of the modern Italian poster art and advertising with a vast production of copies, today considered masterpieces of the genre. The golden age of Italian poster coincides, not coincidentally, with the technical and artistic dominance of this company in Italy that had nothing to envy their French competitors (including the prestigious Paris Imprimerie Chaix, so beloved by Jules Cheret, German or England. The period analyzed (1890-1914 is the most active and

Humanitarian Protection for Children Fleeing Gang-Based Violence in the Americas

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Elizabeth Carlson

2015-04-01

Full Text Available By the end of 2011, the US Customs and Border Protection (CBP began to see a steady rise in the number of Unaccompanied Alien Children (UAC from Central America, particularly from the Northern Triangle countries—El Salvador, Honduras and Guatemala—arriving to the US-Mexico border. The number of children entering the United States from these countries more than doubled during fiscal year (FY 2012 and continued to grow through FY 2014. In FY 2013, CBP apprehended over 35,000 children. That number almost doubled to 66,127 in FY 2014, with Central American children outnumbering their Mexican counterparts for the first time. Research has identified high levels of violence perpetrated by gangs and drug cartels in the Northern Triangle countries and Mexico as a primary reason for this surge. Under the William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act (TVPRA passed with bi-partisan support in 2008, children from Central America cannot be immediately deported and must be given a court hearing.In contrast, unless there are indicia of trafficking, Mexican children are returned immediately to their country. Advocates have expressed concern that expedited removal of Mexican children places children with valid humanitarian claims at risk of being returned to harm, including forcible recruitment into drug cartels and trafficking rings. After the spike in arrivals in FY 2014, several members of Congress called for a change in the TVPRA, urging that Central American children be treated like Mexican children and undergo expedited procedures for their removal. Many of their constituents supported such measures. The Obama administration requested additional funds to strengthen border security, speed up deportation procedures and implement measures to address the humanitarian crisis in Central America. Groups and individuals across the country came together to provide shelter, medical and psychological care and legal representation to many

THE MANIFESTATION OF THE ABUSE OF DOMINANT POSITION IN THE CURRENT ROMANIAN ECONOMY

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MELINDA CENUŞE

2011-01-01

Full Text Available The abuse use of a dominant position constitutes an important form of manifestation of anti-competitive practices. Almost all competition laws have some provisions on the abuse of dominant position. Most European laws, including the one of the European Union, contain an express provision prohibiting the abuse of dominant position. However, they rarely include a definition of what constitutes abuse of dominant position, but most of them pass in review examples of behaviors that may be considered illegal. In countries with a developed market economy, the legal provisions regarding abuse of dominant position were not so important and so widely used as the provisioning governing mergers and the cartel behavior. The explanation is that in a developed economy, the markets are larger, firms are more numerous, and the entry on the market is relatively easy. As a result, there are few markets where a firm with a dominant position can exercise its market influence for longer periods without new entries being attracted. For this study we decided to present the most famous cases involving the abuse of dominant position registered on Romanian market of mobile phones in 2011 and sanctioned by the Romanian Competition Council.

OPEC's optimal crude oil price

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Horn, Manfred

2004-01-01

OPEC decided to stabilise oil prices within a range of 22-28 US Dollar/barrel of crude oil. Such an oil-price-level is far beyond the short and long run marginal costs of oil production, beyond even that in regions with particularly high costs. Nevertheless, OPEC may achieve its goal if world demand for oil increases substantially in the future and oil resources outside the OPEC are not big enough to accordingly increase production. In this case OPEC, which controls about 78% of world oil reserves, has to supply a large share of that demand increase. If we assume OPEC will behave as a partial monopolist on the oil market, which takes into consideration the reaction of the other producers to its own sales strategy, it can reach its price target. Lower prices before 2020 are probable only if the OPEC cartel breaks up. Higher prices are possible if production outside OPEC is inelastic as assumed by some geologists, but they would probably stimulate the production of unconventional oil based on oil sand or coal. Crude oil prices above 30 US Dollar/barrel are therefore probably not sustainable for a long period. (Author)

Sustainable fuel, food, fertilizer and ecosystems through a global artificial photosynthetic system: overcoming anticompetitive barriers

Science.gov (United States)

Bruce, Alex; Faunce, Thomas

2015-01-01

This article discusses challenges that artificial photosynthetic (AP) systems will face when entering and competing in a global market characterized by established fossil fuel technology. It provides a perspective on the neoliberal principles underpinning much policy entrenching such environmentally destructive technology and outlines how competition law could aid overcoming these hurdles for AP development. In particular, it critiques the potential for competition law to promote a global AP initiative with greater emphasis on atmospheric carbon dioxide and nitrogen fixation (as well as solar-driven water splitting) to produce an equitable, globally distributed source of human food, fertilizer and biosphere sustainability, as well as hydrogen-based fuel. Some relevant strategies of competition law evaluated in this context include greater citizen–consumer involvement in shaping market values, legal requirements to factor services from the natural environment (i.e. provision of clean air, water, soil pollution degradation) into corporate costs, reform of corporate taxation and requirements to balance maximization of shareholder profit with contribution to a nominated public good, a global financial transactions tax, as well as prohibiting horizontal cartels, vertical agreements and unilateral misuse of market power. PMID:26052427

CRIMINAL AGENDAS AND PEACE PROCESSES IN COLOMBIA: THE CASE “DONBERNABILIDAD” IN MEDELLIN

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ESTEBAN ARRATIA SANDOVAL

2017-12-01

Full Text Available The widespread impact of criminal violence in Latin America, has led it to be ranked as the most dangerous region in the planet by United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. This situation, combined with the ineffectiveness of the policies implemented so far to mitigate it has generated an intense debate about how, some classic conflict resolution tools as mediation could be explored to contain the violence associated with drug cartels, militias and gangs. However, which are the principal risks to mediate with criminal groups? This article aims to answer this question, using as a case study the city of Medellin. In 2003, the Antioquian capital experienced a dramatic drop in homicides product of aka Don Berna hegemony over all the armed actors operating in the city and subsequent demobilization of his paramilitary group Cacique Nutibara Block, period best known locally as Donbernability. In this way, based on the Colombian case, this work analyzes, under a qualitative approach, the main constraints faced by Governments to mediate with criminal actors to reduce the levels of lethality, usually in exchange for judicial benefits.

Why do oil prices jump (or fall)?

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wirl, Franz

2008-01-01

This paper discusses theories that can explain the zig-zags of oil prices in general and in particular the recent jump. More precisely, the following explanations are discussed: Homo oeconomicus (pure profit maximization if demand is dynamic and convex), price reaction function (price increases and respectively declines depend on capacity utilization), cartelization contingent on output or revenues of which the latter can lead to backward bending supply segments and multiple equilibria, statistical descriptions (mean reversion), homo politicus, i.e., arguments for price hikes that are rational (Public Choice) despite the (long-run) economic loss. Finally two approaches are presented that emphasize demand uncertainty: one extending the above-mentioned dynamic demand framework and the other considers a dynamic game of non-competitive suppliers with lumpy investments. Summing up, a demand shock seems to be the most suitable explanation of today's high prices (indeed a shock given that International Energy Agency (IEA) and Department of Energy (DoE) were promising just a couple of years ago that we are going to have lots of oil at low prices), while others and in particular politics have surprisingly little or no explanatory power. (author)

Political Parties and Popular Representation in Myanmar’s Democratisation Process

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Kristian Stokke

2015-01-01

Full Text Available The article examines the role of political parties in Myanmar’s democratisation process. We argue that the substance of democratisation depends on popular representation through political parties but question their capacity to provide such representation. Examining capacity through the concept of party institutionalisation, we find that most parties have not been able to build effective organisational structures. However, we also find a degree of party institutionalisation in the form of rootedness in society. Political cleavages between those favouring authoritarian rule over democratic rule and Burman nationhood over ethnic notions of nationhood have produced divisions between state-centred parties associated with Myanmar’s authoritarian legacy and society-centred pro-democracy and ethnic parties. Although being less dichotomous than in the past, we argue that these cleavages continue to provide a basis for party identity and rootedness in society. We conclude that further development of political parties and popular representation will be shaped by the relations between parties, the state, and society – where individual parties are shaped according to their tendencies towards state-centred cartel parties or society-centred mass parties.

José Rosa y La guaracha del Macho Camacho de Luis Rafael Sánchez: texto, iconotexto y palimpsesto

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Rita De Maeseneer

2014-06-01

Full Text Available La edición de Cátedra de La guaracha del Macho Camacho (2000 de Luis R. Sánchez lleva en su portada una reproducción incompleta de un llamativo cartel del artista puertorriqueño José Rosa. Esta obra, un iconotexto que estudiamos y reproducimos íntegramente, incorpora una rica serie de citas –falsas y verdaderas– de La guaracha. Proponemos un recorrido interpretativo de la configuración visual y textual de esta imagen, creada con otro fin que el de servir de pórtico a la novela. Con ella Rosa condensaba ya en 1977 de manera sorprendente muchos de los enfoques que los críticos literarios de Sánchez sólo desarrollarían mucho más tarde: la desacralización, el enmascaramiento racial, sexual y social, la dictadura del ocio y del consumo, el barroquismo... Como copista infiel y retozón, Rosa reinterpreta La guaracha insertando su autobiografía en ella y sobre todo insistiendo en que oigamos su trasfondo sonoro más profundo hecho de violencia, de racismo, de explotación y de exclusión.

Coal prices rise

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

McLean, A.

2001-01-01

Coking and semi hard coking coal price agreements had been reached, but, strangely enough, the reaching of common ground on semi soft coking coal, ultra low volatile coal and thermal coal seemed some way off. More of this phenomenon later, but suffice to say that, traditionally, the semi soft and thermal coal prices have fallen into place as soon as the hard, or prime, coking coal prices have been determined. The rise and rise of the popularity of the ultra low volatile coals has seen demand for this type of coal grow almost exponentially. Perhaps one of the most interesting facets of the coking coal settlements announced to date is that the deals appear almost to have been preordained. The extraordinary thing is that the preordination has been at the prescience of the sellers. Traditionally, coking coal price fixing has been the prerogative of the Japanese Steel Mills (JSM) cartel (Nippon, NKK, Kawasaki, Kobe and Sumitomo) who presented a united front to a somewhat disorganised force of predominantly Australian and Canadian sellers. However, by the time JFY 2001 had come round, the rules of the game had changed

El uso de minijuegos en la enseñanza–aprendizaje de Física y Química de Bachillerato

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Felipe QUINTANAL PÉREZ

2014-11-01

Full Text Available El proyecto realizado se ha cimentado en el empleo de minijuegos educativos gratuitos que guarden alguna relacio?n con la materia de Física y Química. Esta temática ha sido seleccionada por consenso con los alumnos en base a las utilidades didácticas de los videojuegos, a la seducción que ejercen sobre los estudiantes y a la mejora en el desarrollo de sus habilidades TIC. Esta acción se realizó durante el curso 2012–2013 con alumnos de 1º de Bachillerato de las modalidades de salud y científico–tecnológica. Los estudiantes se organizaron por equipos de trabajo heterogéneos e inicialmente seleccionaron y analizaron minijuegos. Una vez escogidos, realizaron las siguientes tareas: una revista digital, una fotografía interactiva, un test multimedia y un cartel de presentación. Estas actividades fueron compartidas en la red social Edmodo. A tenor de los resultados obtenidos en la autoevaluación efectuada por los alumnos, se puede consideran la ejecución de este proyecto como un éxito. 

Sustainable fuel, food, fertilizer and ecosystems through a global artificial photosynthetic system: overcoming anticompetitive barriers.

Science.gov (United States)

Bruce, Alex; Faunce, Thomas

2015-06-06

This article discusses challenges that artificial photosynthetic (AP) systems will face when entering and competing in a global market characterized by established fossil fuel technology. It provides a perspective on the neoliberal principles underpinning much policy entrenching such environmentally destructive technology and outlines how competition law could aid overcoming these hurdles for AP development. In particular, it critiques the potential for competition law to promote a global AP initiative with greater emphasis on atmospheric carbon dioxide and nitrogen fixation (as well as solar-driven water splitting) to produce an equitable, globally distributed source of human food, fertilizer and biosphere sustainability, as well as hydrogen-based fuel. Some relevant strategies of competition law evaluated in this context include greater citizen-consumer involvement in shaping market values, legal requirements to factor services from the natural environment (i.e. provision of clean air, water, soil pollution degradation) into corporate costs, reform of corporate taxation and requirements to balance maximization of shareholder profit with contribution to a nominated public good, a global financial transactions tax, as well as prohibiting horizontal cartels, vertical agreements and unilateral misuse of market power.

Demokratie als Bürgerprojekt. Verfassungspatriotismus und Bürgerengagement Democracy as a Project of Citizens. Constitutional Patriotism and Citizen Action

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Marion Eckertz-Höfer

2004-07-01

Full Text Available Bleibt unsere Demokratie unter heutigen veränderten Rahmenbedingungen – Geburtenrückgang und Alterung der Gesellschaft, hohe Arbeitslosigkeit, Finanzierungsprobleme der Sozialsysteme, Immigrationsströme, Kapitalflucht, internationale Kriminalität, Elitenkartelle, zunehmende Verwischung staatlicher Aufgaben und wirtschaftlicher Interessen, Europäisierung – überlebensfähig? Jutta Limbach geht es um die Bedingungen der Stabilität unseres staatlichen und gesellschaftlichen Gemeinwesens. Ihre Hoffnung gilt einer sich entwickelnden Bürgergesellschaft. Hier – und nicht bei der politischen Elite – setzt sie auf die Phantasie, Tatkraft und Meinungsfreude, derer unser Staat bedarf, um zu überleben.Is our democracy able to survive under the current changed conditions—decrease in birth rates and the aging of society, high unemployment, financial problems of social systems, streams in immigration, flight of capital, international criminality, elite cartels, and Europeanization? Jutta Limbach considers the conditions of stability in our state and societal community. Her hope is aimed at a developing civil society. It is here—and not with the political elite—that she finds imagination, power of action and pleasure to express opinion. These qualities are necessary for the survival of our country.

Analysis of effects of foreign bank entry on credit interest rate behavior in Serbia

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Đukić Đorđe

2007-01-01

Full Text Available Following foreign bank entry, credit interest rates have been extremely high in Serbia compared with a reference group of countries: Croatia, Bulgaria and Romania. This is connected with monetary authorities' poor predictions regarding the behavior of those banks in setting interest rates, creating an illusion that competition, per se, would rapidly result in decreasing interest rates; as well as undertaking monetary policy measures-such as an extreme increase in the reserve requirements rate-that contributed to unchanged or increased credit interest rates. The final outcome of poor predictions and measures undertaken by the National Bank of Serbia is limited to periodical appeals by its highest officials to citizens to consider the conditions under which they borrow from banks. However, under conditions of fully inelastic demand for bank credit and a cartel presence in the banking sector, such appeals are ineffective, merely reflecting an attempt to avoid responsibility for a possible wave of bankruptcies in the household sector. Only increasing competition among banks can lead to a significant decrease in credit interest rates in Serbia in the medium term. Empirical analysis shows that competition should be most intensive on the mortgage loan market.

Planning Oil Prices In The World Market And Preventive Policies In Energy Sector Of Iran

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Raees Dana, Fariborz

1999-01-01

The planning of oil prices in the world can not be analyzed by means of the market-competition theory or the game theory. The current prices seem to be influenced greatly by large energy consuming industries of developed countries, oil producing corporations and cartels, and oil productions outside of OPEC. There is a lack of necessary long term policies and planning so that drastic changes in market prices can be avoided. The goal of this paper is to suggest new policies by means of discussing in following issues: 1.Initiating some form of a financial support for OPEC with the necessary follow up. 2. Utilization of oil income in sectors organized to have the least susceptibility against income loss and the lowest impact on other sectors. 3. Reducing of oil production level in the local and global framework and starting in industrialization process. 4. Replacement of oil with natural gas at a faster rate. 5. improving the oil industry infrastructure for lowering production costs and increasing variety in products in light of country economic policies and occupational strategies. 6. Imposing self-reliance on development of oil-production technology

Oil Dependence: The Value of R{ampersand}D

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Greene, D.L.

1997-07-01

Over the past quarter century the United States` dependence on oil has cost its economy on the order of $5 trillion. Oil dependence is defined as economically significant consumption of oil, given price inelastic demand in the short and long run and given the ability of the OPEC cartel to use market power to influence oil prices. Although oil prices have been lower and more stable over the past decade, OPEC still holds the majority of the world`s conventional oil resources according to the best available estimates. OPEC`s share of the world oil market is likely to grow significantly in the future,restoring much if not all of their former market power. Other than market share, the key determinants of OPEC`s market power are the long and short run price elasticities of world oil demand and supply. These elasticities depend critically on the technologies of oil supply and demand, especially the technology of energy use in transportation. Research and development can change these elasticities in fundamental ways, and given the nature of the problem,the government has an important role to play in supporting such research.

Nuclear power: in perspective

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Agnew, H.M.

1980-01-01

Dr. Agnew, former director of Los Alamos Scientific Lab., observes that modern communications have made the over-populated and less-developed countries impatient to have the energy-intensive living standards enjoyed by Europe and the US. More cartels can be expected, he feels, to give these people economic leverage unless they are supplied with cheap, available energy. He notes that all energy sources, including nuclear, have a role and must be developed. The economic and environmental impacts of nuclear energy compare favorably with other major energy sources, but the public neds to be given factual rather than sensational information about nuclear energy so that realistic comparisons can be made. Dr. Agnew points to new types of reactors for land-based facilities that can be designed and that will be safer than the water-cooled design and eliminate some risks. He also finds fuel reprocessing removing some risks, in contrast to the failing nonproliferation policy. He admonishes opponents of nuclear energy to recognize that their position has serious social and economic implications for developing countries and possibly grave political and security repercussions for the US

Federal Cartel Office interferes with the issuing of concessions for electricity and gas supply; Bundeskartellamt greift Strom- und Gaskonzessionsvergaben an

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Jasper, Ute; Biemann, Jens [Heuking Kuehn Lueer Wojtek, Duesseldorf (Germany)

2012-03-08

Direct awarding of electricity or gas concessions to utility-owned companies or communal subsidiaries without competition is not permissible, according to current rulings of the BKartA. The BKartA assumes misuse of the market-dominating position of a community if it violates the specifications of Sect. 46 EnWG for the issuing of concessions. The trend towards recommunalisation is stopped at least in those cases where both an electricity concession and a gas concession are to be transferred simultaneously to a new community-owned utility.

Competing with the Cartels: How Mexico’s Government Can Reduce Organized Crime’s Economic Grip on its People

Science.gov (United States)

2011-10-28

1917 Constitution (see Annex A for more about Mexico’s economy).11 By 1982 however, the Mexican government’s “statist expansion and economic...Agreement ( NAFTA ) in 1994, the Mexican economy has continued to liberalize economically achieving a much higher level of macroeconomic stability and...include NAFTA , which has grown the Mexican economy, but had mixed socio-economic results. Signed in January 1994, NAFTA 8 created the “world’s

Considering extraction constraints in long-term oil price modelling

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rehrl, Tobias; Friedrich, Rainer; Voss, Alfred

2005-12-15

paths endogenously from OPEC's intertemporally optimal cartel behaviour. Thereby OPEC is faced with both the price-dependent production of the non-OPEC competitive fringe and the price-dependent world oil demand. World oil demand is modelled with a constant price elasticity function and refers to a scenario from ACROPOLIS-POLES. LOPEX results show, that the OPEC optimum - because of the cartel behaviour - depends much more on the present market situations than on intertemporal considerations. This qualifies the a priori assumption of perfect market foresight, tending to a more myopic decision making from OPEC. The results indicate that OPEC may have acted quite optimal since the seventies, at least in a ten-years average. LOPEX calculates a significant higher oil price from around 2020 onwards compared to the reference scenario, and a stagnating market share of maximal 50 % to be optimal for OPEC. (Author)

Considering extraction constraints in long-term oil price modelling

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Rehrl, Tobias; Friedrich, Rainer; Voss, Alfred

2005-01-01

paths endogenously from OPEC's intertemporally optimal cartel behaviour. Thereby OPEC is faced with both the price-dependent production of the non-OPEC competitive fringe and the price-dependent world oil demand. World oil demand is modelled with a constant price elasticity function and refers to a scenario from ACROPOLIS-POLES. LOPEX results show, that the OPEC optimum - because of the cartel behaviour - depends much more on the present market situations than on intertemporal considerations. This qualifies the a priori assumption of perfect market foresight, tending to a more myopic decision making from OPEC. The results indicate that OPEC may have acted quite optimal since the seventies, at least in a ten-years average. LOPEX calculates a significant higher oil price from around 2020 onwards compared to the reference scenario, and a stagnating market share of maximal 50 % to be optimal for OPEC. (Author)

Energy law. The legal boundary conditions of power supply. 2. rev. ed.; Grundriss zum Energierecht. Der rechtliche Rahmen fuer die Energiewirtschaft

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Stuhlmacher, Gerd [E.ON Global Commodities SE, Duesseldorf (Germany); Stappert, Holger; Jansen, Guido (eds.) [Luther Rechtsanwaltsgesellschaft mbH, Duesseldorf (Germany); Schoon, Heike [BDEW Bundesverband der Energie- und Wasserwirtschaft e.V., Berlin (Germany)

2015-11-01

Now appearing in its second edition, this book presents a comprehensive overview of the legal framework governing the energy sector. It provides readily understandable coverage, across the relevant subfields of law, of the legal regulations applicable to any manner of activity in the energy sector along with a wealth of practical advice on the interpretation and application of legal provisions. The content has been thoroughly revised, updated to reflect the current status of legislation and supplemented with numerous chapters. The 2014 amendment of the Renewable Energy Law (EEG) and its practical impact have also been taken into account. The following topics are covered amongst others: unbundling of network operation; connection and access to networks and metering; network charges and incentive regulation; easement contracts; energy supply and basic services; energy and electricity taxes; cartel law, law on operating aids, procurement law; energy trade OTC and at exchanges; energy trade surveillance law; fuel production and fracking; conventional and nuclear power production; renewable energy production (including offshore production); energy storage and power-to-gas; transmission line construction; climate protection (including the 2014 EEG, emission trade and the Law on the Promotion of Renewable Energy in the Heat Sector); cogeneration law, district heating and contracting; and investment protection.

Law of the energy economy. A practical manual. 4. new rev. ed.; Recht der Energiewirtschaft. Praxishandbuch

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schneider, Jens-Peter [Freiburg Univ. (Germany); Theobald, Christian (ed.)

2013-07-01

This manual presents the laws governing the electricity and gas markets, a field that has evolved at ever greater speed since the onset of liberalisation. Its content is of practical relevance and well-founded, yet nonetheless readily comprehensible to the layman. Following introductory sections on the technical and economic as well as national and European foundations of energy law are a wealth of contributions offering detailed analyses of the regulation of market structures; planning and licensing of energy infrastructure and energy installations; granting of municipal concessions to energy supply companies; trade in energy and emission permits as well as grid operation and grid utilisation; energy regulatory authorities and procedures; promotion of renewable energy, cogeneration and energy saving. The manual consistently takes account of the relevant regulations of cartel, municipal, environmental, tax, contractual and financial market law. Links to energy law proper are duly covered wherever practically relevant. The following legislation in particular has been incorporated in this new edition: 2011 amendment to the Energy Economy Law (unbundling, transmission system operator, grid development plans, modernisation in metrology, new consumer rights); 2012 amendment to the Nuclear Energy Law; Grid Expansion Acceleration and Transmission System Law of 2011 (NABEG); Renewable Energy Law of 2012; and Cogeneration Law of 2012.

Honorary authorship epidemic in scholarly publications? How the current use of citation-based evaluative metrics make (pseudo)honorary authors from honest contributors of every multi-author article.

Science.gov (United States)

Kovacs, Jozsef

2013-08-01

The current use of citation-based metrics to evaluate the research output of individual researchers is highly discriminatory because they are uniformly applied to authors of single-author articles as well as contributors of multi-author papers. In the latter case, these quantitative measures are counted, as if each contributor were the single author of the full article. In this way, each and every contributor is assigned the full impact-factor score and all the citations that the article has received. This has a multiplication effect on each contributor's citation-based evaluative metrics of multi-author articles, because the more contributors an article has, the more undeserved credit is assigned to each of them. In this paper, I argue that this unfair system could be made fairer by requesting the contributors of multi-author articles to describe the nature of their contribution, and to assign a numerical value to their degree of relative contribution. In this way, we could create a contribution-specific index of each contributor for each citation metric. This would be a strong disincentive against honorary authorship and publication cartels, because it would transform the current win-win strategy of accepting honorary authors in the byline into a zero-sum game for each contributor.

La comunicación personalizadora en el 11-N. Un análisis de caso en la circunscripción de Málaga

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Francisco Collado Campaña

2015-10-01

Full Text Available El avance de los medios de comunicación y las nuevas tecnologías han llevado a que se hable cada vez más de una “democracia mediática” o “democracia de audiencias”. En este sentido, los líderes de los partidos realizan importantes esfuerzos por captar a sus votantes a través de distintos canales y soportes. Esto ha llevado a que los recursos como la tradicional cartelería y el merchandising entre otros cumplan nuevas funciones. Así, el trabajo se centra en estudiar los efectos que persiguen dichos soportes de cara al electorado de los dos partidos más votados (PP y PSOE en la circunscripción de Málaga en la campaña para las elecciones generales de 2011. Finalmente, se observa cómo estos recursos de marketing político tienen como finalidad principal convertir al líder en una marca, legitimarlo y socializarlo, antes que la búsqueda del voto entre el electorado. De esta forma, la comunicación política se convierte en un instrumento de legitimación de los líderes de los respectivos partidos.

Recent developments in national antitrust practice and case law: January 2012 – May 2013

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Mario Siragusa

2014-03-01

Full Text Available In the period under review, the Italian Competition Authority and administrative courts analyzed many important cases in different economic sectors. Some of the these cases raised extremely complex legal and economic issues. The analysis of decision practice and case law highlights some critical aspects of recent antitrust enforcement, namely: (i the need to strengthen the fight against cartels; (ii the need to refine the tools used in merger analysis, also through the use of modern econometric methods; (iii the need to enhance the role of economic analysis in the assessment of unilateral exclusionary conduct, in line with the Commission’s Guidance on Article 102 TFEU; and (iv the need to find a better balance between competition rules and sector-specific regulation, so as to avoid overlapping and inconsistencies. A further critical issue is the need to reinforce the protection of the rights of defense. In order to improve the current administrative enforcement system, it is necessary to enhance the procedural guarantees and to remove the limits on judicial review of antitrust decisions, thus enabling administrative courts to review fully, in fact and in law, any aspect of the ICA’s finding of infringement, and to pronounce also on the merits of the case.

Law of the energy economy. A practical manual. 4. new rev. ed.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Schneider, Jens-Peter; Theobald, Christian

2013-01-01

This manual presents the laws governing the electricity and gas markets, a field that has evolved at ever greater speed since the onset of liberalisation. Its content is of practical relevance and well-founded, yet nonetheless readily comprehensible to the layman. Following introductory sections on the technical and economic as well as national and European foundations of energy law are a wealth of contributions offering detailed analyses of the regulation of market structures; planning and licensing of energy infrastructure and energy installations; granting of municipal concessions to energy supply companies; trade in energy and emission permits as well as grid operation and grid utilisation; energy regulatory authorities and procedures; promotion of renewable energy, cogeneration and energy saving. The manual consistently takes account of the relevant regulations of cartel, municipal, environmental, tax, contractual and financial market law. Links to energy law proper are duly covered wherever practically relevant. The following legislation in particular has been incorporated in this new edition: 2011 amendment to the Energy Economy Law (unbundling, transmission system operator, grid development plans, modernisation in metrology, new consumer rights); 2012 amendment to the Nuclear Energy Law; Grid Expansion Acceleration and Transmission System Law of 2011 (NABEG); Renewable Energy Law of 2012; and Cogeneration Law of 2012.

Problems Faced by Mexican Asylum Seekers in the United States

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

J. Anna Cabot

2014-12-01

Full Text Available Violence in Mexico rose sharply in response to President Felipe Calderón’s military campaign against drug cartels which began in late 2006. As a consequence, the number of Mexicans who have sought asylum in the United States has grown significantly. In 2013, Mexicans made up the second largest group of defensive asylum seekers (those in removal proceedings in the United States, behind only China (EOIR 2014b. Yet between 2008 and 2013, the grant rate for Mexican asylum seekers in immigration court fell from 23 percent to nine percent (EOIR 2013, 2014b. This paper examines—from the perspective of an attorney who represented Mexican asylum seekers on the US-Mexico border in El Paso, Texas—the reasons for low asylum approval rates for Mexicans despite high levels of violence in and flight from Mexico from 2008 to 2013. It details the obstacles faced by Mexican asylum seekers along the US-Mexico border, including placement in removal proceedings, detention, evidentiary issues, narrow legal standards, and (effectively judicial notice of country conditions in Mexico. The paper recommends that asylum seekers at the border be placed in affirmative proceedings (before immigration officials, making them eligible for bond. It also proposes increased oversight of immigration judges.

Energy law. The legal boundary conditions of power supply. 2. rev. ed.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Stuhlmacher, Gerd; Stappert, Holger; Jansen, Guido

2015-01-01

Now appearing in its second edition, this book presents a comprehensive overview of the legal framework governing the energy sector. It provides readily understandable coverage, across the relevant subfields of law, of the legal regulations applicable to any manner of activity in the energy sector along with a wealth of practical advice on the interpretation and application of legal provisions. The content has been thoroughly revised, updated to reflect the current status of legislation and supplemented with numerous chapters. The 2014 amendment of the Renewable Energy Law (EEG) and its practical impact have also been taken into account. The following topics are covered amongst others: unbundling of network operation; connection and access to networks and metering; network charges and incentive regulation; easement contracts; energy supply and basic services; energy and electricity taxes; cartel law, law on operating aids, procurement law; energy trade OTC and at exchanges; energy trade surveillance law; fuel production and fracking; conventional and nuclear power production; renewable energy production (including offshore production); energy storage and power-to-gas; transmission line construction; climate protection (including the 2014 EEG, emission trade and the Law on the Promotion of Renewable Energy in the Heat Sector); cogeneration law, district heating and contracting; and investment protection.

A system dynamics approach to the study of Colombian coca cultivation and the counter-intuitive consequence of law enforcement.

Science.gov (United States)

Jaén, Sebastian; Dyner, Isaac

2014-03-01

A large-scale expansion of the Colombian coca cultivation is one of the most revealing signs of a structural change in the illegal cocaine market in the Andean region. From being a modest and domestic production, in the space of five years Colombian coca cultivation supplied a competitive market, capable of substituting almost completely the foreign sources of supply. The purpose of this work is to explore the role and potential of system dynamics (SD) as a modeling methodology to better understand the consequences of drug policy. As a case study, this work tests the hypothesis that the outbreak of Colombian coca cultivations is a consequence of the take down of large cartels, leading to the surge of small drug-trafficking firms called "cartelitos." Using an SD model, and elements from the economic theory of the criminal firm, our work shows how the formation of these small firms might significantly contribute to the configuring of a more competitive domestic coca industry (and hence to a more efficient crime industry). We conclude that SD seems an appropriate dynamic modeling-based approach to address policy issues regarding drug markets. The methodology takes into account the dynamic nature of drug markets and their multi-dimensional responses to policy interventions. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The economics of nuclear power programmes in the United Kingdom

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jones, P.L.

1984-01-01

In Chapter 1 an overview of the technology involved in the operation of various nuclear reactor types, both thermal and fast breeder, is provided, and the operations that comprise the alternative nuclear fuel cycles examined. Chapter 2 traces the historical development of the uranium market and highlights the effect that institutional arrangements such as the formation of a cartel has had on the market price of uranium. The prospects for increased uranium exploration activity and likely demand scenarios are then reviewed. In Chapter 3 the economic viability of reprocessing 'spent' nuclear fuel in the UK is analysed within the context of the decision to proceed with the construction of the thermal-oxide reprocessing plant (THORP) at Windscale in Cumbria. The various radioactive waste substances emanating from nuclear fuel-cycle operations undertaken in the UK are described in Chapter 4 and the prospects for their safe management and disposal examined. Chapter 5 provides an economic appraisal of both coal and nuclear-fuelled electricity generating plant based on the criterion of social cost. The results are used as the data-input for an appraisal of the investment in generating plant that will be required in the UK to supply four different electricity demand scenarios. The conclusions are discussed in Chapter 6. (author)

The formation of the global natural gas industry: definition, constraints and challenges; A formacao da industria global de gas natural: definicao, condicionantes e desafios

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mathias, Melissa Cristina Pinto Pires

2008-03-15

This study aims to investigate the real possibilities for the natural gas industry to become a global energy industry. So, it is necessary to define what global energy industry really means. In order to do a comparative analysis between the oil and natural gas industries, it is necessary to define three distinct stages of the evolution of an energy industry, namely internationalization, mundialization and globalization. This study analyzes the evolution of the oil industry trying to identify the main aspects that promoted changes and transformed the oil business into a global industry. Then, the evolution of the natural gas industry is analyzed, looking for similarities between the structural changes in both industries, and trying to determine what is the current stage of the natural gas industry. Despite the increase in the natural gas international trade and the prospects of growth of natural gas demand, there are still some challenges for this industry to effectively become global. Some of the challenges are the need of investments in production infrastructure, transportation and distribution sectors, the access to the main reserves, the uncertainty related to the demand evolution and the possible creation of a natural gas producers cartel, like the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). (author)

Paisaje sonoro de una invasión marciana - La intervención de los principios constructivos radiofónicos en el proceso de creación de las imágenes auditivas de 'La guerra de los mundos' (Orson Welles, 1938

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Lic. Lourdes Novalbos Bou

1999-01-01

Full Text Available La densa iconosfera que caracteriza la civilización contemporánea postindustrial (desde la fotografía a la imagen sintética generada por ordenador, pasando por el cartel, el cómic, el cine o la imagen electrónica de televisión constata que el ser humano es un "animal visual"; un "animal visual" que sobrevive, fundamentalmente, gracias a la agudeza del aparato ocular y que se relaciona con el entorno y obtiene información, gratificación intelectual, cultural, espiritual e incluso sexual a través de la mirada. En definitiva, vivimos en un mundo creado para los ojos, en una civilización basada, desde sus orígenes, en la percepción visual. En este "universo ocular", el sentido del oído ha quedado relegado a un segundo plano, supeditado a las necesidades y carencias de la vista. Y la radio con él: la mayoría de los estudiosos de los medios de comunicación audiovisual orientan sus investigaciones hacia el ámbito de la imagen visual del cine y la televisión. Las imágenes auditivas radiofónicas, sin embargo, parecen haber quedado relegadas en el olvido.

Normas básicas de seguridad durante el manejo de equipos de radiaciones no ionizantes Safety basic rules when handling non-ionizing radiation equipment

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Rosa María Armida Bretones

2012-03-01

Full Text Available La preocupación creciente de los trabajadores hacia los posibles efectos nocivos de la exposición a campos electromagnéticos, está suponiendo una percepción desproporcionada de los riesgos derivados de la exposición. En la actualidad, no existe evidencia científica sobre dichos efectos nocivos, siendo aconsejable la vigilancia sobre las exposiciones que están fuera de los límites de seguridad. Desde este Servicio de Prevención y en colaboración con el Servicio de Física Médica, hemos elaborado un procedimiento que garantice, mediante criterios preventivos básicos, la seguridad y salud de los trabajadores que manejan equipos emisores de radiaciones no ionizantes, en nuestro hospital y centros de especialidades. Para la elaboración de este procedimiento hemos revisado la literatura científica relativa a los efectos de los campos electromagnéticos sobre la salud, reuniones periódicas de trabajo entre ambos servicios, identificación y ubicación de los equipos de radiaciones no ionizantes, y asesoramiento por expertos en la materia. El procedimiento establece medidas de control para los trabajadores, y medidas de control para los equipos. Con la finalidad de conseguir una buena difusión e implantación de dicho procedimiento, hemos elaborado dípticos y carteles, donde reflejamos las medidas de control para trabajadores y equipos: Onda Corta, Microondas, Magnetoterapia, Resonancia Magnética Nuclear, Láser y Ultravioleta El procedimiento con sus carteles explicativos ha sido distribuido específicamente por servicios, realizando formación e información de los trabajadores que maneja dichos equipos.Employee increasing concern about possible dangerous effects of the exposure to electromagnetic fields is meaning a distorted perception of the exposure related risks. Currently, there is no scientific evidence of the dangerous effects mentioned although surveillance over the exposures out of the safety limits is recommended. Within

Legal and economic implications of the competition policy of the Federal Cartel Office for the public sector of the power supply industry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hartmann, U.

1994-01-01

The German gas industry defends itself against the planned amendments of the German Energy Act and the Antitrust Law, objections being based on energy, environmental and regulatory considerations. The amendments most under debate are intended to discontinue demarcation agreements among suppliers, and to establish mandatory Third Party Access. The author's concluding statement is that the gas industry cannot see the point in the Government's move to prescribe such a (probably lethal) medicine to a flourishing branch of industry. (orig./HSCH) [de

Gas war

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Shiry, J.

1992-01-01

The sale of natural gas to California is one of the most complex and contested trade disputes between the USA and Canada. The background and the issues involved are discussed. An oversupply of Canadian gas, combined with USA subsidies for producing coalbed methane and a general oversupply of gas in the USA, have made spot gas prices decline to unexpectedly low levels. California regulators have responded to this situation by trying to secure the lowest possible prices for consumers, thereby causing them to abandon long-standing trade policies with Canada. The main agent of this change is the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC), whose actions have reduced the value of Canadian exports and Alberta government revenues by at least $250 million annually. CPUC supported buying from a supply pool (Alberta ampersand Southern Gas) since it provided monopoly purchasing power, and CPUC's policy against pipeline expansion produced the limited access to California that the CPUC now cites as evidence of a producer cartel. CPUC has interfered in contracts with Canadian producers in its pipeline access policies, its capacity brokering decision of 1991, and its reasonableness test for past sales. In its haste to force its own view of market results onto existing contractual relationships, the CPUC is not allowing open negotiations to reshape the relationship, and CPUC actions may be generating countermeasures by Alberta that are inappropriate under deregulation. 3 figs

Los días terrenales: la distorsión y la perversidad a partir de la vinculación ecfrasis-protagonistas

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Gabriela Trejo Valencia

2013-07-01

Full Text Available El presente texto busca analizar la novela mexicana Los días terrenales, de José Revueltas, desde un enfoque ecfrástico que permite ampliar las semantizaciones y sentidos del relato. Propongo una lectura que (revalore los elementos extratextuales (espacios otros, carteles, pinturas presentes en la novela con el fin de dilucidar cómo los recursos ecfrásticos develan una distorsión análoga a la de los protagonistas. Así, se revisará que en Los días terrenales la obra de El Greco, un cuadro de Georges Braque y un afiche político poseen una gran densidad simbólica que apuntala la perversión implícita en toda la narración. This text seeks to analyse the Mexican novel Los días terrenales by José Revueltas from an ekphrasis approach that allows to expand the meanings and senses of the story. I propose a reading that (reassess the extra textual elements (spaces other, posters, paintings presents in the novel in order to elucidate how ekphrasis resources unveil a distortion similar to the protagonists. Thus, it is devoted to the review that Los días terrenales the work of El Greco, a painting by Georges Braque and political poster have a high symbolic density that underpins the perversion implicit throughout narrative.

Admissibility and policies of public-private partnerships on communal level in the field of energy supply; Rechtliche Zulaessigkeit und Handlungsvorgaben gemischt-wirtschaftlicher Unternehmen mit kommunaler Beteiligung im Bereich der Energieversorgung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Chen, Hsing-An

2012-11-01

The investigation comprised four steps. In the first step, background information on public-private partnerships is presented, and trends are outlined. The relationship between PPP and privatisation is discussed, definitions are given, and basic models of PPP are presented before proceeding to a discussion of public-private partnerships in the energy supply sector. The second part focuses on communal energy supply. The role of energy supply within the range of services provided by communal administration is defined, and public-private partnerships in the communal sector are gone into. In the third section, legal boundary conditions for the establishment of public-private energy utilities in the communal sector are analyzed. The emphasis is on the legal requirements and limitations to be observed by communities intending to establish public-private energy utilities or cooperate in them. Finally, the fourth section goes into the policies that should be adapted by communal PPP utilities under energy industry law. A distinction is made between the different activities of energy utilities, i.e. as grid operators and power suppliers, and the different legal obligations involved. Pricing is another important consideration. For this reason, the regulations of cartel law and energy industry law concerning pricing in power supply are investigated in detail, especially as grid connection, grid access and base load power supply are concerned.

Deregulating with no regulator: Is the German electricity transmission regime institutionally correct?

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Glachant, Jean-Michel; Dubois, Ute; Perez, Yannick

2008-01-01

From 1998 to 2005, the German transmission grid has been put under a self-regulated arrangement. It seems hard to believe that transmission lines can be opened to 'third-party access' only with a 'negotiated access regime' and no regulator supervision. It seems contradictory with the notion of 'ex post contractual hazards' promoted by V. Goldberg and O. Williamson. If a weak institutional arrangement is implemented, one might assume that it has to be harmful to network and market access. If it is not to be inefficient, why and how could it work? When looking at rules and prices for accessing the transmission network and the corresponding wholesale markets in Germany, the 'club' arrangement for transmission opening does not appear so harmful. Accordingly, we have to reconsider the ex ante and ex post institutional mechanism of such a 'club' arrangement. Ex ante, we first reconsider skills and strengths of industrial consumers and German Business associations in defining and assessing rules of transmission access. We underline that incomplete vertical and horizontal integration of German electricity companies impeded extensive cartel collusion. Ex post, we first look at a strong Competition Authority backing. Then we discover that ex ante and ex post dimensions are much more mixed and reinforced in an open 'cumulative pro-competition process' framed by the Competition Authority

Periodismo y moral - Una aproximación al discurso de prensa sobre el narcotráfico en Colombia

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Dra. Catalina González Quintero

1998-01-01

Full Text Available Colombia es un país violento: este estereotipo, generalizado tanto entre los colombianos como en otros países del mundo, encuentra parte de su razón de ser en el predominio de la temática violenta ligada al narcotráfico cuando se tratan noticias sobre Colombia en la prensa extranjera. Para adentramos al estudio de este estereotipo, tendremos en cuenta, primero, algunas consideraciones generales sobre la representación mediática de la violencia, y segundo, los resultados un análisis las noticias sobre Colombia aparecidas en el diario El País, de España. Este análisis hizo parte de la investigación -tendiente a tesis doctoral- que realicé recientemente sobre el cubrimiento de Colombia en la prensa extranjera. El periódico El País, de España, fue escogido para realizar el estudio, dada su importancia en el contexto europeo, pues se trata del diario de habla hispana más importante de dicho continente. La muestra observada corresponde a las noticias sobre Colombia aparecidas en El País durante 1988 y 1989, tiempo en el que se desarrolló en Colombia el 'narcoterrorismo', enfrentamiento entre el llamado cartel de Medellín y el gobierno Colombiano, que dejó muchas víctimas en la población civil.

Comparison between Brazilian and Portuguese energy sceneries considering the importance of small hydroelectric power plants; Comparacao entre os cenarios energeticos brasileiros e portugueses considerando-se a implantacao de PCH's - Pequenas Centrais Hidreletricas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mariotoni, Carlos Alberto [Universidade Estadual de Campinas, SP (Brazil). Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica]. E-mail: cam@fec.unicamp.br; Mauad, Frederico Fabio [Sao Paulo Univ., Sao Carlos, SP (Brazil). Escola de Engenharia. Dept. de Hidraulica e Saneamento

2000-07-01

Both the Brazilian and the Portuguese energy systems have been subject of several transformations along the last years. That happened mainly because the re-definition of the electric sectors what makes possible the flexibility of the energy commercialization. There is another important point to be mentioned what is related to the end of the market monopoly before established by ELETROBRAS - Brazilian Electricity Generation Board and by EDP - Electricity of Portugal, determining a new relationship among the energy produces and consumers. A free market law to the energy sellers and buyers has been introduced. Therefore the businessman have been stimulated to invest in new energy sources and new energy power plants to get bigger profits as well as the consumers have been pushed to fight for lower prices and better qualities. Both the Brazilian and Portuguese Governments must keep the decision power to establish the national energy plans to get the country economic targets and to avoid the economic abuses and cartelization. The discussion presented aims to analyze the importance of the small hydroelectric power plants in both the Brazilian and the Portuguese electric systems considering the economic aspects and the social and environmental impacts. The recent modifications established by both national agencies of energy regulations: ANEEL (Brazil) - National Agency of Electric Power Companies and INAG (Portugal) - National Institute of Water, have been discussed in this paper. (author)

World uranium resources and Japan's status on its procurement

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Imaizumi, Tsunemasa

1979-01-01

The features of uranium are that it is not versatile in use, that its substitutes as nuclear fuel cannot be found, that it cannot be used as fuel unless the processing is made, that it has the nuclear fission property, and that there is some time limit in its value. Therefore uranium lacks charm as the object of resource industries. The market of uranium started as military procurement, and its effects still remain now in some extent. Many mines were closed when the oversupply and the rapid drop of price of uranium occurred once, and such fear is felt even now. The relationship between the suppliers and the consumers of uranium is one to one correspondence, accordingly the mutual cooperation is necessary. One problem is that the intervention by governments into uranium market is unavoidable. In order to bring up the sound and stable market, the obstructing factors must be eliminated. The uranium resources in the free world are about 4.4 million tons. The import of uranium resources is carried out according to the long term procurement contracts. For the consumer countries, there are the risk of embargo, the problems related to the cartel, and the restriction based on nuclear non-proliferation. The trade by establishing the multi-lateral organization, the independent development of foreign mines, and the exploration of resources in Japan are discussed. (Kako, I.)

OPEC abandons quotas, more violence in Nigeria and British give away gas

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Anon

2006-01-01

OPEC ministers meeting in Vienna on 11th September agreed to leave the production ceiling unchanged at 28 mn bpd. The cartel, however, is to move away from formal quotas to a system of adjusting total production to world demand. The change recognizes the fact that many OPEC countries cannot produce their full quota allowances. The new policy is described by OPEC as trying ''to ensure that supply and demand (remain) in balance with prices at reasonable levels''. ''Reasonable levels'' were not defined in the communique, but most ministers agreed they should be in the region to $60-65/bbl. The oil markets were sceptical and prices fell below $60, reaching a seven-month low at the start of October. Nigeria announced a production cut of 120,000 bpd, though this may be a recognition of the difficulty of producing oil there at present. During September, the country was plagued by further violence in the Niger Delta, including attacks on oil workers, kidnappings and sabotage to oil installations. Oil workers went on strike for two days, threatening further walk-outs. By late September, nearly 875,000 bpd of production was estimated shut-in as a result of the current unrest. Shell said it had suspended plans to repair damaged facilities in the Niger Delta because of the continuing high level of violence. (author)

Evaluación de una intervención de promoción de espacios sin humo en el ámbito educativo Evaluation of a schoolbased intervention to promote smokefree areas

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José García-Vázquez

2009-02-01

Full Text Available Objetivo: Conocer el efecto de un programa sobre el consumo visible de tabaco en los institutos de enseñanza secundaria (IES, la prevalencia y la intensidad del consumo del alumnado y el profesorado, y sus actitudes y conductas respecto al consumo en el centro. Métodos: Estudio casi experimental en 18 IES que realizaron el programa y en 18 que no lo realizaron (grupo control. Por observación directa se registró el consumo visible, la existencia de ceniceros y de carteles de «espacio libre de humo». Por encuesta al profesorado y al alumnado de 3.º de ESO y 2.º de Bachillerato, se recogieron datos de consumo de tabaco, grandes fumadores, consumo en el recinto escolar y opinión sobre la prohibición de fumar; a los profesores también se les preguntó sobre el consumo delante de los alumnos y sobre los intentos de dejar de fumar. Resultados: En el grupo de intervención había menor consumo en las zonas observadas (el 27,9 frente al 45,6% y el doble de carteles. No hubo diferencias en la prevalencia de consumo diario, pero sí en el porcentaje de grandes fumadores, que fue menor en el profesorado y el alumnado del grupo de intervención; también eran menos los alumnos de 3.º de ESO que fumaban en el centro. La opinión sobre la prohibición de fumar en el centro era favorable en los dos grupos. Conclusiones: El programa contribuyó a la reducción del consumo visible y del número de cigarrillos/día consumidos por profesorado y alumnado.Objective: To determine the effect of an intervention in secondary schools on visible tobacco use, the prevalence and intensity of smoking, and the attitudes and behaviors of teachers and students. Methods: We performed a quasiexperimental study in 18 public secondary schools that carried out the program and in 18 that did not (control group. Information was obtained on visible tobacco use and the number of ashtrays and smokefree posters through direct observation. Data were collected on tobacco use, the

The surveillance of the electricity wholesale market and emission trading market; Die Ueberwachung von Stromgrosshandelsmarkt und Emissionshandelsmarkt

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Luedemann, Volker [Hochschule Osnabrueck (Germany). Forschungszentrum Energiewirtschaft/Energierecht (fee); Hochschule Osnabrueck (Germany). Wirtschafts- und Wettbewerbsrecht; Konar, Selma [Sozietaet Becker Buettner Held, Muenchen (Germany)

2015-05-15

The Regulation on Wholesale Market Integrity and Transparency (REMIT) and the German Law on the Establishment of a Market Transparency Office for Wholesale Trade in Electricity and Gas (MTS-G) have fundamentally changed the surveillance of electricity wholesale trade in Germany. From now on the Federal Network Agency and the Federal Cartel Office will be jointly responsible for monitoring the electricity wholesale trade for suspicious market phenomena and abusive behaviour. The REMIT specifies that the electricity trade must be surveilled ''with due consideration to interactions'' with the emission trade system. However, occurrences observed in recent years have shown that the emission trading system is in need of reform. This has also been recognised and has prompted extensive corrective action by the regulatory authorities of the European Union. These changes have yet to be transposed into the national surveillance regimes. The present article explains why the new role accorded to the Federal Network Agency under the REMIT fails to eliminate the structural shortcomings of the old surveillance system. At least the decision to put the collection and evaluation of data exclusively in the hands of the market transparency office and the cooperation this will prompt between the supervisory authorities responsible will make the task of surveilling the energy wholesale trading market a lot easier for the authorities. The energy transition and its exigencies will yet lead to further changes in the market and its surveillance regime.

Aquel verano del 92 en el INEFC

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Ramon Balius i Juli

2007-12-01

Full Text Available Nuestra Portada la ocupa un bonito y espectacular cartel dedicado a la inauguración de la nueva sede del INEFC el día 21 de junio de 1991. Sobre un fondo de color azul cielo intenso se destacan una parte importante de la “Acrópolis” del edificio y en el ángulo superior derecho de la obra, unos pequeños fragmentos de tres anillas de los colores olímpicos: amarillo, rojo y verde. El original es de los artistas Pilar Villuendas y Josep Ramon Gómez. Ambos autores habían creado en 1980 un estudio especializado en el diseño gráfico y la comunicación, esencialmente en el terreno sociocultural. Son un verdadero equipo que ha trabajado para la administración local y autonómica de Catalunya y para todo tipo de empresas públicas y privadas. Desde 1985 han sido distinguidos con numerosos premios LAUS, que anualmente otorga la Asociación de Directores de Arte y Diseñadores Gráficos del Fomento de las Artes Decorativas (ADG–FAD y en 1987 con el premio Nacional de Turismo Almara y el premio del Instituto de las Letras Catalanas. Como veremos, Pilar Villuendas y Josep Ramon Gómez tuvieron una importante colaboración artística durante el período olímpico de Barcelona ’92.

Duopoly price competition on markets with agricultural products

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Marie Prášilová

2011-01-01

Full Text Available A situation, in which two firms compete, is in the economic theory described by duopoly models. Market equilibrium on the duopoly market is formed in a reciprocal adjustment process of market prices and materialized market opportunities. The goal of the analysis is to find out whether the agricultural products market is significantly influenced by appearance of duopolies, what form they have and if they can fundamentally influence the price level of food. That food chain stores endeavour to mutually adapt food product prices is generally known; it is set especially by the inelastic demand for the mentioned goods on the side of consumers, i.e., by the need to demand basic food. Duopoly reactions to price competition in food chain stores are particularly strong in the case of commodities of milk and tomatoes, where the reactions and approximation of prices can be clearly seen. Based on statistical research it is obvious that the reactions are most reflected on sales of the food chain stores Billa and Albert. To identify specific reactions of price duopoly at retail chains the ANOVA statistical method was used. The firm’s duopoly behaviour as such on the food market need not be a subject for applying punishment from the antimonopoly bureau, if it does not have the cartel agreement character. An example can be the identical potato prices inquiry in the supermarkets of food chain stores.

Effects of accelerated closing of the five oldest coal-fired power plants [in the Netherlands]; Effecten van versneld sluiten van de vijf oudste kolencentrales

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Seebregts, A.J. [ECN Beleidsstudies, Amsterdam (Netherlands)

2013-09-15

This memo outlines the possible effects of the early closing of the five oldest coal-fired power plants in the Netherlands, as part of the Dutch Energy Agreement, still to be concluded at this time. It concerns plants from four power producers: RWE/Essent, E.ON, GDF Suez Netherlands and EPZ. The decision or the agreement to reduce coal capacity is likely to affect prices in the Dutch electricity market. The Authority for Consumers and Markets (ACM) must make a judgment about the possible adverse effect within the framework of the (European) cartel legislation. By order of ACM the author has carried out several calculations of which the results and starting points of the calculations are summarized in this paper [Dutch] Deze notitie schetst de mogelijke effecten van het vervroegd sluiten van de vijf oudste kolencentrales in Nederland, als onderdeel van het nog te sluiten Energieakkoord. Het betreft centrales van vier producenten: RWE/Essent, E.ON, GDF Suez Nederland en EPZ. Het besluit c.q. de afspraak om kolenvermogen uit de markt te halen heeft mogelijk invloed op de prijzen op de Nederlandse elektriciteitsmarkt. De ACM moet een oordeel vellen over de mogelijke ongewenstheid van dat effect in het kader van de (Europese) kartelwetgeving. Om een indicatie te krijgen van de effecten, heeft de ACM aan ECN gevraagd een aantal berekeningen uit te voeren. De resultaten en de uitgangspunten van deze berekeningen staan in deze notitie samengevat.

The surveillance of the electricity wholesale market and emission trading market

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Luedemann, Volker

2015-01-01

The Regulation on Wholesale Market Integrity and Transparency (REMIT) and the German Law on the Establishment of a Market Transparency Office for Wholesale Trade in Electricity and Gas (MTS-G) have fundamentally changed the surveillance of electricity wholesale trade in Germany. From now on the Federal Network Agency and the Federal Cartel Office will be jointly responsible for monitoring the electricity wholesale trade for suspicious market phenomena and abusive behaviour. The REMIT specifies that the electricity trade must be surveilled ''with due consideration to interactions'' with the emission trade system. However, occurrences observed in recent years have shown that the emission trading system is in need of reform. This has also been recognised and has prompted extensive corrective action by the regulatory authorities of the European Union. These changes have yet to be transposed into the national surveillance regimes. The present article explains why the new role accorded to the Federal Network Agency under the REMIT fails to eliminate the structural shortcomings of the old surveillance system. At least the decision to put the collection and evaluation of data exclusively in the hands of the market transparency office and the cooperation this will prompt between the supervisory authorities responsible will make the task of surveilling the energy wholesale trading market a lot easier for the authorities. The energy transition and its exigencies will yet lead to further changes in the market and its surveillance regime.

Essays on the economics of licensing nuclear power plants

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Cohen, L.R.

1979-01-01

Regulation and licensing of nuclear power plants by the United States Atomic Energy Commission and the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission are discussed. Chapter 1 overviews the licensing process and issues raised in licensing cases. Based on a sample of plants licensed between 1967 and 1978, a statistical study of the impact of public participation in licensing is performed. The study concludes that public participation has had a major impact on licensing and power-plant costs. The impact is due to a fundamental weakness of the Commissions: their inability to resolve certain issues related to acceptable social risk. The study has important policy implications for reforming the Federal licensing process. Chapter 2 contains an analysis of the Price-Anderson Act, a Federal program for compensating victims of large nuclear accidents. The Price-Anderson Act is placed within the context of generalized federal disaster relief. A model is developed that allows an evaluation programs on the basis of moral hazard and equity principles. Chapter 3 analyzes the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's treatment of its mandatory antitrust review of applicants for nuclear power plants. The main conclusion of the chapter is that the reviews have not addressed the central economic issues of antitrust that are relevant to nuclear power. Instead, the reviews contribute to further cartelization of the electric utility industry. While politically expedient, the reviews are counter-productive to the development of an optimal industry structure

Potential Conflict Among ASEAN Member States in The Implementation of The ASEAN Economic Community

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Sugiarto Pramono

2017-08-01

Full Text Available The findings in this article defy the common assumption that the free market, including the formation of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC in Southeast Asia, is correlated with the creation of a spillover and complex interdependency, reducing conflicts between countries in the region. This finding could well contribute as a theory in the academic sphere and as policies in the practical world. The author uses a theoretical framework of structural realism to explain the potential conflict between countries of the Southeast Asian region. There are four potential conflict situations among countries in the implementation of AEC: firstly, the structure of economic disparity. This situation would construct an identity of in-group – out-group or “us” versus “them” in the context of who gains and loses in the AEC. Secondly, similarity of natural resources. This fact led the Southeast Asian countries to compete and create standardization wherein each party is in hostile competition to claim valid findings and arguments associated with efforts to reduce or stop the flow of imports into their respective countries. Thirdly, competition among businesses, in which AEC constructed free market could potentially provoke the emergence of regional trading cartel. Fourthly, the structure of military power. Historical records show that any economic growth occurring in a country will be accompanied by the growth of its military budget.

Strategic regulation of gas transport

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nese, Gjermund; Straume, Odd Rune

2005-02-01

-exporting cartel it may be more profitable for such a cartel to coordinate their availability pricing policy than their export volumes. Another result shows that increased competition in the import market may be a disadvantage for the exporting countries when the authorities use strategic availability pricing. Consequently the use of strategic availability pricing could contribute to increase the conflict levels between the exporting and importing countries as to competition policy. If all the participants use strategic availability pricing the conflict of interests between the upstream and downstream countries would be complete as the importing country would wish to stimulate increased competition in all parts of the value chain while the exporting countries would wish the opposite. The analysis is based on a theoretical model and is consequently based on several conditions that must be considered when interpreting the results. The authors think however, that the mechanisms revealed are central in the market for natural gas. As long as the national authorities permit a certain degree of flexibility in the regulation of the availability prices for the transport and distribution of natural gas the strategic availability pricing could be an important measure in the battle for as large a part of the profits as possible in a future market for natural gas characterized by increased competition. As to Norway this would mean that possible negative effects of a more liberalised European gas market could be counteracted through strategic adaptation of the availability price in the Norwegian gas transport system

Problems faced by Bangladesh in introduction of nuclear power programme

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nurul Islam, A.B.M.; Quaiyum, M.A.; Hasnat, K.A.

1977-01-01

Bangladesh has one of the lowest per capita energy resources and consumption of energy. The per capita GDP of Bangladesh is also one of the lowest in the world. In view of this situation, the need and importance of nuclear power in providing cheaper and reliable energy for economic development of the country is discussed. Constraints being faced by the Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC) in the initiation and development of a national nuclear power programme are dealt with. Following liberation of the country in 1971, its financial resources were mainly channelled for rehabilitation and restoration of its economy. As the size of the national grid has remained relatively small, unit sizes in the range of 100-200 MWe only could be considered for commissioning during the next decade. Lack of vendor interest in such small sizes and the difficulty of arranging long-term investment for nuclear station are the main constraints being faced by the BAEC. Other bottlenecks are due to the uncertainty about the nature and extent of future economic development, pricing policy for available indigenous fossil fuel, national energy planning criteria which are mainly influenced by financial resource constraint, drainage of trained man-power, national priority for various essential non-development expenditures which use up most of the country's own earnings and foreign aid, etc. The effect of the growth of opposition to nuclear power in developed countries on the public acceptability of nuclear power in Bangladesh is analysed. The paper also examines the prospective growth of a cartel of nuclear-exporting countries and its possible effect upon Bangladesh

Energy and globalization

Science.gov (United States)

Birjandi, Hossein Saremi

Before the Industrial Revolution, nations required no energy fuel. People relied on human, animal, and wind and waterpower for energy need. Energy (oil) has resettled populations, elected officials in the free world, or changed the governments of the energy rich countries by force. Energy fueled wars, played the major factor in the might of those who have it or more importantly the abilities to acquire it by force. This dissertation researches the primacy of oil as an energy source from the time of oil's discovery to the present times. Between 1945 and 1960, the use of oil and gas doubled as power was generated for industries as steel, cement, metalworking and more important of all filling station hoses into automobiles gas tanks, thus energy swept people and societies quite literally off their feet. One in every six jobs in the industrial world hired by the giant automotive industries. The big five American oil companies spurred on by special tax benefit, these companies grew to gigantic sizes by taking out the best part of the nation's oil. Then, for greater growth, they leaped overseas and built up an immensely profitable system, in alliance with Anglo-Dutch Shell and British Petroleum, known as seven sisters. On the other side of the world, the energy producing nations form an alliance mainly to protect themselves from downward price fluctuations of oil. The struggle for survival in the global energy market forced those countries to get together and form OPEC, which is referred as an "oil cartel".

Leniency programs and socially beneficial cooperation: Effects of type I errors

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Natalia Pavlova

2016-12-01

Full Text Available This study operationalizes the concept of hostility tradition in antitrust as mentioned by Oliver Williamson and Ronald Coase through erroneous law enforcement effects. The antitrust agency may commit type I, not just type II, errors when evaluating an agreement in terms of cartels. Moreover, firms can compete in a standard way, collude or engage in cooperative agreements that improve efficiency. The antitrust agency may misinterpret such cooperative agreements, committing a type I error (over-enforcement. The model set-up is drawn from Motta and Polo (2003 and is extended as described above using the findings of Ghebrihiwet and Motchenkova (2010. Three effects play a role in this environment. Type I errors may induce firms that would engage in socially efficient cooperation absent errors to opt for collusion (the deserved punishment effect. For other parameter configurations, type I errors may interrupt ongoing cooperation when investigated. In this case, the firms falsely report collusion and apply for leniency, fearing being erroneously fined (the disrupted cooperation effect. Finally, over-enforcement may prevent beneficial cooperation from starting given the threat of being mistakenly fined (the prevented cooperation effect. The results help us understand the negative impact that a hostility tradition in antitrust — which is more likely for inexperienced regimes and regimes with low standards of evidence — and the resulting type I enforcement errors can have on social welfare when applied to the regulation of horizontal agreements. Additional interpretations are discussed in light of leniency programs for corruption and compliance policies for antitrust violations.

Energy and competition. Supplying Europe with safe and low-cost energy; Energie und Wettbewerb. Die Versorgung Europas mit sicherer und preisguenstiger Energie

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kuhnt, D [RWE Energie AG, Essen (Germany)

1994-01-01

The EC Commission and the Energy Committee of the European Parliament want to achieve more competition in energy supply. To this end, deregulation is to be carried out as a first step. The proposals under discussion are based on the English-Welsh model which, however, can hardly be applied to the whole of the EC and not at all to Germany, as it provides for government controlled ``pseudo``-competition to override real competition. At the same time, the German Federal Cartel Office tries to abolish altogether the concept of territorial protection. In a ``competition`` brought about by such means, foreign utilities operating in Germany would enjoy advantages over domestic utilities. From an all-European point of view, also the draft amendment to the Energy Economy Act proposed by the German Federal Ministry of Economics, and a number of regulations covering energy trust legislation, are appearing at the wrong time. (orig.) [Deutsch] Europaeische Kommission und Energieausschuss des Europaeischen Parlamentes wollen in der Energieversorgung mehr Wettbewerb, wozu zunaechst eine Deregulierung durchgefuehrt werden soll. Pate bei den zu diskutierenden Vorschlaegen hat das englisch-walisische Modell gestanden, das aber wenig auf die gesamte Europaeische Union (EU) und gar nicht auf Deutschland uebertragbar ist, da dem tatsaechlichen ein staatlich kontrollierter Pseudo-Wettbewerb uebergestuelpt wird. Gleichzeitig versucht das Bundeskartellamt, den Gebietsschutz radikal aufzuheben. Solcherart hergestellter ``Wettbewerb`` wuerde auslaendische EVU in Deutschland gegenueber heimischen bevorteilen. Auch der Entwurf des Bundeswirtschaftsministeriums zur Novellierung des Energiewirtschaftsgesetzes und einer Reihe von energiekartellrechtlichen Vorschriften kommt aus gesamteuropaeischer Sicht zur Unzeit. (orig.)

Pintores españoles y portadas de discos

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Francisco Pérez-Bryan Muñoz

2011-01-01

Full Text Available Con la invención del fonógrafo en el siglo XIX y el desarrollo de las compañías discográficas a mediados del XX la música ha jugado un papel fundamental en la sociedad de nuestro tiempo. Desde los primeros carteles del «Art Nouveau» la imagen ha acompañado, a través de las artes gráficas, a la industria de la cultura y el entretenimiento, siendo un reclamo para su consumo. Las portadas de discos son el resultado de la convergencia de varias sensibilidades estéticas, en este trabajo nos centraremos en dos de ellas: la pintura y la música. Son muchos los pintores que han unido su talento a los músicos y viceversa, de las vanguardias históricas a la nueva figuración, de la canción protesta al pop.çWith the invention of the phonograph in the nineteenth century and the development of the record companies to mid-twentieth century, music has played a fundamental role in society of our time. From the first signs of «Art Nouveau», the image is accompanied by graphic arts industry culture and entertainment being the claim for consumption. The album covers are the result of the convergence of several aesthetic sensibilities. In this paper we focus two of them: painting and music. The are many painter who have combined their talents to the musicians and viceversa. From historical avant-garde to figurative art, from protest song pop.

Oil market structures-strategies and performances of the actors of the international petroleum system

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Djermaine, Rebai

1999-01-01

The rises of petroleum prices as revealed by the oil crises of the 1970's are the consequences of a beside market perverse game between artificial factors. The public management and the intervention of public authorities have contributed to the unbalancing of oil markets and to the confusion of the actor's strategies in the international petroleum system. The chronical decay of the petroleum prices indicate the slow and silent come back of the economical forces (laws). The management of an exhaustible asset like petroleum, raises lot of intriguing problems. This work aims at exploring the problems linked with this type of management where the decisions of the profession, of private and public companies and of the governments are closely interfering. The study is largely inspired of the meso-economical approach which consists in examining the markets structure and their determining factors, and the strategies and results of the actors of the world petroleum system. The examination of the structures/strategies/results sequence does not neglect the relations and feedbacks between each of these elements. The economical theory of oligopoly and cartel markets is also used to examine the way how prices are determined in petroleum markets. A critical presentation of the energy models allows to show how it is possible to understand, foresee and control the evolution of these prices and the possible supply/demand equilibrium. The study takes also into consideration the debates and controversies about the 'green tax' and its impact of petroleum supply and demand. (J.S.)

Políticas públicas para la resocialización e integración social de los desmovilizados del conflicto armado interno en Colombia

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Adonis Caro Madrid

2013-07-01

Full Text Available ResumenEn el presente artículo de investigación se presentanlos resultados de una investigación titulada Políticaspúblicas sobre resocialización e integración social de losdesmovilizados del conflicto armado interno en Colombia,donde se analizó que el problema de la delincuenciaemergente, producto del surgimiento de las bandascriminales, tiene su origen en la desmovilización de losgrupos armados al margen de la ley, las denominadasBACRIM, que son los remanentes de los grupos paramilitaresy algunos ejércitos privados de extintos carteles delnarcotráfico, cuya violencia y propagación del delito pasóde los campos rurales a los cascos urbanos, evolucionandohacia una nueva forma de delincuencia organizadaestructurada y compleja, en búsqueda de fortalecer suexistencia e influencia en la ya establecida delincuenciaque hace parte de Colombia. El presente trabajo analizala historia de la delincuencia organizada en los últimosaños de la nación, estableciendo una analogía entre losinstitutos de política criminal que procuran combatir ydisminuir los actos violentos de esta nueva ola de delito, yestudiando el origen de dichas organizaciones delictivas,analizando el papel del derecho estatal y las políticas oficiales,para prevenir el alzamiento de grupos al margende la ley, en este nuevo fenómeno de crimen organizado.Palabras clave: BACRIM, Política criminal, Delincuenciaorganizada, Políticas públicas estatales, Justicia ypaz, Criminología, Prevención del delito.

Concepción del diseño en Cayetano Aníbal y su vertiente comunicativa

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

León Moreno García

2015-11-01

Full Text Available En este estudio se explica la trayectoria de Cayetano Aníbal en el ámbito del diseño, parte fundamental de su labor artística, y se profundiza en cómo  concibe precisamente el diseño este creador. Se acompaña de unos breves apuntes donde explicamos y contextualizamos su formación como artista y cómo comienza a tomar contacto con esta actividad, junto a algunos datos de su evolución y referencias a sus obras más señeras. Para seguidamente ir analizando algunas de ellas, incidiendo en el diseño de carteles, murales, carpetas de grabado, proyectos de esculturas, intercalando del mismo modo referencias a su producción editorial donde encontramos reflexiones en cuanto a concepción de diseño se refiere. En este análisis de su obra y cómo fue concebida, remarcamos su vertiente comunicativa y cómo consigue transmitir ciertos valores e ideas o proponer ciertos conceptos. Así, según el punto de vista de Cayetano Aníbal, el diseño es el producto de las capacidades y exigencias de la mente para reflejar, explicar, comunicar y transformar los entornos y los contextos. Terminamos con una reflexión de cómo debiera ser el diseño y el proceso mental por el que un artista debe enfrentarse a la concepción de una obra de arte.

The history of energy industry law in Germany. With particular emphasis on the development of the Energy Act (EnWG) and current proposals for reform under discussion; Zur Entwicklung des Energierechts in Deutschland. Unter besonderer Beruecksichtigung des Energiewirtschaftsgesetzes und der aktuellen Reformdiskussion

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Smeddinck, U.

1995-11-01

The paper describes the history and development of the regulatory framework governing the energy industry and the reasons why this legislation has been creating an organisational framework of the power industry in Germany with some strikingly peculiar features. The core structure and the essential aspects of the Energy Act (EnWG) are discussed in detail, followed by a survey of relevant cartel laws and the regime of franchise agreements and franchise duties. The amendments made in response to the oil crisis in the early seventies are mentioned, and current trends and proposals for reform are outlined. The Annex contains material illustrating a number of significant developments and issues in the history of the energy industry law, with brief explanations. The bibliography also lists publications of interest to readers wishing to get more insight into ongoing debates about problems posed by energy industry law, and proposed reforms. [Deutsch] Der Beitrag zeichnet die Entstehung und Veraenderung des rechtlichen Ordnungsrahmens nach, der fuer die derzeitige eigentuemliche Organisation der deutschen Elektrizitaetswirtschaft verantwortlich ist. Im Mittelpunkt steht das EnWG mit seinem Grundmuster. Darueberhinaus werden die einschlaegigen kartellrechtlichen Vorschriften und das Konzessionsabgabenrecht vorgestellt. Weiter wird die Reaktion des Gesetzgebers auf die dramatische Oelkrise zu Beginn der siebziger Jahre deutlich. Schliesslich wird der gegenwaertige Stand der Novellierungsbemuehungen skizziert. Die im Anhang enthaltenen Materialien veranschaulichen einige markante Punkte der energierechtlichen Entwicklung. Sie sind jeweils mit einer kurzen Erlaeuterung versehen. Das Literaturverzeichnis enthaelt auch Veroeffentlichungen zur aktuellen Diskussion, die dem interessierten Leser den vertieften Einstieg in dieses Problemfeld moeglich machen.

Problems faced by Bangladesh in introducing a nuclear power programme

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nurul Islam, A.B.M.; Quaiyum, M.A.; Hasnat, K.A.

1977-01-01

The per capita energy resources and consumption of energy in Bangladesh are among the lowest in the world as in the per capita GDP of the country. The need for and importance of nuclear power in providing cheaper and reliable energy for economic development of the country is discussed in the light of this situation. The constraints faced by the Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC) in the initiation and development of a national nuclear power programme are detailed. Following the liberation of the country in 1971 its financial resources were mainly channelled to the rehabilitation and restoration of the economy. As the size of the national grid has remained relatively small, unit sizes in the range of 50-200MW(e) only could be considered for commissioning. Lack of vendor interest in such small sizes and the difficulty of arranging long-term investment for nuclear stations are the main constraints faced by the BAEC. Other bottlenecks are due to the uncertainty about the nature and extent of future economic development, pricing policy for available indigenous fossil fuel, and national energy planning criteria, which are mainly influenced by the limited financial resources, national priority for various essential non-development expenditures, which use up most of the country's own earnings and foreign aid, etc. Problems that are likely to be faced in future are discussed. These include public acceptability of nuclear power in Bangladesh, the obstacles to the transfer of nuclear technology that may be erected through the prospective growth of a cartel of nuclear-exporting countries, drainage of trained manpower, etc. (author)

Analysis of binding delivery agreements in electricity supply contracts from the angle of German and EC antitrust law; Die Beurteilung von Bezugsbindungen in Elektrizitaetsliefervertraegen nach deutschem und EG-Kartellrecht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Scholz, U.

1998-12-31

Binding delivery agreements in the form of contractual clauses determining exclusive total or partial coverage of electricity demand, take-or-pay contracts, or minimum purchase quota, are standard provisions of energy supply contracts concluded in order to ensure amortization of earlier commitments such as investment or other obligations. In the wake of the recent amendment of the German energy industry law for implementation of the deregulation of electricity markets in EU Member States, those agreements have become items of concern in the eyes of the cartel authority. In Germany, where utilities as from 1990 had to invest particularly strongly into the modernisation of existing power plants and distribution systems in the eastern parts of the country, review of the legality of those agreements touches upon vital interests of the electric power industry. The article here examines the situation with reference to EU legislation and the German law against restraints on competition (GWB). (orig./CB) [Deutsch] Bezugsbindungen in Gestalt von Gesamt- oder Teilbedarfsdeckungsklauseln, Take-or-Pay-Verpflichtungen oder Mindestbezugspflichten sind regelmaessig Bestandteile von Elektrizitaetsliefervertraegen, die zum einen der Amortisation bereits getaetigter Investitionen sowie eingegangener Verpflichtungen dienen. Insbesondere nach der Reform des deutschen Energiewirtschaftsrechts gewinnt die Frage der kartellrechtlichen Zulaessigkeit von Bezugsbindungen besondere Relevanz. Nicht zuletzt vor dem Hintergrund der besonders kapitalintensiven Investitionen zur Modernisierung der ostdeutschen Elektrizitaetsversorgung stellt sich daher die Frage, ob und inwieweit Bezugsbindungen nach der Aenderung des rechtlichen Ordnungsrahmens in der leitungsgebundenen Energieversorgung zulaessig sind. Der rechtliche Rahmen fuer die Beurteilung der Zulaessigkeit von Bezugsbindungen wird insbesondere durch die EU-Wettbewerbsregeln sowie die Bestimmungen des GWB gebildet. (orig.)

The sectorial investigation power generation / electricity wholesaling of the Federal Cartel Office. Excellent analysis, insufficient consequences; Die Sektoruntersuchung Stromerzeugung/Stromgrosshandel des Bundeskartellamts. Ausgezeichnete Analyse, unzureichende Konsequenzen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Becker, Peter [Becker Buettner Held (Germany)

2011-04-15

The office faced a difficult task: Are the German prices for electric power at the Wholesale level abusively excessive from the point of view of antitrust law? If so, what are the consequences? The investigation follows on two methods, which ended without result for the electricity customers: the abuse proceedings by the Commission against E.ON (Munich, Federal Republic of Germany) and the abuse proceedings of the offices against RWE AG (Dortmund, Federal Republic of Germany), both of which have been adjusted. Therefore, the expectations to the office were high. The investigation fulfills the restricted formulation of a question. The investigation will not fulfill the statutory mandate. The question of the instruments and their relationship to one another often remains open.

El triunfo de la democracia a finales del siglo XX: ¿fin de la Historia?

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David Hidalgo Rodríguez

2007-09-01

Full Text Available El artículo que se ofrece a continuación pretende reflexionar acerca de los procesos de democratización de finales del siglo XX (la tercera ola, e introducir una nueva perspectiva que revise este fenómeno histórico partiendo de la comprensión particular de cada caso a través de la línea de investigación abierta por la historia del tiempo presente. Las ventajas que se derivan de utilizar la óptica propuesta son de dos tipos. Desde el plano teórico el campo temático en cuestión representa un periodo repleto de elementos e incógnitas que dan forma a la historia contemporánea de un grueso generacional importante y, por lo tanto, el análisis de los mismos resulta imprescindible para comprender su realidad contemporánea. En cuanto a la vertiente metodológica disponemos, además de las pautas interpretativas procedentes de otras ciencias (politología, sociología, etc., del testimonio oral de actores implicados directa o indirectamente y, por supuesto, de todo el enorme caudal informativo generado por estos en diversas plataformas: prensa, cine, radio, televisión, cartelística, etc. El objeti- vo central es aspirar a entender la democratización desde el punto de vista de sus pro- tagonistas dentro de contextos muy variados para señalar las claves del que pudo ser el último gran cambio que sienta las bases materiales e ideológicas del mundo actual. Palabras clave: Democratización, Historia del tiempo presente, Cambio político. 

Problems of power-heat-coupling in industry

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

1977-03-01

The coupled heat and electric power supply from counter-pressure and partly also from extraction-condensing plants theoretically offers the best possibilities for saving energy in comparison to other measures which reduce the primary energy employed at equal useful energy. A basic requirement for the use of this principle of power-heat coupling is a somewhat simultaneous need of heat and electrical energy as well as a relatively short distance between production point and consumption point, since the transfer ability of the heat is limited due to the considerable cost of the transportation system. Numerous industrial enterprises offer favorable conditions for the use of power-heat coupling. Because of the existing legal and contract rights restraints, the incentive for a free development of industrial power-heat coupling with the aim of saving energy is strongly weakened. Therefore a new order to road rights is nececessary, which would make possible the construction and operation of common plants for several industrial operations and which would insure the right to lay industrial energy lines in public roads where reasonably possible. It has been proven necessary to make it the duty of the cartel authorities to orient their examinations of price regulations for auxiliary and reserve electric power supply solely on the objective electricity economy facts, but not on so-called advantageous points of view. Ultimately the regulation for common use of the utilities own piping system for the purpose of saving and piping free energy and free power from its own plants can be reasonably necessary in the utilities realm, if free agreements between the utility and the industry are not enough in this question.

Petroleum question. Die Oelfrage

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mommer, B

1983-01-01

The author analyses the development of the world petroleum market and its pricing factors to the present on the basis of the theory of ground rent, in which the part played by absolute ground rent, differential rent, and free and national state property in the capitalist mode of production is determined. His investigation of economic policy traces the absorbing history of the petroleum production and policy of the United States of America, which for so long governed the world market, the development of Venezuela into a petroleum country (whose true history is here revealed for the first time), the penetration of the middle East by the international petroleum leaseholders' capital and their cartel, the formation of the OPEC, and finally the 'victory' of the lather over the petroleum combines in the international petroleum crisis of 1970-1973. The book closes with a survey at the start of the 80s and an outlook into the foreseeable future. What is really hidden behind the quarrels about prices, profit, taxes, royalties, franchise agreements, production quotas, nationalization and so forth and behind the economic, political, and even moral arguments of the parties concerned turns out to be the fight of the petroleum ground proprietors for the ground rent - but to win a victory in this fight means ultimately to face its limitations, too. Blindness to the economic and political importance of ground rent, right from the theoretical approach, also created a major cause of the false diagnoses and forecasts on the petroleum market western economic scientists were misled into, and thus of the surprise effect that came in the form of the petroleum crisis of the early 1970s.

Characterising price fixing: a journey through the looking glass with ANSAC

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Kasturi Moodaliyar

2012-10-01

Full Text Available In February 2005 the Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa ruled that in deciding whether firms have contravened section 4(1(b of the Competition Act 89 of 1998, as amended, by engaging in, for example, ‘per se’ illegal price fixing, the Competition Tribunal must admit evidence relating to the nature, purpose and effect of the horizontal agreement or practice in question. This article examines the economic and legal rationale, as well as the implications, for allowing an appropriate characterisation of conduct to determine whether such conduct falls within the per se prohibition. Firstly, we comment on the rationale behind the per se rule as a standard for the adjudication of certain types of conduct. We analyse a number of cases in the United States, which, post 1979, revolutionised the approach to the strict per se rule. Secondly, we examine how the per se standard is reflected in the particular structure found in section 4(1 of the Competition Act and evaluate whether it makes for a sufficiently robust application of the per se rule. Thirdly, the content of the Supreme Court decision regarding characterisation is critically examined with a view to assessing whether such characterisation is consistent with the policy objective of achieving maximum deterrence of hard core cartel behaviour like price fixing and market division. Finally, we explore and suggest (in the absence of a Tribunal decision a possible framework, based on decision theory, for determining a method of characterisation that is consistent with the robust application of the per se standard and is in line with the Supreme Court ruling.

Cine e historia reciente de la educación española relato de una experiencia valiosa para la formación de los educadores. //Cinema and recent history of the Spanish education Story of a valuable experience for teacher training.

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Virginia Guichot Reina

2014-06-01

Full Text Available (ES Presentamos nuestro proyecto de innovación Cine y memoria oral: dos grandes recursos didácticos para el estudio del pasado educativo reciente, desarrollado en la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad de Sevilla con estudiantes de la asignatura “Política y Legislación Educativas” de quinto de Pedagogía. En él, se utilizan diferentes mecanismos para hacer más atractiva la materia al alumnado como la creación de una página web desde la que, además de acceder a una película seleccionada para estudiar un determinado período educativo, se pueden realizar diferentes actividades que conllevan consulta de documentos escritos de diversa índole, escucha de entrevistas a personajes relevantes para conocer de primera mano la educación de cierta época, visionado de carteles y exposiciones de material didáctico de dicho momento histó- rico, etc. // (EN We show the Project Cinema and Oral Memory: two great resources for the study about the educational contemporary past developed with students of the last year in the degree of Pedagogy in the University of Seville. This includes the use of films as a resource to work on the History of Education in Spain. In order to make the content concerning “Politics and Educational Legislation” more appealing to our students we have used different mechanisms by introducing innovative resources such as the creation of a web site. Here you can see the film which has been chosen to be studied in a specific educational period and you can consult different types of written documents, and listen to interviews of important people. You can also know from first hand experience the education of a specific historical moment, seeing posters and school objects from those years.

Energy Choices. Global Energy Trends and Problems to Supply the Energy Demand; Vaegval Energi. Globala energitrender och problem att tillgodose energibehoven

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Radetzki, Marian (Luleaa Univ. of Technology, Luleaa (Sweden))

2008-09-15

Although the use of renewable fuels is increasing, oil and other fossil fuels still dominate the global energy supply the next decades, as shown by a review of energy sector development from 1990 to today and projections up to 2030. Nothing indicates that the supplies of oil or any other fossil fuel will be depleted during the coming decades. Resource Nationalism has long characterized the oil market. OPEC has since 1970 successfully controlled the supply and price of oil for its producing member countries. The cartel's grip on the oil market has been strengthened in the 2000s commodity boom, not least as a result of improved production discipline among member countries. At the same time, the long-term trend in the world's great centers of consumption is towards a lower degree of self-sufficiency in energy. The EU dependence on import of oil is expected to rise to over ninety per cent by year 2030. In order to secure a stable energy supply, clear strategies in the oil-importing countries are needed. Tools include diversified import, storage and securing supplies through futures trading on commodity exchanges. Energy policy has long been focused on supply. But the environmental aspects of energy production and use has grown in importance and now the climate issue dominates the energy policy. So far, however, the policy measures to curb the effects of climate change has been both limited and cost-ineffective. The cost to seriously limit emissions of greenhouse gases will be high. To carry out serious climate measures will annually take at least one percent of global GDP, according to an estimate by the British economist Nicholas Stern. This can be compared to the additional cost of approximately five percent of global GDP as energy consumers had to absorb between 2005 and 2008 because of rising prices for fossil fuels

Syndication of the earth system: the future of geoscience?

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Elliott, Scott M.; Hanson, Howard P.

2003-01-01

Current global change policy debate reverberates around the polarized extremes of civilization-level cooperation through treaties as a mitigation tactic, on the one hand, and a wait-and-see approach that may lead to a climatic tragedy of the commons, on the other. Meanwhile, energy technology research is rapidly generating a perception that it will be possible to tune the earth system via carbon sequestration and other types of biogeochemical engineering. The consequences of this potential for planetary management, based on provincial self-interest, include the transition of the earth sciences into a security industry involving proprietary scientific knowledge bases of biogeochemical cycling and the evolution of a climate-design brokerage dominated by military/industrial interests. As the dominant political powers perceive the potential for planetary engineering and consider implementation, the global economy will adjust to exploit new opportunities, perceptions of which will be determined by the quality of system simulations. The growth of a viable international climate-design community will profoundly influence the trajectory of the earth system by providing either the illusion or the reality of predictability. Although this process will be chaotic at first, the probability of stabilization will ultimately be enhanced because the vast resources of the military/industrial sector will become involved. These concepts are disturbingly familiar in that they acknowledge the pervasion of competition and conflict in human technological affairs. However, they are consistent with approaches used in thermodynamics, ecological energetics, behavioral evolution, economics, and interdisciplinary climate science to describe collectively the evolution of the earth system. This paper argues that the perception that the climate can be regulated inexpensively will create an economic driving force for international cartel-style management of the total earth system. That is, the earth

Jóvenes interactivos y culturas cívicas: sentido educativo, mediático y político del 15M

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Juan Bautista Martínez Rodríguez

2013-03-01

Full Text Available Esta aportación se justifica en la necesidad de analizar el contenido participativo que los jóvenes interactivos transmiten en el uso de TIC y de las redes sociales durante el origen del movimiento social del 15M. Los objetivos se han dirigido a comprobar cómo los jóvenes sienten, viven y experimentan la ciudadanía democrática a través de los soportes digitales y mediáticos, participando en el lugar público de la plaza donde se está formando una más informada ciudadanía digital entre la convergencia tecnológica, la hipertextualidad y la no linealidad. Se ha tratado de identificar tanto el contenido educativo de sus interacciones e implicaciones como el uso de los soportes digitales mediáticos en su organización colectiva. La metodología utilizada es el estudio de caso en profundidad, realizado durante los días de la acampada en la plaza pública, recogiendo observaciones, entrevistas, información de las redes sociales (Twitter, Facebook, n-1 y Tuenti, noticias de los medios de comunicación así como de los medios generados en la acampada, y todas las fotografías y cartelería del evento. Desde esta perspectiva tecnoeducativa se analiza cómo estos jóvenes ensanchan sus relaciones comunicativas y se conectan en red construyendo nuevos significados de lo educativo, lo social y lo político. El análisis de sus discursos nos descubre una reapropiación de los jóvenes de las TIC participando en la comunicación pública y aportando nuevas perspectivas para la educación ciudadana.

Indemnización de perjuicios a los afectados por acuerdos de cartel y las investigaciones por violación al régimen de competencia: concurrencia de acciones civiles y administrativas

OpenAIRE

López Corzo, Juan Fernando

2017-01-01

El régimen jurídico de la competencia y en especial, la regulación sobre conductas anticompetitivas afronta la dualidad de penalizar la conducta y el resarcimiento de los afectados. Es claro que el mayor beneficiado de la competencia en el mercado es el consumidor, y el mayor afectado cuando se viola dicho régimen. Las investigaciones para su penalización son realizadas por la SIC como autoridad residual, pero no tiene la capacidad de resarcir a los afectados, la cual debe ser llevada ante la...

Pragmatismo corporativo. Estado y empresarios frente a la crisis de la agroindustria azucarera mexicana en la década de 1930

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Crespo, Horacio

2005-04-01

Full Text Available The Mexican sugar industry had undergone relapsing overproduction crises due to structural supply-demand imbalances and low competitiveness. Exports were confined to eventual stock surpluses which lowered the domestic, profit-depending prices. This article studies the State reaction to stock accumulation after the 1930 Depression, which endangered the viability of a key sector in rural employment. This reaction was based on the expansion of the domestic market, the conversion of sugar into a salary good, as well as the cartelization and regularization of sugar production by the Government. This latter, in its turn gave access facilities to official credit in order to finance the performance and expansion of the sugar business. The success of this program was one of the most outstanding cases of public intervention in the political economy in the thirties and later.

La industria azucarera mexicana sufrió reiteradas crisis de sobreproducción por desajustes estructurales entre oferta y demanda y, por su escasa competitividad, sólo exportó para paliar eventuales excesos de existencias que deprimían el precio interno, del que dependían sus ganancias. Este artículo analiza la respuesta del Estado a la acumulación de stocks tras la depresión de 1930, que puso en peligro la viabilidad de un sector clave en el empleo rural, basada en la expansión del mercado interno, la conversión del azúcar en un bien salario, la cartelización de su producción y su completa regularización por parte del Gobierno, que a cambio facilitó el acceso al crédito oficial para financiar las operaciones y expansión del negocio. El éxito del programa fue uno de los hechos más destacados de la política de intervención pública en la economía a partir de los años treinta.

El "lavado verde" en la comunicación gráfica de la publicidad de condominios residenciales en Caruaru-Pernambuco

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Tamires Maria de Lima Silva

2014-03-01

Full Text Available Introdución: El término lavado verde (greenwashing se utiliza para nombrar el modo de comunicación desarrollado por empresarios para tratar de ocultar las verdades que impregnan sus productos y servicios, lo que puede indicar su débil compromiso con el medio ambiente. El objetivo de esa investigación fue el análisis de los atributos gráficos y textuales que figuran en los materiales publicitarios relacionados con comunidades residenciales en el municipio de Caruaru, Pernambuco, los cuales afirmaban tener aspectos "sostenibles". El análisis se ha centrado en entender en qué medida las prácticas de lavado verde podrían ser identificadas en este segmento de mercado. Método: Se realizó un estudio de campo entre enero y marzo de 2012 en los puntos de venta de las propiedades inmobiliarias de aquellos proyectos complementada por el estudio de las campañas de publicidad. Información adicional fue adquirida por conversaciones informales con los intermediarios y otras personas responsables de las acciones de marketing. Complementarmente se verificaron materiales de promoción tales como sitios web, folletos, catálogos, carteles y los stands de comercio. Resultados: Todos los proyectos examinados tenían algún grado de lavado verde en lo que respecta lo establecido en el documento denominado de "seis pecados del lavado verde", y el artículo 36 de la CONAR En cuanto a la infracción de la autenticidad en los medios de publicidad. Conclusión: Caruaru, por su crecimiento exponencial, atrajo empresas atrajo de distintos sectores empresariales. Sin embargo, se insta a repensar como se forman nuevas perspectivas y conceptos de vida y sostenibilidad a partir de desarrollo de acciones reales y transparentes y que cumplan con todos los grupos de interés de la ciudad.

Lucrècia Borja en la premsa espanyola de 1835 a 1875

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Marc Gomar

2017-06-01

Full Text Available Resum: Entre 1835 i 1875 no hi ha mes on el drama o l’òpera Lucrècia Borja no estiga en cartell en alguna part d’Espanya. El periode analitzat comprén des de la seua estrena a la península fins a l’aparició de «Lucrecia Borgia, rehabilitada», un extens article sobre la biografia de Gregorovius en el primer número de la Revista contemporánea. Cal tenir en compte que, a la premsa de l’època és habitual retallar, copiar i enganxar amb el consegüent efecte multiplicador. Lucrècia Borja saltarà aviat de les crítiques teatrals i musicals a la secció de successos o a la crònica política, un mostra de la extraordinària popularitat aconseguida, això sí, des de la infàmia, com ocorrerà amb altres figures femenines poderoses que també són objecte de la ficció del XIX.   Paraules clau: Lucrècia Borja, Huit-cents, premsa, dones poderoses, drama   Abstract: In the period of time between 1835 and 1875, the opera (or play Lucrezia Borgia was always running somewhere in Spain. In this research it has been considered the period of time between its first release in the Iberian Peninsula and the publication of «Lucrecia Borgia, rehabilitada». This text is a very long essay about Lucrecia’s biography, written by Gregorovius, which was published in the first issue of Revista contemporánea. It needs to be considered that it was usual for journalists in that period of time to reduce, copy and paste texts, which has a multiplier effect. Lucrezia Borgia play reached an extraordinary popularity, and so it began to appear in affairs and politics columns, as well as in theatre and musical reviews columns. The same happened in the nineteenth century to other fictional characters of powerful women. Keywords: Lucrezia Borja, 19th century, newspaper, powerful women, play

Grado de cumplimiento de la legislación e impartición de enseñanzas anti-tabaco en los centros escolares españoles

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Hernández-Mezquita Miguel Angel

2000-01-01

Full Text Available Fundamento: No se dispone de estudios que analicen el cumplimiento de la legislación antitabaco en los centros escolares españoles, por lo que nos propusimos conocer el grado de cumplimiento de la legislación oficial anti-tabaco en dichos centros y la influencia que ello tiene sobre el porcentaje de alumnos fumadores. Método: Se realizó una encuesta entre 3.050 directores de centros educativos españoles, a los que se les preguntó sobre diversos aspectos del cumplimiento de la legislación oficial anti-tabaco en los centros y sobre las principales características del consumo de tabaco en los mismos. Resultados: El 80,9% de los directores afirman que en sus centros se exige el cumplimiento de la legislación y el 64,9% disponen de carteles que advierten de la prohibición de fumar. Afirman impartir enseñanzas anti-tabaco el 82,2% de los centros en los que se exige la legislación y en el 64,8% de los centros en los que esta legislación no se exige. Creen que el porcentaje de profesores que fuman ante los alumnos es del 5,9% en los centros en que se exige la legislación y del 12,9% en los que no se cumple. En los centros donde se imparten enseñanzas anti-tabaco creen que han probado el tabaco el 29% de los alumnos, frente al 31% que creen lo han hecho en los centros donde no se imparten estas enseñanzas (p<0,001. Conclusiones: El cumplimiento de la legislación es insuficiente. Los directores de los centros educativos, como encargados de velar por el cumplimiento de la legislación oficial anti-tabaco en sus centros, deben exigir el cumplimiento de esta legislación, ya que esta medida es eficaz para mejorar el funcionamiento global de los centros y para reducir los porcentajes de alumnos y profesores fumadores.

Reseña Bibliográfica: Bastías, C. (et. al. 2011, Mujeres de la Vega. Género, memoria y trabajo en la Vega Central de Santiago. Chile Santiago, Salesianos Impresores S.A.

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Eloísa Maldonado

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Una sugerente portada, que representa la gráfica y los colores de los carteles que habitualmente ofrecen los productos agrícolas, nos invita a entrar al mun­do de la Vega, uno de los mercados más importantes de Santiago. “Mujeres de la Vega. Género, memoria y trabajo en la Vega Central de Santiago” es el libro donde se dan a conocer los resultados de una investigación realizada entre agosto de 2010 y enero de 2011, financiada por el Consejo Nacional de la Cul­tura y las Artes, a través del Fondart Regional 2010. Sus autoras, Carolina Bastías, Licenciada en Historia de la Universidad Finis Terrae, Consuelo Hayden, Profesora de Historia y Ciencias Sociales de la Uni­versidad de Valparaíso y Magister (c en Estudios Latinoamericanos de la Uni­versidad de Chile, y Daniela Ibáñez, Antropóloga Social de la Universidad Aca­demia de Humanismo Cristiano y Magister (c en Estudios Latinoamericanos de la Universidad de Chile, se propusieron en esta investigación “dar a conocer, valorar y divulgar las prácticas que despliegan las mujeres de la Vega Central a partir de su trabajo en este espacio, con un énfasis especial en la dimensión de la memoria.”(Bastías, et. al, 2011, p.11 Se trata también de un esfuerzo por visibilizar su trabajo y aportar en la desmitificación que muchas veces instalan los medios de comunicación, de este mercado como un espacio masculino, de camiones, de carga y descarga de productos. Para esto no sólo profundizaron en un análisis sobre el trabajo femenino, sino también buscaron sus antecedentes en los orígenes mismos de La Vega como espacio de comercio y en la intimidad de la vida de once de sus trabajadoras, que revelaron en entrevistas en profundidad, sus historias, sus rutinas y sus ilusiones.

Una propuesta para la gestión de los recursos arqueológicos de Villa Castelli, Provincia de La Rioja, Argentina

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Adriana Callegari

2014-06-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo se presenta la propuesta que fue desarrollada para la gestión del patrimonio arqueológico de la localidad de Villa Castelli (La Rioja. La misma surge de la preocupación conjunta de la comunidad y de los investigadores por el acceso no controlado a ciertos recursos culturales arqueológicos ubicados en las inmediaciones de la localidad, que llegan, incluso, a aparecer en las páginas web de turismo provincial sin que medie un diseño para su gestión. Se generó, así, un proyecto para elaborar una propuesta de manejo que permitiera abrir ciertos sitios al turismo sin poner en riesgo su integridad. Puesto que un plan de manejo implica una construcción colectiva, se organizaron una serie de talleres participativos con los distintos segmentos de la comunidad anfitriona, en el transcurso de los cuales se fueron delineando y consensuando las diferentes líneas de trabajo y estrategias a seguir. Dado que en la actualidad Villa Castelli no cuenta con la infraestructura necesaria como para albergar el incremento de la afluencia turística que han generado los importantes polos de atracción de Ischigualasto, Talampaya y Laguna Brava, en está primera etapa la planificación apuntó a un turismo en tránsito. La elaboración del plan de manejo involucró diversos aspectos: investigación científica de base; charlas de información y sensibilización sobre el patrimonio; talleres participativos con la comunidad a fin de planificar en conjunto una estrategia de gestión; diseño de sendas y circuitos interpretativos; diagramación de señalética y cartelería bilingüe; elaboración de material didáctico, consistente en libros, pósters y folletería; como así también las acciones de monitoreo que se implementarán una vez que la propuesta se ponga en funcionamiento.

The European Emission Trading System and competition. Anticompetitive measures beyond reach? An assessment of the grandfathering allocation method and the Performance Standard Rate system

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Weishaar, S.

2006-10-01

. Subsequently the development and the present interpretation of the joint application doctrine are presented. The criteria identified under Article 81 (cartels), Article 82 (abuse) and Article 86 (public undertakings) are applied to the Emission Trading System. An economic appraisal concludes the paper.

Oligopolní konkurence s dominantní firmou a obchodní řetězce

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Karel Šrédl

2013-11-01

Full Text Available Purpose of the article: The text of this article deals with oligopolistic competition on the food market in terms of behaviour of grocers and with the impact of this competition upon market competition in the sector. Oligopoly can be defined as a market model of imperfect competition, for which a small number of firms within a sector is characteristic, as well as their high level of mutual dependence when considering their decision making.Scientific aim: The aim of the paper is to find out whether the oligopoly with the dominant firm competition happens to be created in the food-products market, in what range this competition appears in given sector and whether it can notably influence the price level of the food products and therefore have an important impact on consumer demand in the Czech Republic.Methodology/methods: When creating the article, we used information from published statistical studies of Incoma Company about revenues of food production between 2008 and 2009; the main methods used for the scientific investigation are: the method of description (a description of market separation among food chains, further the mathematical method (percentage rate of change and partially other methods.Findings: As is evident from the share of firms in the market of food products, there is no chain store, which would meet the criterion of market dominance. The number one on the Czech market of food products remains a long-term group Schwarz (Kaufland, Lidl, but its market share, expressed as sales indicators, is only a quarter of total group revenues.Conclusions: We can say that none of the individual companies on the market with food products meets the criterion of dominant place on the market; however, this does not exclude the possibility of cartel agreements between companies on the prices or duopoly reactions.

Assessing the Macroeconomic Importance of Gasoline and Vehicle Spending

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Santini, Danilo J. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Poyer, David A. [Morehouse College, Atlanta, GA (United States)

2016-05-01

Vector error correction (VEC) was used to test the importance of a theoretical causal chain from transportation fuel cost to vehicle sales to macroeconomic activity. Real transportation fuel cost was broken into two cost components: real gasoline price (rpgas) and real personal consumption of gasoline and other goods (gas). Real personal consumption expenditure on vehicles (RMVE) represented vehicle sales. Real gross domestic product (rGDP) was used as the measure of macroeconomic activity. The VEC estimates used quarterly data from the third quarter of 1952 to the first quarter of 2014. Controlling for the financial causes of the recent Great Recession, real homeowners’ equity (equity) and real credit market instruments liability (real consumer debt, rcmdebt) were included. Results supported the primary hypothesis of the research, but also introduced evidence that another financial path through equity is important, and that use of the existing fleet of vehicles (not just sales of vehicles) is an important transport-related contributor to macroeconomic activity. Consumer debt reduction is estimated to be a powerful short-run force reducing vehicle sales. Findings are interpreted in the context of the recent Greene, Lee, and Hopson (2012) (hereafter GLH) estimation of the magnitude of three distinct macroeconomic damage effects that result from dependence on imported oil, the price of which is manipulated by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). The three negative macroeconomic impacts are due to (1) dislocation (positive oil price shock), (2) high oil price levels, and (3) a high value of the quantity of oil imports times an oil price delta (cartel price less competitive price). The third of these is the wealth effect. The VEC model addresses the first two, but the software output from the model (impulse response plots) does not isolate them. Nearly all prior statistical tests in the literature have used vector autoregression (VAR) and

Customer satisfaction as a mediator between causes (trust and communication and the outcome (customer loyalty in business-to-business relationship marketing in the South African cement manufacturing industry

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Phineas Mbango

2015-06-01

Full Text Available Customer loyalty has become more relevant in the cement industry since the unbundling of the cartel system in 1994, the entrance of new competitors into the market and the effect of globalization. This study’s literature review reveals that there is limited published research in the Cement Industry, particularly in South Africa, which deals with customer loyalty management. The major objective of the study was to test satisfaction as a mediator between causes and outcome, the causes being trust and communication and the outcome being customer loyalty. The methodological approach followed was a survey and quantitative in nature. Data were collected from 362 major business-to-business cement customers throughout South Africa’s nine provinces using the face-to-face interview technique with self-administered questionnaires. The data collected in the empirical study were analysed using the structural equations modelling (SEM. The results show that in order to maintain customer loyalty, a cement supplier has to focus on strategies to build relationships on the basis of creating customer satisfaction and/or exceeding customer needs and wants. They also need to invest in enhancing customer trust and communication. Another important finding is that trust and communication have no direct effect on loyalty. Customer satisfaction is therefore the most important mediator as it leads to customer loyalty. Customer loyalty is crucial for business success in terms of repeat purchase, referrals (word-of-mouth marketing, retention and long-term profitability. There exists evidence from literature of an outcry for a need for future studies to examine causes and outcomes of satisfaction to specific industries. This study contributes to theory and practice by closing that gap, by providing a framework of causes and outcomes of satisfaction specifically aimed at the cement industry. Another contribution of this study is its examination of the sequential logic of

Associating Human-Centered Concepts with Social Networks Using Fuzzy Sets

Science.gov (United States)

Yager, Ronald R.

The rapidly growing global interconnectivity, brought about to a large extent by the Internet, has dramatically increased the importance and diversity of social networks. Modern social networks cut across a spectrum from benign recreational focused websites such as Facebook to occupationally oriented websites such as LinkedIn to criminally focused groups such as drug cartels to devastation and terror focused groups such as Al-Qaeda. Many organizations are interested in analyzing and extracting information related to these social networks. Among these are governmental police and security agencies as well marketing and sales organizations. To aid these organizations there is a need for technologies to model social networks and intelligently extract information from these models. While established technologies exist for the modeling of relational networks [1-7] few technologies exist to extract information from these, compatible with human perception and understanding. Data bases is an example of a technology in which we have tools for representing our information as well as tools for querying and extracting the information contained. Our goal is in some sense analogous. We want to use the relational network model to represent information, in this case about relationships and interconnections, and then be able to query the social network using intelligent human-centered concepts. To extend our capabilities to interact with social relational networks we need to associate with these network human concepts and ideas. Since human beings predominantly use linguistic terms in which to reason and understand we need to build bridges between human conceptualization and the formal mathematical representation of the social network. Consider for example a concept such as "leader". An analyst may be able to express, in linguistic terms, using a network relevant vocabulary, properties of a leader. Our task is to translate this linguistic description into a mathematical formalism

L’audace de la culpabilité : les États-Unis et le rapport UNODC sur le crime organisé / The Audacity of Guilt: The U.S. and the UNODC’s Report on Organized Crime

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Dominick M. F.

2010-12-01

Full Text Available Comme cela avait été prédit l’an dernier dans cette revue, le cancer des cartels de la drogue mexicains s’est métastasé et des discours impolitiques sur la « faillite de l'état » et sur son impact concernant la politique étrangère et intérieure américaine se sont répandus, bien que restants encore relativement discrets.Parmi ces considérations et discours sur les perspectives effrayantes de la violence toujours croissante et terrifiante au Mexique – et même dans les débats qui ont entouré le lancement du rapport de Antonio Maria Costa « UNODC’s 2010 Drug and Organized Crime Reports » à New York et à Washington, D.C., l’été dernier – rares sont pourtant ceux qui pointent du doigt vers la cause première de la guerre perdue contre les drogues illégales, à savoir la demande américaine de cocaïne, de marijuana, d’opiacés et de drogues synthétiques et ses corolaires : approvisionnement et distribution criminels ; blanchiment d'argent et armes. Cet article cherche à enrichir les analyses sur la situation critique du Mexique en soulignant l’étendue et l’ancrage profond de l'usage illégal de stupéfiants et des autres délits liés aux drogues dans la société américaine, tant au niveau public que privé. Par exemple, au niveau fédéral, les standards en matière d’enquête préalables et de délivrance des habilitations de sécurité ont été, pendant les vingt-cinq dernières années, assouplis à un point tel qu’un passé « drug-free » (sans drogue est l'exception et non pas la règle pour l’emploi dans les services publics gouvernementaux.Les révélations les pires et les plus critiques sont celles qui concernent ces fonctionnaires de haut niveau, élus et/ou nommés, qui ont corrompu l'état de droit aux Etats-Unis en justifiant et/ou en mentant sur leurs propres culpabilités passées et présentes. C'est seulement au travers de la mise en œuvre de la formule « sunshine government

The biochemistry of citric acid accumulation by Aspergillus niger.

Science.gov (United States)

Karaffa, L; Sándor, E; Fekete, E; Szentirmai, A

2001-01-01

Fungi, in particular Aspergilli, are well known for their potential to overproduce a variety of organic acids. These microorganisms have an intrinsic ability to accumulate these substances and it is generally believed that this provides the fungi with an ecological advantage, since they grow rather well at pH 3 to 5, while some species even tolerate pH values as low as 1.5. Organic acid production can be stimulated and in a number of cases conditions have been found that result in almost quantitative conversion of carbon substrate into acid. This is exploited in large-scale production of a number of organic acids like citric-, gluconic- and itaconic acid. Both in production volume as well as in knowledge available, citrate is by far the major organic acid. Citric acid (2-hydroxy-propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid) is a true bulk product with an estimated global production of over 900 thousand tons in the year 2000. Till the beginning of the 20th century, it was exclusively extracted from lemons. Since the global market was dominated by an Italian cartel, other means of production were sought. Chemical synthesis was possible, but not suitable due to expensive raw materials and a complicated process with low yield. The discovery of citrate accumulation by Aspergillus niger led to a rapid development of a fermentation process, which only a decade later accounted for a large part of the global production. The application of citric acid is based on three of its properties: (1) acidity and buffer capacity, (2) taste and flavour, and (3) chelation of metal ions. Because of its three acid groups with pKa values of 3.1, 4.7 and 6.4, citrate is able to produce a very low pH in solution, but is also useful as a buffer over a broad range of pH values (2 to 7). Citric acid has a pleasant acid taste which leaves little aftertaste. It sometimes enhances flavour, but is also able to mask sweetness, such as the aspartame taste in diet beverages. Chelation of metal ions is a very

Dentistry in the future--on the role and goal of basic research in oral biology.

Science.gov (United States)

Mäkinen, K K

1993-01-01

Examination of the state of affairs of oral biology cannot be endeavoured without considering the mutual interactions and interdependencies of sciences, and without considering the impact human acts will exert on these developments. Oral biology deals with the biochemical, chemical, molecular biologic, general biologic and physical aspects of all processes that take place in the oral cavity, in the masticatory organ, and in tissues and body fluids that are associated with the above processes. Oral biology also reaps the harvest sown by (other) basic sciences. From the methodological point of view, oral biology is indistinguishable from basic sciences; it is the anatomical object that makes it specific. Oral biology cannot be regarded as "big science" (i.e. compared with the human genome project, space research, AIDS research etc.). This fact may preserve the attractiveness of oral biology. Important science--this concerns oral biology as well--still emerges in smaller settings, although there are omens that large research cartels will swallow larger and larger portions of research appropriations. A key to staying competitive is to use new science sources and--in some cases--to join bigger groups. Once upon a time oral biologists--or scientists in general--assumed that a record of solid accomplishments was sufficient to maintain research support. Today, in several countries, politics and public visibility unfortunately determine the funding privileges. Provided that human operations on earth will render future development of sciences possible, the future of oral biology will depend 1) on concomitant development in the above basic fields, and 2) on innovations in the individual psyches. This combination will unravel the structure of genes involved in the development and metabolism of oral processes, clone important salivary and connective tissue proteins, and control most important oral diseases. To achieve these goals, oral biology must attract young talent and

THE ABUSE OF DOMINANT POSITION - RESTRICTING COMPETITION PRACTICE. CASE STUDY: ENI

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BERINDE Mihai

2013-07-01

Full Text Available The abuse of dominant position along with cartel, merger and state aid are practices restricting competition strictly regulated at EU level. These practices can have a disastrous effect on the internal market harming both competition especially consumers. These practices can have a disastrous effect on the domestic market harming both competition and especially consumers. This paper aims to analyze how the abuse of a dominant position is regulated in the European Union. The research methodology used is the study of literature, analysis of legislation, case study, and the collection and interpretation of statistical data. The Competition Law at European level is harmonized among European Union member states. The competition authorities of the EU Member States work together to detect and sanction the practice that is restrictive for competition. Improving legislation that regulates the abuse of dominant position has been an ongoing concern of competition authorities, which is why the EU currently enjoys a very well established procedure. The procedure governing the abuse of dominant position consists of a series of steps that must be taken gradually to have the desired result, i.e. restoring fair competition on a given market. The case study presented in this paper is indicative and shows very clearly the next steps for referral to an abuse of dominant position, with special reference to the outcome arising when applying the procedure correctly. The analysis of statistical data regarding the number of investigations opened and the number of decisions made by competition authorities on abuse of dominant position is relevant, outlining the evolution of the work performed by competition authorities. Throughout the period of ten years analyzed (January 2004 - February 2013 there were 1583 cases of violation of antitrust laws at European level. The percentage of investigations opened by the competition authorities of the Member States is 86%, much

Risk of violence in drug rehabilitation centers: perceptions of people who inject drugs in Tijuana, Mexico.

Science.gov (United States)

Harvey-Vera, Alicia Yolanda; González-Zúñiga, Patricia; Vargas-Ojeda, Adriana Carolina; Medina-Mora, Maria Elena; Magis-Rodríguez, Carlos Leonardo; Wagner, Karla; Strathdee, Steffanie Anne; Werb, Daniel

2016-01-26

In 2009, Mexico reformed its health law to partially decriminalize drug possession considered for personal use and to increase mandatory referrals to certified drug rehabilitation centers in lieu of incarceration. Concurrently, news media reported violent attacks perpetrated by drug cartels against Mexican drug rehabilitation centers and instances of human rights violations by staff against people who inject drugs (PWID) in treatment. In many cases, these violent situations took place at "Peer Support" (Ayuda Mutua) drug rehabilitation centers that house a large number of drug-dependent PWID. In an effort to understand barriers to treatment uptake, we examined prevalence and correlates of perceived risk of violence at drug rehabilitation centers among PWID in Tijuana, Mexico. Secondary analysis of baseline data collected between March 2011 and May 2013 of PWID recruited into a prospective cohort study in Tijuana. Interviewer-administered surveys measured perceived risk of violence at drug rehabilitation centers by asking participants to indicate their level of agreement with the statement "going to rehabilitation puts me at risk of violence". Logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with perceived risk of violence. Of 733 PWID, 34.5 % perceived risk of violence at drug rehabilitation centers. In multivariate analysis, reporting ever having used crystal methamphetamine and cocaine (separately), having a great or urgent need to get help for drug use, and ever receiving professional help for drug/alcohol use were negatively associated with perceived risk of violence at drug rehabilitation centers, while having been told by law enforcement that drug rehabilitation attendance is mandatory was positively associated with perceived risk of violence. All associations were significant at a 0.05 alpha level. The perception of violence at drug rehabilitation centers among PWID does not represent the lived experience of those PWID who attended

The anti-competitive agreements in the prospective of the law on competition protection - An inside in the Albanian practices and legal framework

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Rezana Konomi Perolla

2015-07-01

Full Text Available In Albania legislation on competition was developed only after the 90s and this is natural depending on the economic development and market model, which before the 90s had spaces of a free and competitive development. Competition is an economic phenomenon that refers to such a state of a free market economy, where companies compete independently in order to benefit as many buyers so as to meet the objectives to increase profits and expansion of markets. In this way free competition is both beneficial for business development and profitable for consumers themselves, who should benefit from the prices set based on the demand–offer ratio. Competition should be perceived as a necessary mechanism that promotes increase of welfare in general, by providing enterprises with greater opportunities for profit and therefore better quality for consumers, a major benefit in the range of choices lower prices. Encouraged by the existence of competition, enterprises as market players should be motivated to be always on the alert and perhaps in uncertainty in order to be as much active in the way they compete with their competitors by providing investments and aggressive strategies as a reply to their, but also potential rivals. In competitive markets, the companies are motivated to gain market power in order to strengthen their positions in the markets where they operate and thereby they have an impact in the fulfillment of the growing needs of the consumer, which brings increase of welfare. Nevertheless, quite often companies have such an attitude that they may cause limitation of competition, such as the agreements, whose object or consequence is price fixing, market shares or the establishment of a market structure where competitors join (in case of concentrations. Price fixing is a classic element to all cases of cartels. By means of such behavior competitors try to avoid price competition between them to the detriment of the consumer, by applying higher

Accidentes de tránsito de vehículos de motor en la población joven: evaluación de una intervención educativa en Cuernavaca, Morelos Road traffic injuries among youth: measuring the impact of an educational intervention

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Elisa Hidalgo-Solórzano

2008-01-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Analizar el efecto de una intervención educativa dirigida a incrementar el conocimiento sobre causas y factores de riesgo de accidentes de tránsito de vehículos de motor (ATVM en jóvenes de la ciudad de Cuernavaca. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se utilizó un diseño cuasi-experimental en estudiantes de 15 a 19 años inscritos en preparatorias y universidades. La intervención educativa incluyó mensajes de radio, trípticos, pendones, carteles y tarjetas postales. La medida del efecto se estableció en los cambios en el conocimiento de factores de riesgo: velocidad, alcohol y uso de cinturón de seguridad, con base en la metodología de análisis factorial. RESULTADOS: Se observó un cambio significativo en el nivel de conocimiento (p=0.000 en 700 alumnos de 16 planteles educativos. CONCLUSIONES: Las intervenciones educativas representan un primer grupo de medidas para lograr cambios de conocimiento y conducta poblacionales. El presente estudio aporta una metodología para medir a corto plazo los cambios en el conocimiento sobre riesgos relacionados con el principal problema que afecta a los jóvenes mexicanos.OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact of an educative intervention intended to increase the knowledge of causes and risk factors associated with road traffic iinjries in the city of Cuernavaca. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A quasi-experimental study design was administered to students from 16 to 19 years old in colleges and universities in the city of Cuernavaca. The educative intervention included radio spots, banners, pamphlets, posters and cards. The measure of impact was established as changes in knowledge about speed, alcohol and the use of seat belts, using factor analysis methodologies. RESULTS: A significant change in the level of knowledge (p= 0.000 was observed in 700 students from 16 institutions. CONCLUSIONS: Educative interventions represent an initial strategy for changes in knowledge and population behaviours. The present study

U.S. oil dependence in a global context

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mitchell, J V [Royal Institute of Interantional Relations, Londres (United Kingdom)

2002-05-15

The plan of this paper is to review the role of the US in the evolution of international energy security in the past; to examine the present situation and outlook for international energy trade and investment on which the US, and most major consuming countries depend, and, finally, to speculate about the possible effect on energy security of the war against terrorism. It seems that, the slogans of past energy security are not a good guide to the present problems. All industrial countries depend to some extent on imported energy supplies, but have the capacity to pay for imports over a wide range of price scenarios. Price stability is not to be expected: there will be short term shocks to both buyers and sellers, medium term cycles with leads and lags in adjusting supply capacity to demand, and long term uncertainty about the effects of policies aimed at sustainability and protecting the climate. The diversity and flexibility of international trade and investment offers the best long and medium term security and is most likely to achieve adjustments at lowest cost. Competition between oil and other fuels, and between major oil exporters to secure markets for their oil reserves, will limit the possibilities for cartel behaviour. Short-term disruptions do, however, create problems. These have been managed during the last twenty years by a combination of actual or potential use of strategic stocks by importers and reserve capacity by OPEC exporters, particularly Saudi Arabia. The role of Saudi Arabia cannot be separated from its political relationships within the Middle East and with the US. The immense flexibility of policy which the US now enjoys as a superpower could be eroded by a weakening of the acceptance the US receives from governments in the Middle East. In the last resort, if the international system fails, the US and Europe could survive the termination of oil imports from the Middle East; Asia could not, and the consequences for the world economy including

The use of ion mobility spectrometry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the detection of illicit drugs on clandestine records

Science.gov (United States)

Donnelly, Brian; Jourdan, Thomas; Fetterolf, Dean D.; Beasley, James O., II

1995-01-01

Illicit drug distribution has over the past decade grown tremendously from simple 'drug pushing' where drugs were distributed from poorly organized individuals to today's well organized and well financed drug cartels. This change to a more 'corporate-like' atmosphere has resulted in a greater use of record keeping to monitor the profits generated. The use of record keeping by drug distributors is not restricted to high level drug smugglers but is used at all levels within the distribution network. Dealers at all levels including street dealers are generally 'fronted', given on consignment quantities of drugs that they in turn sell to customers, thereby requiring the need for records to keep track of drug sales versus liabilities. These records because of their illicit nature are often encrypted to hide the fact that they are indeed records of drug transactions. The creation of a handwritten notation concerning a drug transaction is normally brought on because of a purchase or sale. In a sale, this is commonly accomplished through a consignment, or the designation of a quantity to a customer to whom that amount has been 'fronted'. Because this activity generates a debt, it follows that an accounting for payments made, as well as new transactions completed, is only logical. One of the most common means of representing these is through an 'accounting flow', in which payments are subtracted from a running balance while new sales are added to it. The examination of illicit drug records has been the key to the prosecution of numerous federal, state, and local drug cases for a number of years. The Document Section of the FBI Laboratory, through its Racketeering Records Analysis Unit (RRAU), has been involved in such analytical efforts since 1983. Detailed analytical research brought about an evolution in the systematic approach utilized in the RRAU since that time. The close proximity of the drugs to the records often results in trace drug evidence being transferred to

U.S. oil dependence in a global context

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mitchell, J.V.

2002-05-01

The plan of this paper is to review the role of the US in the evolution of international energy security in the past; to examine the present situation and outlook for international energy trade and investment on which the US, and most major consuming countries depend, and, finally, to speculate about the possible effect on energy security of the war against terrorism. It seems that, the slogans of past energy security are not a good guide to the present problems. All industrial countries depend to some extent on imported energy supplies, but have the capacity to pay for imports over a wide range of price scenarios. Price stability is not to be expected: there will be short term shocks to both buyers and sellers, medium term cycles with leads and lags in adjusting supply capacity to demand, and long term uncertainty about the effects of policies aimed at sustainability and protecting the climate. The diversity and flexibility of international trade and investment offers the best long and medium term security and is most likely to achieve adjustments at lowest cost. Competition between oil and other fuels, and between major oil exporters to secure markets for their oil reserves, will limit the possibilities for cartel behaviour. Short-term disruptions do, however, create problems. These have been managed during the last twenty years by a combination of actual or potential use of strategic stocks by importers and reserve capacity by OPEC exporters, particularly Saudi Arabia. The role of Saudi Arabia cannot be separated from its political relationships within the Middle East and with the US. The immense flexibility of policy which the US now enjoys as a superpower could be eroded by a weakening of the acceptance the US receives from governments in the Middle East. In the last resort, if the international system fails, the US and Europe could survive the termination of oil imports from the Middle East; Asia could not, and the consequences for the world economy including

U.S. oil dependence in a global context

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mitchell, J.V. [Royal Institute of Interantional Relations, Londres (United Kingdom)

2002-05-15

The plan of this paper is to review the role of the US in the evolution of international energy security in the past; to examine the present situation and outlook for international energy trade and investment on which the US, and most major consuming countries depend, and, finally, to speculate about the possible effect on energy security of the war against terrorism. It seems that, the slogans of past energy security are not a good guide to the present problems. All industrial countries depend to some extent on imported energy supplies, but have the capacity to pay for imports over a wide range of price scenarios. Price stability is not to be expected: there will be short term shocks to both buyers and sellers, medium term cycles with leads and lags in adjusting supply capacity to demand, and long term uncertainty about the effects of policies aimed at sustainability and protecting the climate. The diversity and flexibility of international trade and investment offers the best long and medium term security and is most likely to achieve adjustments at lowest cost. Competition between oil and other fuels, and between major oil exporters to secure markets for their oil reserves, will limit the possibilities for cartel behaviour. Short-term disruptions do, however, create problems. These have been managed during the last twenty years by a combination of actual or potential use of strategic stocks by importers and reserve capacity by OPEC exporters, particularly Saudi Arabia. The role of Saudi Arabia cannot be separated from its political relationships within the Middle East and with the US. The immense flexibility of policy which the US now enjoys as a superpower could be eroded by a weakening of the acceptance the US receives from governments in the Middle East. In the last resort, if the international system fails, the US and Europe could survive the termination of oil imports from the Middle East; Asia could not, and the consequences for the world economy including

Tears of the devil. A history of petroleum; Traenen des Teufels. Eine Weltgeschichte des Erdoels

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Barudio, G.

2001-07-01

In his fascinating book, Guenter Barudio outlines the history and the power of that unique substance, petroleum. The first drilling experiments in Germany in the 18th century, the advances in drilling and production technology, early days in America and the rapid development of organic industry are described up to the development of the big oil companies Shell, Mobil OIl, Exxon, BP and others. Venezuala, Mexico, the Caucasian regions and the Arabian states are presented, as well as the dealings of the oil cartels in politics and the history of the OPEC. The role of petroleum in the two world wars is analyzed, and the history of North Sea Oil up to the 'Brent Spar' incident with its resulting consumer boycott is revisited. Latest developments are taken into account as well, e.g. heightened environmental awareness, ozone depletion, mega-mergers in the petroleum industry, and the price war of fuelling stations. The book ends with an urgent call for man to become aware of his role as a guardian of nature. [German] Es hat Wirtschaftsimperien geschaffen und die beiden Weltkriege beeinflusst, es hat die technische Entwicklung der Neuzeit vorangetrieben und ganze Erdteile reich gemacht. Es ist der Stoff, ohne den unser Alltag aufhoerte zu funktionieren - das Erdoel. Anschaulich und kompetent beschreibt Guenter Barudio die Geschichte und die Macht dieser einzigartigen Substanz. Die ersten Bergbauversuche im Deutschland des 18. Jahrhunderts, die Fortschritte in der Bohr- und Foerdertechnik, die Anfaenge in Amerika und die sich stuermisch entwickelnde organische Chemie bis zum Aufkommen des 'Big Oil': Shell, Mobil Oil, Exxon, BP und anderer. Venezuela, Mexiko, der Kaukasus und die arabischen Foerderlaender werden dargestellt, das Verhaeltnis der Oelkartelle zur Politik, die Geschichte der OPEC. Eingehend analysiert wird die Rolle des Erdoels in den Weltkriegen und bei der Erschliessung der Nordsee - bis zum 'Brent Spar'-Vorfall, der einen

Impact of different national biomass policies on investment costs of biomass district heating plants. Final report

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2000-04-01

costs to justify higher subsidies. Monitoring of actual costs could prevent this problem. The investigations also show that specific investment costs are closely related to the technical design of the plant. Applying strict technical criteria leads to high full load hours and thus decreases specific investment costs per heat produced. However, higher investment costs (e.g. for technical equipment) can also reduce the operation costs. Due to a lack of availability these costs were not analysed, but taken into account by forming different plant samples. Other identified measures for decreasing costs are: to provide organisational structures for professional training, standardised tender documents, increased quality of feasibility studies. European benchmarking, rigorous anti-cartel policies, organised advice for possible new operators, communication platforms for plant operators, model contracts with planners. (au)

Mortalidad por homicidios en México: tendencias, variaciones socio-geográficas y factores asociados Deaths by homicide in Mexico: trends, socio-geographical variations and associated factors

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Guillermo Julián González-Pérez

2012-12-01

,000. In 2009, the male homicide rate was almost 9 times higher than the female rate and about two-thirds of homicides involved firearms. Multivariate analysis reveals that impunity, drug trafficking, alcohol and drug consumption and school dropout in basic education - in that order - are key factors for understanding the geographical variations in homicide rates in Mexico in 2008-2009. Findings suggest that to reduce the number of homicide victims and spatial variations in the rate, it is necessary not only to fight the drug cartels, but above all to implement structural reforms in the criminal justice system and reduce the socioeconomic disparities among states.

Josep Renau y la recuperación de una belleza comprometida

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Cabañas Bravo, Miguel

2013-12-01

Full Text Available Besides the question about the link between beauty and commitment, the paper analyses and proposes the restoration of both the existential and creative trajectory of Josep Renau (Valencia, 1907-Berlin, 1982, as one of the greatest Spanish modern painters without any doubt, but also a most singular, versatile and committed one. He was dedicated to painting, muralist painting, illustration, graphics and posters design or photomontage. His very intense development, in a sort of progression in relation to both socio-cultural commitment and artistic renovation, went through artistic and cultural stages of three significant countries binding his life, creativity and pilgrimage: Spain, Mexico and the former German Democratic Republic. Nevertheless, this commitment, so previously linked to his creative development, was simultaneously changing and varying from the impetuous commitment to the Spanish stage, to an endogen commitment of Mexican character and finally to the hexogen German stage, thus becoming from the seventies a functional implication adapted to the social requirement. At any rate, under such conditionings and during his development, he generated a kind of contingent or complex beauty –which we have called “committed beauty”-, the recovery of which must be undertaken while we also restore the figure of the artist himself.Junto a la pregunta por el vínculo de la belleza y el compromiso, se analiza y propone la recuperación conjunta de la trayectoria vivencial y creativa de Josep Renau (Valencia 1907-Berlín 1982, sin duda uno de los grandes creadores del arte español contemporáneo, pero también uno de sus artistas más singulares, polifacéticos y comprometidos. Dedicado a la pintura, el muralismo, la ilustración, el diseño gráfico, el cartel o el fotomontaje, su intensa evolución pasó, en una suerte de progresión respecto al compromiso socio-cultural y la renovación artística, por los ámbitos artístico-culturales de

Administrative Surveillance and Fear: Implications for U.S.-Mexico Border Relations and Governance

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Guadalupe Correa-Cabrera

2014-03-01

Full Text Available Fear has struck the people along the U.S.-Mexico border. Government authorities of the two nations have implemented techniques to secure the Rio Grande against drug trafficking, immigration, and terrorism. This article explores the issues and policies that have led to the escalation of violence on the U.S.-Mexico border and the ‘politics of fear’. Firstly, Mexican and U.S. governmental authorities are examined in the context of their actions against the various drug cartels. Secondly, the impact of such actions on the nations’ publics is analysed. The authors combine the theoretical conceptions of the ‘media spectacle’ and the politics of fear that create a ‘spectacle of fear’ to explain events in the region. Finally, the authors provide a theoretical interpretation of the politics and administration of security policies regarding the impact of violence in this border region, employing primarily the works of Michel Foucault and Hannah Arendt, which are central to any discussion of the phenomena of politics and societal violence. Overall, this work seeks to interpret the ‘culture of fear’ forced on citizens and the conflict between power and violence. Resumen: Vigilancia Administrativa y Miedo: Implicaciones para la Gobernanza y las Relaciones Fronterizas México-Estados Unidos El miedo ha tomado por sorpresa a la población que habita en la región fronteriza México-Estados Unidos. Las autoridades han implementado acciones para combatir, en ambos lados del Río Bravo, el tráfico de drogas, la migración y el terrorismo. En este artículo se explican las causas de la violencia fronteriza que derivan en la ‘política del miedo’. Primeramente, se analizan las acciones de las autoridades mexicanas y estadounidenses en contra de los denominados cárteles de la droga. En segundo lugar, se evalúa el impacto de dichas acciones sobre la sociedad en ambas naciones. Los autores combinan las nociones teóricas de �

Vacunología en conflictos armados: una intervención puntual frente a poliomielitis en Afganistán Vaccinology in armed conflicts: a punctual intervention in poliomyelitis eradication in Afghanistan

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Juan M. López-González

2006-06-01

Full Text Available Las situaciones de conflicto armado suponen un hándicap para la erradicación de la poliomielitis por las dificultades de acceso a la población susceptible. En Afganistán, tras la operación militar que supuso la caída del régimen talibán, se llevó a cabo por sanitarios militares españoles una intervención dirigida a mejorar el nivel de protección frente a poliomielitis en la población infantil de la zona donde realizaban su misión. Solventados los obstáculos logísticos y de planificación, se efectuaron 2 rondas de vacunación con vacuna de polio inactivada (VPI. Un cuestionario mediado por un intérprete permitió una aproximación al escenario vacunal, proporcionando información sobre las características sociodemográficas de los niños que acudieron, su estado vacunal, sus conocimientos sobre las vacunas y el alcance de los medios empleados para difundir la intervención. Fueron inmunizados 293 y 321 niños en dos rondas. Se observó que muy pocos estaban vacunados con anterioridad (10% y mostraban un bajo conocimiento sobre las vacunas. Los padres no se implicaron en la campaña, que obtuvo mejor resultado de difusión por carteles (70% que por cuñas radiofónicas (10%. La vacunación es una iniciativa de salud que allana el camino hacia la paz.The situations of armed conflict suppose a handicap for the eradication of the poliomyelitis due to the difficulties to access the susceptible population. In Afghanistan, after the military operation which put an end to the Taliban regime, Spanish military sanitarians made an intervention in order to immunize the children of the zone where they were conducting their mission, against poliomyelitis. After having solved planning and logistic problems, two rounds of vaccination with IPV were made. A local translator helped to fill out a questionnaire about the state of immunization in that zone, providing information regarding the socio-demographic data of the children that showed up

"Y el resto se hace con gritos": Notas sobre literatura y teatro

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Marcela Arpes

2009-07-01

Full Text Available Quisiera comenzar con un, más o menos extenso, listado de obras de teatro que aún permanecen en cartel o, en todo caso, algunas de ellas lo estuvieron hasta marzo, en salas oficiales y alternativas del circuito teatral porteño pero, también, del interior del país: Tres para el té sobre textos de Lewis Carroll; Galileo, sobre la mesa sobre el texto de Bertolt Brecht; Federico tuvo un sueño, inspirada en el cuento de Antonio Tabucchi y en textos poéticos de Federico García Lorca; Los siete locos, de Roberto Arlt; Crave de Sarah Kane; Cielo rojo, el sueño Bolchevique del poeta Vladimir Maiacovsky; La Manchada, sobre Cuentos de la selva de Horacio Quiroga; Doña Flor y sus dos maridos de Jorge Amado; Grande y Pequeño del escritor alemán contemporáneo Botho Strauss; El diario de Anna Frank; Esa que no eres sobre textos de Alejandra Pizarnik, obra que recibió este verano el premio Estrella de Mar en la categoría mejor espectáculo del teatro off; La revolución silenciada sobre la obra Tres jueces para un largo silencio de Andrés Lizarraga, aquel escritor y dramaturgo argentino, el primero en recibir el premio Casas de las Américas; El mundo ha vivido equivocado de Roberto Fontanarrosa; Una vida más cuerda mañana, sobre textos de Griselda Gambaro, Sarah Kane y Vicente Zito Lema; La Divina Comedia de Dante Alighieri: Mi madre Mi Tierra donde conviven textos literarios de autores como Gloria Fuertes y Federico García Lorca; Sabor a Freud de José Pablo Feinman; El Corazón Delator de Edgar Allan Poe; El Relato de Lady Sotheby. de Marlene Spindler, espectáculo basado en textos de Fiodor Dostoyevsky y Stefan Zweig; Juicio al tango, sobre textos de Leopoldo Marechal; El día que Nietzsche lloró, título de la primera novela del profesor de psiquiatría de la Universidad de Stanford, Irvin Yalom; El último encuentro de Sándor Márai, versión escénica de la exitosa novela “El último encuentro” de Sándor Márai aquel escritor

Percepções sobre cuidar de si, promoção da saúde e sobrepeso entre acadêmicos de enfermagem Percepciones sobre el cuidado de si mismo, promoción de la salud y sobrepeso en estudiantes de enfermería Perceptions of Self-care, health promotion and overweight among nursing students

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Luciara Fabiane Sebold

2011-09-01

Full Text Available Pesquisa qualitativa, Convergente Assistencial (PCA, desenvolvida com 42 acadêmicos de enfermagem, em uma Universidade Pública da Região Sul do Brasil. Objetivou identificar as percepções dos acadêmicos de enfermagem sobre o cuidar de si, para a promoção da saúde e a evitabilidade do sobrepeso. A coleta dos dados deu-se durante quatro encontros, através de dinâmicas de grupo, confecções de cartazes, atividades lúdicas, utilização de instrumento. A análise dos dados seguiu PCA. Categorias: Atividades físicas; Alimentação saudável; Ambiente familiar; Autoestima e autoimagem. Resultados: Os acadêmicos reconhecem a importância de Cuidar de Si; apresentam conhecimento e relacionam à temática; percebem o Cuidar de Si como forma de manter peso e/ou buscar peso adequado. As contribuições estão no sentido de novas reflexões sobre a realidade dos acadêmicos, e subsídios para inovação do ensino e aprendizagem, sensibilização dos futuros profissionais da área.Investigación cualitativa, Convergente Asistencial (PCA, desarrollada con 42 estudiantes de enfermería en una universidad pública en el sur de Brasil. El objetivo fue identificar las percepciones de los estudiantes de enfermería sobre el cuidado consigo mismo, para promover la salud y prevenir el sobrepeso. La recopilación de datos tuvo lugar durante cuatro sesiones: a través de dinámicas de grupo, de la producción de carteles, de actividades lúdicas, del uso de instrumentos. El análisis de datos siguió PCA. Categorías: actividades físicas, alimentación saludable, ambiente familiar, autoestima y autoimagen. Resultados: los académicos reconocen la importancia de cuidar de si mismos; presentan conocimientos y los relacionan con el tema; perciben el Cuidar de Si mismo como una manera de mantener el peso y / o buscar un peso adecuado. Las contribuciones son a un nuevo pensamiento sobre la realidad de los estudiantes, y subvenciones para la enseñanza y