Propiedades físico – químicas y mecánicas de la bentonita de Socos - Ayacucho

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Estrada Cárdenas, José Ernesto; Estrada Cárdenas, José Ernesto

2010-01-01

La Bentonita de Socos, considerado como depósitos no metálicos industrial, se ubica en los alrededores del Distrito de Socos, al borde de la carretera que va de Socos a Ayacucho. De Ayacucho a Socos son 30 minutos por carretera. Los depósitos consisten en estratos lenticulares, subhorizontales, de 2 a 7 metros de espesor, la mayoría de ellos aflorantes. Debe su origen a la alteración de un banco de toba volcánica inter estratificada con las areniscas y limolitas arcillosas de la Formación Hua...

EFECTO DEL pH EN LA ADSORCIÓN DE CADMIO, NÍQUEL Y ZINC SOBRE UNA BENTONITA

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Liz Adriana Pinilla Cuesta

2010-11-01

Full Text Available Se estudió el efecto del pH sobre la adsorción de cadmio, niquel y zinc, en solución acuosa a 25"C, sobre una bentonita colombiana proveniente del Valle del Cauca. Los datos experimentales se analizaron con base en las isotermas de adsorción, la constante termodinámica de reparto Kdm (calculada mediante la isoterma de Langmuir, la relación de distribución Rd (obtenida del modelo Baeyens-Bradbury y una gráfica Kurbatov. La adsorción de cadmio, niquel y zinc aumenta con el pH. El orden de adsorción encontrado: Cd > Ni≅Zn coincide con el establecido por el principio HSAB.

INFLUÊNCIA DA TEMPERATURA NA REOLOGIA DE FLUIDOS DE PERFURAÇÃO PREPARADOS COM CARBOXIMETILCELULOSE, GOMA XANTANA E BENTONITA

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Klismeryane Costa de Melo

2013-10-01

Full Text Available O comportamento reológico dos fluidos de perfuração pode sofrer alterações ao longo da perfuração em função do gradiente de temperatura do poço. A degradação térmica sofrida por alguns aditivos utilizados como viscosificantes restringe a utilização da classe dependendo da temperatura a qual será exposto. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre o comportamento reológico da Goma Xantana (GX, da Carboximetilcelulose (CMC e da Bentonita (BNT em função da temperatura. Os Modelos matemáticos de Ostwald de Waale e o de Herschel-Bulkley foram aplicados para determinar os parâmetros reológicos. O efeito da hidratação dos polímeros e da argila na reologia de soluções aquosas foram previamente estudados. A caracterização reológica foi realizada através de ensaios de reologia, utilizando sistema de cilindros coaxiais, para obtenção das curvas de fluxo. A reologia foi avaliada em função da temperatura para cada um dos aditivos utilizados. Os resultados mostraram que a CMC se solubiliza rapidamente em água, porém apresenta maior degradação quando exposta a temperatura mais elevada. A GX se mostrou apta para ser utilizada em formulações de fluidos que serão usados em poços com gradiente de temperatura mais elevados. A bentonita não apresentou alterações no comportamento reológico em função do gradiente de temperatura estudado.

Caracterización física con difractogramas e hinchamiento de bentonitas organofílicas para adicionar a materiales compuestos poliméricos//Physical characterization with difractograms and swelling of organophilic bentonites to add to polymer composites

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Francisco Jesús Mondelo‐García

2014-05-01

Full Text Available Las bentonitas con partículas de microestructura combinada por placas de tetraedros y octaedros silicio-aluminosos, contienen cavidades interlaminares entre ellas, confiriéndoles cualidades positivas para usarse en tintas, medicamentos, fluidos de perforación, retener desechos contaminantes residuales y como refuerzos de polímeros. Se logró el objetivo de hidratar y modificar orgánicamentecon sal cuaternaria orgánica del tipo cloruro hexadecil trimetil amonio y sal de sodio a bentonitas sódicas del Nordeste brasileño y la Patagonia argentina, policatiónicas brasileñas, cálcica activada y zeolita ambas cubanas, estableciendo una caracterización entre muestras no tratadas y organofilizadas. Estos materiales se evaluaron comparativamente por difracción de rayos X ehinchamiento Foster en diluyentes orgánicos. Los resultados confirmaron una variación significativa fisicoquímica y microestructural en los difractogramas de las bentonitas organofílicas, mientras las partículas micrométricas tomaron dimensiones nanométricas, se incrementó mucho más el hinchamiento en estas, mejorando su efectividad de empleo, al emplearlas como refuerzo,adicionado a una matriz polimérica.Palabras claves: bentonita, organofílica, zeolita, hinchamiento Foster, matriz polimérica.______________________________________________________________________________AbstractThe bentonites with microstructure particles combined by plates tetrahedral and octahedral siliconaluminous contain interlaminares cavities including, conferring positive qualities for use in inks, medicines, drilling fluids; retain polluting waste residuals and as polymer reinforcements. The objective to hydrate and organically modified with organic quaternary salt of hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride type and sodium salt the sodium bentonites Northeast Brazilian and PatagoniaArgentina, Brazilian polycationics, calcium activated and zeolite both Cuban, establishing a characterization

Uso de bentonita na remediação de solos contaminados com zinco: efeito na produção de feijão Use of bentonite in the remediation of soils contaminated with zinc: effect on bean production

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Gilvanise A. Tito

2011-09-01

Full Text Available Diversos procedimentos têm sido propostos para reduzir a concentração de metais pesados nos solos, e, conseqüentemente, seus efeitos poluidores. Dentre eles destacam-se a aplicação de materiais, como a bentonita, capazes de adsorver estes elementos, tornando-os menos disponíveis para as plantas. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a capacidade da bentonita na remediação de solos contaminados com zinco. Conduziu-se experimento em condições de casa de vegetação com delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três repetições e uma planta por parcela, utilizando-se como planta indicadora o feijão caupi (Vigna unguiculata L.. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma combinação fatorial 3 x 3, sendo o primeiro fator composto por três doses de Zn (50, 250 e 450 mg kg-1 e o segundo fator por três doses de bentonita (0, 30 e 60 t ha-1. Para o estudo, utilizou-se vasos com capacidade de18 kg, preenchidos com 15 kg de solo em mistura com as respectivas doses de bentonita e com o zinco. Os tratamentos permaneceram incubados por um período de 10 dias, e em seguida foi realizada a semeadura da planta indicadora. Aos 65 dias após a semeadura colheram-se folhas, caules, raízes, sementes e casca, que, depois de secos em estufa de circulação de ar (65°C, foram pesados, moídos e analisados quanto aos teores de zinco. Os resultados evidenciaram que a bentonita parece ser um excelente material inorgânico para remediar solos contaminados com zinco. A incorporação de bentonita ao solo aumenta a adsorção do zinco diminuindo a disponibilidade deste elemento para a planta tendendo, consequentemente, aumentar a produção de massa seca.Several procedures have been proposed to reduce the concentration of heavy metals in soils and consequently, to reduce polluting effects. One of the most used procedures is the application of materials such as bentonite capable of adsorbing these elements making them less available to plants. The objective of this

History of Spanish Selection of the International Solar Energy; Historia de la Asociacion Espanola de Energia solar

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Vazquez, M.

2004-07-01

This paper is about the old and new Spanish Sections of the International Solar Energy Society (ISES). The old Section was formed on the initiative of the Spanish Association Atecyr and was named ISES Espana. As a legal Spanish association, it developed its activities from 1981 until 1991 when economic difficulties made ISES suspend the Section. In that year Prof. Manuel Vazquez, director of the Laboratory of Solar Energy of the University of Vigo, became interested in the subject and participated in his restlessness to other Spanish members of ISES. All of them agreed to create a new Spanish association under the name of Asociacion Espanola de Energia Solar (AEDES), which was registered as an ONG in the Spanish National Register of Associations and ratified by ISES as its Spanish Section in 1993. In this paper the significant data of the old and new sections are given, including the names of representative people and members of the Board and the development of the membership. (Author)

Misturas de um solo laterítico com cimento e bentonita para uso em cortinas verticais Mixtures of a lateritic soil with cement and bentonite for slurry wall purposes

OpenAIRE

Priscila Batista; Adilson do Lago Leite

2010-01-01

É crescente mundo afora o uso de cortinas verticais para contenção da contaminação em água subterrânea. Os solos lateríticos, pela sua ampla distribuição no Brasil, possuem grande potencial de aplicação nessas obras. Entretanto algumas questões ainda carecem de maior investigação, como a interação e compatibilidade desses solos com a bentonita e o cimento, principais aditivos usados para melhorar as propriedades das cortinas. O presente artigo avalia propriedades de um solo laterítico e suas ...

Avaliação e remoção de cobre em aguardentes de cana pela utilização dos aluminossilicatos: zeólita e bentonita Evaluation and removal of sugar cane brandy using aluminossilicates: zeolite and bentonite

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Fabiane de Oliveira Cantão

2010-10-01

Full Text Available A cachaça, bebida genuinamente nacional, é um produto de grande aceitação nos mercados interno e externo. Durante o processo de produção há alguns pontos críticos, ocorrendo a formação de contaminantes que podem afetar a qualidade da bebida, sendo necessário o conhecimento de sua composição química. Com este trabalho, objetivou-se comparar o comportamento do cobre, quando presente em solução alcoólica 40% e uma aguardente comercial (utilizando sulfato de cobre pentaidratado como fonte desse mesmo metal, além de avaliar a remoção de cobre na bebida, utilizando dois aluminossilicatos (zeólita e bentonita comumente empregados na adsorção de metais. A zeólita e bentonita adsorveram mais cobre quando estiveram presentes em solução alcoólica do que em aguardente. Esses resultados sugerem que o cobre em aguardente deva estar ligado a moléculas volumosas, dificultando sua entrada nos pequenos poros da argila bentonita e da zeólita ZSM-5. Quando os aluminossilicatos estiveram presentes na aguardente impregnada com cobre em alambique, a bentonita foi mais eficiente na remoção do cobre do que a zeólita; no entanto a zeólita é mais recomendada na remoção do cobre, pois a redução das concentrações dos componentes secundários foi menor, não descaracterizando a bebida.The "cachaça", a genuinely national drink, is a product of great acceptance in the domestic and international markets. Therefore, we need to know its chemical composition, as in the production process a few critical points due to the presence of contaminants that can affect the quality of the drink. This work is aimed to compare the behaviour of copper, when present in a 40% alcohol solution and a "cachaça" trade (using copper sulfate pentahydrate as a source of the same metal, in addition to evaluating the removal of copper in the spirit, using two aluminosilikate (zeolite and bentonite commonly employed in the adsorption of metals. The zeolite and

Gender analysis of papers published in ACTAS ESPANOLAS DE PSIQUIATRIA (1999-2006).

Science.gov (United States)

Alonso-Arroyo, A; González-Alcaide, G; Bolaños Pizarro, M; Castelló Cogollos, L; Valderrama-Zurián, J C; Aleixandre-Benavent, R

2008-01-01

The governments and organizations responsible for scientific policies try to encourage equality of gender, among their priorities that of obtaining equal participation and full integration of women in all aspects of the scientific profession. The study analyzes the scientific production of women in the areas of Psychiatry by means of the bibliometric study of the papers published in ACTAS ESPANOLAS DE PSIQUIATRIA. A total of 458 papers published from 1999- 2006 period were downloaded from the Science Citation Index-Expanded database, these including original research papers, review articles and clinical cases. A bibliometric study broken down by gender was carried out to determine the existence or inequalities between men and women regarding scientific productivity, type of document, order of author signatures, on the institutional and geographical level. The papers were published by 1,194 different authors. The gender of 977 authors was identified, 587 (60.08%) men and 390 (39.92%) women. The percentage of women authorship has risen from 29.92% in 1999 to 38.86% in 2006. A total of 42.92% of authors having one published article were women, while (those with more than nine articles) only accounted for 33%. Bibliometric studies on scientific activity provide essential information to promote gender equality. An annual increase over 1% in the number of female authors in the journal has been observed, which if it continues will lead to a parity in coming years.

Quality assurance programme in mammography of the Sociedad Espanola de Diagnosticos por Imagen de la Mama (SEDIM)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fernandez, B.; Gonzalez, C.; Hernando, I.; Iribar, M.; Lopez, J.A.; Salvador, R.; Vega, A.; Vizcaino

2001-01-01

The European Union Council Directive 97/43/Euratom of 30 June 1997 on health protection of individuals against the dangers of ionizing radiation in relation to medical exposure has been partially transposed to the Spanish national law by the Real Decreto 1976/1999, which establishes the quality criteria in Diagnostic Radiology. A key instrument in this legal regulation is the so-called Quality Assurance Program (QAP) which has to be implemented in each Diagnostic Radiology unit. The Spanish Breast Imaging Diagnostic Society (Sociedad Espanola de Diagnostico por Imagen de la Mama, SEDIM) has proposed a reference QAP to be used as a guide in all the mammography units in the country. Its main issues are displayed in the present paper. The SEDIM QAP includes some items related to justification and optimization of mammography exams as well as a proposal for the assignment of functions and responsibilities. A guide for the image and technical parameters quality evaluation is also included. Some keys on equipment acquisition, maintenance and on continuing education and information management can also be found in that document. (author)

SINTESIS Y CARACTERIZACIÓN DE BENTONITA MODIFICADA CON ESPECIES DE TiO2 y Fe-TiO2 OBTENIDAS DEL MINERAL ILMENITA

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Juan Torres

2014-07-01

Full Text Available Se sintetizó una serie de sólidos nanoestructurados, obtenidos por la intercalación de nanopartículas de TiO2 y Fe-TiO2 en los espacios interlaminares de un mineral de arcilla esmectítico. Los nuevos materiales se prepararon mediante la modificación simultánea de dos minerales naturales: una bentonita y una ilmenita. Los materiales obtenidos se caracterizaron por fluorescencia de rayos X (FRX, espectroscopía infrarroja (IR, difracción de rayos X (DRX, microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM y sortometría de nitrógeno. Los resultados del análisis químico (FRX confirmaron claramente la incorporación de titanio y de hierro en los materiales sintetizados. Los análisis por DRX, SEM y sortometría de nitrógeno verificaron la modificación del mineral de arcilla por incorporación de especies de dióxido de titanio, demostrando la generación de estructuras mesoporosas delaminadas o exfoliadas con incremento en los valores de área superficial y porosidad controlada.

Site of the First Spanish Nuclear Power Stations; Los Emplazamientos de las Primeras Centrales Nucleares Espanolas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pascual, F.; Alonso, A.; Norena, S.; Sevilla, A. [Junta de Energia Nuclear, Madrid (Spain)

1967-09-15

The authors analyse and describe the sites of three Spanish nuclear power stations: the Zorita station (153 M W (e )) with a pressurized water reactor and single containment; the Santa Marfa de Garofia station (380 MW (e)), with a boiling water reactor and containment by steam condensation; and the Vandellos station (480 MW(e)), with a graphite-moderated gas-cooled reactor and integrated design of the EDF-4 type. The first two are located in the interior of the country and the third on the Mediterranean coast. The paper discusses the normal criteria and the safety considerations governing the choice of site, and points out the influence of Spanish orography on the transport of heavy equipment and hence its repercussions on the selection of power station sites. Reference is made to the experience acquired in transporting equipment for the Z-orita plant, and an analysis of the practical difficulties encountered in applying particular safety standards to the sites of stations of different types and designs is included. As the type of reactor and its containment system affect the practical value of applying particular standards which, moreover, have to be adapted to the special features of each country, safety standards for assessing power station sites should be applied in an appropriate and flexible manner. The paper describes the geological and meteorological features of the three sites and summarizes the studies carried out in these fields. It refers particularly to the hydrological studies carried out at Zorita and Santa Maria de Garofia and describes the weather stations set up at both sites, the diffusion experiments with neutcal-buoyancy balloons at Santa Maria de Garofia, and the results of these investigations. (author) [Spanish] Se analizan y describen los emplazamientos de tres centrales nucleares espanolas: la central de Zorita, de 153 MW(e), con reactor de agua a presion y sistema de contencion simple; la central de Santa Maria de Garofia, de 380 MW

Caracterização estrutural de argilas bentoníticas nacional e importada: antes e após o processo de organofilização para utilização como nanocargas Structural characterization of Brazilian and imported bentonitic clays: before and after the process of organophilization for utilization as nanofiller

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I. F. Leite

2008-09-01

Full Text Available Foi utilizada uma bentonita natural codificada como ASCN oriunda da Bentonit União Nordeste, PB sob forma de pó com granulometria inferior a 0,074 µm. A bentonita ASCN foi modificada organicamente através de troca iônica com o sal brometo de cetil trimetil amônio Cetremide e denominada ASCM. Para obter bentonitas organofílicas, inicialmente, dispersões aquosas de bentonita/sal Cetremide foram mantidas sob agitação mecânica constante a aproximadamente 80 °C por 30 min. Em seguida o sistema foi mantido em repouso por 24 h, sendo então lavado e filtrados os insumos. Por fim os materiais foram secos a 60 °C e então desagregados e passados em malha 200 para serem caracterizados. Como parâmetro de comparação foi utilizada uma bentonita importada organofílica Cloisite 30 B (Southern Clay Products, Texas, EUA. Ambas argilas foram caracterizadas estruturalmente por análise química, capacidade de troca de cátions, espectroscopia no infravermelho (FTIR, difração de raios X e análise termogravimétrica. A análise química mostrou a presença de óxidos característicos da estrutura do aluminossilicato e eventual redução na maioria dos óxidos metálicos quando as bentonitas foram organofilizadas, ASCM e Cloisite 30B, característico do processo de troca dos cátions metálicos por moléculas do sal orgânico. Mediante os espectros de FTIR verifica-se a presença de bandas características das moléculas do sal nas bentonitas e através da análise de difração de raios X observa-se um aumento no espaçamento basal pela inserção das cadeias do sal entre as lamelas da bentonita, confirmando assim a obtenção de bentonitas organofílicas. A curva termogravimétrica das bentonitas organofílicas indicou que a bentonita Cloisite 30 B apresentou-se mais estável termicamente que a bentonita ASCM.A natural bentonite coded as ASCN supplied by Bentonit União Nordeste from Paraíba, Brazil in powder form with particle size smaller

The image of Algeria in the writings of Francisco Zavala, a Spanish journalist in Algeria during the 19th century

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Hayet Guenoun

2009-03-01

Full Text Available Los Espanoles eran la comunidad Europea la mas numerosa que habia emigrado a Argelia visto a la dura situacion que atraveso Espana a lo largo del siglo xix. Una serie de crisis socio-economicas,politicas favoricio la emigracion de los campesiones,obreros en paro,refugiados politicos hacia Argelia. Segun algunos autores,los Espanoles formaban una comunidad cerrada a la influencia Frances y guardaban su personalidad y su modo de vivir espanol. Entre los defensores de la comunidad Espanola en Argelia , el Espanol Francisco Zavala periodista refugiado en Argelia en 1879.Al llegar a argelia fue director de la sociedad amistad Espanola en argel,cuya preocupacion era crear actividades culturales tipicamente espanolas . El patuet periodico fundado por aquella asociacion cuyo director fue zavala entre 1882-1883. En 1883 Zavala creo la fraternidad obrera hasta 1884, y en 1887 Zavala marcho a Oran donde continuo la publicacion de la Fraternidad hasta 1888 ano de su expulsion del territorio Argelino por las autoridades Francesas. Antes de su expulsion,Zavala publico su obra:La Bandera Espanola en Argelia,es una obra que resume toda la historia de la presencia Espanola en Argelia desde 1505 hasta 1792 su preocupacion iba mas de 1792 pues relata hechos posteriores a dicho ano tocando la colonizacion Francesa .El titulo de la obra (la bandera Espanola en Argelia pone en evidencia la importancia de la presencia Espanola en Africa del norte y specificamente en Argelia Zavala luchaba por medio de la Fraternidad para mejorar la situacion de los Espanoles residentes en argelia . defendia sus derechos morales y materiales y luchaba contra la difamacion que eran victimas .y en la Bandera Espanola en Argelia se preocupaba mas bien de la civilizacion y de la historia. Zavala a traves de su obra quiere ensenar la historia de la presencia Espanola en Argelia a los hijos de los Epanoles nacidos en Argelia para que segun el sepan que tienen los mismos derechos que los

Algorithm Development and Application of High Order Numerical Methods for Shocked and Rapid Changing Solutions

Science.gov (United States)

2007-12-06

high order well-balanced schemes to a class of hyperbolic systems with source terms, Boletin de la Sociedad Espanola de Matematica Aplicada, v34 (2006...schemes to a class of hyperbolic systems with source terms, Boletin de la Sociedad Espanola de Matematica Aplicada, v34 (2006), pp.69-80. 39. Y. Xu and C.-W

Variabilidad textural, mineralógica y geoquímica de la bentonita de Yuncos (Cuenca de Madrid

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Moreno, A.

1993-12-01

processes (Al/Mg > 0.3 and the other to neoformation (Al/Mg En este trabajo se estudia la variabilidad composicional (mineralógica y geoquímica y textural de la capa principal de bentonita (saponita del depósito de Yuncos (Toledo, en el sector suroccidental de la cuenca de Madrid. Desde un punto de vista sedimentológico se han diferenciado en la capa bentonítica dos episodios: uno inferior (1 caracterizado por litofacies de lutitas masivas, que muestran lateralmente microfacies brechoides-bioturbadas (columna A a intraclásticas con «glébulas» y materia orgánica (columnas B y C, y otro episodio superior (11 constituido por lutitas laminadas-Iajeadas con ooides calcíticos, que muestra un escaso desarrollo en las columnas estudiadas. El primer episodio se interpreta como depósitos de encharcamiento palustre somero sobre facies de «mud-flat» lacustre, y el segundo como correspondiente a depósitos en pequeños encharcamientos rellenando depresiones sobre la bentonita del episodio inferior que es parcialmente removilizada. De los datos texturales se infiere que la columna A corresponde a la zona con mayor grado de somerización, mientras que la C es la que presenta rasgos de un mayor período de encharcamiento, siendo la B transicional entre ambas. Mineralógicamente se observa una disminución progresiva en el contenido de minerales heredados (cuarzo, feldespatos, illita-mica en la dirección A-C, que coincide con un incremento en la proporción de fracción arcilla en las granulometrías. La arcilla está constituida fundamentalmente por saponita, con illita abundante en la columna A y sepiolita mejor desarrollada en la zona transicional (columna B. Estas características se reflejan en el comportamiento geoquímico, con A12O3, K2O, Fe2O3, Na2O y TiO2 decreciendo en la dirección A-C (correlación positiva, mientras que MgO es su antagonista (correlación negativa. Los elementos traza, especialmente Ba, Nb, Pb, V y Zn, siguen también una evolución que

Uso de Arcillas Especiales para Depuración de Aguas Residuales Use of Special Clays for Wastewater Treatment

OpenAIRE

L. Andrade; E.F. Covelo; F.A. Vega

2005-01-01

Para evaluar la eficacia de las arcillas especiales para la remoción de metales pesados de aguas residuales, se muestrearon y caracterizaron varios tipos de arcillas y las aguas de tres efluentes residuales industriales. Los componentes mayoritarios de las arcillas fueron: sepiolita: montmorillonita (76%); bentonita magnésica: vermiculita (74,4%); bentonita alumínica: esmectita (69,1%) y paligorskita (80%). Las aguas residuales se hicieron circular a través de lechos de cada una de las arcill...

Use of Special Clays for Wastewater Treatment

OpenAIRE

Andrade, L.; Covelo, E.F.; Vega, F.A.

2005-01-01

Para evaluar la eficacia de las arcillas especiales para la remoción de metales pesados de aguas residuales, se muestrearon y caracterizaron varios tipos de arcillas y las aguas de tres efluentes residuales industriales. Los componentes mayoritarios de las arcillas fueron: sepiolita: montmorillonita (76%); bentonita magnésica: vermiculita (74,4%); bentonita alumínica: esmectita (69,1%) y paligorskita (80%). Las aguas residuales se hicieron circular a través de lechos de cada una de las arcill...

Comportamiento geoquímico de barreras arcillosas: transformaciones hidrotermales en esmectitas alumínicas

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Cuadros, F. J.

1993-08-01

Full Text Available The use of bentonite barriers in radiactive waste repositories is conditioned by its transformation into illite, due to the influence of temperature and solutions in the canister vicinity. This reaction is known in burial diagenesis and hydrothermal alterations, but its mechanism is not yet well stablished. A preliminary study on spanish bentonites shows that important variations exist in the chemical solutions in contact with bentonites in a hydrothermal environment.El uso de bentonitas como barrera en almacenamientos de residuos radiactivos viene condicionado por su posible transformación en ilita debido a la influencia de la temperatura y de las soluciones cercanas al contenedor. Esta reacción se conoce en zonas de diagénesis de enterramiento y en áreas hidrotermales, pero su mecanismo no está todavía bien establecido. En un estudio preliminar realizado sobre bentonitas españolas se ha encontrado que existen variaciones importantes en el quimismo de las soluciones en contacto con bentonitas en ambiente hidrotermal.

Desenvolvimento e caracterização de argilas organofílicas para uso em alimentação animal como adsorvente inativador de micotoxinas

OpenAIRE

Viotti, Glêdes Cabral de Albuquerque

2006-01-01

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química. As argilas são utilizadas como matéria-prima para diversas aplicações na indústria. Nestes processos industriais as argilas mais procuradas são as bentonitas. As bentonitas são argilas amplamente encontradas na natureza e possuem propriedades tecnológicas bastante atraentes para o desenvolvimento de produtos para as mais variadas áreas. As propriedades tecnológica...

Estudo de suspensões de bentonitas sob diferentes condições térmicas Study of bentonit suspensions under different thermal conditions

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C. A. Leal

2013-03-01

Full Text Available Suspensões argilosas são utilizadas como fluidos de perfuração de poços nas primeiras camadas rochosas, geralmente constituídas por sedimentos inconsolidados. Em camadas mais profundas são comumente utilizados fluidos base óleo devido sua resistência térmica. No entanto, em virtude das leis ambientais estes fluidos estão sendo substituídos e as suspensões argilosas surgem como uma alternativa pelo caráter ambientalmente correto e menor custo. Assim, torna-se de extrema importância o estudo das propriedades de suspensões argilosas a temperaturas moderadas e elevadas. Desta forma, este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar as propriedades das suspensões argilosas de bentonita sob diferentes condições térmicas. Para tanto, foi empregado um planejamento fatorial do tipo 2² com três experimentos no ponto central + configuração estrela, totalizando 11 corridas experimentais para avaliar a influência da temperatura e do teor de argila (variáveis de entrada sobre as propriedades reológicas e de filtração das suspensões argilosas. As suspensões foram preparadas com concentração de bentonita variando de 8,75 g/350 mL a 22,4 g/350 mL e submetidas a temperaturas entre 38 °C e 176 °C durante 16 h. Foram estudados dois tipos de envelhecimento térmico, dinâmico e estático, em equipamento Roller Oven da Fann. As propriedades reológicas (viscosidades aparente - VA e plástica - VP foram determinadas em viscosímetro Fann 35A e o volume de filtrado (VF em filtro-prensa API. Concluiu-se que as variáveis de entrada influenciam estatisticamente, ao nível de 95% de confiança, as propriedades das dispersões, sendo observado que a combinação de temperaturas elevadas e altas concentrações de argila conduz a maiores valores de VA e VP, bem como que os maiores valores de VF foram obtidos com as suspensões preparadas com baixa concentração de argila e submetidas à elevada temperatura. Ficou evidenciado ainda que o tipo de

Caracterização e usos de argilas bentonitas e vermiculitas para adsorção de cobre (II em solução Characterization and uses of bentonite and vermiculite clays for adsorption of copper (II in solution

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C. P. F. dos Santos

2002-12-01

Full Text Available Vários trabalhos tratam da remoção de metais por argilas e argilominerais. O processo de remoção geralmente ocorre por precipitação, troca iônica e adsorção. Neste trabalho estudou-se a adsorção de solução de Cu (II em vermiculita, bentonitas sódica e cálcica, proveniente de Campina Grande-PB , tendo-se como variáveis pH, tempo de contato e concentração do adsorvente. Os ensaios foram realizados à temperatura ambiente e as medidas de Absorção Atômica foram feitas no sobrenadante e no resíduo sólido. As argilas bentonitas cálcicas, provenientes de Campina-Grande (PB, sódica de Wyoming (Wyoming-USA e sódicas (preparadas em laboratório e as vermiculitas (provenientes do Piauí foram caracterizadas antes e após o processo de adsorção de Cu (II em solução através das técnicas, análise química, TG e DTA, área superficial (BET, espectroscopia na região de infravermelho, difração de raios X e medidas de pH. Os resultados mostram que as argilas estudadas adsorvem metais pesados através da troca iônica e que a vermiculita foi mais eficaz no processo, adsorvendo 40,9% de cobre da solução em estudo, em relação às outras argilas envolvidas no processo.Mineral clays have been extensively used for metal removal. The process involves precipitation, ion exchange and adsorption. The present investigation assessed the adsorption of Cu (II solution by natural vermiculite and both natural and synthetic bentonite. Tests were carried out at ambient temperature for the main parameters of the process, i.e., pH, contact time, and adsorbent content. Atomic absorption was also carried out both for the floater and solid residue. All raw materials used herein, i.e., sodic bentonite from Campina Grande-PB, sodic bentonite from Wyoming-USA, synthetic sodic bentonite and vermiculite from Piaui, were characterized both before and after adsorption of Cu (II solution by chemical analysis, TG, DTA, BET surface area, infrared

Preliminary results relating to gamma irradiations of the pollen in the pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Benaga, R.; Vicedo, L.; Isidron, M.; Arias, E.; Campanioni, L.; Fernandez, J.; Castillo, E.; Romero, M.

1993-01-01

As a way to know the radiosensitivity of the pollen of pineapple, in order to get to know haploid plants, the anthers of red Espanola of the type Pinarena and smooth Cayena from the Serrana (Ciego de Avila) were exposed to 60C o gamma radiations in the irradiator at CENSA, with fractional doses ranging from zero to 5KGy. The percentage of germination and length pollinic tube is analysed in vitro; a decrease in the above mentioned parameters is observed, with the main doses in the two cultures although red Espanola showed a slight recovery at doses of 3 and 4KGy as well as the major values of germination of the pollen

Influencia de la formulación de la arena en verde en su difusividad térmica y su efecto en una pieza colada

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Noguez, M. E.

2005-12-01

Full Text Available Data evidencing a relation among green sand formulations (% water/% bentonite, w/b, in the ranks 0.2-0.55 for 6, 7, 8 and 9 % bentonite, their heat transfer behaviour, specifically their thermal diffusivity, the casting solidification rate and the resulting macrostructures in aluminium castings are presented.

Se presentan evidencias de que la formulación de una arena en verde (relación entre los porcentajes de agua y de bentonita, a/b, en el rango 0,2-0,55 para 6, 7, 8 y 9 % de bentonita parece determinar su transferencia de calor y, por tanto, su coeficiente de difusividad térmica, lo que influye en la rapidez de solidificación y en las macroestructuras de piezas coladas en aluminio.

3D As-Built a documentation of the substation electrical power 400 KV; Documentacion 3D As-Built de una subestacion electrica de 400 KV

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sarti Fernandez, F.

2011-07-01

It's getting parameters of time, yields and products obtained, in order to have an objective reference to the possible application of this technique to substations of Red Electrica Espanola (REE).

Argilas bentoníticas de Cubati, Paraíba, Brasil: Caracterização física-mineralógica Bentonite clay from Cubati, Paraíba, Brazil: Physical and mineralogical characterization

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R. R. Menezes

2009-06-01

Full Text Available O Estado da Paraíba possui jazidas de bentonitas utilizadas comercialmente em uma vasta gama de setores tecnológicos. No entanto, esses jazimentos estão se exaurindo após dezenas de anos de exploração. Assim, este trabalho tem por objetivo a caracterização físico-mineralógica de bentonitas recentemente descobertas no município de Cubati, PB. As amostras estudadas foram secas a 60 ºC e caracterizadas por meio de fluorescência de raios X, picnometria de He, determinação da distribuição de tamanho de partículas, difração de raios X, análise térmica diferencial e gravimétrica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados evidenciaram que as amostras são bentonitas policatiônicas, apresentando teores de MgO, CaO e K2O semelhantes aos de outras bentonitas sul-americanas e que são constituídas por argilomineral esmectítico e por quartzo e caulinita. As amostras apresentaram frações de partículas abaixo a 2 μm variando entre 31 e 41%, estando, no entanto, em elevado estado de aglomeração.The bentonites of the State of Paraíba, Brazil, are commercially uses in numerous technological sectors. However, these bentonite deposits are becoming exhausted due to several years of exploitation. Thus, the aim of this work was to characterize bentonite clays recently discovered in the Cubaty town, Paraíba. The samples were dried at 60ºC and characterized through X-ray fluorescence, He picnometry, determination of the particle size distribution, X-ray diffraction, thermal differential and gravimetric analyzes and scanning electronic microscopy. The results showed that the samples are polycationic bentonite clays containing amounts of MgO, CaO and K2O similar to those of other South American bentonites and are composed of smectite, kaolinite and quartz. The samples had particle-accumulated fractions under 2 μm ranging from 31 to 41%, however, the particles were in a very agglomerated state.

Reparación de un dique seco en el Ferrol/España

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Navas Gutiérrez, Mariano

1981-06-01

Full Text Available El dique seco de El Ferrol, construido como dique de gravedad según la técnica de la época (1913, ha sufrido una serie de averías como consecuencia de su envejecimiento, que ha obligado a emprender una obra de reparación según las modernas técnicas de soleras ancladas y drenadas, y pantallas de bentonita-cemento. Se ha construido una losa de 30 cm en el antedique, anclada con armaduras activas, formado cada anclaje por diez cables según una malla de 3 x 3 m. Para aliviar la subpresión se ha colocado un dren entre la solera permeable actualmente existente y la losa. Con la pantalla de bentonita-cemento se pretende cerrar la entrada de agua por el relleno permeable del antiguo dique. El terreno natural es prácticamente impermeable.

In-core fuel management for Cofrentes NPP

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Marco, M.

1990-01-01

Hidroelectrica Espanola has established an in-house nuclear analysis capability in Hidrola's Servicio de Ingenieria y Analisis Nucleares (SIAN). This article describes SIAN, its origins, resources, codes, and its work related to the company's 100%-owned Cofrentes NPP. 1 fig., 2 tabs

75 FR 72829 - Los Alamos Historical Document Retrieval and Assessment (LAHDRA) Project

Science.gov (United States)

2010-11-26

..., December 9, 2010. Place: December 8, 2010, Santa Claran Hotel & Casino in Espanola (25 miles north of Santa... the vicinity of DOE facilities, workers at DOE facilities, and other persons potentially exposed to...-specific applied research, emergency response, and preparation of toxicological profiles. Purpose: This...

PROPOSAL FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SPRAY DRYING IN THE ACTIVATION PROCESS OF BENTONITE WITH SULFURIC ACID

OpenAIRE

Romero, P.; Otiniano, M.

2014-01-01

The present work propose the replacement of the three stages of the activation process of bentonite with sulfuric acid by the only stage spray drying. El presente trabajo propone reemplazar tres etapas del proceso de activación de la bentonita con ácido sulfúrico por una sola etapa, la del secado por atomización.

ISSN 2073-9990 East Cent. Afr. J. surg. (Online)

African Journals Online (AJOL)

dell

Cirugia Espanola 1999;66( Suppl 1):233. 16. David GG, Al-Sarira AA, Willmott S et al. Management of acute gallbladder disease in. England. British Journal Of Surgery 2008; 95: 472-476. 17. David W. Rattner, Charles Ferguson, Andrew L. Warshaw et al. Factors associated with. Successful Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy ...

Special Report: Conflicting Data on Spanish Intransitive Verbs in Two Leading Dictionaries.

Science.gov (United States)

Teschner, Richard V.; Flemming, Jennifer

1996-01-01

Presents a conflation of and a comparison between the 1,646 verbs the Royal Academy's "Diccionario de la lengua espanola" (Dictionary of the Spanish Language) classifies as solely or partly intransitive and the 1,382 verbs that are so classified by the "Pequeno Larousse ilustrado" (Illustrated Larousse Small Dictionary).…

The Social Significance and Value Dimension of Current Mexican American Dialectal Spanish. A Glossary for the Human Service Professions. Part II.

Science.gov (United States)

Gomez, Ernesto; Cerda, Gilberto

Results of a study documenting the Mexican American's unique Spanish dialectal expressions used in the barrios of San Antonio, Texas, and its surrounding areas are presented. The expressions included are those which were not recorded in the "Diccionario de la Real Academia Espanola" (19th Edition) or which were recorded therein but with…

Influential Observations in Time Series.

Science.gov (United States)

1984-07-01

to appear). 20. Treadway, A. B. (1978). Ifectos sabre la economia espanola de usa devaluacion da Ia "eseta, undacion Ramon-Areces, Madrid. . 21...Also, w (X) z and ;(Xw’X) + 0. in practice this result means that lA . when w is large, all the estimated coefficients w0 are pulled down towards

"Sometimes I Am Spanish and Sometimes Not": A Study of the Identity and Integration of Spanish Muslim Women

Science.gov (United States)

Sibai, Salam Adlbi

2010-01-01

This article reports part of a wider investigation which is still being developed and analyzes in depth the lives of female university students who are both Spanish and Muslim. The first part of this research was published in the "Revista Espanola de Educacion Comparada," where the results of the study in Madrid are presented. Here, the…

Optimization of compressive strength in admixture-reinforced cement-based grouts

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Sahin Zaimoglu, A.

2007-12-01

Full Text Available The Taguchi method was used in this study to optimize the unconfined (7-, 14- and 28-day compressive strength of cement-based grouts with bentonite, fly ash and silica fume admixtures. The experiments were designed using an L16 orthogonal array in which the three factors considered were bentonite (0%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 3%, fly ash (10%, 20%, 30% and 40% and silica fume (0%, 5%, 10% and 20% content. The experimental results, which were analyzed by ANOVA and the Taguchi method, showed that fly ash and silica fume content play a significant role in unconfined compressive strength. The optimum conditions were found to be: 0% bentonite, 10% fly ash, 20% silica fume and 28 days of curing time. The maximum unconfined compressive strength reached under the above optimum conditions was 17.1 MPa.En el presente trabajo se ha intentado optimizar, mediante el método de Taguchi, las resistencias a compresión (a las edades de 7, 14 y 28 días de lechadas de cemento reforzadas con bentonita, cenizas volantes y humo de sílice. Se diseñaron los experimentos de acuerdo con un arreglo ortogonal tipo L16 en el que se contemplaban tres factores: la bentonita (0, 0,5, 1 y 3%, las cenizas volantes (10, 20, 30 y 40% y el humo de sílice (0, 5, 10 y 20% (porcentajes en peso del sólido. Los datos obtenidos se analizaron con mediante ANOVA y el método de Taguchi. De acuerdo con los resultados experimentales, el contenido tanto de cenizas volantes como de humo de sílice desempeña un papel significativo en la resistencia a compresión. Por otra parte, las condiciones óptimas que se han identificado son: 0% bentonita, 10% cenizas volantes, 20% humo de sílice y 28 días de tiempo de curado. La resistencia a compresión máxima conseguida en las anteriores condiciones era de 17,1 MPa.

A comparison of national and international megavoltage calibration protocols

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Almond, P.R.

1985-01-01

Almond lists, describes and compares the following radiation therapy dosimetry protocols and standards of the following groups: Deutsches Institut fuer Normung (DIN), Nordic Association of Clinical Physics (NACP), National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP), Hospital Physicists Association (HPA), American Association of Physics in Medicine (AAPM), Bureau National de Metrologie (BNM), and the Sociedad Espanola de fisica Medica (SEFM)

Las buenas practicas espanolas 1998

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Nasarre y de Goicoechea, Fernando

2000-02-01

Full Text Available The II HABITAT Conference held at Istanbul on June 1996, adopted the Habitat Program -Global Action Plan, in within which two performance lines are especially reinforced to reach the two main goals of suitable e housing for all and sustainable human settlements: the collaboration and participation among all the levels of the government and the civil society and, the recognition of the importance of the urban policies. In this framework is addressed the International Award Best Practices for the Improvement of the Life Conditions that, sponsored by the municipality of Dubai, is celebrated every two years and is awarded to the 10 selected by an International Independent Jury. The goal of the Competition is to promote policies and strategies more effective for the sustainable development of the humanity and their settlements, through the transmission of information and knowledge on experiences and solutions proved in the practice. The obtained results in the last international competition, with 32 of the presented Practices included in the Data Base of the United Nations Good Practices, 18 classified among the 100 best (3 of them included among the 40 finalists and finally, one, among the 10 awarded (Programs for the improvement of the urban environment of Malaga, allow us to look forward with satisfaction the panorama of the urban policy in our country.La Conferencia HABITAT II celebrada en Estambul en junio de 1996 adopto el Programa Hábitat-Plan Global de Acción-, dentro del cual se refuerzan especialmente dos líneas de actuación: la colaboración y participación entre todos los niveles de gobierno y la sociedad civil y el reconocimiento de la importancia de las políticas urbanas para alcanzar los dos objetivos principales: vivienda adecuada para todos y asentamientos humanos sostenibles. En este marco se inscribe el Concurso Internacional de Buenas Practicas para la Mejora de las Condiciones de Vida que, patrocinado par la municipalidad de Dubai, se celebra cada dos años y se concede a las 10 mejores actuaciones seleccionadas por un Jurado Internacional Independiente. EI objetivo del Concurso es promover políticas y estrategias mas efectivas para el desarrollo sostenible de la humanidad y de sus asentamientos mediante la transmisión de información y conocimientos sobre experiencias y soluciones comprobadas en la practica. Los resultad os obtenidos en el certamen internacional, con 32 de las Practicas presentadas incluidas en la Base de Datos sobre Buenas Practicas de Nación es Unidas, 18 clasificadas entre las 100 mejores (3 incluidas entre las 40 finalistasy una, finalmente, entre las 10 premiadas (Programas para la mejora del medio ambiente urbano de Málaga, permiten mirar con satisfacción el panorama de la política urbana en nuestro país.

Composición corporal y velocidad de lanzamiento en jugadoras de élite de balonmano

OpenAIRE

Miriam García Expósito; Pedro Emilio Alcaraz Ramón; Carmen Ferragut Fiol; Carmen Manchado López; José Arturo Abraldes Valeiras; Nuria Rodríguez Suárez; Helena Vila Suárez

2011-01-01

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir y comparar las caracteristicas antropometricas, composicion corporal, somatotipo y velocidad de lanzamiento de las jugadoras de balonmano de la seleccion espanola de diferentes categorias. Fueron estudiadas 59 jugadoras de balonmano, todas ellas pertenecen a las categorias juvenil, junior y senior. Las variables analizadas fueron: 20 medidas antropometricas, el indice de masa corporal, sumatorio de cuatro pliegues, porcentaje muscular, el somatotipo y...

Colagem de vinho branco - Comportamento de vários agentes clarificadores The behavior of different fining agents in white wine clarification

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Odette Zardetto de Toledo

1962-01-01

Full Text Available Foi estudado o comportamento de diversos agentes clarificadores na cologem de vinhos brancos procedentes de variedades de uvas diversas, de três regiões vinícolas diferentes dos Estados de São Paulo e de Minas Gerais. Observou-se que tais agentes comportaram-se de maneira diferente de acôrdo com o vinho a ser clarificado. Para os vinhos brancos testados, verificou-se que a bentonita foi o melhor clarificodor. As observações concordam com resultados obtidos por outros pesquisadores para diferentes vinhos.A laboratory trial was carried out to determine the behavior of different fining agents in samples of white wine obtained from various grape varieties. These tested wines were produced in two regions of the State of São Paulo and one of Minas Gerais. It was observed that these fining agents behaved differently according to the type of wine to be cleared. In our experimental trials bentonita was the best fining agent. These observations agree with those obtoined by others authors in other parts of the world. As a general procedure it is advisable to conduct small-scale fining tests in the laboratory before attempting to clarify the bulk volume of wine in the winery, to determine the efficiency of the fining agent, its effect on the wine, and the quantity necessary to clarify.

The Final Proceedings for Mullite and Mullite Ceramics Held in Irsee, Germany on 7-9 September 1994

Science.gov (United States)

1996-01-01

Modena, Italy Department of Materials, Sociedad Espanola de Ceredmica y Vidrio , Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK Carretera Valencia, km. 24, 300, R...Norway Newcastle under Lyme, Staffordshire ST5 2JN, UK J. L. Baptista J. R. Jurado-Egea Universidade de Aveiro, Instituto de Cerdhmica y Vidrio , S...Osendi & C. Baudin Instituto de Cerdimica y Vidrio (CSIC), E-28500, Arganda del Rey, Madrid, Spain (Accepted 22 July 1995) Abstract and activation

Síntesis y caracterización de arcillas organofílicas y su aplicación como adsorbentes del fenol

OpenAIRE

Lazo, José C.; Navarro, Abel E.; Sun-Kou, María R.; Llanos, Bertha P.

2008-01-01

La característica hidrofílica intrínseca de una arcilla bentonita sódica fue modificada mediante intercambio catiónico con sales de amonio cuaternario para evaluar su capacidad para eliminar fenol a partir de soluciones acuosas. La arcilla natural no reportó adsorción significativa, mientras los cationes orgánicos: tetrametilamonio (TMA) hexadeciltrimetilamonio (HDTMA) y benciltrietilamonio (BTEA), demostraron mejorar la capacidad de adsorción de la arcilla en diferentes magnitudes. La caract...

CARACTERIZAÇÃO MINERALÓGICA DE ARGILAS BENTONÍTICAS

OpenAIRE

ELENICE HASS CAETANO

2015-01-01

Argilas são materiais naturais, terrosos, considerados finos grãos que contém partículas com diâmetro inferior a 2 μm e, quando umedecidos com água, apresentam plasticidade. São constituídas essencialmente por argilominerais (filossilicatos) e por matéria orgânica, sais solúveis, minerais como calcita, pirita, gibsita, quartzo entre outras impurezas. Bentonita, conhecida como o argilomineral mais abundante do grupo da esmectita, pertence ao grupo dos filossilicatos 2:1, sua estrutura cri...

Pathogenesis of Cell Injury by Rickettsia conorii

Science.gov (United States)

1986-11-26

Hotivenaiehel, M., A. Ottomani, 0. Raoult, M. Rouzaud, J.C. Manell1, and J. 3iimar. 19P84. Une forme grave de fievre boutonneuse and rlditerranpenne. Ann. Franc...Martin, V.C. Vincent, F. Sanz, A. Mateos, R. Querol, and J. Portugal. 1985. Formas graves de fiebre exantematica mediterranea. Anal isis prospectivo de ... de la fiebre exantematica mediterranea. Revista Espanola de Enfermedades del Aparato Digestivo (in press). 89. Ruiz, R., A.M. Martin, F. Sanz, A

Directionally Solidified Multifunctional Ceramics

Science.gov (United States)

2006-12-01

Vidrio , Vol. 44 [5] (2005) pp 347 - 352. 9. F. W. Dynys and A. Sayir, "Self Assemble Silicide Architectures by Directional Solidification," Journal...Sociedad Espanola de Ceramica y Vidrio , Vol. 43 [4] (2004) pp 753 - 758. 21. A. Sayir and F. S. Lowery, "Combustion-Resistance of Silicon-Based Ceramics...Espafiola de Cerdmica y Vidrio , Vol. 43 [3], 2004. ISSN-0366-3175-BSCVB9. 14 37. P. Berger, A. Sayir and M. H. Berger, "Nuclear Microprobe using Elastic

Enzimas de função hepática na aflatoxicose aguda experimental em frangos de corte Hepatic enzimes function in experimental acute enzimes aflatoxicosis in broilers

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Adriana Borsa

1998-12-01

Full Text Available Com o objetivo de avaliar a função hepática de aves experimentalmente intoxicadas por aflatoxina, com e sem uso de bentonita sódica, foram utilizados 40 (quarenta frangos de corte, machos, linhagem Ross, divididos em 4 (quatro grupos de 10 (dez. animais, sendo que cada grupo foi submetido a um tratamento: T1 - controle (ração sem aflatoxina ou bentonita, T2 - ração com 5ppm de aflatoxina, T3 - ração com 5ppm de aflatoxina e 0,5% de bentonita sódica e T4 - ração com 0,5% de bentonita sódica. Todos estes tratamentos foram aplicados do 1° ao 42 ° dia de vida das aves. Aos 21, 35 e 42 dias de idade, foram analisados os níveis séricos das enzimas aspartato aminotransferase (AST, alanina aminotransferase (ALT, lactato desidrogenase (LDH e gama glutamiltransferase (GGT, A análise da variância mostrou que houve interação entre os tratamentos e datas de colheita de material, para as seguintes variáveis: AST, LDH e GGT. Para estas, foi aplicado o teste de Tukey, comparando-se as médias de cada tratamento em cada data. Observou-se que as enzimas AST, ALT e GGT não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre tratamentos, porém, nos tratamentos l e 2, a AST apresentou um aumento linear (pThe aim ofthis study is to evaluate ïhe hepatic function of experimentally intoxicated broilers by aflatoxin with and without sodium bentonite. Forty Ross mole broilers, were used divided into 4 groups of 10 birds, and such groups have been submitted to the following treatments: T1- control (feed without aflatoxin or sodium bentonite, T2- feed containing 5ppm of aflatoxin, T3- feed containing 5ppm of aflatoxin and 0.5% of sodium bentonite and T4- feed containing 0.5% of sodium bentonite. Ali these treatments have been appiied from the l st to the 42nd day of lif e. On the days 21, 35 and 42, the serum leveis of the enzimes aspartate aminotransferase (AST, alanino aminotransferase (ALT, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH and gamma glutamiltransferase (GGT

Desenvolvimento de fluidos aquosos com bentonita para perfuração de poços de petróleo onshore Development of aqueous fluids with bentonite clay for drilling of onshore oil wells

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

R. C. A. M Nascimento

2010-06-01

Full Text Available Devido aos grandes desafios encontrados na perfuração de poços, há a necessidade de se desenvolver fluidos com propriedades adequadas e capazes de atender todas as exigências da perfuração, como elevada capacidade de carreamento de sólidos e alta lubricidade, como também fluidos ambientalmente corretos. O grau de impacto dos fluidos de perfuração no meio ambiente depende especialmente do tipo de fluido utilizado, se de base aquosa, oleosa, sintética ou mesmo de base ar. Portanto, é de fundamental importância o desenvolvimento de fluidos com características específicas em cada etapa da perfuração. Sendo assim, este trabalho objetivou o desenvolvimento de fluidos aquosos, com baixo teor de sólidos e propriedades reológicas, de filtração e lubricidade adequadas à perfuração de poços de petróleo onshore. Os fluidos foram formulados utilizando em sua composição bentonita sódica industrializada, aditivos poliméricos e lubrificantes, em diferentes concentrações. O estudo reológico, de filtração e lubricidade mostrou que os fluidos apresentam comportamento pseudoplástico e que os aditivos selecionados desempenham com êxito suas funções de modificadores reológicos, redutores de filtrado e agente lubrificante. Além disto, ficou evidenciada a necessidade de aditivos lubrificantes em fluidos aquosos contendo argila bentonítica e polímeros. A adição de 1% de lubrificante no fluido é suficiente para adequar a capacidade lubrificante dos fluidos.Due to challenges encountered in drilling wells, there is a need to develop fluids that have properties suitable and able to meet all the requirements of drilling, such as, high capacity for carrying of solid and high lubricity. Besides that, they need to be environmentally friend. The degree of impact of drilling fluids in the environment depends on the type of fluid used, if water or oil or synthetic or air based. It is therefore of fundamental importance to develop

Preconcentration of low-grade uranium ores with environmentally acceptable tailings, part I

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Raicevic, D.; Raicevic, M.; McCarthy, D.R.

1979-08-01

The low-grade ore sample used for this investigation originated from Agnew Lake Mines Limited, Espanola, Ontario. It contained about 1% pyrite and 0.057% uranium, mainly as uranothorite with a small amount of brannerite. Both of these minerals occur in the quartz-sericite matrix of a conglomerate. A preconcentration process has been developed to give a high uranium recovery, reject pyrite, radium and thorium from the ore and produce environmentally acceptable tailings. This process applies flotation in combination with high intensity magnetic separation and gravity concentration

Encapsulação: efeitos sobre a germinação e sanidade das sementes de algodão

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Arantes Hermes Augusto Guimarães

2000-01-01

Full Text Available A presença de línter sobre a superfície das sementes de algodão dificulta os processos de beneficiamento e de semeadura. A aplicação de produtos encapsulantes sobre a superfície da semente pode-se constituir em alternativa para a solução desse problema. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o efeito da utilização de diferentes produtos encapsulantes na germinação de sementes de algodão. Para tanto, foram utilizados três lotes de sementes de algodão, cv. IAC 20, safra 94/95, sendo avaliados dez tratamentos: deslintamento mecânico, deslintamento químico, deslintamento mecânico e encapsulação com gesso + bentonita, com Sepiret 4015 e com Sepiret 6182, todos com e sem a aplicação de fungicida. Foram avaliadas a germinação e a sanidade das sementes, em quatro épocas (logo após o preparo das sementes, aos três, seis e nove meses de armazenamento. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado com dez tratamentos e quatro repetições, utilizando-se o teste de Tuckey para a comparação de médias. Pode-se concluir que há possibilidade de utilizar a encapsulação para sementes de algodão; os produtos mais adequados são o gesso + bentonita ou o Sepiret 6182; ocorre efeito benéfico da aplicação do fungicida às sementes.

A study on the piston ring wear in automotive engine Seat 1500 CA by means of radioactive tracer technique; Estudio del desgaste de segmentos en motor Seat 1500 CA mediante trazadores radiactivos

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Val Cob, M del; Chul, Y; Fuentes Figuera de Vargas, J.

1971-07-01

The iron side wear in the chromium-plated top compression ring has been a matter of interest for the engine makers and it has been required by them to investigate the wear characteristics of the chromium-plated piston ring. Meanwhile, Bureau of Nuclear Energy in Spain (Junta de Energia Nuclear) and Seat Car Manufacturing Company (Sociedad Espanola de Automoviles de Turismo) agreed to study the wear characteristics of chromium-plated piston ring of type CA gasoline engine for Seat 1500 car by means of radioactive tracer technique. (Author) 9 refs.

Análise da influência do tratamento de purificação no comportamento de inchamento de argilas organofílicas em meios não aquosos Analysis of the influence of the purification treatment on the swelling behavior in non-aqueous media of organophilic clays

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H. S. Ferreira

2008-03-01

Full Text Available As argilas bentonitas possuem importantes funções em fluidos de perfuração não aquosos. No entanto, impurezas presentes na argila e a escolha inadequada do sal quaternário utilizado no seu processo de organofilização podem comprometer a compatibilidade do sistema argila-fluido. Assim, este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a influência do tratamento de purificação e dos sais quaternários de amônio no comportamento de inchamento de argilas organofílicas em meios não aquosos. A argila bentonita foi purificada através de procedimento de sedimentação e as argilas organofílicas foram preparadas utilizando-se cloreto de alquil benzil amônio (Dodigen, cloreto de diestearil dimetil amônio (Praepagen, cloreto de cetil trimetil amônio (Genamim e brometo de cetil trimetil amônio (Cetremide. As argilas organofilizadas foram caracterizadas por difração de raios X e determinação da distribuição do tamanho de partículas e, em seguida, submetidas ao ensaio de inchamento de Foster em éster, parafina e óleo diesel. Os resultados mostram que o processo de purificação foi eficiente na redução de impurezas presentes na bentonita e que a argila organofílica purificada tratada com Praepagen e Genamim apresenta valores de inchamento de Foster em éster, óleo diesel e parafina superiores aos obtidos com argilas organofílicas sem purificação (natural e comercial.Bentonite clays play important roles in oil based drilling fluids. However, clay impurities and the wrong choose of the quaternary ammonium salt used in the organophilization process can lead to organoclay-fluid low interactions. Thus, this work has as aim study the influence of the purification process and quaternary ammonium salts on the swelling behavior in oil media of organophilic clays. The bentonite clay was purified using a sedimentation process and organoclay were prepared using alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (Dodigen, distearyl dimethyl ammonium

Estudio de viabilidad de implantación de sistemas urbanos de drenaje sostenible en el área de Santander

OpenAIRE

Herrería Liaño, Eduardo

2014-01-01

En las últimas décadas, los procesos de urbanización se han incrementado de forma considerable. Consecuentemente, la población que residía en Izonas rurales se ha ido desplazando a las grandes ciudades debido a los cambios que ha ido generando el proceso de industrialización de nuestra producción. En 1999 el 19,4% de la población espanola residía en algún municipio calificado como rural. Apenas diez anos más tarde, el porcentaje de población residente en municipios rurales desciende hasta com...

Influência da adição e da modificação química de uma carga mineral nanoparticulada nas propriedades mecânicas e no envelhecimento térmico de compósitos poliuretano/sisal Influence of a nanoparticulate mineral filler addition and chemical modification of the mechanical properties and thermal aging of PU/Sisal composites

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Maria Roberta O. Pinto

2005-11-01

Full Text Available Este trabalho trata do efeito da hibridização do reforço, através da adição de uma carga mineral (bentonita nanoparticulada, no desempenho mecânico de compósitos poliuretano/sisal contendo 25% em massa de fibras de sisal e moldados por compressão. As propriedades mecânicas, de tração e impacto, dos sistemas compósitos estudados foram avaliadas em função do teor (0-10% em massa e de modificações químicas da carga mineral. Os efeitos do envelhecimento térmico nas propriedades tênseis (sigma, E, épsilon de compósitos selecionados também foram investigados. O reforço mineral (Bentonita sódica Brasgel-PA foi empregado em quatro formas, a saber: a como fornecido (sem tratamento, b tratado com ácido clorídrico (0,6N, c modificado com cloreto de dodecil dimetil benzil amônio (Dodigen e d modificado com brometo de cetil trimetil amônio (Cetremide. Os resultados indicam que a incorporação da bentonita eleva as propriedades mecânicas dos compósitos e que melhores propriedades foram obtidas quando a bentonita foi tratada com o ácido clorídrico. O envelhecimento térmico em tempos curtos (até 4 dias provocou elevação no módulo elástico e resistência na ruptura dos compósitos, o que foi atribuído à pós-cura da matriz. Em tempos longos (32 dias a exposição térmica causou decréscimo nas propriedades tênseis (sigma, E, épsilon dos compósitos investigados, o que foi atribuído à degradação oxidativa da matriz e dos reforços. O compósito mais resistente ao envelhecimento térmico foi o híbrido cuja carga mineral foi organofilizada com o sal Cetremide. Anáslies por DRX e MEV indicam que a estrutura dos compósitos híbridos é um misto de micro e nanocompósito.This work deals with filler hybridization effects, by the addition of a nanoparticulate mineral filler (bentonite, on the mechanical performance of compression molded Polyurethane/sisal composites with 25 wt % fiber content. Composite tensile and

ISOTERMAS DE ADSORÇÃO DE COBRE POR BENTONITA

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Gilvanise Alves Tito

2008-01-01

Full Text Available In environmental studies is important to know the adsorption process of heavy metals in clay minerals, since they are able to immobilize these metals. Knowing the cations adsorption is influenced for several factors, the objective of this research was to study the copper adsorption process by bentonite clay and to evaluate the electrolyte type and pH influence on this process. In order to quantify the adsorbed copper, 2 g of bentonite clay were equilibrated for 24 hours with 20 mL of a NaNO3 (0,01 mol L-1 solution and with 20 mL of water containing different quantities of copper (5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100,120 mg L-1 as background solutions of pH values 4 and 6. Langmuir's adsorption equation in its linearized form was applied and the values of the maximum capacity and those of the constant related to the bonding energy were obtained. Langmuir isotherms presented two distinct adsorption regions at both pH 4 and pH 6, showing that the adsorptive phenomenon occurs in two distinct stages. The adsorption of copper depends on pH and ionic strength and it increased with an increase in pH and decreased slightly with an increase in ionic strength. The maximum capacity of adsorption and the bonding energy varied with the pH, with electrolyte used and with the adsorption regions.

Organobentonita como sustituto de negro de carbono en formulaciones de caucho

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López Manchado, M. A.

2004-04-01

Full Text Available Rubber compounds based on natural rubber reinforced with ammonium salt modified bentonite have been prepared and characterized. It pretends to evaluate the possibility of using these white fillers as substitute of carbon black in natural rubber compounds. Vulcametric curves show that the organoclay and carbon black accelerate the vulcanization reaction and, furthermore, give rise to a marked increase in the torque. However, it is of interest to point out that these effects are more marked in the case of the organoclay. In addition, the mechanical characterization show the strong reinforcing effect of both fillers, but this effect is newly more sensible when the organoclay is added to the NR. It is worthy to note that the mechanical properties of 10% organoclay-NR nanocomposite are comparable to the 40 phr carbon black filled compound.

Se han preparado y caracterizado nanocomposites de caucho natural reforzados con bentonita modificada orgánicamente con una sal de amonio. Se pretende evaluar la posibilidad de utilizar estas cargas claras como sustitutos del negro de carbono en las formulaciones de caucho natural. Las curvas de vulcanización muestran que tanto la bentonita organofilizada como el negro de carbono aceleran la reacción de vulcanización y además, dan lugar a un considerable incremento en el torque. No obstante, es interesante destacar que estos efectos son más marcados en el caso de la organobentonita. Por su parte, la caracterización mecánica muestra el fuerte efecto reforzante de ambas cargas, si bien este efecto es nuevamente más acusado en presencia de la organobentonita. Es importante señalar que las propiedades mecánicas del nanocomposite reforzado con 10 partes de organobentonita son similares a las del composite con 40 partes de negro de carbono.

Nanocompósitos de polietileno/argila bentonita nacional: influência da argila e do agente compatibilizante PE-g-MA nas propriedades mecânicas e de inflamabilidade Polyethylene/national bentonite clay nanocomposites: influence of clay and PE-g-MA coupling agent on the mechanical properties and flammability

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Gustavo F. Brito

2008-06-01

Full Text Available Nanocompósitos de polietileno de alta densidade/argila bentonita nacional foram preparados por intercalação por fusão. A influência da adição da argila sem tratamento e da argila tratada com o sal quaternário de amônio Cetremide e do polietileno graftizado com anidrido maléico (PE-g-MA como agente compatibilizante foi avaliada. Os sistemas obtidos foram caracterizados por inflamabilidade, propriedades mecânicas e reológicas, difração de raios X e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Os resultados de difração de raios X e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão indicaram a obtenção de nanocompósitos com estruturas parcialmente esfoliadas e/ou intercaladas que conduziram ao aumento do módulo de elasticidade e do valor do torque. O teste de inflamabilidade mostrou que a adição da argila na matriz polimérica e a presença do PE-g-MA retardaram a velocidade de queima do sistema, ou seja, diminuíram a inflamabilidade do PE puro. Em geral, o sistema contendo o agente compatibilizante (PE-g-MA exibiu melhorias na estabilidade térmica e nanocompósitos parcialmente esfoliados foram formados, quando comparados à matriz de polietileno de alta densidade. O polietileno graftizado com anidrido maléico não apenas promoveu a esfoliação da argila, mas também facilitou a adesão carga-matriz, obtendo-se com isso melhorias nos resultados mecânicos do sistema.High density polyethylene/national bentonite clay nanocomposites were prepared with the melt intercalation technique. The effect of the clay without treatment and clay treated with quaternary ammonium salt Cetremide with polyethylene-graft-maleic anhydride as coupling agent was evaluated. The systems were characterized by flammability, mechanical and rheological properties, X ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. In general, the results of X ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy showed partially exfoliated and/or intercalated structures with

Estudio cinético del proceso de digestión anaerobia de las aguas residuales de la elaboración de aceitunas de mesa negras

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Borja Padilla, R.

1992-12-01

Full Text Available A kinetic study of the anaerobic digestion process of wastewaters from black olive preparation was carried out. The bioreactors used accommodated various suspended micronized clay supports of different chemical composition (Sepiolite and Bentonite. Assuming that the overall anaerobic digestion process conforms to a first-order kinetics, experimental data pairs, namely the methane volume yielded (G and the time (t fitted the equation: G=G_m·[1-exp (-K_o·t], the rate coefficient, K_o, was determined in each of the situations studied. The support used has a marked influence on the kinetic constant of the process; the Sepiolite support yields significantly the highest values. The average K_o values, obtained in the rank of COD between 0 and 1 g/L were: 1,83 days^-1 (Sepiolite and 1,23 days^-1 (Bentonite. For values of COD greater than 1g/L, the specific rate constant decreased when the volume of wastewater added or substrate concentration was increased. The yield coefficients of methane, Y_p/s, were 333 and 316 mL CH₄/g COD for the Sepiolite and Bentonite reactor, respectively. Treatment yields of COD were above 95% in all the cases.

Se ha efectuado un estudio cinético del proceso de digestión anaerobia de las aguas residuales obtenidas en la elaboración de aceitunas negras, mediante biorreactores que contienen en suspensión soportes micronizados de tipo arcilloso de distinta composición química (Sepiolita y Bentonita. Admitiendo que globalmente el proceso de digestión anaerobia sigue una cinética de primer orden, se ajustan las parejas de datos experimentales, volumen de metano acumulado (G, tiempo (t a la ecuación: G=G_m·[1-exp (-K_o·t], determinándose los valores del coeficiente de velocidad K_o, para cada caso estudiado. El soporte utilizado ejerce una influencia acusada sobre la constante cinética del proceso

Tutoria universitaria y servicios de orientacion: Dos realidades en un mismo contexto

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Javier Pérez Cusó

2015-01-01

Full Text Available La orientacion del alumnado universitario se ha convertido en los ultimos anos tanto en un elemento de calidad como en un derecho refrendado por el propio Estatuto del Estudiante Universitario. En la universidad espanola conviven diferentes modos de dar respuesta a las necesidades de informacion, apoyo y orientacion: por un lado los servicios de orientacion y por otro la tutoria. Este trabajo busca profundizar en la informacion de la que disponen y la utilizacion que realizan los estudiantes en torno a estos dos modos de organizar la orientacion universitaria. Los resultados sugieren la necesidad de un mayor esfuerzo de planificacion, coordinacion e integracion, asi como de difusion de las diferentes acciones de orientacion realizadas.

Technology monitoring in the CIEMAT; La vigilancia tecnologica en el CIEMAT

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Perez-Martinez, M.; Cuesta, M. J.; Crespi, S. N.; Cabrera, J. A.

2008-07-01

The CIEMAT Foresight and Technology Monitoring Unit focuses its activities on obtaining strategic information on future developments in the area of energy and environment that can be used for decision making by the centers management. In addition, it provides services to CIEMAT researchers and other external customers. In May 2007, the Asociacion Espanola de Normalizacion y Certificacion AENOR delivered to the CIEMAT the first Technology Monitoring System certificate granted in Spain as per standard UNE 166006:2006. This article describes the Units experience in the implementation process of the Technology Monitoring System and provides several examples of the way in which the Unit graphically represents the information analyzed in its Technology Monitoring Reports. (Author)

Technology monitoring in the CIEMAT

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Perez-Martinez, M.; Cuesta, M. J.; Crespi, S. N.; Cabrera, J. A.

2008-01-01

The CIEMAT Foresight and Technology Monitoring Unit focuses its activities on obtaining strategic information on future developments in the area of energy and environment that can be used for decision making by the centers management. In addition, it provides services to CIEMAT researchers and other external customers. In May 2007, the Asociacion Espanola de Normalizacion y Certificacion AENOR delivered to the CIEMAT the first Technology Monitoring System certificate granted in Spain as per standard UNE 166006:2006. This article describes the Units experience in the implementation process of the Technology Monitoring System and provides several examples of the way in which the Unit graphically represents the information analyzed in its Technology Monitoring Reports. (Author)

Spanish solid wastes legislation; Legislacion espanola de Residuos Solidos

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Castrillon Pelaez, L.; Maranon Maison, E.; Rodriguez Iglesias

2001-07-01

A review is made of the regulations in the field of solid wastes with the aim of providing a useful working tool for those entities that generate or manage some type of waste. The coming into force of the current Spanish Wastes Law establishes common regulations for all wastes, substituting all previous Municipal Waste and Toxic and Dangerous Waste Laws. For reasons of greater practical applicability, we have preferred in this paper to classify wastes on the basis of their characteristics. The regulations are thus presented in a series of sections: municipal waste, dangerous wastes, sewage plant sludge, cattle waste and specific risk materials, highlighting in each case those areas of the regulations that are of greater interest for the producers and managers of solid wastes. (Author)

The Sociedad Espanola de Ceramica y Vidrio over half a century; La Sociedad Espanola de Ceramica y Vidrio a lo largo de medio siglo

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Fernandez Navarro, J.M.

2010-07-01

The double objective of this lecture is to commemorate, on the occasion of its golden jubilee, the work performed by the Spanish Society of Ceramics and Glass and to pay a special homage to the memory of its main promoter and supporter, Professor Antonio Garcia Verduch. Since its foundation in 1960 the Society has contributed to join all the experts in ceramics and glass, as well as to promote and spread among them scientific and technical knowledge related to both areas, while adapting itself to the investigation trends of each moment in time and to the interests of the different industrial sectors. Along its half century of history it has organized some hundred and twenty-five national congresses and specialized technical meetings and nine national congresses. It represents Spain in five international associations. The Society's main contribution, together with its international activities, has been the uninterrupted publication of its bimonthly magazine, the Society's Bulletin, which since 1999 is included in the database of the Science Citation Index. Furthermore, the Society keeps a permanent relationship with investigation centres, universities, museums, technicians' and manufacturers' associations and fairground institutions. As a sign of its promotion of technical development, the Society grants every year since 1977 its Alfa de Oro Awards to the most outstanding industrial products shown in the Valencia Fair, in order to highlight quality, technological innovation and design. In 1999 the Society's Electroceramics group created the Epsilon de Oro Awards which are granted every two years to the people or institutions that have produced the main scientific contribution in a given field. (Author).

Antología de la poesía Eslovena Traducción y notas de María Francisca. de Castro Gil, Introducción de France Koren, Madrid, 1954

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Irene Mislej

1995-12-01

Full Text Available Por intennedio de un distinguido cientifico es1oveno que reside en Canadá, el dr. Srečko Pregelj, ha llegado a mis manos un manuscrito sumamente interesante. Se trata de una Antología de la Poesía eslovena, la cual evidentemente había sido preparada para su impresión en 1954, en Madrid. El hecho de que contemos con tan pocas traducciones de obras literarias eslovenas al castellano hace de este descubrimiento algo realmente curioso e importante. La obra es fruto de la colaboración estrecha de un emigrante esloveno, France Koren y de una escritora y poetisa espanola, María Francisca de Castro Gil. El nacimiento de una obra tan singular merece algunas palabras de explicación.

Nuclear energy in Spain

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Isla, M.

1984-01-01

The 'Plan Energetico Nacional de 1983' (1983 National Energy Program)(PEN-83) was approved recently by the Spanish Government and presented to the 'Cortes Espanolas' (Spanish Parliament) in May 1984. The PEN-83 is being discussed at present in the Parliament and it is possible that some modifications be introduced, but expectedly will be rather limited and minor. PEN-83 covers the period 1983-1992. It includes a comparative analysis of the evolution and situation in OECD countries and in Spain. In Spain the offer, supply and consumption of primary energy and of the interrelation with other economic indicators, such as the gross domestic product, inflation rate and unemployment compared with that of the industrialized OECD countries, has shown a much lower capability to adapt its structure to the energy price increases

Desempenho de sementes peletizadas de alface em função do material cimentante e da temperatura de secagem dos péletes

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Silva João Bosco C.

2002-01-01

Full Text Available Sementes de alface da cultivar Grand Rapids Nacional foram peletizadas, utilizando-se como material de enchimento, a mistura de microcelulose e areia fina em volumes iguais e, como material cimentante, diferentes volumes de suspensão aquosa de bentonita e de acetato de polivinila, em cinco proporções (%: 100+0; 75+25; 50+50; 25+75; e 0+100. Os cimentantes foram aplicados em separado, sendo a bentonita aplicada na primeira camada de recobrimento das sementes. Após a peletização, as sementes foram submetidas à secagem sob temperaturas de 15 e 36degreesC, e avaliadas quanto à germinação e emergência das plântulas. As combinações de cimentantes utilizadas na peletização e a temperatura de secagem não afetaram significativamente a porcentagem final de germinação das sementes em gerbox. Na avaliação da emergência de plântulas em bandejas, apenas duas formulações de péletes apresentaram menor taxa em relação ao tratamento com desempenho máximo, indicando que as diferenças obtidas não foram devidas às diferenças na formulação do recobrimento e nem à temperatura de secagem. Independentemente da temperatura de secagem, todas as formulações utilizadas na peletização causaram redução na velocidade de germinação. Entretanto, quando semeadas em substrato orgânico e cultivadas em casa de vegetação, as sementes revestidas com várias formulações apresentaram índices de velocidade de emergência semelhantes aos das sementes não peletizadas. Neste ambiente, as plântulas oriundas de sementes peletizadas apresentaram crescimento normal, sem diferenças significativas com a testemunha, em relação à produção de matéria seca da parte aérea e das raízes, avaliadas aos 20 dias após a semeadura.

Assessment of the turbine trip transient in Cofrentes NPP with TRAC-BF1

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Castrillo, F.; Gomez, A.; Gallego, I.

1993-06-01

This report presents the results of the assessment of TRAC-BF1 (G1-J1) code with the model of C. N. Cofrentes for simulation of the transient originated by the manual trip of the main turbine. C. N. Cofrentes is a General Electric designed BWR/6 plant, with a nominal core thermal power of 2894 Mwt, in commercial operation since 1985, owned and operated by Hidroelectrica Espanola, S. A. The plant incorporates all the characteristics of BWR/6 reactors, with two turbine driven FW pumps. As a result of this assessment a model of C. N. Cofrentes has been developed for TRAC-BF1 that fairly reproduces operational transient behavior of the plant. A special purpose code was generated to obtain reactivity coefficients, as required by TRAC-BF1, from the 3D simulator

Procedimientos de selección de personal en pequeñas y medianas empresas españolas

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Pamela Alonso

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Este estudio analiza el grado de uso de los diferentes instrumentos de selección en las pequenas y media- ˜ nas empresas (PYME espanolas. Los resultados encontrados muestran que el CV, las referencias y la ˜ entrevista sin estructura son empleados por la mayoría de las empresas tanto medianas como pequenas. ˜ Estos instrumentos no son los mejores en términos de sus propiedades psicométricas. Los resultados también indican que otros instrumentos con buenas o excelentes propiedades psicométricas, como los tests de habilidades cognitivas, las medidas de personalidad, las entrevistas estructuradas y las pruebas profesionales, son empleados por un porcentaje cada vez mayor de empresas. Por último, se comentan las implicaciones que estos resultados tienen para la práctica profesional y se ofrecen sugerencias para futuras investigaciones.

Spanish mining in the 2008-09; La mineria espanola 2008-09

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Espi, J. A.; Sanz Contreras, J. L.

2009-07-01

The year 2008 and early 2009 has been for the Spanish mining a period of enormous significance. The world in crisis has an impact, however, differently in sub-sectors where the mineral industry is divided. Thus, those most directly linked to the construction industry (aggregates, dimension stone and industrial minerals) have collapsed the demand for their products. However, despite moments of uncertainty ending last year, solid fossil fuels and metal ores in general are between hope and lack of knowledge in the coming months. In this way, now we should be pleased to have four metal mines, at least some of them with real interest. (Author)

Geoplat-Spanish Geothermal technology platform-; Geoplat-Plataforma Tecnologica Espanola de Geotermia-

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gregorio, M. de

2009-07-01

It was recently created the Spanish Geothermal Technology Platform-GEOPLAT- to provide a framework within, all sectors involved in the development of geothermal energy, leading the industry, work together in a coordinated way to ensure the commercial settlement of this renewable energy and its continuous growth, in a competitive and sustainable form. Its main objectives and structure are briefly described in the paper. (Author)

The Sociedad Espanola de Ceramica y Vidrio over half a century

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fernandez Navarro, J.M.

2010-01-01

The double objective of this lecture is to commemorate, on the occasion of its golden jubilee, the work performed by the Spanish Society of Ceramics and Glass and to pay a special homage to the memory of its main promoter and supporter, Professor Antonio Garcia Verduch. Since its foundation in 1960 the Society has contributed to join all the experts in ceramics and glass, as well as to promote and spread among them scientific and technical knowledge related to both areas, while adapting itself to the investigation trends of each moment in time and to the interests of the different industrial sectors. Along its half century of history it has organized some hundred and twenty-five national congresses and specialized technical meetings and nine national congresses. It represents Spain in five international associations. The Society's main contribution, together with its international activities, has been the uninterrupted publication of its bimonthly magazine, the Society's Bulletin, which since 1999 is included in the database of the Science Citation Index. Furthermore, the Society keeps a permanent relationship with investigation centres, universities, museums, technicians and manufacturers associations and fairground institutions. As a sign of its promotion of technical development, the Society grants every year since 1977 its Alfa de Oro Awards to the most outstanding industrial products shown in the Valencia Fair, in order to highlight quality, technological innovation and design. In 1999 the Society's Electroceramics group created the Epsilon de Oro Awards which are granted every two years to the people or institutions that have produced the main scientific contribution in a given field. (Author).

The Person Centered approach in Gerontology: New validity evidence of the Staff Assessment Person-directed Care Questionnaire

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Teresa Martínez

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Antecedentes/Objetivos La atención centrada en la persona es un enfoque innovador que busca mejorar la calidad asistencial de los servicios para personas mayores que precisan cuidados. Ante el creciente interés hacia este enfoque es necesario contar con instrumentos de medida que permitan evaluar en qué grado los servicios gerontológicos llevan a cabo una atención centrada en la persona. El objetivo de este trabajo es la adaptación y validación del Staff Assessment Person-directed Care (PDC en población espanola. ˜ Método Se llevó a cabo la traducción y adaptación del PDC al espanol ˜ y se aplicó a una muestra de 1.339 profesionales de atención directa, pertenecientes a 56 residencias para personas mayores. El estudio de las propiedades psicométricas se realizó desde el marco de la Teoría Clásica de los Tests y los modelos de Teoría de Respuesta a los Ítems. Resultados El coeficiente alfa de Cronbach fue de 0,97 y el coeficiente de fiabilidad test-retest de 0,89. La Función de Información indica que la prueba mide de forma precisa para un amplio rango de puntuaciones (valores entre -2 y + 2. La estructura factorial del PDC es esencialmente unidimensional, confirmándose la existencia de dos grandes dimensiones que se articulan a su vez en ocho factores muy correlacionados. En cuanto a la validez predictiva destacan las correlaciones del PDC con el The Person-centered Care Assessment Tool (r= 0,68, con el clima organizacional (r = 0,67 y con los factores del burnout, agotamiento emocional (r= -0,41 y realización personal (r = 0,46. Conclusiones La versión espanola ˜ del PDC confirma los resultados encontrados en otras poblaciones, presentando unas excelentes propiedades psicométricas para su uso en la evaluación de residencias de personas mayores, tanto con fines profesionales como de investigación.

Vandellos-2: third generation of NPPs becomes reality

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Camps, M.; Vallejo, J.M.

1988-01-01

When Vandellos-2 was officially declared in operation (March 3, 1988), the third generation of nuclear power plants became a reality in Spain. Located in Tarragona province on the Mediterranian coast, Vandellos-2 has demonstrated the value of developing working partnership among all participants in building a country's nuclear program. Vandellos-2 was planned and built by the Asociacion Nuclear Vandellos (ANV), comprising the utilities ENDESA (72 %) and Hidroelectrica Espanola (28 %). The unit has a 2785 MWth three-loop Westinghouse PWR feeding a Westinghouse turbine-generator with a gross power of 982 MWe. To obtain a competitive nuclear cost per kWh for the completed plant, ANV has carefully controlled all aspects of the project as well as monitoring hardware and construction costs. ANV's success in keeping the project on schedule was aided by Spanish industry's 25 years of experience in nuclear construction. 2 tabs

Viability report for the ByWater Lakes project

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lowry, Thomas Stephen [Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States); Klise, Geoffrey Taylor [Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States); Passell, Howard David [Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States); Peplinski, William J. [Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)

2013-10-01

This report presents the results from the hydrological, ecological, and renewable energy assessments conducted by Sandia National Laboratories at the ByWater Lakes site in Espanola, New Mexico for ByWater Recreation LLC and Avanyu Energy Services through the New Mexico small business assistance (NMSBA) program. Sandia's role was to assess the viability and provide perspective for enhancing the site to take advantage of renewable energy resources, improve and sustain the natural systems, develop a profitable operation, and provide an asset for the local community. Integral to this work was the identification the pertinent data and data gaps as well as making general observations about the potential issues and concerns that may arise from further developing the site. This report is informational only with no consideration with regards to the business feasibility of the various options that ByWater and Avanyu may be pursuing.

Brazilian bentonite study: use in Goiania; Estudo das bentonitas nacionais: utilizacao em Goiania

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Tello, Cledola Cassia Oliveira de [Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN), Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil)

1997-12-31

The evaluation of the bentonite effect in the waste cementation process and in the final solidified product properties is presented. The research showed that bentonite amounts until 15% in the product improves the caesium retention without jeopardizing the other product properties. These results were very useful in the treatment of the wastes from the radiological accident occurred in Goiania in 1987, when a caesium sources was broken. Paste, mortar and grout with bentonite were used to solidify and immobilize these wastes. (author) 20 refs., 1 fig., 6 tabs.; e-mail: tellocc at urano.cdtn.br

[Changes in CIRUGIA ESPANOLA Letters to the Editor between 2000 and 2007].

Science.gov (United States)

Rosell-Pradas, Jorge; Sánchez-Cantalejo, Emilio

2008-09-01

To describe the frequency and bibliographic characteristics of letters to the editor in the journal, Cirugía Española published between 2000 and 2007 and to compare the differences in the periods between 2000-2003 and 2004-2007. A descriptive and cross-sectional study, using the letters to the editor published in Spanish surgery between 2000 and 2007, as observation units. The variables considered were: the number of letters according to the volume and year of publication, substantive content of the paper, text length, graphics resources use, number of signatories and their professional profile, institutions of the authors, by origin and number of Autonomous Communities and number of bibliographical references. To meet the second objective, we compared letters from the period 2000-2003 with the period 2004-2007 against the rest of variables considered as a result. We used descriptive statistics and statistical analysis for comparison of distributions (chi2), with a level of significance of p < 0.05, using the SPSS software (Version 15.0). We identified 312 documents classified as letters. Between 2002 and 2005 their number was small. Often referring to clinical cases 187 (59.9%) and related letters, 98 (31.4%). Of those, 81.1% met the standard length of the text and only 6 letters (1.9%) was the use of graphics exceeded. In 122 letters (39.1%) the permitted number of authors was exceeded. They were mostly contributed by surgeons, 238 cases (76.3%), usually a single hospital, with 294 letters (94.2%) mainly from, Catalonia, Andalusia, Madrid and Valencia. Only 58.1% of the letters complied with the permitted number of references. More related letters were published in the last period (59 letters; 42.1%) than during the years 2000-2003 (39 letters; 22.7%) (chi2 = 14.79; p < 0.001). The correct length of the text improved in the second period, 136 (97.1%), compared to the first 117 (68%) (chi2 = 42.67; p < 0.001. The graphics resources were used properly in both periods. The number of signatories ranged between 1 and 5 in 51.2% of cases in the first period compared to 72.9% in the second (chi2 = 15.25; p < 0.001. In both periods analysed the professional profile of the signatories was similar. More than one institution was involved in 10% of the letters in the final period, compared to 2.3% in the first year period (chi2 = 8.36; p = 0.004). The adequacy of the number of permitted references was higher in the final period (87.1%) than in the initial (34.9%) (chi2 = 86.72; p < 0.001). The letters in Cirugía Española journal have regained their previous frequency after a period of stagnation between 2002 and 2005. In the final period of the study there was a marked improvement compared to the first one in most indicators studied.

ENDESA in Spanish coal mining. ENDESA en la mineria espanola del Carbon

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

1979-01-01

The National Electricity Company Ltd (ENDESA) was created by decree of the president of the Spanish government on 3rd June 1944 and was constituted by the National Institute of Industry by public deed granted on 18th November of the same year. Its declared objective was 'the production, transmission and supply of electricity and any operation associated directly or indirectly with this objective'. Its more immediate objective was the installation and operation of a thermo-electric power station in Ponferrada using anthracite smalls. In 1978, Spanish coal production was 20 mt. ENDESA's coal production at Puentes and Andorra accounted for 30% of the national total. ENDESA's consumption was 8 mt. Expressed in tce, ENDESA's production was 13.7% of the national total. 15 figs., 4 tabs.

[Analysis of the continuity, circulation and productivity of the Revista Española de Quimioterapia].

Science.gov (United States)

Gimeno Sieres, E

2007-06-01

The primary objective of this study was to compare some of the bibliometric indicators of the continuity, circulation and productivity of the Revista Espanola de Quimioterapia up to 2003 with other spanish journals of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. This was done by reviewing periodicals directories, such as the ISSN (International Standard Serial Number/Número Internacional Normalizado de Publicaciones Seriadas) and ULRICH'S (Periodicals Directory), as well as the CDU (Classification Universal Decimal), national and international databases including IME (Indice Médico Español), ICYT (Indice Espanol de Ciencia y Tecnologia), IPA (International Pharmaceutical Abstracts), SCI Expanded (Science Citation Index Expanded), MEDLINE (Index Medicus), EMBASE (Excerpta Medica), BIOSIS PREVIEWS, ANALYTICAL ABSTRACTS, FSTA (Food Science and Technology Abstracts), SCIFINDER SCHOLAR and CHEMISTRY CITATION INDEX. According to the results, the Revista Española de Quimioterapia, in publication for 15 years, is widely distributed and has a good rating among other scientific journals of the same discipline.

Composición corporal y velocidad de lanzamiento en jugadoras de élite de balonmano

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Miriam García Expósito

2011-01-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de este estudio fue describir y comparar las caracteristicas antropometricas, composicion corporal, somatotipo y velocidad de lanzamiento de las jugadoras de balonmano de la seleccion espanola de diferentes categorias. Fueron estudiadas 59 jugadoras de balonmano, todas ellas pertenecen a las categorias juvenil, junior y senior. Las variables analizadas fueron: 20 medidas antropometricas, el indice de masa corporal, sumatorio de cuatro pliegues, porcentaje muscular, el somatotipo y las velocidades de lanzamiento. No se encontraron diferencias estadisticamente significativas (p . 0,05 en las variables que caracterizan a la muestra asi como en el somatotipo y velocidad de lanzamiento en los distintos equipos nacionales. Todas las selecciones estudiadas presentan un somatotipo endo-mesomorfico a excepcion del equipo juvenil que presenta un somatotipo meso-endomorfico. Los resultados corroboran que existe un prototipo de jugadora de balonmano similar en todas las categorias. El componente mesomorfico es el predominante por lo que se puede deducir que la robustez musculo-esqueletico en el balonmano femenino puede ser determinante.

Asociacion Espanola de la Industria Electrica (UNESA) annual report 2006. Information about electricity activities; Asociacion Espanola de la Industria Electrica UNESA 2006 memoria estadistica. Informe sobre las actividades electricas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2007-07-01

The annual report of UNESA, the industrial grouping of major power companies in Spain, gives statistical data relating to power generation, transmission and distribution and a summary of achievements during 2006. Power is generated from fossil fuel, nuclear, and hydro power. Cooperation of UNESA with international organizations is reported. Detailed figures are given for electricity production during the year. A summary of the report is available in English and Spanish on the website www.unesa.es.

EXTRUIDOS DE AlFe-PILC EN LA OXIDACIÓN CATALÍTICA DE FENOL

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Nancy R. Sanabria

2010-09-01

Full Text Available Extruidos de AlFe-PILC con forma de cilindro compacto se emplearon como catalizadores en la reacción de oxidación de fenol en medio acuoso. Debido a que el proceso de elaboración de los extruidos con fase activa AlFe-PILC afecta la actividad intrínseca del catalizador, en este trabajo se determinaron la resistencia mecánica y la estabilidad química del catalizador conformado, así como las limitaciones difusionales por efecto de la aglomeración. Los extruidos se elaboraron con la proporción másica 42/28/30 de arcilla intercalada con AlFe, aglomerante (mezcla 50/50 de bentonita sódica y cálcica y agua, exhibiendo elevada resistencia mecánica y estabilidad química a la inmersión en agua. Los extruidos de AlFe-PILC presentaron un factor de efectividad menor a 1; por tanto, la reacción se encuentra limitada por la difusión intrapartícula.

Hydrothermal alterations of Bentonites in Almeria (Spain); Alteracion hidrotermal de las bentonitas de Almeria

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Linares Gonzalez, J; Barahona Fernandez, E; Huertas Garcia, F; Caballero Mesa, E; Cuadros Ojeda, J

1996-12-01

The use of bentonite as backfilling and sealing material in the high level radioactive waste disposals has been treated in previous studies accomplished by different authors. However, the use of this clayey barrier needs the resolution of different problems so that its efficiency will be enhanced. between those could be cited the study of the actual capacity of sealing the space around the canister and the accommodation to the pressure of the rocky environment; the possible variations in plasticity; the diffusion and reaction processes that can be produced through the barrier by groundwater, the capacity of radionuclides adsorption, etc. These studies, show that the bentonites with high content in smectite fulfill satisfactorily with the physical and chemical conditions to be used as sealing material, but it is known that the smectite can be unstable in diagenetic conditions similar to those are given in a deep repository of radioactive wastes, being transformed into illite. A conclusion of immediate interest is deduced from this last study. The bentonites used as sealing material in radioactive waste repositories must no contain Na as interlayer cation since it is very easily exchangeable by K. It is better to select those smectites with Ca and Mg that detain the entry of K in the interlayer and as a consequence the transformation process of smectite into illite is made more difficult. (Author)

Chitosan/bentonite bionanocomposites: morphology and mechanical behavior; Bionanocompositos quitosana/bentonita: morfologia e comportamento mecanico

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Braga, C.R.C.; Melo, F.M.A. de [Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), PB (Brazil). Programa de Pos-graduacao em Ciencia e Engenharia de Materiais; Vitorino, I.F. [Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), PB (Brazil). Dept. de Ciencia e Engenharia de Materiais; Fook, M.V.L.; Silva, S.M.L., E-mail: suedina@dema.ufcg.edu.b [Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), PB (Brazil). Unidade Academica de Engenharia de Materiais

2010-07-01

This study chitosan/bentonite bionanocomposite films were prepared by solution intercalation process, seeking to investigate the effect of the chitosan/bentonite ratio (5/1 e 10/1) on the morphology and mechanical behavior of the bionanocomposites. It was used as nanophase, Argel sodium bentonite (AN), was provided by Bentonit Uniao Nordeste-BUN (Campina Grande, Brazil) and as biopolymer matrix the chitosan of low molecular weight and degree of deacetylation of 86,7% was supplied by Polymar (Fortaleza, Brazil). The bionanocomposites was investigated by X-ray diffraction and tensile properties. According to the results, the morphology and the mechanical behavior of the bionanocomposite was affected by the ratio of chitosan/bentonite. The chitosan/bentonite ratio (5/1 and 10/1) indicated the formation of an intercalated nanostructure and of the predominantly exfoliated nanostructure, respectively. And the considerable increases in the resistance to the traction were observed mainly for the bionanocomposite with predominantly exfoliated morphology. (author)

Characterization of natural bentonite by NMR; Caracterizacao de bentonitas naturais por ressonancia magnetica nuclear

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Leite, Sidnei Q.M.; Dieguez, Lidia C [Universidade Federal, Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil). Coordenacao dos Programas de Pos-graduacao de Engenharia; Menezes, Sonia M.C. [PETROBRAS, Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil). Centro de Pesquisas; San Gil, Rosane A.S. [Universidade Federal, Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil). Inst. de Quimica

1994-12-31

Solid state NMR as well as several other instrumental chemical analysis techniques were used in order to characterize two natural occurring bentonite. The methodology is described. The NMR spectra, together with the other used techniques suggest that the observed differences are due to iron inclusions in tetrahedral and octahedral sites 5 refs., 3 figs., 5 tabs.

Preparation and characterization of bentonite organo clay; Preparacao de caracterizacao de argilas bentonitas organofilicas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bertagnolli, C.; Almeida Neto, A.F. [Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), SP (Brazil). Fac. de Engenharia Quimica. Lab. de Engenharia Ambiental; Silva, M.G.C., E-mail: meuris@feq.unicamp.b [Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), SP (Brazil). Fac. de Engenharia Quimica

2009-07-01

Bentonite clays organically modified have great potential use for environmental remediation, especially in the separation of organic compounds from the water. The aim of this work was the preparation of organophilic clays from 'Verde-Lodo' bentonite clay with the quaternary ammonium salts cetyl-pyridinium chloride and benzalkonium chloride. The materials obtained were characterized by XRD, thermogravimetric analyses, Helium picnometry, SEM and energy dispersive X-ray techniques. The results show consistently successful synthesis of the organoclay through the increase in the basal spacing, as well as salt elimination picks and presence of carbon and chlorine in the modified clays; they are inexistent elements in the natural clay. (author)

Spanish mining within the European context. La mineria espanola en il contexto europeo

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Cerezuela Bonet, J.J. (Ministerio de Industria y Energia, Madrid (Spain))

1989-01-01

For the reasons already discussed, it is clear that Spanish mining is faced with the large-scale task of modernisation and adaptation to the requirements of the Community. What is also clear, however, is that over the past few months, a series of measures have been taken to define specifically the action required and identify precise objectives for which to aim in order to achieve the greater goal of modernisation.

Spanish mining industry. Working mines. Research. Equipment. La mineria espanola. Explotaciones. Investigacion. Equipos

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

1982-01-01

The Spanish mining industry and the work of the organizations AITEMIN (Asociacion de Investigacion Tecnologica de Equipos Mineros), Laboratorio Oficial J.M. Madariaga, Instituto Geologico y Minero de Espana and Empresa Nacional Adaro de Investigaciones Mineras S.A. are described. A list of firms which are members of AITEMIN or SERCOBE (Asociacion Nacional de Fabricantes de Bienes de Equipo) is given. For each firm, the address and equipment manufactured is included.

The Dawns of the Spanish Geo technic; Los albores de la Geotecnia espanola

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Serrano Gonzalez, A.

2013-06-01

From a personal perspective, there are analyzed the first steps of the spanish Geotechnical Engineering history understood as an academic discipline but also linked in a very directly way the profession. This evolution is not foreign to the own history of the Geneticist in other countries of our cultural or geographical environment. The contributions discover that our predecessors transmitted important achievements to the international community. The direct presence in the international congresses of that time of the spanish geo technicians is analysed. Three consecutive stages are distinguished, personalizing in each of them the participation of celebrated spanish Civil Engineers. (Author)

Realities and paradoxes of the Spanish industry; Realidades y paradojas de la industria espanola

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Torrens, L.

2013-06-01

Spanish industry has destroyed more than 900,000 jobs since the crisis. However, it has maintained and even increased their production and exports share in the whole European Union. Some indicators show competitive behavior of Spanish industry was correct in front of the rest of its European partners during the real estate bubble. The challenges facing the Spanish industry go through replacing the disappearance of the construction sector by to new emerging and more internationalized sectors. The article introduces the different items on the journal and makes several recommendations based on the results obtained. (Author)

La pronunciacion espanola y los metodos de investigacion. (Spanish Pronunciation and Methods of Investigation.)

Science.gov (United States)

Torreblanca, Maximo

1988-01-01

Discusses the validity of studies of Spanish pronunciation in terms of research methods employed. Topics include data collection in the laboratory vs. in a natural setting; recorded vs. non-recorded data; quality of the recording; aural analysis vs. spectrographic analysis; and transcriber reliability. Suggestions for improving data collection are…

Preparação e caracterização de organobentonita modificada com ionenos alifáticos Preparation and characterization of aliphatic ionene-modified organobentonite

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Arão P. Costa Filho

2005-07-01

Full Text Available A preparação de complexos bentonita-ionenos a partir da adsorção de tetrametil-[x,y]-ionenos, onde x= 2 e y= 4,6,10 ou 12, e o 2-hidróxi-3-cloro-ioneno, EPI-DMA, foi realizada com a finalidade de observar o comportamento do tamanho do espaçador do ioneno na expansão basal (d001 das camadas de uma bentonita comercial do Brasil. Os complexos foram caracterizados por espectrometria de absorção na região do infravermelho, termogravimetria, fluorescência e difração de raios X. A partir das análises por fluorescência e difração de raios X dos complexos, foi observado que os poli-quaternários de amônio são adsorvidos nas superfícies internas e externas da argila delaminada, acima da capacidade de troca catiônica, CTC = 91 meq/100g de argila (calculada a partir de dados de fluorescência de raios X. A expansão basal das camadas da argila com os diferentes policátions revelou que o tamanho do espaçador é o fator mais importante, independentemente das massas molares dos ionenos, tal como foi observado principalmente entre os complexos Bt-2,10- e Bt-2,12-ioneno, com massas molares de 12000 e 5000 g/mol, respectivamente.The preparation of bentonite-ionene complexes based on the adsorption of 2y-ionenes, where y = 4, 6, 10 or 12 and an ionene of the epichloridrin-dimethylamine EPI-DMA kind, was carried out in order to observe the behavior of the ionene spacer size in the expansion of the basal space (d-spacing, d001 of a Brazilian commercial bentonite. The complexes were characterized by adsorption spectromety in the infrared region, thermogravimetry, fluorescence and X-Ray diffraction. Ionenes were synthesized and characterized by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance, the latter technique being useful for determining the average number molecular weight values. Based on the clay-ionenes complexes it could be observed that the ammonium polyquaternaries are adsorbed on the inner and outer clay surfaces, above the ion exchange

Chemical signature of two Permian volcanic ash deposits within a bentonite bed from Melo, Uruguay

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Liane M. Calarge

2006-09-01

Full Text Available A Permian bentonite deposit at Melo, Uruguay is composed of a calcite-cemented sandstone containing clay pseudomorphs of glass shards (0-0.50 m overlying a pink massive clay deposit (0.50-2.10m. The massive bed is composed of two layers containing quartz and smectite or pure smectite respectively. The smectite is remarkably homogeneous throughout the profile: it is a complex mixed layer composed of three layer types whose expandability with ethylene glycol (2EG 1EG or 0EG sheets in the interlayer zone which correspond to low-, medium- and high-charge layers respectively varies with the cation saturating the interlayer zone. The smectite homogeneity through the profile is the signature of an early alteration process in a lagoonal water which was over saturated with respect to calcite. Compaction during burial has made the bentonite bed a K-depleted closed system in which diagenetic illitization was inhibited. Variations in major, REE and minor element abundances throughout the massive clay deposit suggest that it originated from two successive ash falls. The incompatible element abundances are consistent with that of a volcanic glass fractionated from a rhyolite magma formed in a subduction/collision geological context.Um depósito Permiano de bentonita em Melo, Uruguai,é composto por um arenito com cimento calcítico contendo pseudomorfos de argila sobre detritos vítreos(0-0.50 m superpostos a um deposito maciço de argila rosado (0.50-2.10 m. A camada maciça é composta por dois níveis contendo quartzo e esmectita ou esmectita pura, respectivamente. A homogeneidade de esmectita ao longo do perfil é notável: trata-se de um interestratificado composto de três tipos de camadas, cuja expansibilidade com etileno-glicol (folhas 2EG, 1EG ou 0EG na zona interfoliar correspondentes a camadas com baixa, média e alta carga, respectivamente variam com o tipo de cátion que satura a zona interfoliar. A homogeneidade da esmectita ao longo do perfil �

Dosimetry by means of external dose rate measurements in patients undergoing 131I thyroid cancer theraphy; Dosimetria de pacientes con cancer diferenciado de tiroides en tratamiento de terapia metabolica con 131I a partir de medidas de tasa de dosis externa

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ruiz, M.A.; Ferrer, N.; Cordoba, D.; Alonso, L.; Sastre, J.M.; Arranz, L.

2010-07-01

Dosimetry in patients treated with radiopharmaceuticals needs to be carried out for each individual treatment. No standardized procedure is currently available. In our study, the dosimetry for each individual treatment has been calculated using the dose protocol of the Sociedad Espanola de Fisica Medica for the treatment of thyroid cancer with 131I. This protocol is currently under review, since it proposes a procedure which only uses the daily external dose rate measurements during the patient hospital stay and an external dose rate measurement performed 7-9 days after the activity administration. The results obtained seem to be consistent with those found by other authors following different procedures. Moreover, this protocol has proved to be very useful to verify the values of doses established for red marrow are not exceeded. The maximum activity that can be administered in later treatments could also be assessed with this procedure. Additionally, the activity in urine, which cannot be measured directly, was determined. The potential dose which any patients relative or any person staying close to the patient might receive during the treatment was determined as well. These results make it possible to establish more realistic criteria regarding radiation protection. (Author).

NUEVOS ENFOQUES DE LAS ENTIDADES FINANCIE RAS ESPANOLAS PARA EL NEGOCIO DE LAS TARJETAS BANCARIAS

OpenAIRE

Idoeta, Carmelo Mercado; del Castillo Peces, Carlos; de la Mata, Daniel Corral

2010-01-01

The objective of this academic research is to verify how and when Spanish financial institutions will need to reshape their card issuing business models in Spain as a consequence of the negative economic impact of the legally binding agreement signed on 2-12-2005 among the largest retail associations and the financial institutions represented by the three local processors (Servired, 4B and Euro6000). This legal agreement has implied a gradual but very significant reduction of the local int...

Evaluation of long-term behavior of concretes in high level waste repositories. An accelerated leaching test

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Hidalgo, A.

2004-04-01

Full Text Available The present work describes an accelerated leaching method that with a rapid process allows to develop and evaluate cements for use in a nuclear disposal, and the understanding of the long term effects. The method has been developed to study the stability of cementitious materials in contact with bentonite, to be used in high level radioactivity waste repositories. Nitric acid has been selected to simulate in an accelerated way the pH decreasing produced when concrete is in contact with groundwaters.

El presente trabajo describe un ensayo acelerado de lixiviación, que mediante un proceso rápido, permite desarrollar y evaluar cementos para su uso en instalaciones nucleares, y la comprensión de su comportamiento a largo plazo. El método se ha desarrollado para estudiar la estabilidad de materiales de base cemento, en contacto con bentonita, que serán utilizados en almacenamientos de resíduos radiactivos de alta actividad. Como agente lixiviante se seleccionó el ácido nítrico, con objeto de simular de forma acelerada, la disminución del pH que se produce cuando el hormigón entra en contacto con aguas subterráneas.

EFECTO DEL ULTRASONIDO EN LA SÍNTESIS DE ARCILLA PILARIZADA CON ALUMINIO EN MEDIO CONCENTRADO

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sonia Moreno

2009-04-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo se realizó la síntesis de bentonita pilarizada con aluminio en medio concentrado, empleando ultrasonido en la etapa de intercalación. El agente pilarizante fue preparado por hidrólisis del AlCl3 con NaOH, seguido de precipitación con disolución de Na2SO4 y redisolución en Ba(NO32, y fue caracterizado por fluorescencia de rayos X (FRX, difracción de rayos X (DRX, microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM y resonancia magnética nuclear de aluminio (27Al-RMN. La arcilla pilarizada fue caracterizada por FRX, DRX y fisiadsorción de N2 a 77 K, revelando propiedades estructurales y texturales comparables a la modificada siguiendo la metodología convencional: suspensiones diluidas y tiempos de intercalación elevados. El empleo de suspensiones concentradas de arcilla-agente pilarizante y la aplicación de ultrasonido en la etapa de intercalación, permiten una disminución en el volumen de agua entre el 90-95 % y una reducción en el tiempo de intercalación entre el 70–93 % respecto al método convencional de pilarización.

Lifetime of Bentonites study: hydrothermal stability of saponites; Estudio de longevidad en bentonitas: estabilidad hidrotermal de saponitas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Leguey, S; Cuevas, J; Garralon, A [Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Quimica Agricola, Geologia y Geoquimica, Madrid (Spain)

1996-10-01

The report studies the lifetime of bentonite and the hydrothermal stability of saponites. The testing comprised determination of physical and chemical properties of clays, the stability of the mineral porosity, lifetime and the wall of clay.

Confluencias y divergencias entre la poesía de Vanguardia en Latinoamérica y la poesía surgida de la guerra civil española

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Gustavo Geirola

2016-04-01

Full Text Available El artículo trata los estilos de la vanguardia (tomando la dimensión militar que el término admite en la teoría de la guerra de Clausewitz para ensayar una hipótesis según la cual la vanguardia no encarnaría "lo nuevo", sino que sería una prolongación de lo viejo y una "reacción" ante lo nuevo (fascismo/nazismo, el proletariado, la industrialización, la cultura de masas, el diseño de un nuevo intelectual, etc.. Se intenta contrastar la hipótesis con la poesía latinoamericana y la surgida de la Guerra Civil Espanola (exilio y poesía fransquista. The article presents the avant-garde styles (considering the military dimension of the term as defined by Clausewitz's theory of war to propase a hypothesis that the avant-garde does not represent "the new". It is instead an extension of the old and a reaction to the new (fascism/nazism, the proletariat, industrialization, mass culture, the design of a new intellectual, etc.. This hypothesis is contrasted with Latin American poetry and poetry inspired by the Spanish Civil War (exile and Francoist poetry.

Dieter Messner, los manuals de Espanol impresos en Viena en el siglo XVII. Edición facsimil y comentario, vol. 1-11, Institut für Romanistik der Universität Salzburg, Biblioteca hispano-lusa, Salzburg 2000, pág. LX + 856.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mitja Skubic

2001-12-01

Full Text Available El estimado cultivador de los problemas lingüísticos y filológicos iberorromances prof. Dieter Messner de la Universitad de Salzburgo, hispanista y lusitanista, ha enriquecido nuestro conocimiento de los contactos en el campo de la enseñanza de las lenguas alemana y española y, más ampliamente, de la esfera cultural en Austria en lo que atañe el español: la reimpresión de los manuales de español impresos en Viena en el siglo diecisiete es preciosa por varios aspectos. Primero, sin duda, el comprobar el interés en aquel entonces, quizás necesidad, de aprender las respectivas lenguas. En el primer manual Grammatica y Pronunciacion Alemana y Española. Espanola y Alemana de luan Angel de Zumaran se lee como subtítulo "Compuesta en beneficio de estas dos Naciones, que quieren aprender una destas lenguas". El libro apareció en Viena en el año 1634. El autor no era nuevo in rebus lexicograficis: en el 1626 apareció su Thesaurus linguarum. In quo facilis via Hispanicam Gal­ licam ltalicam attingendo etiam per Latinam & Germanicam sternitur. A Ioanne Angelo a Sumaran, nobili cantabro.

Preoperational radiation surveillance of the WIPP Project by EEG for the years 1993 - 1995

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kenney, J.W.; Gray, D.H.; Ballard, S.C. [Environmental Evaluation Group, Carlsbad, NM (United States)

1998-03-01

Average {sup 241}Am, {sup 239+240}Pu and {sup 238}Pu concentrations measured in ambient air near the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) site during 1993, 1994 and 1995 are consistent with similar data reported by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) for Espanola, Pojoaque and Santa Fe, New Mexico. Through the use of replicate analyses of matrix blanks minimum detectable activity (MDA), minimum detectable concentration (MDC) and action levels (ACTL) were established for the Environmental Evaluation Group (EEG) measurement system. Using MDA data from fixed air sampler (FAS) filters and conservative assumptions applied in the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) Report 123 (NCRP 1996), it is shown that the EEG sampling and measurement methodology is capable of detecting effluent air emissions which would produce a dose that is approximately 1000 times below the 40 CFR 191 Subpart A limit of 2.5E{sup -4} Sv/y (25 mrem/y). A similar calculation using the NCRP worksheet with storm water effluent MDCs found the EEG measurement program capable of detecting actinide emissions which would result in a dose that is approximately 10 times below the dose limits in 40 CFR 191 Subpart A and 40 CFR 61 Subpart H.

Analysis of the situation of Spanish metal mining; Analisis de situacion de la mineria metalica espanola

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Espi Rodriguez, J. A.; Vazquez Guzman, F.; Leon Altamirano, C.; Perez Macias, D.

2015-07-01

This article is a summary of the original document drawn up by the Task Force on Mineral Resources and Reserves of the National Association of Mining Engineers, available in free digital format through the Link. (Author)

The ENDESA group in Spanish coal mining. El Grupo ENDESA en la mineria espanola del carbon

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

1987-01-01

The ENDESA group, the largest producer of coal and electricity in Spain, plays an important role in the energy sector within the sub-divisions of coal and electricity. ENDESA, the principal company within the group, was created in 1944 with the immediate objective of constructing the Compostilla I thermal power station in Ponferrada (Leon), in order to make use of the high quality coal in the Bierzo coalfield, for which, at that time, there was no demand. Later, in 1972, ENDESA acquired the brown lignite deposit of As Pontes (La Coruna) for opencast working and the sub-bituminous coal deep mines of Andorra (Teruel). The two thermal power stations were constructed on the mine sites to use the coal extracted. ENCASUR with deposits in Penarroya (Cordoba) and Puertollano (Ciudad Real) and GESA, through its subsidiary LIGNITOS SA in Mallorca, make up the coal mining activities of the ENDESA group. The role of the ENDESA group is defined by its production levels (41% of the national level), its purchases of indigenous coal (30% of the non-ENDESA group total) and of imported coal (61% of the total imported for use in power stations). In total, this means that the ENDESA group represents 51% of the Spanish coal market. 54 figs., 20 tabs.

Evaluación de la reducción de pelets utilizando carbón como agente reductor

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sandra Patricia Pérez Velásquez Alfonso López Díaz

2010-11-01

Full Text Available La obtención del acero se realiza a partir del mineralde hierro o de  la chatarra. En el primer caso el procesotiene lugar vía alto horno–convertidor; en el segundo,vía horno  eléctrico de  arco. Sin  embargo,  al hornoeléctrico también se pueden cargar los denominadospelets  prerreducidos  de  minerales  de  hierro,materiales metálicos  que  pueden  ser  obtenidos  apartir de  finos de mineral de hierro  (portador de  lacarga metálica,  finos de  carbón  (agente  reductor,finos  de  cal  (agente  desulfurante  y  bentonita(aglomerante, los cuales son convertidos en ovoidesmediante el empleo de un disco peletizador. El trabajomuestra  la  caracterización  realizada  a  las materiasprimas,  los  ensayos  de  reducibilidad  efectuados  apelets cargados en un horno tipo Linder –fabricadosa partir de dos yacimientos colombianos de mineralesde  hierro–  y  el  diseño  y  construcción  de  un  hornopara evaluar el comportamiento de los pelets durantela  reducción. Describe  los  equipos  y  analiza  sus

Decantation time of evaluation on bentonite clays fractionation; Avaliacao do tempo de decantacao no fracionamento de argilas bentonitas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gomes, J; Menezes, R R; Neves, G A; Lira, H L; Santana, L N.L., [Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), PB (Brazil). Dept. de Engenharia de Materiais

2009-07-01

Bentonite clays present a great number of industrial uses, from petroleum to pharmaceutics and cosmetic industry. The bentonite clay present particles with very fine particles that is responsible by the vast application of these materials. However, commercial clays present wide particle size distribution and a significant content of impurities, particularly quartz, in the form of silt and fine silt. So, the aim of this work is to analyze the effect of the stirring and decantation time in the deagglomeration, purification and size separation of the bentonite clay particles from Paraiba. The clays were characterized by X-ray diffraction and particle size distribution. Based on the results it was observed the decantation time give the elimination of the agglomerates formed by submicrometric particles. The uses of decantation column give separation of the fraction below 200nm. (author)

[Retrospective analysis of the use of the Spanish words severo and severidad in CIRUGIA ESPANOLA during 2007].

Science.gov (United States)

Martínez-Ramos, David

2008-12-01

The Spanish words severo (severe) and severidad (severity) are usually used as a synonyms of grave (serious) and gravedad (seriousness), although the Spanish Royal Academy of Language (Real Academia Española [RAE]) specifically recommends not to use them in this sense. A retrospective analysis to evaluate the use of the words severo and severidad in Cirugía Española during 2007 was performed. All the articles published in Cirugía Española during 2007 were reviewed. The articles in which severo and/or severidad were present were selected. For each article, the month of publication, the type of article, the geographic origin and the exact sentence containing these words were analyzed. Correctness and incorrectness of their use was studied according to the RAE normative. A total of 33 articles were selected. Every month (except for January) had, at least, 2 articles. Thirty-one of the articles were from Spain whereas 2 were from Hispano-America. Eleven cases were original articles, 7 reviews, 6 case reports, 3 editorials, 3 special articles and 3 letters to the editor. The Spanish words severo and severidad are inadequately used too often in scientific texts. It must be avoided using them as a synonym of grave, importante or serio, incorrect translations of the English word severe.

The service lifetime of Spain's nuclear plants; La vida util de las centrales nucleares espanolas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Fernandez-Bolanos, M.

2008-07-01

In recent years consideration has been given to the long-term operation of nuclear reactors, beyond their originally foreseen design lifetime. This article analyses the legal and safety requirements that this implies, in the wake of the document dealing with this issue that was approved by the Plenary of the CSN in April 2005. The article is completed with an interview with Dale Klein, president of the United States regulatory body, in which he describes the experience accumulated in his country, where lifetime extensions have already been approved for 50 plants. (Author)

Sources for researching the business history of Spanish mining; Fuentes para la historia empresarial de la mineria espanola

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Perez de Perceval Verde, M. A.; Lopez-Morell, M. A.

2013-09-01

This article analyzes the sources available when studying the firms that have exploited underground resources in Spain in contemporary times. The materials we have are diverse, given the variety of mining areas, minerals, types of firms, nationalities involved, etc. Large businesses are covered, in the main, by business archives, which have evolved in different ways, whilst for smaller concerns and when reconstructing an overall business and production map the researcher is better served by tax registers, in particular those on the gross production tax. A wide set of sources with details of where to find them, what they offer, the obstacles they can produce and how best to use them to study the mining business fabric is also included. (Author)

Use of spectral data for estimating the relationship between iron oxides and 2:1 minerals with their respective reflectancesUso de dados espectrais para estimar a relação entre óxidos de ferro e minerais 2:1 com suas respectivas reflectâncias

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Everson Cezar

2013-09-01

repetições por tratamento. As leituras espectrais das amostras de hematita, goethita, magnetita e bentonita foram realizadas por meio do equipamento FieldSpec 3 jr, o qual recobre a faixa espectral de 350 a 2500 nm. Após as leituras, foram escolhidos os intervalos que melhor representavam os minerais e realizaram-se as análises estatísticas a partir dos fatores de reflectância médios encontrados nestes pontos. Os resultados mostraram que a hematita, goethita e magnetita apresentam relação não linear com seus respectivos fatores de refletância, enquanto que a bentonita apresenta relação linear não só no intervalo estudado, mas em toda faixa coberta pelo equipamento. Desta maneira, conclui-se que quantidades relativamente pequenas destes óxidos de ferro são capazes de afetar a reflectância do solo da mesma forma que quantidades próximas de 100%. Com relação aos minerais 2:1 conclui-se que o aumento na proporção dos mesmos em uma determinada classe de solo leva a uma queda progressiva do fator de reflectância em todo o espectro-óptico, assim como descrito para outros elementos.

Physicochemical and biological characterization of the Roble river, Upper Cauca, western Colombia Caracterización fisicoquímica y biológica del río Roble, Alto Cauca, occidente de Colombia

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Carlos A. García-Alzate

2010-06-01

Full Text Available To determine dial and seasonal differences as well as productivity and the trophic status of the lower Roble river, a tributary of the Vieja and upper Cauca rivers of west Colombia, we sampled phytoplankton, zooplankton, fish and macroinvertebrates and recorded physicochemical variables (dissolved oxygen, percent oxygen saturation, pH, conductivity, relative humidity, environmental, water, maximum and minimum temperatures, width, depth, current velocity, substrate, CO2, COD, BOD, total calcium and magnesium hardness, total, dissolved and suspended solids, alkalinity, acidity, chlorine and turbidity during the wet and dry seasons. Most physicochemical variables such as relative humidity, dissolved oxygen and percent oxygen saturation showed low coefficients of variation, except for oxygen deficit. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index, equity and dominance had low values around 0.5. We recorded eight orders, 28 families and 58 genera of macroinvertebrates, three divisions, five orders and 45 genera of phytoplankton, two divisions and six genera of zooplankton and 19 species of fishes. This river has an allochthonous-heterotrophic trophic state and productivity is oligotrophic but with a tendency to eutrophication.Para determinar las diferencias diarias y estaciónales, así como la productividad y el estado trófico del río Roble, un afluente de la Vieja, alto Cauca al occidente de Colombia, tomamos muestras de fitoplancton, zooplancton, peces y macroinvertebrados y registramos variables físico-químicas (oxígeno disuelto, porcentaje de saturación de oxígeno, pH, conductividad, humedad relativa, temperaturas ambiente, del agua, máximas y mínimas, ancho, profundidad, velocidad de la corriente, sustrato, CO2, DQO, DBO5, dureza total, dureza calcica y durezas magnesicas, sólidos totales, disueltos y suspendidos, alcalinidad , acidez, cloruros y turbidez durante sequía y lluvias. La mayoría de las variables físico-químicas tales como la

Analysis of the soil amplification factor in NCSE-02 and Eurocode-8 regulations: application to the 11{sup t}h May , 2011 Lorca earthquake; Analisis del efecto de amplificacion sismica por suelos en las normativas NCSE-02 y Eurocodigo 8: aplicacion al terremoto de Lorca del 11 de Mayo de 2011

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Corsino Fernandez, C.; Garcia-Mayordomo, J.

2014-07-01

Earthquakes are one of the geological hazards which have produced more human and material loses in the history of manking. Seismic engineering has the purpose of studying the soil dynamic behavior in order to desing structures and buildings adapted to the effects triggered by earthquakes. Within this purpose, one of the most important tasks has been the sutdy of the amplifying effect of seismic movement due to ground characteristics, which is often a major cause responsible of the damage produced by earthquakes, even when their magnitude is not very high. In this article, the soil amplifying effects is considered according to two official sismorresistant regulations in Spain: the current Norma de Construccion Sismorresistente Espanola (NCSE-02) and the European regulation Eurocode 8 (EC-8). First, soils classification different criteria is analyzed and how this affects the soil factor and, particularly, the design seismic action in the form of response spectra. Subsequently, we compared the result of apllying both regulations to typical geological scenarios where the application of either regulation may cause notable differences. The second part of the paper deals with the comparison of NCSE-02 and EC-8 applied in the frame of a real case: the 11{sup t}h May, 2011 Lorca earthquake. We compare the response spectra from both regulations to the actual response spectra derived from the accelerometric record of the earthquake at the Lorca station, and discuss which one fits it better. (Author)

Genetic differentiation between marine iguanas from different breeding sites on the island of Santa Fe (Galapagos Archipelago).

Science.gov (United States)

Lanterbecq, Deborah; Glaberman, Scott; Vitousek, Maren Noelani; Steinfartz, Sebastian; Benavides, Edgar; Wikelski, Martin; Caccone, Adalgisa

2010-01-01

We studied patterns of genetic diversity within and among 5 populations (318 individuals) of Galápagos marine iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) from the island Santa Fé. Populations were separated by distances of 0.2 to 9.9 km. We sequenced 1182 base pairs of the mitochondrial control region and screened 13 microsatellite loci for variability. We also added data from 5 populations (397 individuals) sampled on 4 neighboring islands (Santa Cruz, Floreana, Espanola, and San Cristobal). The 5 Santa Fé populations, revealed as genetically distinct from populations on other islands, present relatively low levels of genetic diversity, which are similar for both microsatellite (average observed heterozygosity from 0.7686 to 0.7773) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers (haplotypic and nucleotide diversity from 0.587 to 0.728 and from 0.00079 to 0.00293, respectively), and comparable with those observed in similar-sized sampling sites on other islands. There was frequency-based evidence of genetic structure between northern and southern sites on Santa Fé (F(st) of 0.0027-0.0115 for microsatellite and 0.0447-0.2391 for mtDNA), but the 4 southern sites showed little differentiation. Most of the intra-island genetic variation was allocated within rather than between sites. There was no evidence of sex-biased dispersal or population substructuring due to lek-mating behavior, suggesting that these 2 observed behaviors are not strong enough to leave an evolutionary signal on genetic patterns in this species.

Analysis of the soil amplification factor in NCSE-02 and Eurocode-8 regulations: application to the 11th May , 2011 Lorca earthquake

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Corsino Fernandez, C.; Garcia-Mayordomo, J.

2014-01-01

Earthquakes are one of the geological hazards which have produced more human and material loses in the history of manking. Seismic engineering has the purpose of studying the soil dynamic behavior in order to desing structures and buildings adapted to the effects triggered by earthquakes. Within this purpose, one of the most important tasks has been the sutdy of the amplifying effect of seismic movement due to ground characteristics, which is often a major cause responsible of the damage produced by earthquakes, even when their magnitude is not very high. In this article, the soil amplifying effects is considered according to two official sismorresistant regulations in Spain: the current Norma de Construccion Sismorresistente Espanola (NCSE-02) and the European regulation Eurocode 8 (EC-8). First, soils classification different criteria is analyzed and how this affects the soil factor and, particularly, the design seismic action in the form of response spectra. Subsequently, we compared the result of apllying both regulations to typical geological scenarios where the application of either regulation may cause notable differences. The second part of the paper deals with the comparison of NCSE-02 and EC-8 applied in the frame of a real case: the 11 t h May, 2011 Lorca earthquake. We compare the response spectra from both regulations to the actual response spectra derived from the accelerometric record of the earthquake at the Lorca station, and discuss which one fits it better. (Author)

Experimental Setup to Characterize Bentonite Hydration Processes; Diseno experimental para la caracterizacion de los procesos de hidratacion de la bentonita

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bru, A.; Casero, D.; Pastor, J.M.

2001-07-01

We present an experimental setup to follow-up the hydration process of a bentonite. Clay samples, of 2 cm x 12 cm x 12 cm, were made and introduced in a Hele-Shaw cell with two PMM windows and two steel frames. In hydration experiments, a fluid enters by an orifice in the frame, located both at the top and the bottom of the cell, to perform hydration in both senses. To get a uniform hydration we place a diffuser near the orifice. Volume influxes in hydration cells are registered in time. The evolution of the developed interface was recorded on a videotape. The video cameras was fixed to a holder so that the vertical direction in the monitor was the same as the direction of the larger extension of the cell. (Author) 6 refs.

Study of mechanical properties of films of nanocomposites LLDPE/bentonite; Estudo das propriedades mecanicas de filmes de nanocompositos PEBDL/bentonita

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Silva, Eduardo M.; Carvalho, Laura H.; Canedo, Eduardo L.; Coutinho, Maria G.F.; Costa, Raquel B., E-mail: laura@dema.ufcg.edu.br [Unidade Academica de Engenharia de Materias, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UAEMa/UFCG) Campina Grande, PB (Brazil); Araujo, Arthur R.A. [Felinto Industria e Comercio Ltda., Campina Grande, PB (Brazil)

2011-07-01

Mechanical properties of LLDPE/bentonite clay were determined as a function of clay content (1 and 2% w/w), purification and organophilization. Raw materials were characterized by FTIR and XRD. Nanocomposites were obtained as flat films and characterized by XRD and mechanical properties. Results indicate that best overall mechanical properties were displayed by systems containing purified clay and that they tended to decrease with increasing clay content. Organofilization was effective and only intercalated nanocomposites were obtained. (author)

The future of the coal on the energetic Spanish policy; El futuro del carbon en la politica energetica espanola

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2008-07-01

This work was born as a result of the decision of the Foundation for Studies on energy, to undertake and analysis on the role of coal in the X XI century, because although coal appears as the fuel to be most affected by the provisions of the fight against global warming, it must be recognized its essential contribution in ensuring the power supply and to contain the cost of the kWh. The study was prepared by a group of professionals of the energy sector, without direct commercial links with the subject discussed, but with acknowledges expertise technique. It is pertinent to stress that the purpose of this study is to provide data and analyze rigorously technical options with a view to be able to use the coal energy, minimizing and, theoretically, eliminating the CO{sub 2} emissions. It is therefore not a document produced from predetermined positions, but it is deducted from the characteristics of the nature and mechanisms and other processes involved in generating electricity from coal, and in the treatment of generated CO{sub 2} for it not to reach the atmosphere. We intend to contribute to the better understanding by our society, a major problem for our economy and out welfare. (Author)

RD 140/2003: A new Spanish law about drinking waters; La nueva normativa espanola sobre aguas de consumo humano

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Martin Galvin, R.

2003-07-01

The new spanish law intended to drinking water (RD 140/2003 from 02-04-2003) modifies very much the ancient law about this subject. Firstly, the consideration of drinking water is just applied from the raw water without treatment but to be after treated. Moreover, quantification as potable water (spanish) is substituted by water apt to human consumption. On the other hand, responsibility of each supplier with respect to the human consumption water ends with the delivering from a new supplier or user. In this way, the municipalauthority would urge to user the reparation of their installations if these ones modify the quality water. The new law establsihes three levels of analytical survey of the human consumption water: supplier (autocontrol), sanitary authority and municipal survey, this last one is the user tap (situation very complex to carry out). The parameters to investigate in waters vary their number and their parametrix values from the ancient spanish law of the 90's. Finally, the law establishes procedures to inform about the water quality to users, setting up the SINAC system as the official form to control the quality of human consumption water in Spain. (Author)

Preparation and performance of Ecobras/bentonite biodegrading films; Preparacao e desempenho de filmes polimericos biodegradaveis a base de Ecobras e bentonita

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Costa, Ana Nery M.; Melo, Nadja M.C.; Canedo, Eduardo L.; Carvalho, Laura H., E-mail: laura@dema.ufcg.edu.br [Unidade Academica de Engenharia de Materiais, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UAEMa/UFCG) Campina Grande, PB (Brazil); Araujo, Arthur R.A. [Felinto Industria e Comercio Ltda., Campina Grande, PB (Brazil)

2011-07-01

Compounds based on the biodegradable polymer Ecobras and bentonite clay in its pristine, sonicated, and organically modified with a quaternary ammonium salt forms were prepared as flat films. Clays and compounds were characterized by x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical properties of the films were determined according to pertinent ASTM standards. Reasonable properties, higher than those of the matrix, were obtained with compounds prepared with purified clays and organoclays, particularly for low clay loading. (author)

Static leaching of Spanish uranium ores; Lixiviacion estatica de minerales espanoles de uranio

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Cordero, G; Gasos, P; Merino, J L; Suarez, Y E [Direccion de Plantas Piloto e Industriales, Junta de Energia Nuclear, Madrid (Spain)

1967-06-15

The paper summarizes the experience acquired in Spain during seven years of investigation on the static leaching of uranium ores. The operations covered minerals showing wide variations with regard to both uranium content (250 and 2000 ppm) and the type of rock and gangue (granites, shales, sandstones, sulphides, carbonates, limonites etc.). The studies were carried out on quantities of material varying from a few kilograms to several tons. Leaching agents included water, solid reagents (pyrites), alkaline carbonates and sulphuric acid. The systems used consisted of both simple layouts and other, more elaborate schemes including recycling of the liquors. The uranium was recovered from the liquors first by direct precipitation and later by ion-exchange and extraction with amines. (author) [Spanish] La memoria resume la experiercia espanola de siete anos de estudio sobre lixiviacion estatica de minerales de uranio. Se ha estudiado una gran variedad de minerales tanto en lo que respecta a ley de uranio (250 y 2000 ppm), como a la naturaleza de las rocas y gangas (granitos, pizarras, areniscas, sulfuros, carbonatos, limonitas, etc.). Los estudios se han realizado en diferentes escalas, desde kilogramos a varias toneladas. Los agentes de lixiviacion han sido variables: agua, reactivos solidos (piritas), carbonatos alcalinos y acido sulfurico. Los circuitos empleados se refieren tanto a esquemas sencillos, como a otros mas elaborados con recirculaciones de liquido. La recuperacion del uranio de los liquidos se resolvio inicialmente por precipitacion directa, pero luego se efectuo mediante cambio de ion y extraccion con aminas. (author)

Water and power installation for Lanzarote (Canary Islands) Spain

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Krebs, F.

1977-03-01

Water producing and electrical generating facilities had to be increased on the Spanish Canary Island of Lanzarote for it to develop beyond its 1972 status. The Ministry of Public Works, prepared specifications for a turnkey installation of two 2500 M/sup 3//D desalting plants and a 5 MW (net) generating system. In 1973 through international competition Babcock and Wilcox, Espanola won a contract to build the installation. In December 1975 the construction of the project was completed. In early January 1976 the first line was producing 103% of the rated production at a thermal efficiency of 120% of the rated value. The second line was modified to operate at a reduced maximum brine temperature and commissioned. This plant was brought to full production which was 115% of the rated production in 2/sup 1///sub 2/ days. Problems and delays during the commissioning, were minimal. A 5 days performance test of the installation was run. During this test the water production was 111/sup 1///sub 2/% of the rated value at a specific energy consumption of 93% of the rated value while the maximum brine temperature was maintained 6/sup 0/C less than the design value. The high performances were achieved because the plants were well designed and built and properly commissioned. During the first 4/sup 1///sub 2/ months that the owner operated the installation it provided water and power as demanded. During that time the average plant production was 107% of the rated capacity.

The remuneration and performance evaluation of Spanish innovative firms; La retribucion y la evaluacion del desepeno en empresas innovadoras espanolas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Camelo Ordaz, C.; Fernandez Alles, M. L.; Valle Cabrera, R.

2010-07-01

This paper reviews the theoretical basis about the agency problem and the governance mechanisms utilised in order to reduce it. After explaining briefly other mechanisms to reduce agency problem, the paper focuses on the role of board of directors, analysing its functions and responsibilities. Finally, we explore the boards of directors of a Spanish sample over the period of 2004 through 2008, showing the fulfilment's degree of Unified Code's recommendations of 2006. (Author) 44 refs.

Environmental management systems implemented in the Spanish nuclear power plants; Sistemas de gestion ambiental implantados en las centrales nucleares espanolas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Redondo, R.; Fernandez Guisado, M. B.; Hortiguela, R.; Bustamante, L. F.; Esparza, J. L.; Villareal, M.; Yague, F.

2013-09-01

The companies that own the Spanish Nuclear Power Plants, aware of social concern and in the context of a growing demanding environmental legislation, have a permanent commitment to the electricity production based on the principles of a maximum respect for the environment, safety, quality, professionalism and continuous improvement. In order to minimize the environmental impact of their plants they have implemented and Environmental Management System based on the ISO 14001 Standard. They minimize the environmental impact by identifying the significant environmental aspects and defining the corresponding objectives. This article describes the referred environmental management systems and their environmental objectives, as applied and defined by the Spanish Nuclear Power Plants. (Author)

Conservation promotion policy of the Spanish energy industry; Politica de promocion de conservacion de la energia en la industria espanola

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Alonso, Juan Antonio

1992-03-01

This paper focalizes the energy general policy of Spain from the National Energy Plan (1991-2000), presenting the strategic lines and testing the main decisions to be adopted in this present decade 5 tabs.

Antonio Quilis, La concodancia gramatiaal en Za Zengua espanola hablada en Madrid, C. S. I. C., Madrid 1983, pags. 128

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Mitja Skubic

1983-01-01

Full Text Available El libra de Antonio Quilis, de poco más de cien páginas, nos ofrece los resultados de las encuestas sabre la concordancia sintáctica en el habla de Madrid. El Autor que es también cultivador y conocedor de la fonética del español­ pensemos en su importante trabajo sobre la fonética acústica de la lengua española (Gredos, Madrid 1981 - vuelve aqué a su vocacion de sintáctico, visible en sus trabajos sabre la estructura del español la edición de la Gramática de Nebri­ja y en el amor con que cuidó la presentación al mundo de habla castellana de las obras de B. Pottier.

Technological research programmes in the European Communities: Spanish participation. Los programas de investigacion tecnologica en las Comunidades Europeas: participacion espanola

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Caride de Linan, C [OCICARBON, Madrid (Spain)

1989-02-01

Ocicarbon was founded and began its work in 1985, the year before Spain's accession to the European Community. In other Community member countries, there is a great tradition of technological research and much work has been required to coordinate research effort. For this reason, special attention has been given to close familiarisation with Community programmes for coal research in order to integrate Spanish research work and to achieve adequate representation on the appropriate committees with a view to obtaining technical and economic assistance in proportion to Spain's coal production capacity and financial input. 18 refs., 5 tabs.

Radiation hazard surveillance in spanish uranium mines; Control de los peligros de la radiactividad en las minas de uranio espanolas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Iranzo, E; Liarte, J

1963-07-01

The regulations applied in the uranium mines which belong to the Junta de Energia Nuclear to control the radioactive hazards, and to get the personal protection avoiding overexposures in the external radiation and inhalation of radioactive dust and gases are given. The Radon daughters concentration in the atmosphere of Avery one of the mines and the external radiation exposure and uranium excretion in urine of the miners during 1962 are specified. (Author) 9 refs.

Forum Spanish leading brands, experience of international competitiveness; El foro de marcas renombras espanolas, una experiencia para la competitividad internacional

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bonet Feffer, J. L.

2011-07-01

In 1999, the Leading Brands of Spain Forum was created as an institution with a mixed nature, public and private, whose main mission is the defence and promotion of the Spanish renowned and well-known brands strongly internationalized, as basic elements for the international competitiveness of our country. Since then, its activity has focused on the strategic importance of these intangible assets of the companies and the country, its leading brands, on which the international positioning of the Spain Brand will strongly rely on. (Author) 7 refs.

Determinants of labor safety management in Spanish companies; Determinacion de la gestion de la seguridad laboral en las empresas espanolas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Fernandez Muniz, B.; Montes Peon, J. M.; Vazquez Ordas, C. J.

2011-07-01

Managing health and safety risks in an integrated way with the operations of the organization has been of increasing importance in recent years. This approach reduces accident rates, reducing losses and improves the firm's productivity. However, very little attention has been paid to analyse the organizational factors that favour or limit the implementation of the safety management system in firms. In an attempt to address this gap in the literature, the present study focuses on the identification of the characteristics of the organization that encourage the development of this system. The results show that several factors, as firm's size, previous experience on quality and environmental management or internationalisation, among others, have a positive influence on safety management system. (Author) 62 refs.

Spanish industry and competitiveness. The overview from the Industrial Observatories; Industria espanola y competitividad. La vision desde los observatorios industriales

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ortigosa Goni, J. A.; Fuente Garcia, T. de la

2012-07-01

This article analyzes the competitiveness of the Spanish industry. It explains the interdependencies and relations that link globalization, internationalization and international trade with competitiveness. The main features of the Spanish industry are also studied in depth, its strengths and weaknesses. Finally, the challenges that the Spanish industry will face in the future are considered, as well as the role that the industrial observatories will play in that context. (Author)

Genetic-Structural relations in some types of spanish uranium deposits; Relaciones genetico-estructurales de algunos tipos de mienralizaciones uraniferas espanolas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Alia Medina, M

1962-07-01

On the spanish hercynian areas there are different types of uraniferous deposits, which may be classified in the following groups: Group I, high temperature magmatic deposits, Group II, low temperature veins and Group III supergenic deposits, generated by weathering of the former ones or by lixiviation of the intra granitic uranium. The deposits belonging to Group I are founding the hercynian ge anticlinal; those of Groups II and III, chiefly in the eugeosyncline. The explanation suggested for these genetic-structural relationships assumes that, in the ge anticlinal, uranium would migrate from the dioritic magmas to form and high temperature deposits. In the eugeosyncline, a large fraction of the uranium would migrate towards more differentiated granites, in which it might partially remain or from which it might have been finally concentrated in the epithermal veins or by later tectonic actions. The Group III deposits ar more frequent in the eugeosyncline, due to the greater abundance of more differentiated intrusive rocks. (Author) 16 refs.

Is there a standard for surgical therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma in healthy and cirrhotic liver? A comparison of eight guidelines.

Science.gov (United States)

Manzini, Giulia; Henne-Bruns, Doris; Porzsolt, Franz; Kremer, Michael

2017-01-01

Liver resection (LR) and transplantation are the most reliable treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Aim was to compare different guidelines regarding indication for resection and transplantation because of HCC with and without underlying cirrhosis. We compared the following guidelines published after 1 January 2010: American (American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD)), Spanish (Sociedad Espanola de Oncologia Medica (SEOM)), European (European Association for the study of liver-European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EASL-EORTC) and European Society for Medical Oncology-European Society of Digestive Oncology (ESMO-ESDO)), Asian (Asian Pacific Association for the Study of Liver (APASL)), Japanese (Japan Society of Hepatology (JSH)), Italian (Associazione Italiana Oncologia Medica (AIOM)) and German (S3) guidelines. All guidelines recommend resection as therapy of choice in healthy liver. Guidelines based on the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging system recommend resection for single HCCguidelines recommend LR for patients with Child-Pugh A/B with HCC without tumour size restriction; APASL guidelines in general exclude patients with Child-Pugh A from transplantation. In patients with Child-Pugh B, transplantation is the second-line therapy, if resection is not possible for patients within Milan criteria. German and Italian guidelines recommend transplantation for all patients within Milan criteria. Whereas resection is the standard therapy of HCC in healthy liver, a standard regarding the indication for LR and transplantation for HCC in cirrhotic liver does not exist, although nearly all guidelines claim to be evidence based. Surprisingly, despite European guidelines, Germany and Italy use their own national guidelines which partially differ from the European. Possible solutions of the problems are discussed.

Plazaz, plaza, Occupy anthropology! Sobre activismos (Ankulegi, 19, de AA.VV.

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Carlos Diz

2017-09-01

Full Text Available Durante décadas, ensayando formas alternativas de relación y convivencia, el movimiento okupa ha enfrentado la crisis residencial y la especulación inmobiliaria ocupando fincas y solares abandonados, viejas fabricas, casas vacias, bloques de viviendas, etc. Con cada una de estas ocupaciones decian «liberar» y «recuperar» el espacio, retirandolo del circuito especulativo, priorizando el valor de uso sobre el valor de cambio y abriéndolo para la sociedad, organizando encuentros y actividades.En mayo de 2011, de una manera jovial, rebelde e imaginativa, decenas de acampadas se instalaron de pronto por todo el Estado espanol. Al inicio, en algunas, se veian banderas de Tunez y Egipto, en un gesto de solidaridad con el que se hacia explicita la influencia que la llamada «Primavera Arabe» —iniciada a finales de 2010 en un contexto muy distinto— habia tenido en la puesta en escena de las acampadas espanolas. Durante semanas, los centros urbanos fueron también, a su manera, ocupados. Conocedores de la deriva neoliberal de la urbe contemporanea, los jóvenes en las plazas sabian que la ciudad entera se hallaba ahora sujeta a procesos de especulación y empresarialización, y que ocupar su centro era una forma de reapropiarsela y reimaginarsela. En los meses siguientes, este gesto siguió viajando por distintos paises, llegando al otro lado del Atlantico; tras ocupar Wall Street —o mas bien el Zuccotti Park de Lower Manhattan—, la ola de indignación se extendió por el continente norteamericano con el movimiento Occupy.

Convergence and Spanish technological specialization: the role of multinational companies; Convergencia y especializacion tecnologica espanola: El papel de las empresas multinacionales

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Urraca Ruiz, A.

2007-07-01

Using patent data from EPO from 1978 to 2003, this paper aims to identify the role of MNE in the determination of technological specialization trends and convergence in Spain and the extend to which the technological activity of these companies helps to define the technical distribution of competence in the country.The main findings are: (i) Spain reduces its technological distances to world along the whole period; (ii) Spanish convergence process does not seem to be accompanied by greater specialization, but greater diversification of its technological competence; (iii) Spain is specialized in a few technical fields characterized by being less dynamic and pervasive; (iv) MNE do not seem to hold strong competence in those technical fields where Spain holds technological strengths but do help to convergence process thought diversification of competence process, which is a consequence of the performance of MNE in host catching up countries, more focused on duplication of their home countries.(Author)

Investigations on the nature and physical concentration of Spanish uraniferous quartzites; Estudios de caracterizacion y concentracion fisica de cuarcitas uraniferas espanolas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lora, F de [Direccion de Plantas Piloto e Industriales, Junta de Energia Nuclear, Madrid (Spain)

1967-06-15

A study was made of a sample of radioactive material from Santa Elena (Jaen) containing 130 ppm U{sub 3}O{sub 8}, 300 ppm ThO{sub 2}, 4.96% ZrO{sub 2} and 14.29% TiO{sub 2}. Over 150 million tons of material were examined. In the light of the studies carried out the material can be defined as a rutilo-zirconiferous quartzite with a double radioactivity source due to the uranium enclosed in the zircon lattice structure and to the presence of monazite. The possibility of brannerite or davidite being present can be discarded. There is likewise no conclusive evidence of the presence of sphene, rutile being the most abundant titanium mineral. The author determined the features of the ore with a view to its physical concentration and applied magnetic and gravimetric separation and the flotation process. The use of oleic acid as collector has permitted good zircon recovery. (author) [Spanish] Se ha estudiado una muestra de material radiactivo procedente de Santa Elena (Jaen) con 130 ppm de U{sub 3}O{sub 8}, 600 ppm de ThO{sub 2}, 4,96% de ZrO{sub 2} y 14,29% de TiO{sub 2}. El material examinado es considerable: mas de 150 millones de toneladas. De acuerdo con los estudios realizados se puede definir como una cuarcita rutilo-circonifera con dos fuentes de radiactividad debidas al uranio englobado en la red del circon y a la presencia de monacita. Se descarta la posibilidad de existencia de brannerita o davidita. Tampoco existen pruebas concluyentes de que contenga esfena, siendo el ratilo el mineral de titanio mas abundante. Se han determinado las caracteristicas de la mena con vistas a su concentracion fisica. Se ha ensayado la separacion magnetica, gravimetrica y flotacion. El empleo de acido oleico, como colector, ha dado buenas recuperaciones de circon. (author)

Application of Spanish legislation on radiation protection in contaminated soils; Aplicacion de la normativa espanola sobre suelos contaminados en proteccion radiologica

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Trueba Alonso, C.; Robles Atienza, B.

2013-07-01

As the developments that have led the regulations on contaminated soils conventional pollutants are more advanced than those due to radioactive contaminants, this work is a state of the art of the current situation and is framed within the developments in R and D for radiation protection of the public and the environment. (Author)

Espanola/Canjilon Pilot Study: Economic, social, and cultural aspects of public land grazing on the Santa Fe and Carson National Forests

Science.gov (United States)

Carol Raish

1999-01-01

Many of the livestock grazing permittees on the Carson and Santa Fe National Forests in northern New Mexico are descendants of Hispanic settlers who have farmed and ranched in the region for 400 years. Much of the permitted land was formerly owned or used by local communities under Spanish and Mexican land grants. Cultural differences and historical issues of...

Comparative study on diets and food consumption of Spanish people; Estudio comparativo sobre dietas y habitos alimentarios en la poblacion espanola

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Suanez, A.; Robles, B. [CIEMAT. Madrid (Spain)

2002-07-01

When the radiological consequences of the environmental discharges are analysed. It is necessary to take into account several parameters as the values related with the population diets, because food ingestion will be one of the main pathways of radionuclide intake by the human body. With the aim of having current food consumption values, in agreement with the Spanish reality, the CIEMAT has performed a wide study in collaboration with CSN and the Nutritional Department of the Complutense University of Madrid. This work involves people between 0-60 years old, divided in 6 age groups following the ICRP recommendations, with a total sample about 12,000 persons from 10 provinces. The methodology applied is based in three questionnaires and 2 concordance tests. The results obtained in this study are compared with those of several national and international information sources (MAPA, INE and FAO), normally used in dose assessments by ingestion. The results are also compared with the RG 1109 NRC values, widely used for regulatory purposes. (Author) 10 refs.

Engineered barriers for radioactive waste confinement

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Fernández, R.

2011-09-01

Full Text Available Nuclear power plants generate long-lived radioactive waste of high toxicity. The security assessment of repositories destined to definitive confinement of radioactive waste has been studied for several decades. Deep geological repositories are technically feasible and begin to be built by some pioneer countries. The scientific evaluation of interactions between the different engineered barriers is studied by laboratory experiments, natural analogues and modeling studies. The three methods are able to represent and validate the main geochemical processes that take place in the near field. This paper reviews the scientific and technical basis of the concept of geological disposal, with particular focus on the methods of study applied to the evaluation of geochemical stability of the bentonite barrier.

Las centrales nucleares generan residuos radiactivos de elevada peligrosidad y permanencia en el tiempo. La evaluación de la seguridad de repositorios destinados al alojamiento definitivo de estos residuos lleva estudiándose desde hace varias décadas. El almacenamiento geológico es técnicamente factible y empieza ya a desarrollarse en países pioneros. La evaluación científica de las interacciones entre las distintas barreras de ingeniería se estudia mediante ensayos de laboratorio, análisis de análogos naturales y modelos teóricos. Las tres vías de estudio son capaces de representar y validar los principales procesos geoquímicos que tienen lugar en el campo cercano al repositorio. Este artículo revisa los fundamentos científicos y técnicos del concepto de almacenamiento geológico detallando, en particular, los métodos de estudio aplicados a la evaluación de la estabilidad geoquímica de la barrera de bentonita.

Obtenção de nanocompósitos condutores de montmorilonita/polipirrol: efeito da incorporação do surfactante na estrutura e propriedades

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Sílvia Daniela Araújo da Silva Ramôa

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Nanocompósitos de montmorilonita/polipirrol (MMT/PPy foram preparados a partir da polimerização in situ do pirrol na presença de argila, bentonita sódica natural, (MMT-Na+ em solução aquosa com ou sem surfactante aniônico, dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS, utilizando-se o cloreto de ferro (III hexahidratado (FeCl3.6H2O, como oxidante. A estrutura e propriedades dos nanocompósitos obtidos pela polimerização in situ do pirrol na presença de SDS (MMT/PPy.SDS e sem surfactante (MMT/PPy foram avaliadas e comparadas a partir da espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR, difração de raios X (DRX, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET, análise termogravimétrica (TG e método padrão quatro pontas. Os difratogramas dos nanocompósitos revelaram que o espaçamento basal d001 da MMT (1,42 nm foi alterado para valores maiores, indicando a intercalação do PPy na MMT para ambos os nanocompósitos obtidos. Os difratogramas e as imagens de MET e MEV dos nanocompósitos de MMT/PPy.SDS confirmaram que a presença do SDS na reação promoveu, além da intercalação, esfoliação parcial da argila. Os nanocompósitos MMT/PPy.SDS apresentaram condutividade elétrica (9,50 S/cm maior do que o nanocompósito de MMT/PPy (4,44 S/cm. A presença da argila melhorou de forma significativa a estabilidade térmica do PPy.

Modelación del módulo de la resistencia a la flexión de un material compuesto cementicio a partir de propiedades en estado fresco

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Fernando Toro

2014-01-01

Full Text Available En la presente investigación se estudió la relación entre las propiedades del estado fresco y el estado endurecido de un material compuesto formado por una matriz de cemento Pórtland reforzado con fibra de fique dispuestas al azar, las propiedades evaluadas en estado fresco fueron: ondulabilidad, fluidez, drenabilidad y en estado endurecido el módulo de la resistencia a la flexión. Las muestras se prepararon con diferentes materias primas (Fibra de fique, Bentonita, Pulpa, Humo de Sílice y Acronal, las componentes se agregaron a una mezcladora a velocidad constante, luego se vertió la mezcla en una cámara de drenado donde se extrajo el agua y se conformó la lámina con dimensiones de 130x50x6 mm, luego se sumergió en una piscina de curado por 28 días para ser evaluado el módulo de la resistencia a la flexión. El modelo de regresión lineal que se propuso para predecir el módulo de la resistencia a la flexión, en función de las propiedades en estado fresco, se realizó a través del análisis de las interacciones entre las variables de la formulación de la mezcla utilizada. Como resultado del modelo de regresión se obtuvo que existe una clara correlación entre el módulo de la resistencia a la flexión y las propiedades predictoras ondulabilidad, fluidez y drenabilidad, además estas tienen un efecto negativo sobre el módulo de la resistencia a la flexión.

Preparation and characterization of bentonite clay for formation of nanocomposites; Preparacao e caracterizacao da argila bentonita para a formacao de nanocompositos PELMD/MMT

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Santos, J.J.M.; Silva, B.L.; Araujo, I.J.C.; Medeiros, A.M.; Melo, J.D.D.; Paskocimas, C.A., E-mail: bismarckengmat@hotmail.com [Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (DEMat/UFRN), Natal, RN (Brazil). Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais

2011-07-01

This study we used the linear medium density polyethylene (PELMD) as polymer matrix and introduced, as reinforcement to increase the mechanical and thermal properties, the green bentonite deposit of Boa Vista/PB, rich montmorillonite (MMT), previously characterized by XRD, that passed by three stages of purification. The first stage was to clean by washing and filtering for removal of coarse material (sand and organic matter), followed by an acid attack. In the second, we used the quaternary ammonium surfactant, in order to increase the distance between the layers of MMT, and the third was removed from the wastewater, using absolute ethanol, finishing the purification of process. Then, the clay was introduced into the polymer matrix by polymerization in solution by intercalation and characterized by XRD. The results showed a partial exfoliation, satisfying the increasing properties. (author)

Modifications in Compacted MX-80 Bentonite Due to Thermo-Hydraulic Treatment; Modificaciones en la Bentonita MX-80 Compactada Sometida a Tratamiento Termo-Hidraulico

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gomez-Espina, R.; Villar, M. V.

2013-09-01

The thermo-hydraulic tests reproduce the thermal and hydraulic conditions to which bentonite is subjected in the engineered barrier of a deep geological repository of radioactive waste. The results of thermo-hydraulic test TBT1500, which was running for approximately 1500 days, are presented. This is a continuation to the Technical Report Ciemat 1199, which presented results of test TBT500, performed under similar conditions but with duration of 500 days. In both tests the MX-80 bentonite was used with initial density and water content similar to those of the large-scale test TBT. The bentonite column was heated at the bottom at 140 degree centigrade and hydrated on top with deionized water. At the end of the test a sharp water content gradient was observed along the column, as well as an inverse dry density gradient. Hydration modified also the bentonite microstructure. Besides, an overall decrease of the smectite content with respect to the initial value took place, especially in the most hydrated areas where the percentage of interest ratified illite increased and in the longer test. On the other hand, the content of cristobalite, feldspars and calcite increased. Smectite dissolution processes (probably colloidal) occurred, particularly in the more hydrated areas and in the longer test. Due to the dissolution of low-solubility species and to the loss of exchangeable positions in the smectite, the content of soluble salts in the pore water increased with respect to the original one, especially in the longer test. The solubilized ions were transported; sodium, calcium, magnesium and sulphate having a similar mobility, which was in turn lower than that of potassium and chloride. The cationic exchange complex was also modified. (Author)

Hydrothermal alkaline stability of bentonite barrier by concrete interstitial wastes; Alteracion alcalina hidrotermal de la barrera de bentonita por aguas intersticiales de cementos

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Leguey Jimenez, S; Cuevas Rodriguez, J; Ramirez Martin, S; Vigil de la villa Mencia, R.; Martin Barca, M [Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid (Spain)

2002-07-01

At present, the main source of High Level radioactive Waste (HLW) is the electrical energy production during all the steps of developing. In almost all the countries with nuclear programs, the option for the final management of HLW is the Deep Geological Repository (DGR) based on the concept of multi barrier. According to this concept, the waste is isolated from biosphere by the interposition of confinement barriers. Two of the engineering barriers in the Spanish design of DGR in granitic rock are compacted bentonite and concrete. The bentonite barrier is the backfilling and sealing material for the repository gallery, because of its mechanical and physico-chemical properties. The main qualities of concrete as a component of a multi barrier system are its low permeability, mechanical resistance and chemical properties. With regard to chemical composition of concrete, the alkaline nature of cement pore water lowers the solubility of many radioactive elements. However, structural transformation in smectite, dissolution or precipitation of minerals and, consequently, changes in the bentonite properties could occurs in the alkaline conditions generated by the cement degradation. The main objective of the present work is to evaluate the effect of concrete in the stability of Spanish reference bentonite (La Serrata of Nijar, Almeria, Spain) in conditions similar to those estimated in a DGR in granitic rock. Because of the main role of bentonite barrier in the global performance of the repository, the present study is essential to guarantee its security. (Author)

The effectivity of bentonites in cesium retention of cemented waste products; Efetividade das bentonitas na retencao de cesio em produtos de rejeitos cimentados

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Tello, Cledola Cassia Oliveira de

2001-01-15

The nuclear energy has been used for the human development in different areas, as in the medicine, in the agriculture, in the industry and in the environmental protection, besides the electricity generation. As in other activities, in the use of nuclear energy, residues are also generated. They are considered radioactive wastes when the contaminant content can bring a potential negative impact in the human health and in the environment. In this case they should be properly managed and should not be released without treatment. In general the waste processing consists in a volume reduction followed by solidification and/or conditioning. A number of materials can be considered as immobilisation matrices for the wastes, with the objective of maintain the radioactive material physical and chemically stable. The cement is extensively used because it is easy to obtain, there is large. experience in its use and the processing is done at room temperature. Many materials have been studied to improve the fixation characteristics of the radionuclides in the cemented product. The aim of this study was to search, among Brazilian natural materials, those that could be effective in the contaminant retention without jeopardising the process and other characteristics of the waste product. Four types of bentonite were selected to the process and product evaluation tests. Many mixtures were prepared with simulated waste, cement and bentonite in different proportions. The viscosity, set time, compressive strength and leaching were evaluated. In addition it was verified if the products were monolithic and without free water. Inactive caesium was used as tracer. The leaching resistance is the most important parameter in the product evaluation, because it indicates the retention capacity of the matrix for radionuclides when the product is in contact with the water. In 1985 leaching tests were begun and they have been continued till now and from their results it was proved that the bentonites were efficient in the caesium retention. The leaching data were analysed by a BNL computer program that models four release mechanisms. A good fit was obtained for the partition mechanism. The results obtained in this study can be used in the repository safety assessment. (author)

Evaluating wind power potential in the Spanish Antarctic Base (BAE); Evaluacion del Potencial Eolico en la Base Antartica Espanola Juan Carlos I

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Arribas de Paz, L. M.; Garcia Barquero, C.; Navarro Montesinos, J.; Cuerva Tejero, A.; Cruz Cruz, I.; Roque Lopez, V.; Marti Perez, I. [Ciemat. Madrid (Spain)

2000-07-01

The objective of the work is to model wind field in the surroundings of the Spanish Antarctic Base (BAE in the following). The need of such a work comes from the necessity of an energy source able to supply the energy demand in the BAE during the Antarctic winter. When the BAE is in operation (in the Antarctic summer) the energy supply comes from a diesel engine. In the Antartic winter the base is closed, but the demand of energy supply is growing up every year because of the increase in the number of technical and scientific machines that remain in the BAE taking different measurements. For this purpose the top of a closed hill called Pico Radio, not perturbed by close obstacles, has been chosen as the better site for the measurements. The measurement station is made up with a sonic an-emometer and a small wind generator to supply the energy needed by the sensors head heating of the anemometer. this way, it will be also used as a proof for the suitability of a wind generator in the new chosen site, under those special climactic conditions. (Author) 3 refs.

Sludge lancing and IBL: Results and experiences in the Spanish NPP; SLUDGE LANCING e IBL: Resultados y experiencias en las central espanolas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Montoro, E.; Pozo, C. del

2013-07-01

During the cycle of operation of the PWR plants, oxides (sludge) tanks are generated in the secondary circuit by corrosion, chemical additives, etc which are deposited onto the tubular steam generators (GVs), limiting its efficiency and service life.

Study on vent containment filtering for the Spanish NPPS systems; Estudio sobre Sistemas de Centeo Filtrado de Contencion para las CCNN Espanolas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Peinado, A.; Serrano, C.; Garcia-Serrano, J. L.

2013-07-01

The study discusses filtering systems on the market, and its suppliers, taking into account aspects such as ease of integration into the current plant design, characteristics of the process of filtering, operational range, autonomy of the system, maintenance, qualification and proven experiences, among others. The study, also contains an analysis of sequences kind of accident that serve to define the design parameters of the system.

The Social Dimension of Science in the 2010 Spanish Presidency; La dimension social de la ciencia en la Presidencia Espanola de 2010

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Martinez Riera, C.

2010-07-01

During the Spanish Presidency of the European Union in the first half of this year, Spain will decisively promote the social dimension of science and innovation. Spain thereby seeks to mobilize the capabilities and resources of the Member States and the Union as a whole to confront the growing challenges posed by poverty and social exclusion, aggravated by the recent global financial crisis. To this end, Spain will hold an international Conference in La Granja (Segovia) on April 8-9. The conclusions of this conference will be included in the political agenda of the EU Council in May. Spain is determined to have the social dimension of science and innovation become a fundamental pillar of the European Research Area. (Author)

[Self-regulation systems to control tobacco advertising. An empirical analysis].

Science.gov (United States)

Martín, Marta; Quiles, M del Carmen; López, Carmen

2004-01-01

Against the background of the debate aroused by the tobacco advertising ban as a result of Directive 98/43/EC and of the Proposed Directive of 5/9/2001, we aimed to evaluate how self-regulation of tobacco advertising systems has worked in the last 5 years and to evaluate its effectiveness and relevance as a potential tool in public health prevention. We performed a content and discourse analysis of all advertisements appearing in the Sunday supplements of the three weekly newspapers with the widest circulation in Spain (El Pais, El Mundo, and ABC) between January 1995 and January 2000 to detect infractions of the norms of the self-regulation code of the Spanish Tobacco Association (Asociacion Espanola de Tabaco [AET]) regarding: a) the identity of models used in advertising; b) direct or indirect claims for the therapeutic properties of smoking; c) depiction of cigarettes in advertisements, and d) printed warnings on advertisements. We examined 910 banners and 369 advertisements. Very few advertisements displayed rational arguments on elements such as price (13%) or product components (7%). Although the AET's code was generally respected, the advertisements displayed a series of subtleties that allowed the industry to get around the code: 10 of the 369 advertisements reviewed depicted famous people (mainly pilots and artists) and one third of them used iconic personages (Joe Camel or Marlboro Man); one advertisement suggested the therapeutic properties of tobacco and almost all linked smoking with social success and leisure. Although cigarettes were not depicted, 18% of the advertisements showed substitutes for cigarettes in various places (12%) and a large percentage infringed the code's recommendations on printed warnings. The industry's use of creative subtleties infringing its self-imposed norms begs the question of how far self-regulation is viable when a failure in the system can have serious consequences for public health.

Sludge Lancing IBL: results and experiences in the Spanish NPP's; Sluge Lancing e IBL: resultados y experiencias en las centrales espanolas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Montoro, E.; Pozo, C. del

2014-04-01

During the operation cycle of the PWR plants, oxides deposits (sludge) generated in the secondary circuit by erosion corrosion, chemical additives, etc. Which are deposited on the tube plate of GVs, limiting their efficiency and lifespan. To reduce them, Iberdrola Engineering and Construction, together with SRA SAVAC cleaned by high-pressure water means and tele visual inspection between tubes of the GVs. After Sludge Lancing cleanings performed by 250 bar from the center line, an area of solidified sludge remaining on the tubular plate was identified. Late 2010, Iberdrola Engineering and Construction, together with SRA SAVAC developed the Inner Bundle Lancing (IBL) system, which is based on a jet of water of high pressure>500 bar directly impacting areas of hard sludge within the tube bundle to detach and break the deposits into small pieces that can be extracted from GV through a closed circuit suction. (Author)

Spanish experience in the use of synthetic geo membranes for hydraulic works; Experiencia espanola en el uso de geomembranas sinteticas en obras hidraulicas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Blanco Fernandez, M.; Leiro Lopez, A.

2014-02-01

The Spanish institution Centro de Estudios y Experimentacion de Obras Publicas (CEDEX) has studied for decades the behaviour of geosynthetic products, specially the polymeric geo synthetic barriers used as waterproofing systems of different hydraulic works, mainly in reservoirs. Both in geotextiles or related products and in geomembranes, initial characteristics are determined; besides of that, periodic controls along the service life are performers in geomembranes. The monitoring of more than two hundred hydraulic structure hydraulic structures requires technical inspection, taking samples and replacing them, experimental tests and recommendations, with the purpose of increasing security and durability in hydraulic structures. Because of that, the Spanish experience in this field of technology is presented along this paper. (Author)

Gas transport in the bentonite barrier of AGP and their interfaces; Transporte de gas en la barrera de bentonita de un AGP y sus interfases

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gutierrez Rodrigo, V.; Villar Gelicia, M. V.; Martin Martin, P. L.; Romero Alvarez, F. J.

2014-07-01

The research of gas transport processes through the barriers is of great relevance in the assessment of the behaviour of the repository. The main objective of this study is to determine the properties of gas transport in saturated bentonite samples and the interfaces between them. (Author)

Bentonites of the Irati Formation in the southern sector of the Parana Basin, Brazil; Bentonitas da Formacao Irati no setor sul da Bacia do Parana

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Silva, Aurelio Fagundes; Dani, Norberto; Remus, Marcus Vinicius Dornelles; Sommer, Margot Guerra, E-mail: norberto.dani@ufrgs.br, E-mail: marcus.remus@ufrgs.br, E-mail: margot.sommer@ufrgs.br [Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS (Brazil); Horn, Bruno Ludovico Dihl, E-mail: brunoldhorn@gmail.com [Servico Geologico do Brasil (CPRM), Recife, PE (Brazil). Superintendencia Regional

2017-01-15

This paper aims to identify and to present mineralogical and chemical arguments that demonstrate the existence of bentonite levels in the Irati Formation, found in outcrops to the west Acegua in southern Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). These levels are thin, on average 4 cm thick, large in area, and are composed of grayish-white to greenish massive clay stones that contrast, in the field, with the shales of the Irati Formation. The bentonite levels of the Irati Formation are predominantly composed of Ca-montmorillonite, which constitutes the fine matrix of the rock; and scattered primary or magmatic crystals not larger than very fine sand. Among the main primary minerals representative of volcanic setting, it is possible to identify β-quartz paramorphs, sanidine, biotite, zircon, apatite and ilmenite, in addition to quartz and feldspar shards (splinters). More rarely, fragments of meso and macrocharcoals are found within the bentonite layers, which contrast with the maturity and type of non-vegetal organic matter of the Irati shale. Therefore, the nature of the precursor volcanism is inferred on the basis of rock geochemistry and crystal chemistry of the neoformed montmorillonite in the bentonite levels. Both methodologies indicate that during this period the volcanic ashes that reached the Parana Basin were generated by volcanism of intermediate composition, which is in accordance with what is known about the Lower Choiyoi Volcanic Province manifestations, which were synchronous with the sedimentation of the Irati Formation in the Parana Basin. (author)

Study of films properties of nanocomposites recycled polystyrene and sodium bentonite; Estudo de propriedades de filmes de nanocompositos poliestireno reciclado e argila bentonita sodica comercial

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Machado, Messias dos Santos; Valenzuela, Maria das Gracas da Silva; Telles, Victor Bridi; Valenzuela-Diaz, Francisco Rolando; Wiebeck, Helio, E-mail: msm.vix@gmail.com [Univeridade de Sao Paulo (EP/USP), Sao Paulo, SP (Brazil). Escola Politecnica

2014-07-01

The technological advances in the world induces a great use of plastics materials with growing demand. Besides this fact, the improvement of this material's uses require a special attention because of its degradation difficulties that brings environmental problems. In this work were produced films of discarded polystyrene cups and sodium bentonite, due to its property of forming nanocomposite, initially, the ratios of filler with 1, 2 and 3% with glycerol added as plasticizer. Proportions of 4, 5 and 7% were tested too, with and without addition of calcium sulfate, with the intention of observing the influences in the properties related to increases in dosage of nano load and seeks to improve the properties. The results of the analysis of characterization (XRD, DSC, SEM) indicated the possibility of recycling this material with satisfactory properties for some important applications. (author)

Membrana cerâmica assimétrica à base de argila para aplicação em processos de microfiltração: influência do tempo de deposição

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

M. C. da Silva

2014-09-01

Full Text Available A tecnologia de membranas vem sendo disseminada pelo mundo, em diversos setores onde existe a necessidade de separação de substancias, em diferentes escalas de dimensões e condições de temperatura e pressão. Neste sentido, as membranas cerâmicas vêm sendo exploradas para atuarem em ambientes onde as membranas poliméricas teriam restrições, como por exemplo, na presença de solventes orgânicos, altas pressões e temperaturas, etc. Diante disso, esse trabalho tem como objetivo a obtenção de membrana cerâmica assimétrica formada por uma camada filtrante à base de argila depositada sobre suporte poroso obtido com alumina comercial e bentonita. A camada ativa foi depositada por colagem em tempos de 10, 20 e 30 s para obtenção da membrana assimétrica. As massas cerâmicas para confecção do suporte e para obtenção da membrana foram caracerizadas por distrubuição granulométrica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. O suporte poroso e a membrana assimétrica foram caracterizados por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, porosimetria por intrusão de mercúrio e foram realizadas análises de fluxo com água. Os resultados mostraram um suporte com diâmetro médio de 0,99 µm e porosidade de 39,25%. A membrana assimétrica foi obtida com sucesso, isenta de defeitos para tempo de colagem de 10 s, atingindo uma espessura de camada depositada de 104 µm, diâmetro médio de poro de 0,25 µm e porosidade de 35%, sendo classificada, portanto, para aplicações em processos de microfiltração, com fluxo permeado estabilizado com água destilada em torno de 100 L/h.m².

Influencia de los coadyuvantes tecnológicos utilizados en el proceso de elaboración de aceite de oliva sobre la cinética del proceso de digestión anaerobia del alpechín

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Borja Padilla, R.

1992-08-01

Full Text Available A kinetic study of the anaerobic digestion of olive mill wastewater, which was obtained with the technological helper "Olivex" (Carbohydrase -pectinases, cellulases and hemicellulases- from the Aspergillus aculeatus was carried out. An identical wastewater, obtained without this enzymatic formulation was also used. The process was carried out in bioreactors with microorganisms immobilized on two micronized clay supports, Sepiolite and Bentonite. The methane volume-time data pairs obtained were used to calculate the specific rate constant, Ko, by using the Roediger's equation. A decrease of the specific rate constant value was observed over the substrate concentration studied when the volume of wastewater added was increased; this confirmed the occurrence of an inhibition process, which was more marked for the olive mill wastewater obtained with Olivex. The Levenspiel's model was used to obtain the inhibition constants of this process.

Se ha efectuado un estudio cinético del proceso de digestión anaerobia de un alpechín obtenido con el coadyuvante tecnológico "Olivex" (Carbohidrasa -pectinasas, celulasas y hemicelulasas- procedente de Aspergillus aculeatus en comparación con un testigo obtenido sin esta formulación enzimática. El proceso se ha realizado en biorreactores con microorganismos inmovilizados en dos soportes micronizados arcillosos, Sepiolita y Bentonita. A partir de los datos volumen de metano-tiempo, se calculan las constantes específicas de velocidad, Ko, utilizando la ecuación de Roediger. Dentro del rango de concentración de sustrato estudiado se observa una disminución de la constante cinética al aumentar el volumen de residuo añadido a los digestores lo que confirma la existencia de un proceso de inhibición, que es más acusado en el caso del alpechín obtenido con Olivex. Para determinar las constantes de inhibición del proceso se utiliza el modelo propuesto por Levenspiel.

R and D as a future strategy for the Spanish shipbuilding; La I+D+I como estrategia de futuro para la construccion naval espanola

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Novoa Rojas, E. M.; Carneros Lozano, A. M.

2012-07-01

This paper analyses the link between the RDI and the growth and competitiveness of companies in the shipbuilding sector. We examine the development activity on the technical and technological matters. It is noted that the RDI is a pivot of economic growth, discusses the European context and the time currently lives with enhancing measures such as: the so-called Blue Economy and the Integrated Maritime Policy, in which the sea is an important role. (Author)

Benchmarking on the management of radioactive waste in the Spanish Nuclear Power; Benchmarking sobre la gestion de residuos radiactivos en las Centrales Nucleares Espanola

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rodriguez, M. A.; Gonzalez, R.; Gomez, N.

2012-07-01

The main objective of this project is to perform a comparative evaluation of the practices carried out in the field of waste management in the Spanish nuclear power plants. Once compared such practices have been established recommendations that may be of interest for application in other plants.

Membrane Bioreactors design and operation improvements: The Spanish Experience; Avances en el diseno y la operacion de los biorreactores de membrana: La experiencia espanola

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Iglesias Esteban, R.; Ortega de Miguel, E.; Martinez Tarifa, M. A.; Simon Andreu, P.; Moragas Bouyart, L.; Garcia Fernandez, E.; Robuste Cartro, J.; Rodriguez-Roda layret, I.

2012-07-01

A Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) is a modification of a conventional activated sludge (CAS) plant where the secondary settling ins replaced by a low pressure ultrafiltration (UF) or micro filtration (MF) membranes separation process in order to obtain an effluent almost free of suspended solids and microorganisms. since the first MBR installation in 2002, the number and capacity of these systems have exponentially increased in spain, driven by the high quality of the effluent which allows direct reuse and discharge into environmentally sensitive areas, the compactness and automation of these plants and the possibility of upgrading existing wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) which no longer reach the required effluent quality levels. There were 45 operating MBR systems in 2011 and the total municipal wastewater treatment capacity by this type of plants will be about 90 hm{sup 3} in 204 when the current projects have been implemented. Today, Spain public and private wastewater management agencies consider MBR plants as an alternative of treatment but first they had to face a complex learning period to operate and design this kind of system. A significant progress has been made over the last years, but especially energy efficiency responds to the challenge of continuous improvement. Membrane fouling control consumes most of the energy involved in the process therefore, anti fouling materials and better membrane air-scour systems that allow the frequency and intensity of air flow to be controlled in realtime, are being investigated. This brings MBR closer to the CAS process in terms of energy efficiency. Breakthroughs in the design and operation of MBR plants are being collected in a guide for the implementation of MBR led by CEDEX, in which the main managers and operators are involved. This paper presents some of these improvements. (Author) 9 refs.

The role of ENSA in the internationalization of the spanish nuclear industry; La participacion de ENSA en la internacionalizacion de la industria nuclear espanola

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Zubimendi, J. M.

2012-11-01

Originally born to face the manufacture of the large components for the Spanish nuclear power plants, ENSA is a valid example of internationalization. Mainly based on its high technology and quality as a differential fact, the international success started at the end of the eighties. currently 90% of the manufactured equipment is exported and 50% of the services are performed abroad, ENSA is working for demanding markets as China, France, North America, Taiwan, Argentina, slovenia, Belgium, south Africa, etc. Today, all large equipment being manufactured at ENSA will be exported. (Author)

What they have in common the engineering from the Spanish nuclear power plants?; Que tienen en comun las ingenierias de las centrales nucleares espanolas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rodriguez Mendez, M.

2012-11-01

In recent years, Spain Nuclear Power Plant Engineering have switched their project/task management method to Critical Chain multi-project management, developed by Dr. Goldratt, achieving outstanding results in improving quality and productivity. Multitasking reduction, task and resource synchronizing without the need of exact schedules, implementing a real-time priority information system, relying on the software Concerto, and daily decision making are the basis for the management change that has generated productivity increases of between 20% to 50%, opening new horizons for improvement in other scenarios such as optimizing refueling shutdowns. (Author)

Electromagnetic fields and safety : information and risk perception in Spanish population; Campos electromagneticos y salud: informacion y percepcion del riesgo en la poblacion espanola

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Fernandez, A.; Guillen, V.

2005-07-01

There is a lack of knowledge about both the information the general population in Spain has on electromagnetic fields (EMF) and the public risk perception regarding the exposure to non-ionizing EMF emitting sources. The aims of the present preliminary survey were to assess what the Spanish population knew about EMF, to explore their health risk perception associated with the exposure to commonly used sources of non-ionizing radiation; and to know their risk perception regarding cell towers. A total number of 801 adult participants, randomly selected answered a telephone interview based on a 13-item semi-structured questionnaire. Sixty-nine per cent of the interviewees reported having no knowledge about electromagnetic fields. Up to 88.9% mentioned to have a little or no information at all on the health effects of EMF. Comparing risk perception regarding several commonly used devices, mobile telephones and microwave ovens were associated with a higher heath risk than TV and computers. Of those who believed that the devices mentioned were linked with health problems, 40.7% associated them with cancer. Regarding base stations, 52.1% of the sample envisioned such sources as a health risk, and of those who believed so, the majority linked the proximity of base stations with cancer. Gender differences were observed in risk perception. (Author) 16 refs.

Caracterização de argilas bentonitas e diatomitas e sua aplicação como adsorventes Bentonites and diatomites clays characterization and aplication in adsorption

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Enéderson Rossetto

2009-01-01

Full Text Available Five samples of natural clays denominated: diatomite, CN-20, CN-29, CN-40 and CN-45 from Aliança Latina LTDA were characterized by differents supplementary techniques such as: XRD, chemical analysis, adsorption N2 measurements, infrared spectroscopy analysis, thermogravimetric analysis. Clays were tested in adsorption of blue methylene. All of isotherms adjust in a model of physics adsorption with formation of multilayers, however in the case of diatomite was a favorable adsorption (type II and the CNs were a not favorable adsorption (type III. In the case of CNs had flocculation of clay in high concentration of coloring.

Subjective nutritional val oration generated by the patient in the hematology oncology users

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Andrada, D.

2004-01-01

Everybody knows that all protein calorie malnutrition is not only the cause of death in cancer patients but also affects the good performance treatment as well as their quality of life. Because of that common complication, it is necessary the use of simple tools to detect its occurrence. A recent study called NUPAC perceive that 52% of patients in advanced stages presents protein calorie malnutrition. The tool used was the subjective global valuation which is generated by the patient and is based on clinical parameters. The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group showed that a weight loss predicts the treatment response reducing the survival and quality of life. In 2002 a study carried out in the Nutritional Support Unit, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron in Barcelona recorded that at admission only 16,7% of patients were within normal nutritional values, 38.9% were undernourished moderate and 44.4% severe malnutrition, nutritional assessment at discharge showed no significant changes in relation to income hospital. 81.2% of these patient had a prescribed diet v / o of which 43.1% needed some supplements type and only 23% an artificial diet. The valuation method used was also generated by the subjective global valuation patient. Considering the impact that the nutritional status has in the evolution of neoplastic disease we saw the need to make a job using the above tool applied by personnel out of the nutrition in order to evaluate and identify patients who need or no simple nutritional intervention. Our study was conducted in the period of August-October in 2004 and included 50 users, of both sexes (26 males and 24 females) treated with polychemotherapy (which were excluded in the first series of MDT) and either ambulatory or hospitalized at transplant unit or conventional sector in Hematology-Oncology Service at the Asociacion Espanola Primera de Socorros Mutuos. Part of the questionnaire was completed by the own user and It also were performed by anthropometric

Fuel cycle management by the electric enterprises and spanish nuclear Power plants; Gestion del ciclo de combustible por las empresas electricas y centrales nucleares espanolas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Celma, E. M.; Gonzalez, C.; Lopez, J. V.; Melara, J.; Lopez, L.; Martinez, J. C.; Culbras, F.; Blanco, J.; Francia, L.

2015-07-01

The Nuclear Fuel Group reports to the Technology Committee of the UNESA Nuclear Energy Committee, and is constituted by representatives of both the Spanish Utilities and the Nuclear Power Plants. The Group addresses the nuclear plant common issues in relation to the operation and management of the nuclear fuel in their different stages of the Fuel Cycle. The article reviews the activities developed by the Group in the Front-End, mainly in the monitoring of international programs that define criteria to improve the Fuel Reliability and in the establishment of common bases for the implementation of changes in the regulation applying the nuclear fuel. Concerning the Back-End the Group focuses on those activities of coordination with third parties related to the management of used fuel. (Author)

Stability analysis criteria in landfill design based on the Spanish code; Criterios de estabilidad en el diseno de un vertedero, basado en la normativa espanola

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Estaire Gepp, J.; Pardo de Santayana, F.

2014-02-01

The design of a landfill requires performing stability analyses. To perform such analyses it is necessary to define different design situations and their corresponding safety factors. Geo synthetics are normally used to construct the lining system of the landfills, causing critical slip surfaces to pass along one of the different geo synthetic interfaces. Determination of the shear strength of such critical interfaces is, therefore, an extremely important issue. In this paper, these aspects are analysed based on what is set in the Spanish codes and in the technical literature. As a result of the study, some tables are presented which relate the different design situations (normal, accidental or extraordinary) to the shear strength of the lining system to be used (peak or residual) and define the minimum factor of safety to be accomplished. (Author)

Characterization of bentonite, fibrous and kaolinite clays with regard to their use in pelotherapy; Caracterizacion de bentonitas, arcillas fibrosas y arcillas caoliniferas para su empleo en peloterapia

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pozo Martin, E.; Martin Rubi, J. A.; Pozo Rodriguez, M.

2011-07-01

We have characterized the mineralogical and chemical contents of several Spanish special clays (bentonite, fibrous clays and kaolin). Mineralogical analyses revealed that the samples were composed mainly of phyllosilicates (78 %-99 %) with a notable presence of dioctahedral and trioctahedral smectites in the bentonite, kaolinite in the kaolin and sepiolite or palygorskite in the fibrous clays. Illite was the common subordinate mineral in the bentonite, kaolin and palygorskite. Quartz, calcite, dolomite and feldspars were found as associate minerals with the occasional presence of zeolites and amphiboles. The chemical analysis was consistent with the mineralogy. With regard to trace elements (V, Cr, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Ba, Sb, Pb, U), the whole samples of the magnesium bentonite and sepiolite were found to have the lowest trace-element contents (<257,28 ppm ), whilst the aluminium bentonite, kaolin and particularly the palygorskite had higher contents than the other clays, with some elements occasionally exceeding the contents of previously studied common clays. Nevertheless, all the trace elements were found in lower quantities than the recommended toxicity levels and those quantities currently used in pelotherapy in Spanish spas. (Author)

The globalization of brands and competitiveness, trends and challenges for Spanish; La globilizacion de las marcas y la competitividad. tendencias y retos para las empresas espanolas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Cervino, J.; Baena, V.

2011-07-01

Increasing competitive global, augmented by the rise of new multinationals from emerging countries and the concentration and internationalization of large global distribution networks, is forcing companies and Spanish brands to accelerate their plans for international expansion and consolidation. To do this, we need a change of perspective in the external competitive focus. We must move from a vision of sellers, with a position of lowest price, to one of marketers by adopting a strategic vision focused on sustain ability and long-term profitability through innovation products and services, sold under brands with projection and international reputation. (Author)

Influência da adição de uma carga nanoparticulada no desempenho de compósitos poliuretano/fibra de juta Influence of a nanoparticulate filler addition on the mechanical properties of polyurethane/jute fiber composites

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

José R. A. Neto

2007-03-01

Full Text Available Neste trabalho as propriedades mecânicas de um compósito, formado a partir de uma matriz de poliuretano derivado do óleo de mamona e reforçada por um tecido tramado de juta, foram avaliadas. O efeito da adição de pequenos teores de bentonita cálcica e sódica sobre as propriedades mecânicas da matriz de poliuretano e de compósitos poliuretano/juta também foi investigado. Os resultados indicam que a incorporação de fibra de juta à matriz poliuretana promoveu melhora significativa nas propriedades sob tração dos compósitos. A adição de pequenos teores de argila à matriz alterou o desempenho mecânico dos compósitos, porém os resultados não foram os esperados. O compósito híbrido poliuretano/argila/fibra de juta, contudo, apresentou propriedades mecânicas superiores às dos compósitos reforçados unicamente com tecido de juta, o que indica uma atuação sinérgica dos reforços híbridos argila/juta.In this work the mechanical properties of polyurethane/jute fiber composites were evaluated as a function of fiber content and mineral filler addition. A polyurethane (PU derived from castor oil was used as the matrix and hessian cloth as reinforcement. The effect of the incorporation of small amounts of local clay (bentonite, in its calcium and sodium forms, on the mechanical properties of polyurethane/jute composites was also investigated. The results indicate that the tensile properties of the composites substantially increased with jute fiber addition and that although the mechanical properties of the matrix were affected by the addition of nanoparticulate clay, the improvement was not as expected. This was attributed to poor mixing and dispersion of the filler, which was confirmed by SEM. A synergistic effect was observed for the hybrid clay/jute fiber composites, with considerable improvement in the mechanical performance of the hybrid composites.

Influencia de los materiales plásticos sobre las características de los engobes. I Tipo de material arcilloso

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Moreno, A.

2000-10-01

Full Text Available One of the major ceramic engobe constituents is the clayey material. This material contributes suitable properties to the engobe suspension for correct application and yields an unfired layer with adequate mechanical strength and bonding to the body. A series of tests was conducted in the present study to determine how the type and proportion of clayey material affected engobe suspension properties (rheological behaviour and resulting unfired engobe layer properties (compactness, bonding and surface drying time. The tested clayey materials were of the type normally used for engobe preparation: white clay, kaolin and bentonite. It was found that all the studied engobe characteristics varied considerably on modifying the type of clayey material. The arising variations were shown to be due to changes in engobe plasticity and unfired layer packing on changing the type of clayey material.

Uno de los componentes principales de los engobes cerámicos es el material arcilloso, el cual confiere las propiedades adecuadas para llevar a cabo la correcta aplicación de la suspensión de engobe y permitir la obtención de una capa cruda con la apropiada resistencia mecánica y adherencia al soporte. En el presente trabajo se han realizado una serie de ensayos con el objeto de determinar cómo afecta el tipo y porcentaje de material arcilloso a las propiedades de las suspensiones de engobe (comportamiento reológico y de las capas crudas obtenidas a partir de ellas (compacidad, adherencia y tiempo de secado superficial. Los materiales arcillosos ensayados han sido los utilizados habitualmente en la preparación de los engobes: arcilla blanca, caolín y bentonita. El análisis de los resultados obtenidos permite concluir que todas las características del engobe tenidas en cuenta varían considerablemente al modificar el tipo de material arcilloso. Se ha podido comprobar que dichas variaciones son debidas a cambios en el empaquetamiento de la capa cruda

Geochemical Processes and compacted bentonite FEBEX with a thermohydraulic gradient with a thermohydraulic gradient; Procesos geoquimicos y modificaciones texturales en bentonita FEBEX compactada sometida a un gradiente termohidraulico

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Leguey Jimenez, S; Cuevas Rodriguez, J; Martin Barca, M; Vigil de la Villa Mencia, R.; Ramirez Martin, S; Garcia Gimenez, R [Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (Spain)

2002-07-01

At present, the main source of High Level radioactive Waste (HLW) is the electrical energy production during all sep of developing. In almost all the countries with nuclear programs, the option for the final management of HLW is the Deep Geological Repository (DGR), based on the concept of multi barrier. According to this concept, the wastes is isolated from biosphere by the interposition of confinement barrier. In the context of an investigation of the near field for a repository of HLW, the FEBEX Project, a set of laboratory test has been designed to give a better understanding of the thermo-hydro-mechanical and geochemical behaviour of the compacted bentonite as a confinement barrier. The object of these work is to analyse the properties of the bentonite and its behaviour under conditions that will be found in a repository. The precipitation of mineral phases, due to local changes in the chemical equilibrium and the hydration itself, can produce changes in the salinity of the interstitial water and in the microstructural organisation of the clay particles. the hydraulic and mechanical properties of the bentonite can be modified by the special conditions of the barrier. (Author)

Study on the mechanical properties of a HMS-PP nanocomposite with a Brazilian bentonite; Estudo das propriedades mecanicas de um nanocomposito de HMS-PP com uma bentonita brasileira

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Fermino, D M; Parra, D F; Lugao, A B; Oliani, W.L., E-mail: mfermino@usp.b [Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares (IPEN/CNEN-SP), Sao Paulo, SP (Brazil); Valenzuela-Diaz, F R [Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), SP (Brazil). Escola Politecnica. Dept. de Engenharia Metalurgica e de Materiais

2010-07-01

This work concerns to the study of the mechanical behavior of the nanocomposite HMSPP - Polypropylene High Melt Strength (obtained at a dose of 12.5 kGy) and a bentonite clay Brazilian Paraiba (PB), known as 'Chocolate' in concentrations of 5 and 10% by weight, comparison of to one American Clay, cloisite 20A nanocomposite was done. Agent compatibilizer polypropylene-graft, known as maleic anhydride (PP-g-AM) was addict 3% concentration thought technique melt intercalation using a twin-screw extruder and the specimens were prepared by injection process. The mechanical behavior was evaluated by strength, flexural strength and impact tests. The morphology of the nanocomposites was studied by the technique of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), while the organophilic bentonite and nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared (FTIR). (author)

Bentonite clay purification for development of polymeric nan composites using a single screw extruder; Purificacao de argila bentonita para desenvolvimento de nanocomposito polimerico utilizando uma extrusora rosca simples

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NONE

2011-07-01

In this work, a bentonite clay rich in montmorillonite was purified and chemical treat to be used in the development of poly (methyl methacrylate) /clay nanocomposites via melting processes. After the clay treatment and purification, a masterbatch with 25% clay and 75% PMMA was produced by solution technique, using acetone as solvent. For produce samples with 2.5% clay, the masterbatch along with pure polymer were added and mixed in single screw extruder with a diameter of 16 mm and W/D 26. X-rays diffractometry (XRD) and X-rays fluorescence (XRF). Tests were performed to evaluate and characterizing the bentonite clay used in the development of this work and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests were performed to evaluate changes in the thermal properties of the nanocomposites produced. (author)

Study on the mechanical properties of a HMS-PP nanocomposite with a Brazilian bentonite; Estudo das propriedades mecanicas de um nanocomposito de HMS-PP com uma bentonita brasileira

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Fermino, D.M.; Parra, D.F.; Lugao, A.B.; Oliani, W.L., E-mail: mfermino@usp.b [Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares (IPEN/CNEN-SP), Sao Paulo, SP (Brazil); Valenzuela-Diaz, F.R. [Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), SP (Brazil). Escola Politecnica. Dept. de Engenharia Metalurgica e de Materiais

2010-07-01

This work concerns to the study of the mechanical behavior of the nanocomposite HMSPP - Polypropylene High Melt Strength (obtained at a dose of 12.5 kGy) and a bentonite clay Brazilian Paraiba (PB), known as 'Chocolate' in concentrations of 5 and 10% by weight, comparison of to one American Clay, cloisite 20A nanocomposite was done. Agent compatibilizer polypropylene-graft, known as maleic anhydride (PP-g-AM) was addict 3% concentration thought technique melt intercalation using a twin-screw extruder and the specimens were prepared by injection process. The mechanical behavior was evaluated by strength, flexural strength and impact tests. The morphology of the nanocomposites was studied by the technique of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), while the organophilic bentonite and nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared (FTIR). (author)

Synthesis and characterization of pillared bentonite with Al, AL/Fe and impregnated with Pd; Sintese e caracterizacao de bentonitas pilarizadas com Al, AL/Fe e impregnadas com Pd

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Silva, Marcus Vinicius Costa; Pizarro, Alejandro Herrero; Molina, Carmen Belen, E-mail: marcus.ufpa@yahoo.com.br [Universidade Federal do Para (UFPA), Belem, PA (Brazil). Instituto de Tecnologia. Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica; Seccion de Ingenieria Quimica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autonoma de Madri (Spain)

2017-10-01

In this work, a north american bentonite was pillared with Al and Al/Fe, creating the Al-PILC and Al-Fe-PILC, respectively. Then the Pd was impregnated in the materials, generating Pd-Al-PILC and Pd-Al-Fe-PILC, respectively. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric and N{sub 2} adsorption at 77 K to determine the specific surface area by BET method (Brunauer - Emmett - Teller). There was an increase in the basal spacing of bentonite from 12.4Å in the original sample to 17.81Å in the Al-Fe-PILC, 17.20Å in Pd-Al-PILC and 17.05Å in the Pd-Al-Fe-PILC. The specific surface area increased from 19.05m{sup 2}/g in the original sample to 173.49m{sup 2}/g in Al-Fe-PILC, 101.31m{sup 2}/g to Pd-Al-PILC and 92m{sup 2}/g in Pd-Al-Fe-PILC. The pillaring process was successful and the synthesized materials have great potential for use as catalysts. (author)

Study of the Properties of Bentonites for their use in Clay Geo synthetic Barriers; Estudio de la propiedades de las bentonitas para su utilizacion en barreras geosinteticas arcillosas

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Leiro Lopez, A.; Mateo Sanz, B.; Garcia Cidoncha, H.; Blanco Fernandez, M.

2014-02-01

Bentonites used for the production of clay geo synthetic barriers need to meet some properties so that they can be a waterproofing system. among the bentonites used in industry, sodium bentonite has the lowest permeability due to its high water absorption capacity in the inter-laminar space, causing it to swell and form a barrier to water flow. this paper provides the study of the properties of four bentonite to evaluate their quality the study of the properties of four bentonite to evaluate their quality. For this study, the main properties have been tested: water absorption, swelling index, fluid loss, cation exchange capacity and montmorillonite content. In order to optimize the procedure for the characterization of bentonites, correlations between different tests have been done, to identify the most suitable ones. Finally, a compatibility test has been carried out to study the performance of bentonites in water containing a high amount of sales, because in this case, an ion exchange between the interlayer sodium ions of bentonite and cations dissolved in the water can take, resulting in a decrease swell of the bentonite. (Author)

Characterization of sodium bentonites: effect of treatment with ammonium salt- free organic surfactant; Caracterizacao de bentonitas sodicas: efeito do tratamento com surfactante organico livre de sal de amonio

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Morita, R. Y.; Barbosa, R. V.; Kloss, J.R., E-mail: julianaweber@utfpr.edu.br [Universidade Tecnologica Federal do Parana (UTFPR), Curitiba, PR (Brazil). Dartamento de Quimica e Biologia

2015-07-15

Bentonite, which the main clay mineral is montmorillonite, are commercially attractive because of its abundance in nature. The clays can be modified by ion exchange reactions of ions contained in the interlayer region with cationic surfactants that include ammonium or phosphonium salts. The clays origin and the type of surfactants (modifiers) are the main factors in the alteration of physical and chemical properties of these materials. This study aims to characterize and compare the results of natural bentonite commercially available and the effect of treatments with quaternary ammonium salt and an organic compound free of ammonium salt. The FTIR and XRD results indicate the process of organophilization of clays after treatment with the surfactants. These treatments have altered the average particle size, suggesting the formation of agglomerates, which was showed in the SEM images. The results of surface area and particle size data indicated the presence of larger particles. Although the two surfactants have shown similarities in the investigated properties, the organoclays free of ammonium salt are more promising in terms of its use as well as for their preparation and solubility. (author)

Spanish firms patenting in the European office. characteristics compared with non-applicant; Las empresas espanolas que patentan en la oficina Europea. Caracteristicas comparadas con las no solicitantes

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Barajas, A.; Huergo, E.; Moreno, L.

2012-07-01

The objective of this paper is to provide evidence about the features of Spanish firms applying for patents to the European Patent Office between 1998 and 2008. We compare these firms with a control sample of non-applicants during the same period and focus especially on firms that have been awarded public aid for R and D projects by the Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology. (Author) 14 refs.

Mechanical characterization of a reduced activation 9 Cr ferritic/martensitic steel of spanish production; Caracterizacion mecanica de un acero ferritico/martenitico de activacion reducida de produccion espanola

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Rodriguez, D.; Serrano, M.

2012-07-01

This paper shows the first results concerning the characterization of two heats of a reduced activation 9 Cr ferritic/martensitic steel (RAFM) made in Spain, called AF1B and AF2A. The results of this characterization are compared with their European counterparts, EUROFER97-2, which was chosen as reference material. All activities described were performed in the Structural Materials Unit of CIEMAT, within the national project TECNO-FUS CONSOLIDER INGENIO.The two Spanish heats have the same production process and heat treatment. Both heats have a similar tensile behaviour similar to EUROFER97-2, but on the other hand impact properties are lower. The microstructure of AF1B reveals large biphasic inclusions that affecting its mechanical properties, especially the impact properties. AF2A casting was free of these inclusions. (Author) 24 refs.

The logistics, the key for the competitiveness of the Spanish vehicle manufacturing plants; La logistica, clave para la competitividad de las plantas espanolas de fabricacion de vehiculos

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Garcia Lopez, A.

2012-07-01

This article aims to outline the logistics chain in the automotive sector and analyze the current situation of the different modes of transport for finished vehicles. Nowadays the Spanish production plants depend on the export, wage levels are very close to the European average and transport costs are winning importance. With the integration of new EU countries with cheaper labor costs and more favorable geographical situation, the distribution logistics become a key variable for the competitiveness of Spanish automotive industry. All data used come from official sources and are as updated as possible. (Author)

Polypropylene/elastomers/organophilic bentonite nanocomposites. Influence of elastomer content on morphology and mechanical properties; Nanocompositos polipropileno/elastomero/bentonita organofilica. Influencia do teor de elastomero na morfologia e propriedades mecanicas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ferreira, K.R.M.; Braga, C.R.C. [Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), PB (Brazil). Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencia e Engenharia de Materiais; Andrade, D.L.A.C.S.; Carvalho, L.H.; Silva, S.M.L., E-mail: suedina@dema.ufcg.edu.b [Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), PB (Brazil). Unidade Academica de Engenharia de Materiais

2010-07-01

In this study, the effect of the elastomer terpolymer ethylene-propylene-diene (EPDM) content on the morphology and mechanical properties of polypropylene PP/EPDM/organophilic bentonite nanocomposite was evaluated. The bentonite, supplied by Bentonit Uniao Nordeste, was purified and organically modified with cetyl trimethyl quaternary ammonium (cetremide) before the incorporation in PP/EPDM blend. The blends with various amounts of EPDM (10, 20, 30 and 40 wt%) and 1 phr of organoclay were prepared by melt-blending at 180 deg C and 50 rpm for 15 min with an internal mixer (Haake). The blends were characterized by X-ray diffraction and mechanical properties (tensile strength). According to the results, we concluded that the content of EPDM affected the morphology and mechanical properties of nanocomposites resulting in improvement in mechanical and morphological properties when a content of 30 wt% of EPDM was used. (author)

Precambrian supercontinents, glaciations, atmospheric oxygenation, metazoan evolution and an impact that may have changed the second half of Earth history

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Grant M. Young

2013-05-01

Full Text Available In more than 4 Ga of geological evolution, the Earth has twice gone through extreme climatic perturbations, when extensive glaciations occurred, together with alternating warm periods which were accompanied by atmospheric oxygenation. The younger of these two episodes of climatic oscillation preceded the Cambrian “explosion” of metazoan life forms, but similar extreme climatic conditions existed between about 2.4 and 2.2 Ga. Over long time periods, changing solar luminosity and mantle temperatures have played important roles in regulating Earth's climate but both periods of climatic upheaval are associated with supercontinents. Enhanced weathering on the orogenically and thermally buoyed supercontinents would have stripped CO2 from the atmosphere, initiating a cooling trend that resulted in continental glaciation. Ice cover prevented weathering so that CO2 built up once more, causing collapse of the ice sheets and ushering in a warm climatic episode. This negative feedback loop provides a plausible explanation for multiple glaciations of the Early and Late Proterozoic, and their intimate association with sedimentary rocks formed in warm climates. Between each glacial cycle nutrients were flushed into world oceans, stimulating photosynthetic activity and causing oxygenation of the atmosphere. Accommodation for many ancient glacial deposits was provided by rifting but escape from the climatic cycle was predicated on break-up of the supercontinent, when flooded continental margins had a moderating influence on weathering. The geochemistry of Neoproterozoic cap carbonates carries a strong hydrothermal signal, suggesting that they precipitated from deep sea waters, overturned and spilled onto continental shelves at the termination of glaciations. Paleoproterozoic (Huronian carbonates of the Espanola Formation were probably formed as a result of ponding and evaporation in a hydrothermally influenced, restricted rift setting. Why did metazoan

Crops for biodiesel to be grown on mine tailings

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Ulrichsen, H.

2007-12-01

Natural Resources Canada has launched a feasibility project along with several branches of the federal government, provincial government, Laurentian University and mining and forestry companies to determine if crops suitable for producing biodiesel fuel can be grown on mine tailings. The concept first came about when a biodiesel plant was proposed to be built in Sudbury. Although plans for the plant have been abandoned, the biodiesel crop project is still going ahead. Crops will be cultivated on 2 half-hectare plots on the CVRD Inco tailings in Sudbury, 1 half-hectare plot on the Xstrata Nickel tailings in Sudbury and 1 half-hectare plot on the Goldcorp tailings in Timmins. Paper sludge from St. Marys Paper Company in Sault Ste. Marie and Domtar in Espanola will be spread on the plots in January when the frozen ground is easier to work on with heavy equipment. In the spring, the plots will be seeded with corn, canola or soy, with the possibility of alder and willow in the future. Instruments to monitor groundwater on the sites will also be installed. Biodiesel produced with vegetable or meat oils has been touted as being an environmentally sound diesel fuel. Emissions from vehicles fueled by biodiesel are 40 to 100 per cent lower than those from conventional diesel engines. Proponents of the project emphasize the value of using marginal lands like mine tailings to grow crops for biodiesel fuel instead of prime agricultural land. There are 2,500 hectares of tailings in Sudbury that could be potentially used for this purpose, and about 2,000 hectares at one mine site in Timmins. A Sudbury-area farmer will provide advice about growing the crops and will also grow the same crops on a portion of his land for a comparative evaluation of crop yield. The paper sludge offers the benefit of allowing crops to be grown, but it also cuts off oxygen flow to the tailings underneath, thereby preventing sulphides in the tailings from rusting. The paper sludge may even help the

Propuesta para la integración de criterios sostenibles en los proyectos de ingenierìa civil: un caso práctico

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Fernández-Sánchez, G.

2011-12-01

Full Text Available In this paper an indicator system is proposed for assessing sustainability in linear infrastructure projects from early stages (previous analysis of alternatives to allow classification of the different alternatives according to their impact on the environment, society and economy, and thus to select the most sustainable alternative. It is developed a brief study of the state of knowledge on sustainable construction worldwide and, according to existing initiatives, it is proposed the sustainability assessment of infrastructure projects using a set of criteria and indicators. The indicator system is also applied to a case study, a Spanish highway, through a multi-criteria analysis, to identify existing constraints to the implementation of sustainability criteria from early stages considering the project life cycle, taking into account the interest of controlling and monitoring the indicator valuation in later stages and their possible application in the comparison between projects.

Se propone en este artículo un sistema de indicadores para la evaluación de la sostenibilidad en los proyectos de infraestructuras lineales desde etapas iniciales (estudio previo de soluciones para permitir la clasificación de las distintas alternativas según su impacto sobre el medio ambiente, la sociedad y la economía, y lograr así la selección de la solución considerada como más sostenible. Se realiza un breve estudio del estado del conocimiento relativo a la construcción sostenible a nivel internacional y, de acuerdo a las iniciativas existentes, se propone la evaluación de la sostenibilidad de los proyectos de infraestructuras mediante criterios e indicadores. Se aplica este sistema de indicadores a un caso de estudio de una autovía espanola mediante un análisis multicriterio, de manera que se identifican las limitaciones existentes para la aplicación de criterios sostenibles desde etapas tempranas considerando el ciclo de vida del proyecto

Medical Physics in the new undergraduate curriculum of Spanish medical schools; La Fisica Medica en los nuevos planes de estudio de grado de las facultades de medicina espanola

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Guibelalde, E.; Calzado, A.; Chevalier, M.

2011-07-01

The purpose of this paper is to present a systematic review of the contents of Medical Physics in the curricula of the new curriculum Grade in Spanish medical schools after the entry into force of that legislation.

Mineralogical and chemical study of Spanish common clays with regard to their use in pelotherapy; Estudio mineralogico y quomico de arcillas comunes espanolas para su empleo en peloterapia

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Pozo Martin, E.; Martin Rubi, J. A.; Pozo Rodriguez, M.

2011-07-01

The mineralogical (whole sample and clay fraction) and chemical compositions of 5 representative samples of Spanish common clays have been studied to evaluate their use in pelotherapy. The mineralogy of the samples revealed clays with phyllosilicate contents of between 53% and 74% and minor quantities of quartz, calcite, dolomite, feldspars, gypsum, pyrite and hematite. Smectite was the predominant clay mineral, with the exception of one sample containing only illite. The results of analyses of the major chemical elements were consistent with the mineralogical composition. The samples contained low quantities (<130 ppm, with the exception of Ba) of potentially harmful elements; the CAR sample contained the highest quantities of Ba, V, Cr, Co, As, Sb, and Ni. Nevertheless, the concentrations of trace elements in the samples analysed showed lower levels of phytotoxicity than those permitted and were also lower than those found in peloids currently used in Spanish spas. (Author)

Eco-innovation an evolution of innovation? Empirical analysis at the Spanish tile ceramic industry; Eco-innovacion, una evolucion de la innovacion? Analisis empirico en la industria ceramica espanola

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Segarra-Ona, M.; Peiro-Signes, A.; Miret-Pastor, L.; Albors-Garrigos, J.

2011-07-01

Innovation and sustainable development are considered to be economic drivers and crucial in fixing competitive position of companies. Eco-innovation, known as a synergic relation among both concepts must be an element to consider when designing the company's strategy. The objective of this paper is to analyze which are the variables that determine that innovative companies go beyond and consider the improvement of their environmental impact as an output when developing innovating activities. This research considers firms belonging to the Spanish tile industry. Data has been provided by PITEC Database. The paper identifies the moderating factors that influence the eco-innovative behavior of firms. (Author)

Study and development of nanocomposites PBT/bentonite clay treated by ionizing radiation: preparation and characterization; Estudo e desenvolvimento de nanocompositos PBT/argila bentonita tratados por radiacao ionizante: preparacao e caracterizacao

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sartori, Mariana do Nascimento

2014-07-01

This work describes the preparation and characterization of composites based on poly (butylene terephthalate) - PBT and brazilian modified clay prepared by the melt intercalation. PBT nanocomposites with 3 and 5 % by weight of organically modified clay, by the addition of a quaternary ammonium salt, were prepared by extrusion using a twin-screw extruder machine. After the extrusion process, the materials were injected to obtain specimens tests samples for the characterization tests. Part of the specimens samples were irradiated using an electron beam accelerator with 1.5 MeV at room temperature in the presence of air. Samples of pure PBT and irradiated and non-irradiated nanocomposites were characterized by mechanical tests of tensile, flexural and impact, heat distortion temperature (HDT), X - ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), melt flow index (MFI) thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the correlation between the properties was discussed. The results showed that the addition of clay, in both percentages, promoted an increase greater than 50 % in tensile strength at break and a gain of around 35% in heat distortion temperature when compared to the pure polymer. The treatment with ionizing radiation of electron beam at the doses used in this study showed no significant changes in material properties. (author)

Influence of natural or organophilic bentonite for flammable of the poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate); Influencia da bentonita natural ou organofilica na inflamabilidade do poli(etileno-co-acetato de vinila)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Heyder, Eduardo T.; Kloss, Juliana R.; Morita, Reinaldo Y., E-mail: yomorita1@gmail.com [Universidade Tecnologica Federal do Parana (UTFPR), Curitiba,PR (Brazil). Departamento de Quimica e Biologia; Caetano, Elenice H.; Andrade, Andre Vitor C. de [Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, PR (Brazil); Barbosa, Ronilson V. [Universidade Federal do Parana (UFPR), Curitiba, PR (Brazil). Departamento de Quimica

2015-07-01

The manufacture polymeric applied in electrical sector in general use additives which act as flame retardants, for example, some borates, phosphates, and halogenated hydroxides. An alternative material for this purpose frequently reported in the literature because the flame resistance or flame retardancy is organoclay. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the flammability of mixtures of EVA/natural bentonite and EVA/organoclay containing modifier as a species free of quaternary ammonium ions. The natural bentonite and organoclay were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy and materials were evaluated by X-ray diffraction and the flammability test. Regarding the combustion rate values, there was a reduction of flame propagation in EVA/natural bentonite (3.0%), showing that in this case the clay without modifier acted as a physical barrier and promoted retardant action of flame. (author)

Estudo do comportamento reológico das argilas bentoníticas de Cubati, Paraíba, Brasil Rheological behavior study of bentonite clays from Cubati, Paraíba, Brazil

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R. R. Menezes

2009-12-01

Full Text Available O estado da Paraíba possui jazidas de bentonitas utilizadas comercialmente para uma vasta gama de setores tecnológicos. No entanto, esses jazimentos estão se exaurindo, após dezenas de anos de exploração. Assim, este trabalho tem por objetivo dar prosseguimento à caracterização de argilas bentoníticas de Cubati, PB, estudando o comportamento reológico das dispersões argila-água de modo avaliar seu desempenho para fluidos de perfuração de poços de petróleo base água. As amostras estudadas foram secas a 60 ºC e determinou-se sua capacidade de troca de cátions. As argilas foram transformadas em sódica por tratamento com Na2CO3 e em seguida realizou-se o estudo do comportamento reológico das dispersões. As viscosidades, aparente e plástica, o volume de filtrado, os parâmetros reológicos do fluido e a sua força gel foram determinados. Os resultados evidenciaram que cada amostra apresenta um teor ótimo de carbonato de sódio e que as dispersões argila-água possuem um comportamento pseudo-plástico e tixotrópico. Duas amostras apresentam potencial para utilização como agentes viscosificantes para fluidos de perfuração.The bentonites of the state of Paraíba, Brazil, are commercially used in numerous technological sectors, particularly in oil drilling muds. However, these bentonite deposits are becoming exhausted due to several years of exploitation. Thus, the aim of this work was continue the characterization of the bentonites from Cubati, Paraíba, studying the rheological behavior of water-clay suspensions, evaluating their viability to be used in oil drilling muds. The samples were dried at 60 ºC and, their cation exchange capacity was determined. The natural bentonite clays were transformed in sodium bentonite by addition of concentrated Na2CO3 solution, then the suspensions rheological study was performed. The apparent and plastic viscosities, water loss, rheological parameters and the gel force were determined

Comportamento termomecânico de compósitos ativos preparados com nanocompósitos epóxi/argila organofílica e fios de liga Ni-Ti com memória de forma Thermomechanical behavior of active composites prepared with epoxy/organoclay nanocomposites and Ni-Ti shape memory alloy wires

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Artur S. C. Leal

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Neste trabalho, nanocompósitos epóxi/argila organofílica foram selecionados como matriz por apresentarem valores de temperatura de transição vítrea (Tg e estabilidade térmica suficientemente alta para que fios de uma liga com memória de forma (LMF possam ser incorporados. Para tanto, quatro frações volumétricas de fios LMF de Ni-Ti (1,55, 2,56, 3,57 e 4,54% foram embebidas na matriz epoxídica diglicidil éter do bisfenol-A (DGEBA, reticulada com a amina aromática 4,4’-diamino difenil sulfona (DDS contendo 1 pcr da argila bentonita purificada organofiliada (APOC. A formação do nanocompósito foi confirmada por análise de difração de raio X, enquanto a transformação de fase dos fios de Ni-Ti foi determinada por análise dinâmico-mecânica (DMA. As amostras dos compósitos ativos preparados a partir da matriz de nanocompósito e fios de Ni-Ti foram caracterizadas principalmente por DMA. De acordo com os resultados obtidos foi constatada uma recuperação do módulo de armazenamento do compósito ativo durante o aquecimento na faixa de transformação de fase dos fios de Ni-Ti quando a fração volumétrica foi mantida em torno de 3,5%.In this work, epoxy/organoclay nanocomposites were selected as matrix for presenting high enough glass transition temperature (Tg and thermal stability values in order to be incorporated in shape memory alloys (SMA. Four volume fractions of SMA wires containing Ni-Ti (1.55, 2.56, 3.57 and 4.54% were embedded in diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA, cured with the aromatic amine 4,4’-diamino diphenyl sulfone (DDS and containing 1 phr of purified organobentonite (APOC. The formation of nanocomposite was confirmed by X ray diffraction analysis, while the phase transformation of Ni-Ti wires was determined by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA. Samples of the active composites prepared from nanocomposite matrix and Ni-Ti wires were mainly characterized by DMA. A recovery of the storage modulus of

Technology platforms and tools invigorate the economy. situation maritime Spanish Technology Platform; Las plataformas tecnologicas como herramientas dinamizadoras de la economia. Situacion de la plataforma tecnologica maritima espanola (PTME)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ruiz de Leon Loriga, C.

2012-07-01

The Ministry of Industry, Energy and Tourisme and the Ministry of Education and Science, through Fundacion INNOVAMAR, promote and help in 2005 the creation of the Spanish Maritime Technology Platform, (SMTP). Is a forum where all stake holders from the maritime sector define and share a common vision and a Strategic Research Agenda, driving the necessary innovation efforts forward. The Challenges 2020: a competitive maritime industry, safe, sustainable and efficient operations, adaptation of the demand, transversal areas. (Author)

Control and Data Acquisitions System for the spanish Beamline (BM25) at the ESRF; Sistema de Control y Acquisicion de Datos para la Linea Espanola (BN25) del ESRF

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pereira Gonzalez, A.; Olalla Garcia, C.; Sanchez Sanz, J.; Castro, G. R.

2005-07-01

A new control and data acquisition system has been developed for BM25 Spanish Line at the ESRF. The system is based in VMEbus, Motorola PreP architecture and Linux Operating System and it's linked to a local ETHERNET network which provides the way of communicate with the servers (PC workstations). In these computers, the data are available for general usage in order to analyze them. The data acquisition consists of many channels connected to the VME crates mainly, independent between them, and fully programmable by drivers, CLUI's and GUI's interfaces, and a set of independent systems (embedded ones, PLCs, others) controlling the security aspects. This report is described in terms of their architecture, their electronic system to the process hard ware and the functionality and the application development facilities they provide using the software and the data acquisition. (Author) 18 refs.

La flexibilidad laboral: significados y consecuencias Labour Flexibility: Meanings and Consequences

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Juan Ignacio Martínez Pastor

2011-09-01

Full Text Available

Los objetivos del articulo son 1 analizar las consecuencias de la flexibilidad laboral en el curso vital de los individuos, 2 asi como saber si la flexibilidad ha socavado o reforzado la importancia de las clases sociales, de la educacion y del genero en distintos aspectos concernientes al curso vital, sobre todo relacionados con el empleo en Espana. La peculiaridad espanola con respecto a la flexibilidad radica en la alta proporcion de contratos temporales. La mayor diferencia entre estos contratos y los indefinidos es su menor coste de despido. La manera en la que el Estado del Bienestar ha introducido la flexibilidad ha logrado un equilibrio de riesgos entre generaciones, por lo que no puede decirse que haya unos claros ganadores o perdedores. Los datos indican que los efectos de la flexibilizacion sobre el curso vital de los individuos son mucho mas modestos de lo que las hipotesis preven. Asimismo, la flexibilización no ha mermado la importancia de las clases sociales ni de los niveles de estudio para explicar la posición de los individuos en el mercado laboral, aunque tampoco hay una clara evidencia de que las brechas entre los individuos de distintas clases ocupaciones o con distintos niveles de estudio hayan aumentado en Espana.

The objectives of the paper are 1 to analyse the effects of labour flexibility on individuals from a lifecourse perspective and 2 to know whether flexibility has undermined or reinforced the effects of social classes, education and gender on several aspects concerning the life-course, above all those related to employment in Spain. The peculiarity of the Spanish case lies in the proportion of fixed-term contracts. The greatest difference between these contracts and permanent contracts is not the job to be done, or even its temporary or permanent nature, but rather the lower layoff cost. The way that the Welfare State has introduced flexibilisation has achieved a balance of risks between the generations

Spanish mining at the entrance of 2010 and its relation to the current environment; La mineria espanola en la entrada del ano 2010 y su relacion con el entorno actual

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Espi, J. A.; Sanz Contreras, J. L.

2010-07-01

Spanish mining, due to the actual crisis in the global economy, is in a change situation, highlighting the important defeat of minerals associated with the construction activity and the metal mining revival. It is essential to revise its figures, actors and factors for its development and to locate it in the new international framework and about the European Union position. We conclude about improving the knowledge of our mining activity and the true potential of our resources. (Author)

The evolution of energy costs and their effect on the competitiveness of Spanish industry; La evolucion de los costes energeticos y su efecto en la competitividad de la industria espanola

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Arocena, P.; Diaz, A. C.

2015-07-01

This paper analyzes the role of energy costs in the Spanish manufacturing and its evolution during the period 2000-2010. We carry out a descriptive analysis to firstly, determine the share of energy expenses on total operating expenses and personnel costs, and compare it with that registered in other European countries. Secondly, we analyze the evolution of the energy expenditure in relation to the output value created throughout the decade 2000-2010 and decompose such variation into a price effect and a quantity effect. (Author)

36 Annual Meeting of Spanish Nuclear Society, Oct. 6-9 2010 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; 36 Reunion Anual Sociedad Nuclear Espanola, 6-8 de Octubre de 2010, Santiago de Compostela, Espana

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2010-07-01

The Spanish Nuclear Society (SNE) is a non-profit association, made up of professionals and institutions in order to promote awareness and dissemination of science and nuclear technology. The 36th meeting of the SNE was held in Santiago de Compostela between 6 and 8 October 2010. Participants discussed the situation of nuclear energy and its challenges, the development of electric cars and their distributional implications, and the study of nuclear advertising on other countries and their potential application to the case of Spain.

Adapting winning methods in Spanish coal for integration into the EEC. Proceso de adaptacion de los metodos de explotacion en la mineria de carbon espanola, con motivo de la integracion en la CEE

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Madera, R.; Luque, V.

1986-01-01

The winning methods used in a coal mine depend upon a series of factors which can be divided into two large groups: - geological and mining conditions of the coalfields, including smaller zones within each coalfield; structural, legal, administrative and organisational factors. In order to draw comparisons and analyse the differences, the present situation in EEC countries is first described before going on to Spain and Asturias in particular.

Development of database for spent fuel and special waste from the Spanish nuclear power plants; Desarrollo de la base de datos para el combustible gastado y residuos especiales de las centrales nucleares espanolas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gonzalez Gandal, R.; Rodriguez Gomez, M. A.; Serrano, G.; Lopez Alvarez, G.

2013-07-01

GNF Engineering is developing together with ENRESA and with the UNESA participation, the spent fuel and high activity radioactive waste data base of Spanish nuclear power plants. In the article is detailed how this strategic project essential to carry out the CTS (centralized temporary storage) future management and other project which could be emerged is being dealing with, This data base will serve as mechanics of relationship between ENRESA and Spanish NPPS, covering the expected necessary information to deal with mentioned future management of spent fuel and high activity radioactive waste. (Author)

Validez Convergente de la Version Espanola Preliminar del Child Abuse Potential Inventory: Depresion y Aduste Marital (Convergent Validity of the Preliminary Spanish Version of the Child Abuse Potential Inventory: Depression and Marital Adjustment).

Science.gov (United States)

Arruabarrena, M. Ignacia; de Paul, Joaquin

1992-01-01

"Convergent validity" of preliminary Spanish version of Child Abuse Potential (CAP) Inventory was studied. CAP uses ecological-systemic model of child maltreatment to evaluate individual, family, and social factors facilitating physical child abuse. Depression and marital adjustment were measured in three groups of mothers. Results found…

Desempenho de perus de corte alimentados com níveis crescentes de aflatoxinas, com ou sem adição de adsorvente Turkey performance fed with increasing aflatoxins levels, with or without adsorvent inclusion

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Janio Morais Santurio

1998-03-01

Full Text Available Este trabalho foi realizado durante o verão de 1995/96 com o objetivo de determinar o nível de aflatoxinas (AFL capaz de causar prejuízos no desempenho de perus de corte criados sob condições ambientais de baixo desafio, bem como avaliar a eficácia da adição de bentonita sódica natural (BSN como um adsorvente. Foram utilizados 1008 perus de corte, alojados em 84 boxes seguindo um delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com 14 tratamentos distribuídos em um arranjo fatorial 7x2, sendo 7 níveis de adição de AFL, (0, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000 e 2000ppb e 2 níveis de adição de BSN (0 e 0,5%. Aos 21 dias de idade, as aves alimentadas com as dietas sem adição de BSN mostraram uma redução significativa (PThis experiment was carried out in the 1995/96 summer to determine the aflatoxin (AFL levels ability to decrease turkey performance raised under excellent environmental conditions and also to avaluate a natural sodium bentonite (NSB efficiency as an adsorbent. One thousand and eight poults were housed in 84 floor pens following a randomized complete block design with 14 treatments arranged in a 7x2 factorial, with 7 AFL levels (0, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000 and 2000ppb and 2 NSB levels (0 and 0.5%. At 21 days of age the birds fed without NSB showed body weight gain (BWG and feed intake (FI reduction (P<0.05 from 500ppb or more of AFL, whereas the birds fed with NSB showed BWG and FI reduction (P<0.05 only from 1000ppb or more of AFL. These same results were observed at 40 days of age, but at 70 days, the BWG and FI reduction was statistically significant (P<0.05 from 500ppb or more of AFL, with or without NSB inclusion. In general, birds fed with NSB had about 15 to 20% less BWG and FI reduction than birds fed without NSB. The feed conversion (FC was less affected by AFL levels, although it worsened with increasing AFL levels. AFL have greatly affected the mortality rate. At 21 days of age the birds fed with 1000 and 2000pbb of

Tratamiento de salmueras de fermentación de aceitunas verdes

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Garrido Fernández, A.

1992-10-01

de polisulfona de 1.000 daltons de corte molecular es lo más adecuado, trabajando a una presión de 18 bars. Un pretratamiento con bentonita (2 g/l, temperatura entre 30 y 45°G y la menor concentración inicial de polifenoles y sólidos en suspensión aumentan el rendimiento de forma considerable. En principio, un estudio económico aproximado de costes indica que la regeneración por cualquiera de los dos sistemas daría una salmuera regenerada a un precio algo inferior al obtenido al preparar el líquido de gobierno para envasar a partir de sus componentes.

Effect of thermo-coupled processes on the behaviour of a clay barrier submitted to heating and hydration

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Marcelo Sánchez

2010-03-01

interagem entre si de maneira bastante complexa. Um bom entendimento dos tópicos em acoplamento THM é portanto necessário para assegurar a boa performance das barreiras de engenharia. As condições da bentonita em uma barreira de engenharia para o armazenamento do lixo nuclear foram simuladas em um teste de calor experimental nas premissas do CIEMAT em Madrid. A evolução das variáveis que governam o acoplamento termo-hidro-mecânico neste teste são analisadas neste artigo utilizando uma formulação totalmente acoplada juntamente com o código computacional de elementos finitos. Ênfase especial é dada ao estudo do escoamento termo-osmótico na hidratação da barreira argilosa no estágio avançado do experimento.

Architectural integration of solar thermal systems and photovoltaic: study of Spanish legislation by thermal collectors in buildings; Integracion arquitectonica de sistemas solares termicos y fotovoltaicos: estudio de la legislacion espanola sobre captadores termicos en edificios

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bosqued, G. R.; Heras, C. M. R.

2004-07-01

In this article the legal dispositions are studied relating to architectural integration and urban landscape, considered in the different mandatories and Spanish local legislation on the use of thermal solar systems in construction, new and rehabilitated. As consequence some of the multiple possibilities that exist, are analyzed to place the external part of the system, the solar collectors, in the envelop of the building, without any aesthetic reduction on the building and urban set, and in this way fulfill with specified in the normative to contribute to a bigger respect to the environment. (Author)

The project of the Spanish Nuclear Industry Forum to develop an interactive educational material on Radiological Protection; El Proyecto de Foro de la Industria Nuclear espanola para elaborar un material didactico interactivo sobre Proteccion Radiologica

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Real, A.; Cruz, T. de la; Girona, L.; Montesinos, L.; Sanchez, P.

2012-07-01

The Training Department of the Spanish Nuclear Industry Forum has undertaken a new project to develop an interactive educational material on Radiological Protection. The objective was to develop an attractive, comprehensive and interactive material, to facilitate students and teachers of Elementary, Middle and High schools, to become familiar with ionising radiations. The novelly of the project, is that based on the European framework of key competencies for file long learning, which are defined as a set of knowledge, skills and altitudes that all individuals need for personal fulfilment and employment. The material presented in this paper, is based in an integrated structure of tasks, activities and exercises, which will facilitate the acquisition of as may key competencies as possible. Besides, the material also includes reference texts, links to pertinent web sites and videos. Students, through the development of a specific task (and related activities and exercises), will learn the differences between ionizing and non ionising radiation, the origin, characteristics and types of types of ionising radiation, how to detect and measure them, the potential detrimental health effects, the principles of radiation protection and the beneficial applications can have for man. The material is freely available in www.rinconeducativo.org. (Author) 4 refs.

Technology and industrialization in Spanish economy from 1950 to 1960: the patents as technological activity indicators; Tecnologia e industrializacion en la economia espanola de 1950 a 1960: Nueva evidencia a partir de datos de patentes

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hidalgo Nuchera, A.; Molero Zayas, J.; Granda Gayo, I.

2007-07-01

The goal of this research is to study the innovative activity developed in the fifties by the Spanish industry focussing on the foreign technology incorporated in the activity of several industrial sectors. The structure of innovation in each sector has been characterized by using patents as technological activity indicators. The data of patents registered in Spain belonging to the 1950-1960 period have been obtained taking into account the research developed by the Department of Business Administration of the Universidad Politecnica de Madrid through a subsidy granted by the Spanish Patent Office. (Author)

Soil Materials and Health: An new experience for teaching

Science.gov (United States)

Del Hoyo Martínez, Carmen

2014-05-01

clays in the field of the health is a source to develop numerous studies of cases in the teaching of different subjects related to the geoscience and a new opportunity to connect the learning with the reality. References -Carretero, MI 2002. Clay Minerals and Their Beneficial Effects upon Human Health. A review. Appl. Clay Sci. 21, pp. 155-163. -Choy, J.H., Choi, S.J., Oh, J.M., Park, T. 2007. Clay minerals and layered double hydroxides for novel biological applications. Appl. Clay Sci. 36 pp. 122-132. -Del Hoyo, C. 2007. Layered double hydroxides and human health: An overview. Appl. Clay Sci. 36, pp. 103-121. -Lopez-Galindo, A., Viseras Iborra, C. & Cerezo Gonzalez, P. 2005. Arcillas y salud. In: Conferencias de la XIX Reunion de la Sociedad Espanola de Arcillas. Rives, Ed., pp. 15-18.

Experience the declassification of radioactive waste from Spanish nuclear power plants as an alternative route of administration; Experiencia de la desclasificacion de los residuos radiactivos procedentes de Centrales Nucleares Espanolas como alternativa de via de gestion

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rodriguez Gomez, M. A.; Gonzalez Crespo, M.

2011-07-01

During the operation of the plants generated several slightly contaminated materials that can be managed conventionally by declassification. Declassification activity is incorporated into the Waste Management Plan of each plant considered a {sup g}ood practice{sup .} However experience to date demonstrates that there are difficulties to carry out the practice.

15 years of Spanish participation in the international projects of R and D coal technology coordinated by OCICARBON; 15 Anos de Participacion Espanola en los foros Internacionales de I+D Tecnologico del Carbon coordinados por OCICARBON

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2001-07-01

As fulfillment of strategy objectives, OCICARBON ( the Spanish Management Association for Coal Research and Development Projects) has maintained a strong link with European and International entities, devoted to coal research and development activities. As consequence of these collaborations, it has been reached uncountable economical and technological benefits, from the projects carried out by Spanish industries and technological entities, under the European Programmes umbrella. In this summary report, it is informed about how the co-ordination of national and international entities, was organised and structured; and the national results, obtained as consequence of the activities carried out by OCICARBON. (Author)

Study of mechanical, rheological and thermal properties of nanocomposite HMSPP (high melt strength polypropylene) with Brazilian bentonite; Estudo das propriedades mecanicas, reologicas e termicas de nanocomposito de HMSPP (polipropileno com alta resistencia do fundido) com uma bentonita brasileira

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Fermino, Danilo Marin

2011-07-01

This work concerns to the study of the mechanical, thermal and rheological behavior of the nano composite HMSPP - Polypropylene High Melt Strength (obtained at a dose of 12.5 kGy) and a bentonite clay Brazilian Paraiba, known as 'Chocolate' in concentrations of 5 and 10% by weight, comparison of to one American Clay, Cloisite 20A nanocomposite was done. Agent compatibilizer polypropylene-graft, known as maleic anhydride (PP-g-AM) was addict 3% concentration thought technique melt intercalation using a twin-screw extruder and the specimens were prepared by injection process. The mechanical behavior was evaluated by strength, flexural strength and impact tests. The thermal behavior was evaluated by the techniques of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TGM). The rheological behavior was evaluated in rheometer. The morphology of the nanocomposites was studied by the technique of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The organophilic bentonite and the nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared (FTIR). (author)

Study of mechanical, rheological and thermal properties of nanocomposite HMSPP (high melt strength polypropylene) with Brazilian bentonite; Estudo das propriedades mecanicas, reologicas e termicas de nanocomposito de HMSPP (polipropileno com alta resistencia do fundido) com uma bentonita brasileira

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Fermino, Danilo Marin

2011-07-01

This work concerns to the study of the mechanical, thermal and rheological behavior of the nano composite HMSPP - Polypropylene High Melt Strength (obtained at a dose of 12.5 kGy) and a bentonite clay Brazilian Paraiba, known as 'Chocolate' in concentrations of 5 and 10% by weight, comparison of to one American Clay, Cloisite 20A nanocomposite was done. Agent compatibilizer polypropylene-graft, known as maleic anhydride (PP-g-AM) was addict 3% concentration thought technique melt intercalation using a twin-screw extruder and the specimens were prepared by injection process. The mechanical behavior was evaluated by strength, flexural strength and impact tests. The thermal behavior was evaluated by the techniques of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TGM). The rheological behavior was evaluated in rheometer. The morphology of the nanocomposites was studied by the technique of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The organophilic bentonite and the nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared (FTIR). (author)

Obtenção de argilas organofílicas purificadas através de tensoativos iônicos e não iônicos visando uso em fluidos de perfuração base óleo Getting purified organoclays by ionic and non-ionic surfactant aiming use in oil based drilling fluids

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

J. M. R. Costa

2012-12-01

Full Text Available Em perfurações de petróleo sensíveis ao contato com água, torna-se necessária a utilização de fluidos de perfuração base óleo. Nestes casos, utilizam-se argilas organofílicas, que são obtidas a partir de argilas bentoníticas purificadas e tratadas com a adição de tensoativos. A utilização do hidrociclone pode representar uma ferramenta eficiente e de custo acessível para purificar argilas naturais em escala industrial. Este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar a purificação de argilas bentoníticas utilizando-se um hidrociclone, visando o desenvolvimento de argilas organofílicas para uso em fluidos de perfuração base óleo. As caracterizações das amostras das argilas estudadas - Brasgel PA e Chocolate - foram efetuadas por meio das técnicas: análise granulométrica por difração de laser, difração de raios X (DRX e análise química por fluorescência de raios X. A caracterização das argilas organofílicas obtidas foi efetuada por meio dos seguintes métodos: DRX e por uma modificação do inchamento de Foster. Os resultados mostram que o processo de purificação foi eficiente na redução de impurezas presentes na bentonita e que a argila organofílica purificada tratada com Praepagen WB e Imidazolina Oléica Vegetal apresenta valores de inchamento de Foster em éster, óleo diesel e parafina superiores aos obtidos com argilas organofílicas sem purificação (natural, e evidenciando maior afinidade com o tensoativo Praepagen WB.Oil drilling in sensitive contact with water, becomes required the use of oil base drilling fluids. In these cases, organoclays are used, which are made from clay bentonite purified and treated with surfactants addition. The use of the hydrocyclone can be a effective tool and affordable for purifying clays in industrial scale. This work aims to study the purification of clays bentonite using a hydrocyclone, aiming to develop organoclays for use in oil base drilling fluids. The

Desenvolvimento de filmes de nananocompósitos polipropileno/argila organofílica para embalagens Development of polypropylene/organoclay nanocomposite films for packaging

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Arthur R. A. Araújo

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Neste trabalho foram preparados filmes de nanocompósitos de polipropileno (PP contendo 1% em massa de bentonita modificada organicamente com tecnologia nacional (APO. Polipropileno enxertado com anidrido maleico (PP-g-AM e copolímero de etileno e álcool vinílico (EVOH foram utilizados como agentes compatibilizantes. Os nanocompósitos foram preparados através da intercalação no estado fundido em extrusora de filme plano. A influência do tipo e do teor de compatibilizante e do tipo de polipropileno, na morfologia, propriedades mecânicas e de barreira ao vapor d'água dos referidos filmes foi investigada. Os dados de difração de raio X evidenciam que apesar da morfologia dos nanocompósitos ter sido afetada pelo tipo de compatibilizante, esta praticamente não variou com o teor de compatibilizante utilizado. As morfologias e as propriedades de barreira ao vapor d'água dos nanocompósitos preparados com os polipropilenos PP H401 e PP H07D-00 são semelhantes. Entretanto, aqueles preparados com PP H07D-00 apresentaram melhores propriedades mecânicas, excetuando a resistência da termossoldagem à tração, do que os preparados com a matriz polimérica PP H401, e a transparência dos nanocompósitos preparados com PP H07D-00 foi idêntica à da matriz polimérica sem argila. Os resultados indicam que os filmes de nanocompósitos PP H07D-00 compatibilizados com 15% de PP-g-AM e contendo 1% de argila organofílica APO podem ser promissores para aplicação em embalagens.This work deals with polypropylene (PP nanocomposite films containing 1 wt. (% bentonite clay organically modified with national technology (APO. Maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MA and ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH were used as compatibilizing agents. Nanocomposites were prepared by melt intercalation in a flat film extruder. An investigation was made of the influence from the type and content of compatibilizer and type of polypropylene on the morphology

Treatment and characterization of clays (Brasgel and Green Bentonite) for use in zinc removal tests of synthetic effluents; Tratamento e caracterizacao de argilas (Brasgel e Bentonita verde) visando o uso em testes de remocao de zinco de efluentes sinteticos

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Patricio, A.C.L.; Silva, M.M. da; Lima, W.S.; Laborde, H.M.; Rodrigues, M.G.F., E-mail: cadigena@hotmail.com [Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), PB (Brazil). Unidade Academica de Engenharia Quimica. Centro de Ciencias e Tecnologia

2011-07-01

The main objective of this work was to synthesize two organophilic clays starting from the green Bentonite clay and Brasgel in their natural forms and to evaluate the potential in the process of zinc removal of wastewater through a finite bath system. After the treatment process, the clays in the natural and organophilic form were characterized by the techniques of X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Infrared Spectroscopy (IR), in addition, organophilic clays obtained were submitted to the swelling of Foster, aiming to analyze their behavior in certain organic solvents. The analysis of the efficiency of organophilic clays in the Zn{sup +2} removal process was performed in solutions based on a factorial design 2{sup 2} + 3 replicates in the central point, having as analysis variables the pH of the solution (3.0 to 5.0) and the initial concentration of zinc ranging from 10 to 50 ppm.

Developments of STR project in the scope of teleoperation handling robotic for the operation in Spanish nuclear facilities; Desarrollos del proyecto SRT en el area de manipulacion robotica teleoperada para la operacion de las instalaciones nucleares espanolas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bielza, M [ENDESA (Spain); Gomez Santamaria, J [IBERDROLA (Spain); Izquierdo, J A [C.N. COFRENTES (Spain); Martinez, S [C.N. ASCO (Spain); Linares, F [ENSA (Spain); Avello, A [CEIT (Spain); Gago, M J [IBRINCO (Spain)

1998-12-01

The main objective of the Teleoperated Robotic Systems project (SRT) is the development of teleoperated robotic systems for use in the inspection, surveillance and maintenance operations in nuclear and radioactive installations. These systems make possible the reduction of the individual and collective doses of the workers that undertake these operations, as well as an increase of plant availability as it is possible to carry out specific tasks of inspection and surveillance in high radiation dose areas without having to reduce the power of the installation. This project started in 1995, deciding to priorize the inspection equipment in a first phase. When this work were advanced, the development of the manipulation activities was carried out to being consider the nuclear installations needs. As a result of this work, the manipulation requirements were elaborated in order to prepare the beginning technical specifications to design the equipment s. These developments are based on a fixed manipulator which is located closed to the equipment that we want to repair, and an arm manipulator which moves by caterpillars, it is easier to control than others; and the navigation system which allows the robot self-locating in the complex area. In this paper the conclusions about the manipulation requirements are described, as well as the state of the manipulation prototype. (Author)

Puertollano IGCC Power Plant; Central de Gasificacion Integrada en Ciclo Combinado de Puertollano

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2000-07-01

The Puertollano IGCC Power Plant, rated 335 MW and located in Puertollano, Ciudad Real, in the central area of Spain, is a project led by ELCOGAS, a company incorporated by the European utilities ENDESA, ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE, IBERDROLA HIDROCANTABRICO ELECTRICIDADE DE PURTUGAL, ENEL and NATIONAL POWER and the technology and equipment suppliers SIEMENS, KRUPP UHDE and BABCOCK WILCOX ESPANOLA. IGCC technology is based in a process of coal gasification to obtain a clean combustion synthetic gas, integrated with a combined cycle, agas and steam, electricity-generating unit. The energy efficiency which is aimed to achieve at the Plant is 46% in ISO conditions. The Gasification unit uses the process of pressurised entrained flow for coal gasification. The gas is produced by the reaction of coal with oxygen at high temperatures, of up to 1600 degree centigree. This process is capable of gasifying a wide variety of types and qualities of coal for the production of a synthetic fuel gas. In the case of Puertollano, the raw fuel is a 50% mixture by weight of local coal and petroleum coke. The oxygen needed in the process and the nitrogen used for covering the fuel is generated in the Air Separation. The Gas Cleaning and Sulphur Recovery Unit clean the gases from contaminants and solid particles before to send them to the Gas Turbine. The clean gas is burnt in gas turbine of the Combined Cycle Plant, producing electricity. The exhaust gases feed a heat recovery steam generator, which produces steam used to generate additional electricity in a conventional steam turbine. The gas turbine is capable of operating both with synthetic gas and with natural gas, allowing operation flexibility. The net output of the plant up to December 1999 was 3.061 GWh, from them 344 GWh were produced with synthetic gas. This project has an important technological value, being the first power plant which uses coal gasification to feed a combined cycle in Spain and being also the biggest power plant

Spanish Network for Isotopes in Precipitation: Isotope Spatial distribution and contribution to the knowledge of the hydrological cycle; La Red Espanola de Vigilancia de Isotopos en la Precipitacion (REVIP): distribucion isotopica espacial y aportacion al conocimiento del ciclo hidrologico

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Diaz-Teijeiro, M. F.; Rodriguez-Arevalo, J.; Castano, S.

2009-07-01

The results of seven years of operation of the Spanish Network for Isotopes ({sup 2}H, {sup 1}8O y {sup 3}H) in Precipitation (REVIP) are shown. this Network is managed since 2000 by the Centro de Estudios de Tecnicas Aplicadas of the Centro de Estudios y Experimentacion de Obras Publicas (CEDEX) in collaboration with the Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia (AEMET). The results of REVIP are sent to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in order to be integrated in the Global Network for Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP). The spatial distribution of stable isotopes ({sup 1}8O h {sup 2}H) in precipitation in Spain follows a multiple regression model, based on two geographic factors: latitude and elevation, which is strongly correlated with temperature, an important factor controlling isotope fractionation. This information on {sup 1}8O and {sup 2}H is useful to trace surface and ground waters and, combined with the information, about the spatial and temporal distribution of the Tritium ({sup 3}H) concentration in precipitation, allows to date these waters in order to estimate flow directions and velocities, and to evaluate the residence time of water resources and aquifer vulnerability. (Author)

Evaluate the action of polymeric additives in protect and recover water and bentonite clay based drilling fluids contaminated by degradation agents; Analise da acao de aditivos polimericos na protecao e recuperacao de fluidos de perfuracao base agua e bentonita contaminados por sais

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Campos, L.F.A.; Ferreira, H.S.; Amorim, L.V.; Franca, K.B.; Ferreira, H.C. [Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), PB (Brazil)

2008-07-01

The aim of this paper is study influences of electrolytes and cellulose polymers on rheological and water loss properties of dispersions of bentonite compositions. Evaluate the action of degradation additives CaSO{sub 4}, MgCl{sub 2} and CaCl{sub 2} and polymeric additives to protect and recover water and clay based. The results show a negative effect of degradation additives the rheological and water loss properties of drilling fluids. The cellulose polymers can be successfully applied to protect and recover of the rheological properties and water loss of the dispersions contaminated. (author)

Morphologic characterization and properties of a nanocomposite matrix of polyvinylpyrrolidone and sodium bentonite for hydrophilic drug controlled release; Caracterizacao morfologica e propriedades de uma matriz de nanocomposito de polivinilpirrolidona e bentonita sodica para potencial uso como matriz para liberacao controlada de farmacos hidrofilicos

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Almeida, Dario B.R. de; Tavares, Maria I.B.; Iulianelli, Gisele C.V., E-mail: dario@ima.ufrj.br [Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IMA/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil). Instituto de Macromoleculas

2015-07-01

For several years, research in drug formulation field have been focused in seeking systems that enable a more efficient release of drug and greater time of acting. Aiming to bring numerous benefits to the patient and advantages for the pharmaceutical industry. Leading to greater acceptance and use by society. In this study polymer nanocomposites based on PVP and bentonite clay will be obtained with the drug Metformin, a known hydrophilic hypoglycemiating drug, in order to improve its properties and pharmacokinetics. This mixture will be obtained through spray drying, especially suited for administration of tablets. The characteristics of these materials are being studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). (author)

Industrial effluent costs in some Spanish regions and other parts of the EU. Canons and taxes of water treatment; El coste del vertido industrial en varias comunidades autonomas espanolas y en algunos territorios europeos. Los canones y tasas de depuracion

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Grau Rahola, J.; Munoz Requena, A.; Ruaix Prat, T.

2009-07-01

In this article, the different systems existing in the Spanish regions for paying all the expense related to industrial effluents are examined and compared with the ones in use in other parts of the EU. Also, the degree of fulfillment of the economic objectives of the Water Framework Directives is determined. The findings are quite clear that there is a comparative disadvantage in the sense that some of the regions have not even regulated and instrument to ensure the principle of Who pollutes, pays, there is a widespread unequal treatment for the same type of effluent within Spain and there is clear evidence of a transfer of resources from the industrial use to the domestic one. (Author)

A Cafe Scientifique for Teens

Science.gov (United States)

Hall, M.; Mayhew, M.

2008-12-01

It is well-known to those pursuing the quest to connect scientists to the public that an exceedingly hard-to- reach demographic is people of high school age. Typically, kids may tag along with their parents to museums until they reach adolescence, and then don't again appear in museums until they themselves have children. We have addressed this demographic challenge for free-choice-learning by developing a Cafe Scientifique program specifically for high school students. The Cafe Scientifique model for adults was developed in England and France, and has now spread like wildfire across the U.S. Typically, people come to a informal setting like a cafe, socialize and have food and drink, and then hear a short presentation by a scientist on a hot science topic in the news. This is followed by a period of lively discussion. We have followed this model for high school age students in four towns in northern New Mexico--Los Alamos, Santa Fe, Espanola, and Albuquerque--which represent a highly diverse demographic. We started this novel project with some trepidation, i.e. what if we build it and they don't come. But the program has proven popular beyond our expectations in all four towns. A part of the secret of success is the social setting, and-especially for this age group-the food provided. But we have also found that the kids are genuinely interested in the science topics, directing their own program, and interacting with scientists. We have often heard statements like, "I think it is important to be well-informed citizens". One of the most important aspects of the Cafes for the kids is to be able to discuss and argue about issues related to the science topic with the presenter and each other. It is an important part of the popularity that the Cafes do not involve school or parents, but also that we have strived to give the kids ownership of the program. Each town has a Youth Leadership Team-open to any teen-that discusses and prioritizes potential topics, conducts

Germinação de sementes de cenoura osmoticamente condicionadas e peletizadas com diversos ingredientes Germination of carrot seed primed and pelleted with several ingredients

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Warley M Nascimento

2009-03-01

Full Text Available A semente de cenoura caracteriza-se por ser relativamente pequena, o que dificulta o processo de distribuição, tornando a mecanização por semeadeiras convencionais uma prática difícil. A técnica da peletização tem sido utilizada visando a melhoria da distribuição de sementes e o estabelecimento de plântulas no campo. As sementes peletizadas geralmente apresentam menor velocidade de germinação quando comparadas com as sementes nuas do mesmo lote. O condicionamento osmótico tem sido utilizado para aumentar a velocidade de germinação de sementes. Neste estudo foram avaliados materiais cimentantes para a peletização de sementes e verificadas as relações existentes entre o condicionamento osmótico e a germinação das sementes peletizadas de cenoura cv. Alvorada. A peletização foi feita utilizando-se, como material de enchimento, a mistura de microcelulose e areia fina em volumes iguais e, para enchimento foram avaliados cinco materiais cimentantes: bentonita, methocel, opadry, rhoximat e goma arábica. Sementes peletizadas receberam ou não o acabamento com iriodin. Uma testemunha (sementes nuas foi incluída no ensaio. Em outro estudo, sementes foram osmoticamente condicionadas em solução aerada de polietileno glicol e peletizadas imediatamente após o condicionamento osmótico ou após a secagem. Os produtos rhoximat e opadry apresentaram as melhores características como material cimentante, formando uma fina camada de revestimento, que resultou na formação de péletes com superfície lisa, uniforme e ótima aparência externa. Em geral, péletes apresentaram uma ligeira redução na porcentagem e na velocidade de germinação, em comparação às sementes não peletizadas, com diferenças maiores para os péletes que receberam o acabamento com iriodin. O condicionamento osmótico aumentou a velocidade de germinação das sementes peletizadas de cenoura.Carrot seeds are small and the distribution in the field by

Performance, digestibility and morphometry of ileal villi of rabbits fed with levels of inclusion of “Lithothamnium” Desempenho, digestibilidade e morfometria da vilosidade ileal de coelhos alimentados com diferentes níveis de inclusão de “Lithothamnium”

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Roberto Maurício Carvalho Guedes

2010-03-01

com os diferentes níveis de inclusão de Lithothamnium sp em substituição ao inerte (bentonita de dietas controle fornecidas ad libitum. O delineamento experimental para os ensaios de desempenho e digestibilidade foi inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e doze repetições. Para avaliação da morfometria da vilosidade ileal foram considerados apenas 20 animais distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. As variáveis avaliadas foram submetidas às análises de variância e regressão com modelo pré-definido, mediante o programa estatístico SAEG. Os resultados demonstraram que a inclusão do Lithothamnium em diferentes concentrações não interferiu nas variáveis estudadas: consumo, coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca, proteína e energia, ganho de peso, rendimento de carcaça e peso de vísceras comestíveis. Entretanto, o nível de inclusão de 1,0% afetou negativamente a largura e o comprimento das vilosidades ileais.

Experimental study of the transport of HTO, {sup 3}6Cl and {sup 1}37Cs through barriers of bentonite and granite; Estudio experimental del transporte de HTO, {sup 3}6Cl y {sup 1}37Cs a traves de barreras de bentonita y granito

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mingarro, M.; Garcia-Gutierrez, M.; Morejon, J.; Missana, T.; Gil, P.

2013-07-01

The evaluation of the behavior of the engineered (bentonite) and natural (granite) barrier of a deep geological repository of high level radioactive waste, needs the knowledge of radionuclide migration and retention processes under conditions as similar as possible to the real ones. In CIEMAT a large-scale experiment has been designed with the objective of studying diffusive transport at the bentonite/granite interface of a geological repository in crystalline rock. The diffusion of three tracers has been analyzed: HTO (as conservative and neural element); Cl (as conservative anionic element) and Cs (as conservative cationic element). It was observed that cesium disappeared very fast from the water deposit, due to its strong retention on bentonite. On the other hand, HTO and Cl, disappeared much slower and could be finally detected in the granite at several centimeters from the original source.

Realization of R and D and its composition in the Spanish manufacturing company, differentiated analysis of the determinants of research and development; Realizacion de I+D y su composiscion en la empresa manufacturera espanola. Analisis de los determinantes diferenciados de la investigacion y el desarrollo

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Barge-Gil, A.; Lopez, A.

2012-07-01

The aim of this paper is to explore the differentiated effect of classical R and D determinants (size, technological opportunity, demand pull and appropriability) on research and development. First, we briefly expose the differences between research and development activities. Second, we analyze different issues related to R and D performance by Spanish manufacturing firms. We find that less than half of the firms with R and D perform both research and development. With respect to the determinants, we find that technological opportunity and industry level of appropriability have a higher effect on innovation activities (compared with the effect on development activities). (Author) 40 refs.

[The use of acetylsalicylic acid in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy cared for in Spanish emergency services (results of the EVICURE Study). Evaluacion del Manejo de la cardiopatia isquemica en los Servicios de Urgencias Hospitalarios of the Sociedad Espanola de Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES)].

Science.gov (United States)

Epelde, F; Garca-Castrillo Riesgo, L; Loma-Osorio, A; Verdier, J; Recuerda Martnez, E

2000-10-14

Acetyl salicylic acid is a drug with demonstrated effectiveness in ischemic cardiomyopathy. The objective of our study was to know the use of this drug in the emergency services of Spain. The EVICURE study analyzes the use of acetyl salicylic acid in 35 emergency services of Spanish hospitals. 2,168 patients were studied. Of the 473 patients with stable angina, 9.2% received acetyl salicylic acid before going to the hospital and 90,7% at the arrival to the hospital, of 1,067 with unstable angina 13% received acetyl salicylic acid before the arrival to the hospital and 56% at the arrival to the hospital. Of 600 patients affected of myocardial infarction only 17% received acetyl salicylic acid before the arrival to the hospital and 59.8% received this drug in the emergency room. The use of acetyl salicylic acid in patients affected of ischemic cardiopathy assisted in the emergency services of Spain is improperly low.

Maintenance and improvement of thermal hydraulic system codes using results of OCDE experiments (PKL, Rosa, Atlas) and application to Spanish Nuclear power plants. Camp-Spain project; Mejora y mantenimiento de codigos termohidraulicos de sistema de base a resultados de los experimentos OECD (PKL, ROSA y ATLAS) y su aplicacion a plantas espanolas, proyecto Camp-Espana

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sanchez, M.; Perez, J.; Martorell, S.; Carlos, S.; Villanueva, J. F.; Sanchez, F.; Queral, C.; Rebollo, M. J.; Rivas-Lewicky, J.; Verdu, G.; Gallardo, S.; Miro, R.; Querol, A.; Munoz-Cobo, J. L.; Escriva, A.; Berna, C.; Reventos, F.; Freixa, J.; Martinez, V.

2016-08-01

CSN involvement in different international NEA experimental TH programmes has outlined the scope for a new period of CAMP-Espana activities, currently focused on the: -Analysis, simulation and investigation of specific safety aspects of PKL3/OECD and ATLAS/OECD experiments. -Analysis of applicability and/or extension of the results in these projects to the safety, operation or availability of the Spanish nuclear power plants. Both objective are carried out by simulating experiments and plant application with the last available versions of NRC TH codes (RELAP5 or TRACE). A CAMP in kind contribution (NUREG/IA) is aimed as final result of both types of analyses. Five different national research groups (from Technical Universities of Madrid, Valencia and Cataluna) ate carrying out the development of these activities. (Author)