Deodorizing petroleum oils, etc

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Haller, A

1906-06-14

A process of purifying and deodorizing petroleum oils, gasolines, ethers, benzines, shale oils, resins, and similar products, consisting essentially in passing the vapors of the liquids with a current of hydrogen or of gases high in hydrogen over divided metals, such as nickel, copper, cobalt, iron, platinum, etc., heated to a temperature between 100/sup 0/C and 350/sup 0/C, the vapors passing before entering the apparatus through a column of copper heated to above 350/sup 0/C.

Benzin iz rapsa : utopija ili realnaja perspektiva? / Oleg Samorodni

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Samorodni, Oleg, 1961-

2006-01-01

Suurärimees Rein Kilgi eesmärgiks on viia Lõuna Toiduainetööstus Lõuna-Eesti juhtivaks ettevõtteks, seepärast käib ka võitlus rapsitööstuse Werol Tehased ostmise ümber ärimeeste Oliver Kruuda ja Urmas Sõõrumaaga

Benchmarking biofuels; Biobrandstoffen benchmarken

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Croezen, H.; Kampman, B.; Bergsma, G.

2012-03-15

A sustainability benchmark for transport biofuels has been developed and used to evaluate the various biofuels currently on the market. For comparison, electric vehicles, hydrogen vehicles and petrol/diesel vehicles were also included. A range of studies as well as growing insight are making it ever clearer that biomass-based transport fuels may have just as big a carbon footprint as fossil fuels like petrol or diesel, or even bigger. At the request of Greenpeace Netherlands, CE Delft has brought together current understanding on the sustainability of fossil fuels, biofuels and electric vehicles, with particular focus on the performance of the respective energy carriers on three sustainability criteria, with the first weighing the heaviest: (1) Greenhouse gas emissions; (2) Land use; and (3) Nutrient consumption [Dutch] Greenpeace Nederland heeft CE Delft gevraagd een duurzaamheidsmeetlat voor biobrandstoffen voor transport te ontwerpen en hierop de verschillende biobrandstoffen te scoren. Voor een vergelijk zijn ook elektrisch rijden, rijden op waterstof en rijden op benzine of diesel opgenomen. Door onderzoek en voortschrijdend inzicht blijkt steeds vaker dat transportbrandstoffen op basis van biomassa soms net zoveel of zelfs meer broeikasgassen veroorzaken dan fossiele brandstoffen als benzine en diesel. CE Delft heeft voor Greenpeace Nederland op een rijtje gezet wat de huidige inzichten zijn over de duurzaamheid van fossiele brandstoffen, biobrandstoffen en elektrisch rijden. Daarbij is gekeken naar de effecten van de brandstoffen op drie duurzaamheidscriteria, waarbij broeikasgasemissies het zwaarst wegen: (1) Broeikasgasemissies; (2) Landgebruik; en (3) Nutriëntengebruik.

Catalytic agents; motor fuels

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

1935-09-16

The anti-knock qualities of benzines are improved by passing them in the vapor phase and at temperatures below which cracking takes place over catalysts comprising phosphates. A Mexican straight run gasoline (octane no. 55) is passed at 450/sup 0/C over granular boron phosphate. A product having an octane number of 62.5 is obtained without loss due to formation of gases. The boron phosphate was prepared by heating on a steam bath orthophosphoric acid and boric acid in the ratio corresponding to the compound BPO/sub 4/.

İÇTEN YANMALI MOTORLARDA, AL TERNATİF ENERJİ OLARAK KULLANILABİLECEK, ALKOL VE HİDROJENİN İNCELENMESİ

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Gazi Kılıçarslan

2002-09-01

Full Text Available Il. Dünya savaşından itibaren, alternatif yakıt arayışları giderek yo�unlaşmıştır. Özellikle 1973 yılındaki petrol krizinden konuya ilgi oldukça artmıştır. Bu çalışmada, içten yanmab motorların yakıt özelliklerine ve yakıt ekonomilerine paralel olarak alternatif enerji kaynaklarından alkol ve hidrojen ele alınmıştır. Benzinli motorlarda, hacmen o/o20 kadar alkol içeren benzinler motor yapısında değişiklik yapılmaksızın kullanılmaktadır. Alkol, benzin motorlannda o/ol O güç aruşı sağlamaktadır. Hidrojenin tutuşma sınırlarımn çok geniş olması, içten yanmalı motorlar için büyük avantajdır. Yakıt hileresi uygulamasında, hidrojenden elektro kimyasal yöntemle elektrik üretilmektedir. Bu uygulamada, alkol araç içerisinde hidrojene dönüşmekte daha sonrada bir kütle içerisi den geçirilerek motoı-lara akım sağlayan elektrik enerjisini üretmektedir. Klasik yakrtlara alternatif olarak, alkol "e hidrojenin kullanılabilirliği ortaya konulmuştur.

Ecobalance of natural gas vehicles; Oekobilanz von Erdgasfahrzeugen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nigge, K.M. [Simon, Kucher und Partners Strategy und Marketing Consultants GmbH, Bonn (Germany)

2000-07-01

The impacts on human health and the natural environment of using natural gas, Diesel and petrol as fuels for city buses and passenger cars are compared in a Life Cycle Assessment. In addition to the burning of the fuels in the engines, this assessment also comprises the upstream processes of the fuel supply chain. Despite the increased energy demand of the vehicles, natural gas is associated with the lowest impacts overall for both city buses and passenger cars. The health impacts that can be avoided through the use of natural gas instead of Diesel or petrol thereby differ only weakly between the use of the vehicles in cities of various sizes within Germany. From the perspective of environmental protection, the market introduction of natural gas vehicles therefore does not need remain limited to large cities within agglomerated regions. (orig.) [German] Die Auswirkungen der Verwendung von Erdgas, Diesel und Benzin als Kraftstoffe fuer Stadtbusse und Pkw auf die menschliche Gesundheit und die natuerliche Umwelt werden in einer Oekobilanz verglichen. Diese umfasst neben der motorischen Verbrennung der Kraftstoffe auch die vorgelagerten Prozessketten der Kraftstoffbereitstellung. Sowohl fuer Stadtbusse als auch fuer Pkw schneidet Erdgas trotz eines energetischen Mehrbedarfes der Fahrzeuge insgesamt am guenstigsten ab. Die durch den Einsatz von Erdgas anstelle von Diesel oder Benzin vermeidbaren Gesundheitsschaeden unterscheiden sich dabei zwischen einem Einsatz der Fahrzeuge in Staedten verschiedener Groesse innerhalb von Deutschland nur wenig. Die Markteinfuehrung von Erdgasfahrzeugen muss also aus Sicht des Umweltschutzes nicht auf grosse Staedte in Ballungsgebieten beschraenkt bleiben. (orig.)

Gasoline from Kumkol deposit petroleum; Benzin nefti Kumkol`skogo mestorozhdeniya

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nadirov, A N; Zhizhin, N I; Musaeva, Z G

1997-11-04

Samples of gasoline from petroleum of Kumkol deposit are investigated by chromatographic analysis. It is found, that gasoline is characterizing by increased content of iso-paraffin hydrocarbons. (author) 2 tabs., 1 fig. Suppl. Neft` i gaz Kazakhstana

Deposit formation in DI gasoline engines; Ablagerungsbildung im Benzin-Direkteinspritzmotor

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Piock, W.; Leithgoeb, R.; Kropf, R.; Maierhofer, B. [AVL List GmbH, Graz (Austria)

2003-07-01

Changes in fuel composition were found to influence deposit formation. There was an excellent correlation between deposit formation in the combustion chamber and the changes in the flow characteristics of the injection system. With alkylate fuels, deposit formation could be reduced by a factor of 2 to 3. With additions of 18 percent ethanol, deposit formation increased, and injector flow was decreased. Further, the deposit formation pattern changed from the combustion chamber roof to the piston bottom, which is a result of the changed wetting pattern caused by the chemical and physical properties of the fuel. The higher deposit formation is a combination of several mechanisms (flow, diffusion, evaporation, interaction between combustion and the liquid film, etc.) and cannot be described by a simple model. (orig.) [German] Erwartungsgemaess konnte durch die Aenderung der Kraftstoffgrundzusammensetzung (Referenz- oder Alkylatkraftstoff) ein wesentlicher Einfluss auf die Ablagerungsbildung erreicht werden. Die Korrelation zwischen den Brennraumablagerungen und der Veraenderung der Durchflusseigenschaften des Einspritzsystem sind sehr gut. Das Ausmass der Verringerung der Ablagerungsbildung beim Uebergang auf Alkylatkraftstoff war jedoch signifikant, da eine Absenkung um einen Faktor 2 bis 3 beobachtet wurde. Die Zugabe von 10% Ethanol zu den Basiskraftstoffen (Dauerlauf 5 und 6) zeigte eine Zunahme der Ablagerungsmasse im Brennraum, welche mit der Durchflussverminderung der Injektoren korreliert. Zusaetzlich wurde auch eine Veraenderung der Verteilung der Ablagerungsmasse vom Brennraumdach zum Kolbenboden beobachtet, welche durch die veraenderte Benetzungssituation im Zusammenwirken mit den geaenderten chemischen und physikalischen Eigenschaften des Kraftstoffes bewirkt wird. Die resultierende Erhoehung der Ablagerungsbildung ist das Ergebnis des Zusammenspiels von mehreren Effekten (Stroemung, Diffusion, Verdampfung, Wechlselwirkung der Verbrennung mit dem Fluessigkeitsfilm, etc.), wodurch der Versuch, eine Beschreibung des gesamten Mechanismus durch ein einfaches Modell zu finden, nicht zielfuehrend sein kann. (orig.)

Treating carbonaceous materials

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pier, M

1929-08-26

To separate the constituents or conversion products, which are liquid or which liquefy when heated, from solid distillable carbonaceous materials such as coals, oil shales, or other bituminous substances, the initial materials are subjected to a destructive hydrogenation under mild conditions so that the formation of benzines is substantially avoided, after which the material is subjected to an extraction treatment with solvents. The constituents of high boiling point range, suitable for the production of lubricating oils and solid paraffins, obtained by the said destructive hydrogenation are separated off before or/and after the said extraction treatment.

Oils

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Cobbett, G T.B.

1907-07-08

Crude petroleum having a density of 850 to 900 is purified with sulfuric acid, decanted, mixed with benzine or petrol, and again treated with sulfuric acid and decanted. The remaining acid and coloring-matter are removed by washing with water, or treating with oxalic acid, zinc carbonate, lead carbonate, calcium carbonate, or oxide of zinc. The product is used as a fuel for internal-combustion engines. Specifications No. 28,104, A.D. 1906, and No. 12,606, A.D. 1907, are referred to. According to the Provisional Specification, the process is applicable to shale or schist oil.

Naturlig Nedbrydning i lagdelt umættet zone

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Kristensen, Andreas Houlberg; Mortensen, Lars; Høj, Ander Riiber

Naturlig nedbrydning af kulbrinter i umættet zone er tæt forbundet med de jordfysiske forhold, der styrer transporten af ilt og gasformig forurening. Rambøll har sammen med Oliebranchens Miljøpulje og Aalborg Universitet undersøgt i laboratoriet hvordan potentialet for aerob naturlig nedbrydning...... varierer i en dyb, lagdelt umættet zone forurenet med benzin og diesel. Resultaterne af laboratorieforsøgene viste et nedbrydningspotentiale, der var tæt forbundet med den enkelte jordprøves tekstur i rækkefølgen: moræneler > finsand > kalk. Desuden blev det vist, at vandindholdet i de forskellige...

Presence of carotinoids in peat wax

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Yurkevich, E.A.; Dolidovich, E.F.; Bel' kevich, P.I.; Sheremet, L.S.; Drozdovskaya, S.V.

1986-05-01

Discusses biologically active substances present in peat which have various pharmacological properties. Describes separation of fractions rich in carotinoids from extracts of wax tar obtained by benzine treatment of highly decomposed pine-cotton grass peat. Extraction was carried out using hot ethanol. States that although identification of individual carotinoid in the fractions separated is very difficult due to complicity of composition, the tests carried out made it possible to infer that fractions studied contain not only xanthophylls but also fucoxanthains (formed in small amounts in nature) with fairly stable structure. Ultraviolet and infrared spectra of the carotinoid containing fraction in ethanol extracts are given. 6 refs.

Benzinárak földrajzi meghatározása

OpenAIRE

Békés, Gábor; Koren, Miklós; Zsohár, Péter

2011-01-01

The theory of geographical markets is based on the notion that economic activity is not evenly spread and regional inequalities have an impact on the decisions of economic agents. Retail gasoline markets are almost perfect examples of geographical markets. The gasoline sold by the stations is a fairly homogeneous good and hence, stations compete for customers locally only. In this study we analyze how market structure, geographical attributes and in particular, demand will influence prices. O...

Process and apparatus for recovering of oil, bitumen, tar, resins, etc

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

1921-11-06

A process for recovering oil, bitumen, tar, and resins from oil shale, oil sands, Fuller's earth, peat, brown coal, mineral coal, and wood, through direct action of superheated steam on the material, is characterized by the fact that superheated steam with or without mixing of inert gases at a temperature, which lies below the decomposition temperature of the material being treated, is passed through the material with a high velocity. It leaves through nozzles, used in steam turbines. A method of carrying out the process in which solution medium is used for action on the material is characterized by the fact that solvents such as benzine and benzol are mixed with steam in different quantities.

Petrol excises in the Netherlands under review; Benzine-accijns op de helling

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bruinsma, F.R.; Rietveld, P. [Vakgroep Ruimtelijke Economie, Faculteit der Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam (Netherlands); Van Vuuren, D. [Tinbergen Instituut, Amsterdam/Rotterdam (Netherlands)

1998-11-27

Dutch people at the border of Germany fill up the tanks of their cars in Germany while the price per liter petrol is much lower there. The Dutch government tries to protect the Dutch petrol station owners by lowering the tax for petrol within a specific area near the border and thus to refrain Dutch car owners from refuelling their cars in Germany. The problems of `border tanking` (`grenstanken`) and the results of the petrol tax decrease for the petrol station owners are briefly discussed. 3 refs.

Destructive hydrogenation

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Terrisse, H; Dufour, L

1929-01-21

Oils of high boiling point, e.g. gas oil, lamp oil, schist oil, brown coal tar etc., are converted into motor benzine by heating them at 200 to 500/sup 0/C under pressure of 5 to 40 kilograms/cm/sup 2/ in the presence of ferrous chloride and gases such as hydrogen, or water gas, the desulfurization of the oils proceeding simultaneously. One kilogram of lamp oil and 100 g. ferrous chloride are heated in an autoclave in the presence of water gas under a pressure of 18 kg/cm/sup 2/ to 380 to 400/sup 0/C. The gaseous products are allowed to escape intermittently and are replaced by fresh water gas. A product distilling between 35 and 270/sup 0/C is obtained.

Comparative study of bitumoids of Irkutsk sapropelite and of brown coal

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Shishkov, V.F.; Randin, O.I.; Kushnarev, D.F.; Polonov, V.M.; Kalabin, G.A.; Tuturina, V.V.

1986-05-01

Complex physical-chemical methods are reviewed used to study sapropelite and brown coal alcohol-benzine and chloroform bitumoids from coal of various origins, and to determine their chemical structure. Tests were made on bitumoids obtained by a 100 h extraction in Soxhlet apparatus from natural Budgaovsk sapropelite and Azeisk and Mugunsk brown coal, which have a similar degree of metamorphism. Elemental composition, chloroform bitumoids and mass spectra were determined using Bruker-WP-200 SY, Varian-MAT and Specord apparatus. Considerable variation in aromatic carbon content among sapropelite and brown coal bitumoids was established. The presence of paraffin isomeric structure is identified in hydrocarbon part of bitumoid. Triterpane hydrocarbons were detected in all samples. Elemental composition of bitumoids, composition of hydrocarbon fractions, and others, are given. 11 references.

USA and European Union. Loyal allies? A new episode in energy diplomacy; Verenigde Staten en Europese Unie. Trouwe bondgenoten? Nieuwe episode in energiediplomatie

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Van der Linde, C.; Hoogeveen, F.

2005-07-15

The authors focus on a new chapter in energy diplomacy of the United States and the European Union. They deal with various relevant causes of the structural change in global petrol and gas markets in the context of Transatlantic relations. Their key question is whether efforts at improving energy security will help maintain the Transatlantic relationship or rather act as divisive element. [Dutch] De auteurs richten zich op een nieuw hoofdstuk in de energie-diplomatie van de Verenigde Staten en de Europese Unie. Zij bespreken diverse relevante oorzaken van de structurele veranderingen in de wereldwijde benzine-en gasmarkten in het kader van de transatlantische betrekkingen. Hun belangrijkste vraag is of de inspanningen ter verbetering van de energie zekerheid de trans-Atlantische relatie zal helpen onderhouden van als splijtzwam zal fungeren.

Combustion Velocity of Benzine-Benzol-Air Mixtures in High-Speed Internal-Combustion Engines

Science.gov (United States)

Schnauffer, Kurt

1932-01-01

The present paper describes a device whereby rapid flame movement within an internal-combustion engine cylinder may be recorded and determined. By the aid of a simple cylindrical contact and an oscillograph the rate of combustion within the cylinder of an airplane engine during its normal operation may be measured for gas intake velocities of from 30 to 35 m/s and for velocities within the cylinder of from 20 to 25 m/s. With it the influence of mixture ratios, of turbulence, of compression ratio and kind of fuel on combustion velocity may be determined. Besides the determination of the influence of the above factors on combustion velocity, the degree of turbulence may also be determined. As a unit of reference in estimating the degree of turbulence, the intake velocity of the charge is chosen.

Temperature and Concentration Traces of Spray Flows During Motion in a Flame

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Antonov Dmitry V.

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Heat and mass transfer models are developed on the base of experimental data and using Ansys Fluent software. These models allow prediction of the temperature and concentration traces of droplets. Transfer mechanisms of water droplets from different flames of flammable liquid (ethanol, kerosene И benzine with temperature gases 450–850 К are analyzed. The paper considers aerosol flows with droplets sizes of 0.04–0.4 mm and concentration of 3.8·10-5 –10.3·10-5 m3 of droplets/m3 of gas. The maximum gas temperature reduction in the trace of a moving liquid is ranged from 850 K to 600 K. The times of keeping the low temperature of the gas-vapor mixture in the droplets trace are from 13 s to 25 s relative to the initial gas temperature.

Process to hydroform heavy petroleum

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sinfelt, J.H.; Barnett, A.E.

1977-02-17

The invention concerns the hydroforming of heavy petrol. A particularly high degree of conversion of paraffins into aromatic substances is achieved. This leads to a a considerable increase of the octane number above 100. The hydroforming takes place by contacting the initial product with a catalyst in the presence of hydrogen. The temperature here is 427/sup 0/ to 566/sup 0/C. A mixture of 0.05-2 wt.% iridium, 0.5-2 wt.% gold, silver and copper serves as catalyst. It is coated on an oxidic carrier with a large surface, e.g. aluminium oxide with a surface of 50-300 m/sup 2//g. The larger the surface, the greater the reaction rate. The iridium acts as active catalyst, gold reduces the cracking activity of the catalyst and improves the product yield in the boiling range of benzine.

Environmental data 1995; Umweltdaten Deutschland 1995

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

1995-12-31

The brochure contains concise data on pollution sources and pollutant effects on the environment (land use, airborne pollutants, liquid effluents, waste, noise, etc.), data on environment quality (air pollution levels, water quality, diversity of species, etc.), and data on the social effects of environmental pollution (environmental protection expenditures, market shares of low-polluting passenger cars and unleaded fuel, biological sewage treatment systems, etc.). All these data are suitable indicators for describing the current environmental situation. (orig./KW) [Deutsch] Die Broschuero umfasst in komprimierter Weise - Daten zu den Verursachern von Umweltbelastungen und zu den Einwirkungen auf die Umwelt (Bodennutzung, Luftemissionen, Abwasser, Abfaelle, Laerm etc.), - Daten zur Qualitaet der Umwelt (Immissionen, Gewaesserguete, Artenvielfalt etc.) sowie - Daten zur gesellschaftlichen Reaktion auf die Umweltbelastung (Ausgaben fuer den Umweltschutz, Anteil schadstoffarmer Pkw und bleifreien Benzins, Anschluss der Bevoelkerung an biologische Klaeranlagen etc.), die als Indikatoren zur Beschreibung der Umweltsituation geeignet erscheinen. (orig./KW)

Properties of molecular solids and fluids at high pressures and temperatures. [Final report

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Etters, R.D.

1985-01-01

Equilibrium structures and orientations, lattice vibrational and librational model frequencies, intramolecular vibron mode frequencies, sound velocities, equations of state, compressibilities, and structural and orientational phase transitions in molecular solids are determined over a wide range of pressures and temperatures. In the high temperature fluid phase the equations of state, vibron frequencies, the melting transition, specific heats, compressibilities, second virial coefficients, viscosities and other transport properties, and the nature of orientational and magnetic correlations are determined. The techniques used include several strategies to optimize multi-dimensional functions as a means to determine equilibrium structures and orientations, self consistent phonon lattice dynamics methods, constant pressure and constant volume Monte-Carlo strategies with continuously deformable boundary conditions, mean field approximations, and classical perturbation methods. Systems studied include N 2 , O 2 , CO, CO 2 , F 2 , N 2 O, benzine, nitromethane, HCL, HBr, and H 2 . 50 refs., 4 figs

Process from removing benzine, toluene, etc. , from petroleum residues, coal tar, and shale tar, etc

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hlawaty, F

1888-08-11

A process is described for the preparation of ligroin and its homologs as well as naphthalene and anthracene consisting in leading superheated water vapor into a mixture of petroleum residues (or mineral coal tar, etc.) heated to about 400/sup 0/C with cellulosic substances as sage shreds, sea grass, or straw, with addition of caustic alkali.

Electromobility. More than just substituting electricity for motor fuels; Elektromobilitaet. Mehr als Strom statt Benzin

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hebling, Christopher [Fraunhofer-Institut fuer Solare Energiesysteme (ISE), Freiburg (Germany). Abt. Energietechnik

2010-09-15

By 2020, one million electric-powered vehicles are to run on German roads. The reasons are simple: Oil reserves are limited, and there seems to be no way to stop the impending global climate change. Electromobility is not just a substitution of electric power for gasoline; there is much more to it than a replacement for the gasoline engine to which consumers are accustomed. (orig.)

Obtaining low-congealing oils and paraffins by carbamide deparaffinization method

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kalambet, I A; Dorodnova, V S

1982-07-01

Ethane cooling is required to obtain oils with congealing points lower than 15-20/sup 0/C. Thus a process of carbamide deparaffinization that would be relatively simple and would not require special cooling equipment was deemed desirable. Filtrates were selected from an oil separating device after basic solid paraffins had been removed. They were subjected to hydropurification with an alumimum-cobalt-molybdenum catalyst at 4 MPa pressure, 320/sup 0/C, feed of 1.5c/sup -1/ and hydrogen-containing gas compressed to 500 m/sup 3//m/sup 3/. Results showed that the initial mixed hydrocarbon filtrate was deparaffinized under these conditions to produce an oil that congealed on the average at temperatures 2-3/sup 0/ lower than controls. A benzine fraction at 80-120/sup 0/C was used as the solvent and methanol served as the activator. Using distillates from Stavropol crude oil, it was possible to obtain oils.

Advanced technologies of production of cemented carbides and composite materials based on them

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bondarenko, V.; Pavlotskaya, E.; Martynova, L.; Epik, I.

2001-01-01

The paper presents new technological processes of production of W, WC and (Ti, W)C powders, cemented carbides having a controlled carbon content, high-strength nonmagnetic nickel-bonded cemented carbides, cemented carbide-based composites having a wear-resistant antifriction working layer as well as processes of regeneration of cemented carbide waste. It is shown that these technological processes permit radical changes in the production of carbide powders and products of VK, TK, VN and KKhN cemented carbides. The processes of cemented carbide production become ecologically acceptable and free of carbon black, the use of cumbersome mixers is excluded, the power expenditure is reduced and the efficiency of labor increases. It becomes possible to control precisely the carbon content within a two-phase region -carbide-metal. A high wear resistance of parts of friction couples which are lubricated with water, benzine, kerosene, diesel fuel and other low-viscosity liquids, is ensured with increased strength and shock resistance. (author)

Mineral oils, tars. [British patent

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

O' Brien, A M; Handmarch, E

1933-08-11

Hydrocarbon materials such as mineral oils and tars from coal, shale, lignite, or peat are freed from phenols and like oxy-bodies by heating under pressure in a closed vessel to a temperature and for a time sufficient to effect reduction of the oxy-bodies, and then removing the water formed by the reaction. 350/sup 0/ to 400/sup 0/C. for 30 to 60 minutes is suitable. Any wax-like constituents are converted to liquids of lower viscosity and settling point. The product may be fractionated to give light oils and a residue of aviation Diesel fuel. In an example, oil from the low-temperature distillation of coal and having a tar acid content of 30 per cent is treated in a tubular converter at 380/sup 0/C. and 400 lb. per sq. in for 40 min., and the benzine toluol, and xylol distilled; the residue has a tar acid content of only 7.6 per cent.

Evidence on unusual way of cocaine smuggling: cocaine-polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) solid solution--study of clandestine laboratory samples.

Science.gov (United States)

Gostic, T; Klemenc, S

2007-07-04

An abandoned clandestine laboratory was seized in Slovenia. All confiscated exhibits were analysed in a forensic laboratory, where the following analytical methods were applied: capillary gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined also by solid-phase micro extraction (SPME) and pyrolysis (Py) technique, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray detector (SEM-EDX). The most interesting analytical findings can be summarised as follows: at the crime scene some plastic pieces, which contained cocaine dissolved (as solid solution) in polymethyl methacrylate-plexiglass (PMMA), were found. The highest cocaine concentration measured in the plastic sample was about 15% by weight. Two larger lumps of material (12 and 3 kg) were composed mainly of PMMA and CaCO3 and contained only 0.4 and 0.5% of cocaine, respectively. As for the low cocaine concentration, we assume that those two lumps of material represent discarded waste product--residue after the isolation of cocaine from plastic. Higher quantities of pure solvents (41 l) and solvent mixtures (87 l) were seized. We identified three types of pure solvents (acetone, gasoline and benzine) and two different types of solvent mixtures (benzine/acetone and gasoline/acetone). The total seized volume (87 l) of solvent mixtures holds approximately 395 g of solid residue formed mainly of PMMA and cocaine. Obviously solvent mixtures were used for isolation of cocaine from the plastic. Small quantities of relatively pure cocaine base were identified on different objects. There were two cotton sheets, most probably used for filtration. One sheet had traces of cocaine base (76% purity) on the surface, while cocaine in hydrochloride form (96%) was identified on the other sheet. GC-MS analyses of micro traces isolated from analytical balances showed the presence of cocaine and some common adulterants: phenacetine, lidocaine and procaine. A cocaine

MTBE experts' discussion: Environmental pollution from MTBE fuel additives. Proceedings; MTBE-Fachgespraech: Umweltbelastungen durch die Nutzung von MTBE (Methyl-tertiaer-butylether) als Kraftstoffzusatz. Tagungsband

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2002-07-01

MTBE is a volatile, water-soluble, oxygen-containing liquid with a high octane rating. It hardly absorbs to the soil matrix, is hardly degradable by biological means, and moves in groundwater at practically the same speed as the groundwater itself. This makes it an important groundwater hazard. The main problem is the low taste and smell threshold concentration of MTBE, because of which contaminated water is unfit for drinking. MTBE has been used as a fuel additive in the USA since the seventies and in Germany since the eighties for a better antiknock rating. MTBE concentrations depend on the fuel quality, ranging from 0.3 percent in normal gasoline and 1.6 percent in super gasoline to 6-12 percent by volume in SuperPlus and Optimax fuels. At this conference, which comprised nine lectures and a round of detailed discussions, measured concentrations of MTBE in air, precipitations, surface water and groundwater were presented, and the possibilities of modelling were discussed. The attendants of the meeting agreed that in view of the available data and at the present state of knowledge concerning the sources and fate of MTBE in environmental media, MTBE cannot be excluded as a groundwater pollutant. (orig.) [German] MTBE ist eine leichtfluechtige, gut wasserloesliche, sauerstoffhaltige Fluessigkeit mit hoher Oktanzahl. Es sorbiert fast nicht an die Bodenmatrix, ist sehr schlecht biologisch abbaubar und bewegt sich im Grundwasser praktisch mit der gleichen Geschwindigkeit wie das Grundwasser selbst. Aufgrund dieser Eigenschaften stellt MTBE eine Gefahr fuer das Grundwasser dar. Problematisch aus Sicht der Wasserversorgung ist die niedrige Geruchs- und Geschmacksschwelle von MTBE, weshalb kontaminiertes Wasser nicht mehr als Trinkwasser brauchbar ist. MTBE wird seit Mitte der 70er Jahre in den USA und seit Anfang der 80er Jahre in Deutschland dem Benzin zugesetzt, um die Klopffestigkeit zu verbessern. Der MTBE-Gehalt haengt von der Benzin-Qualitaet ab: Waehrend

A method for removing sulfur bearing compounds from paraffinous hydrocarbons or a directly distilled benzine fraction

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Konyukhova, T.P.; Bolotskaya, I.A.; Mikhaylova, L.A.; Sadykov, A.N.; Shitovkin, N.T.; Vlasov, V.V.

1983-01-01

In the known method for removing sulfurorganic compounds from paraffinous hydrocarbons or a directly distilled gasoline fraction through their adsorption using natural zeolite, in order to increase the degree of purification, clinoptilolite (Kp), which contains SiO2 and A12O3 in a molar ratio of 10.6 to 16.7 is used as the natural zeolite. The purification of the paraffinous hydrocarbons through clinoptilolite adsorption as compared with mordenite adsorption makes it possible to increase the degree of their purification of ethylmercaptane and dimethylsulfide. The effectiveness of clinoptilolite is also confirmed in removing mercaptanes and sulfides from directly distilled gasoline fractions.

Development of a BMW flexible fuel vehicle. Entwicklung eines BMW-Fahrzeuges fuer flexiblen Benzin-Methanol-Mischbetrieb

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Muhl, W; Petra, H

1992-02-01

A standard BMW 6-cylinder engine with 4 valves was converted for methanol flexible fuel operation. New performance characteristics of air/fuel mixture and ignition timing were determined for different methanol concentrations (M20, M50, M85). The recognition of the methanol concentration was made by means of a capacitive alcohol sensor and the adaptive Lambda Control. Without any modification of the catalyst the HC emission was reduced about 40% in US-test cycle. The efficiency of M85 was upgraded about 8% under vehicle operation conditions. Under any method concentration the driveability of the car was as well as operated with pure gasoline. Operating with M85 the engine increased torque and power by 11%. (orig.).

Antioxidant activity of the various extracts of cyclamen graecum link tubers and leaves from turkey

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Metin, H.; Aydin, C.; Mammadov, R.

2013-01-01

In this study, antioxidant activities of various solvent extracts (methanol, ethanol, acetone and petroleum benzine) obtained from tubers and leaves of Cyclamen graecum Link (Primulaceae) were determined. Antioxidant properties of various extracts from C. graecum were evaluated by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and beta-carotene-linoleic acid assays. In addition, total phenolic contents in all the extracts of C. graecum tubers and leaves were determined as pyrocatechol equivalents. Leaves extracts of C. graecum exhibited higher antioxidant activity than tuber extracts with all the types of solvent used. All extracts of C. graecum tubers and leaves had effective free radical scavenging activity. The scavenging activity of C. graecum leaf-ethanol extract (97.3 +- 0.55%) was found more effective than BHT (92.30 +- 0.35%). A positive correlation was observed between antioxidant activity and amount of phenolic contents of the extracts. In this study, all types of extracts obtained from C. graecum have showed strong antioxidant activity. Therefore, this species can be used as a natural antioxidant in food processing and pharmaceutical industries. (author)

Synthesis, growth and characterization of organic nonlinear optical material: N-benzyl-2-methyl-4-nitroaniline (BNA)

Science.gov (United States)

Kalaivanan, R.; Srinivasan, K.

2017-05-01

Synthesis of the organic nonlinear optical compound N-benzyl-2-methyl-4-nitroaniline (BNA) was carried out in a newer chemical environment using the mixture of benzyl chloride and 2-methl-4-nitroaniline by a preferred laboratory synthesis process. The synthesized BNA compound was separated by column chromatography (CC) with low pressure silica gell using petrollium benzine and purity of the separated resultant product was confirmed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Further, the material was recrystallized atleast four times in methanol and the highly purified BNA was used for the growth of single crystals from solutions with selected solvents by slow evaporation method at room temperature. Single crystals having natural growth morphology were harvested and their different growth faces were identified by optical goniometry. The grown crystals were subjected to different characterization techniques such as powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and UV-vis-Near IR spectroscopy. Further, the second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of the grown BNA crystal was studied by Kurtz and Perry powder technique using Nd:YAG laser as fundamental source and found to be twice that of inorganic standard KDP.

Destructive hydrogenation. [British patent

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

1929-07-15

Liquid or readily liquefiable products are obtained from solid distillable carbonaceous materials such as coals, oil shales or other bituminous substances by subjecting the said initial materials to destructive hydrogenation under mild conditions so that the formation of benzine is substantially avoided, and then subjecting the treated material to extraction by solvents. By hydrogenating under mild conditions the heavy oils which prevent the asphaltic substances from being precipitated are preserved, and the separation of the liquid products from the solid residue is facilitated. Solid paraffins and high boiling point constituents suitable for the production of lubricating oils may be removed before or after the extraction process. The extraction is preferably carried out under pressure with solvents which do not precipitate asphaltic substances. Brown coal containing 11 per cent ash is passed at 450/sup 0/C, and 200 atmospheres pressure in counter current to hydrogen; 40 per cent of the coal is converted into liquid products which are condensed out of the hydrogen stream; the pasty residue, on extraction with benzene, yields 45 per cent of high molecular weight products suitable for the production of lubricating oil.

A method for producing lower olefins

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lemayev, N.V.; Grigorovich, V.A.; Isayev, V.A.; Liakumovich, A.G.; Mitrofanov, A.I.; Orekhov, A.I.; Trifonov, S.V.; Vernov, P.A.

1983-01-01

In the known method for producing lower olefins by pyrolysis of a hydrocarbon raw material in the presence of an initiator which contains ammonia, in order to increase the output of the target products, morpholine or piperidine are additionally introduced into the initiator in a volume of 0.00001 to 0.1 percent each, converted for the raw material. The compounds to be added may be introduced into the pyrolysis zone by dissolving them in the hydrocarbon raw material or in water, which forms vapors with dilution of the raw material being subjected to pyrolysis. The increase in the outputs of the lower olefins in the process through the use of additives may be explained by the synergistic effect of the mixture of ammonia, morpholine and piperidine used. With benzine pyrolysis without the additives the output of ethylene is 24.1 percent; in comparable conditions with additives of ammonia or morpholine alone, or of piperidine alone, the outputs are 24.0, 26.2 and 25.8 percent, respectively. With the joint presence of ammonia and piperidine, the output of ethylene reaches 27.2 percent and with the addition of ammonia and morpholine, it reaches 27.4 percent.

Field test of motor cars running on methanol-petrol mixtures. Field test methanol/benzine variabele mengsels in 15 auto's

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hollemans, B; Van der Weide, J

1985-01-01

As part of the Dutch National Program Plan on Energy Research the Research Institute for Road Vehicles of the Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research TNO carried out a field test of motor cars using as motor fuel methanol-petrol mixtures ranging from 0% to 100% methanol. This has been made possible by using a sensor developed for alcohol-petrol mixtures coupled with a control system. The fleet, 15 Volvo 340 cars, was tested in the period July 1982-April 1985. They covered together 1,118,558 km; 'average mixture': 65% methanol; 'average fuel consumption': 14.4 liter per 100 km. Detailed information is given on: fuel consumption, performance, troubles, maintenance, etc. A special and separate appendix gives information on complaints and troubles in general and for each car individually.

Device for measuring the alcohol concentration in alcohol/petroleum mixtures. Vorrichtung zur Messung von Alkoholkonzentration in Alkohol-Benzin-Gemischen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Arendt, G

1983-09-01

In a device for measuring the alcohol concentration in alcohol/petroleum mixtures, a selective diaphragm for polar and/or non-polar components of the fuel mixture is provided. This diaphragm covers the opening of the tank or the fuel pipe with one surface. It is closed by a chamber on the other side. The chamber has a fresh air inlet and is connected to a subpressure pipe to draw off the gas mixture formed in the chamber. A sensor with connected signal processing is provided near the subpressure pipe in the chamber.

Production of alcohol from Jerusalem artichoke for gasoline additive. Proucavanje mogucnosti proizvodnje alkohola iz topinambura kao dodatka u benzin

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pekic, B.; Kisgeci, J.

1984-01-01

Trials conducted in 1980 and 1981 on three soil types, chernozem (a rich soil), anthropogenized black sand (a medium-rich soil), and anthropogenized brown sand (a poor soil), showed that the Jerusalem artichoke was superior to conventional field crops (corn, sugarbeet, potato, and sorghum) regarding the yield of carbohydrates per unit area, especially when grown on the poor soil. The analyses of the technological properties of Jerusalem artichokes grown for two years in the experimental plots showed that the plant species is a quality raw material for the production of alcohol. From the aspect of alcohol production, the quality of the tested varieties of Jerusalem artichoke depended neither on soil quality nor on the delay in harvesting the crop after it reached technological maturity. The results of the study indicate that the alcohol production from Jerusalem artichokes would be more economic, i.e., more profitable, than the production from conventional raw materials. The study of the carbohydrate composition of Jerusalem artichoke tubers made it clear that besides alcohol production, Jerusalem artichokes are a good raw material for the production of high-fructose syrup and crystalline fructose. Since the interest in these products kept increasing in recent years, because of their exceptional characters, it is necessary to establish research programs to cover these field too. In the course of the study the authors came across some interesting literature data on the use of Jerusalem artichokes as a raw material for the production of high-fructose syrup and crystalline fructose. Some of the publication, i.e., those that might be useful in further research work, are appended to this study.

Natural gas engine concept with EZEV potential; Erdgasmotorkonzept mit EZEV-Potential

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Maier, F.; Mueller, P.; Heck, E.; Langen, P. [BMW AG (Germany)

1997-09-01

The first natural gas vehicles form BMW are designed for arbitrary gasoline or natural gas operation. It is possible only to a limited extent to take advantage of the benefits of natural gas as a fuel as long as this is the case. An analysis was made to determine possible improvements in terms of fuel economy, emissions, full load and maximum exhaust gas temperatures through selective optimisation for exclusive natural gas operation. The results of this analysis have been used in the design of natural gas engines for mid-sized vehicles. Vehicle examinations in FTP75 confirm the existing potential for satisfying EZEV standards discussed in California even with vehicles of the upper midsize category by using optimised natural gas engines. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die ersten Automobile mit Erdgasantrieb von BMW sind fuer den wahlweisen Benzin- oder Erdgasbetrieb ausgelegt. Deshalb koennen die Vorteile des Kraftstoffs Erdgas nur zum Teil genutzt werden. Es wurde untersucht, welche Verbesserungen durch gezielte Optimierung fuer den ausschliesslichen Erdgasbetrieb bei Kraftstoffverbrauch, Emissionen, Vollast und maximalen Abgastemperaturen moeglich sind. Die Ergebnisse wurden bei der Auslegung von Erdgasmotoren fuer Mittelklassefahrzeuge verwendet. Untersuchungen im FTP-75 bestaetigen, dass mit optimierten Erdgasmotoren das Potential besteht, selbst mit Automobilen der oberen Mittelklasse die in Kalifornien diskutierten EZEV-Standards zu erfuellen. (orig.)

Gas-fuelled driving and sailing. Cost and environmental effects of natural gas and green gas in transport; Rijden en varen op gas. Kosten en milieueffecten van aardgas en groen gas in transport

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kampman, B.E.; Croezen, H.J.; Verbraak, G.M.; Brouwer, F.P.E.

2010-06-15

A number of new gaseous fuels for cars and ships is becoming more popular: compressed natural gas (CNG), liquid natural gas (LNG) and biogas. This report presents the results of a study of the costs and environmental effects of these gas applications and compares them to diesel and petrol and the 'common' biofuels biodiesel and bio-ethanol. The green gas applications emit much less CO2 than biodiesel and bio-ethanol from wheat. The air-polluting emissions are much lower in all cases. The basic cost of driving or sailing on these gaseous fuels (excl. levies and taxes) are significantly higher than in case of diesel, but in some cases van be comparable or even lower than in case of liquid biofuels. [Dutch] Een aantal nieuwe gasvormige brandstoffen voor auto's en schepen is in opkomst: aardgas onder druk (CNG), vloeibaar aardgas (LNG) en biogassen. In dit rapport worden de resultaten van een onderzoek naar de kosten en de milieueffecten van deze gastoepassingen gepresenteerd en vergeleken met diesel en benzine en de 'gewone' biobrandstoffen bio-diesel en bio-ethanol. De groen gas-toepassingen stoten aanzienlijk minder CO2 uit dan biodiesel en bio-ethanol uit tarwe. De luchtvervuilende emissies zijn in alle gevallen een stuk lager. De kale kosten van rijden en varen op deze gasvormige brandstoffen (excl. heffingen en belastingen) zijn wel aanzienlijk hoger dan bij diesel, maar kunnen in sommige toepassingen vergelijkbaar of lager uitkomen dan van de vloeibare biobrandstoffen.

Product analyses and kinetic studies on gas phase oxidation of the fuel additive ethyl tert-butyl ether and its products; Produktanalysen und Kinetikuntersuchungen der Gasphasenoxidation des Kraftstoffadditivs Ethyl-tert-butylether und seiner Produkte

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Becker, K H; Thuener, L

1997-04-01

The widespread use of the additive ETBE in gasoline leads to an increased release of this compound into the atmosphere via evaporation or exhaust fumes. In order to determine the influence of this additive on trace gas cycles it is first necessary to carry out studies on the degradation mechanisms and pertinent kinetic properties of this substance. The aim of the present study was to examine the degradation mechanisms of the fuel additive t-butyl ethyl ether under atmospheric conditions. The reactions of the main degradation products (t-butyl formiate and t-butyl acetate, together ca. 80%) were also studied in order to obtain as complete a picture of the degradation paths as possible. This was to permit an assessment of the influence of ETBE and its products on tropospheric trace gas cycles and ozone formation. [Deutsch] Bei haeufigem Zusatz von ETBE in Benzin wird diese Verbindung durch Verdampfung oder als Abgas verstaerkt in die Atmosphaere abgegeben. Um den Einfluss des Additivs auf die Spurengas-Kreislaeufe zu bestimmen, sind daher Untersuchungen noetig, um die Abbau-Mechanismen und die zugehoerigen kinetischen Daten zu ermitteln. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der Abbaumechanismen des Kraftstoffadditivs t-Butylethylether unter atmosphaerischen Bedingungen. Fuer eine moeglichst vollstaendige Analyse des Abbauweges werden auch die Reaktionen der Hauptabbauprodukte (t-Butylformiat und t-Butylacetat, zusammen etwa 80%) untersucht. Dadurch soll der Einfluss auf troposphaerische Spurengas-Kreislaeufe und auf die Ozonbildung von ETBE und seinen Produkten abgeschaetzt werden. (orig./SR)

Isoparaffinic diluents for tri-n-butyl phosphate. Chemical, radiation-chemical stability, effect on tetravalent plutonium and thorium extraction

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Renard, E.V.; Pyatibratov, Yu.P.; Neumoev, N.V.; Chizhov, A.A.; Kulikov, I.A.; Gol'dfarb, Yu.Ya.; Sirotkina, I.G.; Semenova, T.I.

1989-01-01

By means of catalytic hydroisomerization of the n-paraffinic raw material in a reactor using alumino-platinum catalysts, there was attained a 45-90% degree of conversion of n-paraffins into branched iso-paraffins with mono- and dimethyl structure. From a batch of extensively isomerized n-paraffins, by carrying out the operations of distillation of the light (benzine) fraction, dearomatization, de-n-paraffinization and fractional distillation on a rectification column, isoparaffinic (99%) concentrates were obtained with a constant molecular weight, from iso-C 10 to isoC 15 . The solubility of plutonium and thorium nitrates in 30% solutions of TBP in iso-paraffins (mixtures of iso-paraffins with the same number of C-atoms) increases with decrease in the molecular weight of the iso-paraffin; a system with a 30% TBP in a mixture of iso-decanes practically does not stratify (∼104 g Pu/liter, 22-25 degree C). Nevertheless, a twofold increase (compared with NP) of the maximally permissible (up to the formation of the third phase) concentration, is attained when iso-paraffins are introduced into NP with a similar molecular composition in a 1:1 ratio. With respect to the main requirements demanded of diluents for radiochemical extractional operations, such as density, viscosity, boiling point, flash point, and freezing point, the chemical stability and radiation resistance, content of radioruthenium and radiozirconium, rate of stratification of two-phase systems, the synthetic iso-paraffin-containing solvents are as suitable as n-paraffins

Experimental Investigation of the Effect of the Excess Fuel Coefficient on the Electrical Conductivity of Potassium-Seeded Hydrocarbon Fuel Combustion Products; 042d 041a 0421 041f 0414

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gol' denberg, S. A.; Zimin, Je. P.; Levlev, V. N.; Popov, V. A. [Energeticheskij Institut Im. G.M.Krzhizhanovskogo, Moskva, USSR (Russian Federation)

1968-11-15

An experimental study was carried out on the relation between ionization of the potassium seed and the composition of the combustion products of two hydrocarbon fuels, methane and benzine. The composition of the combustion products could be varied by changing the excess fuel coefficient for the combustion mixture. Measurements were carried out at various fixed temperatures in the range 1850-3000 Degree-Sign K (total pressure 1 atm). The temperature was kept constant (by diluting the combustion products with nitrogen). The experimental data obtained for the conductivity correspond to a potassium seed partial pressure of 1%. In the high temperature range (with benzine as fuel) measurements were carried out directly with 1% seeding, while at low temperatures (with methane as fuel) measurements were carried out for 3 x 10{sup -2}% seeding and the results extrapolated to 1% seeding. Resonance circuit and radiowave ({lambda} = 0.8 cm) damping methods were adopted in making the measurements. The temperature of the combustion products was measured by sodium D-line reversal. The measurements showed that the electrical conductivity of the combustion products with potassium seeding decreases as the excess fuel coefficient is reduced. At higher excess fuel coefficients this decrease is only slight. A sharp decrease in the electrical conductivity (several times) occurs for excess fuel coefficients in the range 1 to 1.7. In interpreting the experimental data, use was made of the results of a theoretical calculation of the effect of the hydroxyl radical on the ionization of the potassium seed (formation of KOH) and on the conductivity (capture of some free electrons to obtain OH{sup -}). The comparison showed good qualitative agreement between the experimental and calculated data, confirming the applicability of the mechanism proposed for gauging the effect of combustion product composition on seed ionization. (author) [Russian] Provedeno jeksperimental'noe issledovanie

The chances for green petrol. Alternative for MTBE is ethylene tertiary butylether; Kans op groenere benzine stijgt. Alternatief voor MTBE is etheen tertiair butyl ether

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Van de Graaf, A.; Steentjes, A. [eds.

2000-05-03

To find a useful and environment-friendly fuel is difficult. Lead and benzene already were replaced by methyl tertiary butylether (MTBE), but this fuel additive too appears to be hazardous for man and the environment. When MTBE will be banned the chances for so-called green petrol (made from biomass) are rising. A brief overview of the developments in the field of fuel additives so far is given.

Microbial Mineral Colonization Across a Subsurface Redox Transition Zone

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Brandon eConverse

2015-08-01

Full Text Available This study employed 16S rRNA gene amplicon pyrosequencing to examine the hypothesis that chemolithotrophic Fe(II-oxidizing bacteria (FeOB would preferentially colonize the Fe(II-bearing mineral biotite compared to quartz sand when the minerals were incubated in situ within a subsurface redox transition zone (RTZ at the Hanford 300 Area site in Richland, WA, USA. The work was motivated by the recently documented presence of neutral-pH chemolithotrophic FeOB capable of oxidizing structural Fe(II in primary silicate and secondary phyllosilicate minerals in 300 Area sediments and groundwater (Benzine et al., 2013. Sterilized portions of sand+biotite or sand alone were incubated in situ for five months within a multilevel sampling (MLS apparatus that spanned a ca. 2-m interval across the RTZ in two separate groundwater wells. Parallel MLS measurements of aqueous geochemical species were performed prior to deployment of the minerals. Contrary to expectations, the 16S rRNA gene libraries showed no significant difference in microbial communities that colonized the sand+biotite versus sand-only deployments. Both mineral-associated and groundwater communities were dominated by heterotrophic taxa, with organisms from the Pseudomonaceae accounting for up to 70% of all reads from the colonized minerals. These results are consistent with previous results indicating the capacity for heterotrophic metabolism (including anaerobic metabolism below the RTZ as well as the predominance of heterotrophic taxa within 300 Area sediments and groundwater. Although heterotrophic organisms clearly dominated the colonized minerals, several putative lithotrophic (NH4+, H2, Fe(II, and HS- oxidizing taxa were detected in significant abundance above and within the RTZ. Such organisms may play a role in the coupling of anaerobic microbial metabolism to oxidative pathways with attendant impacts on elemental cycling and redox-sensitive contaminant behavior in the vicinity of the

New Technique Of Determination Of Biogenic Fraction In Liquid Fuels By The 14C Method

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Krajcar Bronic, I.; Baresic, J.; Horvatincic, N.; Kristof, R.; Kozar Logar, J.

2015-01-01

According to the EU Directive 2009/28/EC all (liquid) fuels have to contain at least 10 percent of bio-fuel, i.e., blend of biogenic origin, by 2020. 14C method is the most reliable method of determination of the biogenic fraction in fuels and various measurement techniques can be applied. A technique of direct measurement of the 14C content in liquid fuel is simple and fast but has main disadvantage: different liquid colours cause different quenching and changes in the measurement efficiency. Here we have described a new technique that uses liquids of different colours to construct modern and background calibration curves, MCC and BCC, respectively, by measuring count rates and SQP values of various modern and fossil liquids. Several types of fossil fuel, pure benzine and benzene (used as 14C-free background for 14C dating) were used for BCC, and various brands of domestic oil (vegetable, sunflower, olive, pumpkin), bioethanol and benzene prepared from modern samples were used MCC construction. The procedure for the unknown sample consists of: 1) measurement of the count rate and the SQP value, 2) calculation of background and modern count rates corresponding to the measured SQP value based on the BCC and MCC curves, respectively, and 3) the ratio of net count rates of the unknown sample and the modern net count rate at the same SQP represents the fraction of the biogenic component in the liquid. All samples should be measured under the same conditions. In our case these are: UltimaGold F scintillator, the ratio sample:scintillator (10 mL:10 mL), low-potassium glass vials of 20 mL volume, spectra recorded by LSC Quantulus and evaluated in the window 124 - 570. Lowest detectable biogenic fraction is 0.5 %. The technique depends neither on the fossil matrix or the biogenic additive types. The results are in good agreement with those obtained by different evaluation technique. (author).

Reliable energy in th 21st century; Sichere Energie im 21. Jahrhundert

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Petermann, J. (ed.)

2006-07-01

Energy dominates our future. Climate is in danger, oil century will end. What's following? The exciting manual on the actual energy debate is prepared. Journalists and scientists offer data, facts and backgrounds: How do we secure the energy supply, without danger environment? Clearly written, by effortful info-graphics illustrated: a book with debate potential. An 'energy bible' for everybody. Energy is the drive for world economy and the base for global prosperity. Dramatical price amounts for power, gasoline and heating energy rouse consumers. The demand for oil increases, however stocks are shrinking, the era of fossil fuels finishes. CO2 burdens the ecosphere. The dependency of political instable world regions, exploiting oil and gas, increases. Energy economy and policy are faced with difficult decisions: How to face climate change? Does the world need nuclear power? How do we succeed to the change to renewable energy sources? The book - unanimously commended by reviewers - shows ways, how energy supply will be secured sustainably. (orig./GL) [German] Energie bestimmt unsere Zukunft. Das Klima ist in Gefahr, das Oelzeitalter geht zu Ende. Was kommt danach? Das spannende Handbuch zur aktuellen Energie-debatte - in ueberarbeiteter Neuauflage. Journalisten und Wissenschaftler liefern Daten, Fakten und Hintergruende: Wie sichern wir den Energie- nachschub, ohne die Umwelt zu gefaehrden? Verstaendlich geschrieben, mit aufwaendigen Info-Grafiken illustriert: ein Buch mit Debatten-Potenzial. Die 'Energie-Bibel' fuer jedermann. Energie ist der Motor der Weltwirtschaft und die Basis fuer globalen Wohlstand. Teils dramatische Preisanstiege fuer Strom, Benzin und Heizenergie ruetteln die Verbraucher wach. Die Nachfrage nach Erdoel steigt, doch die Vorraete schrumpfen, das Zeitalter fossiler Energien geht zu Ende. CO2 belastet die Oeko-sphaere. Die Abhaengigkeit von politisch instabilen Weltregionen, in denen Oel und Gas gefoerdert werden

Validação de método para determinação de resíduos de agrotóxicos em tomate: uma experiência laboratorial Method validation for determination of pesticide residues in tomatoes: a laboratorial experience

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Maria Helena Wohlers Morelli Cardoso

2010-05-01

Full Text Available Um modelo de procedimento para validação de método de ensaio para determinação de cinco agrotóxicos (γ - HCH, clorotalonil, fenitrotiona, clorpirifós e procimidona em matriz tomate é demonstrado através da análise cromatográfica. A amostra processada é extraída com 30 mL de acetona e em seguida com 60 mL de uma mistura diclometano: éter de petróleo (1:1. O volume total é centrifugado e a alíquota orgânica é filtrada sob Na2SO4. Um mililitro de extrato orgânico é concentrado e dissolvido em um mililitro de iso-octano. Um microlitro do extrato é analisado no cromatógrafo a gás com detector por captura de elétrons - CG/DCE. Foram avaliados seletividade, linearidade, repetitividade, recuperação e limites de detecção e de quantificação. As recuperações obtidas variaram de 70 a 110%, considerando-se os níveis de adição de agrotóxicos/amostra de 0,02 a 2,50 mg.kg-1. Os limites de detecção do método variaram de 0,004 a 0,006 mg.kg-1 e os de quantificação entre 0,014 e 0,020 mg.kg-1.A validation procedure model of a multiresidue method is presented for chromatographic analyses of five pesticides residues γ-HCH, chlorothalonil, fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos and procymidone applied on tomatoes. The tomatoes were processed and extracted by acetone plus a mixture of dichloromethane:petroleum benzine (1:1. The volume was centrifuged and was then filtered under Na2SO4. One milliliter of organic extract was concentrated then diluted in isooctane and one microliter was analyzed in the gas chromatograph with electron capture detector - GC/ECD. The parameters evaluated were selectivity, linearity, repeatability, recovery, and limits of detection and quantification. The recovery ranged from 70 to 110% in the concentration range of 0.02 to 2.50 mg.kg-1. The limits of detection ranged from 0.004 to 0.006 mg.kg-1 and the limits of quantification were between 0.014 to 0.02 mg.kg-1.

Bioenergy Status Document 2011; Statusdocument Bio-energie 2011

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bles, M.; Schepers, B.; Van Grinsven, A.; Bergsma, G.

2011-03-15

als in 2009 (88 PJ) en iets meer dan 2010 (86 PJ). In de richtlijn hernieuwbare energie is verder vastgelegd dat in 2020 minimaal 10% van het verbruik van benzine, diesel en elektriciteit voor vervoer afkomstig moet zijn uit hernieuwbare bronnen. Staatssecretaris Atsma wil dat dit percentage al in 2016 behaald wordt. In 2011 bedroeg het verplichte aandeel hernieuwbare energie 4,25%. Naar verwachting is deze verplichting administratief gehaald. Doordat sommige typen biotransportbrandstoffen dubbel geteld mogen worden, is de fysieke levering echter aanzienlijk lager dan in 2009. De administratieve dubbeltelling is van toepassing op de transportdoelstelling (10 %), maar niet op de algemene doelstelling (14 %). Een hoger aandeel dubbeltellende brandstoffen draagt daarmee niet proportioneel bij aan de algemene doelstelling. Ongeveer driekwart van de geproduceerde hernieuwbare energie in 2011 is afkomstig van biomassa. De overige hernieuwbare energie komt bijvoorbeeld uit waterkracht, wind- en zonne-energie. Hernieuwbare energie uit biomassa is voor een groot deel afkomstig van afvalverbrandingsinstallaties, meestook in energiecentrales, gebruik van houtkachels en het gebruik van biobrandstoffen in de transportsector.

Agora Energiewende (2017). New pricing models for energy. Fundamentals of a reform of fees, taxes, levies and charges on electricity and fossil fuels; Agora Energiewende (2017). Neue Preismodelle fuer Energie. Grundlagen einer Reform der Entgelte, Steuern, Abgaben und Umlagen auf Strom und fossile Energietraeger

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Praetorius, Barbara; Lenck, Thorsten [Agora Energiewende, Berlin (Germany); Lietz, Franziska [Technische Univ. Clausthal, Clausthal-Zellerfeld (Germany). Energie Forschungszentrum; Buechner, Jens; Nikogosian, Vigen [E-Bridge Consulting GmbH, Bonn (Germany); Schober, Dominik [Zentrum fuer Europaeische Wirtschaftsforschung GmbH (ZEW), Mannheim (Germany); Mannheim Univ. (Germany); Weyer, Hartmut [Technische Univ. Clausthal, Clausthal-Zellerfeld (Germany); Woll, Oliver [Zentrum fuer Europaeische Wirtschaftsforschung GmbH (ZEW), Mannheim (Germany)

2017-04-15

erreicht werden. Wenn Strom knapp ist, mobilisieren hohe Preise den Betrieb von Speichern, Lastmanagement und Erzeugungsanlagen. Ist Strom im Ueberschuss vorhanden, dann locken die niedrigen Preise zusaetzliche Abnehmer. Im Idealfall reizen Preise auch die richtigen Investitionen fuer ein verlaessliches, effizientes und klimaschonendes Stromsystem an - auch an den Grenzen der Strom-, Waerme- und Verkehrssektoren. In der Realitaet besteht der Strompreis fuer die meisten Verbraucher zu 75 bis 80 Prozent aus staatlich veranlassten, regulierten Preisbestandteilen. Energiesteuern, Netzentgelte, Abgaben und Umlagen summieren sich auf etwa 55 Milliarden Euro pro Jahr und erfuellen wichtige Funktionen in der Finanzierung des Stromsystems und der Energiewende. Sie ueberlagern aber oft fast vollstaendig das koordinierende Preissignal im Grosshandel. Flexibilitaet anzubieten, lohnt sich etwa kaum, weil sofort Steuern, Entgelte, Abgaben und Umlagen faellig werden. Auch an den Sektorengrenzen stimmen die Preissignale nicht: Heizoel und Erdgas, Diesel und Benzin werden nach anderen Kriterien besteuert als Strom; es bestehen Fehlanreize bei Energietraegerwahl und Klimaschutz. Die Reform des Steuer-, Entgelte-, Abgaben- und Umlagensystems steht deshalb dringend an, ist jedoch ein komplexes Unterfangen. Als Grundlage hierfuer hat Agora Energiewende mit Unterstuetzung von E-Bridge, ZEW und TU Clausthal eine Analyse des aktuellen Preisgefueges vorgenommen und den Loesungsraum sondiert, der fuer eine grundsaetzliche Reform des bestehenden Systems besteht. Damit wollen wir eine Grundlage legen fuer die Entwicklung konkreter Reformvorschlaege, die in einer weiteren Studie erarbeitet werden sollen.

A Study of the Recoil Reactions of Three Isotopes of Ruthenium in Ruthenocene; Etude des Reactions d'Atomes de Recul de Trois Isotopes du Ruthenium dans le Ruthenocen; 0418 0417 0423 0427 0415 041d 0418 0415 0420 0415 0410 041a 0426 0418 0419 041e 0422 0414 0410 0427 0418 0422 0420 0415 0425 0418 0417 041e 0422 041e 041f 041e 0412 0420 0423 0422 0415 041d 0418 042f 0412 0420 0423 0422 0415 041d 041e 0421 0415 041d 0415 ; Estudio de las Reacciones de Retroceso de Tres Isotopos del Rutenio en el Rutenoceno

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Harbottle, G.; Zahn, U. [Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY (United States)

1965-04-15

on daval eshhe odno (neizvestnoe) letuchee organicheskoe soedinenie so sledami rutenija, kotoroe mozhno otdelit' ot rutenosena mnogokratnoj sublimaciej. Kogda bombardirovalis' dvuhprocentnye rastvory rutenosena, nabljudavshiesja stepeni uderzhanija sostavljali 0,61 {+-}0,03, 1,04{+-}0,02 i 0,98{+-}0,02% sootvetstvenno. Jeti velichiny ne izmenjalis' v znachitel'noj stepeni, kogda bombardirovalsja rastvor, razbavlennyj v desjat' raz do 0,2% . Dlja togo, chtoby izuchit' vozmozhnyj jeffekt vjazkosti sredy, issledovalis' takzhe dvuhprocentnye rastvory rutenosena v benzine, soderzhashhie 2,10 i 20% poli- stirena. Zdes' takzhe rezul'taty byli vpolne analogichnymi rezul'tatam dlja chistogo benzola . Zamorozhennye rastvory benzola (2 i 0,2% rutenosena) izuchalis' takzhe, i zdes' velichiny uderzhanija priblizhalis' k velichinam uderzhanija kristallov rutenosena pri toj zhe temperature . Esli my opredelim 'izotopnyj jeffekt'kak(1-(uderzhanieRu{sup 97}/ uderzhanie Ru{sup 103})J *100 (v procentah), togda rastvory rutenosena imejut izotopnye jeffekty, sostavljajushhie v srednem 42% po sravneniju s bolee nizkimi ciframi 10 - 15% dlja kristallov i zamorozhennyh rastvorov. Vozmozhnym ob{sup j}asneniem bolee vysokogo uderzhanija i bolee nizkogo izotopnogo jeffekta javljaetsja bolee jeffektivnoe udalenie momenta otdachi kristallicheskoj reshetkoj po sravneniju s zhidkoj i dazhe s letuchej. No drugie faktory, naprimer relaksacija zarjazhennogo sostojanija razlichnyh izotopov rutenija vsled za snjatiem vozbuzhdenija jadernogo sostojanija soedinenija, dolzhny takzhe prinimat'sja vo vnimanie. Budut obsuzhdat'sja neskol'ko al'ternativnyh ob{sup j}asnenij jetih rezul'tatov. (author)