UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

BackgroundLignocellulosic biomass such as wood is an attractive material for fuel ethanol production. Pretreatment technologies that increase the digestibility of cellulose and hemicellulose...Full Text Available

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

NaCl doped MgCl_2.nEtOH adducts were prepared by ball-milling MgCl_2.2.5EtOH with NaCl. Both the ball-milled MgCl_2.nEtOH/NaCl mixture and pure MgCl_2.2.5EtOH adducts were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), thermogravimetry (TG) and differencial scanning calorimetry (DSC). A simple MgCl_2.nEtOH/NaCl mixture without ball-milling treatment was also studied for comparison. Two kinds of mixed crystals, Na_2MgCl_4 and NaMgCl_3, were found to be formed in a ball-milled mixture that contained 16 mol.% NaCl. TG and DSC analysis of the samples also provided indirect evidences supporting the presence of the mixed crystals in the ball-milled mixture. Adding certain amounts of NaCl in MgCl_2.2.5EtOH adduct, either by co-milling or by simple mixing, greatly increased the thermal stability of the adduct, but thermal decomposition ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

MmMg{sub 12}-Ni amorphous or nanocrystalline composites (Mm: Ce-rich mischmetal) were prepared through the ball-milling method, and their electrochemical hydrogen storage performance was investigated and compared with that of ball-milled CeMg{sub 12}-Ni composites. It was found that the ball-milled MmMg{sub 12}-Ni composites had larger initial discharge capacities and better high rate dischargeability. Analysis of electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) shows that the reaction resistance and hydrogen diffusion resistance of the ball-milled MmMg{sub 12}-Ni composites are lower as a result of the decrease in Ce content, and thus can contribute to the larger discharge capacity and better high rate dischargeability. Additionally, the cycle performance of the ball-milled MmMg{sub 12}-Ni composites is better than those of the ball-milled CeMg{sub 12}-Ni composites. ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A mixture of powders of silica and aluminum nitride is subjected to high-energy ball milling for different milling times. This material is subsequently compacted by uniaxial pressing and sintered at 1450 deg. C. The resulting pellets are crushed and analysed by X-ray diffraction. For short milling times, the amount of phase transformation is minimal and the resulting material mostly consists of cristobalite and aluminum nitride. For long milling times, nanocrystalline #beta#-SiAl_2O_2N_2 is mainly produced.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Spherical {beta}-Ni(OH){sub 2} was modified by a low-cost method of normal ball milling (NBM), and the physical properties of both ball-milled and un-milled Ni(OH){sub 2} were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, specific surface area, particle size distribution and X-ray diffraction. It was found that NBM could obviously increase the surface area, decrease the particle and crystallite size, and reduce the crystallinity of {beta}-Ni(OH){sub 2}, which were advantageous to the improvement of the electrochemical activity of Ni(OH){sub 2}. NBM also lowered the packing density and flowability of Ni(OH){sub 2}, as revealed by the measurements of tapping density and angle of repose. Electrochemical performances of pasted nickel electrodes with an addition of ball-milled Ni(OH){sub 2} to spherical Ni(OH){sub 2} as the active material were investigated, and were compared with ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

An investigation on the hydrogen generation by reacting ball-milled Mg-based materials in different alcoholic solutions (methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol) was performed. The MgH{sub 2} reactivity in methanol is very low (maximum conversion yield <10%) and no improvement is induced by the ball milling treatment. In contrast, the ball milling affects greatly the Mg reactivity in methanol. The Mg powder milled for 30min displays a maximum conversion yield of 47% compared to 3% for unmilled Mg powder. Its high reactivity is ascribed to the creation of numerous defects and fresh surfaces during the initial stage of the milling process, favoring the corrosion of Mg in methanol. In addition, the presence of water in the methanol solution inhibits drastically the alcoholysis reaction despite its low amount (0.3vol%). The higher hydrogen ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The ball-milling method was used to produce Mg-50 wt.% ZrFe{sub 1.4}Cr{sub 0.6} composite. The thermodynamic, kinetic, and cycling properties, as well as the resistance to oxidation were examined. This composite possesses excellent kinetic properties, even at moderate temperature. Scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectrum, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the composite before and after hydriding. The fine ZrFe{sub 1.4}Cr{sub 0.6} particles covering Mg particles acting as a ''catalytic film'', a significant amount of imperfections and some alloy powder in the Mg matrix introduced by ball milling all contributed to the enhanced absorption/desorption rate. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Olive oil mill wastewaters (OMW) cause disposal problems because they contain powerful pollutants such as phenolic compounds. Complete biodegradation or removal of these compounds is hardly achieved by a single treatment method. In this work, we investigated 2 integrated technologies for the treatment of the recalcitrant contaminants of OMW, allowing water recovery and reuse for agricultural purposes. (Author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

LiFePO{sub 4} cathode materials with distinct particle sizes were prepared by a planetary ball-milling method. The effects of particle size on the morphology, thermal stability and electrochemical performance of LiFePO{sub 4} cathode materials were investigated. The ball-milling method decreased particle size, thereby reducing the length of diffusion and improving the reversibility of the lithium ion intercalation/deintercalation. It is worth noting that the small particle sample prepared using malonic acid as a carbon source achieved a high capacity of 161 mAh g{sup -1} at a 0.1 C rate and had a very flat capacity curve during the early 50 cycles. However, the big particle samples ({proportional_to}400 nm) decayed more dramatically in capacity than the small particle size samples ({proportional_to}200 nm) at high current densities. The improvement in electrode performance was mainly due to the fine particles, the small size distribution, and ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Using the [sup 57]Fe Moessbauer spectroscopy, the microscopic behavior of Fe powders has been investigated during and after the mechanical alloying (MA) process for Al-Fe and Ag-Fe systems. A repeated rolling method as well as a conventional ball-milling method are employed in order to understand the microscopic process of the kneading of Al and Fe powders during their MA and the resultant powders show quite similar Moessbauer spectra suggesting that the kneading by an impact between colliding balls is the same process as that of the thickness reduction by cold rolling. Moessbauer spectra show clearly the occurrence of the mutual atomic dispersion for the thermodynamically immiscible Ag-Fe system. (orig.).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mechanical alloying is an important pre-requisite for the manufacturing of heat resistant oxide-dispersion-strengthened superalloys. Though the microstructure of these materials after hot extrusion and recrystallization treatment is well documented, little is known about the microstructural evolution during ball-milling. A method was tested to prepare electron transparent foils and extraction replica from powder particles for TEM investigations. The microstructure was found to consist of a Ni-Cr-Al solid solution in which submicron particles of refractory metals were embedded. The extremely fine grainize of about 50 nm is the consequence of severe plastic deformation. Yttria particles could not be detected in the powder after ball milling, but after a heat treatment at 1000 C the well-known fine dispersion of oxide particles was evident. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Effect of alcohol solvent in mixing process on process on the microstructure and sintering behavior of ceramic-based composites was inestigated in detail. The mixture of fine ceramic powders was prepared through the conventional ball-milling method with various alcohol media. The particle distributions of fine ceramic powders were strongly dependent on the kind of alcohol employed during ball-milling. Ceramic-based composites were fabricated by hot-pressing the mixture of fine ceramic powders. Their microstructures and some mechanical properties of the ceramic-based composites were evaluated. It was found that the viscosity of alcohol, surface tension and contat angle greatly affect the sinterbility and some of the mechanical properties of ceramic-based somposites. (author)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nanocrystalline cemented tungsten carbide has attracted considerable interests for use in cutting tool because of its superior mechanical properties. In this study, nano-sized powders of mixed WC and Co were prepared from attrition-milled oxides by a gas reduction-carburization process. The effects of compacting pressure, heating schedule, additional ball-milling, and the presence of a grain growth inhibitor on the sintering properties of the nano-sized WC-Co powders were examined. The grain size and phases in WC-Co alloy were clearly affected by compacting pressure. Because of the trapped gases and the lower melting point of the cobalt binder, when a compact of nano-sized WC-Co powder was sintered through a heating schedule with holding steps, the sintered alloy maintained the small size of WC grains without any #eta# phase. In addition, the additional ball-milling improved the microstructure and mechanical properties of ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The effects of catalytic metal additives on the hydrogen desorption properties of the submicrocrystalline magnesium hydride (#beta#-MgH_2) formed after hydrogenation of the Mg + 10 wt.%X (X = V, Y, Zr) mechanically (ball) milled composites were studied. The composites with catalytic metals were processed by controlled mechanical milling (CMM) in the magneto-mill Uni Ball Mill 5 under protective Ar atmosphere. X-ray diffraction of the milled powders revealed the formation of Mg nanograins (50-60 nm range) interdispersed with the nanograined metal additives within the powder particles. Scanning electron microscopy showed particle size reduction after milling. After activation and hydrogenation in a Sieverts-type apparatus under about 2 MPa pressure of hydrogen, the tetragonal #beta#-MgH_2 hydride co-exists with the small ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nd{sub 40}Fe{sub 30}Al{sub 10}Co{sub 15}B{sub 5} alloys were fabricated by high energy ball milling method under various conditions. Microstructure of the alloys was investigated by X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy techniques. Magnetic properties were characterized by hysteresis and thermomagnetic measurements. The high coercive fields up to 2.36 T have been observed on the samples consisting of Nd{sub 2}(Fe,Co,Al){sub 14}B, Nd{sub 6}(Fe,Co,Al){sub 14} and Nd crystallites imbedded in a residual amorphous matrix.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Experiments based on a 23 central composite full factorial design were carried out in 200-ml stainless-steel containers to study the pretreatment, with dilute sulfuric acid, of a sugarcane bagasse sample obtained from a local sugar?alcohol mill. The independent variables selected for study were temperature, varied from 112.5?C to 157.5?C, residence time, varied from 5.0 to 35.0 min, and sulfuric acid concentration, varied from 0.0% to 3.0% (w/v). Bagasse loading of 15% (w/w) was used in all experiments. Statistical analysis of the experimental results showed that all three independent variables significantly influenced the response variables, namely the bagasse solubilization, efficiency of xylose recovery in the hemicellulosic hydrolysate, efficiency of cellulose enzymatic saccharificatio...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Composite particles represented as TiV_2_._1Ni_0_._3-Raney Ni(R) were prepared by ball-milling a TiV_2_._1Ni_0_._3 alloy with Raney Ni in the presence of 0.01 M sodium hypophosphite (NaH_2PO_2) aqueous solution as a reducing agent. The composite particles had different morphology from original TiV_2_._1Ni_0_._3 alloy particles and TiV_2_._1Ni_0_._3-Raney Ni composite particles prepared by the ball-milling in the absence of the NaH_2PO_2 aqueous solution. In charge-discharge cycle tests, the TiV_2_._1Ni_0_._3-Raney Ni(R) composite electrode showed the maximum discharge capacity of 620 mAh g"-"1, while its cycle durability was similar to the TiV_2_._1Ni_0_._3 alloy electrode, which was explained from depth profiles of constituent elements by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). In thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), two steps of dehydriding for hydrided TiV_2_._1Ni_0_._3-Raney Ni(R) composite started from much lower ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nanodimensional powders of cubic copper ferrite are synthesized by two-steps procedure of co-precipitation of copper and iron hydroxide carbonates, followed by mechanochemical treatment. X-ray powder diffraction, Moessbauer spectroscopy and temperature-programmed reduction are used for the characterization of the obtained materials. Their catalytic behavior is tested in methanol decomposition to hydrogen and CO and total oxidation of toluene. Formation of nanosized ferrite material is registered even after one hour of milling time. It is established that the prolonging of treatment procedure decreases the dispersion of the obtained product with the appearance of Fe2O3. It is demonstrated that the catalytic behavior of the samples depends not only on their initial phase composition, but on the concomitant ferrite phase transformations by the influence of the reaction medium. -- Graphical abstract: It is demonstrated that the catalytic behavior of the obtained copper ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Among the several chemical processes conducted for the removal of organic matter present in wastewaters coming from some agro-industrial plants (wine distilleries, olive oil mills, etc), the oxidation by ozone has shown a great effectiveness in the destruction of specially refractory pollutants: it is demonstrated that the biodegradability of those wastewaters increases aflcer an ozonation pretreatment. Their great pollutant character is imputed to the presence of some organic compounds, like phenols and polyphenols, which are toxic and inhibit the latter biological treatments. In this research, a competitive kinetic procedure reported by Clurol and Nekouinaini is applied to determine the degradation rate constants by ozone of several phenolic acids which are present in the wastewaters from the olive oil obtaining process. The resulting kinetic expressions for the ozonation reactions are useful for the successful design and operation of ozone ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In order to overcome the inherent disadvantages of Ti-V-based hydrogen storage alloys, such as poor activation behavior and low high-rate dischargeability, the novel composites Ti{sub 0.17}Zr{sub 0.08}V{sub 0.35}Cr{sub 0.1}Ni{sub 0.3}-x wt.% La{sub 0.7}Mg{sub 0.3}Ni{sub 2.75}Co{sub 0.75} (x = 0, 5, 10 and 20) were successfully synthesized by ball milling method in the present study. And the structure and overall electrochemical properties of as-prepared composites are investigated systemically. The electrochemical studies show that the maximum discharge capacity of the composite electrodes displays no variation with the increase of La{sub 0.7}Mg{sub 0.3}Ni{sub 2.75}Co{sub 0.75} content, whereas the high-rate dischargeability (HRD) and the activation behavior are distinctly improved with increasing x. The electrochemical hydrogen kinetics of composite electrodes is also studied by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), linear ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Investigations of alternative renewable energy resources continue, with many studies concentrating on hydrogen storage. However, there are a few problems such as storage, transportation, delivery to the user and usage safely, to be addressed to facilitate commercialization and wide usage of the hydrogen. The absorbed form within the metal hydrides seems to be the best solution of this problem. Since Li is the lightest metal, it has the advantage as the stored amount of hydrogen mass ratio. LiBH{sub 4} production process was investigated using elemental Li, B and H{sub 2}. Spex type ball milling with tungsten carbide, stainless steel and zirconia type vessels, was used to mix the different amount of Li and B under argon atmosphere. X-ray diffraction pattern demonstrated that the LiB was obtained. A system was designed to provide a hydrogen atmosphere of 60 bars to force hydrogen into the LiB structure. FTIR analysis strongly indicated the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Magnesium-based alloys are among the promising materials for hydrogen storage and fuel cell applications due to their high hydrogen content. In the present work, we investigated the hydrogen release/uptake properties of the Mg-Ti-H system. Samples were prepared from the mixtures of MgH{sub 2} and TiH{sub 2} in molar ratios of 7:1 and 4:1 using a high-energy-high-pressure (HEHP) mechanical ball-milling method under 13.8 MPa hydrogen pressure. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that a relatively large amount of hydrogen (5.91 and 4.82 wt.%, respectively, for the above two samples) was released between 126 and 313 C while temperature was increased at a heating rate of 5 C min{sup -1} under an argon flow. The onset dehydrogenation temperature of these mixtures, which is 126 C, is much lower than that of MgH{sub 2} alone, which is 381 C. The activation energy of dehydrogenation was 71 kJ mol{sup -1}, which is much smaller than that of as-received MgH{sub 2} (153 kJ ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The nanocomposite WC-Co powders were prepared through planetary ball milling method. Effects of grain growth inhibitor addition and the vacuum sintering parameters on the microstructure and properties of ultrafine WC-10Co cemented carbides were investigated using X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope and mechanical property tester. The results show that VC and NbC additions can refine the WC grains, decrease the volume fraction of Co3W3C phase in ultrafine WC-10Co cemented carbides, and increase the hardness and fracture toughness of the base alloys. After sintering for 60 min at 1400 degreeC, the average grain size and hardness of ultrafine-grained WC-10Co-1VC cemented carbide are 470 nm and HRA 91.5, respectively. The fracture toughness of cemented carbide WC-10Co-1NbC alloy...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nano materials are usually difficult to prepare. This work presents a simple way of preparing LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} nano powders using the high-energy ball milling method. This method has the advantage of producing pure, single-phase and crystalline nano powders. The milling method is carefully controlled to avoid unwanted chemical reactions that may change the stoichiometry of the material. Nano powders of between 30 and 50 nm are obtained. Structural studies of the nano powders, as well as the more conventional micron-sized LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4}, are made using X-ray diffraction and neutron diffraction methods. Electrochemical evaluation of the materials is undertaken with a three-probe cyclic voltammetry technique and galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements. Structural studies reveal that not only are the crystallites of the nano powders much reduced in size from the normal powders, but their cell parameters are also ...

Science.gov (United States)

... Accession Number : AD0164404. Title : Ball and Roller Bearing Retainer Improvement for High Speed Operation. Descriptive Note : Patent,. ...

CERN Document Server

Safe management of wastes from the mining and milling of Uranium and Thorium ores

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In this study samples of AISI 4140 steel were pretreated by plasma nitriding and coated with two different physical vapour deposited coatings (TiN and TiAlN). A hardened AISI 4140 sample and a coated sample were also included in the investigation. To examine the influence of the nitrided zone on the performance of the coating-substrate composite, two different nitriding conditions - a conventional 25% N{sub 2} and an N{sub 2}-poor gas mixture - were used. The specimens were investigated with respect to their microhardness, surface roughness, scratch adhesion and dry sliding wear resistance. Wear tests in which the duplex-treated pins were mated to hardened ball bearing steel discs were performed in a pin-on-disc machine under dry sliding conditions. Metallography, scanning electron microscopy and profilometry were used to analyse the worn surfaces in order to determine the dominant friction and wear characteristics of the samples investigated. ...

KoreaScience (Korea)

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KoreaScience (Korea)

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Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In this paper, a complete solution of the steady-state Newton-Euler equations describing the motion of the balls in high speed thrust bill bearings is presented. Kinematic equations are derived and used as ancillary equations to obtain the numerical solution of the Newton-Euler equations. This differs from previously reported work where extraneous assumptions (instead of kinematic analysis) are used to allow solutions of these equations. It is shown that the no-slip condition for the ball motion reported in the literature is based on an unnecessary assumption. The correct form of the condition is developed and used in the analysis of the ball motion. The analysis shows the importance of contact angle on both ball motion and contact force. An approximate theory is then developed for determining the optimum contact angle that would result in minimum contact force in high speed ball ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Six intermetallic alloys (CeNi/sub 5/, MmNi/sub 5/, Ca/sub 0/ /sub 2/(Ce/sub 0/ /sub 65/Mm/sub 0/ /sub 35/)/sub 0/ /sub 8/Ni/sub 5/, Ca/sub 0/ /sub 2/Ce/sub 0/ /sub 8/Ni/sub 5/, Ca/sub 0/ /sub 2/Mm/sub 0/ /sub 8/Ni/sub 5/, and a mixed alloy, CeNi/sub 5//MmNi/sub 5/) were investigated with respect to their suitability to provide high hydrogen capacity and their potential for use in providing substantial hydrogen pressure at both low and high temperatures. A second phase of our investigation dealt with ball-milling and hydriding and dehydriding cycles to produce fine particles for use in hydride powder transfer studies. A summary of several Van't Hoff plots is also included for hydride-forming alloys.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Aiming to realize ball bearings operable in a vacuum and under high temperature, silicon nitride (Si3N4) ceramic ball bearings were tested. The tested ball bearings were angular contact ball bearings composed of silicon nitride with sputtered molybdenum disulfide coating using a retainer of hot-pressed self-lubricating composite material. The time variation of the frictional torque was examined for the operations under the conditions at 500{degree}C in a vacuum at a rotational speed of 600 rpm and 50N thrust load for 5{times}10{sup 7}revolutions (1400 hours) and for 1.5{times}10{sup 8}revolutions (4200 hours). Excellent tribological performance was obtained. The ball bearings are lubricated with the molybdenum disulfide film at the initial stage of the operation and with a transfer film formed from the retainer material to the balls. In a test at 650{degree}C, ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The model of the supersymmetrical ball in the supersymmetrical Standard Model with additional global U(1) fermion symmetry is presented. We show that the supersymmetry breaking scale (R-parity), the global U(1) fermion symmetry scale and the electroweak symmetry breaking scale are strictly connected to each other. The realistic ball with M[approx]10[sup 5]-10[sup 9] M[sub s]un and the radius R[approx]10[sup 12]-10[sup 14] cm is obtained. Inside the ball all full symmetries are restored. The ball is stabilized by superpartners and right neutrinos which are massless inside. (orig.)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nanoindentation was performed on a Mo-alloy single crystal to investigate effects of focused ion beam (FIB) milling on mechanical behavior. On a non-FIB-milled surface, pop-ins were observed on all load-displacement curves corresponding to a transition from elastic to plastic deformation. Similar pop-ins were not detected on surfaces subjected to FIB milling. This difference indicates that FIB milling introduces damage that obviates the need for dislocation nucleation during subsequent deformation. A second effect of FIB milling is that it increased the surface hardness. Together, these effects could be the source of the size effects reported in the literature on micropillar tests.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The Yang-Mills equations are formulated in the form of generalized Maurer-Cartan equations, such that the corresponding algebraic operations are shown to satisfy the defining relations of homotopy Lie superalgebra.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This document reports the results of testing of spent ion exchange media pretreatment technologies. Emphasis of the testing activities has been on screening pretreatment technologies, such as drying and emulsification, which are compatible with vitrification, cementation, and incineration. Ion exchange media tested for cementation and incineration pretreatment technologies were typical organic ion exchange resins and inorganic zeolites. The ion exchange medium tested for vitrification pretreatment technologies was inorganic zeolite. The results of testing activities are discussed in detail in this report.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract prepared.

KoreaScience (Korea)

Full Text Available

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

This work is focused on effect of various cooling strategies on surface roughness and tool wear during computer aided milling of soft workpiece materials. These milling operations were selected as dry milling, cool air cooling milling and fluid cooling milling. A cool air cooling system was designed and produced to cool end milling tools. Cool air was produced by a vortex tube. Annealed AISI 1050 was used as the workpiece material and cutting tool material was selected as HSS-Co8 DIN 844/BN. Optimal cutting parameters were selected according to workpiece hardness from reference catalog and kept for all tests. Tool wear and surface quality were measured for three different cooling types changing from ten minute machining time to thirty minute machining time. As a result, the surface roughne...

Science.gov (United States)

Mod IE did not affect the valve flow characteristics. C. BIPROPELLANT -VALVE EVALUATION. 1. Ball and Shaft Seal Evaluation ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

It is suggested that the model of a neutrino ball described in terms of the standard model extended by adding right-handed neutrinos and the Majorana scalar field can be presented in order to explain a body of weak interacting neutrinos. Neutrino interaction with the scalar Majorana field violates the lepton number and produces the mass splitting of neutrino due to the sea-saw mechanism. In this model a neutrino ball is an object which appears as a result of a first order cosmological phase transition. It can be regarded as a ball filled with Dirac neutrinos and can be treated as a remnant of the phase transition with unbroken global lepton symmetry. In this paper we study the macroscopic parameters of such a configuration. In the result the mass-radius curve M(R) for this object is obtained. (orig.).

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Fine-grained BaTiO3-based X7R ceramic materials were prepared and the effects of milling process on the core-shell structures and dielectric properties were investigated using scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). As the milling time extends, the dielectric constant of the ceramics increases, whereas the temperature coefficient of capacitance at 125degreeC drops quickly. The changes in dielectric properties are considered relevant to the microstructure evolution caused by the milling process. Defects on the surface of BaTiO3 particles increase because of the effects of milling process, which will make it easier for additives to diffuse into the interior grains. As the milling time increases, the shell region gets thicker a...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The authors derive in full details the Hamiltonian formulation of the N = 1D = 10 supergravity coupled to super Yang-Mills theory. In particular, they present the explicit form of the first class constraints and compute the constraints gauge algebra.

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Bacillus thuringiensis was isolated from 36 of 50 residue samples obtained from an animal feed mill (a stored-product environment). Of 710 selected colonies having Bacillus...Full Text Available

CERN Document Server

Noncommutative tori are among historically the oldest and by now the most developed examples of noncommutative spaces. Noncommutative Yang-Mills theory can be obtained from string theory. This connection led to a cross-fertilization of research in physics and mathematics on Yang-Mills theory on noncommutative tori. One important result stemming from that work is the link between T-duality in string theory and Morita equivalence of associative algebras. In this article we give an overview of the basic results in differential geometry of noncommutative tori. Yang-Mills theory on noncommutative tori, the duality induced by Morita equivalence and its link with the T-duality are discussed. Noncommutative Nahm transform for instantons is introduced.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

... Industry, Material Science Research Laboratory, Yokosuka, Kanagawa (Japan)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ball screw bearings are used for the fine control of Control Rod Drive Mechanism (CEDM) for the SMART-P. Because the friction coefficient of the ball screw bearings suddenly increases at the limit temperature of 120 .deg. C, the surrounding temperature of the ball screw bearings should be less than the limit temperature for the functional integrity of the CEDM. The CEDM coolers are installed at the lower portion of the ball screw bearings to maintain the bearings' temperature less than the limit. In order to check the CEDM cooler satisfy the temperature limit of ball screw bearing at the possible operational conditions, the cooling capacity of the CEDM coolers, which was determined at the stage of 'conceptual design', is evaluated using the Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) code, Fluent. The analysis result shows that the current CEDM coolers satisfy the ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This paper reviews the mill flowsheet applied at the SOMAIR (Societe des Mines de l'Air) uranium mill in Niger. It focuses on the yellow cake quality improvements achieved by molybdenum and zirconium elimination through double yellow cake precipitation in tanks at first stage and through size/density control in a fluidized bed precipitator at second stage. Water saving aspects in the plant are also presented. (author)

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

In this study, a two-step process was developed to produce biodiesel from Calophyllum inophyllum oil. Pre-treatment with phosphoric acid modified b-zeolite in acid catalyzed esterification process preceded by transesterification which was done using conventional alkali catalyst potassium hydroxide (KOH). The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between the reaction temperatures, reaction time and methanol to oil molar ratio in the pre-treatment step. Central Composite Design (CCD) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were utilized to determine the best operating condition for the pre-treatment step. Biodiesel produced by this process was tested for its fuel properties.

Science.gov (United States)

In the Advance Coal Liquefaction Concept Proposal (ACLCP) carbon monoxide (CO) and water have been proposed as the primary reagents in the pretreatment process. The main objective of this project is to develop a methodology for pretreating coal under mild conditions based on a combination of existing processes which have shown great promise in liquefaction, extraction and pyrolysis studies. The aim of this pretreatment process is to partially depolymerise the coal, eliminate oxygen and diminish the propensity for retograde reactions during subsequent liquefaction. The desirable outcome of the CO pretreatment step should be: (1) enhanced liquefaction activity and/or selectivity toward products of higher quality due to chemical modification of the coal structure; (2) cleaner downstream products; (3) overall improvement in operability and process economics.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A method is provided for detecting pathological macromolecules in a patient. The method is comprised of the following: obtaining body fluid from the patient; pretreating the body fluid; subjecting the pretreated body fluid to size-exclusion chromatography to create an excluded fluid; and analyzing the excluded fluid to detect macromolecules having a predetermined molecular weight. The method also allows for comparing elution spectra with reference spectra of suspect pathologic proteins.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Low-temperature catalytic pretreatment is a promising approach to the development of an improved liquefaction process- This work is a fundamental study on effects of pretreatments on coal structure and reactivity in liquefaction. The main objectives of this project are to study the coal structural changes induced by low-temperature catalytic and thermal pretreatments by using spectroscopic techniques; and to clarify the pretreatment-induced changes in reactivity or convertibility of coals in the subsequent liquefaction. This report describes the recent progress of our work. Substantial progress has been made in the spectroscopic characterization of structure and pretreatment-liquefaction reactions of a Montana subbituminous Coal (DECS-9), and thermochemical analysis of three mw and reacted bituminous coals. Temperature programmed liquefaction has been performed on three low-rank ...

Science.gov (United States)

This document presents the findings of a study of the Ink Manufacturing Industry for the purpose of developing effluent limitations and standards, and pretreatment standards for existing and new sources to implement Sections 301, 304, 306, 307 and 501 of ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The effects of vibration isolation of the new type of mechanical damper applied to a single-degree-of-freedom system and a simple beam are discussed numerically and experimentally. The damper is composed of a ball screw, a flywheel and centrifugal brakes, and possesses nonlinear characteristics. The Continuous System Simulation Language is used for the digital simulations of the nonlinear vibration systems. The results may be summarized as follows: (1) The damper is effective for suppressing the amplitude of the single-degree-of-freedom system as well as of the beam at the point of attachment of the damper, at the resonances. (2) The damper approaches a snubber for smaller values of lead L of the ball screw (or larger values of moment of inertia J of the flywheel), and acts like a damper whose damping force is proportional to the square of the velocity for larger values of L (or smaller values of J). (author).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The effect of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) pretreatment (0.5% in the diet for 10 days) on the excretion, tissue distribution and DNA binding of orally administered (/sup 14/C)aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was determined in male Fischer F344 rats. The amount of radioactivity excreted in the urine and feces by 24 hr was higher in BHT-treated rats than in controls. Treatment with BHT enhanced the excretion of water-soluble metabolites in the urine and in the large intestines plus feces at the earlier sampling times. The amount of radioactivity bound to hepatic nuclear DNA was six times less in the BHT-pretreated rats than in controls 6 hr after administration of the isotope. The half-lives of (/sup 14/C)DNA in the rat liver were 30 and 46 hr for control and BHT-pretreated rats, respectively. These results indicate that BHT pretreatment may protect the animal from the carcinogenic effects of AFB1 by enhancing the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

We report the direct molecular dynamics simulations for molecular ball bearings composed of fullerene molecules (C{sub 60} and C{sub 20}) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The comparison of friction levels indicates that fullerene ball bearings have extremely low friction (with minimal frictional forces of 5.283 x 10{sup -7} and 6.768 x 10{sup -7} nN/atom for C{sub 60} and C{sub 20} bearings) and energy dissipation (lowest dissipation per cycle of 0.013 and 0.016 meV/atom for C{sub 60} and C{sub 20} bearings). A single fullerene inside the ball bearings exhibits various motion statuses of mixed translation and rotation. The influences of the shaft's distortion on the long-ranged potential energy and normal force are discussed. The phonic dissipation mechanism leads to a non-monotonic function between the friction and the load rate for the molecular bearings.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The thermal contact resistance between balls and inner and outer rings of thermally steady space-use deep groove ball bearings was studied experimentally to verify the validity of the previously proposed calculation method for the resistance. The 440C stainless steel single row bearing was used for measuring its steady state temperature distributions in a vacuum environment under axial, radial and combined load conditions. As a result, the experimental results of the resistance well agreed with calculated ones under each load condition resulting in the sufficient validity at nearly the same surface roughness. It was necessary to apply a static equivalent radial load to calculation under the combined load that a contact angle is larger than the angle of resultant force dependent on both load components. In experiments under only radial load, measurement of outer ring temperatures was necessary at some points with no contact with ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The title invention aims at a vibrations-free running of the flywheel to realize a high speed (18,000-20,000 revolutions per minute). The flywheel consists of a case which holds a central stator, a rotor and two ball-bearings. The ball-bearings have a first radial stiffness and are placed in between the rotor and an upper, respectively lower support bearer. The support bearers are supported on the stator with a second radial stiffness. The top and the bottom of the stator is connected to the case by means of a support with a third stiffness. 6 figs.

CERN Document Server

We show that in the Landau gauge of the SU(2) Yang-Mills theory the residual global symmetry supports existence of the topological vortices which resemble disclination defects in the nematic liquid crystals and the Alice (half-quantum) vortices in the superfluid heluim 3 in the A-phase. The theory also possesses half-integer and integer charged monopoles which are analogous to the point-like defects in the nematic crystal and in the liquid helium. We argue that the deconfinement phase transition in the Yang-Mills theory in the Landau gauge is associated with the proliferation of these vortices and/or monopoles. The disorder caused by these defects is suggested to be responsible for the confinement of quarks in the low-temperature phase.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Olive mill effluent (OMW) is an example of a wastewaters containing high concentrations of recalcitrant and toxic compounds which are polyphenolics of different molecular weight. It causes disposal problems because they contain powerful pollutants. Treatment and detoxification of phenolic fraction extracted from olive mill wastewaters as well as a synthetic phenolic mixture was investigated by electro-Fenton method. Results shows that this method is highly efficient in polymerising low molecular mass phenolics and removing a large amount of recalcitrant polyphenolic compounds. This treatment decreased 78% of the toxicity which sustained a good anaerobic post-treatment. (orig.)

Science.gov (United States)

A 206-size hybrid (ceramic/steel) cylindrical roller bearing was tested in MIL-L-23699 C oil at several speeds and loads. Heat-generation data was collected and subsequently correlated with bearing-analysis software. Bearing-cage slip data was also collected at various oil-flow rates, oil temperatures, and with both MIL-L-7808 J and MIL-L-23699 C oils. The hybrid bearing was tested in MIL-L-23699 C oil for for 25 hours at 2220 N radial load and 1.08 MDN shaft speed. The hybrid bearing technology demonstrated in the report is applicable to the Integrated High Performance Turbine Engine Technology Initiative. 15 refs.

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

The fabrication and characterization of tungsten nanoelectrodes insulated with cathodic electrophoretic paint is described together with their application within the field of neurophysiology....Full Text Available

Science.gov (United States)

... company. To automate this initial cutup requires a computer vision system that can locate and identify surface defects ... ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Two physical pre-treatment methods, particle size reduction by grinding and thermo-mechanical extrusion, were evaluated as alternatives to traditional biomass pretreatments for lignocellulosic ethanol. Commonly available agricultural co-products wheat bran and soybean hull were the model substrates. Extrusion led to higher reducing sugar yields as compared to grinding for wheat bran, but not in the case of soybean hulls. The best combination of extrusion screw speed and maximum barrel temperature were 7 Hz/150 ?C and 3.7 Hz/110 ?C. The use of a solvent mixture (sodium hydroxide, urea, and thiourea) and calcium chloride solution in combination with extrusion treatment did not lead to improvement in reducing sugar yield. However, extensive washing to get rid of solvents and enzymatic inhibit...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Densification of Y_2O_3 by HIP was investigated in the range 1250"0C-1550"0C at a pressure of 150 MPa. Runs were made in metallic capsules with 200 g of powder. The powder under investigation is 99.9% purity, supplied by RHONE-POULENC. The study reveals the importance of residual gases in the HIP technique of powder densification. The density of the final product is in the range 93% to 100% of theoretical density depending on pretreatment (or outgassing) of the powder. Residual gases have been identified. Final products have been characterized by microscopy (grain size, porosity, microhardness). Porosity and grain size depend on pretreatment conditions. In particular a 1200"0C pretreatment results in zero porosity and significant decrease of grain size. 4 tables, 11 figs, 16 refs.

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Nitrate reductase from wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Bindawarra) leaves is inactivated by pretreatment with NADH, in the absence of nitrate, a 50% loss of activity occurring in 30...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Hypoxia, or reduced oxygen, occurs in a variety of clinical and environmental situations. Hypoxic exposure is associated with decreased muscle mass and a concomitant reduction in exercise capacity,...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

BackgroundIt is important to generate biofuels and society must be weaned from its dependency on fossil fuels. In order to produce biofuels, lignocellulose is pretreated and the...Full Text Available

Wastenet

Up-flow anaerobic attached-growth bioreactors filled with pre-treated coir fibres ...coir-fibre arranged in bottle-brush configuration bounded by a novel plastic binding technique ...-three anaerobic filter reactors in series -coir fibre as the bacteria growth media a sedimentation

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

The influence of pretreatment of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with sub-MICs of the new beta-lactam antibiotic imipenem on phagocytosis and killing by murine peritoneal macrophages and...Full Text Available

Science.gov (United States)

Splenectomy or pretreatment of adult hamsters with cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) increased the lethality of the TC-83 vaccine strain of Venezuelan encephalitis virus (VEE), inoculated subcutaneously, from 12% for normal hamsters to 75 and 76% respectively. A...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

1. The effect of capsaicin pre-treatment on adrenal catecholamine (CA) secretion in response to stress is controversial. In earlier experiments performed under pentobarbitone anaesthesia, the release...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Although collagen-containing implants are widely used in various surgical applications, there has been relatively little attention paid to the possibility that this type of biomaterial may undergo pathologic...Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A new classically stable model of spontaneous compactification is investigated. D=10 dimensional Einstein-Yang-Mills SU(3) x U(1) theory compactifies to CP(3) giving SU(4) x U(1) effective D=4 theory with no tachyons. An effective SU(4) coupling constant is calculated.

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

[1′-¹⁴C, ¹³C₆]Indole-3-acetic acid was infiltrated into immature pericarp discs from fruits of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv Moneymaker)....Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The gauge-invariant correlation function for the Yang-Mills field strengths is shown to admit a symmetric decomposition into electric and magnetic components. The spectral weights are seen to obey a sum rule of the superconvergence type, owing to asymptotic freedom. The close relation between the dielectric function, electric-magnetic duality, and the algebra of generalized Chern-Simons charges is illustrated for the linearized Yang-Mills-Higgs system.

CERN Document Server

We study the high energy behaviour of Yang-Mills theory under the inclusion of gravity. In the weak-gravity limit, the running gauge coupling receives no contribution from the gravitational sector, if all symmetries are preserved. This holds true with and without cosmological constant. We also show that asymptotic freedom persists in general field-theory-based gravity scenarios including gravitational shielding as well as asymptotically safe gravity.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Contents: expansion of pc mill application to plate mill and tandem cold mill; application of cluster type rolling mill (cr mill) for rolling of special steel (illustration); development of on-line roll grinding system with profile meter; development of new type jet pickling; new technology in continuous annealing furnace (illustration); anti-seismic testing system by 3-dimensional shaking table; development of mitsubishi hybrid desulfurization system; field performance of 500 mw advanced coal fired supercritical pressure operation boiler for unit no. 1 of tsuruga thermal power station, hokuriku electric power co., inc.; development of electronically controlled cylinder liner lubrication system for marine diesel engines; prediction technology on steady-state and transient performance of multi-air conditioners; a knowledge-based system approach to the autonomous piloting and ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A $200 million paper mill being built in Hagerstown, Md., is expected to produce 150,000 bone-dry short tons per year of de-inked, market-grade pulp for writing and printing paper. The 1st Urban Fibers facility, the largest capital project in Hagerstown's history, is slated for completion in the spring. Landegger Recycled Fiber Corp. will operate and maintain the 200,000-square-foot recycling mill and 60,000-square-foot water reclamation plant. The wastepaper recycling mill plans to minimize waste and pollution by: reclaiming 635 tons per day of 100 percent post-consumer mixed office waste from the solid waste stream; saving more than 16 million cubic feet of landfill area per year; conserving the fiber equivalent of 6,700 trees per day; using no chlorine; saving about 2,000 gallons of water and 4,000 kilowatt hours of electricity per ton of throughput, compared to virgin fiber mills; reusing ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This document describes the results of accelerated aging tests to determine the long-term effectiveness of selected impoundment liner materials in a uranium mill tailings environment. The study was sponsored by the US Department of Energy under the Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action Project. The study was designed to evaluate the need for, and the performance of, several candidate liners for isolating mill tailings leachate in conformance with proposed Environmental Protection Agency and Nuclear Regulatory Commission requirements. The liners were subjected to conditions known to accelerate the degradation mechanisms of the various liners. Also, a test environment was maintained that modeled the expected conditions at a mill tailings impoundment, including ground subsidence and the weight loading of tailings on the liners. A comparison of installation costs was also performed for the candidate liners. ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A 308-size hybrid ball bearing, with ceramic balls and steel rings, was tested using a diester oil and gas turbine fuel as lubricants at several speeds and loads. Heat generation data from this test work was then correlated with the heat generation model from a widely used computer code. The ability of this hybrid split inner ring bearing design to endure thrust reversals, which are expected in many turbine applications, was demonstrated. Finally, the bearing was successfully endurance tested in JP-10 fuel for 25 hours at 7560 N axial load and 36,000 rpm. This work has successfully demonstrated the technology necessary to use fuel-lubricated hybrid bearings in limited-life gas turbine engine applications such as missiles, drones, and other unmanned air vehicles (UAVs). In addition, it has provided guidance for use in designing such bearing systems. As a result, the benefits of removing the conventional oil lubricant system, i.e., design ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The instrument ball bearings are the key components of movable components for various kinds of measuring and control instruments; they often operate in the environmental condition of high-speed and light preload. In general, the non metal, disposable oilimpregnated retainer material has been used for these kinds of high precision miniature bearing. The engineering practice shows that the common failure mode of them is the wear which appears under the condition of insufficient lubrication condition. As the results, the vibration and noise will be enlarged, so does the frictional torque, which makes the ball bearings to lose its original working accuracy. It is the lifetime test of bearings that can enable the designers and manufacturers to chose the material of the bearing properly, optimize the product structure, mend the manufacturing technique process, and to enhance the technical level of the bearing products significantly. In this paper, ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Drosophila melanogaster is a model organism rich in genetic tools to manipulate and identify neural circuits involved in specific behaviors. Here we present a technique for two-photon calcium imaging in the central brain of head-fixed Drosophila walking on an air-supported ball. The ball's motion is tracked at high resolution and can be treated as a proxy for the fly's own movements. We used the genetically encoded calcium sensor, GCaMP3.0, to record from important elements of the motion-processing pathway, the horizontal-system lobula plate tangential cells (LPTCs) in the fly optic lobe. We presented motion stimuli to the tethered fly and found that calcium transients in horizontal-system neurons correlated with robust optomotor behavior during walking. Our technique allows both behavior ...

CERN Document Server

Consider the set of source distributions within a fixed maximum relative entropy with respect to a given nominal distribution. Lossless source coding over this relative entropy ball can be approached in more than one way. A problem previously considered is finding a minimax average length source code. The minimizing players are the codeword lengths --- real numbers for arithmetic codes, integers for prefix codes --- while the maximizing players are the uncertain source distributions. Another traditional minimizing objective is the first one considered here, maximum (average) redundancy. This problem reduces to an extension of an exponential Huffman objective treated in the literature but heretofore without direct practical application. In addition to these, this paper examines the related problem of maximal minimax pointwise redundancy and the problem considered by Gawrychowski and Gagie, which, for a sufficiently small relative entropy ball, ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Low-porosity #alpha#- and #beta#-SiAlON composite material was prepared when the powder mixture intended for preparation of yttrium #alpha#-SiAlON, with the formula Y_0_._4Si_1_2_-_m_+_nAl_m_+_nO_nN_1_6_- _n, was attritor milled in isopropyl alcohol or contained excess oxygen (n > 0.6). The region of stability of single-phase yttrium #alpha#-SiAlON was smaller at lower temperatures. Wet milling (in isopropyl alcohol) of AlN powder was found to introduce excess oxygen into the milled powder.

Science.gov (United States)

The objective of the study was the kinetic modeling of the effect of storage temperature on the quality and shelf life of chilled fish, modified atmosphere-packed (MAP), and osmotically pretreated with the addition of nisin as antimicrobial agent. Fresh gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) fillets were osmotically treated with 50% high dextrose equivalent maltodextrin (DE 47) plus 5% NaCl. Water loss, solid gain, salt content, and water activity were monitored throughout treatment and treatment conditions were selected for the shelf life study. Untreated and osmotically pretreated slices with and without nisin (2 x 10(4) IU/100 g osmotic solution), packed in air or modified atmosphere (50% CO(2)-50% air), and stored at controlled isothermal conditions (0, 5, 10, and 15 degrees C) were studied. Quality assessment and modeling were based on growth of several microbial indices, total volatile nitrogen, trimethylamine nitrogen, lipid oxidation ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The behaviour of an elastomeric seal for vehicle brake Tandem master cylinder is measured and analyzed in temperature and brake fluids changed. Working conditions are simulated for different piston rod velocity and cylinder supply pressure, in temperature rising, brakefluid boundary and Nanoaluminum oxide brakefluid oxide brakefluid lubrication. The result shows that Nanoaluminum oxide brakefluid with its ball shape can highly reduce friction coefficient to avoid seal excessive wear and reduce slick slip in brake applications.

Wastenet

... One 20 litre and one 15 litre removable bins Quick and easy installation Slides in and out on ball bearing track W248 x D455 x H485mm In Stock Email a Friend Quantity : 㿝.95 inc VAT Segregated Bins Stacked Bins Built-In Bins Office Bins Can Crushers Bags and Liners Accessories ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Shut Down System - 2 (SDS - 2) of TAPP-3 and 4 works on the principle of rapid injection of gadolinium nitrate poison solution into bulk moderator in calandria using high pressure helium to shut down the reactor. This is a new system, in the context of Indian PHWRs, designed, engineered, commissioned and being operated in TAPP-3 and 4. The system design incorporates passive features such as floating polyethylene ball with ball-ball seat arrangement and locked open isolation ball valves with key interlock arrangement. This arrangement eliminates active valves downstream of poison tanks during SDS - 2 actuation. A series parallel arrangement of fast acting pilot controlled air operated valves, which keep the high pressure helium isolated from poison tanks in poised state, are the only active components. During commissioning and initial period of operation of TAPP-4, problems were encountered and were resolved by suitable ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Thinning specimens to electron transparency for electron microscopy analysis can be done by conventional (2-4 kV) argon ion milling or focused ion beam (FIB) lift-out techniques. Both these methods tend to leave 'mottling' visible on thin specimen areas, and this is believed to be surface damage caused by ion implantation and amorphisation. A low energy (250-500 V) Argon ion polish has been shown to greatly improve specimen quality for crystalline silicon samples. Here we investigate the preparation of technologically important materials for nanoanalysis using conventional and lift-out methods followed by a low energy polish in a GentleMill"T"M low energy ion mill. We use a low energy, low angle (6-8 deg.) ion beam to remove the surface damage from previous processing steps. We assess this method for the preparation of technologically important materials, such as steel, silicon and GaAs. For these materials the ability to ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The optimizing criterion is assumed to be the maximum net present value of the project. The following summarizes the significant conclusions. (1) Over a large range of discount rates, mining and milling of the mineral deposit at a constant cutoff grade and a constant production rate consistently results in smaller annual discounted cash flows than the optimal schedule determined by the dynamic programming model (dpm) where the cutoff grade and mining rate are allowed to vary in response to fluctuating product price. (2) With an increasing discount rate, under the dpm the annual discounted cash flows decrease at a slower rate than if the mineral inventory is mined and milled at a constant cutoff grade and a constant production rate. (3) Cuttoff grade increases only where higher equity ore is available. Thus, to maintain the mill feed requirement, the mining rate also increases. (4) Not withstanding an anamolous mineral ...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

After preparation on self-generated Percoll gradients, avocado (Persea americana Mill, var. Fuerte and Hass) mitochondria retain a high proportion of cyanide-insensitive respiration,...Full Text Available

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Focused-ion beam (FIB) milling provides rapid fabrication of individual cylindrical submicrometer channels with reproducible dimensions (#+-#5% diameters) through 8-#mu#m thick poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) films. PMMA films are spincast on sacrificial Si carriers and sputter-coated with Au before the 30-kV gallium FIB milling process. By adding a trace amount of poly(ethyleneoxide) and poly(dimethylsiloxane) to the PMMA solution before casting, the films can be released for subsequent mounting in microfluidic devices to create hybrid microfluidic-nanofluidic multilevel architectures. In situ FIB sectioning demonstrates the smooth cylindrical surface within the pore. Placing a milled film in contact with an aqueous fluorescein solution fills the channel by capillary action, as verified by confocal fluorescence microscopy. Confocal fluorescence of dyed films reveals that the pores span the thickness of the PMMA film. Small ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The following manual chapters are outlined and described: overview, boilers, juice evaporators, feed mills, refrigeration, additional energy savings potentials, emerging technologies, optimization of integrated plant energy systems, and economics. (MHR)

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

An extracellular polysaccharide was purified from culture supernatants of Paenibacillus jamilae CP-7, a gram-positive bacillus that was isolated from compost prepared with olive mill...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Hundreds of thousands of people worldwide live or work in close proximity to steel mills. Integrated steel production generates chemical pollution containing compounds that can induce genetic damage...Full Text Available

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The ruthenium decontamination factor in Purex process falls quickly with recycles of TBP. So it is necessary to change the chemical states of RuNO complexes in order to improve DF_R_u in the uranium purification cycle. The retention of RuNO complexes in TBP-kerosenelaurohydroxamic acid is observed to be quite large in our previous work. Therefore, water-soluble short chain hydroxamic acid is used as complexing agent to decrease the distribution coefficient of Ru. Hydroxamic acid can transform RuNO complexes into in-extractable species by TBP-kerosene in certain conditions. The result of cascade experiment indicates that the ruthenium decontamination can be increased by a factor of 40-50. Acidity has more influence on the effect of pretreatment. The higher acidity is, the worse the effect will be. The pretreatment is first carried out in low acidic solution, then extractive acidity is increased. In this way, the distribution of Ru can be ...

Science.gov (United States)

The objectives of this contract are to conduct exploratory coal liquefaction research on modified solvents with slurry phase catalysts and on coal pretreatment. This report describes a review of the existing literature as well as currently on-going research in the areas of: (1) solvent quality effects on coal liquefaction; (2) role of heteroatoms in liquefaction of coal; (3) heteroatoms removal through solvent treatment, extraction and hydrogenation; (4) slurry phase catalysts in hydroprocessing of coal; and (5) effect of coal preparation and pretreatment on liquefaction. The review encompasses both technical papers and presentations as well as the patent literature. This report is comprised of two distinct parts. In Part I all the literature available on the effect of solvent quality, heteroatoms, heteroatoms removal, and slurry phase catalysts on coal liquefaction is incorporated. The existing literature and currently on-going research in the ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

In this work, the effects of the focus ion beam (FIB) milling process on the optical properties of semiconductor nanostructures were investigated. With this aim, a sensitive materials system based on InGaAs/GaAs quantum dots with well known and excellent optical properties was selected for the FIB treatment. The FIB technique was used to locally remove a metallic mask deposited on top of the quantum dot sample. The photoluminescence (PL) signal, collected from the circular openings, was used to infer the possible damage effects of the ion beam on the properties of the dots.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

By treatment with beta or gamma rays, PTFE waste is converted to high-grade PTFE fine powder. High-molecular weight PTFE is degraded to low-molecular weight PTFE. Due to this the density, the degree of crystallinity, and the melt flow index are increased, which enhances the brittleness of the material. Irradiation of PTFE thus facilitates milling and makes the material pourable and free-flowing. Milled PTFE fine powder, lie PTFE plastic, combines temperature resistance, weather fastness, and chemical stability with good slip behaviour and antiadhesive properties. Areas of application for fine powder include additives for plastics, printing inks, nonstick coatings, and antifriction lacquers. (orig.).

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The use of uranium mill tailings in the foundations of dwellings has resulted in indoor radon progeny concentrations and gamma exposures in excess of levels presently allowed for the general public. An account is given of the applications of an epoxy coating on the indoor faces of the concrete foundations of three buildings in Grand Junction, Colorado. Epoxy barriers were shown to be effective for preventing radon influx into structures. Gamma exposure rates must be analyzed to ensure that buildup behind the barrier will not introduce an unacceptable gamma exposure level. The use of a sealant is especially economical in situations where structural integrity may be jeopardized by physical removal of uranium mill tailings. (author).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

We consider the case of a test sphere (ball) of radius a{sub 1} rotating at constant angular velocity {omega} in an otherwise quiescent unbounded suspension of uniformly sized spheres of radii a{sub 2} dispersed in a Newtonian fluid of viscosity {mu}. To the first order in the volume fraction c of suspended spheres it is shown that when the ball is small compared with the suspended spheres the suspension does not behave as regards the hydrodynamic torque L exerted on the ball like a homogeneous Newtonian fluid characterized by the usual Einstein viscosity coefficient {mu}{sub s}={mu}(1+5/2c). Explicitly, the torque on the rotating sphere does not obey Kirchoff{close_quote}s law, L=8{pi}{mu}{sub s}a{sub 1}{sup 3}{omega} for no slip. Rather, a modified form of Kirchoff{close_quote}s law is obtained in which the Einstein coefficient of 5/2 is multiplied by a coefficient which is less than unity in magnitude and is functionally ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This work describes a three-step pre-treatment route for processing spent commercial Ni Mo/Al_2O_3 catalysts. Extraction of soluble coke with n-hexane and/or leaching of foulant elements with oxalic acid were performed before burning insoluble coke under air. Oxidized catalysts were leached with 9 mol L"-"1 sulfuric acid. Iron was the only foulant element partially leached by oxalic acid. The amount of insoluble matter in sulfuric acid was drastically reduced when iron and/or soluble coke were previously removed. Losses of active phase metals (Ni, Mo) during leaching with oxalic acid were compensated by the increase of their recovery in the sulfuric acid leachate. (author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Steel structures immersed in seawater are protected from corrosion using cathodic protection systems (sacrificial anodes or impressed current), by paint coatings or by duplex systems in which cathodic protection hinders corrosion at coating's failure sites. The main problem related to those duplex systems is how to avoid cathodic delamination due to the alkalinity generated at cathodic sites. The present paper analyses the effectiveness of red mud suspensions as pre-treatment to avoid cathodic delamination. The study was conducted using mainly electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The evolution of the electrode potential with immersion time was also recorded because it concerns the practical aspect of current density necessary to reach the protection potential. The study shows that red mud pre-treatments are effective in avoiding coating's delamination. (author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The enzymatic activity characterization of the cellulolytic complex obtained from Trichoderma reesei QM 9414 and the influence of the enzymatic hydrolysis conditions on the hydrolysis yield are studied. Pure cellulose and native or alkali pretreated biomass Onopordum nervosum have been used as substrates. The values of pH, temperature, substrate concentration and enzyme-substrate ratio for the optimum activity of that complex, evaluated as glucose and reducing sugars production, have been selected. Previous studies on enzymatic hydrolysis of 0. nervosum have shown a remarkable effect of the alkaline pretreatments on the final hydrolysis yield. (Author) 10 refs.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The report identifies and analyzes the economic impacts of water pollution control regulations on the battery manufacturing industry. These regulations include effluent limitations and standards based on BPT (best practical control technology currently available), BAT (best available technology economically achievable), PSES (pretreatment standards existing sources), NSPS (new source performance standards), and PSNS (pretreatment standards new sources), that have been promulgated under authority of Sections 301, 304, 306, 307, 308, and 501 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as Amended (the Clean Water Act). The primary economic impact variables of interest include price changes, plant closures, substitution effects, changes in employment, shifts in the balance of foreign trade, changes in industry profitability, structure, and competition, and impacts on small business.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The results of the thermal dissolution of Barzas sapromyxite coal in benzene under supercritical conditions in a flow system are reported. It was found that the mechanical pretreatment of coal under intense impact bending conditions resulted in an increase in the yield and a change in the group composition of the liquid products: in the high-temperature region of the process, the concentration of high-molecular-weight components (preasphaltenes, asphaltenes, and resins) increased.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Renewable energy sources have received increased interest from the international community with biomass being one of the oldest and the most promising ones. In the concept of exploitation of agro-industrial residues, the present study investigates the pre-treatment and ethanol fermentation potential of the olive pulp, which is the semi solid residue generated from the two-phase processing of the olives for olive oil production. Wet oxidation and enzymatic hydrolysis have been applied aiming at the enhancement of carbohydrates' bioavailability. Different concentrations of enzymes and enzymatic durations have been tested. Both wet oxidation and enzymic treatment were evaluated based on the ethanol obtained in a subsequent fermentation step by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Thermoanaerobacter mathranii. It was found that a four-day hydrolysis time was adequate for a satisfactory release of glucose and xylose. The combination of wet oxidation and enzymatic ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hydrogen uptake and embrittlement of tantalum by electrolytically produced hydrogen is investigated on samples of varying composition and type of pretreatment. Of decisive influence on the uptake of hydrogen are the oxide layers present on the tantalum surface. By contact with platinum group metals as alloying constituents, surface coatings or anodic protection, a protection of tantalum can be obtained depending on the experimental conditions.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This patent describes a catalyst comprising: (a) a non-zeolitic inorganic oxide matrix, and (b) an ultrastable Y-type crystalline zeolite, the ziolite having been pretreated by contacting the zeolite with a phosphorus compound selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, phosphorous acid, a salt of phosphoric acid, a salt of phosphorous acid, and mixtures thereof for a time sufficient to composite an effective amount of phosphorus with the zeolite.

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

The objective of this study was to determine if genistein (GEN) modulation of the immune responses might contribute to the increased host resistances to tumors. A time-course study was performed...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

The heat resistance of spores of Bacillus subtilis formed at 30°C was enhanced by pretreatment at 48°C for 30 min, 60 min into sporulation, for all four strains examined....Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Maybell uranium mill tailings site is 25 miles (mi) (40 kilometers [km]) west of the town of Craig, Colorado, in Moffat County, in the northwestern part of the state. The unincorporated town of Maybell is 5 road mi (8 km) southwest of the site. The designated site covers approximately 110 acres (ac) (45 hectares [ha]) and consists of a concave-shaped tailings pile and rubble from the demolition of the mill buildings buried in the former mill area. Contaminated materials at the Maybell processing site include the tailings pile, which has an average depth of 20 feet (ft) (6 meters [m]) and contains 2.8 million cubic yards (yd{sup 3}) (2.1 million cubic meters [m{sup 3}]) of tailings. The former mill processing area is on the north side of the site and contains 20,000 yd{sup 3} (15,000 m{sup 3}) of contaminated demolition debris. Off-pile contamination is present and includes areas adjacent to the ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Three model boilers, manufactured to simulate full-size tube sheet crevices, were tested with various secondary side environments. The first was faulted with organics representative of the decomposition of humic acid. The second was faulted with sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide, while the third was faulted with sodium sulfate and sodium hydroxide. Each model contained seven tubes, which included Alloy 600 in the mill-annealed (MA) and thermally-treated (TT) conditions and Alloy 690 in the thermally-treated condition. Two models contained Alloy 800 tubes in the mill-annealed condition and one had Alloy 800 in the mill-annealed/cold-worked/glass-bead-peened condition. Two different sizes of tubesheet crevices were used in all model boilers. In the organics-faulted boiler, tubes of Alloy 600MA, Alloy 690TT and Alloy 800MA experienced no significant intergranular attack (IGA); however, the Alloy 600TT had intergranular ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Intermetallic compounds based on the Al-Co system were synthesized by solid state method - mechanical alloying and their properties were investigated using XRD, SEM, and DSC. The powder was used to make new targets of irradiation for gamma sources in order to enhance the specific activity and to reduce the consumption of material. The intermetallic compound AlCo was formed in the first 4 hours of milling. After 8 hours of milling the medium size of crystallites were of 5.58 nm. This value decreases with the increase of milling time up to 3 nm, corresponding to the 28 hours of grinding. There was calculated and plotted the Gibbs function, #DELTA#_f"0, for the reaction of formation AlCo and Al_3Co from the Al-Co system. It had negative values over the entire range of temperatures for both investigated compounds. After 28 hours milling a phase composition was obtained as follows: 0.2% Al; 21%Co ; ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The durability of ball bearings, 32-mm- and 45-mm-bore, with a retainer or glass cloth-polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) laminate was tested under a high radial load at a speed of 20,000 rpm in LOX or LN2. The retainers were characterized as good self-lubricators because the abrasive glass-cloth fiber tips exposed on the retainer were chemicaly etched away with hydrofluoric acid (HF). During testing, the bearing-cartridge-acceleration was monitored to detect bearing damage. Testing in LOX for about 2.2 hr showed that excellent lubricating conditions were obtained for all bearings. Testing in LN2 for about 5.1 hr detected that the fatigue life of the bearing was about the same as the calculated B10 fatigue life. The HF chemical treatment resulted in a reacted fluoride-oxide material which remained in the etched part of the glass fiber. Several chemical products, particularly MgO, CaO, and CaCO3, enhanced adhesion of PTFE transfer film to the counterface, resulting in ...

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Under severe operating conditions, such as starved lubrication, performance, service life, and reliability of rolling element bearings depend on the chemical and physical interactions between the contacting surfaces, the lubricant components, and the atmosphere. The IMKT{sup 1}, PI{sup 2}, and the imt{sup 3} have been cooperating on systematic investigations of interfacial interactions in high speed grease lubricated ball bearings. These include long time tests with complete bearings lubricated with greases of different composition under defined operating conditions, conducted at the IMKT, and chemical and physical characterizations of the running surfaces at the PI and imt. At the PI, in particular the chemical nature of the boundary layers has been investigated with time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). The imt has been involved in the investigations by measuring the physical/mechanical properties of interacting surfaces at the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A series of ball-on-disc wear and friction measurements were made for surfaces which have a chemical vapour deposition carbon silicon alloy layer on a carbon substrate (fine grain POCO graphite). Nitrogen ion irradiation was used to improve the wear resistance of the carbon alloy surface. For comparison, measurements were also taken for alumina against alumina. It was found that the lowest friction coefficient and lowest wear occurred for ion irradiated coated samples containing 4% Si in the alloy and that the performance was superior to that of alumina. ((orig.))

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An automatic loading roller for transmitting torque in traction drive devices in manipulator arm joints includes a two-part camming device having a first cam portion rotatable in place on a shaft by an input torque and a second cam portion coaxially rotatable and translatable having a rotating drive surface thereon for engaging the driven surface of an output roller with a resultant force proportional to the torque transmitted. Complementary helical grooves in the respective cam portions interconnected through ball bearings interacting with those grooves effect the rotation and translation of the second cam portion in response to rotation of the first. 14 figs.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The pipelines is provided for gases, particluarly helium, at temperature of about 1000/sup 0/C (pressure about 40 bar) and is used as the connection be tween a gas cooled high temperature reactor and a heat load. The pipe consists of a temperature-resistant inner tube, which is composed of several pipe sections, which are supported on ball bearings, and a gas tight pressurised outer tube. There are supports and insulation between the two tubes. The sub-claims concern fixing of and bearings for the pipe sections. The description is very detailed and supplemented by drawings.

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Silicon nitride hybrid ball bearings used in high temperature applications undergo mechanical and environmental degradation. To study the surface chemistry of silicon nitride, a CAChe{trademark} Worksystem* has been used to generate the clusters and corresponding transmission vibrational spectra of silicon nitride. In the present study, the effect of surface conditions on the surface chemistry and wear degradation of silicon nitride was evaluated. Infrared reflection spectroscopy (IRRS) used to determine molecular orientations shows a difference in reflectance spectra for fractured and as-received.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

An x-ray zone plate was fabricated using the novel approach of focused ion beam (FIB) milling. The FIB technique was developed in recent years, it has been successfully used for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) sample preparation, lithographic mask repair, and failure analysis of semiconductor devices. During FIB milling, material is removed by the physical sputtering action of ion bombardment. The sputter yield is high enough to remove a substantial amount of material, therefore FIB can perform a direct patterning with submicron accuracy. The authors succeeded in fabricating an x-ray phase zone plate using the Micrion 9500HT FIB station, which has a 50 kV Ga{sup +} column. Circular Fresnel zones were milled in a 1.0-{micro}m-thick TaSiN film deposited on a silicon wafer. The outermost zone width of the zone plate is 170 nm at a radius of 60 {micro}m. An achieved aspect ratio was 6:1.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This study evaluates the degree to which surface impoundments at licensed facilities comply with significant changes in NRC requirements initiated by enactment of EPA's final environmental standards for uranium recovery facilities (40 CFR Part 192). Impoundment liner requirements, ground-water protection standards, ground-water monitoring and corrective action programs, and site closure standards are the most significant regulatory modifications. The compliance status of 30 conventional mills and 31 in-situ mines is determined from a review of Nuclear Regulatory Commission and agreement state docket files through November, 1983. Results of this review show that a majority of conventional uranium mill tailings management systems are deficient with respect to liner requirements for new impoundments or proposed expansions to existing impoundments, as well as with respect to some aspects of ground-water monitoring and compliance programs. ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Focused ion beam (FIB) milling techniques are presented aiming at the manipulation of both tin dioxide (SnO_2) inverted opals and polystyrene (PS) direct opals. Different SnO_2 opals are considered in order to estimate the regularity of their bulk after the production. A SnO_2 mesoporous monolith is FIB micromachined to make it suitable for optical applications. PS direct opals are structured by FIB milling at different scales. Ordered arrays of PS opals are modified by selectively removing a single sphere. In performing this task, we discuss the effects on the FIB milling due to the gas-assisted enhanced etching and to the binding of the nearest neighbours. Techniques to achieve imaging of PS opals in absence of a conductive coating are also brought up. Furthermore, isolated PS spheres are drilled with or without enhanced etching in order to produce controlled defects on them. The FIB-assisted manipulations we show may ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

We have researched several new focused ion beam (FIB) micro-fabrication techniques that offer control of feature shape and the ability to accurately define features onto nonplanar substrates. These FIB-based processes are considered useful for prototyping, reverse engineering, and small-lot manufacturing. Ion beam-based techniques have been developed for defining features in miniature, nonplanar substrates. We demonstrate helices in cylindrical substrates having diameters from 100 {micro}m to 3 mm. Ion beam lathe processes sputter-define 10-{micro}m wide features in cylindrical substrates and tubes. For larger substrates, we combine focused ion beam milling with ultra-precision lathe turning techniques to accurately define 25-100 {micro}m features over many meters of path length. In several cases, we combine the feature defining capability of focused ion beam bombardment with additive techniques such as evaporation, sputter deposition and electroplating in order to ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This regulatory guide describes methods acceptable to the NRC staff for calculating radon fluxes through earthen covers and for calculating the resulting minimum cover thickness needed to meet NRC and EPA standards. The guide also suggests methods for obtaining the various parameters used in calculating the radon fluxes and earthen cover thicknesses and suggests default values for certain parameters. This regulatory guide is applicable to active uranium tailings sites. The NRC staff is using the methods stated in this guide as a basis for review and concurrence of DOE remedial action plans for inactive sites. The guidance is intended to be used for calculating radon flux attenuation by earthen uranium mill tailings covers. The parameter values and examples presented are limited to earthen cover materials, but the diffusion theory and the methods presented are also applicable to man-made materials. Detailed supporting information for calculating minimum cover ...

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The objectives of this project were to develop technologies to manufacture self-reducing briquettes out of waste iron oxides and to recycle them in an electric arc furnace or a cupola furnace. CRM has investigated and determined the optimal characteristics (binder, size, grain size, compositions and activator for the reduction reaction) for briquettes containing mixtures of mill scales, mill sludges, electric arc furnace (EAF) dust and coal as reduction agent. The goal of obtaining briquettes, in which iron oxides are totally reduced when these briquettes are loaded with the scrap into an electric arc furnace, was achieved. Trials at ProfilARBED have shown that it is possible to recycle mill and EAF by-products conditioned in self-reducing briquettes in an electric arc furnace without influence on the performance and on the environment. The iron content of the slag does not increase as the iron of the by-product is almost ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A biogenic method for the treatment of uranium mill effluents containing toxic amounts of Mn"2 and "2"2"6Ra is described. The acidic tailings from the uranium mills are generally neutralised with lime and the overflow waters from tailing ponds at the discharge point, consisting of Mn"2"+ (>10 mg l"-"1) and "2"2"6Ra (> 3.0 pCi l"-"1), need further treatment before disposing off to the public utility. Arthrobacter sp. has been used for precipitating Mn"2"+ as hydrous oxide of manganes (MnO_2#centre dot#nH_2O) and along with "2"2"6Ra also gets precipitated. The effluent after bacterial treatment consisted of Mn"2"+ and "2"2"6Ra within the range of allowed concentrations as per the I.C.R.P. (International Committee of Radiological Protection) and MPC (maximum permissible concentration) standards (Mn"2"+ 95% of "2"2"6Ra could be precipitated using this method. (author). 11 refs.; 4 figs.; 4 tabs.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ford, Bacon, Davis Utah Inc. has reevaluated the Spook site in order to revise the December 1977 engineering assessment of the problems resulting from the existence of radioactive uranium mill tailings 48 mi northeast of Casper, in Converse County, Wyoming. This engineering assessment has included the preparation of topographic maps, the performance of core drillings and radiometric measurements sufficient to determine areas and volumes of tailings and radiation exposures of individuals and nearby populations, the investigations of site hydrology and meteorology, and the evaluation and costing of alternative corrective actions. Radon gas released from the 187,000 tons of tailings at the Spook site constitutes the most significant environmental impact, although windblown tailings and external gamma radiation also are factors.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

In this paper, research on pass schedule of tandem cold mill (TCM) is carried out. According to load (reduction, rolling force, motor power) balance, non-linear equations set with variables of inter-stand thickness is constructed. The pass schedule optimization is carried out by solving the non-linear equations set. As the traditional method, the Newton-Raphson method is used for solving the non-linear equations set. In this paper a new simple method is brought up. On basis of the monotone relations between thickness and load, the inter-stands thickness is adjusted dynamically. The solution of non-linear equations set can be converged by iterative calculation. This method can avoid the derivative calculation used by traditional method. So, this method is simple and calculation speed is high. It is suitable for on-line control. (author)

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Nomographs that calculate the threshold values of surface fire parameters which lead to crown fire initiation were created by linking two separate fire behavior models: Van Wagner?s crown fire ignition criteria and Byram?s surface fire model. The nomographs were also based on the existing surface (fuel load, fuel heat content) and canopy (foliar moisture content, live crown base height) fuel models of Aleppo (Pinus halepensis Mill.) pine forests of Mediterranean Greece. The most important fire parameters for crown fire initiation that are calculated by the nomographs are the critical flame length and the forward spread rate of the surface fire. These parameters are readily observable in the field during fires. The nomographs provide a judicious way to assess whether a crown fire is likely ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Modeling is performed for focused-ion-beam (FIB) sputtering and redeposition on trench sidewalls in a steady state approximation. Calculations are carried out to demonstrate the sputtered surface profile under known parameters such as sputtering yield as a function of ion incident angle, the FIB current density profile, and the FIB scan speed. It is found that a steplike slope with a gradient angle of {theta}{sub 0} is formed at the FIB bombarding position. Furthermore, the redeposition flux on the sidewalls is calculated as a function of {theta}{sub 0} for the FIB trench milling assuming the cosine law for the angular distribution of the sputtered atom. The redeposition will be more accurately predictable and controllable when more information about these assumptions is obtained.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

A concentric reducer tube, which was a part of the top exit roughing hydraulic descaler in a hot strip mill failed prematurely under working pressure. A detailed metallurgical investigation comprising physical examination, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electron probe microanalysis was carried out to find out the genesis of the failure. Physical examination revealed cracks located symmetrically around the circumference of the tube that ran along its full length, up to the weld beads at both ends. Optical microscopy of etched samples revealed a banded ferrite-pearlite structure and the existence of forging folds near the change-in-section(160? fillets). Cracks were found to initiate from these forging folds. No structural abnormalities were found in the weld beads and...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

There is currently great interest in combining focused ion beam (FIB) and scanning electron microscopy technologies for advanced studies of polymeric materials and biological microstructures, as well as for sophisticated nanoscale fabrication and prototyping. Irradiation of electrically insulating materials with a positive ion beam in high vacuum can lead to the accumulation of charge, causing deflection of the ion beam. The resultant image drift has significant consequences upon the accuracy and quality of FIB milling, imaging and chemical vapour deposition. A method is described for suppressing ion beam drift using a defocused, low-energy primary electron beam, leading to the derivation of a mathematical expression to correlate the ion and electron beam energies and currents with other parameters required for electrically stabilizing these challenging materials.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ford, Bacon and Davis Utah Inc. has reevaluated the Tuba City site in order to revise the March 1977 engineering assessment of the problems resulting from the existence of radioactive uranium mill tailings at Tuba City, Arizona. This engineering assessment has included the preparation of topographic maps, the performance of core drillings and radiometric measurements sufficient to determine areas and volumes of tailings and radiation exposures of individuals and nearby populations, the investigations of site hydrology and meteorology, and the evaluation and costing of alternative corrective actions. Radon gas released from the 0.8 million tons of tailings at the Tuba City site constitutes the most significant environmental impact, although windblown tailings and external gamma radiation also are factors.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rice husk generated as a by-product of rice processing is an important energy resource. The availability of this resource in India has been assessed and the technologies for exploitation of its energy potential in the rice processing industry discussed. Nomographs have been developed for estimation of the husk required to meet the energy of parboiling, drying and milling operations. The unit cost of electricity using rice husk gasifier-based power generation systems has been calculated and its financial feasibility assessed in comparison with utility-supplied and diesel-generated electricity. With the cost and efficiency data assumed here, the unit cost of electricity produced by rice husk gasifier-dual fuel engine-generator system varies between Rs 2/kWh and Rs 7/kWh. (35 Rs approximates to SUS 1.). (author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The high-nickel austenitic alloy 800 (in both the mill-annealed and the solution-treated grades) has several attractive properties that make it a good candidate for service attractive properties that make it a good candidate for service at elevated temperatures in corrosive environments. One such property is creep resistance. This report analyzes the elevated-temperature creep behavior of the mill-annealed grade, generally referred to simply as alloy 800. (The solution-treated grade is known as alloy 800H). Available data over the temperature range from 538 to 760/sup 0/C were collected and evaluated to yield mathematically approximations for creep-rupture and strain-time behavior for use in design calculations. However, the creep behavior of this material is extremely complex, and the analysis presented here contains substantial uncertainties. All results in this report should be considered preliminary because of limited data currently ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Department of Energy selected caustic-side solvent extraction (CSSX) as the preferred cesium-removal technology for SRS high-level waste. In the pretreatment step of the CSSX flowsheet, the incoming salt solution, which contains entrained sludge, is contacted with MST to adsorb strontium and selected actinides. An alternative approach replaces MST with the addition of sodium permanganate, strontium nitrate, and hydrogen peroxide. The pretreatment operation then filters the resulting slurry to remove the sludge and MST or manganese oxide and strontium carbonate solids. The filtrate receives further treatment in the solvent extraction system. SRTC personnel coordinated tests using a SpinTek rotary microfilter at the vendor location in FY01. These tests demonstrated a significant improvement - 2.5 to 6 times increase - in performance relative to the conventional cross-flow filter units. Rotary microfilter testing used a filter disk with ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sediment treatment and sediment storage may alter sediment toxicity, and consequently biotic response. Purpose of our study was to combine these three aspects (treatment-toxicity-biotic response) in one integrated approach. We used Acid Volatile Sulfide (AVS) concentrations as a proxy of the disturbance of the sediment. AVS and Simultaneously Extracted Metal (SEM) concentrations were compared to bioassay responses with the freshwater benthic macroinvertebrate Asellus aquaticus. Storage conditions and sediment treatment affected AVS but not SEM levels. AVS can be used as a proxy for sediment disturbance. The best way to pretreat the sediment for use in a bioassay in order to maintain initial AVS conditions was to sample the sediment with an Ekman grab, immediately store it in a jar without headspace, and freeze it as soon as possible. In a survey using seven different sediments, bioassay responses of A. aquaticus were correlated with SEM and AVS characteristics. - ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Neutralized hydrolysate and pretreated rice straw obtained from a 2% (w/v) sulfuric acid pretreatment were mixed at 10% (w/v) and subjected to simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF), with cellulase, b-glucosidase, and Candida tropicalis cells at 15FPU/g-ds, 15IU/g-ds and 1x10^9cells/ml, respectively. A 36-h SSCF with adapted cells resulted in YP/S and ethanol volumetric productivity of 0.36g/g and 0.57g/l/h, respectively. In addition to ethanol, insignificant amounts of glycerol and xylitol were also produced. Adapted C. tropicalis cells produced nearly 1.6 times more ethanol than non-adapted cells. Ethanol yield (Yp/s), ethanol volumetric productivity and a xylitol concentration of 0.48g/g, 0.33g/l/h and 0.89g/l, respectively, were produced from fermentation of remaining...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A schematic diagram shows the various processing steps to be performed during feed preparation in the Hanford Waste Vitrification Plant (HWVP). The pretreated NCAW is transferred to the slurry receipt adjustment tank (SRAT) in the HWVP for concentration. Water removed during boildown is collected in the slurry mix evaporator condensate tank (SMECT). After waste treatment the water is returned to the storage tanks for eventual disposal. The pretreated Neutralized Current Acid Waste (NCAW) is concentrated in the SRAT to approximately 125 g waste oxides/ liter. Formic acid is then added at a controlled rate to improve rheological properties and achieve a required reduction/oxidation state. Reflux boiling is initiated and continued for several hours. The concentrated slurry is cooled and pumped to the slurry mix evaporator (SME). In the SME, glass frit is added, and the slurry is further concentrated to achieve a nominal composition of 500 g total ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This study was undertaken to determine if a combined treatment (marinating in natural plant extracts or vacuum) with irradiation could have a synergistic effect, in order to prevent the lipid oxidation resulting in the development of undesirable flavours. The fresh chicken legs were irradiated at 0,3 and 5 kGy. The fatty acids composition of lipids was identified using gas liquid chromatography. The effect of irradiation treatment combined with a pre-treatment on the fatty acids composition was followed. The day after irradiation, ten panallists were asked to evaluate, using the instruction scaling, the overall appearance, the odor, the flavor and the overall acceptability of the samples. The major fatty acids identified in lipids were oleic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid and stearic acid. Pre-treatments have a significant effect on linoleic acid (C18:2) and higher fatty acids. The unsaturated fatty acids derived from phospholipids ...

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Drastic changes in waste management procedures are expected from the German Municipal Waste Disposal Regulations which became effective on June 1, 1993. Waste disposal will be subject to certain restrictions which, e.g. demand that wastes must be pretreated and inerted before they are stored. These regulations favor thermal waste disposal methods such as the carbonization/combustion method which is planned for a commercial-scale plant in the city of Fuerth. (orig./BBR)

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17-4PH stainless steel was modified by direct current (DC) plasma nitriding and titanium nitride film duplex treatment in this study. The microstructure, wear resistance and corrosion resistance were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), pin-on-disk tribological test and polarization experiment. The results revealed that the DC plasma nitriding pretreatment was in favor of improving properties of titanium nitride film. The corrosion resistance and wear resistance of duplex treatment specimen was more superior to that of only coated titanium nitride film.

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Procedures are described to mechanize partially harvesting, cleaning, and pretreatment of guayule achenes. Achenes are harvested with a vacuum insect net and cleaned by a series of screening, threshing, and forced air separations, then treated to overcome seed coat impermeability in a semiautomatic system that presoaks, treats with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, and rinses. Achenes may be sown immediately or dried for storage. Procedures outlined involve commercially available equipment with a minimum of custom construction and are adaptable to small or large operations. (Refs. 11).

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The transfer of fish from field to laboratory facilities or their propagation in closed or restricted systems frequently results in bacterial infection and ultimately large-scale mortality. In attemps to alleviate this problem, we have added tetracycline hydrochloride to the water prophylactically (pretreating tanks before wild fish were added) and therapeutically (treating tanks after bacterial outbreaks were detected.) In the present study, we examined the effect of tetracyline hydrochloride on the critical thermal maximum (CTM) of the common shiner (Notropis cornutus).

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Volume one contains calculations for: embankment design--embankment material properties; Union Carbide site--bedrock contours; vicinity properties--origin of contamination; North Continent and Union Carbide sites contaminated materials--excavation quantities; and demolition debris--quantity estimate.

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... Although the rest of the country is less affected, if UK annual feeding and milling volumes of wheat are approximately 120,000t the drought will inevitably result in a shortfall. Looking back at the 2010 season the organic arable market performed strongly, with average feed wheat values since Christmas of 𧷐/tonne - 䀆/t higher then the same period last year. This provided a profitable ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Maybell uranium mill tailings site is 25 miles (mi) (40 kilometers [km]) west of the town of Craig, Colorado, in Moffat County, in the northwestern part of the state. The unincorporated town of Maybell is 5 road mi (8 km) southwest of the site. The site is 2.5 mi (4 km) northeast of the Yampa River on relatively flat terrain broken by low, flat-topped mesas. U.S. Highway 40 runs east-west 2 mi (3.2 km) south of the site. The designated site covers approximately 110 acres (ac) (45 hectares [ha]) and consists of a concave-shaped tailings pile and rubble from the demolition of the mill buildings buried in the former mill area. The site is situated between Johnson Wash to the east and Rob Pit Mine to the west. Numerous reclaimed and unreclaimed mines are in the immediate vicinity. Aerial photographs (included at the end of this executive summary) show evidence of mining activity around the Maybell site. Contaminated ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Reflective diffraction grating. A focused ion beam (FIB) micromilling apparatus is used to store color images in a durable medium by milling away portions of the surface of the medium to produce a reflective diffraction grating with blazed pits. The images are retrieved by exposing the surface of the grating to polychromatic light from a particular incident bearing and observing the light reflected by the surface from specified reception bearing.

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Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The engineering and economic feasibility of using the geothermal resources in East Mesa, California, in a new corn processing plant is evaluated. Institutional barriers were also identified and evaluated. Several alternative plant designs which used geothermal energy were developed. A capital cost estimate and rate of return type of economic analysis were performed to evaluate each alternative. (MHR)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This paper reports the results of a fine-probe EDS microanalytical study of cellular precipitation in a Cu-Ti binary alloy. Compositional profiles across the solute depleted Cu-rich FCC lamellae and the Cu_4Ti lamellae within isothermally formed cellular colonies were measured in a FEG-TEM from thin-foil specimens prepared by conventional electropolishing and by a technique using a Ga"+ focused ion-beam (FIB). The Cliff-Lorimer ratio method, with an absorption correction, was employed to quantify the compositions. Two FIB samples were prepared with different orientations of the lamellae with respect to the ion-milling direction. The compositional profiles across the Cu-rich FCC lamellae and the Cu_4Ti compound lamellae in both the FIB-prepared samples and the electropolished sample were, within experimental error, numerically equivalent. The composition of the Cu_4Ti compound phase lamellae was very close to the ideal stoichiometric composition of 20 at% Ti. It is ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Neuronal cell death induced by oxidative stress is correlated with numerous neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and stroke. The causes of sporadic forms of age-related neurodegenerative diseases are still unknown. Recently, a correlation between paraquat exposure and neurodegenerative diseases has been observed. Paraquat, a nonselective herbicide, was once widely used in North America and is still routinely used in Taiwan. We have used differentiated Human Neuroblastoma (SHSY-5Y) cells as an in vitro model to study the mechanism of cell death induced by paraquat. We observed that paraquat-induced oxidative stress in differentiated SHSY-5Y cells as indicated by an increase in the production of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, apoptosis was evident as indicated by cellular and nuclear morphology and DNA fragmentation. Interestingly, pretreatment of SHSY-5Y cells with water-soluble Coenzyme ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The present study was designed to assess the radioprotective effects of amifostine on ovarian follicles. Three week-old female mice with or without pretreatment of amifostine were irradiated with 6.42 Gy of #gamma# -ray. Ovaries were collected 0 and 6h after irradiation. DNA fragmentation pattern and expression of genes and activity of proteins related with apoptosis were investigated by means of RT-PCR and Western blot. Proliferation of granulosa cells was reduced and incidence rate of follicular atresia was increased in ovarian follicles in #gamma# -ray irradiated mice compared to those in control or amifostine-treated group. DNA fragmentation was increased in time-dependent manner in granulosa cells of all irradiated groups. However, no difference between amifostine pre-treated group and irradiated groups was found and the expression of p53 as tumor suppressor gene and Bax as one of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family was increased in irradiated mice ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Recent improvements in cell purification and transplantation techniques have contributed to the identification of cell populations known as tumor-initiating cells (TIC). This discovery has led to the -cancer stem cell hierarchy- concept, which holds that tumors are organized as a hierarchy of malignant tissues sustained by such TIC. However, this concept remains controversial. In this review, we examine recent advances in cancer stem cell research that have been generated from studies of Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome-positive leukemia. The abnormal Ph chromosome, which arises from a translocation creating the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene, is most commonly associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and precursor B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Examination of the pathophysiology ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

We investigate ordering properties of two-dimensional granular materials using several shapes created by welding ball bearings together. Ordered domains form much more easily in two than in three dimensions, even when configurations lack long-range order. The onset of ordered domains occurs near a packing density of 0.8, a phenomenon observed previously for disks. One of our shapes, the trapezoid, has packings that remain disordered and near the transition density even after annealing by shaking. Although random packings are unstable for disks and many other shapes in two dimensions, trapezoid packings provide an approach to studying two-dimensional randomness. We also find that the rotational symmetry of a shape is an excellent predictor of how easily it orders, and a potential guide to identifying two-dimensional shapes that remain random after annealing.

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The effects of group structures and weighting functions on neutron penetration through a thick Na-Fe geometry are studied. The recommended broad-group (61-neutron/23-gamma-ray) and few-group (22-neutron/10-gamma-ray) structures are tailored to the sodium and iron resonances, windows, and capture gamma-ray spectra. The best weighting functions are shown to be fine-group fluxes selected from a few key locations in the geometry. These group structures and weighting functions, relative to existing group structures and conventional weighting functions, improve the accuracy of the computed 61-neutron-group Bonner ball responses by up to one hundred percent and of the computed 22-neutron-group results by up to six hundred percent.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This introductory paper surveys potential sources of electric magnetic, and electro-magnetic fields. Various cases are discussed to exemplify the total frequency range: nuclear magnetic resonance tomography, high-voltage transmission lines, transformer stations, effect lighting balls, military transmitters, transmitter towers of the Postal Services and other operators, mobile radiotelephone equipment, large broadcasting transmitters, radar radiation, high-frequency heat therapy. There is evidence suggesting that electric, magnetic and electro-magnetic fields may possibly represent a certain nuisance or health hazard even at field strength occuring in equipment used for every-day-life purposes, with an emphasis on their possible actions and effects in children and adolescents. The author discusses, in conclusion, the aerial equipment ordinance issued by Lower Saxony. (Uhe).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Butter-fly valves are advantageous over gate, globe, plug, and ball valves in a variety of installations, particularly in the large sizes. The purpose of this project development of linear flow rate control system for eccentric butter-fly valve (intelligent butter-fly valve system). The intelligent butter-fly valve system consist of a valve body, micro controller. The micro controller consist of torque control system, pressure censor, worm and worm gear and communication line etc. The characteristics of intelligent butter-fly valve system as follows: Linear flow rate control function. Digital remote control function. guard function. Self-checking function. (author)

Science.gov (United States)

A six-axis active vibration isolation system (AVIS) is designed by using the direct driven guide and ball contact mechanisms in order to have no cross-coupling between actuators. The point contact configuration gives an advantage of having an easy assembly of eight voice coil actuators to an upper and a base plate. A voice coil actuator is used since it can provide a large displacement and sufficient bandwidth required for vibration control. The AVIS is controlled considering the effect of flexible vibration mode in the upper plate and velocity sensor dynamics. A loop shaping technique and phase margin condition are applied to design a vibration controller. The performances of the AVIS are investigated in the frequency domain and finally validated by comparing with the passive isolation system. The scanning profiles of the specimen are compared together by using the atomic force microscope. The robustness of the AVIS is verified by showing the impulse response. ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Spiral orbit tribometry friction tests performed on Ni-rich Ni55Ti45 titanium ball bearings indicate that this alloy is a promising candidate for future aerospace bearing applications. Microstructural characterization of the bearing specimens was performed using transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy, with NiTi, Ni4Ti3, Ni3Ti, and Ni2Ti4Ox phases identified within the microstructure of the alloy. Density functional theory was applied to predict the electronic structure of the NixTiy phases, including the band structure and site projected density of states. Ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy was used to verify the density of states results from the density functional theory calculations, with good agreement observed between experiment and theory.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Computed tomography (CT) has been incorporated in an industrial Diode-Array Digital Radiography (DADR) system. An input data size of 512 pixel points x 400 projections yielded a 400x400 output image matrix. Reconstruction algorithms used are the filtered backprojection (FBP) and the direct Fourier reconstruction (DFR). Various filters were used in the FBP reconstruction process and their effects on image quality were evaluated. A spatial resolution of 100 {mu}m was measured with a block of plates and a minimum detectable feature size in the range of 10-100 {mu}m was measured using thin wires. Industrial specimens imaged have included ceramic samples, ball bearings and integrated circuits. A number of engineering problems have been solved, such as adjustment of the X-ray source, centering of the rotator spindle in the view field and beam-hardening corrections. (orig.).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This work describes the use of volatile halocarbons in a pulp mill effluent, including chloroform, bromodichloromethane, and tri- and tetrachloroethylene, as tracers for the distribution and movements of effluent currents in a receiving water bay (Jackfish Bay) on the northern shore of Lake Superior. The results indicate the simplicity and usefulness of the technique and the significantly improved resolution of effluent plume delineation over the customary use of conductance profiles. Concentration patterns of the effluent volatiles suggest counterclockwise circulation of bay water that mixes with inflowing lake water at the eastern reach of the outer bay. The distribution of volatile contaminants is governed by the thermal regime of the receiving waters. During the summer months, the effluent plume wedges between the thermocline and epilimnion, mixing into the surface waters as the distance from the input source increases. In the fall, the colder effluent plume ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

With the aim of studying the magnetic properties of reduced-dimensionality magnetic systems we have patterned 250 nm- and 500 nm-size square elements on Fe/NiO layers by 30 keV Ga{sup +} focused ion beam (FIB) milling, varying beam current and pixel dwell time. By high resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis we found that island size decreases from the nominal value by increasing the beam current and features sharpness improves on increasing the dwell time. The top surface of the isolated features has a pronounced edge bending which may be as high as 9 nm with respect to the flat inner area of the island and decreases as dwell time grows. By varying the ion fluence we found that such a shape is related to a surface swelling effect occurring at low ion fluence in the irradiated areas. The swelling-related damage at the edges is expected to influence the magnetic properties of the patterned features.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Repassivation behavior and IGA resistance of nickel base alloys containing 0#approx#30 wt% chromium was investigated in high temperature acid sulfate solution. (1) The repassivation rate was increased with increasing chromium content. And so the amounts of charge caused by the metal dissolution were decreased with increasing chromium content. (2) Mill-annealed Alloy 600 suffered IGA at low pH environment below about 3.5 at the fixed potentials above the corrosion potential in 10%Na_2SO_4+H_2SO_4 solution at 598K. On the other hand, thermally-treated Alloy 690 was hard to occur IGA at low pH environments which mill-annealed Alloy 600 occurred IGA. (3) It was considered that the reason, why nickel base alloys containing high chromium content such as Alloy 690 (60%Ni-30%Cr-10%Fe) had high IGA/SCC resistance in high temperature acidic solution containing sulfate ion, is due to both the promotion of the repassivation and the suppression of the film ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The production of the uranium mine Zirovski Vrh ceased in 1990. The main remaining problem of the remadiation are mine and mill tailings. The uranium mine Zirovski Vrh has one mill tailings site Borst and one waste pile Jazbec. According to the Act on protection against ionising radiation and nuclear safety which was adopted by the Parliament in 2002, they are classified as radiation facilities. Slovenian Nuclear Safety Administration (SNSA) is authorised for issuing a mandatory consent to mining work. The SNSA prepared the initial proposal of content of the safety report for the mine waste pile Jazbec. In 2005, according to the detailed content of this document, the public company Zirovski Vrh Ltd prepared the safety report which was examined by an authorised expert for radiation and nuclear safety. After a careful revision of the safety evaluation report, the consensus for mining work shall be issued by the SNSA. After finishing the mining ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Focused ion beam (FIB) milling is a powerful and versatile tool for the maskless fabrication of structures and devices at micro- and nanometer scales. The approach is based on the milling and deposition capabilities of a focused ion beam, where the latter is achieved by ion-beam-assisted decomposition of a metalorganic gas precursor of the specific material that has to be deposited. The combination of FIB and scanning electron microscopy in the same unit (so-called dual-beam unit) further expands the capabilities of the approach by the possibility of performing electron-beam-assisted deposition and inspection. Permalloy nanowires with electrical contacts patterned by FIB-Pt deposition were prepared in the dual-beam unit. Various types of notches to pin magnetic domain walls were additionally fabricated by means of FIB. The fabrication parameters for a structural modification of the Permalloy structures without too strongly affecting the ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

In the present work the hydrogen desorption properties of nanostructured magnesium hydride (MgH2) synthesized by controlled reactive mechanical milling (CRMM) of elemental Mg powder under hydrogen are investigated. A profound effect of the particle size of synthesized MgH2 hydride on its hydrogen desorption characteristics measured by differential scanning calorimetery (DSC) has been found. All synthesized MgH2 powders are characterized by a double hydrogen desorption peak. Furthermore, below a certain threshold particle size the DSC desorption temperature of the peak doublet starts decreasing rapidly with decreasing of the mean hydride powder particle size (expressed as equivalent circle diameter-ECD). In contrast, the nanograin (crystallite) size of MgH2 does not seem to have apparent effect on the DSC desorption temperature. It is also observed that for powder particles smaller than some threshold value, X-ray diffraction shows the presence of two polymorphic ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The plastic displacements around Knoop indentations made in hard titanium/aluminum multilayered films on soft aluminum alloy substrates have been studied. Indentations were cross-sectioned and imaged using the focused-ion-beam (FIB) milling and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The FIB milling method has the advantage of removing material in a localized region without producing mechanical damage to the specimen. The micrographs of the cross-sectioned indentations indicate that most of the plastic deformation around the indentation is dominated by the soft aluminum substrate. There is a very small change in the multilayered film thickness around the indentation{emdash}less than 10{percent}. The plastic deformation of the thin film resembles a membrane being deflected by a localized pressure gradient across the membrane. Stress-induced voids are also observed in the multilayered film, especially in the area around ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Reactive milling of NiO + Al powder mixture resulted in the formation of NiAl-Al_2O_3 nanocomposite powders, with a crystallite size of about 20 nm. The Hall-Williamson analysis revealed that NiAl showed an orientation dependent crystallite size after short processing time and orientation dependent internal strain after long milling time. Both anisotropies were removed by heating the powders in the differential scanning calorimetry. Calorimetric studies showed one exothermic effect attributed to the reduction reaction of NiO and endothermic one associated with melting of Al. Two methods were applied for powders compaction: resistance sintering and pulse electric discharge. In both cases the densities of abut 90% of the theoretical value were achieved. A significant increase in average NiAl crystallites size in compacted samples was observed, up to several hundreds of nanometers.(author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Alloy 800 from three different commercial heats have been continuously cycled and cycled with a hold period at 922/sup 0/K. The starting microstructures of these heats reflects an inherently wide spectrum of possibilities for Alloy 800. The amounts and morphologies of the TiC and M/sub 23/C/sub 6/ carbides are different among the heats. During cycling, M/sub 23/C/sub 6/ forms intragranularly in a solution annealed heat. This precipitation contributes to the cyclic hardening. Both mill annealed heats of Alloy 800 are stable to carbide precipitation during cycling. The heat with the lower carbon content formed ..gamma..' during cycling but the volume fraction was too low to contribute to hardening. The inclusion of hold periods caused the dislocation substructure to become more diffuse in the mill annealed heats. The cyclic hardening was enhanced with the inclusion of the hold periods but this was not due to any microstructural change ...

CERN Document Server

Defects ~10 nm in size, with number densities ~10^{10} cm^{-2}, form spontaneously beneath ion-milled, etched, or HF-dipped silicon surfaces examined in our Ti-ion getter-pumped transmission electron microscope (TEM) after exposure to air. They appear as weakly-strained non-crystalline intrusions into silicon bulk, that show up best in the TEM under conditions of strong edge or bend contrast. If ambient air exposure is <10 minutes, defect nucleation and growth can be monitored {\\em in situ}. Possible mechanisms of formation are discussed.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The DOE`s clean-up of its nuclear complex require the development of innovative technologies to convert soils contaminated by hazardous and/or radioactive wastes to forms which can be readily disposed in accordance with current waste disposal methods. The unique features of Votec CMS technology should make it particularly cost-effective process for the vitrification of soils, sediments, sludges, and mill tailings containing organic metallic and/or radioactive contaminants. This article describes the technology (Votec`s combustion and melting system), the results of testing, the demonstration plant system, and summarizes the future schedule and the equipment needed. 3 figs., 3 tabs.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Radiological hazard in uranium mining and milling operations are primarily due to exposure to external beta and gamma radiation as well as to airborne radionuclides which consist of radon and its short-lived daughter products. In May 1981 a radiological survey programme was performed in order to make a general assessment of the radiation hazards associated with the uranium mines and the Uranium Pilot Plant operated by the M.T.A. Institute in the Koprubasi district of the Manisa province. In this paper a preliminary radiological risk evaluation attempt is presented based on the radiation and radioactivity measurements performed in this district in May 1981.

Scientific Electronic Library Online (English)

Abstract in english Odontopus brevirostris (Hustache, 1936) feeding on Annona squamosa L., A. cherimola Mill., A. glabra L., and A. muricata L. was observed. The last three host plants are recorded for the first time. The endophitic oviposition occurs in the veins of the ventral surface of the young leaves. The larvae, leaf miners, eat the parenchyma and the adults make small holes in the leaves. The pupation occurs in spherical cocoons protected by a sort of nest (pupation chamber) between the two epidermal layers.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This monograph gives a detailed and pedagogical account of the geometry of rigid superspace and supersymmetric Yang-Mills theories. While the core of the text is concerned with the classical theory, the quantization and anomaly problem are briefly discussed following a comprehensive introduction to BRS differential algebras and their field theoretical applications. Among the treated topics are invariant forms and vector fields on superspace, the matrix-representation of the super-Poincare group, invariant connections on reductive homogeneous spaces and the supermetric approach. Various aspects of the subject are discussed for the first time in textbook and are consistently presented in a unified geometric formalism.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

We consider a D-brane probe in the unstable string background associated with flux branes. The twist in the spacetime metric reponsible for supersymmetry breaking is shown to manifest itself in the mixing of open Wilson lines with the phases of some adjoint matter fields, resulting in a nonlocal and nonsupersymmetric form of Yang-Mills theory as the probe dynamics. This provides a setup where one can study the fate of a large class of unstable closed string theories that includes as a limit type 0 theories and various orbifolds of type II and type 0 theories. We discuss the limit of C/Z_n orbifold in some detail and speculate on the couplings with closed string tachyons.

Science.gov (United States)

The formation mechanism of the cold-rolled strip shape with high tension was studied. An advanced method to calculate the allowable variation of strip transverse profiles was established by the strip buckling criterion, which can be more properly used in cold rolling. With this method, the aim allowable variation of the product strip transverse profile and the required transverse profile range of incoming strips can be reached. Besides, this method has been successfully applied in a domestic tandem cold mill, and the transverse profile range of incoming strips suggested with this method is more practicable and complete. Consequently, the good performance is acquired.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Once again Brazil faces the possibility of an electricity shortage in the near future. The low level of rain and the consequent reduction of hydroelectric reservoirs (hydroelectric energy represents almost 80% the total Brazilian electricity generation) led to the dispatch of thermal plants based on natural gas and/or fuel oil. However, the recent crisis regarding the Bolivian natural gas supply to Brazil increased the risk of a shortage of this energy source. Hence, the uncertainty of the electricity supply scenario is pushing the electricity prices up in the near future. A possible alternative to increase the electricity supply is the maximization of the electricity surplus in sugarcane mills. Back in 1970's and 1980's, cogeneration plants in sugarcane mills were primarily designed to consume all bagasse, and produce steam and electricity to the process. The plants used medium pressure steam boilers (21 bar and 300 deg C) ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

In the present paper a procedure is proposed for the determination of traces of Cd, Co, Mn and Cr in petroleum industry produced water by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The procedure is based on cloud point extraction of these metals, as their dithizonate complexes, into the surfactant-rich phase of octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol surfactant (Triton X-114). Extractions were carried out in solutions with salinities between 10 per mille and 70 per mille. Since residual salinity in the surfactant-rich phase caused differences in its transport to the plasma, yttrium was used as an internal standard to correct for this effect. The simultaneous metal extraction procedure was optimized by response surface methodology using a Doehlert design and desirability function. Enhancement factors of 21, 21, 9 and 19, along with limits of quantification of 0.093, 0.20, 0.73 and 1.2 #mu#g L"-"1, and precision expressed as relative ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Computation of effective flow properties of fluids in porous media based on three dimensional (3D) pore structure information has become more successful in the last few years, due to both improvements in the input data and the network models. Computed X-ray microtomography has been successful in 3D pore imaging at micron scale, which is adequate for many sandstones. For other rocks of economic interest, such as chalk and diatomite, submicron resolution is needed in order to resolve the 3D-pore structure. To achieve submicron resolution, a new method of sample serial sectioning and imaging using Focused Ion Beam (FIB) technology has been developed and 3D pore images of the pore system for diatomite and chalk have been obtained. FIB was used in the milling of layers as wide as 50 micrometers and as thin as 100 nanometers by sputtering of atoms from the sample surface. The focused ion beam, consisting of gallium ions (Ga+) accelerated by potentials of up to 30 kV and ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

In this work, a focused ion beam (FIB) milling process has been developed to fabricate 50 nm Bi nanowire and transistor structures using FEI-200 dual beam FIB system. For the fabrication, 50 nm bismuth film was thermally evaporated through EBL patterned PMMA windows onto SiO_2 substrates with pre-defined contact pads. Bi nanowire widths ranging from 30 nm to 100 nm have been successfully fabricated by milling out unwanted areas using 30 KeV Ga+ ion beam. A single-pixel-line ion beam blanking technique has been utilised to fabricate Bi nanowire as small as 30 nm in diameter and few micrometers long. In order to form good ohmic contacts for sub 50 nm bismuth nanowires, a drill-and-fill process has been developed using FIB to sputter away the surface oxide of bismuth after the in-situ platinum nanowire contacts deposition. To our knowledge, this is the first time a focused ion beam process has been used to fabricate bismuth nanowire. The ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Pulses are rich in nutrients. The existence of anti-nutritional components and the length of time required for preparation have, however, limited their frequency of use compared to recommended intake levels. Anti-nutritional components in pulses can be largely removed by heat treatment. Additionally pre-treatment of pulses with heat and processing of seeds into flour could further enhance their use by decreasing processing and preparation times. In this study, trypsin inhibitor activity, functional properties, and microstructural characteristics of flours prepared from different varieties of lentil, chickpea, and pea as affected by roasting and boiling were evaluated. Both thermal treatments resulted in significant reduction (p<0.05) in trypsin inhibitor activity ranging from -95.6% to -37...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) allows the examination of hydrated and dried specimens without a conductive metal coating which could be advantageous in the imaging of biological and medical objects. The aim of this study was to assess the performance and benefits of wet-mode and low vacuum ESEM in comparison to high vacuum scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using the choroid plexus of chicken embryos as a model, an organ of the brain involved in the formation of cerebrospinal fluid in vertebrates. Specimens were fixed with or without heavy metals and examined directly or after critical point drying with or without metal coating. For wet mode ESEM freshly excised specimens without any pre-treatment were also examined. Conventional high vacuum SEM revealed the characterist...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The separation of humic substances by polysulfone has been done. Thisinvestigation aims at separating the humic substances contained in theestuary environment. Because of without sample pre-treatment, cheap and easythis method has been to choice. At preliminary study proved that byincreasing the pressure until 50 psia, the yield of flux was 13.5 l/m"2.jamand the reject coefficient was 90.98%, so that polysulfone membrane isappropriate to be applied. More over the pressure could be increased morethan 50 psia. The feed concentration should be lower than 150 ppm, though thevolume should be greater. The pH condition should be alkaline (pH> 7), sinceat this condition the filtration process is easily conducted and the rejectcoefficient could reach 95.09%. (author)

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Abstract Acid-treated cobia (Rachycentron canadum) skin was extracted in a retort (121C) to obtain retorted skin gelatin hydrolysates (RSGHs) containing antioxidant peptides with noticeable antioxidant properties. To improve the antioxidant activity of cobia RSGHs, five processing factors including alkali concentration, alkali pretreatment time, phosphoric acid concentration (PC), water/skin ratio (WS) and retorting time (RT) in RSGH production were screened using a fractional factorial design to identify critical factors. It indicated that PC, WS and RT had significant effects on ,-diphenyl--picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging by RSGHs. Subsequently, the optimization of PC, WS and RT on the DPPH scavenging of RSGHs was studied using a central composite design to collect data that resulted in...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

An attempt is made to induce in mud crab (Scylla serrata) epileptiform activities that resemble the generalized epileptic seizures. Cerebral ganglion of crab was exposed in situ, to a convulsant drug pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) 100?mM, for induction of seizures. Also, crabs were pretreated with antiepileptic drug viz sodium valproate (120??mol/l) to inhibit epileptiform activities. The surface electrical discharges of cerebral ganglion were recorded using Unkelscope (MIT, USA) in control as well as experimental animals. The cerebral ganglion of crab showed a pattern of high cerebral electrical discharges after PTZ treatment compared to control. The sodium valproate promoted sedative action in control and prevented PTZ-mediated epileptiform discharges. Glutamate and GABA contents in cerebral g...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Separation of the bulk soluble chemical salts from the insoluble metal hydroxides and radionuclides is central to the strategy of disposing Hanford tank waste. Sludge washing and caustic leaching have been selected as the primary methods for processing the 230 million L (61,000,000 gal) of Hanford tank waste. These processes are very similar to those selected for processing waste at the West Valley Site in New York and the Savannah River Site in South Carolina. The purpose of sludge washing is to dissolve and remove the soluble salts in the waste. Leaching of the insoluble solids with caustic will be used to dissolve aluminum hydroxide and chromium hydroxide, and convert insoluble bismuth phosphate to soluble phosphate. The waste will be separated into a high-level solids fraction and a liquid fraction that can be disposed of as low-level waste after cesium removal. The washing and leaching operations involve batchwise mixing, settling, and decanting within the existing underground ...